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(upbeat jazz music playing)
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NARRATOR: The United States, 1947.
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In Texas, Max and Rachel
celebrate the return of their son, Paul,
00:00:23.088 --> 00:00:27.064 line:10%,start
discharged from the US Army
after serving two years in Japan.
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He has great memories of his time there.
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(inaudible conversation)
00:00:34.044 --> 00:00:36.068 line:90%,end
Children were conceived
during the short time
00:00:36.076 --> 00:00:39.032 line:90%,end
the American army
helped rebuild the country,
00:00:39.040 --> 00:00:41.052 line:90%,end
after having dropped the atom bomb on it.
00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:55.092 line:10%,start
In Nagasaki, the ruins
of the atomic disaster have been erased.
00:00:56.080 --> 00:00:58.068 line:90%,end
The grass has grown back,
00:00:58.076 --> 00:01:00.068 line:90%,end
but the world has changed forever.
00:01:04.092 --> 00:01:07.080 line:90%,end
Scientists have conceived
an imaginary clock,
00:01:08.076 --> 00:01:10.040 line:90%,end
the Doomsday Clock,
00:01:10.048 --> 00:01:13.064 line:90%,end
which measures the danger
of imminent nuclear war.
00:01:13.072 --> 00:01:16.020 line:90%,end
If it hits midnight,
it's the end of the world.
00:01:20.016 --> 00:01:21.068 line:90%,end
For the next 50 years,
00:01:22.020 --> 00:01:25.048 line:90%,end
Russia, then known
as the Communist Soviet Union,
00:01:25.056 --> 00:01:28.080 line:90%,end
will confront the West,
led by the United States.
00:01:30.080 --> 00:01:32.032 line:90%,end
This is the Cold War.
00:01:33.000 --> 00:01:34.072 line:90%,end
Between the East and West.
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The war of the worlds.
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(theme song playing)
00:02:03.020 --> 00:02:05.012 line:90%,end
-(all cheering)
-NARRATOR: Like many Americans,
00:02:05.056 --> 00:02:08.076 line:90%,end
Max and Rachel donate food
to help a starving Europe.
00:02:09.088 --> 00:02:14.084 line:90%,end
Little Daniel in Paris will be able
to face the harsh winter of 1947,
00:02:14.092 --> 00:02:17.000 line:90%,end
one of the coldest of the century,
00:02:17.008 --> 00:02:19.036 line:90%,end
even though France has no coal.
00:02:20.020 --> 00:02:24.040 line:90%,end
Still the morale of the French
sets an example for the whole world.
00:02:25.076 --> 00:02:27.048 line:90%,end
After six years of war,
00:02:27.056 --> 00:02:30.032 line:90%,end
they have chosen to live
a carefree existence.
00:02:32.040 --> 00:02:34.092 line:90%,end
Meanwhile between East and West,
00:02:35.000 --> 00:02:36.080 line:90%,end
the weapons race has begun.
00:02:37.056 --> 00:02:39.000 line:90%,end
Are these confrontations
00:02:39.008 --> 00:02:42.064 line:90%,end
between the Western democracies
and the Communists in the East,
00:02:42.072 --> 00:02:44.080 line:90%,end
like in Indochina or in Korea,
00:02:44.088 --> 00:02:47.092 line:90%,end
merely the first steps
in the Escalation of Fear?
00:02:54.060 --> 00:02:57.052 line:10%,start
Texas, spring of 1947.
00:02:57.060 --> 00:03:02.036 line:10%,start
Max and Rachel move to Fort Bliss,
a small city near a military base.
00:03:03.028 --> 00:03:07.016 line:90%,end
Max, an engineer, is hired to participate
in the development of German rockets
00:03:07.024 --> 00:03:09.004 line:90%,end
seized at the end of the war.
00:03:09.084 --> 00:03:13.048 line:90%,end
Someday, these rockets could launch
other atomic bombs.
00:03:16.016 --> 00:03:19.052 line:90%,end
Max works with a group of Germans,
which is upsetting to him.
00:03:20.048 --> 00:03:23.004 line:90%,end
The recently revealed horrors
of the Nazi camps
00:03:23.012 --> 00:03:25.028 line:90%,end
and the Holocaust have shocked him,
00:03:25.036 --> 00:03:27.024 line:90%,end
along with the rest of America.
00:03:27.032 --> 00:03:28.084 line:90%,end
(inaudible conversation)
00:03:28.092 --> 00:03:31.036 line:90%,end
Many German-born scientists
and technicians
00:03:31.044 --> 00:03:35.016 line:90%,end
were captured by the Soviets,
the French and the Americans.
00:03:37.016 --> 00:03:39.096 line:90%,end
1500 are now settled in the US.
00:03:43.052 --> 00:03:45.080 line:90%,end
Among them is a young prodigy,
00:03:45.088 --> 00:03:48.052 line:10%,start
35-year-old Werner Von Braun.
00:03:51.016 --> 00:03:53.080 line:90%,end
He invented the V2 rocket for Hitler,
00:03:54.092 --> 00:03:58.044 line:90%,end
the rocket that terrified Londoners
at the end of the war.
00:04:01.036 --> 00:04:04.032 line:90%,end
Von Braun will perfect
these German V2 units
00:04:04.040 --> 00:04:06.004 line:90%,end
recovered by the Americans.
00:04:07.020 --> 00:04:10.076 line:90%,end
Over 30 years, he redesigns them
for the conquest of space.
00:04:10.084 --> 00:04:12.084 line:90%,end
(inaudible conversation)
00:04:15.028 --> 00:04:19.008 line:90%,end
In 1946,
they are the first weapons of dissuasion,
00:04:19.016 --> 00:04:21.028 line:90%,end
launched over the New Mexican desert.
00:04:21.064 --> 00:04:24.032 line:90%,end
The sound of war is coming closer.
00:04:29.044 --> 00:04:32.096 line:90%,end
At the same time,
diplomats try to save world peace
00:04:33.004 --> 00:04:35.092 line:10%,start
by organizing a conference
with the Soviet Union.
00:04:36.068 --> 00:04:38.076 line:10%,start
On March 9, 1947,
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France's Secretary of State,
Georges Bidault,
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a Christian Democrat,
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leaves for Moscow with his wife.
00:04:49.052 --> 00:04:50.060 line:90%,end
At this conference,
00:04:50.068 --> 00:04:52.080 line:90%,end
the foreign ministers
of the four great powers
00:04:52.088 --> 00:04:53.096 line:90%,end
that brought down Hitler
00:04:54.004 --> 00:04:56.088 line:90%,end
try to agree on the fate
of occupied Germany.
00:04:57.044 --> 00:04:59.032 line:90%,end
But the context has changed.
00:05:04.044 --> 00:05:07.032 line:90%,end
France's minister Bidault wants Saarland,
00:05:07.040 --> 00:05:11.060 line:10%,start
an industrial region in Germany
that De Gaulle has already laid claim to.
00:05:13.052 --> 00:05:18.004 line:10%,start
From Britain, Bevin,
a leftist, anti-Communist union supporter,
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aligns with the US position...
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a position advocated by General Marshall,
00:05:23.000 --> 00:05:25.084 line:10%,start
whose main concerns is America's security.
00:05:27.060 --> 00:05:31.092 line:10%,start
The Soviet foreign minister, Mr. Molotov,
who is getting close to the West,
00:05:32.000 --> 00:05:34.004 line:10%,start
will be sidelined by Stalin.
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The former "allies"
can't agree on anything.
00:05:40.040 --> 00:05:42.068 line:90%,end
Germany will remain split in two.
00:05:44.016 --> 00:05:46.080 line:90%,end
A final reception
that Stalin doesn't attend
00:05:47.024 --> 00:05:51.064 line:90%,end
marks the end of the wartime alliance
between East and West.
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After the smiles come the farewells.
00:06:01.076 --> 00:06:03.096 line:10%,start
The American president,
Democrat Harry Truman,
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presents his doctrine to Congress.
00:06:06.040 --> 00:06:08.012 line:90%,end
His policy is one of containment.
00:06:10.036 --> 00:06:13.080 line:90%,end
Any aggressive action by Stalin
will be met with retaliation.
00:06:13.088 --> 00:06:17.028 line:90%,end
And most importantly,
help Europe recover from poverty,
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a breeding ground for Communism.
00:06:21.024 --> 00:06:23.092 line:90%,end
The American Secretary of State,
George Marshall,
00:06:24.000 --> 00:06:26.080 line:90%,end
offers Truman a plan
for European reconstruction
00:06:26.088 --> 00:06:28.036 line:90%,end
that bears his name:
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the Marshall Plan.
00:06:30.020 --> 00:06:31.016 line:90%,end
He says...
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"The people of these countries need to eat
and to survive the winter."
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Back in France, little Daniel marvels
at the convoy of American equipment.
00:06:49.096 --> 00:06:51.096 line:90%,end
There are electric transformers
00:06:52.004 --> 00:06:53.088 line:90%,end
and all kinds of machine tools.
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Provided by the USA
for European economic recovery
00:06:55.092 --> 00:06:58.084 line:90%,end
The offer is generous
for the European populations.
00:06:58.092 --> 00:07:01.096 line:90%,end
$12 billion, a fortune at the time.
00:07:03.040 --> 00:07:05.080 line:90%,end
But this loan must be partially reimbursed
00:07:05.088 --> 00:07:07.076 line:90%,end
and be used, whenever possible,
00:07:07.084 --> 00:07:09.056 line:90%,end
to buy American products.
00:07:13.060 --> 00:07:15.068 line:90%,end
Stalin refuses.
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He forces the countries he occupies
to turn down the Marshall Plan aid.
00:07:20.040 --> 00:07:24.052 line:90%,end
In the other countries, Italy, Belgium,
England, and especially France...
00:07:24.060 --> 00:07:25.068 line:90%,end
DOWN WITH THE MARSHALL PLAN
00:07:25.076 --> 00:07:27.064 line:90%,end
...he stirs up the local
Communist parties,
00:07:27.072 --> 00:07:30.012 line:90%,end
backing violent protests and strikes...
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(all protesting)
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...to denounce "American imperialism."
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But France's ambassador to the US
accepts Washington's checks.
00:07:45.000 --> 00:07:47.056 line:90%,end
Mister Ambassador,
It gives me great pleasure
00:07:47.064 --> 00:07:50.028 line:90%,end
to be able to hand you these checks
00:07:50.036 --> 00:07:53.096 line:90%,end
which total $31,400,000.
00:07:54.060 --> 00:07:58.036 line:90%,end
With these checks
and those which we gave you last week,
00:07:58.044 --> 00:08:01.024 line:90%,end
the total now is $33,000,000.
00:08:01.092 --> 00:08:05.060 line:90%,end
Even this amount represents
only the initial portion
00:08:05.068 --> 00:08:07.088 line:90%,end
which eventually will be made available
00:08:07.096 --> 00:08:10.072 line:90%,end
under the United States
foreign aid program.
00:08:11.080 --> 00:08:14.072 line:90%,end
NARRATOR: France needs money
to fund its war in Indochina...
00:08:14.080 --> 00:08:16.008 line:90%,end
(foghorn blares)
00:08:16.016 --> 00:08:18.024 line:90%,end
...now entering its third year.
00:08:24.072 --> 00:08:26.004 line:10%,start
1948...
00:08:27.008 --> 00:08:30.076 line:10%,start
French ownership of Indochina
becomes a stake in the Cold War.
00:08:34.032 --> 00:08:38.064 line:90%,end
The Communist insurgents of the Viet Minh
have attempted a bloody coup in Hanoi,
00:08:38.072 --> 00:08:40.004 line:90%,end
the capital in the North.
00:08:40.092 --> 00:08:43.048 line:90%,end
The French have managed to regain control.
00:08:48.080 --> 00:08:50.080 line:90%,end
This is an expensive war.
00:08:50.088 --> 00:08:53.072 line:90%,end
500 million French Francs per day,
00:08:56.008 --> 00:09:00.084 line:90%,end
and more importantly almost a total
of 100,000 dead on both sides.
00:09:00.092 --> 00:09:02.092 line:90%,end
(machine guns rattling)
00:09:07.096 --> 00:09:10.076 line:90%,end
In the North,
the men of the French Expeditionary Corps
00:09:10.084 --> 00:09:12.088 line:90%,end
are hunting for Ho Chi Minh and Giap,
00:09:12.096 --> 00:09:16.028 line:90%,end
the Communist leaders
of the fight for independence.
00:09:16.036 --> 00:09:18.004 line:90%,end
They're searching the mountains,
00:09:18.012 --> 00:09:20.068 line:90%,end
where the tribes
have stayed out of the war.
00:09:20.076 --> 00:09:21.072 line:90%,end
But for how long?
00:09:39.028 --> 00:09:42.032 line:90%,end
A French commando
almost captured Ho Chi Minh,
00:09:42.040 --> 00:09:44.024 line:90%,end
missing him by a few hours.
00:09:44.032 --> 00:09:47.028 line:90%,end
But he disappeared
into the impenetrable jungle.
00:09:52.068 --> 00:09:54.096 line:90%,end
Ho Chi Minh has taken refuge
in this region
00:09:55.004 --> 00:09:57.036 line:90%,end
near the border of the Republic of China,
00:09:57.044 --> 00:09:59.096 line:90%,end
which is still fighting Mao's Communists.
00:10:01.012 --> 00:10:02.056 line:90%,end
(plane engine whirring)
00:10:02.064 --> 00:10:04.092 line:90%,end
From the sky, the zone looks deserted.
00:10:10.060 --> 00:10:12.036 line:90%,end
But within this sanctuary,
00:10:12.044 --> 00:10:15.064 line:90%,end
Ho Chi Minh has created
an embryonic government.
00:10:17.012 --> 00:10:20.088 line:90%,end
Its bamboo ministries
can quickly be disassembled
00:10:25.072 --> 00:10:28.012 line:90%,end
and carried to new hiding places.
00:10:29.060 --> 00:10:31.084 line:90%,end
Bamboo serves all purposes.
00:10:31.092 --> 00:10:33.088 line:90%,end
It can be used for everything.
00:10:34.040 --> 00:10:37.020 line:90%,end
It can be used to survive, and to kill.
00:10:42.048 --> 00:10:46.068 line:90%,end
Its sharpened points stick up out
of the clearings to impale paratroopers.
00:10:50.068 --> 00:10:52.008 line:90%,end
In the opposing camp,
00:10:52.016 --> 00:10:55.012 line:90%,end
the French positions
are also protected by bamboo,
00:10:55.020 --> 00:10:59.000 line:90%,end
as dangerous as the barbed wire
used during World War I.
00:11:07.076 --> 00:11:09.008 line:90%,end
From his jungle workshops,
00:11:09.016 --> 00:11:11.024 line:90%,end
Ho Chi Minh wants to project the image
00:11:11.032 --> 00:11:14.040 line:90%,end
of an entire population building
with its own hands
00:11:14.048 --> 00:11:17.016 line:90%,end
-the very weapons that will liberate it.
-(clanging)
00:11:21.020 --> 00:11:24.060 line:90%,end
A heavy machine-gun
is worth two kilos of opium.
00:11:28.048 --> 00:11:32.032 line:90%,end
Ho Chi Minh applies
the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism:
00:11:34.056 --> 00:11:37.068 line:90%,end
Hammer home and spread propaganda
and the ideology...
00:11:37.076 --> 00:11:39.072 line:90%,end
(printing press rattling)
00:11:40.036 --> 00:11:42.052 line:90%,end
...dispense combat instructions,
00:11:42.060 --> 00:11:44.028 line:90%,end
inspire the will to fight...
00:11:45.012 --> 00:11:47.032 line:90%,end
(inaudible conversation)
00:11:47.040 --> 00:11:49.056 line:90%,end
...recruit soldiers and militants,
00:11:50.040 --> 00:11:54.060 line:90%,end
and tirelessly cleanse the Party
by killing skeptics and opponents.
00:12:02.072 --> 00:12:07.044 line:90%,end
Ho Chi Minh shows his true face,
after years spent in the USSR.
00:12:07.052 --> 00:12:09.044 line:90%,end
No more negotiating.
00:12:09.052 --> 00:12:11.064 line:90%,end
He is preparing for a long war.
00:12:11.072 --> 00:12:12.068 line:90%,end
He declares...
00:12:15.000 --> 00:12:17.044 line:90%,end
"It will be the fight
between the tiger and the elephant.
00:12:18.020 --> 00:12:20.088 line:90%,end
During the day,
the tiger lies low in the jungle.
00:12:20.096 --> 00:12:22.088 line:90%,end
He only comes out at night.
00:12:22.096 --> 00:12:24.028 line:90%,end
He jumps on the elephant,
00:12:24.036 --> 00:12:26.052 line:90%,end
tearing large chunks of flesh
from his back.
00:12:29.036 --> 00:12:31.052 line:90%,end
Then he leaps back into the dark jungle.
00:12:31.092 --> 00:12:35.004 line:90%,end
Slowly, the elephant bleeds to death.
00:12:36.036 --> 00:12:38.052 line:90%,end
Such will be the war in Indochina."
00:12:38.060 --> 00:12:40.056 line:90%,end
(fire roaring, crackling)
00:12:45.024 --> 00:12:47.000 line:90%,end
But the French have understood.
00:12:47.052 --> 00:12:51.000 line:90%,end
Twenty-one-year-old
Lieutenant Bernard Moinet writes,
00:12:51.008 --> 00:12:53.028 line:90%,end
"We must adapt to this type of combat.
00:12:53.036 --> 00:12:55.036 line:90%,end
We must cease to be prey
00:12:55.044 --> 00:12:56.072 line:90%,end
and become hunters."
00:12:57.056 --> 00:12:59.056 line:90%,end
(boat engine whirring)
00:13:02.004 --> 00:13:03.040 line:90%,end
(monkeys whooping in distance)
00:13:03.048 --> 00:13:05.048 line:90%,end
(gunshots)
00:13:07.092 --> 00:13:10.020 line:90%,end
There is no small-scale smuggling,
00:13:10.028 --> 00:13:11.092 line:90%,end
nor small-scale prey.
00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:14.000 line:90%,end
(insects chirping)
00:13:18.092 --> 00:13:21.012 line:90%,end
(machine gun rattling)
00:13:22.088 --> 00:13:24.064 line:90%,end
(inaudible conversation)
00:13:41.064 --> 00:13:43.092 line:90%,end
To reassure and control the peasants,
00:13:44.000 --> 00:13:48.012 line:90%,end
the French erect small forts
manned by small, expendable units
00:13:48.020 --> 00:13:51.012 line:90%,end
who drink warm beer and cook good food
00:13:51.020 --> 00:13:53.024 line:90%,end
before setting off on an ambush.
00:13:53.080 --> 00:13:55.080 line:90%,end
(sizzling)
00:14:01.080 --> 00:14:04.072 line:90%,end
Those who make it back
reassure their wives.
00:14:04.080 --> 00:14:07.012 line:90%,end
Like Lt. Moinet, who writes,
00:14:07.020 --> 00:14:10.036 line:90%,end
"My dear Francine, I am a happy man,
00:14:10.044 --> 00:14:12.072 line:90%,end
in love with my career and with you."
00:14:18.032 --> 00:14:20.068 line:90%,end
There they wait,
until the Viet Minh attack.
00:14:20.076 --> 00:14:22.000 line:90%,end
The men are massacred,
00:14:22.008 --> 00:14:25.024 line:90%,end
as the forts
are regularly won and lost again.
00:14:25.032 --> 00:14:28.048 line:90%,end
This is the case throughout this war
which is only beginning.
00:14:38.036 --> 00:14:41.016 line:90%,end
High Command tries
to reinforce its garrisons
00:14:41.024 --> 00:14:44.032 line:90%,end
with local back-up troops
whose loyalty can be shaky.
00:14:46.036 --> 00:14:49.024 line:90%,end
Their families may be Viet Minh hostages.
00:14:49.032 --> 00:14:52.000 line:90%,end
The French troops
can barely close their eyes at night.
00:14:56.024 --> 00:14:57.068 line:90%,end
During a commando mission,
00:14:57.076 --> 00:15:00.048 line:90%,end
Moinet discovers
a printing press and flyers.
00:15:02.064 --> 00:15:04.096 line:90%,end
He reads the following text, in French:
00:15:06.048 --> 00:15:08.020 line:90%,end
"Tomorrow, your post will be destroyed
00:15:08.028 --> 00:15:10.072 line:90%,end
by the courageous people's army
of the Viet Minh.
00:15:11.096 --> 00:15:14.052 line:90%,end
The French will be killed and chased
from our lands.
00:15:15.092 --> 00:15:18.068 line:90%,end
Victory will strengthen
our ongoing revolution.
00:15:19.048 --> 00:15:21.012 line:90%,end
Long live Ho Chi Minh!
00:15:21.020 --> 00:15:23.056 line:90%,end
Long live Communism around the world!"
00:15:28.052 --> 00:15:31.060 line:10%,start
Communism around the world
is making headway in Asia,
00:15:31.068 --> 00:15:34.044 line:10%,start
as Mao prepares to take over
the Republic of China.
00:15:36.028 --> 00:15:39.000 line:90%,end
In the British colonies
of Burma and Malaysia,
00:15:39.008 --> 00:15:42.040 line:90%,end
communist movements rise up
to claim their independence.
00:15:44.040 --> 00:15:46.084 line:90%,end
The Dutch East Indies become Indonesia.
00:15:48.068 --> 00:15:52.032 line:90%,end
In Europe, the Communists attempt
to seize power from the Greek monarchy,
00:15:52.040 --> 00:15:55.000 line:90%,end
which is backed by the British
and the Americans.
00:15:59.048 --> 00:16:03.096 line:90%,end
But the West does nothing to prevent
the coup in Prague in February 1948,
00:16:05.020 --> 00:16:08.020 line:90%,end
when the Communists seize power
in Czechoslovakia.
00:16:08.084 --> 00:16:13.000 line:90%,end
Stalin is now one step closer
to bringing Berlin over to his side.
00:16:15.032 --> 00:16:16.084 line:90%,end
Stalin declares,
00:16:17.028 --> 00:16:21.032 line:90%,end
"All of Germany must be ours,
entirely Soviet and Communist."
00:16:28.004 --> 00:16:33.044 line:90%,end
In 1945, the one-time Allies had divided
Germany into four occupied zones:
00:16:34.000 --> 00:16:38.020 line:90%,end
Soviet, British, American and French.
00:16:38.084 --> 00:16:41.092 line:90%,end
They did the same in Berlin,
divided into four sectors
00:16:42.000 --> 00:16:44.024 line:90%,end
and landlocked by the Soviet zone.
00:16:45.052 --> 00:16:47.036 line:90%,end
In order to reach their zones in Berlin,
00:16:47.044 --> 00:16:50.032 line:90%,end
the Westerners have access
to three corridors:
00:16:58.060 --> 00:17:01.004 line:10%,start
Westerners and Berliners
are shocked to discover
00:17:01.012 --> 00:17:04.044 line:90%,end
that Stalin has issued the order
to close the corridors.
00:17:09.036 --> 00:17:12.016 line:90%,end
He has also barred
all train and river traffic.
00:17:12.064 --> 00:17:15.008 line:90%,end
Even the electrical plants
in the Soviet zone
00:17:15.016 --> 00:17:17.024 line:90%,end
stop supplying power to the West.
00:17:18.024 --> 00:17:20.048 line:90%,end
Berlin is now cut off from the world.
00:17:21.004 --> 00:17:24.068 line:90%,end
Its two million residents
are now hostages of the Cold War.
00:17:27.040 --> 00:17:30.048 line:90%,end
The Doomsday Clock jumps
to five minutes to midnight!
00:17:34.068 --> 00:17:37.024 line:90%,end
The threat of nuclear war
is getting closer,
00:17:37.032 --> 00:17:39.044 line:10%,start
because Stalin just made a risky bet.
00:17:41.036 --> 00:17:42.088 line:10%,start
What will the Allies do?
00:17:44.076 --> 00:17:46.028 line:90%,end
What will Truman do?
00:17:48.024 --> 00:17:50.032 line:90%,end
The Americans have atom bombs,
00:17:51.004 --> 00:17:54.024 line:90%,end
ready to be carried
by the B-36 strategic bomber,
00:17:55.048 --> 00:17:57.068 line:90%,end
one of the largest aircraft ever built.
00:17:59.084 --> 00:18:02.008 line:90%,end
Weighing 150 tons,
00:18:02.016 --> 00:18:04.064 line:90%,end
with six 3000-horsepower engines,
00:18:04.072 --> 00:18:07.068 line:90%,end
it has a flying range
of 12,000 kilometers,
00:18:07.076 --> 00:18:09.072 line:90%,end
more than enough to reach Moscow.
00:18:10.036 --> 00:18:11.080 line:90%,end
It's the ultimate weapon.
00:18:12.020 --> 00:18:14.020 line:90%,end
But Truman remains cautious.
00:18:18.012 --> 00:18:19.088 line:90%,end
In his memoirs, he writes,
00:18:20.088 --> 00:18:24.012 line:90%,end
"We had to make a show of strength,
without setting off a war.
00:18:24.060 --> 00:18:26.040 line:90%,end
We had to stay in Berlin.
00:18:26.048 --> 00:18:29.040 line:90%,end
I ordered the organization
of a full-scale airlift,
00:18:29.048 --> 00:18:32.000 line:90%,end
using every available
Allied plane in Europe."
00:18:33.008 --> 00:18:36.096 line:90%,end
Truman breaks through the blockade
with 1000 Allied freight planes,
00:18:37.076 --> 00:18:38.072 line:90%,end
mostly American,
00:18:38.080 --> 00:18:40.060 line:90%,end
which fly over the Soviet zone
00:18:40.068 --> 00:18:42.020 line:10%,start
to bring supplies to Berlin.
00:18:46.044 --> 00:18:48.048 line:90%,end
This airlift is the only solution,
00:18:48.056 --> 00:18:51.020 line:90%,end
because Stalin can easily block a road.
00:18:51.028 --> 00:18:53.032 line:90%,end
But to stop a plane from getting through,
00:18:53.040 --> 00:18:55.040 line:90%,end
he would have to order it shot down.
00:18:57.064 --> 00:18:59.096 line:90%,end
Soviet fighter planes are on the prowl.
00:19:00.056 --> 00:19:01.060 line:90%,end
Truman writes,
00:19:01.068 --> 00:19:05.044 line:90%,end
"The real danger was that a Russian pilot
might pull the trigger
00:19:05.052 --> 00:19:08.032 line:90%,end
and create an incident
that would spark a crisis."
00:19:15.012 --> 00:19:16.080 line:90%,end
Will the airlift be stopped?
00:19:20.012 --> 00:19:22.036 line:10%,start
On September 9, 1948,
00:19:22.044 --> 00:19:25.076 line:10%,start
the people of Berlin's Western zones
gather in front of the Reichstag,
00:19:25.084 --> 00:19:28.000 line:90%,end
the former German parliament.
00:19:28.008 --> 00:19:30.084 line:90%,end
It is the reminder
of a recent tragic past.
00:19:32.092 --> 00:19:34.092 line:90%,end
(man speaking German over microphone)
00:19:35.068 --> 00:19:39.024 line:90%,end
NARRATOR (in English): 300,000 Berliners
have come to show support for their mayor.
00:19:39.032 --> 00:19:40.060 line:90%,end
Ernst Reuter,
00:19:40.068 --> 00:19:43.004 line:90%,end
a well-known figure
in the fight against Nazism,
00:19:43.012 --> 00:19:44.040 line:90%,end
who asks for help.
00:19:45.080 --> 00:19:47.040 line:10%,start
"People of the world!
00:19:47.048 --> 00:19:49.096 line:10%,start
People of America,
00:19:50.004 --> 00:19:53.016 line:90%,end
England, France and Italy!
00:19:53.080 --> 00:19:56.028 line:90%,end
You cannot, you must not forsake us!"
00:20:02.012 --> 00:20:05.096 line:90%,end
The noise of the four-engine planes
in constant succession is unbearable.
00:20:08.036 --> 00:20:12.028 line:90%,end
And yet, Berliners refer to it
as the Symphony of Freedom.
00:20:27.012 --> 00:20:30.008 line:90%,end
During the winter of 1948-49,
00:20:30.016 --> 00:20:33.080 line:90%,end
the planes transport close
to one million tons of coal.
00:20:34.036 --> 00:20:36.084 line:90%,end
The aircraft are
at the limit of their capacity,
00:20:36.092 --> 00:20:38.084 line:90%,end
and the pilots are exhausted.
00:20:38.092 --> 00:20:40.052 line:90%,end
(crash, explosion)
00:20:40.060 --> 00:20:43.056 line:90%,end
The American and British pilots
perish in crashes.
00:20:48.032 --> 00:20:52.040 line:90%,end
The Soviets concentrate
their armored divisions around Berlin.
00:20:57.096 --> 00:21:00.012 line:90%,end
The threat of war is so tangible
00:21:00.020 --> 00:21:01.020 line:90%,end
USSR
00:21:01.028 --> 00:21:02.036 line:10%,start
that all of Europe turns to the US,
00:21:02.044 --> 00:21:03.048 line:90%,end
WAR
00:21:03.056 --> 00:21:07.028 line:10%,start
gearing up for a presidential election
in November 1948.
00:21:09.008 --> 00:21:12.000 line:10%,start
The Republicans
are historically isolationist.
00:21:12.060 --> 00:21:14.092 line:10%,start
However, the Democrats' slogan is
00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:16.096 line:10%,start
"Truman, the world's hope."
00:21:17.004 --> 00:21:18.032 line:90%,end
(crowd cheering)
00:21:18.040 --> 00:21:21.076 line:90%,end
Truman was an officer
on the French front in 1918.
00:21:21.084 --> 00:21:23.080 line:90%,end
He knows France well
00:21:23.088 --> 00:21:26.052 line:90%,end
and cares about the fate
of the Old Continent.
00:21:27.056 --> 00:21:31.004 line:90%,end
He is re-elected
and tells the European leaders,
00:21:31.012 --> 00:21:34.036 line:90%,end
"We will continue to uphold
the peaceful principles of the UN."
00:21:40.040 --> 00:21:42.052 line:10%,start
On April 4, 1949,
00:21:42.060 --> 00:21:46.004 line:10%,start
12 countries sign the North Atlantic Pact
in Washington.
00:21:48.044 --> 00:21:50.096 line:90%,end
France, Luxembourg, Belgium,
00:21:51.004 --> 00:21:54.020 line:90%,end
the Netherlands, Great Britain, Denmark,
00:21:54.028 --> 00:21:57.048 line:90%,end
Norway, Italy, Portugal, Iceland,
00:21:57.056 --> 00:22:00.056 line:90%,end
Canada and the United States
commit to Article 5,
00:22:00.064 --> 00:22:02.004 line:90%,end
which reads,
00:22:02.012 --> 00:22:05.064 line:90%,end
"The Parties agree that an armed attack
against any member country
00:22:05.072 --> 00:22:08.052 line:90%,end
shall be considered an attack
against all members."
00:22:12.064 --> 00:22:16.020 line:90%,end
Philosopher Raymond Aron writes,
00:22:16.028 --> 00:22:20.048 line:90%,end
"Without hesitation, the Western Europeans
chose the American protector
00:22:20.056 --> 00:22:22.000 line:90%,end
over the Soviet empire."
00:22:24.056 --> 00:22:28.048 line:90%,end
This immediately provokes widespread
Communist protests throughout Europe,
00:22:28.056 --> 00:22:30.000 line:90%,end
and particularly in France,
00:22:30.008 --> 00:22:32.076 line:90%,end
which becomes home
to the general staff of NATO,
00:22:32.084 --> 00:22:35.016 line:90%,end
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
00:22:36.088 --> 00:22:38.036 line:90%,end
and its renowned commanders,
00:22:38.044 --> 00:22:42.000 line:10%,start
such as General Eisenhower,
the liberator of France.
00:22:46.048 --> 00:22:48.068 line:90%,end
The NATO forces settle in France,
00:22:48.076 --> 00:22:53.056 line:90%,end
along with their accommodations,
hospitals, schools and disposable income.
00:22:54.084 --> 00:22:56.088 line:90%,end
The French actor, Gerard Depardieu,
00:22:56.096 --> 00:23:00.040 line:90%,end
who grew up near the US Air Force base
in Chateauroux, recalls:
00:23:01.016 --> 00:23:02.040 line:90%,end
"The city was Americanized.
00:23:02.048 --> 00:23:06.080 line:90%,end
Popcorn, hamburgers, peanut butter,
jeans and t-shirts, strip clubs,
00:23:06.088 --> 00:23:09.044 line:90%,end
soldiers in Jeeps and rock 'n' roll."
00:23:14.084 --> 00:23:18.068 line:90%,end
The US Navy's powerful Sixth Fleet
rules the Mediterranean,
00:23:18.076 --> 00:23:21.020 line:90%,end
and its sailors invade St. Tropez.
00:23:23.080 --> 00:23:26.084 line:90%,end
NATO also has bases in Italy, Turkey,
00:23:26.092 --> 00:23:30.036 line:90%,end
Great Britain, and especially in Germany,
00:23:30.044 --> 00:23:32.000 line:90%,end
next to the Eastern troops.
00:23:35.064 --> 00:23:39.052 line:10%,start
On May 12, 1949,
after an 11-month blockade,
00:23:39.060 --> 00:23:42.044 line:10%,start
Stalin reopens the routes to Berlin.
00:23:42.052 --> 00:23:45.032 line:90%,end
He has given in
to the West's determination.
00:23:45.088 --> 00:23:49.016 line:90%,end
Without the atomic bomb,
he cannot risk a war.
00:23:50.080 --> 00:23:52.084 line:90%,end
(all cheering)
00:23:54.076 --> 00:23:58.072 line:10%,start
August 29, 1949,
is an important Cold War date.
00:23:59.048 --> 00:24:01.020 line:10%,start
In the desert of Kazakhstan,
00:24:01.028 --> 00:24:03.060 line:90%,end
the first Soviet atomic bomb is ready.
00:24:03.068 --> 00:24:05.080 line:90%,end
It's a duplicate of the American bomb,
00:24:05.088 --> 00:24:07.088 line:90%,end
made possible by intensive espionage.
00:24:11.080 --> 00:24:14.084 line:90%,end
This marks the end
of America's nuclear monopoly.
00:24:19.000 --> 00:24:22.048 line:90%,end
American newspapers are the first
to reveal this nuclear test.
00:24:22.056 --> 00:24:23.076 line:90%,end
The headlines read,
00:24:24.080 --> 00:24:26.072 line:90%,end
"Reds exploded atom bomb!"
00:24:31.032 --> 00:24:34.024 line:10%,start
Stalin had wanted
to keep the public in the dark,
00:24:34.032 --> 00:24:37.048 line:90%,end
because he still wants to appear
to be fighting for peace.
00:24:37.056 --> 00:24:41.072 line:90%,end
And he needs to buy time
until his atom bomb is fully operational.
00:24:47.096 --> 00:24:51.060 line:90%,end
Communism continues to spread
across one-third of the planet.
00:24:52.076 --> 00:24:54.036 line:90%,end
China joins its ranks.
00:24:54.044 --> 00:24:56.044 line:90%,end
(playing ceremonial music)
00:25:01.028 --> 00:25:04.044 line:10%,start
Peking, October 1, 1949.
00:25:04.052 --> 00:25:07.068 line:10%,start
In the Forbidden City,
China's imperial palace,
00:25:07.076 --> 00:25:11.060 line:10%,start
Mao Zedong becomes the master
of the world's most populated nation.
00:25:11.068 --> 00:25:13.092 line:90%,end
With 600 million inhabitants.
00:25:14.000 --> 00:25:16.000 line:90%,end
(speaking Mandarin)
00:25:18.072 --> 00:25:21.076 line:90%,end
NARRATOR (in English): Mao establishes
the People's Republic of China.
00:25:21.084 --> 00:25:23.036 line:90%,end
Over a period of 30 years,
00:25:23.044 --> 00:25:27.056 line:90%,end
this totalitarian regime
will be responsible for 50 million deaths,
00:25:27.064 --> 00:25:29.084 line:90%,end
through the application
of Stalinist practices
00:25:29.092 --> 00:25:33.004 line:90%,end
such as agrarian reform and famine,
00:25:33.012 --> 00:25:35.056 line:90%,end
peasant revolts, repression
00:25:35.064 --> 00:25:38.048 line:90%,end
and the gulags, concentration camps.
00:25:40.008 --> 00:25:44.004 line:90%,end
He has been waging a brutal civil war ever
since the 1920's.
00:25:46.092 --> 00:25:49.068 line:90%,end
Although he was just a hounded Marxist
at the time...
00:25:52.044 --> 00:25:55.008 line:90%,end
he is even considered crueler than Stalin.
00:25:55.016 --> 00:25:57.000 line:90%,end
Violence is the key to his power.
00:25:58.068 --> 00:26:01.092 line:90%,end
He imposes on his men
what he calls "the blood pact."
00:26:03.052 --> 00:26:04.096 line:90%,end
"Everyone must participate
00:26:05.004 --> 00:26:07.008 line:90%,end
in the physical destruction
of class enemies.
00:26:08.020 --> 00:26:11.000 line:90%,end
Everyone must have blood on their hands."
00:26:11.080 --> 00:26:13.000 line:90%,end
Mao says...
00:26:13.076 --> 00:26:15.096 line:90%,end
"Corpses have their use.
00:26:16.004 --> 00:26:18.024 line:90%,end
They can be used to fertilize the land."
00:26:23.032 --> 00:26:27.072 line:90%,end
Mao finalizes his conquest by pushing
the last anti-Communist troops
00:26:27.080 --> 00:26:30.000 line:90%,end
back to the border of French Indochina.
00:26:43.020 --> 00:26:45.000 line:90%,end
The French disarm them,
00:26:45.008 --> 00:26:48.000 line:90%,end
in fear of being infiltrated
by Mao's soldiers.
00:26:54.032 --> 00:26:56.024 line:90%,end
Commander Auriol writes,
00:26:57.012 --> 00:26:59.044 line:90%,end
"A surprising number of women
are pregnant.
00:27:00.076 --> 00:27:04.000 line:90%,end
Handing these refugees
over to the People's Republic of China
00:27:04.008 --> 00:27:05.036 line:90%,end
is out of the question.
00:27:05.076 --> 00:27:08.076 line:90%,end
The only option is to keep them
in camps in Indochina
00:27:08.084 --> 00:27:10.024 line:90%,end
until further notice."
00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:18.096 line:90%,end
The French are also concerned.
00:27:19.004 --> 00:27:21.032 line:90%,end
The arrival of these 30,000 refugees
00:27:21.040 --> 00:27:24.012 line:90%,end
raises the question
of Mao's army chasing after them.
00:27:24.076 --> 00:27:27.040 line:90%,end
His army could join forces
with the Viet Minh
00:27:27.048 --> 00:27:29.040 line:90%,end
and help it take over Indochina.
00:27:38.064 --> 00:27:42.048 line:10%,start
On December 21, 1949, Mao is in Moscow,
00:27:42.056 --> 00:27:44.056 line:10%,start
standing to the right of Stalin,
00:27:44.064 --> 00:27:47.000 line:10%,start
who is celebrating his 70th birthday.
00:27:49.056 --> 00:27:51.032 line:90%,end
Stalin is wary of him,
00:27:52.056 --> 00:27:55.008 line:90%,end
as he is of all Communist leaders,
00:27:56.052 --> 00:27:59.076 line:90%,end
ever since his altercations
with Yugoslav leader Tito,
00:27:59.084 --> 00:28:02.020 line:90%,end
who refuses to be a satellite of the USSR.
00:28:08.088 --> 00:28:12.092 line:90%,end
But Mao needs Soviet assistance
for his industry and his army.
00:28:16.076 --> 00:28:20.008 line:10%,start
He has Stalin's birthday
religiously observed in China...
00:28:20.016 --> 00:28:21.064 line:10%,start
(speaks Mandarin)
00:28:21.072 --> 00:28:23.084 line:10%,start
NARRATOR (in English):
...as it is in all Communist countries.
00:28:23.092 --> 00:28:25.052 line:10%,start
(all singing in foreign language)
00:28:51.028 --> 00:28:53.028 line:90%,end
Stalin's personality cult
00:28:53.036 --> 00:28:56.012 line:90%,end
extends beyond the USSR's borders.
00:28:57.000 --> 00:28:59.088 line:10%,start
The French Communists
celebrate Comrade Stalin,
00:28:59.096 --> 00:29:02.012 line:10%,start
a champion of peace, liberty,
00:29:02.020 --> 00:29:05.016 line:10%,start
the independence of the people,
and human happiness.
00:29:05.080 --> 00:29:09.056 line:10%,start
The French Communist party remains
the country's first political movement.
00:29:09.064 --> 00:29:13.096 line:10%,start
Its leader, Maurice Thorez,
is Stalin's tireless champion.
00:29:14.076 --> 00:29:16.004 line:90%,end
(Thorez speaking French)
Long live Stalin!
00:29:16.012 --> 00:29:17.084 line:90%,end
A long and glorious life
00:29:17.092 --> 00:29:20.028 line:90%,end
to the leader of
the international proletariat,
00:29:20.036 --> 00:29:22.088 line:90%,end
the head of the Socialist revolution,
00:29:22.096 --> 00:29:24.064 line:90%,end
the liberator of the people,
00:29:24.072 --> 00:29:27.040 line:90%,end
and the most avid defender
of the freedom and peace.
00:29:27.088 --> 00:29:29.056 line:90%,end
We Communists,
00:29:29.064 --> 00:29:32.000 line:90%,end
whom the class enemy and its agents
00:29:32.008 --> 00:29:35.052 line:90%,end
try to insult by calling us "Stalinists",
00:29:35.060 --> 00:29:37.032 line:90%,end
we hereby state loud and clear,
00:29:37.040 --> 00:29:39.048 line:90%,end
like we did 20 years ago,
00:29:39.056 --> 00:29:42.092 line:90%,end
that we are honored by the glorious title
00:29:43.000 --> 00:29:44.084 line:90%,end
that we continually strive
to be worthy of.
00:29:44.092 --> 00:29:46.068 line:90%,end
Yes, with all of our heart,
00:29:46.076 --> 00:29:50.012 line:90%,end
we declare our fervent love for Stalin
00:29:50.020 --> 00:29:53.064 line:90%,end
and we place our unwavering trust in him.
00:29:53.072 --> 00:29:55.056 line:90%,end
Long live Stalin!
00:30:01.008 --> 00:30:04.052 line:90%,end
May our great Stalin live forever!
00:30:04.060 --> 00:30:05.076 line:90%,end
Long live Communism!
00:30:05.084 --> 00:30:08.048 line:90%,end
NARRATOR: Yet, Thorez had deserted in '39
00:30:08.056 --> 00:30:11.072 line:90%,end
and spent five wartime years
in the Soviet Union.
00:30:11.080 --> 00:30:14.072 line:90%,end
He knows all about Stalin and the Gulags.
00:30:14.080 --> 00:30:16.080 line:90%,end
(all singing in French)
00:30:26.016 --> 00:30:29.088 line:10%,start
NARRATOR: But all the other brave souls
are in the dark, like this militant.
00:30:30.032 --> 00:30:33.020 line:90%,end
(speaking French) I am convinced that
my children, my husband
00:30:33.028 --> 00:30:35.060 line:90%,end
peace, and you, Comrade Stalin,
00:30:35.068 --> 00:30:38.004 line:90%,end
are all one and the same.
00:30:38.012 --> 00:30:41.080 line:90%,end
Never will the women of France
00:30:41.088 --> 00:30:44.052 line:90%,end
allow their husbands and children
00:30:44.060 --> 00:30:47.020 line:90%,end
to go to war against Stalin's country.
00:30:49.004 --> 00:30:51.016 line:90%,end
NARRATOR (in English):
"No war against Stalin!"
00:30:51.024 --> 00:30:52.032 line:90%,end
To our Soviet sisters.
Never will the mothers...
00:30:52.040 --> 00:30:53.096 line:90%,end
is the message the Communists
are to spread.
00:30:54.004 --> 00:30:55.044 line:90%,end
...of France send their sons
to fight against the Soviet Union.
00:30:56.076 --> 00:31:01.068 line:90%,end
Along with this comes the creation
of a World Movement of Partisans of Peace,
00:31:01.076 --> 00:31:05.004 line:90%,end
whose emblem is
a dove designed by Picasso.
00:31:06.028 --> 00:31:07.084 line:90%,end
This peace movement launches
00:31:07.092 --> 00:31:11.008 line:10%,start
an international petition
on March 19, 1950,
00:31:11.052 --> 00:31:13.092 line:10%,start
demanding a ban on nuclear weapons.
00:31:14.036 --> 00:31:16.044 line:10%,start
It is known as the Stockholm Appeal.
00:31:16.052 --> 00:31:17.064 line:90%,end
OUTLAW NUCLEAR WEAPONS
00:31:18.028 --> 00:31:22.004 line:90%,end
250,000 people sign the petition
in just a few weeks,
00:31:22.060 --> 00:31:24.064 line:90%,end
particularly in the Communist countries.
00:31:25.080 --> 00:31:27.044 line:90%,end
How could one refuse to sign?
00:31:28.012 --> 00:31:31.004 line:90%,end
Yet, who can verify
that Stalin upholds his commitment
00:31:31.012 --> 00:31:35.000 line:10%,start
now that he has the bomb
and is multiplying atomic testing.
00:31:38.036 --> 00:31:41.088 line:90%,end
But to the Communists,
the supporters and fellow travelers,
00:31:41.096 --> 00:31:43.080 line:90%,end
the Red Army saved the world,
00:31:43.088 --> 00:31:47.000 line:90%,end
and Stalin embodies the quest for peace.
00:31:48.052 --> 00:31:50.052 line:10%,start
(all shouting indistinctly)
00:31:52.068 --> 00:31:55.040 line:90%,end
In the US,
the hunt for Communist sympathizers
00:31:55.048 --> 00:31:57.056 line:90%,end
in the government and film industry
00:31:57.064 --> 00:32:01.004 line:90%,end
is launched by a Republican senator,
Joseph McCarthy.
00:32:05.028 --> 00:32:07.084 line:90%,end
The FBI succeeds in shutting down
00:32:07.092 --> 00:32:10.032 line:90%,end
the extensive Soviet espionage network
00:32:10.040 --> 00:32:13.016 line:10%,start
to which Julius
and Ethel Rosenberg belong.
00:32:14.048 --> 00:32:16.080 line:10%,start
The couple is sent to the electric chair.
00:32:22.052 --> 00:32:25.000 line:90%,end
In Europe, abstention is in fashion.
00:32:26.008 --> 00:32:28.044 line:90%,end
The "good times" party is in the lead.
00:32:29.004 --> 00:32:31.000 line:90%,end
People want to live their lives.
00:32:31.032 --> 00:32:32.080 line:90%,end
Ignorance is bliss.
00:32:33.048 --> 00:32:34.072 line:90%,end
They want to have children
00:32:34.080 --> 00:32:37.044 line:90%,end
and avoid thinking
about the dangers that lurk.
00:32:41.064 --> 00:32:42.088 line:90%,end
SOLDIER: Fire!
00:32:46.032 --> 00:32:50.032 line:10%,start
On June 25, 1950,
war breaks out in Korea.
00:32:51.024 --> 00:32:55.004 line:90%,end
For the first time, East and West
confront each other directly.
00:32:55.064 --> 00:32:58.044 line:90%,end
The Korean War claims two million lives,
00:32:58.052 --> 00:33:00.076 line:90%,end
civilians and soldiers alike.
00:33:02.016 --> 00:33:04.016 line:90%,end
(distant explosions)
00:33:05.012 --> 00:33:07.092 line:90%,end
On this day of June 25, 1950,
00:33:08.000 --> 00:33:11.056 line:90%,end
the Communist troops of North Korea
cross over the 38th parallel,
00:33:11.064 --> 00:33:15.064 line:90%,end
which has separated Korea
into two countries since 1945.
00:33:19.084 --> 00:33:22.004 line:90%,end
In the North, the Soviet conquest
00:33:22.012 --> 00:33:25.016 line:90%,end
has led to the creation
of the People's Republic of Korea,
00:33:26.008 --> 00:33:28.088 line:90%,end
governed de facto by General Shtykov,
00:33:29.092 --> 00:33:32.056 line:10%,start
who occupied the country in 1945.
00:33:34.060 --> 00:33:38.036 line:90%,end
Shtykov put a USSR-trained
Korean Communist in power,
00:33:38.092 --> 00:33:41.040 line:10%,start
38-year old Kim Il-sung.
00:33:42.056 --> 00:33:45.084 line:90%,end
He established
a six-year compulsory military service.
00:33:46.076 --> 00:33:48.080 line:90%,end
The country is ready for war.
00:33:55.088 --> 00:33:58.028 line:10%,start
Mao Zedong, China's new ruler,
00:33:58.036 --> 00:34:02.000 line:10%,start
had returned to Moscow to conclude
an alliance with the USSR.
00:34:11.092 --> 00:34:16.028 line:10%,start
Shtykov convinces Stalin,
who, fearing an international conflict,
00:34:16.036 --> 00:34:17.092 line:10%,start
tends to be cautious,
00:34:18.000 --> 00:34:21.000 line:10%,start
to let Kim Il-sung invade South Korea.
00:34:25.072 --> 00:34:29.052 line:90%,end
South Korea's authoritarian ruler
is Syngman Rhee,
00:34:29.060 --> 00:34:32.048 line:90%,end
former opposition leader
against the Japanese,
00:34:32.056 --> 00:34:35.020 line:90%,end
who had colonized Korea for many years.
00:34:35.028 --> 00:34:37.012 line:90%,end
The US supports him
00:34:37.020 --> 00:34:39.072 line:90%,end
but doesn't give him
the means to defend himself.
00:34:42.060 --> 00:34:43.076 line:90%,end
The South Korean army
00:34:43.084 --> 00:34:47.000 line:90%,end
calls for an emergency mobilization
of troops to defend Seoul.
00:34:47.068 --> 00:34:50.008 line:90%,end
They are outnumbered
two-to-one by the North,
00:34:50.016 --> 00:34:53.012 line:90%,end
and are poorly armed,
without armored tanks.
00:34:56.076 --> 00:35:00.044 line:90%,end
Commander Paik Sun-yup and his unit
are in charge of defending Seoul.
00:35:01.028 --> 00:35:02.044 line:90%,end
He writes,
00:35:03.020 --> 00:35:05.028 line:90%,end
"Our soldiers have never seen a tank.
00:35:05.036 --> 00:35:09.052 line:90%,end
As soon as they hear the word 'tank,'
they fall down in shock."
00:35:09.060 --> 00:35:11.064 line:90%,end
(rumbling)
00:35:15.084 --> 00:35:20.032 line:90%,end
The North Korean army,
with its 150 Soviet T-34 tanks,
00:35:20.040 --> 00:35:23.000 line:90%,end
one of World War II's
best armored vehicles,
00:35:23.008 --> 00:35:25.072 line:90%,end
and its 100,000 over-equipped troops,
00:35:25.080 --> 00:35:27.060 line:90%,end
march into the Southern capital,
00:35:27.068 --> 00:35:30.024 line:90%,end
crushing all resistance on their path.
00:35:36.064 --> 00:35:39.016 line:10%,start
On June 28, 1950,
00:35:39.024 --> 00:35:41.052 line:10%,start
on the morning of the third day
of the assault,
00:35:41.060 --> 00:35:43.044 line:90%,end
the North Koreans enter Seoul.
00:35:44.028 --> 00:35:46.024 line:90%,end
They rush
into the administrative buildings
00:35:46.032 --> 00:35:49.012 line:90%,end
to steal
all the confidential US documents.
00:35:51.080 --> 00:35:53.092 line:90%,end
The Soviet cameramen that accompany them
00:35:54.000 --> 00:35:56.008 line:90%,end
stage the discovery of this map,
00:35:56.016 --> 00:35:58.084 line:90%,end
which supposedly reveals a planned attack
00:35:58.092 --> 00:36:00.092 line:90%,end
on the North by the South.
00:36:01.000 --> 00:36:03.068 line:90%,end
This allows the Communists
to tell the people of Seoul
00:36:03.076 --> 00:36:06.096 line:90%,end
who have stayed put
and are immediately mobilized,
00:36:07.004 --> 00:36:10.024 line:90%,end
that the Northern attack
on their city is a preventive measure
00:36:10.032 --> 00:36:12.044 line:90%,end
against the "South Korean threat."
00:36:17.004 --> 00:36:18.020 line:10%,start
June 1950,
00:36:18.028 --> 00:36:20.076 line:10%,start
at the United Nations in New York,
00:36:20.084 --> 00:36:23.052 line:90%,end
the Security Council holds
an emergency meeting.
00:36:24.092 --> 00:36:27.048 line:10%,start
The Soviet delegate
has been absent for months
00:36:27.056 --> 00:36:31.056 line:90%,end
in protest of America's refusal
to recognize Communist China.
00:36:34.004 --> 00:36:38.068 line:90%,end
The Council is able to vote a resolution
asking the US to take military action
00:36:38.076 --> 00:36:41.008 line:90%,end
with their forces still based in Japan.
00:36:43.068 --> 00:36:45.088 line:10%,start
These young soldiers,
fulfilling their duty,
00:36:45.096 --> 00:36:48.080 line:90%,end
have no idea of the hell that awaits them.
00:36:51.096 --> 00:36:54.008 line:90%,end
Their commander, a historical figure,
00:36:54.016 --> 00:36:56.088 line:90%,end
is the flamboyant general,
Douglas MacArthur,
00:36:56.096 --> 00:36:59.004 line:90%,end
the man with the corncob pipe.
00:36:59.012 --> 00:37:01.016 line:90%,end
One of the great Pacific War heroes,
00:37:01.024 --> 00:37:03.084 line:90%,end
he is still Commander-in-chief in Japan.
00:37:05.076 --> 00:37:07.032 line:90%,end
He leaves, for Korea.
00:37:11.040 --> 00:37:15.064 line:90%,end
MacArthur and his limited troops
land in Korea early July 1950,
00:37:15.072 --> 00:37:17.068 line:90%,end
to block the North Koreans' route.
00:37:22.056 --> 00:37:24.016 line:10%,start
With such a famous leader,
00:37:24.024 --> 00:37:26.072 line:90%,end
the US troops are welcomed as saviors
00:37:26.080 --> 00:37:28.056 line:90%,end
and are full of confidence.
00:37:31.080 --> 00:37:35.004 line:90%,end
But these young Americans
aren't given the means to fight.
00:37:35.044 --> 00:37:37.060 line:90%,end
Their few tanks are in poor shape,
00:37:37.068 --> 00:37:40.000 line:90%,end
and they have little ammunition
for their cannons.
00:37:41.092 --> 00:37:43.076 line:90%,end
(machine guns rattling)
00:37:48.020 --> 00:37:52.020 line:90%,end
The US and South Korean troops
backtrack toward the South, to Pusan,
00:37:53.040 --> 00:37:55.000 line:90%,end
the last available port.
00:37:56.060 --> 00:38:00.036 line:90%,end
The entire North Korean army
is mobilized to march on Pusan.
00:38:01.032 --> 00:38:03.016 line:90%,end
The stakes are crucial.
00:38:04.008 --> 00:38:08.008 line:90%,end
They will win the war if they succeed
in pushing the Americans back to the sea.
00:38:12.020 --> 00:38:14.016 line:90%,end
The Americans and the South Koreans,
00:38:14.024 --> 00:38:17.004 line:90%,end
overwhelmed by an enemy
superior in number and arms,
00:38:17.048 --> 00:38:19.008 line:90%,end
set up a defense perimeter.
00:38:21.088 --> 00:38:23.088 line:90%,end
(explosions)
00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:26.040 line:90%,end
(machine guns rattling)
00:38:28.084 --> 00:38:30.052 line:90%,end
Throughout July 1950,
00:38:30.060 --> 00:38:33.032 line:90%,end
the soldiers fighting to defend
the Pusan Perimeter
00:38:33.040 --> 00:38:35.000 line:90%,end
manage to hold out,
00:38:35.008 --> 00:38:38.024 line:90%,end
thanks to the uninterrupted support
of their air forces.
00:38:59.056 --> 00:39:03.020 line:90%,end
The B-29's,
the US Air Force's super fortresses,
00:39:03.028 --> 00:39:06.048 line:90%,end
receive permission to strike
beyond the 38th parallel,
00:39:06.056 --> 00:39:09.000 line:90%,end
and target North Korea's arms factories.
00:39:10.092 --> 00:39:13.020 line:90%,end
(bombs whistling)
00:39:15.044 --> 00:39:17.044 line:90%,end
(explosions)
00:39:26.056 --> 00:39:30.036 line:90%,end
The civilians, who are collateral victims
of the bomb strikes
00:39:30.044 --> 00:39:32.068 line:90%,end
and the war unleashed by their regime,
00:39:32.076 --> 00:39:34.044 line:90%,end
are filmed by the Soviets,
00:39:34.052 --> 00:39:36.052 line:90%,end
for their anti-American propaganda.
00:39:40.048 --> 00:39:42.084 line:90%,end
You, the people's army!
Avenge us!
00:39:45.004 --> 00:39:49.012 line:90%,end
Exterminate the enemy without mercy!
We are approaching Pusan!
00:39:52.008 --> 00:39:53.092 line:90%,end
The arms factories aren't hit
00:39:54.060 --> 00:39:56.076 line:90%,end
because most of them are underground.
00:39:57.060 --> 00:40:00.068 line:90%,end
Working endless shifts
in front of Soviet machinery,
00:40:00.076 --> 00:40:03.056 line:90%,end
under the portraits
of Stalin and Kim Il-sung,
00:40:04.004 --> 00:40:07.020 line:90%,end
these poor women
manufacture millions of munitions
00:40:07.028 --> 00:40:09.052 line:90%,end
until they pass out from exhaustion.
00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:21.096 line:10%,start
August 1950.
00:40:22.004 --> 00:40:25.032 line:90%,end
The American forces
in the Pusan Perimeter are in trouble.
00:40:28.040 --> 00:40:30.000 line:90%,end
They've lost many men.
00:40:30.044 --> 00:40:34.056 line:90%,end
Almost 4000 are dead
and 2000 are captured,
00:40:34.064 --> 00:40:36.096 line:90%,end
as filmed here by the Soviets.
00:40:39.040 --> 00:40:40.072 line:90%,end
On August 14,
00:40:41.040 --> 00:40:43.020 line:90%,end
on Hill 303,
00:40:43.028 --> 00:40:46.048 line:90%,end
45 American soldiers
from the 5th Cavalry Regiment
00:40:46.056 --> 00:40:51.000 line:90%,end
are captured and marched to a ravine
where they are shot point-blank.
00:40:54.004 --> 00:40:56.012 line:90%,end
One of these men, Corporal Day,
00:40:56.092 --> 00:41:01.000 line:90%,end
has miraculously survived
and is discovered under the corpses.
00:41:04.056 --> 00:41:06.060 line:90%,end
("Taps" playing)
00:41:11.096 --> 00:41:15.004 line:90%,end
NARRATOR:
America calls in 90,000 reservists.
00:41:17.020 --> 00:41:20.080 line:90%,end
Five years after being discharged
at the end of World War II,
00:41:20.088 --> 00:41:24.032 line:90%,end
these Americans,
who have started families and found jobs,
00:41:24.040 --> 00:41:28.012 line:90%,end
aren't so thrilled to don the uniform
and go back to war.
00:41:29.048 --> 00:41:31.048 line:90%,end
(explosions)
00:41:36.052 --> 00:41:38.032 line:90%,end
On behalf of the United Nations,
00:41:38.040 --> 00:41:41.024 line:90%,end
thousands of men
land in the port of Pusan.
00:41:41.032 --> 00:41:44.000 line:90%,end
Although their numbers
are merely symbolic,
00:41:44.008 --> 00:41:45.008 line:90%,end
there are Greeks,
00:41:45.016 --> 00:41:46.032 line:90%,end
Filipinos,
00:41:46.040 --> 00:41:49.040 line:90%,end
New Zealanders, British, Turks,
00:41:49.048 --> 00:41:51.008 line:90%,end
and soon, the French.
00:41:51.064 --> 00:41:52.092 line:90%,end
(explosions)
00:41:53.000 --> 00:41:54.092 line:90%,end
America's elite, the Marine Corps,
00:41:55.000 --> 00:41:58.084 line:90%,end
continues to defend Pusan
throughout August 1950.
00:41:59.068 --> 00:42:01.032 line:90%,end
These Marines' and their planes,
00:42:01.072 --> 00:42:03.088 line:90%,end
the famous "Black Sheep Squadron,"
00:42:04.020 --> 00:42:05.020 line:90%,end
are back on the job.
00:42:06.032 --> 00:42:09.092 line:90%,end
They drop canisters of jellied gasoline,
better known as napalm,
00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:12.092 line:90%,end
which burns everything
within 100 square meters.
00:42:25.072 --> 00:42:28.040 line:90%,end
The surviving North Koreans are in shock.
00:42:28.084 --> 00:42:30.088 line:90%,end
They are captured and humiliated.
00:42:42.032 --> 00:42:43.068 line:90%,end
But the pressure is on.
00:42:43.076 --> 00:42:45.060 line:90%,end
(machine guns rattling)
00:42:45.068 --> 00:42:47.044 line:90%,end
Will the Americans hold out?
00:42:50.064 --> 00:42:55.012 line:90%,end
What will General MacArthur do,
now that he commands the UN forces?
00:43:04.000 --> 00:43:06.056 line:10%,start
The President of South Korea,
Syngman Rhee,
00:43:06.064 --> 00:43:08.084 line:10%,start
calls upon those defending Pusan.
00:43:12.016 --> 00:43:13.012 line:90%,end
He urges,
00:43:13.072 --> 00:43:17.032 line:90%,end
"We will dig huge trenches
and fill them with Communists.
00:43:17.040 --> 00:43:18.092 line:90%,end
Then cover them over."
00:43:19.000 --> 00:43:20.016 line:90%,end
(inaudible)
00:43:21.084 --> 00:43:23.036 line:90%,end
True to his word,
00:43:23.044 --> 00:43:25.088 line:90%,end
he executes 100,000 suspects.
00:43:32.016 --> 00:43:33.080 line:90%,end
Hatred breeds hatred...
00:43:35.080 --> 00:43:38.000 line:90%,end
and strengthens Kim-Il sung
00:43:38.008 --> 00:43:41.000 line:10%,start
and especially
Soviet General Shtykov's determination
00:43:41.008 --> 00:43:42.016 line:10%,start
to pursue the war.
00:43:47.048 --> 00:43:50.048 line:10%,start
Nothing can stop the wave
of worldwide protests
00:43:50.056 --> 00:43:52.012 line:10%,start
orchestrated by Stalin
00:43:52.020 --> 00:43:54.088 line:10%,start
to denounce the American attack on Korea.
00:43:55.080 --> 00:43:58.004 line:10%,start
Will the fear continue to escalate?
00:43:58.088 --> 00:44:02.036 line:10%,start
Will China get involved
in Korea or Indochina?
00:44:02.096 --> 00:44:04.096 line:10%,start
Napolean once said,
00:44:05.004 --> 00:44:07.052 line:10%,start
"When China wakes,
the world will tremble."
00:44:07.060 --> 00:44:08.096 line:10%,start
Captioned by
Visual Data Media Services