1 00:00:01,435 --> 00:00:03,003 THIS IS THE HEART OF SOUTH AFRICA-- 2 00:00:03,036 --> 00:00:04,471 A PLACE THAT IGNITED 3 00:00:04,505 --> 00:00:07,641 SOME OF HUMANITY’S MOST DEFINING MOMENTS. 4 00:00:07,674 --> 00:00:11,511 FROM EARLY ANCESTORS LEAVING FOOTPRINTS IN THE EARTH... 5 00:00:11,545 --> 00:00:15,983 TO THE RISE OF TECHNOLOGY, TRANSFORMING THE WAY WE SURVIVE. 6 00:00:16,016 --> 00:00:19,486 HERE ROLLING HILLS OFFER UNIMAGINABLE WEALTH... 7 00:00:19,520 --> 00:00:23,024 AND SOARING HEIGHTS OFFER UNBROKEN VIEWS. 8 00:00:23,056 --> 00:00:26,626 THIS IS WHERE GOLD SPARKED A RUSH TO RICHES... 9 00:00:26,660 --> 00:00:30,964 THAT ALMOST TRAMPLED THE WEALTH OF WILDLIFE STANDING IN THE WAY. 10 00:00:30,998 --> 00:00:33,467 WHERE ANIMALS EXPLOITED IN THE PAST 11 00:00:33,500 --> 00:00:36,370 ARE NOW CELEBRATED AS PART OF THE FUTURE... 12 00:00:36,403 --> 00:00:40,707 AND ONE MAN TRANSCENDED THE NATION’S LAST GREAT DIVIDE-- 13 00:00:40,741 --> 00:00:42,743 AND ELECTRIFIED THE WORLD. 14 00:00:42,776 --> 00:00:48,181 HERE CONFLICTING WORLDS MERGE INTO A LAND OF REMARKABLE DRAMA. 15 00:00:48,215 --> 00:00:51,051 THIS IS SOUTH AFRICA’S JOURNEY 16 00:00:51,084 --> 00:00:55,155 FROM PRE-HUMAN SKELETONS TO MODERN SKYSCRAPERS. 17 00:00:55,188 --> 00:00:58,625 ♪ 18 00:01:00,994 --> 00:01:02,996 TWO BILLION YEARS AGO, 19 00:01:03,030 --> 00:01:06,800 THE EARTH WENT THROUGH A VIOLENT GEOLOGICAL UPHEAVAL. 20 00:01:06,833 --> 00:01:10,203 MOUNTAINS ROSE THAT STILL REMAIN. 21 00:01:10,237 --> 00:01:13,240 THIS IS THE MAGALIESBERG RANGE, 22 00:01:13,273 --> 00:01:17,844 ALMOST 100 TIMES OLDER THAN THE HIMALAYAS. 23 00:01:17,878 --> 00:01:21,482 VENERABLE OLD PEAKS HAVE WITNESSED CONSTANT CHANGE 24 00:01:21,515 --> 00:01:25,786 WITHIN ONE OF THE MOST DYNAMIC REGIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA-- 25 00:01:25,819 --> 00:01:28,188 THE INTERIOR. 26 00:01:28,221 --> 00:01:32,759 AROUND THESE MOUNTAINS, LIFE SLOWLY TOOK HOLD. 27 00:01:32,793 --> 00:01:36,797 VULTURES NOW ROOST IN THE CREVICES OF A CLIFF FACE, 28 00:01:36,830 --> 00:01:41,835 WHERE COUNTLESS ANIMAL ANCESTORS HAVE LIVED OVER THE EONS. 29 00:01:44,538 --> 00:01:47,941 SPECIES CONTINUED TO FLOURISH AND EVOLVE, 30 00:01:47,975 --> 00:01:51,412 UNTIL HUMANS FINALLY ARRIVED ON THE SCENE-- 31 00:01:51,445 --> 00:01:53,180 A CRITICAL TIPPING POINT 32 00:01:53,213 --> 00:01:56,750 THAT TRANSFORMED THE LANDSCAPE FOREVER. 33 00:01:56,783 --> 00:02:03,089 ♪ 34 00:02:03,123 --> 00:02:06,293 NOW ROADS CRISSCROSS THE LANDSCAPE 35 00:02:06,326 --> 00:02:10,530 AND BRING PEOPLE TO A LIVING MUSEUM OF EVOLUTION. 36 00:02:10,564 --> 00:02:13,767 THEY WAIT IN LINE TO TRY TO GRASP THE SCOPE 37 00:02:13,800 --> 00:02:17,470 OF THE REGION’S LONG ARC OF HUMAN HISTORY. 38 00:02:17,504 --> 00:02:22,075 THIS IS THE ENTRY POINT OF THE STERKFONTEIN CAVES, 39 00:02:22,109 --> 00:02:24,478 PART OF A WORLD HERITAGE SITE 40 00:02:24,511 --> 00:02:27,781 CALLED "THE CRADLE OF HUMANKIND." 41 00:02:30,017 --> 00:02:35,189 BELOW ARE CAVES THAT HAVE OFFERED A TROVE OF ARTIFACTS-- 42 00:02:35,222 --> 00:02:37,758 INCLUDING A COMPLETE SKULL-- 43 00:02:37,791 --> 00:02:40,627 REVEALING AN ANCIENT SPECIES OF HOMINID 44 00:02:40,661 --> 00:02:44,165 THAT IS ONE OF HUMANITY’S COMMON ANCESTORS. 45 00:02:45,732 --> 00:02:48,802 VISITORS DESCEND DEEP INTO THE EARTH 46 00:02:48,835 --> 00:02:53,540 TO EXPERIENCE AN IMMERSIVE STORY OF THE HUMAN JOURNEY. 47 00:02:53,573 --> 00:02:57,444 STANDING IN STARK CONTRAST TO THE ANCIENT LIFE BELOW 48 00:02:57,477 --> 00:03:01,348 IS THE MODERN ARCHITECTURE ABOVE. 49 00:03:01,381 --> 00:03:03,483 THE DESIGN OF THE TUMULUS BUILDING 50 00:03:03,517 --> 00:03:07,087 TRIES TO BRIDGE THE OLD AND NEW. 51 00:03:07,120 --> 00:03:10,657 FROM THE FRONT IT LOOKS LIKE A BURIAL MOUND. 52 00:03:10,691 --> 00:03:13,961 BUT AROUND THE BACK, IT IS TRANSFORMED. 53 00:03:13,994 --> 00:03:16,897 THE STYLE SIGNALS NOT THE END OF HISTORY, 54 00:03:16,930 --> 00:03:19,433 BUT THE BEGINNING OF THE FUTURE. 55 00:03:19,466 --> 00:03:22,703 THE LONG-BURIED EVIDENCE NOW ON DISPLAY HERE 56 00:03:22,736 --> 00:03:26,340 CONFIRMS THE GROUNDBREAKING THEORY OF CHARLES DARWIN-- 57 00:03:26,373 --> 00:03:31,178 THAT HUMANITY ROSE FROM THE AFRICAN CONTINENT. 58 00:03:31,211 --> 00:03:35,082 THE SURROUNDING LAND STILL PRODUCES NEW DISCOVERIES. 59 00:03:35,115 --> 00:03:39,286 THEY MAY SOLVE A MYSTERY, OR SPARK A NEW ONE. 60 00:03:41,488 --> 00:03:45,492 AS SCIENCE SCRAMBLES FOR CLUES TO OUR ORIGIN, 61 00:03:45,525 --> 00:03:48,128 RURAL COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH AFRICA 62 00:03:48,161 --> 00:03:52,098 RELY ON FAITH TO GUIDE THEM TO ENLIGHTENMENT. 63 00:03:52,132 --> 00:03:57,704 THE LEMBA NATION OF ZIMBABWE WAS LED HERE BY A STAR IN THE SKY. 64 00:03:57,738 --> 00:04:00,341 IT IS KNOWN AS ZION CITY-- 65 00:04:00,373 --> 00:04:04,777 IN MORIA TOWN-- LIMPOPO PROVINCE. 66 00:04:04,811 --> 00:04:06,012 IT IS THE LARGEST 67 00:04:06,046 --> 00:04:08,382 AFRICAN-FOUNDED CENTER OF WORSHIP 68 00:04:08,415 --> 00:04:10,951 IN THE COUNTRY. 69 00:04:10,984 --> 00:04:15,589 THE ZIONIST CHRISTIAN CHURCH WAS FORMED IN 1910 70 00:04:15,622 --> 00:04:18,058 BY ENGENAS LEKGANYANE. 71 00:04:18,091 --> 00:04:22,629 HIS LAST NAME MEANS "KEEPER OF THE STAR OF KNOWLEDGE." 72 00:04:22,662 --> 00:04:24,364 HE CLAIMS GOD CALLED HIM 73 00:04:24,397 --> 00:04:29,569 TO SEARCH FOR A STAR NEAR THE HOLY MOUNT ZION. 74 00:04:29,603 --> 00:04:33,373 IT’S LIKELY HE WITNESSED A METEOR FALLING TO EARTH, 75 00:04:33,406 --> 00:04:35,942 WHICH INSPIRED HIM TO FOUND HIS CHURCH 76 00:04:35,976 --> 00:04:40,180 HERE IN MORIA TOWN IN 1944. 77 00:04:42,282 --> 00:04:46,052 THE CHURCH FUSES AFRICAN TRADITIONS AND VALUES 78 00:04:46,086 --> 00:04:48,021 WITH THE CHRISTIAN FAITH. 79 00:04:48,054 --> 00:04:50,290 WHEN LEKGANYANE’S SON EDWARD 80 00:04:50,323 --> 00:04:53,193 TOOK CONTROL OF THE CHURCH IN 1948, 81 00:04:53,226 --> 00:04:56,296 HE INSTITUTED ANNUAL PILGRIMAGES. 82 00:04:56,329 --> 00:05:01,334 THE FOLLOWERS GATHER HERE EVERY YEAR TO CELEBRATE EASTER 83 00:05:01,368 --> 00:05:04,338 AND THE MEMORY OF A STAR THAT HAS GUIDED THEM 84 00:05:04,371 --> 00:05:08,642 SINCE THE TIME OF THEIR ORIGIN AT GREAT ZIMBABWE. 85 00:05:08,675 --> 00:05:11,578 MEMBERS COME FROM ALL OVER AFRICA. 86 00:05:11,611 --> 00:05:16,883 THEY TRAVEL BY DONKEY CART, BICYCLE, BUS, AND ON FOOT. 87 00:05:16,917 --> 00:05:21,989 NOW CLOSE TO 6 MILLION FOLLOWERS ATTEND THE 4,000 PARISHES, 88 00:05:22,022 --> 00:05:26,426 WHERE PROUD CHURCH MEMBERS WEAR A SILVER FIVE-POINTED STAR 89 00:05:26,459 --> 00:05:29,696 WITH A GREEN AND BLACK RIBBON. 90 00:05:29,729 --> 00:05:33,766 THE IMPACT OF A METEORITE CAN HELP MOLD BELIEFS, 91 00:05:33,800 --> 00:05:35,869 BUT OTHER METEOR STRIKES HERE 92 00:05:35,902 --> 00:05:39,272 HAVE HELPED RESHAPE THE LANDSCAPE. 93 00:05:39,306 --> 00:05:44,578 ♪ 94 00:05:44,611 --> 00:05:48,181 TO THE NORTH IS ANOTHER SPECIES-RICH ENVIRONMENT-- 95 00:05:48,215 --> 00:05:50,951 THE SOUTPANSBERG MOUNTAINS. 96 00:05:50,984 --> 00:05:55,789 IT IS NICKNAMED "THE PANTRY" FOR ITS ABUNDANT FOOD SOURCES. 97 00:05:55,822 --> 00:05:59,693 VULTURES SOAR OVER A REGION RICH WITH LIFE. 98 00:05:59,726 --> 00:06:08,969 ♪ 99 00:06:09,002 --> 00:06:12,973 THIS ABUNDANT GARDEN WOULD HAVE PROVIDED A GREAT SOURCE OF FOOD 100 00:06:13,006 --> 00:06:14,975 FOR EARLY MAN. 101 00:06:15,008 --> 00:06:18,812 AN ACCIDENT OF INDUSTRY MIGHT PROVE IT. 102 00:06:18,845 --> 00:06:20,547 IN THE 1920s, 103 00:06:20,580 --> 00:06:23,583 MINERS WERE BLASTING AWAY ON THIS MOUNTAINSIDE 104 00:06:23,617 --> 00:06:26,753 WHEN A CURIOUS MATH TEACHER IN SEARCH OF FOSSILS 105 00:06:26,786 --> 00:06:29,389 DISCOVERED SHARDS OF BONE. 106 00:06:29,422 --> 00:06:31,591 HE SENT THEM AWAY FOR VERIFICATION, 107 00:06:31,625 --> 00:06:35,429 AND THEY WERE CONFIRMED AS AN ANCIENT HUMAN ANCESTOR. 108 00:06:35,462 --> 00:06:37,564 IT TRIGGERED A FOSSIL RUSH-- 109 00:06:37,597 --> 00:06:41,067 THE SCIENTIFIC VERSION OF A GOLD RUSH. 110 00:06:41,101 --> 00:06:43,770 OTHER DIG SITES DOT THE LANDSCAPE-- 111 00:06:43,803 --> 00:06:47,040 EACH REPRESENTING A SLOW, PAINSTAKING EFFORT 112 00:06:47,073 --> 00:06:50,209 TO PIECE TOGETHER THE STORY OF LIFE. 113 00:06:53,113 --> 00:06:55,682 HOWEVER, THIS STORY IS PUNCTUATED 114 00:06:55,715 --> 00:06:59,686 WITH SUDDEN, VIOLENT, AND DEADLY INTERRUPTIONS. 115 00:06:59,719 --> 00:07:04,924 220,000 YEARS AGO, A METEOR ROARED THROUGH THE SKY 116 00:07:04,958 --> 00:07:07,260 AND SLAMMED INTO THE EARTH HERE 117 00:07:07,294 --> 00:07:10,397 WITH THE IMPACT OF 100 ATOM BOMBS, 118 00:07:10,430 --> 00:07:12,899 CREATING THE TSWAING CRATER. 119 00:07:12,933 --> 00:07:16,270 WHILE IT OBLITERATED LIFE IN ALL DIRECTIONS, 120 00:07:16,303 --> 00:07:23,243 IT NOW SUSTAINS LIFE AS A NATURAL RESERVOIR. 121 00:07:23,276 --> 00:07:25,912 THERE ARE EVEN OLDER SCARS ON THE EARTH 122 00:07:25,946 --> 00:07:30,551 THAT HAVE BECOME NATURAL MAGNETS FOR LIFE. 123 00:07:30,583 --> 00:07:32,985 TODAY, SAFARI BALLOONS HOVER 124 00:07:33,019 --> 00:07:38,525 OVER A 200-MILLION-YEAR-OLD VOLCANIC CRATER. 125 00:07:38,558 --> 00:07:43,196 IT’S CALLED THE PILANESBERG, AND OVER THE EONS, 126 00:07:43,229 --> 00:07:47,166 NATURE HAS RETURNED WITH A VIVACIOUS DISPLAY. 127 00:07:47,200 --> 00:07:51,671 TOURISTS ARE HELD IN SUSPENSE OVER THE MAJESTIC AFRICAN PLAIN, 128 00:07:51,705 --> 00:07:53,974 KNOWN AS THE BUSHVELD. 129 00:07:54,007 --> 00:07:57,444 THE SILENT BALLOONS DRIFT LIKE VULTURES ON THE WING, 130 00:07:57,477 --> 00:08:00,146 SCOURING THE LAND FOR ANIMALS. 131 00:08:00,180 --> 00:08:03,950 UNSUSPECTING WILDLIFE ARE DIGITALLY SNAPPED UP 132 00:08:03,984 --> 00:08:07,721 AND INSTANTLY UPLOADED TO A GLOBAL AUDIENCE. 133 00:08:07,754 --> 00:08:09,889 AFTER THEIR MORNING BALLOON SAFARI, 134 00:08:09,923 --> 00:08:11,892 TOURISTS GET TO RELAX AT A RESORT 135 00:08:11,925 --> 00:08:14,961 CALLED THE PALACE OF THE LOST CITY, 136 00:08:14,995 --> 00:08:18,065 RIGHT OUTSIDE THE PARK’S BORDER. 137 00:08:20,433 --> 00:08:23,736 IT WAS BUILT TO RESEMBLE AN ANCIENT AFRICAN PALACE 138 00:08:23,770 --> 00:08:25,338 HIDDEN IN THE JUNGLE-- 139 00:08:25,372 --> 00:08:27,341 THOUGH ANCIENT AFRICAN PALACES 140 00:08:27,374 --> 00:08:31,445 PROBABLY DIDN’T HAVE 18-HOLE GOLF COURSES. 141 00:08:31,478 --> 00:08:33,413 ADAM SANDLER AND DREW BARRYMORE 142 00:08:33,446 --> 00:08:36,983 SHOT THE ROMANTIC COMEDY "BLENDED" IN THE HOTEL. 143 00:08:37,017 --> 00:08:41,722 ITS 5-STAR AMENITIES INCLUDE SWIMMING POOLS, A WATER PARK, 144 00:08:41,755 --> 00:08:45,292 LUXURY SHOPPING, AND A CONFERENCE CENTER-- 145 00:08:45,325 --> 00:08:50,197 ALL OF IT NESTLED INSIDE AN ANCIENT VOLCANIC CRATER. 146 00:08:55,468 --> 00:09:01,274 SOME CRATERS ARE NATURAL-- AND SOME ARE MANMADE. 147 00:09:01,307 --> 00:09:06,245 THIS DRAMATIC HOLE IN THE GROUND IS REALLY A DIG FOR RICHES-- 148 00:09:06,279 --> 00:09:09,949 A DIAMOND MINE. 149 00:09:09,983 --> 00:09:12,652 THE CULLINAN MINE IS THE MAIN SOURCE 150 00:09:12,685 --> 00:09:14,787 OF THE WORLD’S BLUE DIAMONDS 151 00:09:14,821 --> 00:09:17,524 AND OCCASIONALLY PRODUCES GLITTERY ROCKS 152 00:09:17,557 --> 00:09:20,093 THE SIZE OF PING PONG BALLS. 153 00:09:20,126 --> 00:09:24,530 IN 1905, ONE WAS FOUND THAT WAS THE SIZE OF A FIST. 154 00:09:24,564 --> 00:09:28,301 IT WAS NICKNAMED "THE GREAT STAR OF AFRICA." 155 00:09:28,334 --> 00:09:32,471 TODAY, THE TOWN BUMPS RIGHT UP AGAINST THE MINE. 156 00:09:32,505 --> 00:09:37,143 JARACANDA TREES NEAR THE EDGE SHOW OFF THEIR PURPLE BLOOMS-- 157 00:09:37,177 --> 00:09:42,015 NOT AS SPARKLY AS A DIAMOND, BUT BEAUTIFUL IN THEIR OWN WAY. 158 00:09:44,484 --> 00:09:47,320 THIS MANMADE CRATER AT PHALABORWA 159 00:09:47,353 --> 00:09:52,425 IS MORE THAN A MILE WIDE, 1,500 FEET DEEP, 160 00:09:52,459 --> 00:09:57,164 AND CAN CLEARLY BE SEEN FROM SPACE. 161 00:09:57,197 --> 00:10:02,302 COPPER HAS BEEN MINED HERE SINCE AT LEAST 400 A.D., 162 00:10:02,335 --> 00:10:05,605 WHERE IT WAS SMELTED INTO 20-INCH-LONG INGOTS 163 00:10:05,638 --> 00:10:07,773 TO USE AS MONEY. 164 00:10:07,807 --> 00:10:12,512 NOW THESE MINES PRODUCE 60,000 TONS OF COPPER EVERY YEAR. 165 00:10:12,545 --> 00:10:17,550 ♪ 166 00:10:17,584 --> 00:10:21,855 MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA IS AN UNMISTAKABLE PRESENCE. 167 00:10:21,888 --> 00:10:25,625 IT ALTERS THE LANDSCAPE, FUELS THE LOCAL ECONOMY, 168 00:10:25,658 --> 00:10:28,794 AND SPARKS GLOBAL INNOVATION. 169 00:10:28,828 --> 00:10:31,397 PLATINUM IS ANOTHER PRECIOUS METAL, 170 00:10:31,431 --> 00:10:34,801 AND MOST OF IT IS MINED HERE AT RUSTENBURG. 171 00:10:34,834 --> 00:10:40,273 90% OF THE WORLD’S SUPPLY STILL LIES BURIED IN THESE HILLS. 172 00:10:40,306 --> 00:10:42,642 IT MAY LOOK LIKE DIRTY BUSINESS, 173 00:10:42,675 --> 00:10:46,946 BUT PLATINUM IS A KEY INGREDIENT TO A GREENER FUTURE. 174 00:10:46,980 --> 00:10:50,884 THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY USES IT FOR CATALYTIC CONVERTERS-- 175 00:10:50,917 --> 00:10:54,687 REDUCING CARBON EMISSIONS FROM EVERY CAR. 176 00:10:54,721 --> 00:10:58,858 PLATINUM IS ALSO REQUIRED TO MAKE HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS-- 177 00:10:58,892 --> 00:11:02,996 WHICH SOMEDAY MAY REPLACE THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE. 178 00:11:03,029 --> 00:11:05,298 SO THIS COULD BE ONE OF THE EPICENTERS 179 00:11:05,331 --> 00:11:08,201 OF ENERGY’S HOPEFUL FUTURE-- 180 00:11:08,234 --> 00:11:11,671 CLEAN AND GREEN. 181 00:11:11,704 --> 00:11:16,075 DIRTY ENERGY IS ALREADY PROVIDING RELICS TO REPURPOSE. 182 00:11:16,109 --> 00:11:18,278 HERE IN ORLANDO SOWETO, 183 00:11:18,311 --> 00:11:22,448 A DECOMMISSIONED COAL PLANT IS NOW AN ENTERTAINMENT CENTER-- 184 00:11:22,482 --> 00:11:24,784 INCLUDING THE WORLD’S FIRST BUNGEE JUMP 185 00:11:24,817 --> 00:11:28,154 BETWEEN TWO COOLING TOWERS. 186 00:11:28,188 --> 00:11:31,758 THE TOWER’S MURALS TOOK SIX MONTHS TO PAINT. 187 00:11:31,791 --> 00:11:34,694 ONE IS A GIANT AD FOR A BANK, 188 00:11:34,727 --> 00:11:37,430 BUT THE OTHER IS AN ORIGINAL DESIGN 189 00:11:37,463 --> 00:11:40,866 DEPICTING THE CULTURAL ENERGY OF SOWETO. 190 00:11:45,638 --> 00:11:48,307 THE ENERGY HERE HELPED TO ALTER THE COURSE 191 00:11:48,341 --> 00:11:52,412 OF SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORY. 192 00:11:52,445 --> 00:11:55,782 NELSON MANDELA ONCE LIVED IN THIS CORNER HOUSE 193 00:11:55,815 --> 00:11:58,484 ON VILAKAZI STREET. 194 00:11:58,518 --> 00:12:01,688 HE WORKED IN SOWETO AS A LAWYER AND ACTIVIST 195 00:12:01,721 --> 00:12:06,492 BEFORE BEING ARRESTED IN 1962. 196 00:12:06,526 --> 00:12:09,562 WHEN HE WAS FINALLY RELEASED IN 1990, 197 00:12:09,596 --> 00:12:13,300 HE WALKED THE STREETS OF SOWETO AS A HERO. 198 00:12:13,333 --> 00:12:17,537 HE HELPED DISMANTLE APARTHEID, SHARED THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE, 199 00:12:17,570 --> 00:12:23,576 AND BECAME THE NATION’S FIRST BLACK PRESIDENT. 200 00:12:23,610 --> 00:12:26,813 IN 1994, HE TOOK THE OATH OF OFFICE 201 00:12:26,846 --> 00:12:30,149 HERE AT THE UNION BUILDINGS IN PRETORIA-- 202 00:12:30,183 --> 00:12:33,286 THE SEAT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN GOVERNMENT. 203 00:12:33,319 --> 00:12:38,024 TODAY, A BRONZE STATUE OF MANDELA IMMORTALIZES THE MOMENT. 204 00:12:38,057 --> 00:12:41,494 HE WAS SURROUNDED BY THE LARGEST GATHERING OF WORLD LEADERS 205 00:12:41,527 --> 00:12:44,030 SINCE JOHN F. KENNEDY’S FUNERAL. 206 00:12:44,063 --> 00:12:46,933 IT WAS BROADCAST LIVE AROUND THE GLOBE-- 207 00:12:46,966 --> 00:12:51,838 AND VIEWED BY TWO BILLION PEOPLE. 208 00:12:51,871 --> 00:12:56,075 AFTER HIS DEATH AT AGE 95, THE BIGGEST MEMORIAL EVENT 209 00:12:56,109 --> 00:13:00,981 WAS HELD HERE AT FNB STADIUM IN JOHANNESBURG. 210 00:13:01,014 --> 00:13:04,684 HE HAD PACKED THIS STADIUM 23 YEARS BEFORE, 211 00:13:04,717 --> 00:13:07,086 WHEN 100,000 PEOPLE CAME TO HEAR 212 00:13:07,120 --> 00:13:10,690 ONE OF HIS FIRST SPEECHES AS A FREE MAN. 213 00:13:10,723 --> 00:13:14,093 NOW THEY CAME IN MOURNING... 214 00:13:14,127 --> 00:13:16,596 BUT ALSO IN CELEBRATION. 215 00:13:16,629 --> 00:13:19,332 FEW PEOPLE HAVE BENT THE ARC OF HISTORY 216 00:13:19,365 --> 00:13:23,769 TOWARDS JUSTICE AND FREEDOM LIKE NELSON MANDELA. 217 00:13:23,803 --> 00:13:25,571 BUT HE IS NOT THE ONLY MAN 218 00:13:25,605 --> 00:13:29,609 TO SHAPE THE LANDSCAPE OF MODERN SOUTH AFRICA. 219 00:13:29,642 --> 00:13:33,679 IN THE EARLY 1800s, THE INDIGENOUS ZULU TRIBE 220 00:13:33,713 --> 00:13:36,583 CONTROLLED A GROWING EXPANSE OF TERRITORY-- 221 00:13:36,616 --> 00:13:40,920 LED BY THEIR AMBITIOUS KING, SHAKA ZULU. 222 00:13:40,953 --> 00:13:43,823 THROUGH CUNNING STRATEGY AND BRUTAL WARFARE, 223 00:13:43,856 --> 00:13:48,060 HE EXPANDED ZULU TERRITORY INTO A VAST KINGDOM. 224 00:13:48,094 --> 00:13:51,998 IN THE WEST, HE WAS KNOWN AS THE "BLACK NAPOLEON." 225 00:13:52,031 --> 00:13:55,167 HIS KINGDOM WAS FILLED WITH NATIVE ANIMALS. 226 00:13:55,201 --> 00:13:57,937 BUT BETWEEN WARFARE AND UNCHECKED HUNTING 227 00:13:57,970 --> 00:14:00,873 BY ZULUS AND WHITE OUTSIDERS, 228 00:14:00,907 --> 00:14:04,043 GAME ANIMALS DWINDLED QUICKLY. 229 00:14:04,077 --> 00:14:05,779 IN JUST 50 YEARS, 230 00:14:05,812 --> 00:14:10,283 HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF ANIMALS WERE KILLED. 231 00:14:10,316 --> 00:14:12,585 ELEPHANTS WERE HUNTED FOR THEIR IVORY... 232 00:14:12,618 --> 00:14:17,456 AND KIDNAPPED TO BECOME WORKING ANIMALS. 233 00:14:17,490 --> 00:14:19,625 LIONS WERE DECIMATED, 234 00:14:19,659 --> 00:14:24,230 MANY BY HUNTERS WHO VALUED THEIR TROPHY HEADS. 235 00:14:25,698 --> 00:14:29,702 BOTH BLACK AND WHITE RHINOS WHERE THREATENED, 236 00:14:29,736 --> 00:14:34,374 BUT THE WHITE RHINO WAS ALMOST COMPLETELY WIPED OUT. 237 00:14:34,407 --> 00:14:38,144 BY 1890 THERE WERE ONLY ABOUT 20 LEFT, 238 00:14:38,177 --> 00:14:40,980 THE LAST REMAINING ON EARTH. 239 00:14:44,016 --> 00:14:48,521 IN 1895 THIS DIRE LOSS OF WILDLIFE 240 00:14:48,554 --> 00:14:53,492 LED TO THE CREATION OF THE FIRST GAME RESERVE IN SOUTH AFRICA, 241 00:14:53,526 --> 00:14:56,996 CALLED HLUHLUWE IMFOLOZI. 242 00:14:57,029 --> 00:15:01,734 SOME SPECIES WERE SNATCHED BACK FROM THE JAWS OF EXTINCTION. 243 00:15:01,768 --> 00:15:04,537 OTHERS WERE REINTRODUCED. 244 00:15:04,570 --> 00:15:09,508 BUT THE WHITE RHINO STRUGGLED TO COME BACK. 245 00:15:09,542 --> 00:15:13,446 BEGINNING IN THE 1950s, DR. IAN PLAYER, 246 00:15:13,479 --> 00:15:15,948 BROTHER OF PRO GOLFER GARY PLAYER, 247 00:15:15,982 --> 00:15:18,451 SPEARHEADED OPERATION RHINO-- 248 00:15:18,484 --> 00:15:21,520 A DESPERATE EFFORT TO SAVE THE SPECIES. 249 00:15:21,554 --> 00:15:24,957 HE BRED RHINOS IN CAPTIVITY IN THIS PARK. 250 00:15:24,991 --> 00:15:27,794 THEN WITH THE HELP OF MODERN TRANSPORTATION, 251 00:15:27,827 --> 00:15:30,463 HE REINTRODUCED THEM BACK INTO THE WILD-- 252 00:15:30,496 --> 00:15:35,334 HERE AND AT OTHER RESERVES ACROSS AFRICA. 253 00:15:35,368 --> 00:15:37,303 THANKS TO THEIR TIRELESS EFFORTS, 254 00:15:37,336 --> 00:15:43,008 THERE ARE NOW AROUND 20,000 WHITE RHINO IN THE WORLD. 255 00:15:43,042 --> 00:15:46,546 BUT THE THREAT REMAINS. 256 00:15:46,579 --> 00:15:48,581 POACHERS EVADE PARK OFFICIALS 257 00:15:48,614 --> 00:15:52,118 AND KILL, ON AVERAGE, THREE RHINOS PER DAY. 258 00:15:55,621 --> 00:15:58,324 FEMALES CAN ONLY GIVE BIRTH TO NEW CALVES 259 00:15:58,357 --> 00:16:00,593 EVERY THREE OR FOUR YEARS. 260 00:16:00,626 --> 00:16:03,963 SO THE MATH DOES NOT FAVOR THE WHITE RHINO. 261 00:16:03,996 --> 00:16:08,167 BETWEEN GLOBAL CONSERVATION EFFORTS AND LOCAL ENFORCEMENT, 262 00:16:08,201 --> 00:16:13,540 THE WHITE RHINO’S SURVIVAL HANGS IN THE BALANCE. 263 00:16:13,573 --> 00:16:15,608 THERE IS ANOTHER BALANCING ACT 264 00:16:15,641 --> 00:16:18,811 PLAYING OUT IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN LANDSCAPE-- 265 00:16:18,845 --> 00:16:20,447 ENERGY. 266 00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:23,650 MINING FOSSIL FUELS FEEDS THE ECONOMY 267 00:16:23,683 --> 00:16:26,553 BUT SCARS THE ENVIRONMENT. 268 00:16:26,586 --> 00:16:29,823 HERE, COAL IS THE DOMINANT ENERGY INDUSTRY. 269 00:16:29,856 --> 00:16:32,092 DEPOSITS ARE SHALLOWER THAN MOST 270 00:16:32,124 --> 00:16:34,627 AND REVEAL THEMSELVES IN THICK SEAMS, 271 00:16:34,660 --> 00:16:37,496 MAKING IT CHEAPER TO MINE. 272 00:16:41,067 --> 00:16:44,737 INEXPENSIVE COAL MAKES A VERY VALUABLE EXPORT, 273 00:16:44,770 --> 00:16:46,939 AND THE RICHARDS BAY COAL TERMINAL 274 00:16:46,973 --> 00:16:48,608 IS THE TRANSFER POINT. 275 00:16:48,641 --> 00:16:52,278 THIS SITE PROVES THAT COAL IS NOT JUST BIG BUSINESS-- 276 00:16:52,311 --> 00:16:54,446 IT’S SIMPLY BIG. 277 00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:58,150 THIS IS ONE OF THE LARGEST COAL TRANSFER FACILITIES 278 00:16:58,184 --> 00:16:59,252 IN THE WORLD-- 279 00:16:59,285 --> 00:17:02,455 COVERING AN ENTIRE SQUARE MILE. 280 00:17:02,488 --> 00:17:07,293 ♪ 281 00:17:07,326 --> 00:17:10,830 NEARBY ARE TWO ALUMINUM SMELTING PLANTS, 282 00:17:10,863 --> 00:17:13,466 WHICH USE MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF COAL POWER 283 00:17:13,499 --> 00:17:16,736 TO TURN RAW ORE INTO ALUMINUM. 284 00:17:16,769 --> 00:17:18,838 COAL POWER PLANTS LIKE THESE 285 00:17:18,871 --> 00:17:22,641 DOT THE LANDSCAPE ACROSS SOUTH AFRICA. 286 00:17:22,675 --> 00:17:27,947 COAL FUELS OVER 75% OF SOUTH AFRICA’S ENERGY NEEDS. 287 00:17:27,980 --> 00:17:31,083 THE COUNTRY ALSO DISTRIBUTES ELECTRICAL POWER 288 00:17:31,117 --> 00:17:34,387 TO 14 AFRICAN COUNTRIES. 289 00:17:34,420 --> 00:17:38,658 IT HAS HELPED TURN TOWNS INTO CITIES. 290 00:17:38,691 --> 00:17:43,629 THE PORT CITY OF DURBAN WAS FOUNDED IN 1824. 291 00:17:43,663 --> 00:17:45,932 IT IS RENOWNED FOR GREAT WEATHER, 292 00:17:45,965 --> 00:17:50,703 WITH AN AVERAGE OF 320 DAYS OF SUNSHINE PER YEAR. 293 00:17:50,736 --> 00:17:54,807 THEY CALL THIS STRETCH OF COAST "THE GOLDEN MILE," 294 00:17:54,840 --> 00:17:59,945 WHERE THE WARM OCEAN DELIVERS PERFECT WAVES YEAR ROUND. 295 00:17:59,979 --> 00:18:01,881 THE LAND IT WAS BUILT UPON 296 00:18:01,914 --> 00:18:05,151 WAS CEDED TO SEAFARERS BY KING SHAKA ZULU, 297 00:18:05,184 --> 00:18:09,822 WHO HAD BEEN TRADING SKINS AND IVORY WITH THE NEWCOMERS. 298 00:18:09,855 --> 00:18:12,057 PEOPLE ARE STILL COMING. 299 00:18:12,091 --> 00:18:15,928 SURFERS, HOLIDAY MAKERS, AND BUSINESS TRAVELERS 300 00:18:15,962 --> 00:18:19,199 MAKE DURBAN A COSMOPOLITAN HUB. 301 00:18:19,231 --> 00:18:22,234 THE OCEAN IS A BIG DRAW. 302 00:18:22,268 --> 00:18:25,538 BUT FOR THOSE TOO SKITTISH TO FROLIC IN THE SHALLOWS 303 00:18:25,571 --> 00:18:27,640 WHERE SHARKS ARE KNOWN TO VISIT, 304 00:18:27,673 --> 00:18:30,109 THERE ARE OTHER OPTIONS NEARBY. 305 00:18:30,142 --> 00:18:32,478 THIS IS USHAKA MARINE WORLD, 306 00:18:32,511 --> 00:18:35,781 THE LARGEST OCEANIC WATER PARK IN AFRICA. 307 00:18:35,815 --> 00:18:40,753 IT HOUSES SEA CREATURES RANGING FROM THE TINY TO THE TERRIFYING. 308 00:18:40,786 --> 00:18:43,389 TOURISTS CAN EVEN DIVE WITH THE SHARKS-- 309 00:18:43,422 --> 00:18:46,725 BEHIND THE PROTECTION OF SHARK CAGES. 310 00:18:46,759 --> 00:18:51,163 WHILE WATER ATTRACTS TOURISTS, IT ALSO ATTRACTS SHIPPING. 311 00:18:51,197 --> 00:18:54,701 DURBAN BAY IS ONE OF THE FEW NATURAL HARBORS 312 00:18:54,734 --> 00:18:56,603 IN THIS PART OF AFRICA. 313 00:18:56,636 --> 00:19:00,340 IT GREW INTO THE LARGEST PORT ON THE ENTIRE CONTINENT 314 00:19:00,373 --> 00:19:03,576 AND ONE OF THE TOP TEN BUSIEST IN THE WORLD. 315 00:19:03,609 --> 00:19:05,511 BUT BEFORE ALL OF THIS, 316 00:19:05,544 --> 00:19:08,781 THE HARBOR WAS ACTUALLY AN AIRPLANE RUNWAY. 317 00:19:08,814 --> 00:19:10,482 IN THE 1940s, 318 00:19:10,516 --> 00:19:14,653 THE FIRST COMMERCIAL FLIGHTS BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA AND EUROPE 319 00:19:14,687 --> 00:19:16,589 WERE MADE IN SEAPLANES, 320 00:19:16,622 --> 00:19:22,027 AND THEY LANDED RIGHT HERE AFTER A GRUELING 20-STOP, 5-DAY TRIP. 321 00:19:22,061 --> 00:19:25,798 TODAY, GIANT CARGO SHIPS DOMINATE THE HARBOR. 322 00:19:25,831 --> 00:19:30,469 BUT NEARBY, THERE IS STILL ROOM FOR SMALLER BOATS. 323 00:19:30,503 --> 00:19:34,741 BETWEEN BIG-PORT COMMERCE AND SMALL-BOAT RECREATION, 324 00:19:34,774 --> 00:19:38,311 DURBAN HAS BECOME A REGIONAL POWERHOUSE, 325 00:19:38,344 --> 00:19:41,881 WITH A SKYLINE TO MATCH. 326 00:19:41,914 --> 00:19:44,283 A RECENT ADDITION TO THIS SKYLINE 327 00:19:44,316 --> 00:19:46,952 IS MOSES MABHIDA STADIUM, 328 00:19:46,986 --> 00:19:50,790 BUILT FOR THE 2010 WORLD CUP SOCCER TOURNAMENT, 329 00:19:50,823 --> 00:19:54,894 THE FIRST ONE PLAYED ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENT. 330 00:19:54,927 --> 00:19:57,963 WHEN SOUTH AFRICA WON THE RIGHT TO HOST THE WORLD CUP, 331 00:19:57,997 --> 00:20:01,701 THE RACE WAS ON TO BUILD AND UPGRADE OTHER STADIUMS 332 00:20:01,734 --> 00:20:03,469 AROUND THE COUNTRY. 333 00:20:03,502 --> 00:20:05,771 PETER MOKABA STADIUM IN POLOKWANE 334 00:20:05,805 --> 00:20:09,108 WAS NAMED AFTER A LEADER IN THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 335 00:20:09,141 --> 00:20:12,945 WHO SERVED IN PARLIAMENT AFTER THE FALL OF APARTHEID. 336 00:20:12,978 --> 00:20:16,248 ORLANDO STADIUM IN SOWETO IS AN OLDER STRUCTURE 337 00:20:16,282 --> 00:20:18,251 THAT WAS UPGRADED FOR THE CUP. 338 00:20:18,284 --> 00:20:21,220 IT’S THE HOME TURF OF THE ORLANDO PIRATES, 339 00:20:21,253 --> 00:20:24,923 A PROFESSIONAL SOCCER TEAM THAT IS THE PRIDE OF SOWETO. 340 00:20:24,957 --> 00:20:26,959 ELLIS PARK IN JOHANNESBURG 341 00:20:26,992 --> 00:20:29,828 IS KNOWN MORE FOR RUGBY THAN SOCCER. 342 00:20:29,862 --> 00:20:34,567 IN 1995, THE RUGBY WORLD CUP FINAL WAS PLAYED HERE 343 00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:38,471 AND WON BY SOUTH AFRICA’S TEAM, CALLED THE SPRINGBOKS. 344 00:20:38,504 --> 00:20:41,107 COMING JUST AFTER THE FALL OF APARTHEID, 345 00:20:41,140 --> 00:20:45,544 IT WAS A MILESTONE MOMENT FOR A NEWLY UNIFIED COUNTRY. 346 00:20:45,578 --> 00:20:49,082 MANY FIELDS HOST BOTH SOCCER AND RUGBY. 347 00:20:49,115 --> 00:20:52,085 LOFTUS VERSVELT STADIUM IN PRETORIA 348 00:20:52,118 --> 00:20:54,087 HOSTED WORLD CUP MATCHES, 349 00:20:54,120 --> 00:20:57,490 BUT IS HOME FIELD OF THE BLUE BULLS, 350 00:20:57,523 --> 00:21:02,728 A PROFESSIONAL TEAM IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN RUGBY UNION. 351 00:21:02,762 --> 00:21:07,267 THE MBOMBELA STADIUM IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE GIRAFFE STADIUM. 352 00:21:07,299 --> 00:21:10,469 THE GIANT SUPPORTS ARE SHAPED LIKE GIRAFFES, 353 00:21:10,503 --> 00:21:14,107 AND THE BLACK AND WHITE SEATS LOOK LIKE ZEBRA SKIN. 354 00:21:14,140 --> 00:21:17,744 WILDLIFE CONTINUES TO SHAPE THE IDENTITY OF SOUTH AFRICA 355 00:21:17,777 --> 00:21:19,746 AND ATTRACT TOURISM. 356 00:21:19,779 --> 00:21:21,681 BUT OUTSIDERS BEWARE-- 357 00:21:21,714 --> 00:21:25,484 SOME ANIMALS ARE WILD AND UNPREDICTABLE. 358 00:21:25,518 --> 00:21:31,457 ♪ 359 00:21:31,490 --> 00:21:34,827 THE PEOPLE ON THIS BOAT ARE LUCKY TO BE ON THE RIVER, 360 00:21:34,860 --> 00:21:36,929 NOT IN IT. 361 00:21:36,962 --> 00:21:40,532 ITS HIDDEN DANGERS ARE LEGENDARY. 362 00:21:40,566 --> 00:21:42,234 THIS RESERVE IS NAMED 363 00:21:42,268 --> 00:21:45,772 AFTER THE ZULU WORD FOR "MIRACLE AND WONDER"-- 364 00:21:45,805 --> 00:21:48,775 ISIMANGALISO WETLAND PARK. 365 00:21:48,808 --> 00:21:52,111 IT IS THE LARGEST RIVER ESTUARY IN AFRICA-- 366 00:21:52,144 --> 00:21:55,381 AND HOME TO THE DEADLY NILE CROCODILE. 367 00:21:55,414 --> 00:21:58,450 THIS SPECIES CAN GET UP TO 20 FEET LONG 368 00:21:58,484 --> 00:22:01,620 AND WILL HIDE FOR HOURS IN THE BRACKISH WATER, 369 00:22:01,654 --> 00:22:03,689 WAITING FOR AN AMBUSH. 370 00:22:03,722 --> 00:22:06,625 THEY ARE NOT PICKY ABOUT WHAT THEY EAT. 371 00:22:06,659 --> 00:22:08,361 BEING ON A SAFARI BOAT 372 00:22:08,394 --> 00:22:12,431 IS THE SAFEST WAY TO SCAN THE PARK FOR LIFE. 373 00:22:12,464 --> 00:22:15,100 ANOTHER ANIMAL IS A MORE COMMON SIGHT-- 374 00:22:15,134 --> 00:22:17,236 THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 375 00:22:17,269 --> 00:22:22,407 WHILE THEY LOOK CUTE, IT’S BEST TO SEE ONE FROM AFAR. 376 00:22:22,441 --> 00:22:27,313 THEY ARE ONE OF AFRICA’S MOST DANGEROUS ANIMALS. 377 00:22:27,346 --> 00:22:30,149 HIPPOS CAN RUN ALMOST 20 MILES AN HOUR 378 00:22:30,182 --> 00:22:34,920 AND WEIGH AS MUCH AS AN SUV. 379 00:22:34,954 --> 00:22:36,923 AROUND HERE, HIPPOS ARE KNOWN 380 00:22:36,956 --> 00:22:41,060 FOR TAKING A NIGHTLY STROLL THROUGH TOWN. 381 00:22:41,093 --> 00:22:44,196 IN 2012, A MAN LOST HIS LEG 382 00:22:44,230 --> 00:22:46,499 AFTER HE WAS ATTACKED BY A HIPPO-- 383 00:22:46,532 --> 00:22:49,702 IN HIS OWN GARDEN. 384 00:22:49,735 --> 00:22:52,504 LUCKILY, SOME OF THE PARK’S OTHER WILDLIFE 385 00:22:52,538 --> 00:22:57,076 IS FAR SAFER TO VIEW-- 386 00:22:57,109 --> 00:22:59,645 AND BREATHTAKING TO BEHOLD. 387 00:23:02,915 --> 00:23:06,552 ♪ 388 00:23:06,585 --> 00:23:11,123 A FLOCK OF PELICANS CREATES A WAVE OF MOTION AND SOUND. 389 00:23:11,156 --> 00:23:16,762 THEY SIGNAL THE TRUE WEALTH OF THE ISIMANGALISO WETLAND PARK. 390 00:23:16,795 --> 00:23:19,965 THE PARK SUPPORTS 500 BIRD SPECIES, 391 00:23:19,999 --> 00:23:22,835 INCLUDING FLAMINGO. 392 00:23:22,868 --> 00:23:27,139 AT LEAST 48 AVIAN SPECIES CALL IT HOME-- 393 00:23:27,172 --> 00:23:29,107 IT’S THEIR BREEDING GROUND. 394 00:23:29,141 --> 00:23:31,810 HERE MIGRATORY BIRDS STOCK UP 395 00:23:31,844 --> 00:23:35,247 ON RICH SHRIMP AND MOLLUSKS ON THE MUDFLATS 396 00:23:35,281 --> 00:23:36,783 BEFORE HEADING BACK OUT 397 00:23:36,815 --> 00:23:40,052 ON WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE EAST COAST FLYWAY. 398 00:23:40,085 --> 00:23:46,792 ♪ 399 00:23:46,825 --> 00:23:51,129 THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARED THE PARK A WORLD HERITAGE SITE 400 00:23:51,163 --> 00:23:53,499 IN 1999. 401 00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:58,937 THE BIODIVERSITY HERE IS HARD TO MATCH. 402 00:23:58,971 --> 00:24:05,211 ♪ 403 00:24:05,244 --> 00:24:08,280 ICONIC LAND ANIMALS LIVE SIDE BY SIDE 404 00:24:08,314 --> 00:24:09,582 WITH SEA CREATURES-- 405 00:24:09,615 --> 00:24:12,651 AND SOME OF THEM ARE QUITE A SURPRISE. 406 00:24:12,685 --> 00:24:15,955 ♪ 407 00:24:15,988 --> 00:24:19,725 THE COELACANTH WAS A PREHISTORIC LOBE-FINNED FISH 408 00:24:19,758 --> 00:24:23,929 THAT SCIENTISTS THOUGHT WAS EXTINCT FOR MILLIONS OF YEARS. 409 00:24:23,963 --> 00:24:29,068 BUT IN 1938 A NET SNAGGED A FIVE-FOOT-LONG SPECIMEN. 410 00:24:29,101 --> 00:24:32,538 IT WAS HAILED AS THE MOST IMPORTANT ZOOLOGICAL FIND 411 00:24:32,571 --> 00:24:35,274 OF THE CENTURY. 412 00:24:35,307 --> 00:24:39,144 IN THE YEAR 2000, DIVERS MANAGED TO PHOTOGRAPH ONE 413 00:24:39,178 --> 00:24:42,882 WHILE DIVING HERE AT SODWANA BAY. 414 00:24:42,915 --> 00:24:46,485 BUT OTHER FISH ARE A MORE COMMON SIGHT-- 415 00:24:46,518 --> 00:24:51,723 OVER 1,200 SPECIES SWIM AMID THE RICH CORAL BELOW. 416 00:24:53,559 --> 00:24:59,331 ♪ 417 00:24:59,365 --> 00:25:02,602 STRETCHING UP THE COAST FROM SODWANA BAY 418 00:25:02,634 --> 00:25:07,606 ARE ANCIENT DUNES THAT DATE BACK 25,000 YEARS. 419 00:25:07,639 --> 00:25:12,110 THEY FORM THE BACKBONE OF THIS DELICATE COASTAL HABITAT, 420 00:25:12,144 --> 00:25:15,881 WHICH IS HOME TO ONE OF THE LAST REMAINING SWAMP FORESTS 421 00:25:15,914 --> 00:25:17,783 IN SOUTH AFRICA. 422 00:25:17,816 --> 00:25:21,887 THE AREA IS SO LUSH THAT THE CAPE VIDAL LIGHTHOUSE 423 00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:24,456 IS PAINTED A BRIGHT ORANGE-YELLOW 424 00:25:24,490 --> 00:25:26,058 TO HELP IT STAND OUT 425 00:25:26,091 --> 00:25:29,494 AGAINST THE GREEN FOREST RESERVE BEHIND IT. 426 00:25:29,528 --> 00:25:32,865 CENTURIES HAVE BROUGHT LITTLE CHANGE TO THIS FOREST. 427 00:25:32,898 --> 00:25:35,868 IT PROVIDES HABITAT FOR THE SAMANGO MONKEY-- 428 00:25:35,901 --> 00:25:40,372 WHICH LIVES MOSTLY IN TREES AND IS RARELY SEEN. 429 00:25:40,406 --> 00:25:44,710 A MORE COMMON SIGHT IS THE MISCHIEVOUS VERVET MONKEY-- 430 00:25:44,743 --> 00:25:46,511 WHICH IS GOOD AT SNEAKING UP 431 00:25:46,545 --> 00:25:49,648 ON UNSUSPECTING CAMPERS RESTING IN THE SHADE-- 432 00:25:49,681 --> 00:25:51,683 AND STEALING THEIR LUNCH. 433 00:25:54,820 --> 00:25:58,090 HERE, THE PRISTINE BEACH IS A NESTING SITE 434 00:25:58,123 --> 00:26:00,792 FOR THE ENDANGERED LEATHERBACK TURTLE, 435 00:26:00,826 --> 00:26:03,762 A PERFECT INCUBATOR FOR TURTLE EGGS. 436 00:26:03,796 --> 00:26:06,799 THE BLACK COLOR IN THE SAND IS ILMENITE, 437 00:26:06,832 --> 00:26:10,402 ONE OF THE NECESSARY INGREDIENTS TO MAKE TITANIUM. 438 00:26:10,436 --> 00:26:13,306 THE DARK MINERAL KEEPS THE SAND WARM, 439 00:26:13,338 --> 00:26:15,440 AND IT’S TEMPERATURE THAT DICTATES 440 00:26:15,474 --> 00:26:19,111 WHETHER A TURTLE EGG WILL HATCH MALE OR FEMALE. 441 00:26:19,144 --> 00:26:21,380 IF THE SAND REMAINS TOO COOL, 442 00:26:21,413 --> 00:26:23,081 ALL THE HATCHLINGS WOULD BE MALE, 443 00:26:23,115 --> 00:26:25,651 EFFECTIVELY DOOMING THE LOCAL POPULATION 444 00:26:25,684 --> 00:26:28,387 OF THIS ENDANGERED SPECIES. 445 00:26:28,420 --> 00:26:33,091 AS A RESULT, MINING HAS BEEN BANNED HERE. 446 00:26:33,125 --> 00:26:37,129 LIVING IN HARMONY WITH NATURE IS A MODERN CHALLENGE. 447 00:26:37,162 --> 00:26:40,365 BUT HERE, INDIGENOUS TRIBES HAVE BEEN DOING IT 448 00:26:40,399 --> 00:26:42,735 FOR OVER 700 YEARS-- 449 00:26:42,768 --> 00:26:46,705 NOW FROM SMALL TOWNS NESTLED IN THE GREEN. 450 00:26:48,173 --> 00:26:57,182 ♪ 451 00:26:57,216 --> 00:27:00,386 THIS IS KOSI BAY NATURE RESERVE. 452 00:27:00,419 --> 00:27:02,154 IT’S A TROPICAL EDEN 453 00:27:02,187 --> 00:27:06,825 OF COOL TURQUOISE WATER AND EMERALD GREEN MARSHLAND. 454 00:27:06,859 --> 00:27:10,129 THERE ARE RAFFIA PALM TREES, MANGROVE SWAMPS, 455 00:27:10,162 --> 00:27:13,799 AND SYCAMORE FIG FORESTS. 456 00:27:13,832 --> 00:27:16,868 DESPITE ITS NAME, IT’S NOT REALLY A BAY. 457 00:27:16,902 --> 00:27:20,939 IT’S FOUR LAKES THAT ARE LINKED BY SNAKING WATERWAYS. 458 00:27:20,973 --> 00:27:27,780 THE RESERVE IS HOME TO OVER 250 BIRD SPECIES-- 459 00:27:27,813 --> 00:27:30,282 SOME AS COMMON AS THE FLAMINGO, 460 00:27:30,315 --> 00:27:33,552 AND OTHERS AS RARE AS THE TRUMPETER HORNBILL, 461 00:27:33,585 --> 00:27:35,821 WHOSE CALL SOUNDS LIKE A NEWBORN BABY 462 00:27:35,854 --> 00:27:38,724 CRYING FOR ITS MOTHER. 463 00:27:38,757 --> 00:27:42,294 THIS RESERVE PROTECTS MORE THAN ANIMALS-- 464 00:27:42,327 --> 00:27:45,630 IT PROTECTS A WAY OF LIFE. 465 00:27:45,664 --> 00:27:48,133 THE INDIGENOUS TEMBE-THONGA PEOPLE 466 00:27:48,167 --> 00:27:52,705 CONTINUE CENTURIES-OLD TRADITIONS ON THE WATER. 467 00:27:52,738 --> 00:27:55,040 THESE ARE THONGA FISH TRAPS, 468 00:27:55,073 --> 00:27:59,144 A CONCEPT THAT SURVIVES FROM THE STONE AGE. 469 00:27:59,178 --> 00:28:02,682 AT HIGH TIDE, THE FISH WASH OVER THESE REEDS, 470 00:28:02,714 --> 00:28:05,550 AND AS THE TIDE RECEDES, THEY ARE TRAPPED. 471 00:28:05,584 --> 00:28:09,221 THE TRAPS ARE SHAPED TO HERD THE FISH INTO A SMALL AREA 472 00:28:09,254 --> 00:28:12,090 SO THE TEMBE-THONGA CAN SPEAR THEM. 473 00:28:12,124 --> 00:28:16,228 ♪ 474 00:28:16,261 --> 00:28:19,765 THIS PRACTICE IS ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE. 475 00:28:19,798 --> 00:28:23,201 ONLY BIG FISH ARE TRAPPED AND KEPT FOR THE COOKFIRE, 476 00:28:23,235 --> 00:28:24,903 WHILE SMALLER FINGERLINGS 477 00:28:24,937 --> 00:28:28,174 DASH THROUGH THE GAPS IN THE REED WALLS. 478 00:28:28,207 --> 00:28:33,045 FROM ABOVE, THE TRAPS LOOK LIKE A GIANT COLLECTION OF JEWELRY-- 479 00:28:33,078 --> 00:28:35,480 NECKLACES, HEART-SHAPED PENDANTS, 480 00:28:35,514 --> 00:28:37,483 AND FRIENDSHIP RINGS. 481 00:28:37,516 --> 00:28:41,053 BUT THEY HAVE A MORE LASTING VALUE FOR THE TEMBE-THONGA-- 482 00:28:41,086 --> 00:28:43,822 FOOD TO EAT, AND TRADITION TO KEEP. 483 00:28:43,855 --> 00:28:47,959 THIS TRADITIONAL WAY OF LIFE HAS NOT BEEN EASY TO PRESERVE. 484 00:28:47,993 --> 00:28:51,563 EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM OF THE LATE 1800s 485 00:28:51,597 --> 00:28:53,132 TRIED TO DISPLACE THEM. 486 00:28:53,165 --> 00:28:57,036 BUT THEY REMAINED RESOLUTE AND CONTINUE TO PROSPER, 487 00:28:57,069 --> 00:29:00,072 NOW THAT THEIR VIEWS ON WILDLIFE SUSTAINABILITY 488 00:29:00,105 --> 00:29:01,573 ARE BACK IN VOGUE. 489 00:29:01,607 --> 00:29:04,643 THE ANCESTRAL HOME OF THE TEMBE PEOPLE 490 00:29:04,676 --> 00:29:06,745 IS PRIME ELEPHANT HABITAT. 491 00:29:06,778 --> 00:29:10,782 SO THEY HELPED CREATE AND MANAGE THE TEMBE ELEPHANT RESERVE, 492 00:29:10,816 --> 00:29:12,751 WHICH SHARES CONSERVATION LAND 493 00:29:12,784 --> 00:29:15,587 WITH MOZAMBIQUE. 494 00:29:15,621 --> 00:29:19,391 THIS AREA USED TO BE CALLED THE IVORY ROUTE-- 495 00:29:19,424 --> 00:29:23,828 INFAMOUS FOR THE TRANSPORT AND TRADE OF ELEPHANT TUSKS. 496 00:29:25,597 --> 00:29:29,801 SOME THINK THERE ARE STILL OLD CACHES OF HIDDEN IVORY 497 00:29:29,835 --> 00:29:33,105 THAT NEVER MADE IT OUT. 498 00:29:33,138 --> 00:29:36,241 WHILE THE TRADE IS NO LONGER LEGAL IN SOUTH AFRICA, 499 00:29:36,275 --> 00:29:39,111 IVORY IS STILL IN DEMAND. 500 00:29:39,144 --> 00:29:41,780 POACHERS ARE A CONSTANT THREAT. 501 00:29:41,813 --> 00:29:44,282 IN JUST THE YEAR 2013, 502 00:29:44,316 --> 00:29:48,353 OVER 20,000 AFRICAN ELEPHANTS FELL TO POACHERS. 503 00:29:48,387 --> 00:29:49,688 IN THE LAST DECADE, 504 00:29:49,721 --> 00:29:52,724 THEIR POPULATION HAS BEEN CUT IN HALF. 505 00:29:52,758 --> 00:29:54,593 THE ELEPHANTS IN THIS RESERVE 506 00:29:54,626 --> 00:29:56,828 ARE SOME OF THE BIGGEST IN THE WORLD, 507 00:29:56,862 --> 00:30:00,099 WHICH MAKES THEM A PRIME TARGET. 508 00:30:00,132 --> 00:30:03,035 POACHERS SNEAK IN WITH AUTOMATIC WEAPONS, 509 00:30:03,068 --> 00:30:06,505 AND ARMED TEMBE RANGERS TRY TO INTERCEPT THEM 510 00:30:06,538 --> 00:30:11,043 BEFORE A GIANT FALLS. 511 00:30:11,076 --> 00:30:16,348 THIS DEADLY WAR OFTEN PLAYS OUT IN THE DEEP AFRICAN DARKNESS. 512 00:30:16,381 --> 00:30:18,650 OTHER PARKS FACE THE SAME THREAT-- 513 00:30:18,684 --> 00:30:23,022 EVEN THE BIGGEST, MOST FAMOUS PARK IN THE COUNTRY. 514 00:30:23,055 --> 00:30:26,759 A STATUE OF FORMER SOUTH AFRICAN PRESIDENT PAUL KRUGER 515 00:30:26,792 --> 00:30:30,829 GREETS VISITORS AT THE GATE OF THE COUNTRY’S LARGEST RESERVE-- 516 00:30:30,862 --> 00:30:33,198 KRUGER NATIONAL PARK. 517 00:30:33,231 --> 00:30:38,236 THE PARK SPANS MORE THAN 7,523 SQUARE MILES 518 00:30:38,270 --> 00:30:41,140 OF PRISTINE AFRICAN BUSHVELD. 519 00:30:41,173 --> 00:30:44,376 LOCALS SIMPLY CALL IT "THE KRUGER." 520 00:30:44,409 --> 00:30:47,646 IT IS ONE OF THE WORLD’S MOST DIVERSE GAME RESERVES 521 00:30:47,679 --> 00:30:50,682 AND A LEADER IN SPECIES PRESERVATION. 522 00:30:50,716 --> 00:30:53,085 ANIMALS LIKE ELEPHANTS HAVE ROAMED HERE 523 00:30:53,118 --> 00:30:56,521 LONG BEFORE PEOPLE CREATED A PARK. 524 00:30:56,555 --> 00:31:01,960 AND BEFORE THEY WERE PROTECTED, THEY WERE WIDELY POACHED. 525 00:31:01,993 --> 00:31:07,298 IN THE 1800s THERE WAS RAMPANT KILLING FOR SKINS AND IVORY. 526 00:31:07,332 --> 00:31:11,102 PAUL KRUGER CONVINCED PARLIAMENT TO BEGIN PROTECTING THE AREA, 527 00:31:11,136 --> 00:31:18,076 AND BY 1926 IT WAS DESIGNATED A NATIONAL PARK IN HIS NAME. 528 00:31:18,110 --> 00:31:20,145 THE FIRST MOTORISTS ENTERED THE PARK 529 00:31:20,178 --> 00:31:24,683 FOR A FEE OF ONLY ONE BRITISH POUND. 530 00:31:24,716 --> 00:31:30,355 NOW, OVER 1.6 MILLION PEOPLE VISIT THE KRUGER EVERY YEAR. 531 00:31:30,389 --> 00:31:32,157 BECAUSE IT IS SO VAST, 532 00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:35,927 ONE CAN ONLY VISIT A SMALL PORTION AT A TIME. 533 00:31:40,065 --> 00:31:42,234 BUFFALO GATHER AT THE SAND RIVER, 534 00:31:42,267 --> 00:31:46,605 KNOWN AS ONE OF THE BEST GAME-VIEWING AREAS IN THE WORLD. 535 00:31:46,638 --> 00:31:51,309 IT IS A PERENNIAL RIVER THAT CAN RUN DRY DURING WINTER MONTHS. 536 00:31:51,343 --> 00:31:53,011 BUT DURING THE DRY SEASON, 537 00:31:53,044 --> 00:31:56,281 ELEPHANTS USE THEIR TRUNKS TO DIG INTO THE RIVERBED, 538 00:31:56,314 --> 00:31:59,050 LOOKING FOR WATER BELOW GROUND. 539 00:31:59,084 --> 00:32:01,453 AFTER THE ELEPHANTS HAVE QUENCHED THEIR THIRST, 540 00:32:01,486 --> 00:32:06,725 OTHER ANIMALS, LIKE WATERBUCK, ARE ATTRACTED TO THE WATERHOLES. 541 00:32:06,758 --> 00:32:09,961 AND ALL THIS ATTRACTS TOURISTS. 542 00:32:09,995 --> 00:32:13,398 THE SAND RIVER RUNS THROUGH A PRIVATE GAME RESERVE 543 00:32:13,432 --> 00:32:17,102 THAT BORDERS THE KRUGER, CALLED MALAMALA. 544 00:32:17,135 --> 00:32:19,638 THIS LAND USED TO BE A HUNTING AREA, 545 00:32:19,671 --> 00:32:24,576 BUT NOW THE PROTECTED ANIMALS ARE ONLY SHOT WITH CAMERAS. 546 00:32:24,609 --> 00:32:27,779 THE LODGES WITHIN MALAMALA WERE PIONEERS 547 00:32:27,813 --> 00:32:30,282 IN THE AFRICAN SAFARI INDUSTRY. 548 00:32:30,315 --> 00:32:33,785 THERE ARE NO FENCES BETWEEN MALAMALA AND THE KRUGER. 549 00:32:33,819 --> 00:32:36,789 IT’S ALL ONE ECOSYSTEM TO THE ANIMALS. 550 00:32:36,822 --> 00:32:39,625 SPECIES CAN ROAM BETWEEN THE RESERVES, 551 00:32:39,658 --> 00:32:44,029 AND THAT FREEDOM BENEFITS ELEPHANTS. 552 00:32:44,062 --> 00:32:46,765 THEY OFTEN WALK SEVERAL MILES A DAY-- 553 00:32:46,798 --> 00:32:51,836 AND UP TO 50 IF FOOD AND WATER ARE SCARCE. 554 00:32:51,870 --> 00:32:54,506 PEOPLE TRAVEL A LOT FURTHER THAN THAT 555 00:32:54,539 --> 00:32:59,677 TO STAY AT THE TSHUKUDO LODGE, WHICH BORDERS THE KRUGER. 556 00:32:59,711 --> 00:33:04,049 THE LODGE OFFERS AN OASIS OF COMFORT IN THE BUSH. 557 00:33:04,082 --> 00:33:07,886 GUESTS OFTEN SPOT WILDLIFE AT A NEARBY WATERHOLE 558 00:33:07,919 --> 00:33:09,954 WHILE SWIMMING IN THE POOL. 559 00:33:09,988 --> 00:33:12,491 THE LODGE ISN’T JUST FOR PEOPLE. 560 00:33:12,524 --> 00:33:16,795 IT IS RESPECTED WORLDWIDE FOR REHABILITATING ORPHANED ANIMALS 561 00:33:16,828 --> 00:33:19,798 AND RELEASING THEM BACK INTO THE WILD. 562 00:33:19,831 --> 00:33:25,270 BUT RIGHT NEARBY, THE LANDSCAPE HAS BEEN COMPLETELY TAMED. 563 00:33:25,303 --> 00:33:29,541 TZANEEN IS A FARMING REGION NEAR THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK. 564 00:33:29,574 --> 00:33:32,377 BEYOND ROW AFTER ROW OF CITRUS TREES, 565 00:33:32,410 --> 00:33:35,580 THERE IS 8,000 SQUARE MILES OF CROPS 566 00:33:35,614 --> 00:33:39,384 LIKE MANGOES, AVOCADOS, AND BANANAS. 567 00:33:39,417 --> 00:33:41,452 RESTAURANTS ACROSS THE GLOBE 568 00:33:41,486 --> 00:33:43,922 SERVE TOMATOES GROWN IN THIS REGION. 569 00:33:43,955 --> 00:33:47,892 180,000 TONS OF THE TANGY SWEET FRUIT 570 00:33:47,926 --> 00:33:51,062 ARE PLANTED, PICKED, AND PACKAGED FOR EXPORT. 571 00:33:51,096 --> 00:33:53,532 FURTHER SOUTH, NEAR THE TOWN OF NELSPRUIT, 572 00:33:53,565 --> 00:33:57,002 ONE FRUIT FARM HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME. 573 00:33:57,035 --> 00:33:58,503 THE HALL’S FRUIT FARM 574 00:33:58,537 --> 00:34:03,108 WAS FOUNDED IN THE 1850s BY HUGH HALL. 575 00:34:03,141 --> 00:34:06,144 BY 1940 HALL BECAME WELL KNOWN 576 00:34:06,177 --> 00:34:09,147 FOR OFFERING THE FIRST MAIL ORDER DELIVERY SERVICE 577 00:34:09,180 --> 00:34:11,983 OF FRESH PRODUCE VIA THE RAILWAYS 578 00:34:12,017 --> 00:34:15,087 TO HOUSEHOLDS ACROSS SOUTH AFRICA. 579 00:34:15,120 --> 00:34:17,990 HALL’S CONTINUES TO DIVERSIFY ITS BUSINESS 580 00:34:18,023 --> 00:34:23,195 AS ONE OF THE LARGEST FRUIT PRODUCERS IN SOUTH AFRICA. 581 00:34:23,228 --> 00:34:25,430 FOLLOW THE COUNTRYSIDE FRUIT STANDS, 582 00:34:25,463 --> 00:34:28,032 AND EVENTUALLY YOU’LL FIND NELSPRUIT, 583 00:34:28,066 --> 00:34:30,135 A BLOSSOMING CITY THAT IS A HUB 584 00:34:30,168 --> 00:34:32,937 FOR ALL OF THE NEARBY AGRICULTURE. 585 00:34:32,971 --> 00:34:35,273 THERE ARE CANNING AND JUICING FACILITIES 586 00:34:35,307 --> 00:34:37,209 TUCKED INTO THE CITYSCAPE. 587 00:34:37,242 --> 00:34:40,512 BUT NELSPRUIT, AND ALL OF THIS REGIONAL AGRICULTURE, 588 00:34:40,545 --> 00:34:43,181 RUNS UP AND DOWN THE WESTERN FLANK 589 00:34:43,214 --> 00:34:44,882 OF KRUGER NATIONAL PARK. 590 00:34:44,916 --> 00:34:48,353 HAVING THE WILD AND THE TAME SO CLOSE TOGETHER 591 00:34:48,386 --> 00:34:50,688 IS AN UNPREDICTABLE MIX. 592 00:34:50,722 --> 00:34:55,994 WILD ANIMALS OFTEN WREAK HAVOC ON CROPS AND LIVESTOCK. 593 00:34:56,027 --> 00:35:02,000 MONKEYS CAN STEAL FRUIT, AND LIONS CAN KILL CATTLE. 594 00:35:02,033 --> 00:35:07,005 SOME FARMERS USE CYANIDE TO POISON INVADING PREDATORS. 595 00:35:07,038 --> 00:35:09,541 ONCE POISON IS IN THE FOOD CHAIN, 596 00:35:09,574 --> 00:35:13,144 OTHER ANIMALS LIKE VULTURES PAY THE PRICE. 597 00:35:15,580 --> 00:35:18,283 BUT THE TROUBLE FLOWS BOTH WAYS. 598 00:35:18,316 --> 00:35:21,553 THE NATURAL WATERWAYS OF THE REGION FLOW EASTWARD-- 599 00:35:21,586 --> 00:35:24,355 FROM HUMAN SETTLEMENTS INTO THE KRUGER. 600 00:35:24,389 --> 00:35:26,791 SO BY THE TIME WATER FLOWS INTO THE PARK, 601 00:35:26,825 --> 00:35:30,195 IT’S OFTEN CONTAMINATED WITH AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES 602 00:35:30,228 --> 00:35:33,598 AND EVEN HUMAN WASTE. 603 00:35:33,632 --> 00:35:37,236 WATER IN SOUTH AFRICA IS AN EVER-CHANGING STORY. 604 00:35:37,268 --> 00:35:39,437 BUT NEARBY, THERE’S A LANDSCAPE 605 00:35:39,471 --> 00:35:42,507 THAT HASN’T CHANGED FOR MILLENNIA. 606 00:35:44,175 --> 00:35:48,546 THIS HILLSIDE IS COVERED WITH NATURE’S LIVING FOSSILS. 607 00:35:48,580 --> 00:35:51,750 THEY ARE CALLED CYCAD TREES. 608 00:35:51,783 --> 00:35:53,785 SOME THINK THE TREE HAS BEEN AROUND 609 00:35:53,818 --> 00:35:57,288 SINCE THE TIME OF THE DINOSAURS. 610 00:35:57,322 --> 00:36:00,992 EACH ONE CAN LIVE UP TO 1,000 YEARS. 611 00:36:01,026 --> 00:36:06,331 SOME OF THEM CAN GROW TO ALMOST 40 FEET. 612 00:36:06,364 --> 00:36:08,633 THE SEED CONES ARE HUGE 613 00:36:08,667 --> 00:36:10,802 AND UP TO TWO AND A HALF FEET LONG 614 00:36:10,835 --> 00:36:14,238 AND WEIGHING UP TO 75 POUNDS. 615 00:36:14,272 --> 00:36:16,708 THE MODJADJI CYCAD RESERVE 616 00:36:16,741 --> 00:36:23,181 IS A WINDOW INTO THIS OVERSIZED, PREHISTORIC WONDERLAND. 617 00:36:23,214 --> 00:36:26,651 ANOTHER ANCIENT SYSTEM-- THIS TIME, OF GOVERNMENT-- 618 00:36:26,685 --> 00:36:30,422 LIES TUCKED BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA AND MOZAMBIQUE-- 619 00:36:30,455 --> 00:36:35,527 THE TINY NATION OF SWAZILAND. 620 00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:39,697 IT IS ONE OF THE FEW REMAINING MONARCHIES IN AFRICA. 621 00:36:39,731 --> 00:36:42,767 THE KING RULES WITH ABSOLUTE POWER, 622 00:36:42,801 --> 00:36:47,939 THOUGH PEOPLE DO ELECT SOME MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 623 00:36:47,972 --> 00:36:50,208 SWAZILAND IS THE SMALLEST COUNTRY 624 00:36:50,241 --> 00:36:52,276 IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 625 00:36:52,310 --> 00:36:57,182 BUT IT PUNCHES WELL ABOVE ITS WEIGHT IN ECONOMIC OUTPUT, 626 00:36:57,215 --> 00:37:01,286 THANKS TO THE WORLD’S STEADY DEMAND FOR SUGAR. 627 00:37:03,822 --> 00:37:05,324 THE COUNTRY PRODUCES 628 00:37:05,356 --> 00:37:10,294 ALMOST 750,000 TONS OF SUGAR CANE EVERY YEAR. 629 00:37:10,328 --> 00:37:12,897 ONE REASON FOR THIS PRODIGIOUS OUTPUT 630 00:37:12,931 --> 00:37:17,202 IS AN OBSCURE AMERICAN NAMED FRANK ZYBACH. 631 00:37:17,235 --> 00:37:21,005 SUGAR CANE FARMERS USED TO RELY ON FLOOD IRRIGATION-- 632 00:37:21,039 --> 00:37:24,643 A PASSIVE AND INEFFICIENT WAY TO WATER CROPS. 633 00:37:24,676 --> 00:37:29,881 IN 1949 ZYBACH INVENTED THE CENTER-PIVOT SPRINKLER SYSTEM. 634 00:37:29,914 --> 00:37:32,450 PUMPED WATER POWERS A SINGLE SPOKE 635 00:37:32,484 --> 00:37:36,021 THAT GOES AROUND IN CIRCLES AND IRRIGATES THE FIELD. 636 00:37:36,054 --> 00:37:38,423 THE CROP CIRCLE WAS BORN. 637 00:37:38,456 --> 00:37:41,259 THEY ARE NOW COMMON ALL OVER THE WORLD 638 00:37:41,292 --> 00:37:43,828 AND CAN BE SEEN FROM SPACE. 639 00:37:43,862 --> 00:37:47,099 THE KINGDOM HAS BEEN SO SUCCESSFUL GROWING SUGAR CANE 640 00:37:47,132 --> 00:37:50,102 THAT COCA-COLA IS A MAJOR CUSTOMER. 641 00:37:50,135 --> 00:37:53,605 SWAZILAND IS NOW THE LARGEST EXPORTER OF COKE PRODUCTS 642 00:37:53,638 --> 00:37:55,507 IN SOUTHEASTERN AFRICA. 643 00:37:55,540 --> 00:38:02,080 BUT SUGAR ISN’T THE ONLY SOURCE OF WEALTH IN SWAZILAND. 644 00:38:02,113 --> 00:38:06,551 IN 1884, A FRENCH PROSPECTOR NAMED WILLIAM PIGG 645 00:38:06,584 --> 00:38:09,420 FOUND GOLD HERE IN SWAZILAND. 646 00:38:09,454 --> 00:38:11,456 WITHIN A THREE-MILE RADIUS, 647 00:38:11,489 --> 00:38:14,192 30 OTHER GOLD REEFS WERE UNCOVERED. 648 00:38:14,225 --> 00:38:16,794 A GOLD RUSH WAS ON. 649 00:38:16,828 --> 00:38:20,165 USUALLY, THAT MEANS TRAMPLING ANYTHING IN THE WAY. 650 00:38:20,198 --> 00:38:24,436 BUT HERE, IT LEFT A MORE UNEXPECTED LEGACY. 651 00:38:24,469 --> 00:38:26,705 THE PROSPECTORS NEEDED MORE TIMBER 652 00:38:26,738 --> 00:38:30,141 TO MAKE STRUTS AND SUPPORTS FOR MINING TUNNELS. 653 00:38:30,175 --> 00:38:35,480 SO THEY PLANTED ACRES OF TREES... 654 00:38:35,513 --> 00:38:39,250 BLACK WATTLE, PINE, AND EUCALYPTUS. 655 00:38:39,284 --> 00:38:43,889 THEY ARE NOW SOME OF THE LARGEST MAN-MADE FORESTS IN THE WORLD. 656 00:38:43,922 --> 00:38:46,191 FOREIGNERS TOOK LARGE AMOUNTS OF GOLD 657 00:38:46,224 --> 00:38:47,592 OUT OF THE COUNTRY 658 00:38:47,625 --> 00:38:51,362 AND LEFT A SMALL FORTUNE OF TIMBER BEHIND. 659 00:38:51,396 --> 00:38:54,032 BUT THE MINERS FACED ANOTHER CHALLENGE-- 660 00:38:54,065 --> 00:38:57,702 MOVING HEAVY ORE OVER THE MOUNTAINS FROM SWAZILAND 661 00:38:57,735 --> 00:39:00,571 TO THE GOLD MARKET IN SOUTH AFRICA. 662 00:39:00,605 --> 00:39:07,412 ♪ 663 00:39:07,445 --> 00:39:10,882 THE PROMISE OF PROFITS DEMANDED A QUICK FIX. 664 00:39:10,915 --> 00:39:14,886 SO THEY CONSTRUCTED A 12-MILE CABLEWAY ACROSS THE BORDER, 665 00:39:14,919 --> 00:39:18,189 INTO THE SOUTH AFRICAN TOWN OF BARBERTON. 666 00:39:18,223 --> 00:39:20,459 TODAY, REMNANTS OF THE CABLE LINE 667 00:39:20,491 --> 00:39:22,960 STILL LOOM OVER THE TOWN. 668 00:39:22,994 --> 00:39:27,665 BUT MANY PARTS HAVE BEEN POACHED FOR THE METAL. 669 00:39:27,699 --> 00:39:32,370 HISTORY DECAYS WHILE THE FUTURE PUSHES ON. 670 00:39:32,403 --> 00:39:35,439 TODAY, THE DRAW IS SCENERY. 671 00:39:35,473 --> 00:39:37,375 PEOPLE COME FROM ALL OVER 672 00:39:37,408 --> 00:39:42,580 TO TRAVEL A STUNNING PATH CALLED THE PANORAMA ROUTE. 673 00:39:42,614 --> 00:39:45,717 PANORAMA IS AN UNDERSTATEMENT. 674 00:39:48,219 --> 00:39:52,590 THE SWADINI BUTTRESS IS THE HIGHEST CLIFF OF THE CANYON-- 675 00:39:52,624 --> 00:39:57,496 SOME 3,200 FEET HIGH. 676 00:39:57,528 --> 00:40:02,166 THE GRAND CANYON IN ARIZONA MAY BE THE LARGEST, 677 00:40:02,200 --> 00:40:05,770 BUT THE BLYDE RIVER CANYON IS THE GREENEST. 678 00:40:09,307 --> 00:40:12,243 AT SOME SPOTS IT’S ALMOST A MILE DEEP 679 00:40:12,277 --> 00:40:15,380 AND A HALF A MILE WIDE. 680 00:40:15,413 --> 00:40:18,950 SUBTROPICAL FOLIAGE PAINTS THE STEEP GORGES 681 00:40:18,983 --> 00:40:23,054 AND WELCOMES WILDLIFE FROM ANTELOPE TO HIPPOS. 682 00:40:23,087 --> 00:40:26,991 THE CANYON IS PART OF THE NORTHERN DRAKENSBERG ESCARPMENT, 683 00:40:27,025 --> 00:40:31,530 WHERE GAPING RIPS IN THE EARTH APPEAR OUT OF NOWHERE. 684 00:40:34,866 --> 00:40:40,105 STEEP, FORESTED SLOPES AND CASCADING WATERFALLS 685 00:40:40,138 --> 00:40:43,541 LINE THE SHARP, FOREBODING RIDGE-LINE. 686 00:40:43,574 --> 00:40:46,877 ONE VIEWPOINT IS CALLED GOD’S WINDOW. 687 00:40:46,911 --> 00:40:52,250 HERE MAJESTIC CLIFFS PLUNGE DOWN OVER 2,000 FEET. 688 00:40:52,283 --> 00:40:55,553 HIKERS EXPLORE THE MOUNTAINTOP FOREST 689 00:40:55,586 --> 00:40:59,390 AND ON A CLEAR DAY CAN SEE ALL THE WAY TO KRUGER PARK 690 00:40:59,424 --> 00:41:03,061 FROM THESE CLIFF-SIDE VIEWPOINTS. 691 00:41:04,696 --> 00:41:09,234 BUT IT’S NOT THE ONLY VERTICAL ATTRACTION ALONG THE ESCARPMENT. 692 00:41:09,267 --> 00:41:12,270 PINNACLE ROCK IS A HUNDRED-FOOT SPIRE 693 00:41:12,303 --> 00:41:16,073 THAT APPEARS TO BE STANDING GUARD OVER THE VIEW. 694 00:41:16,107 --> 00:41:17,742 THE LANDSCAPE WAS FORMED 695 00:41:17,775 --> 00:41:20,511 WHEN ANTARCTICA BROKE FREE FROM AFRICA 696 00:41:20,545 --> 00:41:22,781 200 MILLION YEARS AGO, 697 00:41:22,814 --> 00:41:26,851 CAUSING THE BROKEN EDGE OF THE CONTINENT TO TILT UP. 698 00:41:26,884 --> 00:41:32,556 ♪ 699 00:41:32,590 --> 00:41:35,359 IT NOT ONLY CREATED STUNNING VIEWS-- 700 00:41:35,393 --> 00:41:37,195 IT ALSO REVEALED THE GOLD 701 00:41:37,228 --> 00:41:41,599 THAT SPARKED THE FOREIGN STAMPEDE IN THE 1800s. 702 00:41:41,632 --> 00:41:43,367 THE NAMES OF WATERFALLS 703 00:41:43,401 --> 00:41:48,339 REFLECT THE NATIONS WHO CASHED IN AND THEN CHECKED OUT. 704 00:41:48,373 --> 00:41:52,911 HERE, MAC-MAC FALLS IS NAMED AFTER SCOTTISH MINERS 705 00:41:52,944 --> 00:41:58,183 WHO BLASTED AWAY ROCKS TO UNCOVER GOLD DEPOSITS. 706 00:41:58,216 --> 00:42:01,953 LISBON FALLS, NAMED AFTER THE PORTUGUESE CAPITAL, 707 00:42:01,986 --> 00:42:05,990 IS THE HIGHEST WATERFALL IN THE AREA, 708 00:42:06,024 --> 00:42:10,629 PLUMMETING OVER 300 FEET. 709 00:42:10,661 --> 00:42:14,965 WHEREVER THEY FOUND GOLD, NEARBY TOWNS BOOMED. 710 00:42:14,999 --> 00:42:21,606 ♪ 711 00:42:21,639 --> 00:42:25,276 THIS IS THE TINY TOWN OF LEYDSDORP. 712 00:42:25,309 --> 00:42:29,079 IN THE MID-1880s IT WAS A COSMOPOLITAN TOWN 713 00:42:29,113 --> 00:42:33,451 OF 3,000 MINERS AND OPPORTUNISTS FROM ALL OVER-- 714 00:42:33,484 --> 00:42:37,054 FROM KALGOORLIE TO THE KLONDIKE. 715 00:42:37,088 --> 00:42:41,626 NO FEWER THAN EIGHT PUBS SLAKED THEIR THIRST. 716 00:42:41,659 --> 00:42:46,164 CHARACTERS NAMED MICA BILL, PARAFFIN JOE, BRANDY SMITH, 717 00:42:46,197 --> 00:42:47,832 AND THE HEAVENLY TWINS, 718 00:42:47,865 --> 00:42:50,501 MINED CLAIMS CALLED THE OLD BIRTHDAY, 719 00:42:50,535 --> 00:42:54,773 THE FLYING DUTCHMAN, ANTELOPE, AND BLUE JACKET. 720 00:42:54,806 --> 00:42:59,778 LEYDSDORP HAS SHRUNK BACK TO A POPULATION OF LESS THAN 10. 721 00:43:01,646 --> 00:43:06,885 IT CALLS ITSELF "THE SMALL TOWN WITH A BIG CEMETERY." 722 00:43:09,787 --> 00:43:13,624 MALARIA ACCOUNTED FOR MOST OF THE NAMES IN THIS GRAVEYARD. 723 00:43:13,658 --> 00:43:19,164 LIONS AND BARROOM BRAWLS LAID THE REST TO REST. 724 00:43:19,197 --> 00:43:23,034 BUT IN THE HEART OF SOUTH AFRICA LIES A GOLD RUSH TOWN 725 00:43:23,067 --> 00:43:27,638 THAT GREW OUT OF NOTHING AND KEPT RIGHT ON GROWING. 726 00:43:30,475 --> 00:43:38,183 ♪ 727 00:43:38,216 --> 00:43:41,352 ONCE ALL OF THIS WAS OPEN SAVANNAH, 728 00:43:41,385 --> 00:43:45,122 UNTIL THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN 1884. 729 00:43:45,156 --> 00:43:50,028 WITHIN 10 YEARS, THERE WERE 100,000 PEOPLE MINING NEW CLAIMS 730 00:43:50,061 --> 00:43:52,630 ALL OVER THE BURGEONING TOWN. 731 00:43:52,663 --> 00:43:55,866 THE NEW COMMUNITY QUICKLY NEEDED A NAME. 732 00:43:55,900 --> 00:43:59,303 HISTORY IS UNCLEAR, BUT MANY THINK IT WAS NAMED 733 00:43:59,337 --> 00:44:04,542 AFTER ONE OF THE MANY DUTCH MEN THAT RUSHED IN. 734 00:44:04,575 --> 00:44:07,144 THEY NAMED IT JOHANNESBURG. 735 00:44:07,178 --> 00:44:11,449 TODAY, IT IS WIDELY KNOWN AS SIMPLY "JOBURG." 736 00:44:11,482 --> 00:44:13,351 IN JUST 100 YEARS, 737 00:44:13,384 --> 00:44:18,189 IT BURST INTO THE BIGGEST CITY IN SOUTH AFRICA. 738 00:44:18,222 --> 00:44:19,657 JOHANNESBURG SITS 739 00:44:19,690 --> 00:44:23,160 ON TOP OF THE WORLD’S MOST PRODUCTIVE GOLD REEF. 740 00:44:23,194 --> 00:44:26,497 ALL THIS MINERAL WEALTH CONTRIBUTED TO THE MAKING 741 00:44:26,531 --> 00:44:28,800 OF AN EXTREMELY PROSPEROUS CITY-- 742 00:44:28,833 --> 00:44:33,137 PRODUCING 20% OF AFRICA’S ECONOMIC OUTPUT. 743 00:44:33,171 --> 00:44:37,375 THE BOOM THAT GOLD BEGAN SIMPLY HASN’T STOPPED. 744 00:44:37,408 --> 00:44:41,312 BUT THERE HAVE BEEN PLENTY OF BUMPS ALONG THE WAY. 745 00:44:41,345 --> 00:44:45,983 THE TELKOM JOBURG TOWER IS THE TALLEST STRUCTURE IN AFRICA 746 00:44:46,017 --> 00:44:49,153 AT 883 FEET. 747 00:44:49,187 --> 00:44:52,023 SINCE 1971 IT HAS WITNESSED 748 00:44:52,056 --> 00:44:56,894 THE RISE, FALL, AND RENEWAL OF DOWNTOWN JOBURG. 749 00:44:56,928 --> 00:45:00,331 WHEN DOWNTOWN BECAME CHIC IN THE 1970s, 750 00:45:00,364 --> 00:45:02,833 IT WAS EXCLUSIVE URBAN LIVING. 751 00:45:02,867 --> 00:45:07,739 BUT IT WAS FOR WHITES ONLY. 752 00:45:07,772 --> 00:45:11,843 APARTHEID LAWS SEGREGATED APARTMENTS IN THE CITY, 753 00:45:11,876 --> 00:45:14,545 NEIGHBORHOOD BY NEIGHBORHOOD. 754 00:45:14,579 --> 00:45:17,182 BUT WHEN THE NATION WAS ON THE CUSP OF DEMOCRACY 755 00:45:17,215 --> 00:45:22,053 IN THE EARLY ’90s, WHITES STARTED MOVING OUT OF DOWNTOWN. 756 00:45:22,086 --> 00:45:25,590 THE CITY COUNCIL STOPPED MANAGING THE AREA. 757 00:45:25,623 --> 00:45:27,959 ENTIRE BUILDINGS WERE ABANDONED, 758 00:45:27,992 --> 00:45:30,761 AND CRIMINAL ELEMENTS STARTED TAKING CONTROL 759 00:45:30,795 --> 00:45:33,798 IN BLOCK-BY-BLOCK ANARCHY. 760 00:45:33,831 --> 00:45:36,934 ONE FAMOUS APARTMENT BUILDING CALLED THE PONTE 761 00:45:36,968 --> 00:45:39,337 BECAME WHAT ONE NEWSPAPER CALLED 762 00:45:39,370 --> 00:45:44,442 "THE TALLEST AND GRANDEST URBAN SLUM IN THE WORLD." 763 00:45:44,475 --> 00:45:46,277 UNDER FULL DEMOCRACY, 764 00:45:46,310 --> 00:45:49,180 THE NEIGHBORHOODS HAVE MADE THEIR WAY BACK-- 765 00:45:49,213 --> 00:45:52,750 ALLOWING DOWNTOWN TO SLOWLY RE-MAKE ITSELF 766 00:45:52,783 --> 00:45:58,022 INTO A MIXED-RACE, MIXED-USE, VIBRANT CITY CENTER. 767 00:45:58,055 --> 00:45:59,823 AS THE CITY EXPANDED, 768 00:45:59,857 --> 00:46:04,595 SUBURBS BEGAN TAKING ON THEIR OWN IDENTITY. 769 00:46:04,629 --> 00:46:08,900 THE SUBURB OF SANDTON IS THE MANHATTAN OF SOUTH AFRICA 770 00:46:08,933 --> 00:46:11,969 AND AFRICA’S RICHEST SQUARE MILE. 771 00:46:12,003 --> 00:46:15,707 IT IS THE HEADQUARTERS FOR THE WORLD’S BIGGEST MINING HOUSES 772 00:46:15,740 --> 00:46:20,411 AND THE JOHANNESBURG STOCK EXCHANGE. 773 00:46:20,444 --> 00:46:24,181 BUT JOHANNESBURG HASN’T LEFT NATURE BEHIND. 774 00:46:24,215 --> 00:46:27,752 IT IS KNOWN AS THE LARGEST MAN-MADE URBAN FOREST 775 00:46:27,785 --> 00:46:28,953 IN THE WORLD. 776 00:46:28,986 --> 00:46:32,957 THERE ARE OVER 10 MILLION TREES IN THE CITY. 777 00:46:32,990 --> 00:46:37,895 NEW YORK CITY HAS ABOUT HALF AS MANY. 778 00:46:37,928 --> 00:46:41,064 IN JOBURG, AS IN THE REST OF SOUTH AFRICA, 779 00:46:41,098 --> 00:46:44,401 DYNAMIC TENSION MOVES EVERYTHING FORWARD. 780 00:46:44,435 --> 00:46:46,504 URBAN AND RURAL... 781 00:46:46,537 --> 00:46:48,939 WILD AND TAME... 782 00:46:48,973 --> 00:46:52,610 BLACK AND WHITE. 783 00:46:52,643 --> 00:46:55,312 THIS NATION CAN BALANCE IT ALL 784 00:46:55,346 --> 00:46:59,851 AND PROPEL ITSELF INTO PLACES NO ONE EXPECTED... 785 00:46:59,884 --> 00:47:05,356 BY EMBRACING THE SPIRIT OF UBUNTU... 786 00:47:05,389 --> 00:47:09,260 A QUALITY THAT INCLUDES THE ESSENTIAL HUMAN VIRTUES 787 00:47:09,293 --> 00:47:12,229 OF COMPASSION AND HUMANITY. 788 00:47:13,864 --> 00:47:16,333 FROM THE CRADLE OF HUMANKIND... 789 00:47:16,367 --> 00:47:19,437 TO THE CITY OF GOLD... 790 00:47:19,470 --> 00:47:23,307 THESE VIRTUES ARE SHARED... 791 00:47:23,341 --> 00:47:30,048 MOLDED GENTLY INTO ITS PEOPLE BY THE HANDS OF A GIANT. 792 00:47:30,081 --> 00:47:36,054 NELSON MANDELA’S LEGACY IS UBUNTU BROUGHT TO LIFE. 793 00:47:36,087 --> 00:47:39,924 ♪ 794 00:47:39,957 --> 00:47:49,333 ♪ 795 00:47:49,367 --> 00:47:58,776 ♪