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(soft music)

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You might believe in destiny, but if you ask me,

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and I'm glad you did, there is one powerful force

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that drives human behavior and changes the world.

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Money.

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(dramatic music)
(coins jingling)

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(slow harmonica music)

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As a New Jersey high school student in the early 1980s,

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I learned all about the lost cause of the Civil War.

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It was this tragic struggle,

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brother between brother, all fought

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to preserve something very important called states' rights.

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It was replete with gallantry and heroism,

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and it had some really great fiddle tunes.

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It wasn't until later that I thought to ask the question,

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a state's right to do what, exactly?

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Well, as it turned out,

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it was the right to treat other human beings as cattle,

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to buy and sell them, to beat them

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and kill them and rape them.

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Also, they could, as Lincoln put it,

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wring their bread from the sweat of another's brow.

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(slow symphonic music)

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But why was I born a century

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after the war taught a false history about it?

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Why did my Northern school teach me the Southern myth?

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How come instead of Nat Turner and Frederick Douglass,

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I got Rhett and Scarlett?

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(crowd yelling)
(fire crackling)

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In technicolor, even catastrophe is glorious.

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Margaret Mitchell's husband, seeing rebel extras stretching

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to the horizon as Atlanta burned

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on the RKO back lot remarked,

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"If we had had that many soldiers, we would have won!"

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This has started to be a story that the South told

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about themselves, within living memory

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of the people who had died.

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Yeah, and it certainly played well among them,

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but also, part of that narrative

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was also the reason you lost is not because you were lesser.

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Correct.

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In fact, you were superior.

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You had more nobility, more honor, more courage.

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You only lost 'cause the other side was just

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so overwhelmingly huge.

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It's giant.

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It's all

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this industrial machine.
Yeah, I've heard of it.

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The industrial North crushed the poor agrarian, yet,

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and amazing how they fought given their lack of resources.

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They get super props for going down valiantly

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and so forth, and then the other part of that is

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that it wasn't about slavery, but by the way,

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slavery wasn't all that bad.

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Right.

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(peaceful music)

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Nothing says it better than the prologue

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to "Gone With the Wind."

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There was a land of Cavaliers

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and Cotton Fields called the Old South.

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Here Gallantry took its last bow.

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Here was the last of Master and Slave.

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♪ Swing low, sweet chariot ♪

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♪ Coming for to carry me home ♪

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Slave plantations weren't

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the last outpost of chivalry.

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They were America's first big business.

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Take free labor, add a global demand for textiles,

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and you've got an industrial behemoth.

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(banjo music)

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You can follow the money, from consumer,

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to meal, to planter, who used it to buy more slaves.

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In the words of one fugitive slave, when the price

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of cotton rises in the English market,

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the poor slaves are harder driven,

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(whip cracks) and the whip is kept constantly going.

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(whip cracks)

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By 1860, the South was wealthier

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than any European country except England.

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And it was all thanks to King Cotton.

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(upbeat country music)

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♪ Oh, Dixie, the land of King Cotton ♪

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♪ Well, the home of the brave and the free ♪

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♪ A nation by freedom begotten ♪

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♪ The terror of despots to be ♪

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They were fighting for slavery,

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because slavery was basically the engine

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of the entire Southern economy, right?

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Right, and also, the Southern identity.

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So, you have about 1/3 of Southern families,

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in what becomes a confederacy, own slaves,

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so it's a pretty substantial number,

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and then of that 2/3 that don't own,

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there's certainly a very large proportion who aspire to.

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They weren't there yet, but they hoped

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in 10 or 20 years they may do what successful people do,

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which is to own slave labor.

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So there's that aspiration, and then,

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there's also just the value, that sort of intangible value

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of white supremacy, which is that no matter how poor I am

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as a white farmer or a white mechanic, what have you,

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in the South, I am better than millions

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of other people in this society.

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There's a floor below which I cannot fall,

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because that's where enslaved people are.

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(upbeat trumpet music)

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In the 1830s, England made the moral decision

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to abolish slavery, and they came up with a pile

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of cash to compensate the slave owners.

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But Southern slave masters refused

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to relinquish their property at any price.

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They were both rich and self-righteous.

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Slave owners told themselves lots of stories

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while they were holding slaves, and they told themselves

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how great they were, how kind they were,

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how malevolent the system was, and they sold

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that in photos and images and plays and music.

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Was that truly North?

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Even prior to the Civil War,

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that there was this notion.

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Oh, no, no, we're treating them very well.

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They're better off,

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or you don't know how bad they had it in Africa.

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Abolitionists are crazies,

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and I understand who they were trying to fool.

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Were they fooling themselves?

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Did they actually believe this?

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They do.

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Some do.

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There's a lot of evidence that as the Civil War comes along,

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and, of course, it's incredibly disruptive.

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Many of the men are off fighting, and so women are head

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of the household, and as things begin to unravel

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in the South, the enslaved people start to realize

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that they can walk away, and they start to resist,

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and there are these really amazing letters people write

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to each other, women writing

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to their sisters saying you will never believe

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what happened today.

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They left.

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They just packed up and left after all we've--

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done for them.

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(upbeat music)

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Rebel leaders were clear-eyed and brutally honest.

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The Mississippi Declaration of Secession proclaimed,

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"Our position is thoroughly identified

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"with the institution of slavery,

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"the greatest material interest of the world.

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"A blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization."

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So, the Confederate Army couldn't conquer the North,

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but this myth of the lost cause eventually did,

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and I think it's because we somehow needed it to be true.

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There had to be something noble about the Confederacy.

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It couldn't be that half the nation took up arms

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to defend evil.

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Consider Robert E. Lee, for example.

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I was taught that he was a gentleman, a reluctant warrior,

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who acted out of a kind of tragic loyalty

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to his state, rather than his country.

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He was a good Christian, and he hated slavery, right?

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Well, Robert E. Lee himself owned 200 slaves,

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and when his property displeased him,

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he lashed them 50 times with a bullwhip, because,

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as Robert E. Lee wrote,

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"This painful discipline they are undergoing is necessary

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"for their instruction as a race."

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(slow symphonic music)

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So, how did this slaver

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and traitor become a hero on 1000 pedestals?

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Well, the beard helped.

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It's important to look the part.

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They've caught a spy.

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I approved the execution auditor.

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I am unwilling that this will be

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a single life lost unnecessarily.

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I wonder if you'd mind countermanding that order?

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I will, yes, sir.

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Lee lived under foreign domination.

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He led a sacred cause and fell at the hands

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of the unrighteous, just like Jesus.

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Oh, here's my favorite part.

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No less than FDR called Lee one

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of our greatest American Christians.

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(organ music)

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Churchill upped the ante.

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He said he was the noblest American who ever lived.

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Take that, Lincoln, you loser.

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Jesus Christ, Robert E. Lee.

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Really, the only difference is

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that the historical Jesus was almost certainly dark-skinned.

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(upbeat band music)

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But here's the real message.

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If Lee was divinely virtuous,

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then so was the Southern cause.

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(crowd cheering)

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(somber trumpet music)

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Thankfully, Frederick Douglass dispensed

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with these rose-colored glasses.

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When Lee died, Douglass wrote,

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"We can scarcely take up a newspaper

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"that is not filled with nauseating flatteries.

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"It would seem that the soldier who kills the most men

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"in battle, even in a bad cause, is the greatest Christian,

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"and entitled to the highest place in heaven."

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As payback for Lee's treason,

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Secretary of War Edwin Stanton seized his stately home

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and converted the grounds into Arlington National Cemetery.

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There's a reason people describe the cost of war as blood

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and treasure, but some people

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who had enough treasure could avoid giving any blood.

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(slow string music)

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Up North, the powers that be agreed

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that they should not have to dirty their fine hands.

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The draft law allowed anyone to buy a substitute for $300,

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the annual income of a working man.

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Oddly, not everyone was thrilled about the system.

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Lots of working class people began to really push back

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against the draft, and that push back explodes

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in July of 1863 in New York City.

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Four days of full-on rioting.

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It was the worst civil uprising in American history.

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They destroyed buildings, they destroyed recruiting offices,

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they also beat up rich people, and they would say,

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"There goes a $300 man," and run across the street

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and pound a guy who looked wealthy,

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because the assumption was he's here

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because he's bought his way out of the draft.

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(upbeat music)

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The war begun to protect wealthy land owners ends

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by jump starting the Industrial Age.

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Cornelius Vanderbilt and railroads, J.P. Morgan and weapons,

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Andrew Carnegie and iron, John D. Rockefeller and oil,

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all made their first fortunes as war speculators.

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Those who followed the money had learned a priceless lesson:

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War is good for business.

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(guns firing)

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(drums beating)

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After the war, both sides were eager

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to get back to business.

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Widespread segregation recreated

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a permanent black underclass, a source of cheap labor

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to make the white man, North and South, rich.

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(slow symphonic music)

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The lost cause becomes a national myth.

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It's just so much easier to buy that narrative.

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To say it was a big mistake.

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It wasn't about slavery, and now,

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the real story is reunification of the sides.

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The reconciliation.

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Both sides are to blame,

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and you see this in the annual commemoration.

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(people chatting)
(slow accordion music)

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All of them we honor,

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not asking under which flag they fought then,

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thankful that they stand together under one flag now.

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(crowd cheering)

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So, the reason I was taught these myths in high school,

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meaning the reason that this became

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the nationally accepted version, is because believing

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that was important to the national economy for 100 years.

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Oh, it's okay that we have this underpaid lower class

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of black people, because they underpinned

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a lot of our economy.

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Right, absolutely.
It was in everybody's

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financial interest to lie about the history.

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Right, everything is fine as it is, and, of course,

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in the 20th century, post-war,

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white Americans' fortunes are soaring.

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It's the great post-war boom, and so it's easy

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to focus on that, and say we, as a country, are doing great.

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Yeah, we're doing great, we've always been great.

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And there's a subset that is not doing great.

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We had this little disagreement, but it's fine.

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It's okay.

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We have some memorials now.

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Everything's cool.

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Everybody's happy about it, except for those people,

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but no one's going to ask them.

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Right.

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(slow accordion music)

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There is a statue of Abraham Lincoln in Manchester,

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England, that is an ocean beyond

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the farthest he ever traveled in life.

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During the Civil War,

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the Confederacy shipped slave-grown cotton to Manchester

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to be processed in exchange, they hoped, for money

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to fund their war, but the British mill workers refused

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to work with the slave-grown cotton.

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They had a lot of sympathy for the slaves,

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and they certainly did not want to help the slave masters.

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Abraham Lincoln called their sacrifice

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sublime Christian heroism,

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so now there's a statue to him there.

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It's kind of amazing, really, that these British workers,

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pretty poor themselves, decided

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to put principle over self-interest.

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In the end, they were the ones

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who finally wouldn't follow the money.

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(upbeat country music)