1 00:00:01,435 --> 00:00:04,305 {\an7}Narrator: HIDDEN IN THE JUNGLES OF SRI LANKA, 2 00:00:04,338 --> 00:00:08,075 {\an7}A VERY SPECIAL GROUP OF MONKEYS ROAMS THE TEMPLE RUINS. 3 00:00:09,543 --> 00:00:12,212 {\an7}\hWE KNOW MORE ABOUT THESE TOQUE MACAQUES 4 00:00:12,246 --> 00:00:15,783 {\an7}THAN ANY OTHER MONKEYS ON EARTH, 5 00:00:15,816 --> 00:00:19,019 {\an7}FROM PROUD ALPHA MALE DOMI... 6 00:00:19,052 --> 00:00:21,054 {\an7}TO LONG SUFFERING POPPIN, 7 00:00:21,088 --> 00:00:23,624 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hA FEMALE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE HEAP. 8 00:00:23,657 --> 00:00:27,127 {\an7}EVERY MONKEY IN THIS FOREST HAS BEEN NAMED AND FOLLOWED 9 00:00:27,160 --> 00:00:30,030 {\an7}SINCE THE DAY IT WAS BORN, 10 00:00:30,063 --> 00:00:31,665 {\an7}THANKS TO ONE MAN, 11 00:00:31,698 --> 00:00:33,567 {\an7}WOLFGANG DITTUS, 12 00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:37,604 {\an7}WHO’S BEEN STUDYING THEM \hFOR ALMOST 50 YEARS... 13 00:00:37,638 --> 00:00:40,074 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hDOCUMENTING THE INCREDIBLE SOAP OPERA 14 00:00:40,107 --> 00:00:42,176 {\an7}THAT IS LIFE WITHIN THE TROOP. 15 00:00:44,645 --> 00:00:48,883 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHIS WORK PUTS HIM IN AN ELITE GROUP OF SCIENTISTS. 16 00:00:48,916 --> 00:00:53,521 {\an7}\hJane Goodall: HE HAD A PASSION TO FOLLOW THE LONG-TERM HISTORY. 17 00:00:53,554 --> 00:00:56,524 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHIS GIVES YOU STORIES THAT YOU CAN SHARE WITH PEOPLE. 18 00:00:58,292 --> 00:01:01,328 {\an7}Narrator: HALF A CENTURY SPENT \h\h\hFOLLOWING THESE MACAQUES 19 00:01:01,361 --> 00:01:05,065 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hHAS GIVEN WOLFGANG A LIFETIME OF STORIES TO TELL. 20 00:01:05,098 --> 00:01:08,535 {\an7}♪ 21 00:01:10,971 --> 00:01:15,843 {\an7}♪ 22 00:01:15,876 --> 00:01:18,078 {\an7}IN NORTHEAST SRI LANKA, 23 00:01:18,111 --> 00:01:19,946 {\an7}SWALLOWED BY THE JUNGLE, 24 00:01:19,980 --> 00:01:21,849 {\an7}\h\hARE THE REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT CITY 25 00:01:21,882 --> 00:01:23,517 {\an7}OF POLONNARUWA. 26 00:01:24,685 --> 00:01:27,655 {\an7}\h\h\hTHIS WAS ONCE SRI LANKA’S CAPITAL, 27 00:01:27,688 --> 00:01:31,725 {\an7}BUT A THOUSAND YEARS AGO THE HUMANS MOVED OUT... 28 00:01:31,758 --> 00:01:33,493 {\an7}AND MONKEYS MOVED IN. 29 00:01:36,396 --> 00:01:39,666 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE ALPHA MALE IN THIS 40-STRONG TROOP 30 00:01:39,700 --> 00:01:41,669 {\an7}IS DOMI. 31 00:01:41,702 --> 00:01:43,070 {\an7}AT 14 YEARS OLD, 32 00:01:43,103 --> 00:01:44,404 {\an7}HE’S IN HIS PRIME-- 33 00:01:44,438 --> 00:01:48,809 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLARGE, STRONG, AND ARMED WITH FEARSOME CANINES. 34 00:01:48,842 --> 00:01:52,012 {\an7}HE MIGRATED INTO THIS TROOP \h\h\h\h\hWITH HIS BROTHERS 35 00:01:52,045 --> 00:01:53,380 {\an7}SEVEN YEARS AGO 36 00:01:53,413 --> 00:01:55,582 {\an7}AND HAS WORKED HIS WAY \h\h\h\hUP THE RANKS. 37 00:01:58,151 --> 00:01:59,452 {\an7}HIS RISE TO ALPHA 38 00:01:59,486 --> 00:02:02,089 {\an7}\h\h\hREQUIRED A MIX OF PHYSICAL PROWESS 39 00:02:02,122 --> 00:02:03,857 {\an7}AND POLITICAL SKILL. 40 00:02:03,890 --> 00:02:07,427 {\an7}[CHATTERING] 41 00:02:07,461 --> 00:02:11,432 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hMANY MALES DIE TRYING TO BECOME ALPHA, 42 00:02:11,465 --> 00:02:14,335 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hBUT, FOR NOW, DOMI REAPS THE REWARDS-- 43 00:02:14,368 --> 00:02:16,971 {\an7}\h\h\hTHE RIGHT TO FATHER MOST OF THE GROUP’S YOUNG. 44 00:02:17,004 --> 00:02:19,406 {\an7}[CHATTERING] 45 00:02:19,439 --> 00:02:22,475 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hDOMI’S TROOP IS A TIGHT-KNIT SOCIAL GROUP 46 00:02:22,509 --> 00:02:27,080 {\an7}MADE UP OF CLOSELY RELATED \hFEMALES AND THEIR YOUNG. 47 00:02:27,114 --> 00:02:29,750 {\an7}YOUNG MALES TRY TO JOIN \h\h\hFROM OTHER TROOPS, 48 00:02:29,783 --> 00:02:32,419 {\an7}LIKE DOMI ONCE DID. 49 00:02:32,452 --> 00:02:35,121 {\an7}SO DOMI ALWAYS HAS \hYOUNG PRETENDERS 50 00:02:35,155 --> 00:02:37,524 {\an7}EYEING HIS POSITION. 51 00:02:37,557 --> 00:02:39,426 {\an7}[CHATTERING AND SCREECHING] 52 00:02:39,459 --> 00:02:41,428 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hEVERY MONKEY IS CONSTANTLY REMINDED 53 00:02:41,461 --> 00:02:43,697 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF ITS PLACE IN THIS STRICT HIERARCHY. 54 00:02:43,730 --> 00:02:47,100 {\an7}[CHIRPING] 55 00:02:47,134 --> 00:02:52,339 {\an7}HIGH-RANKING FEMALES LIKE JEMUZA HAVE FIRST PICK OF ANY FOOD. 56 00:02:53,540 --> 00:02:56,676 {\an7}\h\hAND SHE ISN’T AFRAID TO ASSERT HER DOMINANCE. 57 00:02:58,478 --> 00:03:01,715 {\an7}BUT LOW-RANKING FEMALES, \h\h\h\h\h\hLIKE POPPIN, 58 00:03:01,748 --> 00:03:04,517 {\an7}\h\hHAVE TO SCRAPE A LIVING ON THE FRINGES OF THE GROUP. 59 00:03:04,551 --> 00:03:08,588 {\an7}♪ 60 00:03:08,622 --> 00:03:12,626 {\an7}DOMI’S TROOP IS JUST ONE OF 33 IDENTIFIED TROOPS 61 00:03:12,659 --> 00:03:15,395 {\an7}IN POLONNARUWA. 62 00:03:15,429 --> 00:03:17,364 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHEIR TERRITORY IS UNDER CONSTANT THREAT 63 00:03:17,397 --> 00:03:18,798 {\an7}FROM DOMINANT NEIGHBORS. 64 00:03:18,832 --> 00:03:24,071 {\an7}♪ 65 00:03:24,104 --> 00:03:27,541 {\an7}\h\h\h\hESPECIALLY WHEN THE TREES ON THEIR PATCH 66 00:03:27,574 --> 00:03:28,608 {\an7}COME INTO FRUIT. 67 00:03:28,642 --> 00:03:32,379 {\an7}[CHIRPING] 68 00:03:32,412 --> 00:03:36,549 {\an7}THESE BIGGER, STRONGER GROUPS \h\h\hWILL EVICT DOMI’S TROOP 69 00:03:36,583 --> 00:03:38,852 {\an7}TO CLAIM THE FRUIT \hFOR THEMSELVES. 70 00:03:38,885 --> 00:03:44,057 {\an7}♪ 71 00:03:46,793 --> 00:03:48,862 {\an7}\h\h\hTODAY WE HAVE A DEEP UNDERSTANDING 72 00:03:48,895 --> 00:03:50,897 {\an7}OF MONKEY LIFE. 73 00:03:50,931 --> 00:03:53,734 {\an7}WHEN A YOUNG GRAD STUDENT \h\hCALLED WOLFGANG DITTUS 74 00:03:53,767 --> 00:03:55,702 {\an7}ARRIVED HERE 50 YEARS AGO, 75 00:03:55,736 --> 00:03:58,539 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hON ASSIGNMENT WITH THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 76 00:03:58,572 --> 00:04:02,443 {\an7}NO ONE GUESSED MACAQUE LIFE \h\h\h\hWAS SO COMPLICATED. 77 00:04:02,476 --> 00:04:04,378 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWolfgang Dittus: WHEN WE THINK OF WILD MONKEYS 78 00:04:04,411 --> 00:04:06,980 {\an7}LIVING IN THEIR NATURAL HABITAT, 79 00:04:07,013 --> 00:04:11,518 {\an7}\hWE THINK, OH, WHAT A WONDERFUL PARADISE KIND OF LIFE THEY HAVE. 80 00:04:11,551 --> 00:04:13,420 {\an7}BUT THEY SPEND 90% OF THE DAY 81 00:04:13,453 --> 00:04:14,621 {\an7}LOOKING FOR SOMETHING TO EAT. 82 00:04:14,654 --> 00:04:16,022 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEY PICK UP SMALL BITS AND PIECES-- 83 00:04:16,056 --> 00:04:17,524 {\an7}AN INSECT HERE, 84 00:04:17,557 --> 00:04:19,592 {\an7}A SMALL LEAF HERE, 85 00:04:19,626 --> 00:04:21,695 {\an7}A GRUB HERE AND THERE. 86 00:04:21,728 --> 00:04:24,497 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIT’S NOT UNTIL YOU ACTUALLY FOLLOW THEM 87 00:04:24,531 --> 00:04:26,633 {\an7}\h\h\hAND STUDY THEM A LITTLE BIT CLOSER 88 00:04:26,666 --> 00:04:30,069 {\an7}THAT YOU REALIZE HOW DIFFICULT \h\h\h\hLIFE FOR THEM CAN BE. 89 00:04:31,638 --> 00:04:33,640 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: AND FOLLOWING THE MACAQUES 90 00:04:33,673 --> 00:04:36,342 {\an7}\hIS EXACTLY WHAT WOLFGANG HAS DONE 91 00:04:36,376 --> 00:04:38,912 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hEVER SINCE HE ARRIVED HERE IN 1968, 92 00:04:38,945 --> 00:04:43,116 {\an7}MAKING THESE THE BEST-STUDIED \h\h\h\hMONKEYS IN THE WORLD. 93 00:04:44,851 --> 00:04:46,286 {\an7}Wolfgang: IN OUR DATA BANK 94 00:04:46,319 --> 00:04:50,456 {\an7}\h\h\hWE HAVE MORE THAN 5,000 INDIVIDUAL MONKEYS IDENTIFIED, 95 00:04:50,490 --> 00:04:53,560 {\an7}\h\h\hAND WE’VE MONITORED THEIR BEHAVIORS AND FATES. 96 00:04:53,593 --> 00:04:57,397 {\an7}♪ 97 00:04:57,430 --> 00:04:59,432 {\an7}\h\h\h\hNarrator: AS THESE THOUSANDS OF LIFE STORIES 98 00:04:59,466 --> 00:05:01,802 {\an7}\h\h\hHAVE PLAYED OUT FROM START TO FINISH, 99 00:05:01,835 --> 00:05:03,337 {\an7}A PICTURE HAS EMERGED 100 00:05:03,370 --> 00:05:07,307 {\an7}OF A WORLD DOMINATED BY SOCIAL CLIMBING. 101 00:05:07,340 --> 00:05:09,309 {\an7}IN THIS COMPLEX SOCIETY, 102 00:05:09,342 --> 00:05:10,643 {\an7}JUST LIKE OUR OWN, 103 00:05:10,677 --> 00:05:14,748 {\an7}\h\h\hEVERY MOTHER WANTS THE BEST FOR HER CHILD. 104 00:05:14,781 --> 00:05:17,584 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBY TRACKING THE UPBRINGING AND CHARACTER 105 00:05:17,617 --> 00:05:19,085 {\an7}OF EVERY SINGLE MONKEY, 106 00:05:19,119 --> 00:05:21,421 {\an7}WOLFGANG HAS GAINED \h\hAN UNDERSTANDING 107 00:05:21,454 --> 00:05:24,357 {\an7}OF WHAT IT TAKES TO BE A SUCCESSFUL MACAQUE. 108 00:05:26,459 --> 00:05:28,928 {\an7}Wolfgang: SOME MOTHERS ARE VERY 109 00:05:28,962 --> 00:05:30,564 {\an7}SORT OF PROTECTIVE \hOF THEIR YOUNG. 110 00:05:30,597 --> 00:05:32,833 {\an7}\hTHEY DON’T LIKE THEM TO GO OUT AND EXPLORE. 111 00:05:32,866 --> 00:05:36,937 {\an7}\hWHEREAS OTHER MOTHERS ARE MORE LAISSEZ FAIRE. 112 00:05:36,970 --> 00:05:40,574 {\an7}\hTHEY ALLOW THEIR YOUNGSTERS TO RUN AROUND AND PLAY WITH OTHERS. 113 00:05:40,607 --> 00:05:41,741 {\an7}AND WHAT YOU FIND, 114 00:05:41,775 --> 00:05:43,610 {\an7}THAT EVENTUALLY THE ONES \h\hWHO HAVE BEEN RAISED 115 00:05:43,643 --> 00:05:47,113 {\an7}IN THE LAISSEZ FAIRE \hKIND OF APPROACH, 116 00:05:47,147 --> 00:05:48,448 {\an7}THEY’RE A LOT MORE CONFIDENT, 117 00:05:48,481 --> 00:05:51,751 {\an7}\hTHEY’RE MORE LIKELY TO ACHIEVE HIGH RANK. 118 00:05:51,785 --> 00:05:56,890 {\an7}\h\hNarrator: CLUES PERHAPS TO OUR OWN SOCIAL EVOLUTION. 119 00:05:56,923 --> 00:05:59,159 {\an7}\hOVER THE YEARS, WOLFGANG’S WATCHED 120 00:05:59,192 --> 00:06:03,997 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE RISE AND FALL OF THOUSANDS OF INDIVIDUALS. 121 00:06:04,030 --> 00:06:06,533 {\an7}HE’S WITNESSED WARS \hBETWEEN TROOPS... 122 00:06:06,566 --> 00:06:07,967 {\an7}[SCREECHING] 123 00:06:08,001 --> 00:06:10,403 {\an7}OBSERVED THEIR GENTLER SIDE... 124 00:06:13,273 --> 00:06:17,010 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hDOCUMENTED THEIR STRICT HIERARCHY. 125 00:06:17,043 --> 00:06:18,678 {\an7}AND HE’S OVERCOME THE ODDS 126 00:06:18,712 --> 00:06:22,149 {\an7}TO KEEP HIS STUDY GOING \h\hFOR HALF A CENTURY. 127 00:06:24,117 --> 00:06:27,387 {\an7}AS A UNIVERSITY STUDENT \h\h\h\h\hIN THE 1960s, 128 00:06:27,420 --> 00:06:29,122 {\an7}WOLFGANG COULDN’T HAVE GUESSED 129 00:06:29,155 --> 00:06:31,024 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHAT HE WOULD CALL THIS FOREST HOME 130 00:06:31,057 --> 00:06:34,494 {\an7}FOR THE REST OF HIS LIFE. 131 00:06:34,527 --> 00:06:37,797 {\an7}Wolfgang: TAKING DIFFERENT \h\h\h\hCOURSES IN BIOLOGY 132 00:06:37,831 --> 00:06:39,833 {\an7}AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL, 133 00:06:39,866 --> 00:06:42,435 {\an7}I REALLY GOT INTERESTED IN ANIMAL COMMUNICATION. 134 00:06:42,469 --> 00:06:44,371 {\an7}\h\hIF I’M GOING TO DO ANIMAL COMMUNICATION, 135 00:06:44,404 --> 00:06:46,740 {\an7}WHY DON’T I DO IT IN A PRIMATE, 136 00:06:46,773 --> 00:06:48,241 {\an7}WHICH IS, YOU KNOW, 137 00:06:48,275 --> 00:06:50,611 {\an7}ONE OF THE MORE SOPHISTICATED \h\h\h\hANIMAL SPECIES ABOUT. 138 00:06:50,644 --> 00:06:52,146 {\an7}[CHATTERING] 139 00:06:52,178 --> 00:06:56,115 {\an7}AND BY SERENDIPITOUS EVENTS, 140 00:06:56,149 --> 00:06:57,784 {\an7}I LANDED IN SRI LANKA 141 00:06:57,817 --> 00:07:00,687 {\an7}WITH THE SMITHSONIAN BIOLOGICAL PROGRAM. 142 00:07:02,055 --> 00:07:03,490 {\an7}Narrator: IN 1968, 143 00:07:03,523 --> 00:07:08,528 {\an7}WOLFGANG ARRIVED IN SRI LANKA \h\h\h\h\hAT AN EXCITING TIME. 144 00:07:08,561 --> 00:07:09,829 {\an7}FOUR YEARS EARLIER, 145 00:07:09,863 --> 00:07:11,531 {\an7}PRIMATOLOGIST SUE RIPLEY 146 00:07:11,564 --> 00:07:14,634 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hHAD ESTABLISHED A SMITHSONIAN RESEARCH CAMP 147 00:07:14,668 --> 00:07:16,603 {\an7}IN POLONNARUWA. 148 00:07:16,636 --> 00:07:19,405 {\an7}NOW THE RESEARCH TEAM \h\h\h\hWAS EXPANDING 149 00:07:19,439 --> 00:07:22,409 {\an7}TO INCLUDE SEVERAL MORE \h\hSEASONED BIOLOGISTS. 150 00:07:23,944 --> 00:07:25,846 {\an7}WITH THEM WAS WOLFGANG-- 151 00:07:25,879 --> 00:07:30,484 {\an7}\h\h\hA COMPARATIVE ROOKIE ON AN 18-MONTH ASSIGNMENT. 152 00:07:30,517 --> 00:07:32,119 {\an7}Wolfgang: I WAS ACTUALLY \h\h\h\h\hVERY FORTUNATE 153 00:07:32,152 --> 00:07:33,654 {\an7}TO JOIN THE SMITHSONIAN TEAM 154 00:07:33,687 --> 00:07:36,423 {\an7}\h\hBECAUSE IT WAS A VERY INFORMAL KIND OF CLASSROOM 155 00:07:36,456 --> 00:07:38,425 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT I HAD THE PRIVILEGE OF LEARNING 156 00:07:38,458 --> 00:07:40,493 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFROM THESE MORE SENIOR SCIENTISTS. 157 00:07:44,731 --> 00:07:46,900 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: THE CHOICE OF POLONNARUWA 158 00:07:46,933 --> 00:07:48,234 {\an7}WAS AN INSPIRED ONE. 159 00:07:48,268 --> 00:07:50,904 {\an7}THE RUINS HAD LONG BEEN \h\h\hA PLACE OF PRAYER, 160 00:07:50,937 --> 00:07:56,042 {\an7}\h\hAND SO THE ANIMALS WERE MORE USED TO HUMAN PRESENCE. 161 00:07:56,076 --> 00:07:59,012 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE MACAQUES WERE MOST VISIBLE OF ALL, 162 00:07:59,045 --> 00:08:01,748 {\an7}AND SEEN AS UNREMARKABLE-- 163 00:08:01,781 --> 00:08:06,352 {\an7}A TWIST OF FATE THAT WOULD SHAPE THE REST OF WOLFGANG’S LIFE. 164 00:08:08,355 --> 00:08:11,225 {\an7}Wolfgang: I WAS THE LAST MEMBER TO BE RECRUITED, 165 00:08:11,257 --> 00:08:13,192 {\an7}AND THE SENIOR ESTABLISHED \h\h\h\h\hPRIMATOLOGISTS, 166 00:08:13,226 --> 00:08:15,528 {\an7}THEY HAD ALREADY SELECTED \hTHEIR FAVORITE SPECIES, 167 00:08:15,562 --> 00:08:18,899 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF COURSE THE PHOTOGENIC GRAY LANGUR 168 00:08:18,932 --> 00:08:23,103 {\an7}AND THE EQUALLY PHOTOGENIC \h\h\hPURPLE-FACED LANGUR, 169 00:08:23,136 --> 00:08:26,640 {\an7}AND NOBODY REALLY WANTED TO DO \hTHESE UGLY-LOOKING MACAQUES. 170 00:08:26,673 --> 00:08:29,776 {\an7}AND SO, DITTUS WAS ASSIGNED \h\h\h\hTO DO THE MACAQUES, 171 00:08:29,809 --> 00:08:31,611 {\an7}AND THAT WAS MY GREAT FORTUNE 172 00:08:31,644 --> 00:08:32,612 {\an7}BECAUSE THE MACAQUES, 173 00:08:32,645 --> 00:08:34,413 {\an7}\h\hSOCIALLY THEY’RE SO MUCH MORE LIVELY, 174 00:08:34,447 --> 00:08:36,316 {\an7}SOPHISTICATED, AND INTERACTIVE 175 00:08:36,349 --> 00:08:39,152 {\an7}THAN ARE THE OTHER SPECIES. 176 00:08:39,185 --> 00:08:40,486 {\an7}Narrator: THROUGH LUCK, 177 00:08:40,520 --> 00:08:42,522 {\an7}\h\hA PARTNERSHIP FORMED THAT WOULD SEE WOLFGANG 178 00:08:42,555 --> 00:08:45,458 {\an7}DEVOTING HIS LIFE TO THESE MONKEYS. 179 00:08:47,260 --> 00:08:49,162 {\an7}\h\h\hBUT IT WASN’T LOVE AT FIRST SIGHT 180 00:08:49,195 --> 00:08:51,130 {\an7}FOR THE MACAQUES. 181 00:08:53,733 --> 00:08:55,468 {\an7}Wolfgang: DAY ONE, 182 00:08:55,502 --> 00:08:58,138 {\an7}\h\h\h\hI REALLY COULDN’T GET ALL THAT CLOSE TO THE ANIMALS. 183 00:08:58,171 --> 00:08:59,539 {\an7}A HUNDRED METERS FROM ME, 184 00:08:59,572 --> 00:09:01,541 {\an7}AND THEY WOULD, UH, \h\hTHEY WOULD RUN. 185 00:09:01,574 --> 00:09:10,316 {\an7}♪ 186 00:09:10,350 --> 00:09:14,321 {\an7}AND IT WASN’T ALWAYS THAT EASY \h\h\h\h\hTO FIND THE MONKEYS. 187 00:09:14,354 --> 00:09:17,157 {\an7}THE FOREST WAS FAIRLY \h\h\hTHICK AND DENSE 188 00:09:17,190 --> 00:09:19,159 {\an7}ABOUT 50 YEARS AGO. 189 00:09:20,160 --> 00:09:21,495 {\an7}[WHISTLES] 190 00:09:23,430 --> 00:09:25,565 {\an7}WHEN I DID FIND THE MONKEYS, 191 00:09:25,598 --> 00:09:30,970 {\an7}THEY WERE NOT ALWAYS HAPPY TO SEE ME FOLLOWING THEM, 192 00:09:31,004 --> 00:09:33,473 {\an7}SO IT TOOK A FEW MORE \h\h\hWEEKS AND MONTHS 193 00:09:33,506 --> 00:09:38,011 {\an7}TO ACTUALLY HABITUATE THEM \h\h\h\h\hTO MY PRESENCE. 194 00:09:38,044 --> 00:09:40,179 {\an7}I WOULD DO SILLY THINGS \h\h\h\hLIKE, YOU KNOW, 195 00:09:40,213 --> 00:09:41,147 {\an7}INTEREST IN THIS LEAF, 196 00:09:41,181 --> 00:09:42,516 {\an7}LOOK AT THIS LEAF. 197 00:09:42,549 --> 00:09:43,784 {\an7}THAT SORT OF CALMED THEM DOWN. 198 00:09:43,817 --> 00:09:46,219 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hI MEAN, I WASN’T INTERESTED IN THEM AT ALL. 199 00:09:46,252 --> 00:09:50,423 {\an7}AND IF SOMEBODY THREATENED ME, \h\h\hI OBVIOUSLY MOVED BACK. 200 00:09:50,457 --> 00:09:52,559 {\an7}I DIDN’T CHALLENGE THE THREAT. 201 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:56,029 {\an7}AND IT WAS INTERESTING \h\hALSO IN THE SENSE 202 00:09:56,062 --> 00:09:58,565 {\an7}THAT THE YOUNGEST ANIMALS, THE ONES WHO WERE CURIOUS, 203 00:09:58,598 --> 00:10:00,600 {\an7}THEY WERE THE EASIEST \h\h\h\hTO HABITUATE. 204 00:10:02,569 --> 00:10:05,005 {\an7}SOME OF THE ELDER FEMALES, \h\h\h\h\hTHE OLD LADIES, 205 00:10:05,038 --> 00:10:07,307 {\an7}\hTHEY DIDN’T TRUST THIS FOREIGN PERSON 206 00:10:07,340 --> 00:10:10,410 {\an7}WALKING WITH THEM LIKE THAT AT ALL. 207 00:10:12,512 --> 00:10:15,448 {\an7}Narrator: EVENTUALLY, WOLFGANG WAS ACCEPTED. 208 00:10:15,482 --> 00:10:19,353 {\an7}♪ 209 00:10:19,385 --> 00:10:22,488 {\an7}OR AT LEAST HE THOUGHT HE WAS. 210 00:10:24,791 --> 00:10:28,762 {\an7}\hWolfgang: AT THE BEGINNING, I WORE A BEARD, LIKE I DO NOW. 211 00:10:28,795 --> 00:10:32,499 {\an7}AND I WENT TO COLOMBO, \h\h\h\hTHE BIG CITY, 212 00:10:32,532 --> 00:10:34,300 {\an7}AND I SHAVED, AND I CAME BACK, 213 00:10:34,334 --> 00:10:35,602 {\an7}AND, WOULDN’T YOU KNOW IT, 214 00:10:35,635 --> 00:10:38,071 {\an7}THESE ANIMALS WERE ACTUALLY \h\h\h\h\h\hMORE SHY OF ME? 215 00:10:38,104 --> 00:10:43,209 {\an7}♪ 216 00:10:43,243 --> 00:10:44,578 {\an7}IT REALLY ASTOUNDED ME-- 217 00:10:44,611 --> 00:10:48,048 {\an7}HOW, HOW FINE-GRAINED THEIR PERCEPTIONS ARE 218 00:10:48,081 --> 00:10:51,117 {\an7}OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT, \h\h\h\hINCLUDING ME. 219 00:10:52,852 --> 00:10:55,021 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: MACAQUES NEED TO BE HIGHLY TUNED 220 00:10:55,054 --> 00:10:56,756 {\an7}TO FACES AND APPEARANCE 221 00:10:56,789 --> 00:10:59,859 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBECAUSE OF THEIR EXTENDED SOCIAL NETWORK. 222 00:10:59,893 --> 00:11:03,063 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEY HAVE TO KNOW WHO EVERYONE AROUND THEM IS-- 223 00:11:03,096 --> 00:11:05,732 {\an7}FRIENDS AND ENEMIES. 224 00:11:05,765 --> 00:11:07,734 {\an7}\h\h\hWolfgang: I REALIZED HOW THAT’S ALSO IMPORTANT FOR ME. 225 00:11:07,767 --> 00:11:10,603 {\an7}I NEED TO BE ABLE TO DISTINGUISH THEM AS INDIVIDUALS; 226 00:11:10,637 --> 00:11:14,074 {\an7}NOT JUST AS AN ADULT MALE \h\h\hOR AN ADULT FEMALE. 227 00:11:14,107 --> 00:11:16,543 {\an7}THAT’S JUST NOT GOOD ENOUGH. 228 00:11:16,576 --> 00:11:18,211 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: FEW SCIENTISTS AT THE TIME 229 00:11:18,244 --> 00:11:20,580 {\an7}\h\h\h\hHAD SURVEYED A WILD PRIMATE GROUP 230 00:11:20,613 --> 00:11:22,548 {\an7}IN SUCH DETAIL. 231 00:11:22,582 --> 00:11:25,485 {\an7}\h\h\hPIONEERS LIKE JANE GOODALL IN 1960 232 00:11:25,518 --> 00:11:28,354 {\an7}HAD IDENTIFIED INDIVIDUALS. 233 00:11:28,388 --> 00:11:32,926 {\an7}SHE WAS CRITICIZED FOR GIVING \h\h\hWILD CHIMPANZEES NAMES. 234 00:11:32,959 --> 00:11:35,895 {\an7}IT WAS SEEN AS UNSCIENTIFIC. 235 00:11:35,929 --> 00:11:40,200 {\an7}BUT IT HELPED HER TO UNDERSTAND THE INNER WORKINGS OF THE GROUP. 236 00:11:41,768 --> 00:11:45,739 {\an7}\hWOLFGANG HAD INDEPENDENTLY COME TO THE SAME CONCLUSION. 237 00:11:47,907 --> 00:11:49,675 {\an7}IN HIS 18-MONTH STUDY, 238 00:11:49,709 --> 00:11:53,179 {\an7}HE PLANNED TO CHART THE AGES, \h\h\h\h\h\h\hGENDER, AND RANK 239 00:11:53,213 --> 00:11:56,049 {\an7}OF AS MANY ANIMALS AS HE COULD-- 240 00:11:56,082 --> 00:11:57,984 {\an7}A MASSIVE UNDERTAKING, 241 00:11:58,017 --> 00:12:01,621 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND SOMETHING NO ONE HAD DONE BEFORE. 242 00:12:01,654 --> 00:12:05,424 {\an7}HE NEEDED A WAY TO KEEP TRACK OF THE FACES SURROUNDING HIM. 243 00:12:06,793 --> 00:12:09,729 {\an7}SO HE BEGAN TO DRAW PERSONALIZED CARDS, 244 00:12:09,762 --> 00:12:13,266 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIDENTIFYING EVERY SINGLE MACAQUE. 245 00:12:13,299 --> 00:12:14,667 {\an7}THIS WAS THE BIRTH OF A SYSTEM 246 00:12:14,701 --> 00:12:18,805 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHAT’S THE BEDROCK OF WOLFGANG’S ENTIRE STUDY. 247 00:12:18,838 --> 00:12:20,540 {\an7}\h\h\hWolfgang: HE’S GOT THAT RED SPOT UP THERE,, 248 00:12:20,573 --> 00:12:23,009 {\an7}HE’S GOT THAT CUT IN THE EAR, 249 00:12:23,042 --> 00:12:25,011 {\an7}THAT’S A LITTLE BIT THICKER. 250 00:12:25,044 --> 00:12:26,779 {\an7}\hLUCKILY FOR ME, THE TOQUE MACAQUES 251 00:12:26,813 --> 00:12:29,015 {\an7}\h\h\h\hHAVE A LOT OF INDIVIDUALISTIC MARKS. 252 00:12:29,048 --> 00:12:30,550 {\an7}THEY HAVE DIFFERENT HAIR-DOS, 253 00:12:30,583 --> 00:12:34,587 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND THEY’VE GOT LITTLE RED AND BLACK SPOTS IN THE FACE. 254 00:12:34,621 --> 00:12:37,224 {\an7}\hTHERE ARE SO MANY MARKINGS ON A MONKEY 255 00:12:37,257 --> 00:12:41,495 {\an7}\hTHAT HELP US TO CREATE A BARCODE, SO TO SPEAK. 256 00:12:41,527 --> 00:12:43,462 {\an7}♪ 257 00:12:43,496 --> 00:12:46,499 {\an7}Narrator: NOW THAT HE RECOGNIZED EACH INDIVIDUAL, 258 00:12:46,532 --> 00:12:48,634 {\an7}THEIR RELATIONSHIPS \h\hAND INTERACTIONS 259 00:12:48,668 --> 00:12:50,470 {\an7}TOOK ON MORE MEANING. 260 00:12:52,238 --> 00:12:53,706 {\an7}IN THE FEMALES, 261 00:12:53,740 --> 00:12:58,345 {\an7}ELDERLY HONITA ALWAYS GAVE WAY \h\h\h\hTO THE JUVENILE MAYA. 262 00:12:58,378 --> 00:13:01,715 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hYOUNG MALE FAYUM ALWAYS SUPPORTED HIS BROTHERS 263 00:13:01,748 --> 00:13:04,284 {\an7}IN FIGHTS BETWEEN MALES. 264 00:13:04,317 --> 00:13:07,687 {\an7}\h\h\hMOTHERS FAVORED THE YOUNGEST SIBLING. 265 00:13:07,720 --> 00:13:12,892 {\an7}SLOWLY, WOLFGANG WAS UNRAVELING A SOPHISTICATED GROUP STRUCTURE. 266 00:13:12,925 --> 00:13:17,263 {\an7}Wolfgang: I FOLLOWED THE MONKEYS FROM DAWN TO DUSK. 267 00:13:17,297 --> 00:13:20,367 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hI WANTED TO GET A REALLY GOOD UNDERSTANDING 268 00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:23,570 {\an7}OF HOW A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A MONKEY PROGRESSES. 269 00:13:23,603 --> 00:13:28,074 {\an7}AND HOW DOES A MONKEY’S DAY \h\h\hIN THIS SOCIETY DIFFER 270 00:13:28,107 --> 00:13:30,610 {\an7}ACCORDING TO ITS AGE \hAND SEX AND RANK? 271 00:13:30,643 --> 00:13:34,981 {\an7}SO I FOLLOWED EACH AND EVERY \h\hINDIVIDUAL IN THE GROUP 272 00:13:35,014 --> 00:13:37,783 {\an7}FOR DAYS ON END SOMETIMES. 273 00:13:37,817 --> 00:13:40,853 {\an7}Narrator: AS THE MONKEYS BECAME USED TO WOLFGANG, 274 00:13:40,887 --> 00:13:44,124 {\an7}HE WAS ABLE TO GET TO KNOW \h\h\h\hTHE WHOLE GROUP-- 275 00:13:44,157 --> 00:13:45,191 {\an7}THEIR PERSONALITIES... 276 00:13:45,224 --> 00:13:46,759 {\an7}[SCREECHING] 277 00:13:46,793 --> 00:13:49,195 {\an7}THEIR RELATIONSHIPS... 278 00:13:49,228 --> 00:13:51,497 {\an7}AND THEIR HABITS. 279 00:13:51,531 --> 00:13:55,068 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAFTER A WHILE, HE NOTICED SOMETHING STRANGE. 280 00:13:56,402 --> 00:13:58,137 {\an7}\hWolfgang: THE GROUP THAT I HAD BEEN STARTING WITH, 281 00:13:58,171 --> 00:14:00,507 {\an7}\h\hTHEY DIDN’T HAVE A SUFFICIENT NUMBER 282 00:14:00,540 --> 00:14:02,575 {\an7}OF INFANT AND JUVENILE FEMALES. 283 00:14:02,608 --> 00:14:04,176 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hSO I THOUGHT, OK, THIS IS NOT GOING TO GIVE ME 284 00:14:04,210 --> 00:14:06,879 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hA BALANCED PICTURE OF WHAT SOCIETY IS ALL ABOUT, 285 00:14:06,913 --> 00:14:08,448 {\an7}SO I WENT TO ANOTHER GROUP, 286 00:14:08,481 --> 00:14:11,417 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND I FOUND THE SAME PROBLEM THERE, 287 00:14:11,451 --> 00:14:13,586 {\an7}SO I WENT TO A THIRD GROUP \h\h\hAND A FOURTH GROUP. 288 00:14:13,619 --> 00:14:15,087 {\an7}HEY, WAIT A MINUTE, \hTHIS IS A PATTERN. 289 00:14:15,121 --> 00:14:18,691 {\an7}THERE’S SOMETHING WEIRD \h\h\h\h\hGOING ON HERE. 290 00:14:18,725 --> 00:14:21,428 {\an7}\h\h\hNarrator: THE LACK OF YOUNG FEMALES IN EVERY TROOP 291 00:14:21,461 --> 00:14:24,531 {\an7}WAS A PUZZLE THAT GOT UNDER WOLFGANG’S SKIN. 292 00:14:25,965 --> 00:14:30,937 {\an7}SO HE SURVEYED ALL THE MONKEYS \h\h\h\hIN THE SACRED FOREST. 293 00:14:30,970 --> 00:14:34,040 {\an7}\h\h\hAT THAT TIME, THIS WAS 18 TROOPS. 294 00:14:34,073 --> 00:14:36,709 {\an7}IT TOOK HIM OVER A YEAR. 295 00:14:36,743 --> 00:14:38,278 {\an7}WHEN HE’D FINISHED, 296 00:14:38,311 --> 00:14:41,881 {\an7}\hWOLFGANG HAD IDENTIFIED THE AGE, RANK, AND GENDER 297 00:14:41,914 --> 00:14:45,851 {\an7}OF 456 INDIVIDUALS. 298 00:14:45,885 --> 00:14:49,389 {\an7}\h\h\hIT WOULD TAKE MANY YEARS BEFORE THIS DATA WOULD UNLOCK 299 00:14:49,422 --> 00:14:52,225 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE MYSTERY OF THE MISSING FEMALES. 300 00:14:54,861 --> 00:14:58,298 {\an7}\h\hWOLFGANG WANTED TO SHARE HIS OBSERVATIONS WITH OTHERS 301 00:14:58,331 --> 00:15:00,533 {\an7}IN A WAY THAT WENT \hBEYOND THE DATA. 302 00:15:05,238 --> 00:15:07,574 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSO HE ASKED THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 303 00:15:07,607 --> 00:15:09,676 {\an7}FOR A CAMERA. 304 00:15:09,709 --> 00:15:11,578 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWolfgang: BEHAVIOR IS MOVEMENT. 305 00:15:13,179 --> 00:15:17,383 {\an7}SO, I WANTED TO RECORD SOME OF THIS ON FILM, 306 00:15:17,417 --> 00:15:22,155 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND I WAS GIVEN A HAND-WOUND BOLEX CAMERA. 307 00:15:22,188 --> 00:15:24,590 {\an7}Narrator: BUT CAPTURING THE FAST-MOVING MONKEYS 308 00:15:24,624 --> 00:15:26,559 {\an7}WASN’T GOING TO BE EASY. 309 00:15:28,394 --> 00:15:30,229 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWolfgang: YOU HAVE A 20-SECOND WINDOW 310 00:15:30,263 --> 00:15:31,264 {\an7}TO FILM SOMETHING. 311 00:15:31,297 --> 00:15:33,132 {\an7}I HAD TO REWIND THE THING AGAIN. 312 00:15:34,434 --> 00:15:36,903 {\an7}\hFOR THINGS LIKE GROOMING BEHAVIOR 313 00:15:36,936 --> 00:15:38,337 {\an7}AND SLEEPING AND FORAGING, 314 00:15:38,371 --> 00:15:40,506 {\an7}THAT WAS A GOOD EXPERIENCE, \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hACTUALLY. 315 00:15:41,974 --> 00:15:43,976 {\an7}BUT, AT THE SAME TIME, 316 00:15:44,010 --> 00:15:46,946 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFOR SOME SOPHISTICATED BEHAVIORS... 317 00:15:46,979 --> 00:15:50,049 {\an7}LIKE THERE’S AN AGGRESSIVE EVENT THAT’S DEVELOPING, 318 00:15:50,082 --> 00:15:52,751 {\an7}AND IT’S GOING TO PLAY OUT FOR AT LEAST TWO OR THREE 319 00:15:52,785 --> 00:15:54,353 {\an7}IF NOT FIVE MINUTES, 320 00:15:54,387 --> 00:15:56,222 {\an7}AND YOU HAVE A 20-SECOND WINDOW. 321 00:15:56,255 --> 00:15:58,390 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIT’S A CHALLENGE THAT WAS TOO MUCH TO ACCOMPLISH 322 00:15:58,424 --> 00:16:00,092 {\an7}WITH THIS SIMPLE CAMERA. 323 00:16:01,561 --> 00:16:04,164 {\an7}Narrator: LITTLE DID HE KNOW \h\h\h\h\hTHIS SCREEN DEBUT 324 00:16:04,197 --> 00:16:06,232 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWAS TO BE THE FIRST OF MANY TIMES 325 00:16:06,265 --> 00:16:10,136 {\an7}THE CHARISMATIC MACAQUES \hGRABBED THE LIMELIGHT. 326 00:16:12,939 --> 00:16:15,809 {\an7}EVEN AFTER 50 YEARS \h\hOF OBSERVATION, 327 00:16:15,842 --> 00:16:17,877 {\an7}THE SMALL EVERYDAY MYSTERIES 328 00:16:17,910 --> 00:16:20,646 {\an7}CONTINUE TO PROVIDE \h\hNEW REVELATIONS. 329 00:16:23,683 --> 00:16:27,287 {\an7}TODAY, WOLFGANG IS LOOKING \h\hFOR ONE OF THE FEMALES 330 00:16:27,320 --> 00:16:30,423 {\an7}FROM THE GROUP NEAR THE POND-- 331 00:16:30,456 --> 00:16:32,058 {\an7}POINTA. 332 00:16:33,259 --> 00:16:34,727 {\an7}Wolfgang: A COUPLE OF DAYS AGO, 333 00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:36,462 {\an7}\h\h\h\hSUDDENLY SHE TURNS UP WITH THIS REALLY YOUNG INFANT, 334 00:16:36,496 --> 00:16:38,798 {\an7}\h\h\hCOULDN’T HAVE BEEN MORE THAN TWO WEEKS OLD. 335 00:16:38,831 --> 00:16:41,233 {\an7}HOW SHE GOT THAT IS A MYSTERY. 336 00:16:41,267 --> 00:16:42,568 {\an7}Narrator: POINTA WAS SEEN 337 00:16:42,602 --> 00:16:45,405 {\an7}CARRYING AND CARING \h\h\hFOR THIS BABY 338 00:16:45,438 --> 00:16:48,241 {\an7}\h\h\hROUND THE CLOCK FOR AT LEAST TWO DAYS. 339 00:16:49,942 --> 00:16:53,813 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBUT WOLFGANG KNOWS HER OWN BABY HAD RECENTLY DIED. 340 00:16:55,848 --> 00:16:58,784 {\an7}Wolfgang: THE INFANT OBVIOUSLY \h\hDID NOT BELONG TO POINTA, 341 00:16:58,818 --> 00:17:03,089 {\an7}\h\hALTHOUGH POINTA BEHAVED VERY MATERNALLY TOWARDS IT. 342 00:17:03,122 --> 00:17:05,424 {\an7}\hNarrator: BUT FOR ALL HER CARE AND PROTECTION, 343 00:17:05,458 --> 00:17:07,026 {\an7}SHE COULDN’T PRODUCE MILK, 344 00:17:07,059 --> 00:17:09,361 {\an7}AND THE INFANT WAS DESPERATE. 345 00:17:09,395 --> 00:17:10,663 {\an7}Wolfgang: IT DID SOMETHING 346 00:17:10,696 --> 00:17:13,599 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT’S UNUSUAL FOR AN INFANT OF THAT AGE. 347 00:17:13,633 --> 00:17:18,171 {\an7}IT BEGAN TO FORAGE ON FOODS \hFOUND ON THE FOREST FLOOR. 348 00:17:18,204 --> 00:17:19,972 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: WOLFGANG IS ANXIOUS TO SEE 349 00:17:20,006 --> 00:17:24,410 {\an7}WHETHER THE BABY’S STILL ALIVE. 350 00:17:24,443 --> 00:17:26,912 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIT’S UNLIKELY THE INFANT COULD SURVIVE 351 00:17:26,946 --> 00:17:28,748 {\an7}WITHOUT ITS MOTHER’S MILK. 352 00:17:28,781 --> 00:17:30,549 {\an7}Wolfgang: AH, THERE’S POINTA. 353 00:17:30,583 --> 00:17:33,853 {\an7}AND SHE DOES NOT HAVE THE INFANT. 354 00:17:33,886 --> 00:17:37,857 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: FOR DAYS, POINTA HAD DONE ALL SHE COULD. 355 00:17:37,890 --> 00:17:41,193 {\an7}WOLFGANG HAS NEVER SEEN A MONKEY INVEST SO MUCH 356 00:17:41,227 --> 00:17:44,230 {\an7}\hIN A COMPLETELY UNRELATED INFANT. 357 00:17:44,263 --> 00:17:46,532 {\an7}Wolfgang: THAT DOESN’T HAVE \h\h\h\hAN EASY EXPLANATION. 358 00:17:46,566 --> 00:17:48,401 {\an7}I MEAN, YOU SHOULD PICK UP \h\hYOUR OWN INFANTS, YES, 359 00:17:48,434 --> 00:17:52,338 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hINVEST A LOT AND PROMOTE THEIR SURVIVAL, 360 00:17:52,371 --> 00:17:54,940 {\an7}\h\h\h\hPASS YOUR GENES ON TO THE FUTURE GENERATIONS. 361 00:17:54,974 --> 00:17:58,244 {\an7}\hWHY ARE THEY DOING THIS FOR SOMEBODY ELSE’S INFANT 362 00:17:58,277 --> 00:18:00,446 {\an7}THAT THEY DON’T EVEN KNOW? 363 00:18:00,479 --> 00:18:01,580 {\an7}[CHATTER] 364 00:18:01,614 --> 00:18:03,850 {\an7}THAT MUST BE RECIPROCAL \h\hALTRUISM, YOU KNOW. 365 00:18:03,883 --> 00:18:05,184 {\an7}THEY DO THAT SORT OF THING 366 00:18:05,217 --> 00:18:08,654 {\an7}\hBECAUSE AT SOME POINT IN TIME WITHIN SOCIETY, 367 00:18:08,688 --> 00:18:11,691 {\an7}THAT KIND OF BEHAVIOR WILL BE RECIPROCATED, 368 00:18:11,724 --> 00:18:16,195 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hSO BY PARTICIPATING IN THIS SORT OF ALTRUISTIC ACT, 369 00:18:16,228 --> 00:18:19,698 {\an7}\h\h\hTHE GENES FOR IT STAY IN THE POPULATION 370 00:18:19,732 --> 00:18:23,769 {\an7}\h\hBECAUSE EVENTUALLY IT WILL BENEFIT YOU OR YOUR CHILDREN. 371 00:18:23,803 --> 00:18:25,305 {\an7}Narrator: IN HUMAN SOCIETY, 372 00:18:25,338 --> 00:18:28,608 {\an7}\h\h\hRECIPROCAL ALTRUISM MEANS AN UNRELATED PERSON 373 00:18:28,641 --> 00:18:33,846 {\an7}BENEFITS GREATLY FROM ANOTHER’S UNSELFISH ACT OF KINDNESS. 374 00:18:33,879 --> 00:18:36,648 {\an7}\hIT’S A SOPHISTICATED EVOLUTIONARY STRATEGY 375 00:18:36,682 --> 00:18:40,519 {\an7}THAT MEANS SOCIETY BENEFITS OVERALL. 376 00:18:40,553 --> 00:18:45,024 {\an7}WE HAVE STARTED TO RECOGNIZE IT IN HIGHER ANIMALS LIKE CHIMPS. 377 00:18:45,057 --> 00:18:47,760 {\an7}\h\h\hBUT POINTA’S CARE OF THE UNRELATED INFANT 378 00:18:47,793 --> 00:18:49,028 {\an7}SUGGESTS THIS BEHAVIOR 379 00:18:49,061 --> 00:18:51,597 {\an7}MAY GO BACK FURTHER \h\h\hTHAN WE THINK. 380 00:18:52,765 --> 00:18:54,700 {\an7}[SNARLING] 381 00:18:54,734 --> 00:18:56,469 {\an7}BY 1972, 382 00:18:56,502 --> 00:18:59,872 {\an7}WOLFGANG HAD BECOME DEEPLY ENGROSSED IN HIS RESEARCH. 383 00:18:59,905 --> 00:19:03,742 {\an7}\h\hHE’D STAYED MUCH LONGER THAN THE PLANNED 18 MONTHS. 384 00:19:03,776 --> 00:19:07,146 {\an7}BUT THE SMITHSONIAN MONEY \h\h\h\h\hWAS RUNNING OUT. 385 00:19:07,179 --> 00:19:11,183 {\an7}RELUCTANTLY, HE LEFT THE MONKEYS TO GO BACK TO AMERICA. 386 00:19:12,818 --> 00:19:14,486 {\an7}HE COULDN’T STOP THINKING 387 00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:18,391 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hABOUT THE MYSTERY OF THE MISSING YOUNG FEMALES. 388 00:19:18,424 --> 00:19:20,927 {\an7}HE BEGAN TO FORMULATE A THEORY. 389 00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:23,196 {\an7}COULD THIS DEARTH OF FEMALE INFANTS 390 00:19:23,229 --> 00:19:25,398 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hBE CAUSED BY AN INTENTIONAL STRATEGY 391 00:19:25,431 --> 00:19:28,434 {\an7}TO FAVOR MALES IN EARLY INFANCY? 392 00:19:30,202 --> 00:19:34,039 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hMALES GROW UP TO TWICE THE SIZE OF FEMALES. 393 00:19:34,073 --> 00:19:35,308 {\an7}THEY NEED TO BE BIG AND STRONG 394 00:19:35,341 --> 00:19:38,211 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBY THE TIME THEY BECOME YOUNG ADULTS, 395 00:19:38,244 --> 00:19:39,879 {\an7}WHEN THEY HAVE TO LEAVE \h\hTHEIR MOTHER’S GROUP 396 00:19:39,912 --> 00:19:43,115 {\an7}TO FIND MATES IN A NEW TROOP. 397 00:19:43,149 --> 00:19:45,318 {\an7}THE RESIDENT MALES \hIN THE NEW GROUP 398 00:19:45,351 --> 00:19:47,687 {\an7}JEALOUSLY GUARD THEIR FEMALES. 399 00:19:49,321 --> 00:19:52,558 {\an7}\h\hINCOMING MALES RISK BEING KILLED. 400 00:19:54,760 --> 00:19:57,062 {\an7}ONLY STRONG MALES, LIKE DOMI, 401 00:19:57,096 --> 00:19:59,265 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWILL SUCCEED IN JOINING A NEW TROOP 402 00:19:59,298 --> 00:20:01,233 {\an7}AND SIRING OFFSPRING. 403 00:20:04,770 --> 00:20:07,473 {\an7}SO THE TIME TO INVEST IN A SON 404 00:20:07,506 --> 00:20:08,907 {\an7}IS IN INFANCY, 405 00:20:08,941 --> 00:20:10,576 {\an7}HELPING HIM TO GROW QUICKLY 406 00:20:10,609 --> 00:20:14,880 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND INCREASE HIS ODDS OF SUCCESS. 407 00:20:14,914 --> 00:20:18,284 {\an7}\h\hA DAUGHTER STAYS WITH HER MOTHER’S TROOP HER WHOLE LIFE, 408 00:20:18,317 --> 00:20:22,521 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hREPRODUCING AT A SLOW, STEADY PACE. 409 00:20:22,555 --> 00:20:24,891 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSHE BENEFITS FROM HER MOTHER’S INVESTMENT 410 00:20:24,924 --> 00:20:26,492 {\an7}THROUGHOUT HER LIFE. 411 00:20:26,525 --> 00:20:30,562 {\an7}♪ 412 00:20:30,596 --> 00:20:32,231 {\an7}BUT, AS INFANTS, 413 00:20:32,264 --> 00:20:34,700 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hDAUGHTERS ARE SOMEWHAT NEGLECTED. 414 00:20:34,734 --> 00:20:38,605 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAS A RESULT, MORE OF THEM DIE YOUNG. 415 00:20:38,637 --> 00:20:40,372 {\an7}IT WAS A THEORY, 416 00:20:40,406 --> 00:20:44,143 {\an7}\h\hBUT WOULD THE NUMBERS BACK UP WOLFGANG’S HUNCH? 417 00:20:46,612 --> 00:20:49,215 {\an7}AFTER THREE AND A HALF YEARS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hGATHERING DATA 418 00:20:49,248 --> 00:20:51,350 {\an7}ON NEARLY 500 MONKEYS, 419 00:20:51,383 --> 00:20:52,684 {\an7}HE WAS CLOSE TO UNLOCKING 420 00:20:52,718 --> 00:20:57,289 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE MYSTERY OF THE MISSING INFANT FEMALES. 421 00:20:57,323 --> 00:21:00,359 {\an7}WOULD THE NUMBERS CONFIRM \hTHAT ENTIRE POPULATIONS 422 00:21:00,392 --> 00:21:04,162 {\an7}TREAT MALE AND FEMALE INFANTS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hDIFFERENTLY? 423 00:21:04,196 --> 00:21:05,497 {\an7}Wolfgang: RIGHT THERE, \hIN BLACK AND WHITE, 424 00:21:05,531 --> 00:21:09,301 {\an7}THERE WAS THE DATA, UNDENIABLY. 425 00:21:09,335 --> 00:21:13,606 {\an7}Narrator: MALES AND FEMALES WERE BORN IN EQUAL NUMBERS. 426 00:21:13,639 --> 00:21:17,443 {\an7}BUT MORE THAN HALF OF DAUGHTERS DIED IN THEIR FIRST YEAR; 427 00:21:17,476 --> 00:21:21,246 {\an7}WHEREAS TWO THIRDS OF SONS \h\h\h\h\hWERE SURVIVING. 428 00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:22,948 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWolfgang: I HADN’T MADE A MISTAKE 429 00:21:22,982 --> 00:21:25,351 {\an7}\h\h\hWITH MY EARLY SELECTION OF GROUPS. 430 00:21:25,384 --> 00:21:27,920 {\an7}IT’S A REAL PATTERN. 431 00:21:27,953 --> 00:21:30,789 {\an7}Narrator: MALES, THEN, HAD A MORTALITY SPIKE 432 00:21:30,823 --> 00:21:32,491 {\an7}AT AGE 6 OR 7, 433 00:21:32,525 --> 00:21:36,929 {\an7}\hRIGHT WHEN THEY START DISPERSING AND FIGHTING. 434 00:21:36,962 --> 00:21:38,764 {\an7}OVERALL, BY THE TIME \h\hTHEY’RE ADULTS, 435 00:21:38,798 --> 00:21:42,101 {\an7}THE BALANCE OF MALES AND FEMALES IN A POPULATION 436 00:21:42,134 --> 00:21:43,736 {\an7}EVENS OUT. 437 00:21:45,504 --> 00:21:48,273 {\an7}\h\h\hWOLFGANG’S DATA REVEALED A KEY FACTOR 438 00:21:48,307 --> 00:21:51,377 {\an7}\h\hAFFECTING THE LIFE OF EVERY YOUNG MONKEY. 439 00:21:53,512 --> 00:21:54,747 {\an7}SO, TODAY, 440 00:21:54,780 --> 00:21:59,218 {\an7}\h\h\h\hWHEN WE SEE YOUNG MALES, LIKE DEXTER HERE, BEING FAVORED, 441 00:21:59,251 --> 00:22:01,620 {\an7}WHILE LALA IS IGNORED, 442 00:22:01,654 --> 00:22:04,090 {\an7}WE KNOW WHY. 443 00:22:04,123 --> 00:22:07,226 {\an7}MOTHERS INVEST MORE IN THEIR INFANT SONS 444 00:22:07,259 --> 00:22:10,329 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND NEGLECT THEIR INFANT DAUGHTERS, 445 00:22:10,362 --> 00:22:14,833 {\an7}EVEN TO THE EXTENT OF PRODUCING RICHER MILK FOR MALES-- 446 00:22:14,867 --> 00:22:18,571 {\an7}\h\hSOMETHING WE NOW KNOW TO ALSO BE TRUE IN HUMANS. 447 00:22:20,472 --> 00:22:22,741 {\an7}Wolfgang: IT’S LIKE HAVING \h\hA HUGE MOSAIC PICTURE 448 00:22:22,775 --> 00:22:25,378 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND THE PIECES STARTED FITTING TOGETHER. 449 00:22:25,411 --> 00:22:31,350 {\an7}♪ 450 00:22:31,383 --> 00:22:33,285 {\an7}Narrator: THANKS IN PART \hTO HIS MOTHER’S HELP, 451 00:22:33,319 --> 00:22:38,591 {\an7}\hIMOTEL IS WELL ON HIS WAY TO BEING A SUCCESSFUL MALE. 452 00:22:38,624 --> 00:22:40,392 {\an7}HE’S 8 YEARS OLD. 453 00:22:42,528 --> 00:22:44,697 {\an7}\h\h\hHE WAS BORN INTO A HIGH-RANKING FAMILY 454 00:22:44,730 --> 00:22:45,831 {\an7}IN ANOTHER TROOP, 455 00:22:45,865 --> 00:22:49,235 {\an7}\h\hBUT HAS LEFT TO JOIN THIS GROUP BY THE POND. 456 00:22:50,469 --> 00:22:52,371 {\an7}THIS DISPERSAL OF YOUNG MALES 457 00:22:52,404 --> 00:22:54,907 {\an7}\h\hIS THE MACAQUE’S WAY OF MIXING THE GENE POOL 458 00:22:54,940 --> 00:22:56,775 {\an7}AND PREVENTING INBREEDING. 459 00:22:58,477 --> 00:23:01,747 {\an7}AFTER EIGHT MONTHS OF FIGHTING \h\h\hWITH THE RESIDENT MALES, 460 00:23:01,780 --> 00:23:03,815 {\an7}IMOTEL HAS FINALLY BEEN ACCEPTED 461 00:23:03,849 --> 00:23:07,219 {\an7}\h\hAND IS NOW ALLOWED TO GROOM THE FEMALES. 462 00:23:08,888 --> 00:23:15,928 {\an7}♪ 463 00:23:15,961 --> 00:23:18,597 {\an7}SUDDENLY, IMOTEL’S FORMER GROUP 464 00:23:18,631 --> 00:23:22,635 {\an7}APPEARS ON THE EDGE OF THEIR TERRITORY. 465 00:23:22,668 --> 00:23:25,771 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAMONG THEM, SOME OF IMOTEL’S BROTHERS. 466 00:23:25,804 --> 00:23:27,472 {\an7}[CHATTERING] 467 00:23:27,506 --> 00:23:30,175 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE MOTHERS AND JUVENILES RETREAT. 468 00:23:32,578 --> 00:23:35,347 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIMOTEL’S YOUNGER BROTHERS ADVANCE. 469 00:23:38,017 --> 00:23:39,218 {\an7}BUT THE RESIDENT MALES 470 00:23:39,251 --> 00:23:41,353 {\an7}\h\h\h\hPUSH THEM BACK INTO THE UNDERGROWTH. 471 00:23:41,387 --> 00:23:46,025 {\an7}♪ 472 00:23:46,058 --> 00:23:50,829 {\an7}\h\h\h\hIMOTEL SEEMS HESITANT, AS IF HIS LOYALTY IS DIVIDED. 473 00:23:50,863 --> 00:23:54,500 {\an7}♪ 474 00:23:54,533 --> 00:23:57,836 {\an7}THE REST OF HIS NEW GROUP BACK UP THE LEADING MALES. 475 00:24:00,105 --> 00:24:03,275 {\an7}IMOTEL NEEDS TO PICK A SIDE. 476 00:24:03,309 --> 00:24:07,814 {\an7}♪ 477 00:24:07,846 --> 00:24:11,116 {\an7}HE’S MADE HIS CHOICE. 478 00:24:11,150 --> 00:24:12,685 {\an7}HIS DISPLAY OF SHAKING BRANCHES 479 00:24:12,718 --> 00:24:16,288 {\an7}TELLS HIS OLD GROUP \hNOT TO COME BACK, 480 00:24:16,322 --> 00:24:18,157 {\an7}AND CLEARLY SIGNALS \h\h\hHIS ALLEGIANCE 481 00:24:18,190 --> 00:24:19,725 {\an7}TO HIS NEW TROOP. 482 00:24:22,261 --> 00:24:25,431 {\an7}WOLFGANG HAS SEEN IT ALL BEFORE. 483 00:24:25,464 --> 00:24:31,437 {\an7}A JUVENILE PRETENDER LIKE IMOTEL COULD ONE DAY RISE TO GREATNESS. 484 00:24:31,470 --> 00:24:34,039 {\an7}Wolfgang: HE STILL GETS CHASED \h\h\hOUT BY THE ADULT MALES, 485 00:24:34,073 --> 00:24:35,641 {\an7}HE GIVES THEM A WIDE BERTH, 486 00:24:35,674 --> 00:24:39,111 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBUT SLOWLY HE’S BECOMING INTEGRATED, 487 00:24:39,144 --> 00:24:42,014 {\an7}AND, AS HE GROWS LARGER, 488 00:24:42,047 --> 00:24:44,049 {\an7}GETS MORE PHYSICAL STRENGTH, 489 00:24:44,083 --> 00:24:46,185 {\an7}HE WILL BE IN THE POSITION 490 00:24:46,218 --> 00:24:47,920 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO CHALLENGE THE CURRENT MALE LEADERSHIP, 491 00:24:47,953 --> 00:24:50,689 {\an7}AND EVENTUALLY HE MIGHT ACTUALLY TAKE OVER THE GROUP. 492 00:24:56,261 --> 00:24:57,829 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: BUT DOES PHYSICAL STRENGTH 493 00:24:57,863 --> 00:25:00,299 {\an7}DETERMINE POLITICAL SUCCESS? 494 00:25:00,332 --> 00:25:02,901 {\an7}OR IS IT THE OTHER WAY AROUND? 495 00:25:02,935 --> 00:25:06,338 {\an7}♪ 496 00:25:06,372 --> 00:25:09,242 {\an7}\h\h\hWITH HIS UNDERSTANDING OF THE HIERARCHY DEEPENING, 497 00:25:09,274 --> 00:25:12,043 {\an7}\h\h\hWOLFGANG WONDERED WHETHER A MONKEY’S RANK 498 00:25:12,077 --> 00:25:14,580 {\an7}AFFECTED ITS GROWTH \h\h\hAND CONDITION. 499 00:25:14,613 --> 00:25:17,916 {\an7}♪ 500 00:25:17,950 --> 00:25:20,753 {\an7}\h\h\hWolfgang: I JUST WANTED TO FOLLOW SOME OF THE GROWTH CURVES 501 00:25:20,786 --> 00:25:22,788 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hOF SOME OF THE ANIMALS THAT WE HAD IDENTIFIED EARLIER, 502 00:25:22,821 --> 00:25:25,590 {\an7}SEE WHAT THEIR WEIGHTS WERE \h\h\h\h\hAT DIFFERENT AGES. 503 00:25:27,459 --> 00:25:29,962 {\an7}WE DEVISED A METHOD OF WEIGHING MACAQUES 504 00:25:29,995 --> 00:25:32,397 {\an7}WITHOUT REALLY DISTURBING THEM. 505 00:25:32,431 --> 00:25:34,767 {\an7}WE HUNG A SCALE FROM A TREE, 506 00:25:34,800 --> 00:25:36,435 {\an7}PUT A BIT OF BAIT INTO THE PAN. 507 00:25:36,468 --> 00:25:37,970 {\an7}\h\hTHE MONKEY WOULD GO IN FOR THE BAIT, 508 00:25:38,003 --> 00:25:40,005 {\an7}AND THEN WE WOULD \hREAD ITS WEIGHT. 509 00:25:40,039 --> 00:25:41,574 {\an7}Narrator: AMONG HIS FINDINGS, 510 00:25:41,607 --> 00:25:44,243 {\an7}HE DISCOVERED THAT MALES \h\h\h\hWHO FALL IN RANK 511 00:25:44,276 --> 00:25:47,513 {\an7}RAPIDLY LOSE WEIGHT. 512 00:25:47,546 --> 00:25:50,149 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND THE INFANTS OF HIGH-RANKING FEMALES 513 00:25:50,182 --> 00:25:51,417 {\an7}GROW QUICKEST-- 514 00:25:51,450 --> 00:25:53,852 {\an7}\hTWO CLEAR EXAMPLES OF HOW SOCIAL STATUS 515 00:25:53,886 --> 00:25:55,955 {\an7}DICTATES PHYSICAL HEALTH. 516 00:25:55,988 --> 00:25:58,757 {\an7}SOMETHING NOT UNFAMILIAR \h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO HUMANS. 517 00:26:02,628 --> 00:26:03,996 {\an7}BY 1977, 518 00:26:04,029 --> 00:26:07,065 {\an7}\h\hWOLFGANG HAD SECURED A NEW SOURCE OF FUNDING 519 00:26:07,099 --> 00:26:09,735 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT WOULD MAKE HIS RESEARCH CAMP PERMANENT. 520 00:26:12,704 --> 00:26:14,739 {\an7}ONE OF HIS TEAM’S FIRST STUDIES 521 00:26:14,773 --> 00:26:18,677 {\an7}\h\hADDRESSED A LONG-STANDING QUESTION AMONG PRIMATOLOGISTS. 522 00:26:20,045 --> 00:26:23,549 {\an7}WHEN DID INFANTS ACTUALLY WEAN? 523 00:26:23,582 --> 00:26:27,352 {\an7}IT WAS THOUGHT THAT MOTHERS \h\hHAD MILK FOR SIX MONTHS. 524 00:26:27,386 --> 00:26:31,590 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAFTER THAT, NURSING WAS FOR COMFORT. 525 00:26:31,623 --> 00:26:32,858 {\an7}Wolfgang: WE SHOWED, 526 00:26:32,891 --> 00:26:34,593 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAS LONG AS AN INFANT HAS A NIPPLE IN THEIR MOUTH, 527 00:26:34,626 --> 00:26:35,827 {\an7}IT’S NOT FOR COMFORT; 528 00:26:35,861 --> 00:26:37,830 {\an7}IT IS ACTUALLY FOR MILK. 529 00:26:37,863 --> 00:26:39,665 {\an7}MOST CAPTIVE STUDIES, 530 00:26:39,698 --> 00:26:42,834 {\an7}THEY SAY AN INFANT IS WEANED \h\h\h\h\h\h\hBY SIX MONTHS. 531 00:26:42,868 --> 00:26:44,169 {\an7}NO WAY! 532 00:26:44,203 --> 00:26:45,604 {\an7}IN THE WILD POPULATIONS, 533 00:26:45,637 --> 00:26:48,273 {\an7}\h\h\hTHEY GET MILK UP TO 2.2 YEARS OLD, 534 00:26:48,307 --> 00:26:51,544 {\an7}WHICH IS AN ASTOUNDINGLY \h\hLONG PERIOD OF TIME. 535 00:26:51,577 --> 00:26:55,314 {\an7}\hSO THAT SORT OF SOLVES A LONG-STANDING QUESTION 536 00:26:55,347 --> 00:26:57,216 {\an7}IN THE PRIMATE LITERATURE. 537 00:26:58,117 --> 00:26:59,652 {\an7}Narrator: BY THE LATE ’70s, 538 00:26:59,685 --> 00:27:02,488 {\an7}WOLFGANG’S WORK WAS STARTING \h\h\hTO ATTRACT ATTENTION. 539 00:27:02,521 --> 00:27:08,827 {\an7}♪ 540 00:27:08,861 --> 00:27:11,030 {\an7}Wolfgang: I REMEMBER IN 1978, 541 00:27:11,063 --> 00:27:14,567 {\an7}\hI HAD MY VERY FIRST VISIT OF A FILM CREW TO OUR SITE. 542 00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:17,570 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHEY WERE GOING TO DO A DOCUMENTARY ABOUT OUR STUDY, 543 00:27:17,603 --> 00:27:20,439 {\an7}THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR \h\hOF THE MONKEYS. 544 00:27:20,472 --> 00:27:22,841 {\an7}\h\hIT WAS SPONSORED BY MUTUAL OF OMAHA, 545 00:27:22,875 --> 00:27:24,377 {\an7}A "WILD KINGDOM" SHOW. 546 00:27:24,409 --> 00:27:26,411 {\an7}\h\h\hAND I REMEMBER MARLIN PERKINS AND I 547 00:27:26,445 --> 00:27:30,249 {\an7}STANDING NEAR TO THIS VERY SPOT AT THE BEGINNING OF THAT SHOW. 548 00:27:30,282 --> 00:27:31,717 {\an7}\h\hMarlin Perkins: THIS PARTICULAR AREA 549 00:27:31,750 --> 00:27:35,454 {\an7}IS THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL \hAND NATURE SANCTUARY 550 00:27:35,487 --> 00:27:37,089 {\an7}AT POLONNARUWA. 551 00:27:37,122 --> 00:27:39,458 {\an7}THIS IS ALSO WHERE, \hFOR OVER 10 YEARS, 552 00:27:39,491 --> 00:27:41,593 {\an7}\h\h\h\hA CLOSE STUDY OF THE MACAQUE MONKEYS 553 00:27:41,627 --> 00:27:45,531 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hHAS BEEN MADE BY DR. WOLFGANG DITTUS. 554 00:27:45,564 --> 00:27:48,400 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWolfgang: ONE OF OUR MAIN RESEARCH AREAS IS CLOSE BY. 555 00:27:48,433 --> 00:27:49,768 {\an7}LET’S WALK OVER THERE, 556 00:27:49,801 --> 00:27:51,069 {\an7}AND PERHAPS WE CAN OBSERVE 557 00:27:51,103 --> 00:27:52,905 {\an7}SOME OTHER INDIGENOUS \h\hWILDLIFE EN ROUTE. 558 00:27:52,938 --> 00:27:54,473 {\an7}Perkins: OK. 559 00:27:55,908 --> 00:27:58,444 {\an7}Narrator: WITH HIS EXTENSIVE \h\hKNOWLEDGE OF THE GROUPS, 560 00:27:58,477 --> 00:28:00,312 {\an7}\hWOLFGANG WAS ABLE TO TAKE THE VIEWERS 561 00:28:00,345 --> 00:28:04,749 {\an7}INSIDE THE COMPLEX WORLD \h\h\h\hOF THE MACAQUES. 562 00:28:04,783 --> 00:28:06,251 {\an7}[SCREECHING] 563 00:28:06,285 --> 00:28:08,587 {\an7}Wolfgang: A SUDDEN SCREECHING \h\h\h\hINDICATES THIS MACAQUE 564 00:28:08,620 --> 00:28:11,656 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIS BEING THREATENED BY A MORE DOMINANT ONE ABOVE. 565 00:28:11,690 --> 00:28:13,525 {\an7}[SCREECHING] 566 00:28:21,133 --> 00:28:24,870 {\an7}A MOVIE IS MUCH BETTER \h\h\h\h\hAT DEPICTING 567 00:28:24,903 --> 00:28:27,706 {\an7}\h\h\hTHESE DIFFERENT POSTURES AND GESTURES THAT MONKEYS MAKE 568 00:28:27,739 --> 00:28:30,308 {\an7}THAN A STILL PHOTOGRAPH \h\h\hOR A DESCRIPTION, 569 00:28:30,342 --> 00:28:34,646 {\an7}SO I’M PARTICULARLY GRATEFUL \hTO THE "WILD KINGDOM" SHOW 570 00:28:34,680 --> 00:28:36,615 {\an7}FOR PUTTING US ON THE MAP. 571 00:28:36,648 --> 00:28:38,683 {\an7}♪ 572 00:28:38,717 --> 00:28:41,453 {\an7}Perkins: THE WORK BEING DONE \h\h\h\h\hBY WOLFGANG DITTUS 573 00:28:41,486 --> 00:28:44,155 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hHERE IN THIS TROPICAL ISLAND WORLD 574 00:28:44,189 --> 00:28:46,158 {\an7}WITH THE SRI LANKAN MACAQUES 575 00:28:46,191 --> 00:28:48,427 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIS GREATLY INCREASING OUR KNOWLEDGE 576 00:28:48,460 --> 00:28:51,296 {\an7}OF ONE OF THE MORE INTERESTING \h\h\h\h\hSPECIES OF PRIMATES. 577 00:28:51,330 --> 00:28:52,598 {\an7}IT IS, AT THE SAME TIME, 578 00:28:52,631 --> 00:28:55,501 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hCONTRIBUTING TO SCIENCE INFORMATION 579 00:28:55,534 --> 00:28:58,704 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHAT WILL ENABLE MAN TO ENSURE THAT THESE MACAQUES 580 00:28:58,737 --> 00:29:01,373 {\an7}WILL NOT BE EXTERMINATED \h\h\h\h\hIN SRI LANKA, 581 00:29:01,406 --> 00:29:04,509 {\an7}EITHER THROUGH IGNORANCE \h\h\h\h\hOR INTENTION. 582 00:29:04,543 --> 00:29:11,283 {\an7}♪ 583 00:29:15,187 --> 00:29:17,956 {\an7}Narrator: THE MACAQUES’ \h\hRICH RANGE OF CALLS, 584 00:29:17,990 --> 00:29:19,959 {\an7}WHICH FEATURED IN THE TV SHOW, 585 00:29:19,992 --> 00:29:23,395 {\an7}CONTINUE TO INTRIGUE WOLFGANG. 586 00:29:23,428 --> 00:29:24,629 {\an7}[COOING] 587 00:29:24,663 --> 00:29:26,098 {\an7}\hWolfgang: THE MONKEYS ARE ACTUALLY RIGHT HERE. 588 00:29:26,131 --> 00:29:27,666 {\an7}I JUST HEARD A COO CALL. HERE WE ARE, HERE WE GO. 589 00:29:27,699 --> 00:29:29,334 {\an7}[COOING] 590 00:29:29,368 --> 00:29:32,271 {\an7}\h\hHEAR THAT CALL? THAT’S A LOST CALL. 591 00:29:32,304 --> 00:29:36,441 {\an7}Narrator: TODAY, HE’S AN EXPERT IN THEIR COMPLEX VOCALIZATIONS. 592 00:29:36,475 --> 00:29:38,477 {\an7}[SCREECHING] 593 00:29:38,510 --> 00:29:43,115 {\an7}HERE, LADI IS SCREAMING \h\hTHREATS UP AT JEMU. 594 00:29:43,148 --> 00:29:44,282 {\an7}[CHATTERING] 595 00:29:44,316 --> 00:29:46,418 {\an7}THEN SOLICITING SUPPORT \h\h\h\hFROM HIS ALLIES. 596 00:29:46,451 --> 00:29:48,653 {\an7}[CHATTERING AND SCREECHING] 597 00:29:48,687 --> 00:29:50,255 {\an7}WOLFGANG BECAME FASCINATED 598 00:29:50,289 --> 00:29:53,692 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWITH A CALL HE VERY RARELY HEARD. 599 00:29:53,725 --> 00:29:55,493 {\an7}[SQUEALING] 600 00:29:55,527 --> 00:29:57,729 {\an7}Wolfgang: THERE’S THIS ONE \hPARTICULAR VOCALIZATION 601 00:29:57,763 --> 00:30:02,368 {\an7}\h\hTHAT THEY GIVE WHENEVER THERE IS A BONANZA OF FOOD. 602 00:30:02,401 --> 00:30:06,038 {\an7}THESE ARE VERY PECULIAR SOUNDS, THE HIGH-PITCHED SQUEALY SOUNDS. 603 00:30:06,071 --> 00:30:07,606 {\an7}[SQUEALING] 604 00:30:07,639 --> 00:30:09,808 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHE FIG TREE THAT’S FULLY FRUITED 605 00:30:09,841 --> 00:30:12,143 {\an7}ELICITS THIS CALL. 606 00:30:12,177 --> 00:30:15,180 {\an7}\h\h\hA PILE OF MUSHROOMS ELICITS THIS KIND OF CALL. 607 00:30:15,213 --> 00:30:19,751 {\an7}[SQUEALING] 608 00:30:19,785 --> 00:30:23,188 {\an7}Narrator: WOLFGANG WAS CONVINCED THESE CALLS WERE LIKE LANGUAGE, 609 00:30:23,221 --> 00:30:26,791 {\an7}GIVING PRECISE INFORMATION \h\h\h\h\h\h\hABOUT FOOD. 610 00:30:26,825 --> 00:30:29,861 {\an7}\h\hWolfgang: THEY COMMUNICATE ABOUT THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY 611 00:30:29,895 --> 00:30:31,263 {\an7}OF FOOD IN THE ENVIRONMENT, 612 00:30:31,296 --> 00:30:32,998 {\an7}AND COMMUNICATION EXPERTS \h\h\h\h\h\hREFER TO THAT 613 00:30:33,031 --> 00:30:35,033 {\an7}AS SEMANTIC SIGNALING. 614 00:30:37,202 --> 00:30:39,137 {\an7}Narrator: IN THE 1980s, 615 00:30:39,171 --> 00:30:41,373 {\an7}ATTACHING SPECIFIC MEANINGS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO A SOUND 616 00:30:41,406 --> 00:30:44,442 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWAS CONSIDERED A UNIQUELY HUMAN TALENT. 617 00:30:45,677 --> 00:30:48,613 {\an7}WOLFGANG WAS STRONGLY \h\hARGUING OTHERWISE, 618 00:30:48,647 --> 00:30:52,251 {\an7}\hPUTTING HIMSELF OUTSIDE THE SCIENTIFIC MAINSTREAM. 619 00:30:52,284 --> 00:30:54,052 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWolfgang: THE CALLER DOESN’T GIVE IT 620 00:30:54,086 --> 00:30:56,989 {\an7}\hUNLESS THERE IS A BONANZA OF FOOD. 621 00:30:57,022 --> 00:31:02,528 {\an7}THE SAME TREE WITH GREEN FRUIT WOULD NOT ELICIT A FOOD CALL, 622 00:31:02,561 --> 00:31:03,896 {\an7}AND HERE WE HAD CLEAR EVIDENCE 623 00:31:03,929 --> 00:31:05,697 {\an7}THAT, YEAH, THESE MONKEYS \h\h\h\hWERE COMMUNICATING 624 00:31:05,731 --> 00:31:09,868 {\an7}ABOUT THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FOOD IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT. 625 00:31:09,901 --> 00:31:16,808 {\an7}\hTHAT WAS SORT OF THOUGHT TO BE RARE OR NON-EXISTENT IN ANIMALS. 626 00:31:16,842 --> 00:31:19,745 {\an7}\h\h\h\hNarrator: ONCE AGAIN, THE SHEER VOLUME OF HIS DATA, 627 00:31:19,778 --> 00:31:23,348 {\an7}THOUSANDS OF HOURS SPENT \hOBSERVING THE MONKEYS, 628 00:31:23,382 --> 00:31:27,987 {\an7}HAD ENABLED HIM TO UNCOVER \h\h\h\hA HIDDEN BEHAVIOR. 629 00:31:28,019 --> 00:31:33,091 {\an7}BUT HIS NEXT BREAKTHROUGH WOULD RELY ON A NATURAL DISASTER. 630 00:31:36,395 --> 00:31:41,267 {\an7}\h\h\hIN 1978, A CYCLONE DEVASTATED POLONNARUWA. 631 00:31:41,299 --> 00:31:44,369 {\an7}50% OF THE FOREST CANOPY \h\h\h\h\h\h\hWAS LOST. 632 00:31:44,403 --> 00:31:48,107 {\an7}♪ 633 00:31:48,140 --> 00:31:49,908 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWolfgang: THE EFFECT OF THE CYCLONE 634 00:31:49,941 --> 00:31:52,477 {\an7}WAS TO INTENSIFY FOOD COMPETITION 635 00:31:52,511 --> 00:31:54,713 {\an7}\h\hWITHIN THE GROUPS AND AMONG THE GROUPS, 636 00:31:54,746 --> 00:31:56,982 {\an7}\h\h\hAND IT HAPPENED ALMOST SIMULTANEOUSLY 637 00:31:57,015 --> 00:31:58,283 {\an7}IN THREE DIFFERENT GROUPS. 638 00:31:58,316 --> 00:31:59,818 {\an7}\h\hBOOM, BOOM, BOOM, RIGHT AFTER THE OTHER, 639 00:31:59,851 --> 00:32:00,885 {\an7}THEY FISSIONED, THEY SPLIT. 640 00:32:00,919 --> 00:32:02,220 {\an7}[SCREECHING] 641 00:32:02,254 --> 00:32:04,723 {\an7}\hNarrator: GROUP SPLITS ARE EXCEPTIONALLY RARE. 642 00:32:06,224 --> 00:32:09,561 {\an7}\hNO ONE REALLY UNDERSTOOD HOW OR WHY THEY HAPPENED. 643 00:32:09,594 --> 00:32:11,863 {\an7}[CHATTERING] 644 00:32:11,897 --> 00:32:13,399 {\an7}Wolfgang: IT USED TO BE THOUGHT 645 00:32:13,432 --> 00:32:16,335 {\an7}THAT GROUP DIVISION \h\h\hIS INSTIGATED 646 00:32:16,368 --> 00:32:20,138 {\an7}AND SORT OF CAUSED BY MALES. 647 00:32:20,172 --> 00:32:25,344 {\an7}[SCREECHING AND CHATTERING] 648 00:32:25,377 --> 00:32:28,380 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE IDEA IS THAT THIS DISPUTE AMONGST THE MALES 649 00:32:28,413 --> 00:32:30,849 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEN PULLS THE FEMALE FAMILIES APART, 650 00:32:30,882 --> 00:32:32,617 {\an7}AND GROUP DIVISION OCCURS. 651 00:32:34,653 --> 00:32:36,221 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: BUT WOLFGANG DISCOVERED, 652 00:32:36,254 --> 00:32:37,622 {\an7}SURPRISINGLY, 653 00:32:37,656 --> 00:32:41,560 {\an7}\hTHAT IT WASN’T THE MALES WHO INSTIGATED THE SPLITS. 654 00:32:41,593 --> 00:32:43,962 {\an7}THE LACK OF TREES AFTER THE CYCLONE 655 00:32:43,995 --> 00:32:45,396 {\an7}MEANT LESS FOOD. 656 00:32:45,430 --> 00:32:48,199 {\an7}SO THE OSTRACIZED \hLOW-RANK FEMALES 657 00:32:48,233 --> 00:32:50,235 {\an7}WERE GETTING EVEN LESS TO EAT. 658 00:32:50,268 --> 00:32:51,402 {\an7}[HORN HONKING] 659 00:32:51,436 --> 00:32:53,038 {\an7}SO THEY FORMED SMALL GANGS 660 00:32:53,071 --> 00:32:55,040 {\an7}\h\h\hAND MOVED AWAY FROM THE MAIN GROUP. 661 00:32:55,073 --> 00:32:57,576 {\an7}OTHER SUBORDINATE FEMALES \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFOLLOWED, 662 00:32:57,609 --> 00:33:01,179 {\an7}AND A NEW GROUP OF UNDERDOGS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hBEGAN TO FORM. 663 00:33:01,213 --> 00:33:04,550 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIT WAS ONLY THEN, AFTER A FEW MINOR SCUFFLES, 664 00:33:04,583 --> 00:33:07,986 {\an7}\hTHAT THE MALES EITHER STAYED WITH THE HIGH-RANKING FEMALES 665 00:33:08,019 --> 00:33:11,856 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOR JOINED THE LOW-RANKING SPLINTER GROUP. 666 00:33:11,890 --> 00:33:15,060 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHE ROLE OF FEMALES HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN IGNORED 667 00:33:15,093 --> 00:33:17,395 {\an7}BY SCIENTISTS. 668 00:33:17,429 --> 00:33:22,234 {\an7}BUT WOLFGANG’S DATA REVEALED \h\hTHEIR TRUE SIGNIFICANCE. 669 00:33:22,267 --> 00:33:23,969 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWolfgang: IT IS ACTUALLY THE FEMALES 670 00:33:24,002 --> 00:33:26,137 {\an7}THAT INSTIGATE GROUP DIVISION 671 00:33:26,171 --> 00:33:28,540 {\an7}AND THAT CARRY IT THROUGH. 672 00:33:28,573 --> 00:33:31,643 {\an7}THE MALES ARE SORT OF \h\hPASSIVE FOLLOWERS. 673 00:33:31,676 --> 00:33:33,378 {\an7}[CHIRPING] 674 00:33:33,411 --> 00:33:34,846 {\an7}Narrator: ONCE AGAIN, 675 00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:37,816 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWOLFGANG WAS TURNING ACCEPTED SCIENCE ON ITS HEAD, 676 00:33:37,849 --> 00:33:40,552 {\an7}\hSHEDDING NEW LIGHT ON SOCIAL EVOLUTION, 677 00:33:40,585 --> 00:33:43,154 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hREVEALING A FAR MORE COMPLEX SOCIETY 678 00:33:43,188 --> 00:33:46,058 {\an7}THAN ANYONE HAD THOUGHT. 679 00:33:47,959 --> 00:33:50,094 {\an7}THE MACAQUES INHABITED A WORLD 680 00:33:50,128 --> 00:33:53,398 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT WAS PERHAPS NOT SO DIFFERENT FROM OURS. 681 00:33:56,501 --> 00:34:01,072 {\an7}\h\hFOR FILMMAKERS, THIS WAS AN IRRESISTIBLE OPPORTUNITY. 682 00:34:01,106 --> 00:34:05,744 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND IN 1997, THE BBC CAME CALLING. 683 00:34:05,777 --> 00:34:08,546 {\an7}[CHATTERING] 684 00:34:08,580 --> 00:34:12,084 {\an7}\hWHEN THE CREW ARRIVED TO FILM "TEMPLE TROOP," 685 00:34:12,117 --> 00:34:14,219 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTECHNIQUES HAD ADVANCED CONSIDERABLY 686 00:34:14,252 --> 00:34:18,022 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hSINCE THE VISIT OF MARLIN PERKINS DECADES BEFORE. 687 00:34:18,056 --> 00:34:21,526 {\an7}AND SO TOO HAD WOLFGANG’S KNOWLEDGE OF THE MONKEYS. 688 00:34:21,560 --> 00:34:27,199 {\an7}♪ 689 00:34:27,232 --> 00:34:29,701 {\an7}WORKING WITH WOLFGANG’S \h\hTEAM OF RESEARCHERS, 690 00:34:29,734 --> 00:34:34,772 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE BBC CAPTURED SOME REMARKABLE BEHAVIOR. 691 00:34:34,806 --> 00:34:36,775 {\an7}THE MACAQUES’ INGENUITY... 692 00:34:36,808 --> 00:34:38,643 {\an7}FISHING FOR CATERPILLARS... 693 00:34:38,677 --> 00:34:40,379 {\an7}[SCREECHING] 694 00:34:41,746 --> 00:34:45,316 {\an7}THE BRUTALITY OF THE CLASHES \h\hBETWEEN RIVAL GROUPS... 695 00:34:46,918 --> 00:34:49,487 {\an7}[SCREECHING] 696 00:34:54,392 --> 00:34:59,130 {\an7}AND AN INCREDIBLE EXAMPLE OF THEIR STRICT HIERARCHY. 697 00:34:59,164 --> 00:35:02,501 {\an7}HERE, A DOMINANT FEMALE \h\h\h\h\h\hNAMED IMELDA 698 00:35:02,534 --> 00:35:06,738 {\an7}IS EXPLOITING A LOW-RANKING \h\h\hFEMALE CALLED POPPIN. 699 00:35:06,771 --> 00:35:09,274 {\an7}Wolfgang: THE TOQUE MACAQUES \h\hHAVE THESE CHEEK POUCHES 700 00:35:09,307 --> 00:35:11,676 {\an7}WHERE THEY STORE FOOD. 701 00:35:11,710 --> 00:35:13,078 {\an7}MOST OF THE TIME THAT’S OK, 702 00:35:13,111 --> 00:35:14,980 {\an7}BUT IT ALSO PUTS THEM AT RISK 703 00:35:15,013 --> 00:35:19,117 {\an7}OF HAVING THE FOOD ROBBED DIRECTLY FROM THEIR MOUTH. 704 00:35:19,150 --> 00:35:21,386 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: AS IMELDA ABUSES POPPIN, 705 00:35:21,419 --> 00:35:25,757 {\an7}THE LOW-RANKING FEMALE \h\hDARES NOT RESIST. 706 00:35:25,790 --> 00:35:27,825 {\an7}FOR IMELDA, IT’S AN EASY MEAL 707 00:35:27,859 --> 00:35:32,564 {\an7}\h\hAND CLEAR ILLUSTRATION OF THE PRIVILEGE OF RANK. 708 00:35:32,597 --> 00:35:33,665 {\an7}FOR POPPIN, 709 00:35:33,698 --> 00:35:36,734 {\an7}\h\h\hIT’S A HUMILIATING AND COSTLY LOSS OF FOOD. 710 00:35:39,671 --> 00:35:42,674 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBUT SOMEHOW, POPPIN MANAGED TO ENDURE. 711 00:35:42,707 --> 00:35:46,244 {\an7}♪ 712 00:35:46,277 --> 00:35:49,680 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTWENTY YEARS AFTER SHE WAS FILMED BY THE BBC, 713 00:35:49,714 --> 00:35:53,318 {\an7}POPPIN’S STILL HERE, \h\h\h\hAN OLD LADY. 714 00:35:53,351 --> 00:35:55,520 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hHER FACE BEARS THE MARKS OF A LIFETIME 715 00:35:55,553 --> 00:35:58,289 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF HAVING HER CHEEK POUCHES PLUNDERED. 716 00:36:01,126 --> 00:36:04,162 {\an7}BUT THERE’S MORE THAN ONE WAY \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO WIN IN LIFE 717 00:36:04,195 --> 00:36:06,597 {\an7}WHEN YOU’RE A MACAQUE. 718 00:36:06,631 --> 00:36:11,336 {\an7}Wolfgang: SO, POPPIN HAS FOUND \h\h\h\hA WAY TO BE SUCCESSFUL 719 00:36:11,369 --> 00:36:13,538 {\an7}DESPITE HER LOW RANK. 720 00:36:15,140 --> 00:36:19,378 {\an7}\h\h\h\hPOPPIN HAS ADOPTED THIS VERY CASUAL STRATEGY 721 00:36:19,411 --> 00:36:22,514 {\an7}OF KEEPING OUT OF CONFLICT. 722 00:36:22,547 --> 00:36:25,016 {\an7}WHEN OTHERS ARE FEEDING \hAND SHE’S SUPPLANTED, 723 00:36:25,050 --> 00:36:28,153 {\an7}\h\h\hSHE GOES TO THE PERIPHERY AND SHE FINDS SOMETHING TO EAT. 724 00:36:29,654 --> 00:36:32,724 {\an7}Narrator: WOLFGANG HAS BEEN FOLLOWING POPPIN AND IMELDA 725 00:36:32,757 --> 00:36:34,892 {\an7}FOR DECADES. 726 00:36:34,926 --> 00:36:37,295 {\an7}Wolfgang: WE HAVE MORE THAN \h\h\h\h25 YEARS OF RECORDS 727 00:36:37,328 --> 00:36:39,597 {\an7}ON THESE ANIMALS NOW, 728 00:36:39,631 --> 00:36:44,236 {\an7}AND, LO AND BEHOLD, LOW-RANKING POPPIN, 729 00:36:44,269 --> 00:36:46,571 {\an7}SHE’S GOT MORE GRANDCHILDREN 730 00:36:46,604 --> 00:36:49,407 {\an7}\h\hTHAN SOME OF THESE HIGH-RANKING ANIMALS. 731 00:36:49,441 --> 00:36:54,079 {\an7}♪ 732 00:36:54,112 --> 00:36:57,916 {\an7}Narrator: THE BBC SOON RETURNED WITH SIR DAVID ATTENBOROUGH 733 00:36:57,949 --> 00:36:59,217 {\an7}TO FEATURE THE MACAQUES 734 00:36:59,250 --> 00:37:02,186 {\an7}IN THE LANDMARK SERIES \h\h"LIFE OF MAMMALS." 735 00:37:02,220 --> 00:37:03,922 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hDavid Attenborough: THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST STUDIED 736 00:37:03,955 --> 00:37:05,957 {\an7}MONKEY GROUPS OF ALL TIME. 737 00:37:05,990 --> 00:37:07,859 {\an7}FOR THE PAST 30 YEARS, 738 00:37:07,892 --> 00:37:11,596 {\an7}THEIR TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS HAVE BEEN RECORDED IN DETAIL, 739 00:37:11,629 --> 00:37:14,198 {\an7}AND THAT HAS GIVEN US \h\hREMARKABLE INSIGHT 740 00:37:14,232 --> 00:37:16,034 {\an7}INTO THEIR PRIVATE LIVES. 741 00:37:17,602 --> 00:37:19,771 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: WORKING WITH EXPERT FILM CREWS 742 00:37:19,804 --> 00:37:21,706 {\an7}INSPIRED WOLFGANG TO MAKE A FILM 743 00:37:21,740 --> 00:37:25,010 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTAILOR-MADE FOR THE LOCAL POPULATION. 744 00:37:25,043 --> 00:37:26,745 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWolfgang: ONE OF OUR STUDY SUBJECTS 745 00:37:26,778 --> 00:37:28,280 {\an7}IS THE FOREST GROUP. 746 00:37:28,313 --> 00:37:29,881 {\an7}♪ 747 00:37:29,914 --> 00:37:31,149 {\an7}Narrator: ONCE AGAIN, 748 00:37:31,182 --> 00:37:33,284 {\an7}HE USED HIS RELATIONSHIP \h\h\hWITH THE MACAQUES 749 00:37:33,318 --> 00:37:36,755 {\an7}TO SHOW THEIR REMARKABLY COMPLEX SOCIAL STRUCTURE. 750 00:37:36,788 --> 00:37:39,124 {\an7}Wolfgang: FOR THOSE WHO MISSED \h\h\h\hA DRINK AT THE PUDDLE, 751 00:37:39,157 --> 00:37:43,561 {\an7}\h\hA TREE HOLE HOLDS SOME PROMISE OF WATER. 752 00:37:43,595 --> 00:37:45,630 {\an7}\h\h\hBUT TYPICALLY IN MACAQUE SOCIETY, 753 00:37:45,663 --> 00:37:48,032 {\an7}\h\hPRIVILEGES LIKE EATING AND DRINKING 754 00:37:48,066 --> 00:37:50,068 {\an7}ARE NOT EQUAL RIGHTS. 755 00:37:50,101 --> 00:37:53,571 {\an7}THE PUSHY MALE DRINKS FIRST. 756 00:37:53,605 --> 00:37:55,874 {\an7}Narrator: BUT WOLFGANG ALSO \h\h\hWANTED TO SHOW PEOPLE 757 00:37:55,907 --> 00:37:59,210 {\an7}HOW MUCH THINGS WERE CHANGING \h\h\h\h\h\h\hFOR THE MONKEYS. 758 00:37:59,244 --> 00:38:00,846 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWolfgang: MACAQUES LOOK ON HELPLESSLY 759 00:38:00,879 --> 00:38:04,449 {\an7}AS THEIR FOREST HOME IS BEING DESTROYED. 760 00:38:04,482 --> 00:38:06,784 {\an7}WHAT CAN THIS MALE BE THINKING? 761 00:38:06,818 --> 00:38:08,386 {\an7}Narrator: OVER THE YEARS, 762 00:38:08,419 --> 00:38:11,355 {\an7}\hAS WOLFGANG’S APPRECIATION FOR THE MACAQUES HAS GROWN, 763 00:38:11,389 --> 00:38:14,959 {\an7}HE’S SEEN THE CREEPING EROSION \h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF THEIR FOREST. 764 00:38:17,829 --> 00:38:19,230 {\an7}SINCE HE ARRIVED, 765 00:38:19,264 --> 00:38:24,436 {\an7}THE AREA HAS LOST OVER 50% \hOF ITS NATURAL HABITAT. 766 00:38:24,469 --> 00:38:27,872 {\an7}TODAY, THE SACRED CITY IS AN ISLAND OF FOREST 767 00:38:27,906 --> 00:38:29,508 {\an7}SURROUNDED BY VILLAGES. 768 00:38:29,541 --> 00:38:33,245 {\an7}♪ 769 00:38:33,278 --> 00:38:36,615 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAS HOUSES WERE BUILT IN THE MACAQUES’ TERRITORY, 770 00:38:36,648 --> 00:38:40,018 {\an7}THE RESOURCEFUL MONKEYS \hSAW THEM AS FAIR GAME. 771 00:38:42,787 --> 00:38:46,724 {\an7}THESE RAIDS NATURALLY UPSET \h\h\h\hTHE HUMAN RESIDENTS. 772 00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:50,895 {\an7}[ROOSTER CROWING] 773 00:38:50,929 --> 00:38:52,297 {\an7}WOLFGANG’S ADVICE 774 00:38:52,330 --> 00:38:55,266 {\an7}WAS TO KEEP FOOD AND WATER \h\h\hOUT OF THEIR REACH. 775 00:38:57,368 --> 00:38:59,937 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIT’S A MESSAGE HE IS STILL REPEATING TODAY 776 00:38:59,971 --> 00:39:01,306 {\an7}AS NEW PEOPLE MOVE IN 777 00:39:01,339 --> 00:39:04,576 {\an7}\h\hAND FIND MACAQUES DRAWN TO THEIR HOUSES. 778 00:39:04,609 --> 00:39:06,845 {\an7}Wolfgang: PEOPLE CONSTANTLY \h\h\h\h\h\h\hCOMPLAIN TO US 779 00:39:06,878 --> 00:39:08,880 {\an7}ABOUT THE MONKEYS RAIDING, 780 00:39:08,913 --> 00:39:12,016 {\an7}AND WE’VE GIVEN INSTRUCTIONS \h\h\hFOR THE LAST 40 YEARS, 781 00:39:12,050 --> 00:39:13,885 {\an7}IF YOU DON’T PUT YOUR GARBAGE \h\h\h\h\h\h\hOUT IN THE BACK, 782 00:39:13,918 --> 00:39:15,219 {\an7}THE MONKEYS WON’T COME. 783 00:39:15,253 --> 00:39:17,055 {\an7}THEY HAVE NO INTEREST \h\h\h\hIN YOUR TILES 784 00:39:17,088 --> 00:39:18,489 {\an7}OR IN YOUR BELONGINGS. 785 00:39:18,523 --> 00:39:21,092 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEY JUST COME FOR THE FOOD AND THE WATER. 786 00:39:21,125 --> 00:39:23,761 {\an7}AND IF YOU ELIMINATE \h\h\hTHOSE SOURCES 787 00:39:23,795 --> 00:39:25,330 {\an7}YOU WON’T HAVE A MONKEY PROBLEM. 788 00:39:25,363 --> 00:39:28,132 {\an7}VERY, VERY DIFFICULT 789 00:39:28,166 --> 00:39:30,902 {\an7}TO GET THAT VERY SIMPLE CONCEPT 790 00:39:30,935 --> 00:39:33,738 {\an7}TO BE UNDERSTOOD AND IMPLEMENTED. 791 00:39:33,771 --> 00:39:40,711 {\an7}♪ 792 00:39:40,745 --> 00:39:42,780 {\an7}Narrator: CONTACT BETWEEN \h\h\hHUMANS AND MACAQUES 793 00:39:42,814 --> 00:39:44,983 {\an7}IS CONSTANTLY INCREASING. 794 00:39:45,016 --> 00:39:48,152 {\an7}THERE IS CONCERN THAT THEY MAY HAVE DISEASES WE COULD CATCH. 795 00:39:48,186 --> 00:39:51,322 {\an7}[MOTORCYCLE HUMMING] 796 00:39:53,324 --> 00:39:55,827 {\an7}Wolfgang: ONE OF THE THINGS \h\h\hTHAT WE STARTED TO DO 797 00:39:55,860 --> 00:39:58,363 {\an7}\h\h\hIS WE SEE WHAT KINDS OF DISEASES ARE OUT THERE, 798 00:39:58,396 --> 00:40:00,064 {\an7}WHAT ARE THEY SUSCEPTIBLE TO? 799 00:40:00,098 --> 00:40:02,400 {\an7}WHAT IS THEIR PARASITE LOAD? 800 00:40:02,433 --> 00:40:05,303 {\an7}Narrator: WOLFGANG HAS FOUND \h\hSOME WORRYING CROSSOVER 801 00:40:05,336 --> 00:40:08,039 {\an7}BETWEEN HUMANS AND MACAQUES. 802 00:40:08,072 --> 00:40:09,740 {\an7}Wolfgang: ONE OFTEN THINKS, 803 00:40:09,774 --> 00:40:13,177 {\an7}WE HUMANS, WE ARE SO SUSCEPTIBLE TO CATCHING DISEASES 804 00:40:13,211 --> 00:40:14,879 {\an7}\h\hFROM, YOU KNOW, THESE WILD MONKEYS. 805 00:40:14,913 --> 00:40:17,416 {\an7}\h\h\h\hWELL, OUR EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT IT’S THE OTHER WAY AROUND. 806 00:40:17,448 --> 00:40:20,985 {\an7}♪ 807 00:40:21,019 --> 00:40:22,354 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE MONKEYS ARE CATCHING DISEASES 808 00:40:22,387 --> 00:40:25,223 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFROM HUMANS AND THEIR DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 809 00:40:26,758 --> 00:40:31,396 {\an7}WE DON’T FIND TOXOPLASMOSIS \h\h\h\h\h\hIN WILD MONKEYS. 810 00:40:31,429 --> 00:40:33,464 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hYOU DO FIND IT IN THOSE MONKEYS, HOWEVER, 811 00:40:33,498 --> 00:40:35,133 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHAT OVERLAP WITH HUMAN HABITATION 812 00:40:35,166 --> 00:40:36,167 {\an7}WHERE THERE ARE CATS. 813 00:40:36,200 --> 00:40:37,401 {\an7}THEY CATCH IT FROM THE CATS. 814 00:40:37,435 --> 00:40:38,736 {\an7}CRYPTOSPORIDIUM IS ANOTHER 815 00:40:38,770 --> 00:40:41,973 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hNASTY SORT OF BACTERIAL KIND OF DISEASE 816 00:40:42,006 --> 00:40:44,742 {\an7}THAT THE NATURAL POPULATION 817 00:40:44,776 --> 00:40:46,845 {\an7}OF MACAQUES AND OTHER PRIMATES \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hDON’T HAVE. 818 00:40:49,080 --> 00:40:50,949 {\an7}BUT WHERE THEY OVERLAP \h\h\h\h\hWITH CATTLE, 819 00:40:50,982 --> 00:40:52,517 {\an7}THAT’S WHERE THEY PICK IT UP. 820 00:40:54,419 --> 00:40:57,122 {\an7}Narrator: SO WOLFGANG \hCAN CONFIDENTLY SAY 821 00:40:57,155 --> 00:41:00,125 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE MACAQUES POSE NO THREAT TO US. 822 00:41:00,158 --> 00:41:03,194 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN FACT, WE POSE A THREAT TO THEM. 823 00:41:04,662 --> 00:41:07,532 {\an7}WOLFGANG’S FIRST SURVEYS \h\h\h\hOF THE MACAQUES 824 00:41:07,565 --> 00:41:09,033 {\an7}IN THE LATE 1960s 825 00:41:09,067 --> 00:41:11,369 {\an7}FOUND A STABLE POPULATION, 826 00:41:11,402 --> 00:41:15,206 {\an7}WITH BIRTH AND DEATH RATES \h\h\hIN PERFECT BALANCE. 827 00:41:15,239 --> 00:41:20,177 {\an7}\h\hWolfgang: I STARTED OFF STUDYING ABOUT 500 ANIMALS. 828 00:41:20,211 --> 00:41:22,013 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: NOW, DESPITE BEING CONFINED 829 00:41:22,046 --> 00:41:24,048 {\an7}TO A RAPIDLY SHRINKING FOREST, 830 00:41:24,082 --> 00:41:28,053 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHE POPULATION HAS ACTUALLY DOUBLED. 831 00:41:28,086 --> 00:41:30,388 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWolfgang: TODAY, AT ANY ONE POINT IN TIME, 832 00:41:30,421 --> 00:41:32,390 {\an7}IT’S OVER A THOUSAND ANIMALS. 833 00:41:33,758 --> 00:41:34,859 {\an7}Narrator: ONCE AGAIN, 834 00:41:34,892 --> 00:41:38,696 {\an7}THE MACAQUES HAVE DEFIED \h\hCONVENTIONAL WISDOM. 835 00:41:38,730 --> 00:41:39,998 {\an7}A CLUE TO THIS SUCCESS 836 00:41:40,031 --> 00:41:43,167 {\an7}\h\h\h\hLIES IN ANOTHER SURPRISING DEVELOPMENT. 837 00:41:43,201 --> 00:41:46,037 {\an7}ALL THE INFANT FEMALES \h\h\hIN DOMI’S GROUP 838 00:41:46,070 --> 00:41:48,472 {\an7}SURVIVED THIS YEAR. 839 00:41:48,506 --> 00:41:51,109 {\an7}IN ONE WAY, THIS IS GOOD NEWS. 840 00:41:51,142 --> 00:41:52,810 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hBUT IT’S A SIGN THAT THE DELICATE BALANCE 841 00:41:52,844 --> 00:41:56,214 {\an7}\hBETWEEN AVAILABLE FOOD AND POPULATION DYNAMICS 842 00:41:56,247 --> 00:41:58,716 {\an7}THAT TOOK THOUSANDS \hOF YEARS TO EVOLVE 843 00:41:58,750 --> 00:42:00,051 {\an7}IS SHIFTING. 844 00:42:00,084 --> 00:42:01,586 {\an7}[MOTORCYCLE HUMMING] 845 00:42:03,955 --> 00:42:05,890 {\an7}DESPITE SHRINKING HABITAT, 846 00:42:05,923 --> 00:42:07,625 {\an7}THE FOOD PROVIDED BY HUMANS 847 00:42:07,658 --> 00:42:10,661 {\an7}\hHAS MORE THAN COMPENSATED FOR THE LOSS OF THE FOREST. 848 00:42:10,695 --> 00:42:15,733 {\an7}[CHATTERING] 849 00:42:15,767 --> 00:42:19,771 {\an7}\h\h\h\hWOLFGANG’S EARLY RECORDS HAVE BECOME A VALUABLE SNAPSHOT 850 00:42:19,804 --> 00:42:22,173 {\an7}OF HOW MACAQUE LIFE ONCE WAS 851 00:42:22,206 --> 00:42:25,276 {\an7}\h\h\hBEFORE HUMANS CHANGED THEIR WORLD. 852 00:42:31,916 --> 00:42:34,685 {\an7}BUT THERE ARE OTHER PRIMATES \h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THIS FOREST 853 00:42:34,719 --> 00:42:38,690 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHAT HAVE ALMOST NO CONTACT WITH HUMANS. 854 00:42:38,723 --> 00:42:41,559 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHESE ARE THE PURPLE-FACED LANGURS. 855 00:42:41,592 --> 00:42:45,729 {\an7}♪ 856 00:42:45,763 --> 00:42:47,431 {\an7}THEY ARE SECRETIVE, 857 00:42:47,465 --> 00:42:50,234 {\an7}LIVING HIGH IN THE CANOPY \h\h\h\h\hIN SMALL GROUPS 858 00:42:50,268 --> 00:42:53,204 {\an7}LED BY A SINGLE ADULT MALE. 859 00:42:55,206 --> 00:42:57,341 {\an7}IN THE MORE REMOTE PARTS \h\h\h\h\hOF THE FOREST, 860 00:42:57,375 --> 00:43:00,979 {\an7}WOLFGANG’S TEAM HAVE OBSERVED \h\hWHAT SEEM TO BE HYBRIDS... 861 00:43:01,012 --> 00:43:03,147 {\an7}[CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS] 862 00:43:03,181 --> 00:43:06,217 {\an7}WITH A MIX OF FEATURES \hFROM BOTH SPECIES... 863 00:43:06,284 --> 00:43:07,786 {\an7}[CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS] 864 00:43:07,819 --> 00:43:09,187 {\an7}LIKE A PURPLE BODY 865 00:43:09,220 --> 00:43:12,156 {\an7}WITH THE DISTINCTIVE MANE \h\h\h\hOF A GRAY LANGUR. 866 00:43:12,190 --> 00:43:13,324 {\an7}[CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS] 867 00:43:13,424 --> 00:43:14,592 {\an7}OR COMPLETELY GRAY 868 00:43:14,625 --> 00:43:17,795 {\an7}\h\h\hWITH JUST THE FACE OF A PURPLE LEAF MONKEY. 869 00:43:18,963 --> 00:43:21,299 {\an7}WOLFGANG BELIEVES THE GRAYS 870 00:43:21,332 --> 00:43:24,135 {\an7}\h\hARE FORCING THE MALE PURPLE-FACED LANGURS OUT 871 00:43:24,168 --> 00:43:26,170 {\an7}AND BREEDING WITH THE FEMALES. 872 00:43:27,638 --> 00:43:31,275 {\an7}BUT WHY THEY ARE DOING THIS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIS UNCLEAR. 873 00:43:32,677 --> 00:43:33,778 {\an7}[CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS] 874 00:43:33,811 --> 00:43:37,348 {\an7}HYBRIDIZATION CAN BE EVOLUTION IN ACTION. 875 00:43:37,381 --> 00:43:38,349 {\an7}[CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS] 876 00:43:38,382 --> 00:43:40,718 {\an7}IS THAT WHAT’S HAPPENING HERE? 877 00:43:40,751 --> 00:43:43,687 {\an7}♪ 878 00:43:43,721 --> 00:43:47,725 {\an7}THE MACAQUES ALSO INTERACT \h\hWITH THE GRAY LANGURS. 879 00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:52,796 {\an7}\h\h\hTHEY OFTEN GROOM THEIR DISTANT COUSINS. 880 00:43:55,833 --> 00:43:59,637 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBUT IT SEEMS A VERY ONE-SIDED RELATIONSHIP. 881 00:44:02,874 --> 00:44:05,877 {\an7}Wolfgang: IT’S ALWAYS BEEN A MYSTERY TO US. 882 00:44:05,910 --> 00:44:07,645 {\an7}THE LANGURS NEVER RECIPROCATE. 883 00:44:07,678 --> 00:44:10,981 {\an7}IT’S ALWAYS JUST THE MACAQUES \h\h\h\hGROOMING THE LANGURS. 884 00:44:11,015 --> 00:44:15,620 {\an7}Narrator: GROOMING IS A CRUCIAL PART OF LIFE FOR ALL PRIMATES. 885 00:44:15,653 --> 00:44:17,822 {\an7}NOT DOES ONLY DOES IT CEMENT RELATIONSHIPS, 886 00:44:17,855 --> 00:44:22,093 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBUT ALSO RELEASES CALMING ENDORPHINS IN THE BRAIN. 887 00:44:22,126 --> 00:44:26,497 {\an7}\h\hTHIS IS WHY WE SOMETIMES SEE MONKEYS GROOMING OTHER SPECIES, 888 00:44:26,531 --> 00:44:30,335 {\an7}\h\h\hAND WHY WE HUMANS LOVE TO STROKE OUR PETS. 889 00:44:33,938 --> 00:44:37,608 {\an7}\h\hBUT THE MACAQUES GROOM THE LANGURS SO FREQUENTLY, 890 00:44:37,642 --> 00:44:41,379 {\an7}\h\hIT MAKES WOLFGANG WONDER IF THERE’S SOMETHING ELSE GOING ON. 891 00:44:44,081 --> 00:44:45,516 {\an7}Wolfgang: THE LANGURS HAVE 892 00:44:45,550 --> 00:44:48,253 {\an7}THESE SPECIALIZED BACTERIA \h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE FOREGUT 893 00:44:48,286 --> 00:44:52,056 {\an7}THAT SERVE TO BREAK DOWN CELLULOSE IN THE LEAVES. 894 00:44:52,089 --> 00:44:53,324 {\an7}AND I THINK THE MACAQUES 895 00:44:53,357 --> 00:44:54,792 {\an7}\h\h\h\hARE PICKING UP SOME OF THESE BACTERIA 896 00:44:54,825 --> 00:44:56,827 {\an7}FOR THEIR OWN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 897 00:44:56,861 --> 00:44:59,163 {\an7}BECAUSE EVERY NOW AND THEN, \h\h\hTHEY ALSO EAT LEAVES, 898 00:44:59,197 --> 00:45:04,335 {\an7}AND I SUSPECT THAT’S SORT OF, \hTHAT’S WHAT IT’S ALL ABOUT. 899 00:45:04,368 --> 00:45:06,604 {\an7}OF COURSE, THIS IS NOT A CONSCIOUS BEHAVIOR. 900 00:45:06,637 --> 00:45:10,241 {\an7}\h\h\hTHE MACAQUES HAVE NO IDEA THAT THAT’S WHAT THEY’RE DOING. 901 00:45:10,274 --> 00:45:11,809 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT IT DOESN’T HAVE TO BE CONSCIOUS, 902 00:45:11,842 --> 00:45:14,345 {\an7}AS LONG AS IT WORKS SOMEHOW. 903 00:45:18,516 --> 00:45:20,685 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: IF WOLFGANG’S HUNCH IS RIGHT, 904 00:45:20,718 --> 00:45:22,720 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE MACAQUES WHO GROOM THE LANGURS 905 00:45:22,753 --> 00:45:25,289 {\an7}ARE BETTER AT DIGESTING LEAVES. 906 00:45:26,591 --> 00:45:28,726 {\an7}FOR A BENEFICIAL BEHAVIOR \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLIKE THIS 907 00:45:28,759 --> 00:45:32,162 {\an7}TO EMERGE IN A POPULATION THROUGH NATURAL SELECTION 908 00:45:32,196 --> 00:45:34,965 {\an7}TAKES MANY GENERATIONS, 909 00:45:34,999 --> 00:45:38,769 {\an7}MAKING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MACAQUES AND THE LANGURS 910 00:45:38,803 --> 00:45:40,305 {\an7}AN ANCIENT ONE. 911 00:45:40,338 --> 00:45:45,910 {\an7}♪ 912 00:45:45,943 --> 00:45:49,680 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAS WOLFGANG’S LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS HAS GROWN, 913 00:45:49,714 --> 00:45:54,719 {\an7}\h\h\hSO HAS HIS REPUTATION AMONGST WILDLIFE FILM CREWS. 914 00:45:54,752 --> 00:45:57,588 {\an7}Wolfgang: WHO’S THE OTHER MALE \h\h\h\h\hWITH DOMI UP THERE? 915 00:45:59,156 --> 00:46:00,791 {\an7}\hNarrator: THE ACCESS WOLFGANG AND HIS TEAM 916 00:46:00,825 --> 00:46:03,861 {\an7}CAN GIVE TO THE COMPLEX \hWORLD OF THE MACAQUES 917 00:46:03,894 --> 00:46:07,464 {\an7}IS A FANTASTIC OPPORTUNITY. 918 00:46:07,498 --> 00:46:10,968 {\an7}♪ 919 00:46:11,002 --> 00:46:14,305 {\an7}SO FANTASTIC THAT IN 2015, 920 00:46:14,338 --> 00:46:16,674 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE MONKEYS LANDED A STARRING ROLE 921 00:46:16,707 --> 00:46:19,310 {\an7}IN THE DISNEYNATURE \hHIT FEATURE FILM, 922 00:46:19,343 --> 00:46:20,911 {\an7}"MONKEY KINGDOM." 923 00:46:20,945 --> 00:46:27,518 {\an7}♪ 924 00:46:30,254 --> 00:46:31,622 {\an7}THANKS TO WOLFGANG, 925 00:46:31,656 --> 00:46:34,659 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE UGLY MACAQUES THAT NO ONE WANTED TO STUDY 926 00:46:34,692 --> 00:46:36,627 {\an7}ARE NOW CELEBRITIES. 927 00:46:38,262 --> 00:46:41,665 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND WHEN DISNEYNATURE BROUGHT OVER THEIR AMBASSADORS, 928 00:46:41,699 --> 00:46:44,835 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWOLFGANG GOT TO MEET ONE OF THE FEW PEOPLE ON EARTH 929 00:46:44,869 --> 00:46:46,704 {\an7}WHO CAN REALLY UNDERSTAND \h\h\h\h\h\hWHAT IT’S LIKE 930 00:46:46,737 --> 00:46:51,775 {\an7}TO DEVOTE YOUR ENTIRE LIFE \h\h\hTO A SINGLE SPECIES. 931 00:46:51,809 --> 00:46:54,845 {\an7}\h\h\hJANE GOODALL EMBARKED ON HER STUDY OF CHIMPANZEES 932 00:46:54,879 --> 00:46:57,181 {\an7}IN 1960-- 933 00:46:57,214 --> 00:47:01,385 {\an7}EIGHT YEARS BEFORE WOLFGANG \h\h\h\hBEGAN HIS RESEARCH. 934 00:47:01,419 --> 00:47:04,689 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hGoodall: FOR ME IT WAS A REAL PRIVILEGE 935 00:47:04,722 --> 00:47:07,658 {\an7}TO BE ABLE TO MEET WOLFGANG, 936 00:47:07,692 --> 00:47:11,296 {\an7}AND TO SIT AND TALK WITH SOMEONE ABOUT HIS STUDY ANIMALS 937 00:47:11,329 --> 00:47:13,364 {\an7}AND THEIR PERSONALITIES 938 00:47:13,397 --> 00:47:15,332 {\an7}AND ALL THE THINGS HE’D LEARNED. 939 00:47:15,366 --> 00:47:19,670 {\an7}HE HAD A PASSION TO FOLLOW \h\hTHE LONG-TERM HISTORY, 940 00:47:19,704 --> 00:47:22,207 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND OF COURSE THIS GIVES YOU STORIES 941 00:47:22,239 --> 00:47:24,308 {\an7}THAT YOU CAN SHARE WITH PEOPLE. 942 00:47:24,342 --> 00:47:26,611 {\an7}AND IT’S THESE KIND OF STORIES 943 00:47:26,644 --> 00:47:29,947 {\an7}THAT ENCOURAGE PEOPLE \h\hTO PROTECT ANIMALS 944 00:47:29,980 --> 00:47:31,248 {\an7}AND TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT. 945 00:47:31,282 --> 00:47:33,951 {\an7}IT ISN’T SCIENTIFIC GRAPHS AND FIGURES. 946 00:47:33,984 --> 00:47:36,019 {\an7}WHO CARES ABOUT THAT? 947 00:47:36,053 --> 00:47:38,422 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWE HAVE TO PROVIDE THEM OCCASIONALLY 948 00:47:38,456 --> 00:47:40,658 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTO GET DEGREES AND HAVE PAPERS PUBLISHED, 949 00:47:40,691 --> 00:47:42,126 {\an7}\h\h\hBUT THAT REALLY ISN’T THE POINT OF IT, 950 00:47:42,159 --> 00:47:43,293 {\an7}NOT FOR ME, 951 00:47:43,327 --> 00:47:45,496 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND I THINK NOT FOR WOLFGANG EITHER. 952 00:47:45,529 --> 00:47:47,765 {\an7}♪ 953 00:47:47,798 --> 00:47:51,335 {\an7}Narrator: IT HAS BEEN A REMARKABLE 50 YEARS. 954 00:47:51,369 --> 00:47:54,005 {\an7}♪ 955 00:47:54,038 --> 00:47:56,073 {\an7}BUT WHAT IS NEXT FOR WOLFGANG? 956 00:47:56,107 --> 00:47:57,375 {\an7}[CHATTERING] 957 00:47:57,408 --> 00:47:58,943 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWolfgang: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE, 958 00:47:58,976 --> 00:48:02,079 {\an7}I HOPE THAT OTHER PEOPLE \h\h\h\hCAN BE INSPIRED 959 00:48:02,113 --> 00:48:04,716 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTO FOLLOW UP ON THESE KINDS OF RESEARCHES. 960 00:48:06,951 --> 00:48:09,587 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHERE’S ALSO A REALLY STRONG NEED 961 00:48:09,620 --> 00:48:13,224 {\an7}\h\h\h\hFOR SOMEONE TO TAKE UP THE CHALLENGE OF CONSERVATION. 962 00:48:13,257 --> 00:48:14,759 {\an7}THAT IS A TOUGH ONE. 963 00:48:16,026 --> 00:48:17,394 {\an7}Narrator: INSPIRING PEOPLE 964 00:48:17,428 --> 00:48:20,598 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hMAY TURN OUT TO BE WOLFGANG’S GREATEST LEGACY. 965 00:48:22,700 --> 00:48:24,101 {\an7}OVER THE YEARS, 966 00:48:24,135 --> 00:48:27,572 {\an7}\hHE HAS TRAINED MORE THAN 50 SRI LANKAN RESEARCHERS 967 00:48:27,605 --> 00:48:28,973 {\an7}WHO NOW WORK IN CAREERS 968 00:48:29,006 --> 00:48:32,977 {\an7}THEY COULDN’T HAVE IMAGINED WITHOUT WOLFGANG’S PROJECT. 969 00:48:34,879 --> 00:48:39,550 {\an7}\h\h\h\hHIS RESEARCH STILL GOES WHEREVER THE MONKEYS TAKE HIM-- 970 00:48:39,583 --> 00:48:41,485 {\an7}COLLECTING DATA... 971 00:48:43,320 --> 00:48:47,591 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hINVESTIGATING THE RICH WORLD OF POLONNARUWA 972 00:48:47,625 --> 00:48:51,095 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAS HE HAS DONE FOR THE PAST HALF A CENTURY. 973 00:48:53,197 --> 00:48:55,733 {\an7}Wolfgang: LOOKING BACK, IF I HAD TO DO IT AGAIN, 974 00:48:55,766 --> 00:48:57,334 {\an7}I PROBABLY WOULD DO IT AGAIN, 975 00:48:57,368 --> 00:49:02,139 {\an7}GIVEN WHO I AM AND WHAT I DO AND WHAT I’M INTERESTED IN. 976 00:49:02,173 --> 00:49:04,275 {\an7}IF I HADN’T BEEN GIVEN \h\h\h\hTHE MACAQUES, 977 00:49:04,308 --> 00:49:05,509 {\an7}I WOULDN’T BE HERE. 978 00:49:05,543 --> 00:49:06,911 {\an7}\h\h\h\hI DON’T THINK THE OTHER TWO SPECIES 979 00:49:06,944 --> 00:49:08,512 {\an7}WOULD HAVE KEPT MY INTEREST, 980 00:49:08,546 --> 00:49:12,283 {\an7}\h\hBECAUSE THEY’RE JUST NOT AS ACTIVE AND SOCIALLY INTERESTING 981 00:49:12,316 --> 00:49:14,618 {\an7}AS THE MACAQUES ARE. 982 00:49:14,652 --> 00:49:18,089 {\an7}\h\h\hNarrator: AS THE WORLD’S LEADING AUTHORITY ON MACAQUES 983 00:49:18,122 --> 00:49:20,358 {\an7}QUIETLY GOES ABOUT HIS BUSINESS, 984 00:49:20,391 --> 00:49:23,527 {\an7}\h\h\h\hIT’S THE MONKEYS THAT GRAB THE LIMELIGHT, 985 00:49:23,561 --> 00:49:27,465 {\an7}WHICH IS EXACTLY WHAT WOLFGANG \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hALWAYS WANTED. 986 00:49:27,498 --> 00:49:39,944 {\an7}♪ 987 00:49:39,977 --> 00:49:48,786 {\an7}♪