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This programme contains
some scenes which some viewers
may find upsetting

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The natural world is beautiful
but complex.

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The skies dance with colour.

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Yay! Yes!

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Shapes form...

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..and disappear.

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But this seemingly infinite
complexity

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is just a shadow
of something deeper -

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the underlying laws of nature.

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The world is beautiful to look at

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but it's even more beautiful
to understand.

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Watch out for the brambles.

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It's a fact, and one of the great
mysteries about our universe,

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that everything is made out of
a few simple building blocks

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that interact with each other

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according to a few simple laws
of nature.

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And that applies to everything,

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to stars and planets and galaxies
and rocks and oceans,

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but also to living things.

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And that raises an intriguing
possibility.

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By looking carefully at nature,
by doing science,

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we might be able to understand
what life is,

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and, just perhaps, how it began.

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The origin of life is one of the
great unsolved scientific mysteries.

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Let's go by the tree.
There might be some over there.

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Its origins seem to be lost
in the mists of time.

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I've got a really pretty one here.

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But in common
with many scientific mysteries,

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there may be answers
if you ask simple questions.

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Why do moths like flying into
the light so much?

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Do they do it...

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so they can spread out their wings
and get warm?

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What's the deepest question
you can ask about a moth?

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I think it's "how did it come
to exist in the first place?"

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We can't go back to the origin
of life on Earth -

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we don't have a time machine,

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but we do have the moth and every
living thing on the planet today.

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And these are like
little history books.

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Their story, four billion years
of life on Earth,

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is written into every
cell in its body.

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So in order to discover the spark
of life, the origin of the flame,

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we just have to learn
to read the book.

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It's gone.

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Living things are far too complex
to understand in one go...

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..so we have to break the problem
down into simple questions.

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What are the ingredients of life?

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How does complex life form
from such simple ingredients?

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And what was the driving force,

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the energy source
that ignited the flame,

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four billion years ago?

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For the first 500 million years of
Earth's history, there was no life,

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just the volcanic violence
of a restless, young planet

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and the bombardment of countless
meteorites from space.

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But somewhere, somehow,

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the ingredients of the planet
were transformed.

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Inanimate became animate

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and, once ignited, that spark
has never been extinguished.

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We are searching for our ancestor
from a time when there was no life.

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If we are to understand
how life emerged

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from the ingredients present
on the young Earth,

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we must first explore
what those ingredients are -

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what the Earth is made from.

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There are very few places
on our planet

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where the pure ingredients
of the Earth can be seen.

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But here, beside a lake
of sulphuric acid,

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one of the basic building blocks
of the planet boils to the surface.

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This volcano delivers
a valuable, pure substance -

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sulphur.

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Emerging at over
200 degrees Celsius...

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..it's an alien-looking cauldron
of chemistry.

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Bagio and his father Budi go to
work on the volcano every day.

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They labour to protect
the precious, pure sulphur.

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This crater is
a working sulphur mine.

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Sulphur's valuable

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because it gets used in
the manufacture of many products,

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from sugar to medicine.

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But keeping the sulphur
pure is not easy,

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because it readily catches fire
and transforms into sulphur dioxide,

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a noxious gas.

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Bagio and Budi are here
to fight the fires.

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It's rare to find the elements
in their pure form,

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because they tend to react
with other elements.

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In the heat of the volcano, sulphur
reacts with oxygen in the air.

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It burns.

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Sulphur burns blue.

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Working in the dark,

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the firefighters can see
the flames clearly.

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And it's their job to prevent
them from spreading.

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Sulphur is an element
that is essential to life.

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All living things need it.

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But here, in such large quantities,
ignited by an active volcano,

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it becomes toxic.

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On contact with water
in the eyes and mouth,

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the gaseous sulphur dioxide from the
flames turns into sulphuric acid.

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Sulphur is one of the 92 naturally
occurring chemical elements.

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There's no difference between the
sulphur in the wings of a moth...

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..and the sulphur that
pours out of a volcano...

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..or the sulphur in you and me.

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We are made of the same stuff
as our planet

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and there's no mystery in that.

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It has to be so, because life
emerged from the planet.

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Hydrogen atoms, carbon atoms,
oxygen and sulphur atoms.

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These basic building blocks react
and combine to make everything.

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A woodland is a complex place.

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There are oak trees and grass
and mosses and ferns

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and countless animals and plants

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all living together
in a tangled ecosystem.

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But there's a simpler level
of description.

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Everything is made of atoms.

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So an oak tree is really just
carbon, nitrogen,

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oxygen and hydrogen, and a few
other bits mixed together.

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So, when you look at it like that,

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it's not really that
complicated at all.

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The atoms that make up this woodland

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have been on an extraordinary
journey to get here.

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Think of a carbon atom
in this acorn.

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It was assembled in the heart of
a star billions of years ago

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out of protons that were built
just after the Big Bang.

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It got thrown out into the
universe in a supernova explosion,

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collapsed as part of a dust cloud
to form the Sun and then the Earth,

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four and half billion years ago.

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It will have spent a lot of time
in rocks.

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It was probably part of some of
the first living things on Earth.

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It would have got breathed out
as carbon dioxide by someone

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that walked through this wood
400 years ago.

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It will have got into some
ancient oak tree

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through the action
of photosynthesis,

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constructed into this acorn,
fallen down to the ground

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and there it is. It's got a history
that goes back billions of years.

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In fact, a history, in terms of
the building blocks of carbon,

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the protons, that goes back right
to the origin of the universe.

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And in billions of years' time,

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when the Sun dies and the Earth
is vaporised,

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it will be thrown back out
into space

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and probably condensed
into a new world,

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billions of years in the future.

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So life is just a temporary home

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for the immortal elements
that build up the universe.

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The atoms are building blocks.

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They combine to make molecules,

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some of which are terrifically
intricate and complex.

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The DNA molecules in the cells
in your body

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are made up of billions of atoms
linked together,

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carrying the genetic code
to make you.

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Exactly how this complexity emerged
is still debated,

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but everyone agrees on one thing.

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There was a very special theatre
from which biology emerged.

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A vital ingredient for life.

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And these children know
where to find it.

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The elements hydrogen and oxygen
combine to make water,

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H2O.

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Hidden deep in this forest...

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..is a rare and magical sight...

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..that only exists because
of a unique property of water.

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A property that makes it
essential to life on Earth.

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Biologist Tom Iliffe has brought
a specialist team here to find it.

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This limestone is fantastic here.

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The way it's pockmarked
and dissolved away

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indicates that there is a lot
of water moving underneath.

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We'll kill ourselves if we go down
that way. Yeah, it's slippery.

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I'll slide on my ass.
We'll go that way, yeah.

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Only a handful of divers
have the skill

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to explore this network of caves.

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So, you're going to need
those two and this one, yeah?

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These caves are one of the last
true undiscovered, unexplored,

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unknown frontiers
on the planet Earth.

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Very few people, very few scientists
go out and do anything

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any more dangerous than what we're
doing in cave diving.

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This underground cave system exists
because water, the liquid we drink,

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can eat through solid rock.

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It makes easy work
of the soft limestone

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and makes things
exceptionally fragile.

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Worst thing is,
your tanks may wedge in

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and literally stick you in a spot...

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..where you can't move
forward or backward.

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A little bit distracting when you're
trying to do something underwater

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to have the cave
collapsing in on you.

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Hey there! Welcome back.
Glad to see you!

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Oh, man. That tight spot in there!

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I could barely fit through!

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Even worse is rocks
that get dislodged.

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When they fall down,
it brings down a huge amount of...

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I say we leave it 24 hours at least,
so it clears up. OK, OK.

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Then come back, give it another go.

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You will lose your own visibility
within seconds.

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So there's not much time to stop
and hover and think.

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The reason why we go through
these narrow slots,

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why we push our bodies
to the limits,

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is to find something majestic,

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something beautiful
on the other side.

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But unless you go there, unless you
look, you're never going to know.

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Deeper into the cave system,
suddenly, the water changes.

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Underneath the forest, miles from
the coast, they've found the ocean.

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It's able to flow underground,

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working through the pores
and fissures in the limestone

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to end up here, where
the denser, salty sea water sinks

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below the less dense freshwater,

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creating a boundary, a beautiful
phenomenon known as a halocline.

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Now we're in sea water.

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We've reached the ocean, the
underground ocean in planet Earth.

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We can see the movement of water,
freshwater going toward the ocean,

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saltwater being sucked inland.

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Water dissolves more substances
than any other liquid.

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It does this
because it's a polar molecule.

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It has positive and negatively
charged regions

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and these can disrupt the forces
that bind other molecules together.

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Bacteria that line the cave walls

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feed on the nutrients
dissolved in the water.

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You can see these stringy bacteria
hanging down

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and they kind of wave in
the breeze as you fly by.

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The bacteria in turn,
are food for other life.

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Even in these dark, isolated
environments,

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00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:38,640
with no direct sunlight to power it,

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a complex ecosystem
can be supported.

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00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:45,000
It's why, as far as we know,

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00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:48,440
where there's water on Earth,
there's life.

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00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:19,560
Our blue planet is an interconnected
matrix of rivers and oceans...

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..transporting the dissolved
ingredients of the Earth

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that are integral to life.

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00:22:39,520 --> 00:22:43,640
The salts and nutrients that are
carried around our planet...

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..are also transported
through our bodies in water.

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00:22:58,280 --> 00:23:00,560
It's an intimate connection

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that every living thing
shares with our blue planet.

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Water delivers
the ingredients of life.

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00:23:18,280 --> 00:23:20,400
Water is a simple molecule,

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a couple of hydrogen atoms and
an oxygen atom stuck together,

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but its simplicity hides
a wealth of complex chemistry.

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The chemistry
that makes life possible.

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Hydrogen is the simplest
chemical element.

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Its atoms consist of
a single proton -

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00:23:42,720 --> 00:23:44,400
it's called the atomic nucleus -

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00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:47,640
surrounded by a single electron.

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00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:52,840
Oxygen is a nucleus of eight protons
and eight neutrons,

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00:23:52,840 --> 00:23:55,640
surrounded by eight electrons.

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Now, the nucleus is extremely small
compared to an atom.

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If a nucleus were about that big,
let's say,

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then the cloud of electrons would
stretch out way beyond that castle.

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Atoms are almost
completely empty space.

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00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:24,720
Now, the way that the elements
combine is determined entirely

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by the way that the electrons
arrange themselves

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00:24:27,560 --> 00:24:29,000
around the nucleus.

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00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:34,080
And that's just down to the basic
fundamental laws of nature

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that describe the way our
universe is constructed.

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It's very simple.

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00:24:38,960 --> 00:24:45,840
So, an oxygen nucleus has room
around it for ten electrons,

246
00:24:45,840 --> 00:24:47,880
but it only has eight.

247
00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:51,680
That means that two hydrogen atoms
can come floating in

248
00:24:51,680 --> 00:24:55,120
and share their single electron
with the oxygen,

249
00:24:55,120 --> 00:24:57,880
and that fills up
the oxygen's outer slots

250
00:24:57,880 --> 00:25:01,160
and fills up the hydrogen slots
as well.

251
00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:04,000
Oxygen. Hydrogen. H2O.

252
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:07,120
Everything is happy and you get
a molecule of water,

253
00:25:07,120 --> 00:25:09,920
which has radically different
properties

254
00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:11,800
to the elements on their own.

255
00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:14,680
Oxygen's just a colourless,
odourless gas.

256
00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:17,200
Hydrogen is a colourless,
odourless gas.

257
00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:22,680
Stick them together to share those
electrons, and you get that stuff.

258
00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:26,760
One of the most complex substances
in the known universe.

259
00:25:26,760 --> 00:25:30,320
The theatre that allows life
to exist.

260
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:42,160
Water is the universal solvent.

261
00:25:48,440 --> 00:25:51,200
It carries the ingredients of life.

262
00:25:57,360 --> 00:26:00,720
Ingredients that are so important
that living things

263
00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:04,880
will go to extraordinary lengths
to get hold of them.

264
00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:14,240
It's the end of the Alpine winter.

265
00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:19,520
This female ibex
has one thing in mind.

266
00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:24,080
Kids.

267
00:26:27,960 --> 00:26:30,880
She's leading her family
down from the snow line

268
00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:33,520
in search of a life-giving
ingredient.

269
00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:39,440
And it's a search that's not
without its risks.

270
00:26:48,360 --> 00:26:52,560
Rada Bionda is a conservationist
who studies the ibex.

271
00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:19,160
At first glance, the ibex
have everything they need.

272
00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:21,400
They have food and water.

273
00:27:23,040 --> 00:27:26,520
But the mother knows instinctively
not enough.

274
00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:29,840
She's craving something else.

275
00:27:29,840 --> 00:27:32,080
And she'll take risks to get it.

276
00:27:59,160 --> 00:28:01,680
The rock that was used
to build this dam

277
00:28:01,680 --> 00:28:06,000
contains essential minerals
that have been dissolved in water.

278
00:28:08,680 --> 00:28:13,160
Minerals rich in the calcium that
these animals need to stay strong.

279
00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:19,520
And they'll scale a dam to get them.

280
00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:39,040
Without these salts and minerals,
their bones won't grow.

281
00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:42,000
Their nervous systems and muscles
can't function.

282
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:47,520
Movement and co-ordination
can falter.

283
00:29:03,800 --> 00:29:07,480
There's a strong bond
between mother and kid,

284
00:29:07,480 --> 00:29:10,680
and the kid will follow her
wherever she goes.

285
00:30:33,720 --> 00:30:36,160
The ibex eventually make it
to the prize.

286
00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:53,520
Salt from the Earth
dissolved in water

287
00:30:53,520 --> 00:30:56,600
continues on its journey
into their bodies...

288
00:31:06,240 --> 00:31:09,080
..where it's used in
the nerves and muscles

289
00:31:09,080 --> 00:31:12,080
that control dextrous,
pincer-like hooves.

290
00:31:19,840 --> 00:31:23,680
Vital ingredients carried around
by a simple molecule

291
00:31:23,680 --> 00:31:26,080
with remarkable properties.

292
00:31:35,520 --> 00:31:38,160
If water is the theatre of life,

293
00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:41,000
then the actors
are the atoms and molecules

294
00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:45,200
that form the structures of
living things themselves.

295
00:31:49,720 --> 00:31:52,280
There are only about 15 or so

296
00:31:52,280 --> 00:31:55,440
that are vitally important
for living things.

297
00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:59,440
There are the obvious ones like
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,

298
00:31:59,440 --> 00:32:03,400
but also some strange ones,
like rubidium,

299
00:32:03,400 --> 00:32:05,600
or an element called molybdenum.

300
00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:13,000
The reactions between
the elements are the same

301
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:15,680
in living and nonliving things,

302
00:32:15,680 --> 00:32:20,520
but life fine-tunes and controls
the basic chemistry of the Earth

303
00:32:20,520 --> 00:32:22,360
to do extraordinary things.

304
00:32:56,760 --> 00:33:01,360
Moiswa and her family are preparing
for a once-in-a-lifetime ceremony...

305
00:33:03,760 --> 00:33:06,680
..centred around
the chemistry of one element.

306
00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:10,880
Iron.

307
00:33:13,760 --> 00:33:16,440
It lies at the heart
of Maasai culture,

308
00:33:16,440 --> 00:33:18,800
in their land and in their blood.

309
00:33:28,920 --> 00:33:32,840
Tomorrow, Moiswa's son Ndika
will become an elder.

310
00:33:50,160 --> 00:33:52,640
The family are almost ready
for their guests

311
00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:56,120
but there's something they must
first collect from the land.

312
00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:18,880
They are looking for red ochre,

313
00:34:18,880 --> 00:34:23,200
a traditional pigment that has been
in use for over 100,000 years.

314
00:34:37,200 --> 00:34:40,160
The rock's red colour
comes from iron,

315
00:34:40,160 --> 00:34:43,560
which makes up a third
of our planet's mass,

316
00:34:43,560 --> 00:34:46,560
most of it locked away
in the Earth's molten core.

317
00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:01,840
The iron here is not
in its pure form.

318
00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:05,560
It's combined with oxygen
to form iron oxide,

319
00:35:05,560 --> 00:35:10,520
a red compound that, tomorrow, will
provide the colour of celebration.

320
00:36:01,680 --> 00:36:05,960
This is the ceremony that will mark
Ndika's transition into elderhood.

321
00:36:08,320 --> 00:36:09,840
A bull will be slaughtered...

322
00:36:12,600 --> 00:36:14,400
..and he'll drink its blood.

323
00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:35,240
Just like the red ochre from the
Earth, the blood is rich in iron.

324
00:37:03,080 --> 00:37:08,760
Today, for Ndika, blood symbolises
power and strength.

325
00:37:08,760 --> 00:37:12,400
Surrounded by his people,
decorated in ochre,

326
00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:13,960
iron oxide.

327
00:37:29,720 --> 00:37:32,600
It's a proud moment
for Ndika and his family.

328
00:37:34,880 --> 00:37:38,160
Wherever there is
iron and oxygen, they can react,

329
00:37:38,160 --> 00:37:41,720
whether it's in the veins of
the Earth or the arteries of life.

330
00:37:56,640 --> 00:38:00,160
Whether it's in you and me
or the rocks of the Earth,

331
00:38:00,160 --> 00:38:03,480
the fundamental chemistry
is the same.

332
00:38:09,840 --> 00:38:13,640
But the way life uses chemistry
is exquisite.

333
00:38:19,280 --> 00:38:23,400
Just think about the reaction
between iron and oxygen in blood...

334
00:38:27,600 --> 00:38:29,280
..and rust.

335
00:38:30,760 --> 00:38:34,800
Iron is an atom that really would
like to, if it could,

336
00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:37,080
get rid of a few electrons.

337
00:38:37,080 --> 00:38:41,400
Oxygen, on the other hand, is an
atom that would like, if it can,

338
00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:43,560
to receive some electrons.

339
00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:46,520
So if you put them together,

340
00:38:46,520 --> 00:38:49,800
and they stick together,
that's what we call rust.

341
00:38:53,320 --> 00:38:57,040
And the process that makes
our blood red is similar.

342
00:38:57,040 --> 00:39:00,400
We're almost rusting,
but not quite.

343
00:39:00,400 --> 00:39:04,720
One of the jobs of your blood is
to take oxygen from your lungs

344
00:39:04,720 --> 00:39:07,640
and transport it around your body
to where it's needed.

345
00:39:07,640 --> 00:39:10,680
So that means you need
some structure

346
00:39:10,680 --> 00:39:15,560
that can bind oxygen to it,
but quite gently,

347
00:39:15,560 --> 00:39:18,400
so that it can be carried
to where it's needed

348
00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:20,960
and then released, easily.

349
00:39:20,960 --> 00:39:24,360
Well, iron likes to stick to oxygen,

350
00:39:24,360 --> 00:39:27,040
so in your blood you have iron atoms

351
00:39:27,040 --> 00:39:30,800
but they are surrounded
by nitrogen atoms, four of them,

352
00:39:30,800 --> 00:39:34,920
and that's surrounded by a big ring
of carbon and oxygen atoms.

353
00:39:34,920 --> 00:39:36,880
That whole thing is called haem.

354
00:39:36,880 --> 00:39:38,800
And then four of those
are stuck together,

355
00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:40,840
and that thing is called
haemoglobin.

356
00:39:40,840 --> 00:39:45,600
Its job is to carry oxygen around
and when the oxygen attaches,

357
00:39:45,600 --> 00:39:48,840
your blood turns
a much brighter red.

358
00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:52,440
And then the haemoglobin
can carry that oxygen around,

359
00:39:52,440 --> 00:39:56,600
but because of that structure,
it's so delicately tuned

360
00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:59,240
that when the oxygen gets
to where it's needed,

361
00:39:59,240 --> 00:40:02,160
in your brain, for example,
it can be taken off.

362
00:40:02,160 --> 00:40:05,800
Your blood gets less red
and goes back to your lungs

363
00:40:05,800 --> 00:40:07,760
to get some more oxygen.

364
00:40:07,760 --> 00:40:13,280
So, biology is really about using
the natural chemical reactions

365
00:40:13,280 --> 00:40:17,640
of the elements, but tempering
them and fine-tuning them

366
00:40:17,640 --> 00:40:20,560
with intricate
and complex structures

367
00:40:20,560 --> 00:40:22,920
in order to do something useful,

368
00:40:22,920 --> 00:40:25,600
which, in your case, is to live.

369
00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:40,280
We are of the Earth...

370
00:40:42,320 --> 00:40:47,160
..constructed from a ready supply
of chemical elements

371
00:40:47,160 --> 00:40:49,080
forged in the stars.

372
00:40:51,960 --> 00:40:55,800
Elements that react
on our oxygen-rich planet

373
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:59,400
and play their roles
in the theatre of life.

374
00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:01,520
Water.

375
00:41:01,520 --> 00:41:05,600
But there's one more
vital thing life needs -

376
00:41:05,600 --> 00:41:06,960
energy.

377
00:41:11,040 --> 00:41:14,640
The final clue we need to search
for the origin of life...

378
00:41:17,680 --> 00:41:22,440
..can be found in the details of
how living things control energy.

379
00:41:38,880 --> 00:41:43,680
Every year, between March and June,
an animal rises from the deep.

380
00:41:51,160 --> 00:41:54,080
It harnesses the chemistry
inside its cells

381
00:41:54,080 --> 00:41:57,200
to produce an almost
supernatural display.

382
00:42:01,680 --> 00:42:05,320
For the locals, this alchemy
makes the creature a delicacy.

383
00:42:08,400 --> 00:42:13,000
But for fishermen like Mr Urakami,
it makes them highly profitable.

384
00:42:31,080 --> 00:42:33,320
Mr Urakami is banking on this

385
00:42:33,320 --> 00:42:36,000
being the most lucrative
catch of the year.

386
00:42:37,760 --> 00:42:39,680
And it's not fish he's after.

387
00:43:16,240 --> 00:43:20,360
Away from the fishing boats, these
people are having a bit more luck.

388
00:43:23,760 --> 00:43:27,720
Glowing lights signal the arrival
of the firefly squid.

389
00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:39,760
Tiny organs called photophores
emit a deep blue light.

390
00:43:39,760 --> 00:43:44,240
In the depths, this light
may be used to attract prey

391
00:43:44,240 --> 00:43:47,480
but the greatest light show
is saved for the shallows

392
00:43:47,480 --> 00:43:49,120
where they come up to spawn.

393
00:44:06,800 --> 00:44:08,800
It's a one-way trip.

394
00:44:09,840 --> 00:44:12,560
After they've spent
their last remaining energy,

395
00:44:12,560 --> 00:44:16,240
their glow fades as they give
themselves up to the tide.

396
00:44:19,440 --> 00:44:22,640
Out at sea, the squid
are also rising.

397
00:45:08,120 --> 00:45:11,960
The squid are exploiting
something fundamental -

398
00:45:11,960 --> 00:45:15,120
chemical reactions
can release energy.

399
00:45:15,120 --> 00:45:19,280
Here the energy is released thanks
to the reactive nature of oxygen.

400
00:45:26,080 --> 00:45:28,760
It wants to combine
with other elements

401
00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:31,080
in a reaction known as oxidation.

402
00:45:31,080 --> 00:45:35,480
In the squid, biological molecules
called luciferins,

403
00:45:35,480 --> 00:45:40,440
built out of simple elements
like carbon, sulphur and nitrogen,

404
00:45:40,440 --> 00:45:42,840
react with oxygen
to form oxyluciferin...

405
00:45:45,080 --> 00:45:48,280
..and that process releases energy
as a blue light.

406
00:45:50,440 --> 00:45:52,360
An exquisite display.

407
00:46:02,440 --> 00:46:05,920
For Mr Urakami, this is the
spectacle he lives for.

408
00:46:16,920 --> 00:46:19,680
It's a rare and beautiful sight
in nature...

409
00:46:22,120 --> 00:46:26,600
..but the chemistry of oxidation
is fundamental to all animals.

410
00:46:31,680 --> 00:46:33,600
There's a reason we breathe oxygen.

411
00:46:33,600 --> 00:46:37,520
It fuels the chemical
reactions that power us.

412
00:46:41,120 --> 00:46:44,000
They release the energy
to build and maintain

413
00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:46,360
the complex structure of our bodies.

414
00:46:50,320 --> 00:46:54,280
But it's the precise way life
controls this flow of energy

415
00:46:54,280 --> 00:46:58,400
that's the difference
between a volcano and a squid...

416
00:47:01,080 --> 00:47:04,440
..between raw chemistry and life...

417
00:47:06,160 --> 00:47:08,880
..between a moth and a flame.

418
00:47:08,880 --> 00:47:11,480
That one looks like an old man,
that one there.

419
00:47:11,480 --> 00:47:13,600
That's nice!

420
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:16,480
Moths and flames always seem
to go together.

421
00:47:16,480 --> 00:47:20,880
In fact, in a basic chemical sense
they are very similar,

422
00:47:20,880 --> 00:47:23,600
and candle wax is essentially food.

423
00:47:23,600 --> 00:47:27,040
It's a collection of long chain
carbon molecules.

424
00:47:27,040 --> 00:47:29,240
And the candle, that food,

425
00:47:29,240 --> 00:47:32,960
reacts with oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide, water

426
00:47:32,960 --> 00:47:36,040
and release energy,
which is the flame.

427
00:47:36,040 --> 00:47:39,520
And inside the moth,
exactly the same thing is happening.

428
00:47:39,520 --> 00:47:44,280
Food is reacting with oxygen to
produce carbon dioxide and water

429
00:47:44,280 --> 00:47:47,920
and release energy.
The energy that powers life.

430
00:47:47,920 --> 00:47:50,200
That's called respiration.

431
00:47:51,880 --> 00:47:53,360
It sounds quite simple.

432
00:47:53,360 --> 00:47:57,000
We burn our food to release
the energy we need to live.

433
00:47:59,960 --> 00:48:02,760
What do moths eat in the winter?

434
00:48:04,600 --> 00:48:07,120
It's not that simple.

435
00:48:07,120 --> 00:48:12,200
But simple questions lead
to the deepest answers.

436
00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:15,760
In this case, to the origin of life.

437
00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:20,840
The moth doesn't use the energy
released from food directly.

438
00:48:20,840 --> 00:48:23,520
It does something
way more complicated.

439
00:48:23,520 --> 00:48:25,960
It uses that energy to pump protons,

440
00:48:25,960 --> 00:48:30,240
the building blocks of atomic
nuclei, across membranes.

441
00:48:30,240 --> 00:48:32,640
Billions of them. And so do you.

442
00:48:32,640 --> 00:48:35,280
And so does every living thing
on the planet.

443
00:48:35,280 --> 00:48:37,840
In the time it's taken me to say
the sentence,

444
00:48:37,840 --> 00:48:40,800
you have pumped more protons
across membranes

445
00:48:40,800 --> 00:48:43,920
than there are stars
in the observable universe.

446
00:48:43,920 --> 00:48:47,080
And then all those protons are
allowed to cascade back

447
00:48:47,080 --> 00:48:48,560
down proton waterfalls,

448
00:48:48,560 --> 00:48:52,000
and little nanomachines with little
water wheels stick in

449
00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:56,120
to that waterfall, and spin around
and produce molecules called ATP,

450
00:48:56,120 --> 00:48:58,680
which are the universal batteries
of life,

451
00:48:58,680 --> 00:49:02,800
which are then, finally,
used to power your biology.

452
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:07,960
It is incredibly complicated,
and to be honest, a bit weird.

453
00:49:14,640 --> 00:49:17,400
This complicated and weird chemistry

454
00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:21,000
powers practically every
living thing on Earth...

455
00:49:22,160 --> 00:49:24,160
..but it had to start somewhere...

456
00:49:25,480 --> 00:49:28,320
..and it may have begun
before there was life.

457
00:49:37,840 --> 00:49:42,240
There is a place where this strange
chemistry exists today,

458
00:49:42,240 --> 00:49:44,640
but not in a living thing.

459
00:49:47,280 --> 00:49:49,400
This may be the clue

460
00:49:49,400 --> 00:49:52,480
to how you get from the Earth

461
00:49:52,480 --> 00:49:54,480
to you and me.

462
00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:03,440
This fjord in Iceland is one
of the few places on Earth

463
00:50:03,440 --> 00:50:06,320
where you can see how life
could have emerged

464
00:50:06,320 --> 00:50:08,320
from a restless, young planet.

465
00:50:11,440 --> 00:50:13,960
My next-door neighbour
was this old lady

466
00:50:13,960 --> 00:50:17,080
telling me stories about
the things she saw from the sea.

467
00:50:20,520 --> 00:50:24,120
I have been diving there many times,
so I knew this place.

468
00:50:26,200 --> 00:50:28,320
I didn't believe this old lady.

469
00:50:33,920 --> 00:50:36,960
Curiosity drove diver
Erlendur Bogason

470
00:50:36,960 --> 00:50:38,840
to an extraordinary discovery.

471
00:50:42,400 --> 00:50:45,440
So I called my friend Artni,
the fisherman,

472
00:50:45,440 --> 00:50:48,160
and asked him to
take me to this place.

473
00:50:55,760 --> 00:50:59,000
Biologists knew of places
where the chemistry of life

474
00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:01,640
emerges from the Earth,

475
00:51:01,640 --> 00:51:05,480
but they're all thousands of metres
below the surface of the ocean.

476
00:51:06,960 --> 00:51:11,560
These two men stumbled on a place
where you can literally touch it.

477
00:51:26,920 --> 00:51:30,480
I was, like, stressed
because you're going alone

478
00:51:30,480 --> 00:51:34,360
somewhere to dive, and you don't
know what you're going to find.

479
00:51:42,680 --> 00:51:48,520
And when I did see this huge white
thing, it looked like a giant.

480
00:52:03,040 --> 00:52:05,440
It was unbelievable sight.

481
00:52:05,440 --> 00:52:08,920
Wow. It's beautiful.
Something incredible.

482
00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:19,240
Erlendur had discovered
a hydrothermal vent,

483
00:52:19,240 --> 00:52:23,120
but unlike those in the deep ocean,
you can swim right up to this one.

484
00:52:24,680 --> 00:52:27,080
The vent is an outpouring
of fresh water

485
00:52:27,080 --> 00:52:30,240
that's been heated by Iceland's
geothermal energy.

486
00:52:32,760 --> 00:52:36,480
I took my glove off to put my arm
into the hot water.

487
00:52:36,480 --> 00:52:38,280
It was like burning hot.

488
00:52:43,920 --> 00:52:46,080
By studying vents like these,

489
00:52:46,080 --> 00:52:49,960
scientists discovered that
the chemistry of life exists

490
00:52:49,960 --> 00:52:52,800
in a nonliving thing,

491
00:52:52,800 --> 00:52:53,840
in the Earth.

492
00:53:01,960 --> 00:53:05,840
I called this scientist
and told him about this.

493
00:53:05,840 --> 00:53:10,000
We went back for him
to take water samples.

494
00:53:12,200 --> 00:53:16,960
To create a spark of life,
all you need is a battery,

495
00:53:16,960 --> 00:53:22,240
with a flow of charged particles -
in this case, protons.

496
00:53:30,920 --> 00:53:32,400
And to power the battery,

497
00:53:32,400 --> 00:53:37,320
you need nothing more than water
from the vent and some sea water.

498
00:53:37,320 --> 00:53:38,360
Thank you.

499
00:53:41,800 --> 00:53:46,280
To show it works, you just need
to connect it all to a voltmeter.

500
00:53:51,960 --> 00:53:55,440
And that is the spark of life.

501
00:54:00,840 --> 00:54:02,520
Why would I say that?

502
00:54:02,520 --> 00:54:07,560
Well, this water, taken from
the vents, is alkaline

503
00:54:07,560 --> 00:54:11,760
and this sea water is relatively
more acidic.

504
00:54:11,760 --> 00:54:15,600
That means that there is an excess
of protons

505
00:54:15,600 --> 00:54:19,240
on this side of the battery
than this side.

506
00:54:19,240 --> 00:54:23,960
And there's that waterfall,
that cascade of protons,

507
00:54:23,960 --> 00:54:27,680
the same thing that's happening
in the cells in your body,

508
00:54:27,680 --> 00:54:29,720
in the cells in the body
of the seagulls

509
00:54:29,720 --> 00:54:33,280
and in fact the cells in the body
of every living thing on the planet.

510
00:54:33,280 --> 00:54:37,480
Waterfalls of protons powering life.

511
00:54:37,480 --> 00:54:40,880
And that's the clue.
That's the smoking gun.

512
00:54:40,880 --> 00:54:44,840
The theory is that
the chemistry of life,

513
00:54:44,840 --> 00:54:48,480
the beginnings of the assembly
of complex molecules,

514
00:54:48,480 --> 00:54:51,760
all the way up to the first
living things to DNA

515
00:54:51,760 --> 00:54:54,720
and everything we think
of as life today

516
00:54:54,720 --> 00:54:58,560
was built, was constructed,
in conditions like this.

517
00:55:01,280 --> 00:55:06,400
The waterfall, the cascade of
protons is the driver of complexity,

518
00:55:06,400 --> 00:55:08,120
the spark of life.

519
00:55:11,760 --> 00:55:15,520
It's the exquisite control
of the proton waterfalls

520
00:55:15,520 --> 00:55:18,800
that separates life
from chemistry...

521
00:55:20,280 --> 00:55:22,960
..the moth from a flame.

522
00:55:26,040 --> 00:55:28,960
So just spare a thought for
what your body is doing now.

523
00:55:28,960 --> 00:55:32,080
I mean, that sandwich you just ate
before watching this programme,

524
00:55:32,080 --> 00:55:35,920
you're burning that in oxygen,
it's the oxygen that you breathe in.

525
00:55:35,920 --> 00:55:39,560
But you're not using the energy
that gets released directly.

526
00:55:39,560 --> 00:55:42,480
You're using it
to pump protons around.

527
00:55:42,480 --> 00:55:46,400
You pump them across little
membranes, creating a voltage.

528
00:55:46,400 --> 00:55:50,760
About 30 million volts per metre
in the cells in your body.

529
00:55:50,760 --> 00:55:54,440
That's the voltage
of a lightning bolt.

530
00:55:54,440 --> 00:55:56,600
That's the spark of life

531
00:55:56,600 --> 00:56:01,080
and that's the clue that tells you
that the origin of you,

532
00:56:01,080 --> 00:56:06,080
the most distant ancestor of you,
wasn't a living thing at all,

533
00:56:06,080 --> 00:56:07,880
it was a geological thing.

534
00:56:07,880 --> 00:56:12,520
It was most likely to be a vent like
the one we're floating over now,

535
00:56:12,520 --> 00:56:15,800
in some ocean,
four billion years ago,

536
00:56:15,800 --> 00:56:19,000
the very earliest life
of our planet.

537
00:56:22,720 --> 00:56:25,720
From a sandwich to
a bolt of lightning,

538
00:56:25,720 --> 00:56:28,280
you are a remarkable machine.

539
00:56:36,600 --> 00:56:39,320
For me, this theory
of the origin of life

540
00:56:39,320 --> 00:56:42,560
is the perfect example
of the power of science.

541
00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:49,920
It's a grand, sweeping idea that
comes from exploring in detail

542
00:56:49,920 --> 00:56:53,320
the way that living things
control their energy.

543
00:56:56,400 --> 00:56:58,480
Look, it's slightly
vibrating its wings.

544
00:57:00,440 --> 00:57:02,720
From asking questions like,

545
00:57:02,720 --> 00:57:05,800
what's the difference between
a moth and a flame?

546
00:57:07,240 --> 00:57:08,960
He's going for a walk.

547
00:57:10,880 --> 00:57:13,600
But the answer is a wonderful story.

548
00:57:17,080 --> 00:57:20,040
At this instant,
in the cells in your body,

549
00:57:20,040 --> 00:57:22,520
you're recreating
the conditions that were present

550
00:57:22,520 --> 00:57:25,360
in the oceans of
the primordial Earth.

551
00:57:25,360 --> 00:57:28,280
You are just chemistry.

552
00:57:28,280 --> 00:57:30,080
But what chemistry!

553
00:57:30,080 --> 00:57:32,440
The Earth is your ancestor.

554
00:57:33,680 --> 00:57:37,040
A restless planet is your creator.

555
00:57:46,120 --> 00:57:48,640
MUSIC: Fire
by Etta James

556
00:57:48,640 --> 00:57:50,600
# Fire

557
00:57:50,600 --> 00:57:52,800
# Fire

558
00:57:52,800 --> 00:57:54,880
# Fire

559
00:57:54,880 --> 00:57:56,640
# I'm on fire

560
00:57:56,640 --> 00:57:58,160
# You make my body shiver, boy

561
00:57:58,160 --> 00:57:59,680
# You make my head go bad

562
00:57:59,680 --> 00:58:01,640
# You make my liver quiver, babe

563
00:58:01,640 --> 00:58:03,840
# You make my eyes get red

564
00:58:03,840 --> 00:58:06,120
# My knees get weak when I see you

565
00:58:06,120 --> 00:58:08,440
# Your love is much too strong

566
00:58:08,440 --> 00:58:10,320
# And when you take me in your arms

567
00:58:10,320 --> 00:58:12,600
# You know tomorrow is my home

568
00:58:12,600 --> 00:58:15,200
# Like I'm burning, yeah... #