1 00:00:01,000 --> 00:00:05,900 MUSIC: Hast Du Schon Berlin Bei Nacht Gesehen? by Richard Forst 2 00:00:05,900 --> 00:00:08,080 Berlin, autumn 1932. 3 00:00:10,920 --> 00:00:13,200 The last sunny days before winter. 4 00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:21,000 The people get up, go to work, stroll along the street, 5 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:25,760 sit outside cafes, go to the cinema, or perhaps to the cabaret. 6 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:43,500 But one in three people is unemployed. 7 00:00:43,500 --> 00:00:47,280 They live in tenements or shanties and they are hungry. 8 00:00:47,280 --> 00:00:49,760 Street battles are a daily occurrence. 9 00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:52,360 Political murders are part of everyday life. 10 00:00:52,360 --> 00:00:54,240 The country is divided. 11 00:00:55,280 --> 00:00:57,760 At the Reichstag elections in November, 12 00:00:57,760 --> 00:01:02,440 the National Socialists, under Adolf Hitler, become the strongest party. 13 00:01:02,440 --> 00:01:05,160 They and the Communists, under Ernst Thalmann, 14 00:01:05,160 --> 00:01:07,400 make up the majority in the Reichstag. 15 00:01:07,400 --> 00:01:10,000 A stable government cannot be formed. 16 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:14,280 In December, Kurt von Schleicher becomes Reich Chancellor 17 00:01:14,280 --> 00:01:16,560 without a majority and with little backing. 18 00:01:17,960 --> 00:01:22,160 In Berlin, the street battles intensify, the cracks deepen. 19 00:01:22,160 --> 00:01:24,880 The new year has to bring a decision. 20 00:01:26,760 --> 00:01:29,840 It is a year we know about through diaries and letters, 21 00:01:29,840 --> 00:01:31,760 photographs and films. 22 00:01:36,280 --> 00:01:38,840 New Year's Eve is fast approaching. 23 00:01:55,800 --> 00:01:59,840 TRANSLATION: - It was a very quiet night. 24 00:01:59,840 --> 00:02:02,520 Surprisingly, I had almost nothing to do. 25 00:02:02,520 --> 00:02:06,760 At around ten, a former hospital clerk named Elter was admitted. 26 00:02:07,920 --> 00:02:10,360 He was doubled over and complaining of severe pains 27 00:02:10,360 --> 00:02:12,000 in the appendix region. 28 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:14,880 The weather was dry but quite cold. No snow. 29 00:02:27,440 --> 00:02:31,520 - TRANSLATION: - The President's New Year reception proceeded 30 00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:34,000 in the customary way, as it has for years. 31 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:37,920 Presidential guard drill, diplomatic corps in attendance, 32 00:02:37,920 --> 00:02:41,280 public appearance of the government, speeches and responses. 33 00:03:04,280 --> 00:03:07,600 - TRANSLATION: - Severe cramps, 34 00:03:07,600 --> 00:03:09,760 and my little Elna had had toothaches, 35 00:03:09,760 --> 00:03:12,520 so we went to bed on New Year's Day at 7pm 36 00:03:12,520 --> 00:03:15,280 and spent the whole night whimpering at one another. 37 00:03:17,080 --> 00:03:19,160 Today, Elna went to the dentist. 38 00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:22,760 She returned home very satisfied with the meticulous treatment 39 00:03:22,760 --> 00:03:24,560 and almost free from pain. 40 00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:28,240 Her treatment is supposed to continue tomorrow. 41 00:03:29,240 --> 00:03:31,520 - MUSIC: Die Arbeiter Von Wien 42 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:35,760 # Wir sind das Bauvolk der kommenden Welt... # 43 00:03:36,760 --> 00:03:41,280 - When I was in Charlottenstrasse today at five, I heard people sing. 44 00:03:42,720 --> 00:03:45,520 They were workers on their way to a Communist rally. 45 00:03:46,520 --> 00:03:48,920 I saw almost only young people. 46 00:03:48,920 --> 00:03:53,280 80% were under 30, marked by bitterness and frustration. 47 00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:56,920 Their clothes and their emaciated faces 48 00:03:56,920 --> 00:03:59,520 suggested that most of them were unemployed. 49 00:04:01,520 --> 00:04:05,000 Their leader gave three cheers for the Red Front. 50 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:09,120 Every voice and every fist was raised three times in a row. 51 00:04:13,280 --> 00:04:16,520 An unsettling factor is the number of political murders. 52 00:04:18,520 --> 00:04:21,120 The fifth political murder since New Year's 53 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:22,760 was reported from Breslau. 54 00:04:24,760 --> 00:04:29,000 Fights in Hamburg, Erfurt and Aachen were also reported. 55 00:04:36,240 --> 00:04:41,000 - TRANSLATION: - My work at the hospital proceeds as follows. 56 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:43,920 In the morning, at quarter to nine, I go to the ward. 57 00:04:43,920 --> 00:04:46,960 Then I go to the outpatients clinic to sign some paperwork. 58 00:04:48,280 --> 00:04:52,160 I have around 25 to 40 patients to examine each day. 59 00:04:52,160 --> 00:04:56,280 Sometimes it's eczema, sometimes gonorrhoea, sometimes syphilis. 60 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:03,160 At eight, I met up with Lilie. 61 00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:06,520 We went to Aschinger, and then the usual. 62 00:05:06,520 --> 00:05:09,560 She wanted cigarettes, ate a sausage, drank beer, 63 00:05:09,560 --> 00:05:11,640 all at my expense, of course. 64 00:05:14,280 --> 00:05:17,600 And yet, after I had drunk several beers, at around 11, 65 00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:21,160 we still went to our old local in Steinmetzstrasse. 66 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:24,760 When I think about it, it all seems like a big mistake. 67 00:05:36,800 --> 00:05:41,000 - TRANSLATION: - Trouble is brewing in Berlin. 68 00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:46,520 We went to Bulowplatz. The streets were overrun by Communist rabble. 69 00:05:46,520 --> 00:05:49,280 Dangerous to drive through there, but all went well. 70 00:05:49,280 --> 00:05:52,920 The police made sure no-one could shoot at us from the windows. 71 00:05:54,280 --> 00:05:56,920 At exactly 2pm, Hitler arrived. 72 00:05:56,920 --> 00:06:00,000 Our SA marched in front of Karl-Liebknecht-Haus. 73 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:01,760 A splendid sight. 74 00:06:01,760 --> 00:06:04,520 Terrible loss of face for the Communists. 75 00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:06,600 Bulowplatz is ours. 76 00:06:10,520 --> 00:06:14,280 - I ask myself whether the Nazis could be satisfied. 77 00:06:14,280 --> 00:06:17,520 Their 15,000 men were chased away to the four winds 78 00:06:17,520 --> 00:06:20,360 without the protection of 16,000 policemen 79 00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:22,920 of armoured vehicles and machine guns. 80 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:28,760 At Alexanderplatz, the streets were blocked by counter-demonstrators. 81 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:32,280 It was pure luck that the day didn't end in a bloodbath. 82 00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:37,760 Two people were killed, over 60 were injured. 83 00:06:43,800 --> 00:06:47,760 - TRANSLATION: - Our barometer by the window 84 00:06:47,760 --> 00:06:49,840 was showing -18 degrees today. 85 00:06:49,840 --> 00:06:52,520 How cold must it be outside? 86 00:06:52,520 --> 00:06:55,280 I hope Elna's little nose didn't freeze 87 00:06:55,280 --> 00:06:57,760 when she was waiting at the tram stop. 88 00:06:59,760 --> 00:07:02,320 God will protect my brave little girl. 89 00:07:25,520 --> 00:07:27,920 - We went to 132 Ackerstrasse. 90 00:07:33,000 --> 00:07:36,280 The huge building included a number of narrow back yards 91 00:07:36,280 --> 00:07:38,280 and was five storeys high. 92 00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:42,280 In the second back yard, we went up the stairs to one of the apartments. 93 00:07:43,280 --> 00:07:45,000 I looked at the walls. 94 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:48,600 There was hardly a centimetre that wasn't cracked or punctured. 95 00:07:48,600 --> 00:07:51,200 The walls were damp or rancid. 96 00:07:51,200 --> 00:07:54,080 Even the woodwork of the windows was mouldy 97 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:56,280 and was swollen from the dampness. 98 00:08:04,440 --> 00:08:10,280 - TRANSLATION: - Dr Hess presented a patient with suspected tuberculosis. 99 00:08:10,280 --> 00:08:14,000 He is 52 years old, has lost a great deal of weight recently, 100 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:16,000 night sweats and coughing up blood. 101 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:19,520 The X-ray showed a lung tumour, probably cancerous. 102 00:08:26,840 --> 00:08:30,680 At 8:30pm, I met Lilie at Aschinger. 103 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:35,160 She had a glass of beer in front of her, had already eaten, 104 00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:37,760 and was smoking her sixth cigarette. 105 00:08:37,760 --> 00:08:40,000 Our conversation was dull. 106 00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:43,280 She was angry that I didn't pay for her. 107 00:08:46,280 --> 00:08:48,280 We parted very coolly. 108 00:08:56,960 --> 00:09:00,000 - TRANSLATION: - Meal with Hitler. Very political. 109 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:02,520 Hitler remarkable, as ever. 110 00:09:02,520 --> 00:09:05,280 We went to see the film The Rebel again. 111 00:09:05,280 --> 00:09:08,520 I am awestruck once more. What a great film. 112 00:09:08,520 --> 00:09:11,200 - MAN CALLS OUT 113 00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:14,400 MAN REPLIES 114 00:09:38,280 --> 00:09:41,880 - In the film's climax, French soldiers invade Tyrol. 115 00:09:48,280 --> 00:09:51,360 Farmers throw huge piles of rocks and wood on them. 116 00:09:51,360 --> 00:09:53,760 Bang, bang, crash. 117 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:03,280 A portion of the audience wildly cheered 118 00:10:03,280 --> 00:10:05,360 as the French were massacred. 119 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:10,520 There was a big rush in front of the UFA-Palast. 120 00:10:10,520 --> 00:10:14,520 The UFA, like so many other publishers and newspapers, 121 00:10:14,520 --> 00:10:16,520 belongs to Alfred Hugenberg, 122 00:10:16,520 --> 00:10:19,520 the leader of the German National People's Party. 123 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:35,000 - The Hugenberg party still hoped to form a government with Hitler, 124 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:37,280 but the price seemed to be high. 125 00:10:39,360 --> 00:10:42,280 Many people are plotting against Schleicher. 126 00:10:45,800 --> 00:10:50,560 - TRANSLATION: - A reception with the French ambassador, Francois-Poncet. 127 00:10:50,560 --> 00:10:52,600 Jostling crowds. 128 00:10:52,600 --> 00:10:56,760 Schleicher's imminent fall was the topic on everyone's lips. 129 00:10:56,760 --> 00:10:59,520 It's an orgy of backroom politics. 130 00:11:03,880 --> 00:11:07,560 - In the evening, Tempo published a sensational story. 131 00:11:11,520 --> 00:11:15,760 A new government will be formed with Hitler, Von Papen and Hugenberg. 132 00:11:16,760 --> 00:11:19,280 I called friends to hear their opinion. 133 00:11:19,280 --> 00:11:22,280 One said the Tempo was just being sensationalist 134 00:11:22,280 --> 00:11:24,760 and that I shouldn't pay them any attention. 135 00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:38,640 - TRANSLATION: - Schleicher has been toppled. 136 00:11:38,640 --> 00:11:41,080 I'm overcome with waves of nausea 137 00:11:41,080 --> 00:11:44,280 at the thought of those notorious jackasses and chancers 138 00:11:44,280 --> 00:11:46,240 being back in government. 139 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:51,000 - Something was brewing. 140 00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:54,160 Hugenberg spoke out for a Cabinet with Hitler. 141 00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:57,280 What does that mean? 142 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:03,520 - TRANSLATION: - The annual press ball in the evening. 143 00:12:03,520 --> 00:12:06,360 Lots of beautiful, elegant women. 144 00:12:08,120 --> 00:12:11,360 - TRANSLATION: - I had to attend the press ball 145 00:12:11,360 --> 00:12:14,720 on behalf of my newspaper. Who flirted with whom? 146 00:12:14,720 --> 00:12:17,560 Who held forth? Who accompanied whom? 147 00:12:17,560 --> 00:12:19,600 Who sat with whom? 148 00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:22,760 That's what the readers want to know the next morning. 149 00:12:28,520 --> 00:12:33,400 - TRANSLATION: - It was the strangest atmosphere I've ever experienced. 150 00:12:33,400 --> 00:12:35,760 Everyone sensed what was in the air. 151 00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:38,600 No-one wanted to believe it was true. 152 00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:42,520 The government box, which at these events is usually full of ministers, 153 00:12:42,520 --> 00:12:45,280 state secretaries, diplomats, was empty. 154 00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:57,280 - TRANSLATION: - It has got much warmer. Only -1 today. 155 00:12:57,280 --> 00:12:59,000 Light snowfall. 156 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:01,680 At the moment, we have a serious flu epidemic. 157 00:13:01,680 --> 00:13:03,760 The hospital is overcrowded. 158 00:13:03,760 --> 00:13:08,280 Internal medicine has borrowed wards from us and the surgical department. 159 00:13:08,280 --> 00:13:11,160 They don't know where to put all their patients. 160 00:13:13,840 --> 00:13:18,520 - TRANSLATION: - Little Elna came home with a fever yesterday. 161 00:13:18,520 --> 00:13:21,280 She has been coughing and spluttering for weeks. 162 00:13:22,280 --> 00:13:25,080 All that miserable waiting around at tram stops 163 00:13:25,080 --> 00:13:27,000 and the sudden change in weather 164 00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:29,360 have affected the poor girl terribly. 165 00:13:36,280 --> 00:13:39,160 - TRANSLATION: - The Social Democrats and the Iron Front 166 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:41,520 held a demonstration in the Lustgarten. 167 00:13:41,520 --> 00:13:45,000 More than 100,000 people, countless red flags. 168 00:13:54,760 --> 00:13:59,920 In front of the palace, a large red banner - "Berlin stays red". 169 00:14:01,280 --> 00:14:04,760 The Social Democrat MP Kunstler held a speech. 170 00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:11,680 I didn't see any Communists, although they had intended 171 00:14:11,680 --> 00:14:13,760 to demonstrate there, too. 172 00:14:13,760 --> 00:14:16,280 A great seething crowd. 173 00:14:23,520 --> 00:14:26,760 - TRANSLATION: - It seems Papen or Hitler will form a Cabinet. 174 00:14:26,760 --> 00:14:30,760 A slight bout of the flu, which I'm fighting with alcohol and sleep. 175 00:14:30,760 --> 00:14:33,520 Germany, what will become of you? 176 00:15:00,680 --> 00:15:04,040 - UNTRANSLATED 177 00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:08,920 TRANSLATION: - The newspaper seller on the corner 178 00:15:08,920 --> 00:15:11,520 has the afternoon edition torn from his hands. 179 00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:14,160 The headline accompanies me the short distance home, 180 00:15:14,160 --> 00:15:17,400 up two flights of stairs, and lies before me on the table. 181 00:15:17,400 --> 00:15:19,440 Adolf Hitler is Reich Chancellor. 182 00:15:20,440 --> 00:15:22,280 - CHANTING 183 00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:26,280 CHEERING 184 00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:46,280 TRANSLATION: - The Cabinet has been hastily put together. 185 00:15:46,280 --> 00:15:49,000 Hitler is there with Dr Frick and Goering. 186 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:52,520 But Hugenberg, Papen and Defence Minister Blomberg 187 00:15:52,520 --> 00:15:54,600 are present to keep him in check. 188 00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:05,280 So it is neither a National Socialist 189 00:16:05,280 --> 00:16:08,520 nor a revolutionary government, although it bears Hitler's name. 190 00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:12,240 It's not a Third Reich, barely even a two-and-a-half Reich. 191 00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:29,880 - TRANSLATION: - Carnival Atmosphere. 192 00:16:29,880 --> 00:16:34,760 SA and SS troops in uniformed Stahlhelm patrol the streets. 193 00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:38,160 Spectators throng the pavements. 194 00:16:38,160 --> 00:16:41,920 In and around the Hotel Kaiserhof was one big party. 195 00:16:41,920 --> 00:16:44,760 The whole square was full of gawkers. 196 00:16:47,280 --> 00:16:50,760 - TRANSLATION: - At the old Reich Chancellery, behind closed windows, 197 00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:53,680 standing erect like a statue hewn from marble, 198 00:16:53,680 --> 00:16:56,000 was Reich President Von Hindenburg. 199 00:16:57,280 --> 00:16:59,160 He looked magnificent. 200 00:17:00,960 --> 00:17:04,280 Two buildings down, Adolf Hitler greeted the cheering masses 201 00:17:04,280 --> 00:17:06,000 with the fascist salute. 202 00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:09,280 It was an uplifting sight. 203 00:17:09,280 --> 00:17:11,280 The whole of Berlin on its feet. 204 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:14,520 Everyone inflamed by nationalist fervour. 205 00:17:14,520 --> 00:17:16,280 Our fatherland. 206 00:17:32,280 --> 00:17:36,080 - TRANSLATION: - Images and gestures that no photographer captures. 207 00:17:37,080 --> 00:17:41,520 Men and women who avert their eyes when the brown uniforms pass by. 208 00:17:41,520 --> 00:17:44,280 Who hurry home and disappear indoors. 209 00:17:44,280 --> 00:17:47,080 Or those who find it hard to conceal their fury, 210 00:17:47,080 --> 00:17:50,080 their powerlessness, their pain or their fear. 211 00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:55,520 A young girl has tears pouring down her face. 212 00:17:55,520 --> 00:17:57,360 Bystanders move away. 213 00:18:00,280 --> 00:18:03,760 - After the torchlight procession, two people were killed. 214 00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:07,280 SA Sturmfuhrer Maikowski and a police officer. 215 00:18:18,280 --> 00:18:21,520 - TRANSLATION: - Thousands of Siemens workers travel to the factory 216 00:18:21,520 --> 00:18:23,080 for the early shift. 217 00:18:23,080 --> 00:18:26,000 The railway carriage smells of sweat and cold smoke. 218 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:29,360 People sit bleary-eyed on the seats. 219 00:18:29,360 --> 00:18:31,280 Some of them hang their heads. 220 00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:37,000 We thrust fliers into everybody's hand. 221 00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:38,200 No-one argues. 222 00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:40,280 No-one seems to get het up. 223 00:18:41,280 --> 00:18:44,760 They take the fliers from us wordlessly. 224 00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:48,080 Some people read them, most put them straight in their pocket. 225 00:18:51,280 --> 00:18:53,680 - TRANSLATION: - Hitler heads a government 226 00:18:53,680 --> 00:18:56,280 that we can and must fight. But after all, 227 00:18:56,280 --> 00:18:59,280 it is a constitutionally legitimate government. 228 00:19:00,760 --> 00:19:04,000 If we organise a general strike now, the government 229 00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:07,280 will do everything it can to make us incapable of action. 230 00:19:12,560 --> 00:19:15,520 We tried to stop the fascists coming to power 231 00:19:15,520 --> 00:19:18,280 and now we have to drive them out of power. 232 00:19:26,280 --> 00:19:29,760 - TRANSLATION: - The streets are flooded with brown SA uniforms. 233 00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:34,600 Countless civilians wear a swastika badge on their lapel 234 00:19:34,600 --> 00:19:37,280 or have at least donned a brown shirt. 235 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:46,640 - TRANSLATION: - My patients speak of nothing else. 236 00:19:46,640 --> 00:19:48,480 Many of them are filled with joy. 237 00:19:48,480 --> 00:19:50,000 Many of them look worried. 238 00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:52,040 They agree on one thing only. 239 00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:54,560 Everything will be different now. 240 00:19:55,560 --> 00:19:57,280 I hear how they believe in him, 241 00:19:57,280 --> 00:19:58,760 or want to believe in him. 242 00:19:58,760 --> 00:20:00,520 Ready to serve him. 243 00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:10,920 - TRANSLATION: - The Reichstag has been dissolved. 244 00:20:10,920 --> 00:20:12,960 New elections are to take place 245 00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:14,280 on the 5th of March. 246 00:20:18,480 --> 00:20:22,080 The government has banned the Communist demonstration this Friday 247 00:20:22,080 --> 00:20:24,600 and the Social Democratic Party demonstration 248 00:20:24,600 --> 00:20:26,600 in the Lustgarten on Sunday. 249 00:20:34,760 --> 00:20:37,680 - TRANSLATION: - Commanding generals and station commanders 250 00:20:37,680 --> 00:20:40,760 have been summoned to Berlin to meet Hitler in person. 251 00:20:41,760 --> 00:20:44,360 - TRANSLATION: - I was introduced to him before dinner. 252 00:20:44,360 --> 00:20:47,000 Afterwards, in a speech, he outlined his approach. 253 00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:51,920 - TRANSLATION: - The sole aim of general policy - 254 00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:54,000 regaining political power, 255 00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:57,000 exterminating Marxism root and branch, 256 00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:00,280 tightest authoritarian state leadership, 257 00:21:00,280 --> 00:21:03,160 eliminating the cancer that is democracy... 258 00:21:04,160 --> 00:21:07,560 ..fighting for new export opportunities and, better still, 259 00:21:07,560 --> 00:21:10,840 perhaps, the conquest of new living space in the East 260 00:21:10,840 --> 00:21:13,280 and its merciless Germanisation. 261 00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:18,280 - TRANSLATION: - No political goals were declared 262 00:21:18,280 --> 00:21:20,360 that might give cause for concern. 263 00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:29,280 - The emergency ordinance was issued today. 264 00:21:29,280 --> 00:21:32,520 It contains drastic regulations for political gatherings 265 00:21:32,520 --> 00:21:35,520 and demonstrations and restrictions for the press. 266 00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:44,000 - TRANSLATION: - Press bans everywhere. 267 00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:46,280 Very careful use of language. 268 00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:49,520 We must once again learn to read between the lines. 269 00:21:49,520 --> 00:21:53,240 National Socialists are occupying all the government posts. 270 00:21:56,280 --> 00:21:59,160 - TRANSLATION: - Hitler is filling all positions of power 271 00:21:59,160 --> 00:22:00,760 with his own people. 272 00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:02,360 The interior ministries, the police, 273 00:22:02,360 --> 00:22:05,000 schools, universities, the radio. 274 00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:33,480 - TRANSLATION: - Adolf Hitler took his first steps 275 00:22:33,480 --> 00:22:35,280 on the diplomatic stage. 276 00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:37,320 Everybody was watching him. 277 00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:41,760 The former Corporal appeared rather uncomfortable in his new role. 278 00:22:42,760 --> 00:22:47,000 He kept reaching for the place where his uniform belt would have been. 279 00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:51,280 He crumpled his handkerchief and seemed struck with stage fright. 280 00:22:58,240 --> 00:23:00,280 - BELLS PEAL 281 00:23:26,760 --> 00:23:30,560 - The state funeral for the Nazi gangster Maikowski. 282 00:23:32,520 --> 00:23:35,920 Maikowski murdered a Communist in December. 283 00:23:35,920 --> 00:23:40,280 In the night of the 31st of January, he and a policeman were shot. 284 00:23:40,280 --> 00:23:44,000 The police officer was an alleged supporter of the left. 285 00:24:08,360 --> 00:24:11,560 - TRANSLATION: - At 11:45am, I was finally able to push my way 286 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:13,920 through the crowd and into the cathedral, 287 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:15,760 which was filled to capacity. 288 00:24:16,760 --> 00:24:19,920 At the front, by the altar, the two coffins lay on biers. 289 00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:24,000 Yes, may the Lord in all his mercy bring these two faithful souls 290 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:25,680 home to Him. 291 00:24:25,680 --> 00:24:29,520 Through the night, into the light, through struggle to freedom. 292 00:25:26,760 --> 00:25:30,360 - TRANSLATION: - Social Democratic Party Chairman Wels explained 293 00:25:30,360 --> 00:25:33,600 that he had convened the meeting with trade union representatives 294 00:25:33,600 --> 00:25:37,000 in order to discuss what final defensive measures might be taken. 295 00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:39,760 He said that factory workers were constantly asking 296 00:25:39,760 --> 00:25:42,000 when they should lay down their tools. 297 00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:46,520 The idea of a united front with the Communist Party 298 00:25:46,520 --> 00:25:48,600 was a popular topic, he said. 299 00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:51,520 Arrests and press bans were increasing. 300 00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:07,280 Trade union leader Leipart posed the question 301 00:26:07,280 --> 00:26:10,520 of what our goals in case of a general strike would be. 302 00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:12,920 Those workers who are still employed 303 00:26:12,920 --> 00:26:17,000 would certainly have to fear losing what might well be their last job. 304 00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:35,000 - TRANSLATION: - Yesterday morning, I told the doctor 305 00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:37,280 that Elna's condition had worsened. 306 00:26:37,280 --> 00:26:39,280 He prescribed a new medicine. 307 00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:41,760 I was given something to help with my cough 308 00:26:41,760 --> 00:26:44,680 because my home remedies have achieved nothing. 309 00:26:45,680 --> 00:26:48,000 Elna has a fever again today. 310 00:26:51,760 --> 00:26:54,520 - TRANSLATION: - There wasn't much to do on the ward today. 311 00:26:54,520 --> 00:26:57,000 I only examined four patients in total. 312 00:27:00,280 --> 00:27:02,760 I left at six and met Trude. 313 00:27:05,280 --> 00:27:08,280 We went to the Metro-Palast on the Chausseestrasse. 314 00:27:08,280 --> 00:27:12,560 and watched the film F.P.1 Doesn't Answer, starring Hans Albers. 315 00:27:12,560 --> 00:27:16,080 - # Flieger, gruss mir die Sonne 316 00:27:16,080 --> 00:27:20,280 # Gruss mir die Sterne und gruss mir den Mond 317 00:27:20,280 --> 00:27:23,600 # Dein Leben, das ist das Schweben 318 00:27:23,600 --> 00:27:28,280 # Durch die Ferne die keiner bewohnt 319 00:27:28,280 --> 00:27:32,000 # Schneller und immer schneller 320 00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:36,000 # Dreht der Propeller Wie es mir grade gefallt 321 00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:39,520 # Piloten ist nichts verboten 322 00:27:39,520 --> 00:27:44,000 # Un' mit Vollgas dusen sie um die Welt 323 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:47,960 # Such dir die schonste Sternenschnuppe aus 324 00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:53,000 # Und bring sie deinem Madel mit nach Haus 325 00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:56,520 # Flieger, gruss mir die Sonne 326 00:27:56,520 --> 00:28:00,480 # Gruss mir die Sterne und gruss mir den Mond... # 327 00:28:00,480 --> 00:28:02,280 GUNFIRE 328 00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:06,520 TRANSLATION: - The film was mediocre. 329 00:28:07,520 --> 00:28:10,760 I can't understand why such a big fuss has been made of it. 330 00:28:18,760 --> 00:28:21,400 - I try to go to Hitler's mass meetings. 331 00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:29,000 It started at eight, but when I arrived at six 332 00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:31,760 the roads to the hall were already blocked. 333 00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:53,280 - CHEERING AND APPLAUSE 334 00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:22,000 RAUCOUS CHEERS 335 00:29:42,520 --> 00:29:45,000 TRANSLATION: - I was able to get a ticket. 336 00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:49,000 My seat wasn't far from the speaker's platform. 337 00:29:55,760 --> 00:29:57,760 Suddenly, everyone stood up. 338 00:30:01,760 --> 00:30:05,040 Hitler appeared through a door at the back of the hall. 339 00:30:05,040 --> 00:30:07,120 - CHEERING AND APPLAUSE 340 00:30:34,240 --> 00:30:36,280 CHEERING SUBSIDES 341 00:31:16,280 --> 00:31:19,280 - As he began to speak, there was silence. 342 00:31:38,760 --> 00:31:41,000 I don't know at what point it happened, 343 00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:43,280 but the audience became electrified. 344 00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:46,000 Thousands of people leap out of their seats, 345 00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:48,280 raising their arms towards the Fuhrer. 346 00:31:48,280 --> 00:31:51,520 They're laughing, crying, or simply gawping. 347 00:31:51,520 --> 00:31:54,160 I look at the woman next to me. 348 00:31:54,160 --> 00:31:57,520 Fat beads of sweat are trickling down her face. 349 00:31:57,520 --> 00:32:01,080 The atmosphere in the hall is one of malicious glee. 350 00:32:41,520 --> 00:32:43,280 - APPLAUSE 351 00:32:49,960 --> 00:32:51,760 APPLAUSE SUBSIDES 352 00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:11,280 SHOUTING AND CLAPPING 353 00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:22,280 - Followed by his staff, Hitler makes his way towards the exit. 354 00:33:23,280 --> 00:33:27,280 The men look drained. The women have dark rings around their eyes. 355 00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:30,760 I hurry away. 356 00:33:36,760 --> 00:33:39,400 - TRANSLATION: - The rally, which Goebbels claims 357 00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:42,000 20 to 30 million Germans listened to on the radio, 358 00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:44,520 was doubtless a great success for Hitler. 359 00:33:47,760 --> 00:33:51,520 What a successful instrument of propaganda the radio has become 360 00:33:51,520 --> 00:33:54,920 and how little use have Hitler's opponents made of it to date. 361 00:34:04,280 --> 00:34:08,000 - TRANSLATION: - My dear child, the market is dominated by influenza 362 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:09,680 and "Heil Hitler". 363 00:34:09,680 --> 00:34:12,280 The flu is bad but, strangely, I haven't caught it. 364 00:34:13,280 --> 00:34:16,680 Business is slow. All of our customers are laid low. 365 00:34:16,680 --> 00:34:19,280 Hitler's appointment came as a shock. 366 00:34:19,280 --> 00:34:21,920 Yesterday, Theo told me that we had received 367 00:34:21,920 --> 00:34:24,280 no new printing orders all week. 368 00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:28,000 But otherwise things are calm. 369 00:34:32,520 --> 00:34:35,680 - TRANSLATION: - When I examine my patients, I notice more and more 370 00:34:35,680 --> 00:34:38,360 of them are wearing swastikas under their clothing. 371 00:34:42,280 --> 00:34:44,520 For the first time, one of my patients 372 00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:47,120 spoke about Jews in a derogatory manner. 373 00:34:51,760 --> 00:34:56,160 - TRANSLATION: - Elna is much better. On Friday, I informed the doctor. 374 00:34:56,160 --> 00:34:58,280 On Saturday, we got the sick note. 375 00:34:58,280 --> 00:35:02,000 Today, I took Elna outside for the first time. 376 00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:07,520 - TRANSLATION: - I made my rounds in the morning at around 9:30am. 377 00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:11,520 At ten, I went to church, where the pastor gave a good sermon. 378 00:35:11,520 --> 00:35:15,760 In the evening, Friedl called. She says she wants to see me again. 379 00:35:17,280 --> 00:35:22,280 So, in a way, I now have three girls - Trude, Friedl and Lilie. 380 00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:26,080 But I definitely like Trude best. 381 00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:35,080 - TRANSLATION: - Goering is cracking down. 382 00:35:35,080 --> 00:35:37,400 One governor after the other is being toppled. 383 00:35:37,400 --> 00:35:40,760 Admiral Levetzow has been named Chief of Police for Berlin. 384 00:35:40,760 --> 00:35:44,280 Lutze is Police Chief in Hanover and Schepmann in Dortmund. 385 00:35:47,760 --> 00:35:51,680 - The SA was equipped with the newest model of an automatic pistol 386 00:35:51,680 --> 00:35:55,000 and the police is now instructed by Goering to shoot first 387 00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:56,560 and ask questions later. 388 00:36:01,920 --> 00:36:04,520 - TRANSLATION: - Any police officer who uses a firearm 389 00:36:04,520 --> 00:36:07,520 will be protected by me regardless of the consequences. 390 00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:11,760 Officers should always remember that failure to take action 391 00:36:11,760 --> 00:36:15,000 weighs heavier than mistakes made when taking action. 392 00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:22,000 - TRANSLATION: - Ossietzky was supposed to give a speech 393 00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:24,520 at a League of German Writers meeting. 394 00:36:24,520 --> 00:36:28,080 Erich Muhsam rushed to our table, where the speaker sat, 395 00:36:28,080 --> 00:36:30,000 and spread out the evening paper, 396 00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:33,280 which had just appeared with Goering's "shoot first" decree. 397 00:36:33,280 --> 00:36:36,520 Any noise from outside startled us as we were expecting 398 00:36:36,520 --> 00:36:39,280 the nationalists' shooting spree to begin. 399 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:44,080 Ossietzky was not a good orator. 400 00:36:44,080 --> 00:36:48,000 He held tight to the table, head bowed, barely lifting his voice. 401 00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:50,680 There was nothing of the people's champion about him. 402 00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:53,760 He didn't seem capable of rousing anybody to action. 403 00:36:55,720 --> 00:36:58,040 - TRANSLATION: - My parents rented 404 00:36:58,040 --> 00:37:00,680 their first real apartment in Bayerische Strasse 405 00:37:00,680 --> 00:37:03,120 and furnished it according to their taste. 406 00:37:03,120 --> 00:37:06,520 Very modern, with black Bauhaus furniture. 407 00:37:06,520 --> 00:37:09,280 Those elegant chairs made of steel tubes. 408 00:37:17,520 --> 00:37:21,160 - TRANSLATION: - My dear child, the flu has found its way to us after all. 409 00:37:21,160 --> 00:37:25,000 Edith and Marta have been in bed four days. Just imagine. 410 00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:28,480 On Sunday, I ate at your brother Werner's house. 411 00:37:28,480 --> 00:37:31,520 He takes a serious view of the political situation 412 00:37:31,520 --> 00:37:33,520 and thinks it will lead to his ruin. 413 00:37:33,520 --> 00:37:35,920 But if he were still in the Communist Party, 414 00:37:35,920 --> 00:37:37,920 it would be even worse for him. 415 00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:44,000 Despite those dark topics, I very much enjoyed being there. 416 00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:46,840 And the stuffed pigeons were exquisite. 417 00:37:49,480 --> 00:37:52,360 For the time being, Jews have nothing to fear. 418 00:37:52,360 --> 00:37:54,760 There are hardly any in the civil service 419 00:37:54,760 --> 00:37:57,600 and new laws can't be introduced that quickly. 420 00:38:05,760 --> 00:38:08,000 - TRANSLATION: - Office, Berlin, work. 421 00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:11,760 Still not enough money. Our propaganda work is faltering. 422 00:38:11,760 --> 00:38:14,560 I watched the Fuhrer's Sportpalast speech. 423 00:38:14,560 --> 00:38:16,280 It was a triumph. 424 00:38:17,280 --> 00:38:20,280 It will be crucial for our propaganda campaign. 425 00:38:20,280 --> 00:38:22,000 - APPLAUSE 426 00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:28,600 TRANSLATION: - I received a telegram from Goering 427 00:38:28,600 --> 00:38:30,520 that read roughly as follows. 428 00:38:30,520 --> 00:38:33,280 "Invitation to an important meeting in the palais 429 00:38:33,280 --> 00:38:35,040 "of the Reichstag President." 430 00:38:36,040 --> 00:38:39,080 I felt obliged to attend, and upon arrival I found 431 00:38:39,080 --> 00:38:42,760 40 to 50 representatives of business and industry. 432 00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:49,360 - TRANSLATION: - Hitler arrived with Dr Wagner 433 00:38:49,360 --> 00:38:52,000 and greeted every attendee with a handshake. 434 00:39:19,280 --> 00:39:23,080 In Hitler's opinion, the 6 to 8 million Communist voters in Germany 435 00:39:23,080 --> 00:39:26,040 are proof of how dangerous the situation is. 436 00:39:26,040 --> 00:39:29,280 He says only the NSDAP can save the country 437 00:39:29,280 --> 00:39:31,280 from the Communist threat. 438 00:39:31,280 --> 00:39:34,000 He expressed his commitment to private property 439 00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:36,280 and the right of inheritance. 440 00:39:42,760 --> 00:39:46,280 - TRANSLATION: - After Hitler left the room, Dr Schacht proposed 441 00:39:46,280 --> 00:39:49,280 setting up an election fund of, as far as I remember, 442 00:39:49,280 --> 00:39:51,280 3 million Reichsmarks. 443 00:39:58,280 --> 00:40:01,360 - TRANSLATION: - Hitler is continuing his election campaign. 444 00:40:01,360 --> 00:40:03,920 Newsreels show Hitler in Cologne, 445 00:40:03,920 --> 00:40:06,800 Hamburg, Stuttgart, Nuremberg, Munich, 446 00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:08,920 Breslau and Koenigsberg. 447 00:40:14,560 --> 00:40:17,760 He travels in his own private aeroplane, 448 00:40:17,760 --> 00:40:21,080 his head protected from the wind and cold by a leather cap. 449 00:40:46,520 --> 00:40:49,600 - TRANSLATION: - Several meetings I attended have been attacked 450 00:40:49,600 --> 00:40:53,800 and many of those present had to be taken away with serious injuries. 451 00:40:56,280 --> 00:40:59,520 In Hindenburg, a comrade narrowly escaped 452 00:40:59,520 --> 00:41:01,160 being beaten to death. 453 00:41:01,160 --> 00:41:03,920 I had a similar experience in Langenbielau. 454 00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:06,520 One of my companions was struck down. 455 00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:11,600 A lot of people were injured in Breslau. 456 00:41:11,600 --> 00:41:14,520 I would request that meetings no longer take place 457 00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:16,520 with myself in attendance. 458 00:41:25,520 --> 00:41:29,280 - TRANSLATION: - My manservant Friedrich says he must leave me. 459 00:41:29,280 --> 00:41:33,280 His father, a Nazi and old civil servant in Pankow, 460 00:41:33,280 --> 00:41:36,080 has commanded him to do so because unpleasant things 461 00:41:36,080 --> 00:41:38,960 are expected to happen in my house soon. 462 00:41:39,960 --> 00:41:42,520 The boy was white as chalk. 463 00:41:45,760 --> 00:41:49,520 Wieland Herzfelde told me that, according to reliable sources, 464 00:41:49,520 --> 00:41:52,920 the Nazis are planning a fake assassination attempt on Hitler 465 00:41:52,920 --> 00:41:55,280 as the signal to start a bloodbath. 466 00:41:56,520 --> 00:41:59,280 His information came from the SA in Dortmund 467 00:41:59,280 --> 00:42:03,280 and from a wiretapped conversation between Hitler himself and Rohm. 468 00:42:24,280 --> 00:42:26,760 - TRANSLATION: - I took Peter to the zoo. 469 00:42:26,760 --> 00:42:30,000 It was a relief to watch the elegant wading birds 470 00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:34,240 like flamingos and cranes, whose gorgeous colours waft over one 471 00:42:34,240 --> 00:42:37,080 and are more beautiful than anything I know. 472 00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:43,760 What a delight it would be to lie in the sun, 473 00:42:43,760 --> 00:42:46,280 in the place these birds call home. 474 00:43:08,440 --> 00:43:12,080 - TRANSLATION: - It seems likely that the SA will occupy Berlin. 475 00:43:12,080 --> 00:43:15,600 Heinrich Mann has departed for the Riviera. 476 00:43:15,600 --> 00:43:17,920 Thomas Mann is in Paris. 477 00:43:17,920 --> 00:43:20,280 Alfred Kerr is in Prague. 478 00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:25,760 They have no desire to be accosted by barbarous Nazis 479 00:43:25,760 --> 00:43:27,600 or possibly even killed. 480 00:43:37,280 --> 00:43:40,320 - TRANSLATION: - Almost every day, letters arrived for Muhsam 481 00:43:40,320 --> 00:43:41,920 containing death threats, 482 00:43:41,920 --> 00:43:45,280 or he'd get telephone calls predicting his imminent demise. 483 00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:49,600 He wanted to leave early on the 28th. 484 00:43:49,600 --> 00:43:52,760 His suitcase was packed and everything was ready. 485 00:43:54,040 --> 00:43:55,920 - ALARM RINGS 486 00:44:02,760 --> 00:44:05,600 TRANSLATION: - The planned assassination attempt 487 00:44:05,600 --> 00:44:09,000 took place today - not on Hitler, but on the Reichstag building. 488 00:44:20,280 --> 00:44:24,600 - TRANSLATION: - Fire in four places. Fire brigade sounded the alarm. 489 00:44:24,600 --> 00:44:27,400 Assembly chamber in flames. Telephone connections lost. 490 00:44:31,920 --> 00:44:34,680 - TRANSLATION: - The whole building was on fire. 491 00:44:34,680 --> 00:44:36,920 Following the thick firemen's houses, 492 00:44:36,920 --> 00:44:39,000 we made our way to the lobby. 493 00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:42,520 Evidence of arson was found in four separate places. 494 00:44:42,520 --> 00:44:44,760 There is no doubt that the Communists 495 00:44:44,760 --> 00:44:48,280 are trying to seize power using arson and terror tactics. 496 00:44:48,280 --> 00:44:50,600 Communist deputies have been arrested 497 00:44:50,600 --> 00:44:52,720 and the SA has been alerted. 498 00:44:54,760 --> 00:44:57,280 - TRANSLATION: - They have arrested some poor soul, 499 00:44:57,280 --> 00:45:00,280 allegedly a Dutch communist called Marinus van der Lubbe, 500 00:45:00,280 --> 00:45:02,080 and charged him with arson. 501 00:45:02,080 --> 00:45:04,520 They say he ignited flammable material 502 00:45:04,520 --> 00:45:07,000 at more than 30 sites around the building. 503 00:45:10,280 --> 00:45:14,040 - TRANSLATION: - I wanted the workers to revolt against the political order. 504 00:45:14,040 --> 00:45:18,280 I wanted them to see this as the signal for a united rebellion. 505 00:45:32,280 --> 00:45:34,240 - TRANSLATION: - Carl came home. 506 00:45:34,240 --> 00:45:37,760 My first question was, "What are we going to do now?" 507 00:45:37,760 --> 00:45:39,920 "First, let's go to bed," he said. 508 00:45:39,920 --> 00:45:42,400 I repeated, "Carl, you have to flee." 509 00:45:43,760 --> 00:45:47,760 Carl shook his head. "No, I'll wait another three days." 510 00:45:55,280 --> 00:45:58,520 - TRANSLATION: - At five o'clock, when we were still sleeping, 511 00:45:58,520 --> 00:46:01,280 two detective superintendents from the Berlin Police 512 00:46:01,280 --> 00:46:03,520 came and arrested Erich Muhsam 513 00:46:03,520 --> 00:46:07,920 In parting, he said to me, "My dear Zenzl, things are coming to a head. 514 00:46:07,920 --> 00:46:10,520 "I think it will be even worse this time." 515 00:46:10,520 --> 00:46:13,280 Then he left, as calm as ever. 516 00:46:22,280 --> 00:46:24,920 - TRANSLATION: - Carl went to the bathroom and washed 517 00:46:24,920 --> 00:46:27,680 while I quickly brewed coffee and made him a sandwich. 518 00:46:27,680 --> 00:46:31,240 His last words to me were, "Chin up. I'll be back soon." 519 00:46:32,240 --> 00:46:35,760 I went to the window, my feet like lead. 520 00:46:35,760 --> 00:46:38,920 A private car was waiting at the corner. 521 00:46:38,920 --> 00:46:42,280 Three men climbed inside with Carl in the middle. 522 00:46:42,280 --> 00:46:44,800 Then the car shot off like an arrow. 523 00:46:50,760 --> 00:46:53,920 - TRANSLATION: - Since morning, the government has been arresting 524 00:46:53,920 --> 00:46:56,320 Communist MPs, lawyers, writers. 525 00:46:56,320 --> 00:47:00,280 They include Egon Erwin Kisch, Erich Muhsam, 526 00:47:00,280 --> 00:47:03,360 Ludwig Renn, Carl von Ossietzky. 527 00:47:06,280 --> 00:47:10,280 Torgler, the Communist chairman, handed himself over to the police. 528 00:47:10,280 --> 00:47:12,920 It is said that he was seen with the arsonist. 529 00:47:16,520 --> 00:47:18,760 - TRANSLATION: - A person was presented to me 530 00:47:18,760 --> 00:47:21,600 who I was told was the arsonist Van der Lubbe. 531 00:47:21,600 --> 00:47:24,280 I declare that I have never before seen this person 532 00:47:24,280 --> 00:47:26,280 and that I do not know him. 533 00:47:39,520 --> 00:47:42,000 - TRANSLATION: - The tram is densely packed. 534 00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:45,280 Most of the people hide their faces behind their newspaper. 535 00:47:45,280 --> 00:47:47,800 I look over someone's shoulder. 536 00:47:47,800 --> 00:47:50,680 The president has issued a decree. 537 00:47:50,680 --> 00:47:54,520 Death penalty for treason, arson or attacks on the government. 538 00:47:54,520 --> 00:47:56,760 Restrictions on personal freedom. 539 00:47:56,760 --> 00:48:01,280 No privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications, 540 00:48:01,280 --> 00:48:04,040 house searches at any time of the day or night. 541 00:48:09,000 --> 00:48:12,520 - TRANSLATION: - Goering has had hundreds if not thousands 542 00:48:12,520 --> 00:48:14,280 of people in Germany arrested. 543 00:48:14,280 --> 00:48:16,600 Nobody that I have spoken to believes 544 00:48:16,600 --> 00:48:18,720 it was a Communist arson attack. 545 00:48:23,760 --> 00:48:26,360 - TRANSLATION: - Full scale panic. 546 00:48:26,360 --> 00:48:29,080 The Communist Party leader, Thalmann, was arrested 547 00:48:29,080 --> 00:48:30,760 in Charlottenburg today. 548 00:48:35,760 --> 00:48:37,880 - TRANSLATION: - My beloved Maudie, 549 00:48:37,880 --> 00:48:41,000 since yesterday evening, I have been in Spandau Prison. 550 00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:46,520 You will already have heard that I am being held in protective custody. 551 00:48:46,520 --> 00:48:49,520 It's possible that this is just a temporary measure. 552 00:48:51,600 --> 00:48:54,600 I'm currently not allowed to receive visitors. 553 00:49:05,520 --> 00:49:10,000 - The Nazis waged the election campaign in a very impressive way. 554 00:49:11,560 --> 00:49:16,280 The huge Nazi posters that littered the cities and the countryside. 555 00:49:16,280 --> 00:49:18,880 The many brown uniforms. 556 00:49:18,880 --> 00:49:21,920 The frequent parades of the Brown Army, 557 00:49:21,920 --> 00:49:25,480 the mass meetings and the daily broadcasts of election speeches 558 00:49:25,480 --> 00:49:28,280 on the radio have already given the impression 559 00:49:28,280 --> 00:49:31,280 that there is only one big party in Germany. 560 00:50:21,480 --> 00:50:23,920 - TRANSLATION: - There is a fear of pogroms, 561 00:50:23,920 --> 00:50:26,520 but I don't think things will go that far. 562 00:50:26,520 --> 00:50:29,280 Nonetheless, the tension is hard to bear. 563 00:50:29,280 --> 00:50:32,000 I would like 5th of March to be over. 564 00:50:36,000 --> 00:50:39,280 - TRANSLATION: - God knows what terrible things lie ahead for us 565 00:50:39,280 --> 00:50:41,080 in the coming days and weeks. 566 00:50:41,080 --> 00:50:43,280 We beg for God's mercy. 567 00:51:19,100 --> 00:51:21,780 Berlin - 1st of March, 1933. 568 00:51:23,300 --> 00:51:26,900 Adolf Hitler has been Reich Chancellor for one month. 569 00:51:26,900 --> 00:51:30,200 He leads a cabinet of national socialists, monarchists, 570 00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:33,140 nationalist dreamers and militarists. 571 00:51:35,400 --> 00:51:38,700 Their shared goal is the end of the Weimar Republic, 572 00:51:38,700 --> 00:51:40,820 the elimination of democracy. 573 00:51:42,340 --> 00:51:45,540 They purge the ministries and civil service, 574 00:51:45,540 --> 00:51:49,460 occupy the police and government offices. 575 00:51:49,460 --> 00:51:54,500 Ban newspapers and bring the press and radio under their control. 576 00:51:55,820 --> 00:51:59,740 Thousands of Social Democrats and communists vanish into jails 577 00:51:59,740 --> 00:52:02,180 and ad hoc torture chambers. 578 00:52:02,180 --> 00:52:05,540 The Catholic Centre Party and liberals are harassed. 579 00:52:05,540 --> 00:52:07,620 Demonstrations are banned, 580 00:52:07,620 --> 00:52:09,140 meetings broken up. 581 00:52:09,140 --> 00:52:11,820 Violence and propaganda rule the streets. 582 00:52:14,180 --> 00:52:18,580 But there is still an opposition and an election is coming up. 583 00:52:18,580 --> 00:52:21,700 On the 5th of March, Hitler hopes that the people 584 00:52:21,700 --> 00:52:23,420 will confirm his position. 585 00:52:24,660 --> 00:52:27,420 This is the Republic's last chance. 586 00:52:56,980 --> 00:52:59,180 - The first warm springlike day. 587 00:52:59,180 --> 00:53:00,580 The weather is wonderful. 588 00:53:02,220 --> 00:53:05,340 I had to queue for about a quarter of an hour at the polling station. 589 00:53:05,340 --> 00:53:08,420 No Social Democrats or communists at the door. 590 00:53:08,420 --> 00:53:11,900 The porter had hung out Swastika flags. 591 00:53:45,900 --> 00:53:49,540 - After we voted, we went to see the Reichstag building. 592 00:53:49,540 --> 00:53:52,540 Its dome has lost almost all its windows. 593 00:53:52,540 --> 00:53:55,820 On weekdays, there are tours of the fire damaged building. 594 00:54:02,460 --> 00:54:04,460 - Voter turnout was remarkable. 595 00:54:04,460 --> 00:54:06,500 The radio reports 90%. 596 00:54:06,500 --> 00:54:09,220 Erich, his wife and their visitors are sitting in front of it 597 00:54:09,220 --> 00:54:10,860 listening to the results. 598 00:54:34,860 --> 00:54:37,780 - We were sitting in a pub to listen 599 00:54:37,780 --> 00:54:39,420 to the election results. 600 00:54:41,180 --> 00:54:44,380 Some SA men held their revolvers to our chests. 601 00:54:44,380 --> 00:54:47,540 They forced us to go into their Sturm pub. 602 00:54:47,540 --> 00:54:51,100 Once inside, they called us communist pigs 603 00:54:51,100 --> 00:54:53,060 and we were brutally beaten. 604 00:54:58,780 --> 00:55:02,700 Then we were taken to the SA headquarters on Hedemannstrasse. 605 00:55:02,700 --> 00:55:04,380 Shouting, "Heil, Hitler," 606 00:55:04,380 --> 00:55:07,540 they forced us to kneel down and recite the Lord's Prayer 607 00:55:07,540 --> 00:55:09,980 and then to sing the Nazi Party anthem. 608 00:55:09,980 --> 00:55:13,220 Anyone who didn't immediately obey was beaten unconscious. 609 00:55:14,580 --> 00:55:16,700 We had to take off all our clothes. 610 00:55:18,180 --> 00:55:21,100 During the interrogation, they kept whipping us. 611 00:55:40,180 --> 00:55:41,860 - I'm on duty today. 612 00:55:44,060 --> 00:55:47,340 We had two admissions - both of them communists who were delivered 613 00:55:47,340 --> 00:55:50,100 to the hospital by National Socialists after being given 614 00:55:50,100 --> 00:55:51,620 a good beating. 615 00:55:54,340 --> 00:55:56,380 There's no sympathy for them here. 616 00:56:02,940 --> 00:56:05,020 - A crippling fear and faint heartedness 617 00:56:05,020 --> 00:56:07,300 is infiltrating the labour movement. 618 00:56:08,660 --> 00:56:11,940 Friends of mine have openly admitted that they fear for their lives 619 00:56:11,940 --> 00:56:13,900 and that of their wives and children. 620 00:56:36,500 --> 00:56:40,180 - The National Socialists election victory is massive. 621 00:56:41,660 --> 00:56:43,980 I've included the final result here. 622 00:56:53,660 --> 00:56:55,780 - In coalition with the People's Party, 623 00:56:55,780 --> 00:57:00,140 the Nazis apparently have a majority of around 51%. 624 00:57:04,060 --> 00:57:06,060 - There was an interesting map with the results 625 00:57:06,060 --> 00:57:07,780 in the Berliner Tageblatt. 626 00:57:09,580 --> 00:57:12,860 The Nazis have the fewest supporters in the far south of the country. 627 00:57:12,860 --> 00:57:16,260 They also didn't do well in Westphalia, Cologne, 628 00:57:16,260 --> 00:57:18,380 Koblenz and Dusseldorf. 629 00:57:19,740 --> 00:57:22,740 Their greatest victory, the east of the country - 630 00:57:22,740 --> 00:57:25,740 East Prussia, Pomerania and Silesia, 631 00:57:25,740 --> 00:57:28,500 but also in Schleswig and Hanover. 632 00:57:37,940 --> 00:57:41,420 - The Reichstag election campaign has already been paid off. 633 00:57:41,420 --> 00:57:43,620 Not only did we not lose any money, 634 00:57:43,620 --> 00:57:45,780 we ended up with a tremendous surplus. 635 00:57:47,140 --> 00:57:50,540 The shell of my future ministry is just being finished. 636 00:57:50,540 --> 00:57:53,060 It will have five large departments 637 00:57:53,060 --> 00:57:56,380 covering film, theatre, press and radio. 638 00:58:21,820 --> 00:58:24,780 - On Tauentzienstrasse, the same hustle and bustle as ever, 639 00:58:24,780 --> 00:58:27,500 except for the people collecting money in tins 640 00:58:27,500 --> 00:58:29,100 with swastikas on them. 641 00:58:29,100 --> 00:58:31,700 I go there often to meet up with my gang of gossips 642 00:58:31,700 --> 00:58:34,820 around Wittenbergplatz, and we sit on the Silver Terrace in KaDeWe 643 00:58:34,820 --> 00:58:37,100 and bemoan the state of the world. 644 00:58:39,820 --> 00:58:42,580 I'm aware that we're still doing just fine, so long as we're able 645 00:58:42,580 --> 00:58:46,060 to sit there undisturbed drinking coffee. 646 00:58:46,060 --> 00:58:50,860 - The street vendor is doing a roaring trade in swastika insignia. 647 00:58:50,860 --> 00:58:52,900 Little boys in particular are buying them 648 00:58:52,900 --> 00:58:55,420 and attaching them to their clothes. 649 00:58:55,420 --> 00:58:59,220 In the afternoon, I left for Paris via Zweibrucken. 650 00:59:13,940 --> 00:59:16,820 - Dr Joseph Goebbels has been named 651 00:59:16,820 --> 00:59:19,140 Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. 652 00:59:20,980 --> 00:59:23,700 Hitler has thus bestowed tremendous power upon him. 653 01:00:46,700 --> 01:00:50,380 - The National Socialists have decided that us Jews are to be excluded 654 01:00:50,380 --> 01:00:52,260 from the judiciary. 655 01:00:52,260 --> 01:00:55,100 I have no doubt they will carry through with their plans, 656 01:00:55,100 --> 01:00:58,020 but in these times it's hard to do anything new. 657 01:00:58,020 --> 01:01:00,900 I shall put off going abroad until the last moment. 658 01:01:04,140 --> 01:01:06,820 It's no small thing to leave this country behind 659 01:01:06,820 --> 01:01:08,620 which one loves in spite of it all. 660 01:01:08,620 --> 01:01:11,580 The culture, the language, the mentality - 661 01:01:11,580 --> 01:01:14,060 these are all things you won't find anywhere else. 662 01:01:21,980 --> 01:01:26,180 - I had still been hoping that I would be able to return to Berlin soon. 663 01:01:26,180 --> 01:01:29,260 But today I received a letter from Roland and Marjorie 664 01:01:29,260 --> 01:01:31,340 which put an end to those hopes. 665 01:01:32,860 --> 01:01:35,940 He said Gortz visited him and asked him to tell me 666 01:01:35,940 --> 01:01:38,620 that an SA Sturmfuhrer informed him that something 667 01:01:38,620 --> 01:01:40,220 was being planned for me. 668 01:01:41,700 --> 01:01:45,100 They were considering requesting protective custody for me 669 01:01:45,100 --> 01:01:47,020 if I went back to Germany. 670 01:01:53,420 --> 01:01:56,020 - Dearest Maud, I have not written much 671 01:01:56,020 --> 01:01:58,820 as I don't have anything in particular to report. 672 01:01:58,820 --> 01:02:01,300 One day is very much like the other. 673 01:02:07,820 --> 01:02:09,740 - At around one o'clock in the morning, 674 01:02:09,740 --> 01:02:13,180 there was a loud ringing and knocking at the door. 675 01:02:13,180 --> 01:02:14,580 My husband opened up. 676 01:02:16,500 --> 01:02:19,740 Six to eight men in SA uniform entered. 677 01:02:19,740 --> 01:02:22,860 They were all young people who'd been to school with my children. 678 01:02:27,420 --> 01:02:29,500 One of them ordered me to get dressed. 679 01:02:32,020 --> 01:02:34,180 They drove me to the SA barracks. 680 01:02:34,180 --> 01:02:37,700 The Demuth ... is in the front part of the building. 681 01:02:37,700 --> 01:02:40,900 We drove into the courtyard and I was told to get out. 682 01:02:40,900 --> 01:02:44,580 When my name was called, the Sturmfuhrer who was present said, 683 01:02:44,580 --> 01:02:46,900 "Ah, Jankowski, that fat old cow." 684 01:02:52,260 --> 01:02:55,100 I had to take off my coat and lie on the table. 685 01:02:55,100 --> 01:02:58,620 They pushed up my skirt and tugged down my drawers. 686 01:02:58,620 --> 01:03:01,500 I was struck across the bottom 20 times. 687 01:03:02,460 --> 01:03:05,780 We each received four rounds of 20 strokes. 688 01:03:12,660 --> 01:03:16,940 - The patient claims to have been apprehended by SA Sturmgruppe 27 689 01:03:16,940 --> 01:03:20,260 on the 17th of March. He was beaten with rubber truncheons 690 01:03:20,260 --> 01:03:21,940 and shoulder straps. 691 01:03:21,940 --> 01:03:25,260 He has not defecated or urinated since his imprisonment. 692 01:03:25,260 --> 01:03:28,940 Since he was complaining of a severe headache, chest pains, as well as 693 01:03:28,940 --> 01:03:31,940 a strong but painful urge to relieve his bladder, 694 01:03:31,940 --> 01:03:33,980 he was brought here tonight. 695 01:03:51,140 --> 01:03:54,260 - BELLS TOLL 696 01:04:06,420 --> 01:04:10,420 Potsdam Day - a big military display. 697 01:04:10,420 --> 01:04:13,340 Ceremony for the reopening of the Reichstag. 698 01:04:30,660 --> 01:04:33,900 - We stopped outside the Peter and Paul Church in Potsdam. 699 01:04:33,900 --> 01:04:38,380 There was panic on the streets. The police cordon broke. 700 01:04:38,380 --> 01:04:42,500 People shouted abusive remarks - "Down with the Centre Party." 701 01:05:20,540 --> 01:05:22,940 - I'm sitting close to Hindenburg 702 01:05:22,940 --> 01:05:26,380 and note his tears welling up in his eyes. 703 01:05:26,380 --> 01:05:28,260 Everyone gets up from their seats 704 01:05:28,260 --> 01:05:31,620 to give the venerable old Field Marshal a standing ovation 705 01:05:31,620 --> 01:05:34,820 as he shakes hands with the young Chancellor. 706 01:05:39,860 --> 01:05:44,660 - It was very smart of Hitler to bow to tradition, and it was very clever 707 01:05:44,660 --> 01:05:47,580 to haul the old president out to Potsdam 708 01:05:47,580 --> 01:05:49,620 and to mobilise the jubilant masses. 709 01:05:53,140 --> 01:05:56,140 - The Government plans an enabling act and wants us to present it 710 01:05:56,140 --> 01:05:58,860 to the Reichstag as soon as possible. 711 01:05:58,860 --> 01:06:02,660 It will practically override the Constitution, the fundamental 712 01:06:02,660 --> 01:06:06,500 rights, and requires a two-thirds majority in the Parliament. 713 01:06:06,500 --> 01:06:10,540 This is only possible with the help of the Centre Party. 714 01:06:18,220 --> 01:06:19,740 - Not much to report today. 715 01:06:21,220 --> 01:06:24,420 Wonderful weather at the moment, with sunshine every day. 716 01:06:31,380 --> 01:06:34,220 I'd really like to get the car back on the road. 717 01:07:09,620 --> 01:07:13,100 - Before the Reichstag assembly, the square in front of 718 01:07:13,100 --> 01:07:16,380 the Kroll Opera House was one dark mass of people. 719 01:07:16,380 --> 01:07:20,460 We were greeted with jubilant chants of, "We want the Enabling Act." 720 01:07:22,100 --> 01:07:25,020 We ran the gauntlet past young fellows with swastikas 721 01:07:25,020 --> 01:07:28,740 on their breast who shouted insults like, "Centrist pigs," 722 01:07:28,740 --> 01:07:30,180 "Marxist swine." 723 01:07:34,940 --> 01:07:37,540 - In the debating chamber, we were immediately surrounded 724 01:07:37,540 --> 01:07:39,220 by armed SS men. 725 01:07:39,220 --> 01:07:42,660 We didn't know how or whether we would be able to leave the room. 726 01:07:42,660 --> 01:07:45,020 Many of us had already been arrested. 727 01:07:45,020 --> 01:07:47,860 Sollmann was lying half-dead in hospital. 728 01:08:19,580 --> 01:08:22,980 - Hitler holds a long inaugural address. 729 01:08:22,980 --> 01:08:27,060 His speech is carefully calculated to win over the Catholics. 730 01:08:57,180 --> 01:09:02,020 - During the speech, Goering joins in the applause. Every now and then, 731 01:09:02,020 --> 01:09:05,260 he uses opera glasses and scrutinises the ranks. 732 01:09:05,260 --> 01:09:08,260 The Centre Party and the Social Democrats gave 733 01:09:08,260 --> 01:09:13,060 a defeated impression. The latter were visibly terrorised. 734 01:09:14,940 --> 01:09:18,380 - Dr Wirth of the Centre Party comes to speak to us, declaring bitterly 735 01:09:18,380 --> 01:09:21,660 that, for his faction, it's just a matter of whether or not they will 736 01:09:21,660 --> 01:09:25,020 personally hand Hitler the rope that will be used to hang them. 737 01:09:26,500 --> 01:09:29,780 - When the meeting resumes, parliamentarian Wels demands 738 01:09:29,780 --> 01:09:32,620 to be heard in the name of the Social Democrats. 739 01:09:32,620 --> 01:09:34,700 His tone almost suggests he wants 740 01:09:34,700 --> 01:09:38,060 to be excused for speaking against the act, rather like 741 01:09:38,060 --> 01:09:40,860 a child who's been beaten and fears there's more to come. 742 01:09:40,860 --> 01:09:44,340 But under the circumstances, his speech is truly honourable, 743 01:09:44,340 --> 01:09:46,060 full of dignity and courage. 744 01:10:13,140 --> 01:10:15,100 APPLAUSE 745 01:10:17,740 --> 01:10:19,140 - When Wels has finished, 746 01:10:19,140 --> 01:10:22,500 the Fuhrer steps up to the podium and gives him his answer. 747 01:10:39,740 --> 01:10:42,420 - CHEERING AND APPLAUSE 748 01:10:44,780 --> 01:10:46,860 - After that, Prelate Kaas speaks 749 01:10:46,860 --> 01:10:50,500 meekly and deferentially in the name of the Centre Party. 750 01:11:13,980 --> 01:11:17,900 - The Centre and even the State Party vote for the Enabling Act. 751 01:11:17,900 --> 01:11:20,820 Only the Social Democrats vote against it. 752 01:11:22,500 --> 01:11:25,540 Now we really are the rulers of the nation. 753 01:11:29,500 --> 01:11:32,940 - The term "idiotic" is not enough to describe the decision 754 01:11:32,940 --> 01:11:36,220 to vote in favour of the act. I already knew that I would never 755 01:11:36,220 --> 01:11:39,460 be able to erase that "Yes" from my biography. 756 01:12:24,060 --> 01:12:28,940 - I take a stroll through the streets. It's quite warm. 757 01:12:28,940 --> 01:12:33,420 The sun is still shining on the rows of windows. 758 01:12:33,420 --> 01:12:35,740 On Tauentzien Street, the pedestrians walk 759 01:12:35,740 --> 01:12:39,300 tightly packed together. The women wear springtime dresses. 760 01:12:39,300 --> 01:12:42,340 Among the cafe-goers are many SS officers. 761 01:12:44,860 --> 01:12:46,900 Behind the shop windows are signs. 762 01:12:46,900 --> 01:12:51,260 "German business." "German wares." "True German craftsmanship." 763 01:13:02,620 --> 01:13:06,020 - In the Cabinet meeting, Hugenberg thanks the Fuhrer for the acumen 764 01:13:06,020 --> 01:13:10,860 and stringency of his policies. The hostile propaganda abroad rankles. 765 01:13:10,860 --> 01:13:12,820 The many Jews that have emigrated 766 01:13:12,820 --> 01:13:14,820 from Germany are inciting hatred 767 01:13:14,820 --> 01:13:17,500 against us around the world. 768 01:13:17,500 --> 01:13:21,500 - Goering harshly insulted the foreign press representatives in a vehement 769 01:13:21,500 --> 01:13:24,860 tone, which they will have to get used to. 770 01:13:24,860 --> 01:13:28,380 Selected journalists were later led to the communist leaders, 771 01:13:28,380 --> 01:13:31,860 Thaelmann and Torgler, as well as to the publishers of the communist 772 01:13:31,860 --> 01:13:34,380 Red Flag and World Stage. 773 01:13:36,060 --> 01:13:39,100 - Thaelmann didn't allow his photograph to be taken 774 01:13:39,100 --> 01:13:40,460 and remained silent. 775 01:13:40,460 --> 01:13:42,820 When he was asked if he had complaints about the food 776 01:13:42,820 --> 01:13:46,140 or his treatment, he shook his head. 777 01:13:46,140 --> 01:13:48,220 Carl von Ossietzky politely bowed 778 01:13:48,220 --> 01:13:51,180 and introduced himself to every visitor. 779 01:13:51,180 --> 01:13:54,380 He said there were no charges pressed against him and he also 780 01:13:54,380 --> 01:13:56,580 had no significant complaints. 781 01:13:57,700 --> 01:14:01,260 He seemed to view his situation in a relaxed way. 782 01:14:09,900 --> 01:14:12,540 - The thirteenth anniversary of Daddy's death. 783 01:14:12,540 --> 01:14:17,100 We visited his grave and decorated it with daffodils. 784 01:14:17,100 --> 01:14:20,340 It looked pretty. The snow had nicely preserved 785 01:14:20,340 --> 01:14:23,740 Daddy's wreath and twigs from Memorial Sunday. 786 01:14:23,740 --> 01:14:27,460 Opposite him, where there were still graves back in the autumn, 787 01:14:27,460 --> 01:14:29,180 is now a tree nursery. 788 01:14:32,660 --> 01:14:35,820 - In the evening, I went out with Trude. First, I had 789 01:14:35,820 --> 01:14:38,500 some dinner at Aschinger, then we went to a little pub 790 01:14:38,500 --> 01:14:41,340 on Schonhauser Allee. From there to Alexanderplatz, 791 01:14:41,340 --> 01:14:43,100 where I had a few pints. 792 01:14:46,300 --> 01:14:48,980 Afterwards, we came back to my place. 793 01:15:00,820 --> 01:15:05,540 It was a night of passion followed by a beautiful spring day. 794 01:15:05,540 --> 01:15:10,860 Trude stayed with me till 5pm, then we went out to dinner. 795 01:15:10,860 --> 01:15:14,340 It was such gorgeous weather that we decided to take a walk. 796 01:15:15,460 --> 01:15:18,580 After that, we listened to La Traviata on the radio. 797 01:15:18,580 --> 01:15:22,980 It's my favourite Verdi opera. The music is so soft and soothing. 798 01:15:38,460 --> 01:15:41,940 - Taking into account the national upheavals in Germany, the board 799 01:15:41,940 --> 01:15:45,060 has decided in principle that the contracts of Jewish 800 01:15:45,060 --> 01:15:50,500 colleagues and staff should be revoked, where possible. 801 01:15:50,500 --> 01:15:53,660 There is general agreement that the contract with Charell 802 01:15:53,660 --> 01:15:55,380 as director and screenwriter 803 01:15:55,380 --> 01:15:57,100 must immediately be revoked. 804 01:15:57,100 --> 01:15:58,580 Further, it was decided 805 01:15:58,580 --> 01:16:01,260 to end the contract with Erich Pommer. 806 01:16:01,260 --> 01:16:02,940 The board has decided 807 01:16:02,940 --> 01:16:05,860 to end its relationship with Robert Liebmann. 808 01:16:07,940 --> 01:16:10,700 The question of the dismissal of Jewish office workers 809 01:16:10,700 --> 01:16:13,300 will be deferred for the time being. 810 01:16:33,580 --> 01:16:37,220 - We will only be able to fight against this incitement from abroad 811 01:16:37,220 --> 01:16:39,580 if we can assert pressure on its initiators, 812 01:16:39,580 --> 01:16:42,380 that is, the Jews who live in Germany. 813 01:16:42,380 --> 01:16:46,980 We must ensure the large-scale boycott of all Jewish businesses. 814 01:16:52,580 --> 01:16:55,260 - The Jews are horrified, but they're not the only ones. 815 01:16:55,260 --> 01:16:59,460 The boycott is set to start on Saturday, the 1st of April. 816 01:17:09,700 --> 01:17:14,540 - Things are calm here in Berlin, there's no denying it. 817 01:17:14,540 --> 01:17:16,420 No shops have been plundered as yet. 818 01:17:16,420 --> 01:17:19,420 None of us has seen anyone harassing or verbally abusing Jews 819 01:17:19,420 --> 01:17:22,260 on the streets or on public transport. 820 01:17:22,260 --> 01:17:24,820 So we'll just wait and see for now. 821 01:18:10,300 --> 01:18:15,100 The placards are stuck to shop windows. Big letters - "Jew." 822 01:18:19,060 --> 01:18:22,540 People walk the streets, keen to see 823 01:18:22,540 --> 01:18:25,700 which shops are German and which are Jewish. 824 01:18:27,420 --> 01:18:29,460 The Nazis are out agitating. 825 01:18:47,940 --> 01:18:53,860 - CHANTING: - Deutsche, wehrt euch! Kauft nicht bei Juden! Juden raus! 826 01:19:10,660 --> 01:19:14,060 - A patient called and said she couldn't come today. 827 01:19:14,060 --> 01:19:17,260 I said that it would be best if she never came again. 828 01:19:17,260 --> 01:19:21,140 People are a cowardly lot. But I've always known that. 829 01:19:46,780 --> 01:19:50,540 - Dear children, the boycott day yesterday was entirely calm 830 01:19:50,540 --> 01:19:53,860 and without incident. Lots of shops didn't even open up. 831 01:19:53,860 --> 01:19:58,300 The rest of them quickly closed. Otherwise, we're all well. 832 01:20:00,020 --> 01:20:03,300 Yesterday evening, we did something to cheer ourselves up. 833 01:20:03,300 --> 01:20:07,300 It was Auntie Rosa's birthday, and we celebrated with family gossip, 834 01:20:07,300 --> 01:20:11,420 bread rolls, meringue pie and lots of amusing anecdotes. 835 01:20:21,380 --> 01:20:24,780 - I can now say to you that the American people today realise 836 01:20:24,780 --> 01:20:29,020 that these stories are untrue and without foundation. 837 01:23:09,660 --> 01:23:11,980 - APPLAUSE 838 01:23:22,580 --> 01:23:25,660 Dearest Maudy, please make a request to the police for permission 839 01:23:25,660 --> 01:23:28,700 to speak to me. Things are still tolerable for me here. 840 01:23:28,700 --> 01:23:31,420 Of course, I am very worried. There is no point 841 01:23:31,420 --> 01:23:35,940 writing about it at length. I embrace you fondly. Your Carl. 842 01:23:39,500 --> 01:23:43,340 - Transported by train from Schlesischer Bahnhof to Sonnenburg. 843 01:23:43,340 --> 01:23:47,660 Arrival, and so on. Night with Ossietzky and Ditten. 844 01:23:59,700 --> 01:24:03,860 - I arrived in Sonnenburg at around eleven o'clock in the morning. 845 01:24:03,860 --> 01:24:08,780 The political prisoners were being kept in the old jail that 846 01:24:08,780 --> 01:24:13,180 had been abandoned due to disrepair. The warders were all SA men. 847 01:24:15,420 --> 01:24:17,820 I had to wait for around an hour. 848 01:24:20,700 --> 01:24:23,500 Muhsam was in a terrible state. 849 01:24:23,500 --> 01:24:26,460 I could hardly conceal my horror from him. 850 01:24:26,460 --> 01:24:29,220 He was sitting on a chair without his spectacles. 851 01:24:29,220 --> 01:24:32,660 They had been smashed. His teeth had been knocked out. 852 01:24:33,620 --> 01:24:37,340 The visit lasted only 16 minutes, and we were under constant 853 01:24:37,340 --> 01:24:40,300 supervision from an SA Sturmfuhrer. 854 01:24:40,300 --> 01:24:44,700 When we parted, Erich said to me, "Remember one thing, Zenzl - 855 01:24:44,700 --> 01:24:47,700 "I will certainly never behave like a coward." 856 01:24:54,340 --> 01:24:58,460 - I met the Fuhrer on the Obersalzberg 857 01:24:58,460 --> 01:25:00,460 to discuss the open questions. 858 01:25:00,460 --> 01:25:04,300 We will make the 1st of May a Day of National Labour, a sublime 859 01:25:04,300 --> 01:25:06,980 demonstration of the will of the German people. 860 01:25:06,980 --> 01:25:11,140 On the 2nd of May, we will occupy all trade union offices, bringing 861 01:25:11,140 --> 01:25:13,260 them into line, too. 862 01:25:16,980 --> 01:25:19,300 - These days, what people are really interested in 863 01:25:19,300 --> 01:25:23,700 are your political convictions. In the evening, we played cards. 864 01:25:24,740 --> 01:25:28,380 In the next few days, I'll probably register as an SA physician. 865 01:25:28,380 --> 01:25:31,300 I would very much like to become one. 866 01:25:37,900 --> 01:25:41,820 - Today is the 44th birthday of Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler. 867 01:25:41,820 --> 01:25:45,500 He doesn't have glorious Kaiser weather, like Wilhelm I and II had. 868 01:25:45,500 --> 01:25:49,300 It's been raining since Easter, and it's cold, three degrees today, 869 01:25:49,300 --> 01:25:51,140 so we had to heat the place. 870 01:26:14,500 --> 01:26:17,220 Hitler's favourite flower is the edelweiss. 871 01:26:17,220 --> 01:26:20,740 His NSDAP comrades are selling them in his honour. 872 01:27:08,300 --> 01:27:11,820 - The birthday celebrations for Hitler on the radio got rather annoying. 873 01:27:11,820 --> 01:27:15,060 The new director is clearly getting to work. 874 01:27:29,100 --> 01:27:32,100 - The measures to exclude Jews from the civil service, 875 01:27:32,100 --> 01:27:35,220 the courts, notary offices and the medical profession 876 01:27:35,220 --> 01:27:40,100 are proceeding apace. Persecution against them continues. 877 01:27:42,700 --> 01:27:46,100 - The situation in the hospitals is appalling. 878 01:27:46,100 --> 01:27:48,500 They have hauled eminent surgeons out of theatre 879 01:27:48,500 --> 01:27:51,340 in the middle of operations and have simply forbidden them 880 01:27:51,340 --> 01:27:53,500 from re-entering the hospital. 881 01:27:56,620 --> 01:27:59,260 People I know have left the country in a mad rush 882 01:27:59,260 --> 01:28:02,940 because they are "politically suspect". 883 01:28:12,180 --> 01:28:16,260 - I received a small suitcase with documents and letters, 884 01:28:16,260 --> 01:28:20,260 a letter from Gortz. He says, "My manservant Friedrich 885 01:28:20,260 --> 01:28:23,780 "has stolen from me and betrayed me to the Nazis." 886 01:28:25,700 --> 01:28:29,500 Sometimes I think it's all a bad dream and I'll suddenly wake up. 887 01:28:31,740 --> 01:28:34,020 The past few days have been awful. 888 01:28:34,020 --> 01:28:39,660 And yet somehow life goes on. I work, speak with people, read, 889 01:28:39,660 --> 01:28:44,500 but I'm always aware of a dull pain, throbbing like a sombre bassline. 890 01:28:53,500 --> 01:28:56,140 - Werner has been arrested, as has his wife, Emi, 891 01:28:56,140 --> 01:28:57,980 to our unspeakable horror. 892 01:28:57,980 --> 01:29:00,460 Why? What for? No idea. 893 01:29:00,460 --> 01:29:03,460 They were taken away by police officers early in the morning 894 01:29:03,460 --> 01:29:07,020 at half past five. Emi arranged with their eldest daughter 895 01:29:07,020 --> 01:29:10,660 that she should go away immediately. Little Renate is with us. 896 01:29:10,660 --> 01:29:14,780 So that's how it is. I simply can't make sense of it. 897 01:29:14,780 --> 01:29:18,020 On Sunday evening, my siblings came over, and we just sat here 898 01:29:18,020 --> 01:29:20,700 as if we were in a house of mourning. 899 01:29:24,180 --> 01:29:26,900 - I received a letter from the Charlottenburg administration. 900 01:29:26,900 --> 01:29:29,060 "We request you relinquish your position 901 01:29:29,060 --> 01:29:31,940 "as senior physician of the women's department and clinic." 902 01:29:31,940 --> 01:29:37,380 It's over. I've been sacked. It's over. 903 01:29:37,380 --> 01:29:40,100 My poor women. Who will be there for them now? 904 01:29:42,940 --> 01:29:46,020 For five years I've headed this department, helped it grow, 905 01:29:46,020 --> 01:29:47,500 made it well known. 906 01:29:47,500 --> 01:29:50,340 And now? Over. Over. 907 01:29:51,300 --> 01:29:54,460 I have to keep repeating it. I can barely believe it. 908 01:29:55,420 --> 01:29:57,260 It's over. 909 01:30:40,460 --> 01:30:44,940 - In the afternoon, I took a drive with SA Sturmfuhrer Schmidt, 910 01:30:44,940 --> 01:30:49,740 SA Officer Schutz and Trude. We set up camp in the park with a bottle. 911 01:30:50,740 --> 01:30:53,900 The two men practised with their guns. 912 01:30:55,180 --> 01:30:59,300 After I'd got pretty drunk on the cognac, we went to the Sturm pub. 913 01:31:05,100 --> 01:31:09,340 The SA men then simply took my car to go and raid communist hideouts. 914 01:31:09,340 --> 01:31:11,980 We picked up a few people, including a Jew 915 01:31:11,980 --> 01:31:15,860 and a very nice-looking Jewess, 18 to 20 years old. 916 01:31:15,860 --> 01:31:18,740 The poor girl sat next to me in the back of the car. 917 01:31:18,740 --> 01:31:20,980 First they gave her a good thrashing 918 01:31:20,980 --> 01:31:24,660 and then Schutz and Schmidt committed indecencies against her. 919 01:31:46,780 --> 01:31:50,500 - I dedicate my first entries to God and to my dear little Eleanor, 920 01:31:50,500 --> 01:31:53,900 who begins her three-week holiday on the 1st of May, 921 01:31:53,900 --> 01:31:55,940 the Day of National Labour. 922 01:32:02,980 --> 01:32:05,980 The newspapers suggest that the May Day celebrations 923 01:32:05,980 --> 01:32:07,620 will be quite a show, 924 01:32:07,620 --> 01:32:10,340 in particular, the huge fireworks display. 925 01:32:11,540 --> 01:32:13,860 I hope everything goes well. 926 01:32:18,940 --> 01:32:22,060 - We're holding a dress rehearsal for the rally in the Lustgarten 927 01:32:22,060 --> 01:32:25,540 and on Tempelhof Field. As far as is humanly possible, 928 01:32:25,540 --> 01:32:28,700 everything will run smoothly and precisely. 929 01:32:30,020 --> 01:32:31,940 It will be a mass event, 930 01:32:31,940 --> 01:32:34,620 the likes of which the world has never seen before. 931 01:32:44,100 --> 01:32:47,500 - Doubtless anyone who does not participate in these events 932 01:32:47,500 --> 01:32:49,740 will face severe repercussions. 933 01:32:51,500 --> 01:32:53,900 Trade union members are therefore being advised 934 01:32:53,900 --> 01:32:56,740 to attend the public events. 935 01:33:07,340 --> 01:33:09,500 - It is pleasantly warm. 936 01:33:09,500 --> 01:33:13,300 A light breeze has banished the mugginess of yesterday. 937 01:33:14,860 --> 01:33:18,380 Since early morning, marching music has been blaring from a loudspeaker 938 01:33:18,380 --> 01:33:20,220 in the teacher's house. 939 01:33:57,700 --> 01:34:00,780 - In the morning, the children of Berlin gather in the Lustgarten. 940 01:34:00,780 --> 01:34:04,540 Wherever one looks, on Unter den Linden, across the whole Lustgarten, 941 01:34:04,540 --> 01:34:07,220 children, children, children. 942 01:34:08,980 --> 01:34:11,700 I speak to them from deep within my heart. 943 01:34:11,700 --> 01:34:15,620 It is good to talk to children if one understands their souls. 944 01:34:41,420 --> 01:34:44,660 - Neither of us were in the throng. We kept to the sides. 945 01:34:44,660 --> 01:34:48,140 We only saw the schoolchildren marching along Unter den Linden, 946 01:34:48,140 --> 01:34:50,380 coming back from the Lustgarten. 947 01:34:55,860 --> 01:34:59,060 But we did see Dr Goebbels driving past. 948 01:35:08,220 --> 01:35:10,780 - At the airfield, we welcomed the delegations of workers 949 01:35:10,780 --> 01:35:14,660 from the entire Reich who had arrived in Berlin by aeroplane. 950 01:35:34,620 --> 01:35:37,180 They were invited to have lunch with the Fuhrer. 951 01:35:52,020 --> 01:35:55,140 - All afternoon, workers, office staff, civil servants 952 01:35:55,140 --> 01:35:57,420 marched to Tempelhof Field in columns. 953 01:35:57,420 --> 01:36:00,100 The trade unions and the Marxists marched with them. 954 01:36:01,980 --> 01:36:05,380 The factories forced them to go, checking their names against lists. 955 01:36:05,380 --> 01:36:09,340 Anyone who refused ran the risk of losing their job. 956 01:36:17,860 --> 01:36:23,380 - Nazi representatives checked whether everyone was present. 957 01:36:24,900 --> 01:36:28,460 Lots of people absconded along the way. Some went to buy cigarettes, 958 01:36:28,460 --> 01:36:31,420 others suddenly developed a weak bladder. 959 01:36:43,660 --> 01:36:47,460 Yet more workers disappeared on the Tempelhof Field. 960 01:36:47,460 --> 01:36:49,700 Many who stayed grumbled because they had to 961 01:36:49,700 --> 01:36:52,660 stand around for hours in the dust and heat. 962 01:37:26,020 --> 01:37:29,660 - The VIPS and officials were standing on a large platform. 963 01:37:30,740 --> 01:37:33,980 The arrival of the Reich Chancellor hardly made an impression, at least 964 01:37:33,980 --> 01:37:37,020 as viewed from the platform. I didn't even notice Mr Hitler's 965 01:37:37,020 --> 01:37:40,220 presence until he was standing ten metres away from me. 966 01:37:42,820 --> 01:37:46,180 - HE SHOUTS 967 01:38:21,180 --> 01:38:23,860 - The Reich Chancellor spoke for a little over an hour 968 01:38:23,860 --> 01:38:26,620 without making that much of an impression. 969 01:38:26,620 --> 01:38:30,100 When the high point of the festival came, the masses were too tired. 970 01:39:14,260 --> 01:39:17,420 - On the morning of May 2nd, I called the trade union headquarters 971 01:39:17,420 --> 01:39:19,620 but got no response. 972 01:39:21,740 --> 01:39:24,860 I then tried the metalworkers' union. 973 01:39:24,860 --> 01:39:28,660 The phone rang, but there was no answer. 974 01:39:28,660 --> 01:39:33,140 I then tried the main union building, and the same thing there. 975 01:39:34,220 --> 01:39:35,940 15 minutes later, I was standing 976 01:39:35,940 --> 01:39:38,940 outside the trade union headquarters. 977 01:39:38,940 --> 01:39:42,540 It was surrounded on three sides by Nazi military. 978 01:39:46,860 --> 01:39:49,220 The staff and administrative documents 979 01:39:49,220 --> 01:39:51,180 were being loaded onto police trucks. 980 01:39:57,900 --> 01:40:01,940 - We were forced to board a truck, which took us to Parochialstrasse. 981 01:40:03,060 --> 01:40:07,580 We were detained there and subjected to a barrage of defamatory comments. 982 01:40:07,580 --> 01:40:10,980 For hours, members of the public poured into the building to gawp 983 01:40:10,980 --> 01:40:13,140 at us and make their Nazi comments. 984 01:40:15,340 --> 01:40:16,980 "Have you seen that pig Leipart? 985 01:40:16,980 --> 01:40:19,460 "He's sitting over there, the filthy pig." 986 01:40:20,660 --> 01:40:24,500 - Among the 50 detainees are such prominent trade unionists 987 01:40:24,500 --> 01:40:29,180 as Leipart, Grassmann and former Labour Minister Wissell. 988 01:40:46,900 --> 01:40:49,060 - Erne and I went to the zoo. 989 01:40:50,500 --> 01:40:53,620 Everything has been very nicely redesigned. 990 01:40:54,980 --> 01:40:58,140 We particularly enjoyed the smaller animals... 991 01:41:00,660 --> 01:41:03,980 ..but also Roland, the elephant seal, who this time was sunning 992 01:41:03,980 --> 01:41:07,500 himself on the rocks in all his vast magnificence. 993 01:41:26,340 --> 01:41:28,980 - I went to buy an SA uniform with Trude. 994 01:41:28,980 --> 01:41:31,260 It costs around 60 Reichsmarks. 995 01:42:00,460 --> 01:42:04,180 This afternoon, I also got my NSDAP membership card, 996 01:42:04,180 --> 01:42:07,620 at long last. That cost eight Reichsmarks. 997 01:42:08,980 --> 01:42:13,660 I got a Parabellum pistol from Schmidt, 7.65-calibre. 998 01:42:13,660 --> 01:42:17,340 In total, I've spent more than 90 Reichsmarks today. 999 01:42:33,980 --> 01:42:37,940 - The Library Committee has planned an auto-da-fe for the 10th of May. 1000 01:42:37,940 --> 01:42:41,540 Several hundred books from around 20 authors are to be burned 1001 01:42:41,540 --> 01:42:45,540 on the square in front of the State Theatre. 1002 01:42:45,540 --> 01:42:49,860 The authors include Heinrich Mann, Feuchtwanger, Glaser, 1003 01:42:49,860 --> 01:42:52,460 Stefan and Arnold Zweig. 1004 01:42:52,460 --> 01:42:54,140 Mainly Jews. 1005 01:43:00,540 --> 01:43:02,900 - From our publishing house, 1006 01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:05,420 Sholem Asche, Doblin, 1007 01:43:05,420 --> 01:43:07,780 Baer-Hoffmann, Schnitzler. 1008 01:43:09,300 --> 01:43:13,580 Blacklists and whitelists. The book stores have them, too. 1009 01:43:15,180 --> 01:43:17,460 Where will it end? 1010 01:43:53,900 --> 01:43:56,860 Berlin, 1933. 1011 01:43:57,600 --> 01:44:00,700 In January, the National Socialists under Adolf Hitler 1012 01:44:00,700 --> 01:44:04,000 come to power, along with the German National People's Party 1013 01:44:04,000 --> 01:44:06,200 under Alfred Hugenberg. 1014 01:44:06,200 --> 01:44:09,100 In February, the Reichstag building goes up in flames 1015 01:44:09,100 --> 01:44:11,760 in an arson attack allegedly by communists. 1016 01:44:11,760 --> 01:44:16,260 There is no proof, but preparations are under way for a trial. 1017 01:44:16,260 --> 01:44:19,200 Members of the Communist Party are arrested. 1018 01:44:19,200 --> 01:44:22,540 Social Democrat and Catholic Centre Party followers 1019 01:44:22,540 --> 01:44:24,660 are threatened and persecuted. 1020 01:44:24,660 --> 01:44:28,060 Jews are barred from certain professions. 1021 01:44:28,060 --> 01:44:31,700 The streets are dominated by swastika flags 1022 01:44:31,700 --> 01:44:33,820 and military-style marches. 1023 01:44:33,820 --> 01:44:37,260 The police and civil service are being purged. 1024 01:44:37,260 --> 01:44:41,380 The press, radio, film and theatre are censored. 1025 01:44:41,380 --> 01:44:44,740 Books are blacklisted and about to be burned. 1026 01:45:03,500 --> 01:45:05,020 TRANSLATION: - Since the afternoon, 1027 01:45:05,020 --> 01:45:07,500 open trucks loaded with books have been bringing in 1028 01:45:07,500 --> 01:45:09,900 whatever could be found in municipal libraries 1029 01:45:09,900 --> 01:45:12,140 and private collections across the city. 1030 01:45:15,580 --> 01:45:19,540 Students are waving flags and singing Nazi songs together. 1031 01:45:25,540 --> 01:45:27,620 - The police were patrolling 1032 01:45:27,620 --> 01:45:29,060 the cordoned-off square. 1033 01:45:29,060 --> 01:45:30,580 In the middle was a pyre. 1034 01:45:31,900 --> 01:45:35,140 On a specially erected platform were spotlights, 1035 01:45:35,140 --> 01:45:37,260 film cameras and microphones. 1036 01:45:42,460 --> 01:45:45,020 The roofs and windows of the surrounding buildings 1037 01:45:45,020 --> 01:45:46,300 were full of spectators. 1038 01:45:46,300 --> 01:45:48,380 The mood was a cheerful one. 1039 01:45:48,380 --> 01:45:50,460 It is, after all, springtime. 1040 01:46:20,220 --> 01:46:22,500 Students surrounded the pile of wood 1041 01:46:22,500 --> 01:46:24,820 and threw their flaming torches onto it. 1042 01:46:24,820 --> 01:46:26,980 The music continued to play. 1043 01:46:29,060 --> 01:46:32,140 Then 20 students stepped forward. 1044 01:46:32,140 --> 01:46:33,900 Each had a book in his hand, 1045 01:46:33,900 --> 01:46:35,620 and as they threw it into the flames, 1046 01:46:35,620 --> 01:46:37,780 they each shouted out the same slogan. 1047 01:47:30,380 --> 01:47:34,500 The white pages of the books opened up and fluttered 1048 01:47:34,500 --> 01:47:37,820 around like birds, illuminated by the flames. 1049 01:47:38,820 --> 01:47:40,820 A great sadness seized my heart. 1050 01:47:42,540 --> 01:47:44,780 I grieved for the books as dying objects. 1051 01:47:46,500 --> 01:47:48,500 I grieved for the people 1052 01:47:48,500 --> 01:47:51,420 that was bringing this shame down upon itself. 1053 01:47:51,420 --> 01:47:54,460 I was ashamed to be witnessing this ignominy 1054 01:47:54,460 --> 01:47:56,140 as a gawping foreigner. 1055 01:48:10,020 --> 01:48:12,300 Gradually, the fire burnt out. 1056 01:48:12,300 --> 01:48:15,340 The fire brigade helped extinguish the flames with water 1057 01:48:15,340 --> 01:48:16,940 and the ashes turned to mud. 1058 01:48:24,100 --> 01:48:27,700 - On duty at the state hospital. 1059 01:48:27,700 --> 01:48:30,220 First, a police prisoner with a seizure. 1060 01:48:30,220 --> 01:48:32,860 Probable renal bleeding of the left kidney. 1061 01:48:32,860 --> 01:48:34,380 In the women's outpatient clinic 1062 01:48:34,380 --> 01:48:36,540 was a woman who had supposedly collapsed. 1063 01:48:36,540 --> 01:48:40,460 In the evening, Truda came to see me. 1064 01:48:40,460 --> 01:48:42,380 Sweet and kind as ever. 1065 01:48:42,380 --> 01:48:45,420 But a change has taken place in her. 1066 01:48:45,420 --> 01:48:48,860 She's now constantly pushing for us to get engaged. 1067 01:48:50,500 --> 01:48:52,500 She's rather forward and presumptuous. 1068 01:48:52,500 --> 01:48:54,820 I don't know what's got into the girl. 1069 01:49:01,500 --> 01:49:04,340 - The Germans are celebrating Mother's Day. 1070 01:49:04,340 --> 01:49:06,660 This year, it is intended as a tribute 1071 01:49:06,660 --> 01:49:08,380 to families with many children. 1072 01:49:14,340 --> 01:49:16,740 The National Socialist Movement foresees no other 1073 01:49:16,740 --> 01:49:18,580 task for women than to be mothers. 1074 01:49:20,380 --> 01:49:24,100 The party wants German women to have long hair 1075 01:49:24,100 --> 01:49:26,260 and refrain from powdering their faces, 1076 01:49:26,260 --> 01:49:29,820 painting their lips, and smoking in bars and restaurants. 1077 01:49:37,500 --> 01:49:41,820 - At a conference for state education ministers in Berlin on the 9th May, 1078 01:49:41,820 --> 01:49:44,540 Reich Minister of the Interior Dr Frick, 1079 01:49:44,540 --> 01:49:48,500 outlined the basic principles for educating youth in the Third Reich. 1080 01:49:51,700 --> 01:49:53,620 "Racial hygiene must," he said, 1081 01:49:53,620 --> 01:49:56,100 "be an integral part of the curriculum. 1082 01:49:57,580 --> 01:50:00,460 "The mixing of German blood with that of other races, 1083 01:50:00,460 --> 01:50:03,460 "in particular with Jews and coloured races, 1084 01:50:03,460 --> 01:50:05,420 "must be avoided at all costs." 1085 01:50:29,300 --> 01:50:31,740 - My dear children 1086 01:50:31,740 --> 01:50:34,780 Werner and Emmy are still in police custody. 1087 01:50:34,780 --> 01:50:37,900 Neither of them has even been interrogated yet, 1088 01:50:37,900 --> 01:50:40,340 so there seems to be nothing we can do. 1089 01:50:43,860 --> 01:50:47,900 I go to the police headquarters every three days, 1090 01:50:47,900 --> 01:50:50,580 but have still not received permission to talk to them. 1091 01:50:50,580 --> 01:50:53,100 Neither of them has done anything wrong. 1092 01:50:53,100 --> 01:50:56,820 And if they are locking Werner up because he is Jewish 1093 01:50:56,820 --> 01:50:59,060 and because he used to be politically active, 1094 01:50:59,060 --> 01:51:00,620 that is outrageous enough. 1095 01:51:02,620 --> 01:51:04,220 But what has his wife done? 1096 01:51:04,220 --> 01:51:07,940 Surely, no-one can have any interest in destroying our family. 1097 01:51:19,540 --> 01:51:22,380 - Ossietzky walked towards us 1098 01:51:22,380 --> 01:51:25,420 across the empty courtyard Sambor concentration camp. 1099 01:51:25,420 --> 01:51:29,300 His arms were hanging stiffly from his shoulders, as if lifeless. 1100 01:51:32,220 --> 01:51:35,140 His face was unscathed, 1101 01:51:35,140 --> 01:51:37,780 but his expression was heart rendering. 1102 01:51:37,780 --> 01:51:39,580 During our brief conversation, 1103 01:51:39,580 --> 01:51:42,020 it remained rigid and deathly serious. 1104 01:51:42,020 --> 01:51:45,980 His response to the hesitant question, "How are things?" 1105 01:51:45,980 --> 01:51:50,380 was an almost soundless "Tolerable. For the moment". 1106 01:51:55,900 --> 01:51:57,540 - My dearest Maudie, 1107 01:51:57,540 --> 01:52:01,820 thank you very much for your card, which I was very happy to receive. 1108 01:52:01,820 --> 01:52:05,460 I am relieved to learn that our daughter has come to terms 1109 01:52:05,460 --> 01:52:07,380 with the difficult circumstances. 1110 01:52:08,980 --> 01:52:11,740 Next Sunday is Pentecost. 1111 01:52:11,740 --> 01:52:13,620 You will be alone together. 1112 01:52:13,620 --> 01:52:17,180 I'm with you both in my thoughts. 1113 01:52:17,180 --> 01:52:20,660 I remain, as ever, your Carl. 1114 01:52:29,060 --> 01:52:31,700 - In the evening, SA Mann Brand 1115 01:52:31,700 --> 01:52:33,420 at the Ufa-Palast Cinema. 1116 01:52:33,420 --> 01:52:35,820 Grand Premiere. Hitler there, too. 1117 01:52:49,300 --> 01:52:51,540 There's too much talking in the film. 1118 01:52:51,540 --> 01:52:53,660 It must be edited down. 1119 01:53:05,660 --> 01:53:08,060 - Sturm evening. 1120 01:53:08,060 --> 01:53:11,220 First, we all got together in the Sturm pub, and then we marched 1121 01:53:11,220 --> 01:53:14,260 to the music halls, carrying the flag in front of us. 1122 01:53:15,700 --> 01:53:18,620 The night revolved around singing and explanations of the 1123 01:53:18,620 --> 01:53:20,940 08 pistol and 98 rifle. 1124 01:53:20,940 --> 01:53:23,060 It ended at 11.30. 1125 01:53:25,780 --> 01:53:27,820 Truda and I went onto Zimmermann's. 1126 01:53:27,820 --> 01:53:30,380 We were together until three in the morning. 1127 01:53:30,380 --> 01:53:33,060 It was already getting light outside. 1128 01:53:43,460 --> 01:53:46,500 - The Social Democratic Party 1129 01:53:46,500 --> 01:53:48,420 has been banned throughout the Reich. 1130 01:53:48,420 --> 01:53:51,500 In Bavaria, members of Parliament from the Bavarian People's Party 1131 01:53:51,500 --> 01:53:52,580 have been arrested. 1132 01:53:52,580 --> 01:53:55,860 Persecution of Centre Party members across southern Germany. 1133 01:53:58,220 --> 01:54:00,740 Numerous Social Democrat MPs and functionaries 1134 01:54:00,740 --> 01:54:02,700 have been arrested. 1135 01:54:05,860 --> 01:54:09,180 - On Wednesday, the 21st of June, our house was searched 1136 01:54:09,180 --> 01:54:11,300 and occupied by the SA. 1137 01:54:11,300 --> 01:54:15,260 The search was conducted by 20 to 30 SA men. 1138 01:54:17,140 --> 01:54:20,180 The SA men immediately positioned themselves in front 1139 01:54:20,180 --> 01:54:23,260 of the telephone so that nobody could call for help. 1140 01:54:23,260 --> 01:54:26,140 They pushed my husband down the stairs, 1141 01:54:26,140 --> 01:54:29,340 kicked him and threatened him at gunpoint. 1142 01:54:31,340 --> 01:54:33,860 - I was taken to the SA-Sturm pub 1143 01:54:33,860 --> 01:54:35,820 in Elizabeth-Strasse. 1144 01:54:35,820 --> 01:54:38,980 We were received with jeering and the first blows. 1145 01:54:38,980 --> 01:54:42,500 We were then forced to walk up the wooden stairs to the hayloft, 1146 01:54:42,500 --> 01:54:45,020 accompanied by kicks and blows. 1147 01:54:46,820 --> 01:54:50,300 - One after another, we each received 30 or 40 blows 1148 01:54:50,300 --> 01:54:52,740 with rubber truncheons, steel rods 1149 01:54:52,740 --> 01:54:54,140 and other objects. 1150 01:54:54,140 --> 01:54:56,900 In between, the SA men punched us with their fists. 1151 01:54:56,900 --> 01:54:59,860 Some of us dropped to the floor unconscious. 1152 01:55:01,180 --> 01:55:04,060 - My brother-in-law, Anton Schmalz, 1153 01:55:04,060 --> 01:55:05,540 who they also came to arrest, 1154 01:55:05,540 --> 01:55:08,340 resisted and fired several shots at his attackers, 1155 01:55:08,340 --> 01:55:09,980 hitting four of the SA men. 1156 01:55:09,980 --> 01:55:13,180 He turned himself in at the police station. 1157 01:55:38,620 --> 01:55:40,540 - At the police station, 1158 01:55:40,540 --> 01:55:43,580 a shot was fired from within a group of SA men, 1159 01:55:43,580 --> 01:55:46,540 which seriously injured Anton Schmalz. 1160 01:55:46,540 --> 01:55:48,940 Schmalz's father hung himself, 1161 01:55:48,940 --> 01:55:52,100 doubtless fearing the consequences of his son's crime. 1162 01:55:54,580 --> 01:55:58,220 The washing line used in the suicide had been cut with a knife. 1163 01:55:58,220 --> 01:56:00,740 A bloody jacket was lying in the kitchen. 1164 01:56:01,980 --> 01:56:04,100 According to the SA report, 1165 01:56:04,100 --> 01:56:08,340 the dead man had caused his own injuries in a fit of raving madness. 1166 01:56:26,100 --> 01:56:31,540 An SA man, Paul Scherer, observed a sack floating in the Dahme. 1167 01:56:31,540 --> 01:56:33,660 It was pulled to the river bank. 1168 01:56:33,660 --> 01:56:36,780 Inside it was the contorted corpse of a man. 1169 01:56:36,780 --> 01:56:40,340 There were many injuries to his upper body. 1170 01:56:40,340 --> 01:56:42,500 The corpse is believed to be that of 1171 01:56:42,500 --> 01:56:45,100 Social Democrat MP Johannes Stelling, 1172 01:56:45,100 --> 01:56:48,540 formerly state minister of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. 1173 01:56:48,540 --> 01:56:50,700 He had been reported missing. 1174 01:56:50,700 --> 01:56:54,620 He had allegedly been taken away by SA men for questioning 1175 01:56:54,620 --> 01:56:56,180 early in the morning. 1176 01:57:05,580 --> 01:57:07,500 - In spite of all the political upheavals, 1177 01:57:07,500 --> 01:57:08,900 we're blessed by God. 1178 01:57:08,900 --> 01:57:11,980 How rich is the harvest He bestows upon us? 1179 01:57:11,980 --> 01:57:15,620 Fruit is ripening all around us, 1180 01:57:15,620 --> 01:57:17,500 delighting our palate. 1181 01:57:21,100 --> 01:57:24,180 - I've been buying almost a pound of strawberries every day. 1182 01:57:25,860 --> 01:57:28,540 The German National Front has dissolved itself. 1183 01:57:28,540 --> 01:57:31,420 All its members have joined the NSDAP. 1184 01:57:33,460 --> 01:57:36,740 Reich Minister Hugenberg has resigned. 1185 01:57:38,300 --> 01:57:40,100 - No-one sheds a tear. 1186 01:57:40,100 --> 01:57:42,460 Hugenberg resigns once and for all. 1187 01:57:42,460 --> 01:57:44,340 The boss is very good to me. 1188 01:57:44,340 --> 01:57:46,700 I'm getting Hugenberg's official residence. 1189 01:57:46,700 --> 01:57:47,980 Fantastic. 1190 01:57:56,060 --> 01:57:58,740 - My surgery was open to the public for the last time. 1191 01:57:58,740 --> 01:58:00,340 I put a brave face on it. 1192 01:58:01,740 --> 01:58:04,060 My flat looks like a garden in full bloom. 1193 01:58:04,060 --> 01:58:05,540 My farewell bouquets. 1194 01:58:08,180 --> 01:58:10,700 It's like experiencing my own funeral. 1195 01:58:10,700 --> 01:58:13,540 My assistant is beside herself with sorrow. 1196 01:58:15,020 --> 01:58:18,060 I've closed my patients' register for the last time. 1197 01:58:24,060 --> 01:58:25,740 - Werner and Emmy have now been released 1198 01:58:25,740 --> 01:58:29,020 from so-called protective custody and placed in investigative custody. 1199 01:58:29,020 --> 01:58:31,940 Werner thinks they could be there for months. 1200 01:58:31,940 --> 01:58:34,660 He's been questioned only once and not at all thoroughly. 1201 01:58:34,660 --> 01:58:37,860 I don't know whether Emmy has been questioned at all. 1202 01:58:37,860 --> 01:58:41,540 It's not certain whether they'll be charged with anything. 1203 01:58:49,620 --> 01:58:51,660 - My little Erna has been invited 1204 01:58:51,660 --> 01:58:53,220 to the flag consecration 1205 01:58:53,220 --> 01:58:56,420 of the National Socialist Factory Cell Organisation. 1206 01:58:56,420 --> 01:58:58,220 Although she isn't a member, 1207 01:58:58,220 --> 01:59:00,420 she wants to go along with her colleague. 1208 01:59:00,420 --> 01:59:03,060 She left the house dressed up very nicely. 1209 01:59:04,780 --> 01:59:08,140 I certainly don't begrudge the girl this nice change of scene. 1210 01:59:16,660 --> 01:59:19,780 - I'm pleased. At home with Magda. 1211 01:59:19,780 --> 01:59:22,260 I give her the keys to our new home. 1212 01:59:22,260 --> 01:59:24,100 She's very happy. 1213 01:59:24,100 --> 01:59:26,980 The furniture isn't right. 1214 01:59:29,500 --> 01:59:31,700 - The Propaganda Ministry has shone its light 1215 01:59:31,700 --> 01:59:35,540 on the new Inspector General for German Roadways, Fritz Todt. 1216 01:59:37,860 --> 01:59:40,260 Todt has been given the task of constructing 1217 01:59:40,260 --> 01:59:43,940 tens of thousands of kilometres of roads and motorways. 1218 02:00:24,940 --> 02:00:27,780 My little Erna didn't really enjoy the party. 1219 02:00:27,780 --> 02:00:31,260 She sat quietly at a table and watched the proceedings. 1220 02:00:35,940 --> 02:00:37,940 The rooms were unbearably muggy. 1221 02:00:40,980 --> 02:00:44,380 Otherwise, the revolution is boldly progressing. 1222 02:00:53,180 --> 02:00:55,100 - Van Patten in Rome. 1223 02:00:55,100 --> 02:00:57,700 He has negotiated a concordat with the Vatican. 1224 02:00:57,700 --> 02:00:59,980 Checkmate for the Centre Party. 1225 02:01:07,340 --> 02:01:10,380 - Until recently, the Reich Chancellor would not have thought 1226 02:01:10,380 --> 02:01:13,060 it possible that the Vatican would be ready to commit 1227 02:01:13,060 --> 02:01:14,860 the bishops to our state. 1228 02:01:14,860 --> 02:01:18,460 It would undoubtedly represent 1229 02:01:18,460 --> 02:01:21,380 wholehearted recognition of the current regime. 1230 02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:37,500 - There's general agreement here 1231 02:01:37,500 --> 02:01:40,100 that the situation for the Jews will get worse by autumn. 1232 02:01:40,100 --> 02:01:44,020 We are convinced that one profession after the next will be denied to us. 1233 02:01:44,020 --> 02:01:47,340 Civil servants have been strictly forbidden to buy goods from Jews 1234 02:01:47,340 --> 02:01:49,740 and all Christian raw materials suppliers 1235 02:01:49,740 --> 02:01:51,700 have been forbidden to sell to Jews. 1236 02:01:51,700 --> 02:01:54,300 Mr Goebbels has asserted on the radio 1237 02:01:54,300 --> 02:01:56,980 that he will not rest until the last Jew has gone. 1238 02:01:56,980 --> 02:01:59,500 But where to? Where to? 1239 02:02:07,100 --> 02:02:09,460 - My husband has also had to leave the hospital. 1240 02:02:09,460 --> 02:02:12,580 I know how much he misses his work there. 1241 02:02:12,580 --> 02:02:15,220 It hurts me more than my own loss. 1242 02:02:18,940 --> 02:02:23,980 Patients are coming to me every day, asking where they should go. 1243 02:02:23,980 --> 02:02:26,140 I advise them as best I can. 1244 02:02:26,140 --> 02:02:28,580 I give them medicine from my own medicine chest. 1245 02:02:28,580 --> 02:02:31,060 But I can't write sick notes for them. 1246 02:02:31,060 --> 02:02:34,460 And they want these all the time so that they won't have to go 1247 02:02:34,460 --> 02:02:37,100 to meetings or after-work gatherings. 1248 02:02:39,660 --> 02:02:41,540 But I'm not in a position to help them. 1249 02:02:45,700 --> 02:02:48,500 - I visited our family burial plot. 1250 02:02:48,500 --> 02:02:52,340 Two heavy bronze chains have been stolen from it. 1251 02:02:52,340 --> 02:02:56,900 The marble gravestones have been smeared with swastikas. 1252 02:03:14,660 --> 02:03:17,500 - Yesterday, an SA man repeatedly rang the doorbell 1253 02:03:17,500 --> 02:03:20,300 wanting me to buy a pamphlet from him called, 1254 02:03:20,300 --> 02:03:23,980 "The Goals And Purpose Of National Socialism - The 25 Points. 1255 02:03:23,980 --> 02:03:25,820 "What Does Our Fuhrer Want?" 1256 02:03:25,820 --> 02:03:28,820 The man was very pushy, and I couldn't get rid of him. 1257 02:03:28,820 --> 02:03:30,540 I had to buy one. 1258 02:03:43,460 --> 02:03:46,900 - On August 1st, I begin work as a police medical assessor 1259 02:03:46,900 --> 02:03:49,660 in Recklinghausen. Hurrah, hurrah. 1260 02:03:51,380 --> 02:03:55,500 Poor Truda was very upset and sad when she heard about it. 1261 02:03:57,820 --> 02:03:59,500 - Lots of meetings. 1262 02:03:59,500 --> 02:04:01,820 Discussions with the boss in the afternoon. 1263 02:04:04,900 --> 02:04:07,780 Power is in our hands. We dictate the pace. 1264 02:04:17,700 --> 02:04:20,500 - The Reich Government has passed the following law. 1265 02:04:20,500 --> 02:04:23,620 First, the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1266 02:04:23,620 --> 02:04:26,820 is the only political party in Germany. 1267 02:04:26,820 --> 02:04:32,100 Second, maintaining any other political party, 1268 02:04:32,100 --> 02:04:36,540 or founding any new political party is punishable with prison 1269 02:04:36,540 --> 02:04:38,340 of up to three years, 1270 02:04:38,340 --> 02:04:40,900 or with jail from six months to three years. 1271 02:05:08,300 --> 02:05:10,500 - Dearest Maudie, I hope you're well. 1272 02:05:10,500 --> 02:05:12,100 I have nothing to report. 1273 02:05:12,100 --> 02:05:13,300 I'm well. 1274 02:05:13,300 --> 02:05:15,940 Please send me three stamps for 12 pfennigs each. 1275 02:05:15,940 --> 02:05:17,540 Say hello to our baby. 1276 02:05:19,020 --> 02:05:20,540 - Ossietzky was sick. 1277 02:05:20,540 --> 02:05:23,420 The camp commanders wouldn't allow him to be examined. 1278 02:05:23,420 --> 02:05:26,300 He received a postcard from his daughter in England 1279 02:05:26,300 --> 02:05:29,580 that suggested she was happy not to be in Germany any more. 1280 02:05:31,100 --> 02:05:34,300 As a result, Ossietzky was taken to the guardhouse 1281 02:05:34,300 --> 02:05:37,460 and brutally beaten by the squadron leader 1282 02:05:37,460 --> 02:05:39,380 for bringing his daughter up badly. 1283 02:05:50,860 --> 02:05:53,860 - Today, I was on duty in the hospital for the last time. 1284 02:05:53,860 --> 02:05:56,420 Now I just have to say my goodbyes. 1285 02:06:02,940 --> 02:06:04,500 In the evening, at about ten, 1286 02:06:04,500 --> 02:06:07,860 I wanted to say farewell to Truda, but she didn't want to leave. 1287 02:06:12,380 --> 02:06:15,060 We spent our happiest, most passionate night together 1288 02:06:15,060 --> 02:06:16,460 for a long time. 1289 02:06:34,660 --> 02:06:36,620 In the morning, I took her to Ackerstrasse 1290 02:06:36,620 --> 02:06:40,140 Truda got out of the car, after giving me one last kiss. 1291 02:06:40,140 --> 02:06:43,220 She was sobbing, and walked away from me slowly. 1292 02:06:46,620 --> 02:06:48,580 I gave her one piece of advice. 1293 02:06:48,580 --> 02:06:51,980 "Don't throw yourself at men who are not worthy of you." 1294 02:06:58,940 --> 02:07:02,860 - My staff are hardworking and meticulous. 1295 02:07:02,860 --> 02:07:04,620 We can be very satisfied with them. 1296 02:07:04,620 --> 02:07:07,460 All the departments are working magnificently. 1297 02:07:07,460 --> 02:07:10,020 Broadcasting has been purged. 1298 02:08:03,100 --> 02:08:06,180 - The Social Democrat leaders, Ebert and Heinemann, 1299 02:08:06,180 --> 02:08:09,580 and the leading radio functionaries, Director General Flesch, 1300 02:08:09,580 --> 02:08:11,540 Alfred Braun and Dr Magnus 1301 02:08:11,540 --> 02:08:13,940 were taken to Oranienburg concentration camp. 1302 02:08:16,100 --> 02:08:19,620 They were forced to take their clothes off in front of a crowd 1303 02:08:19,620 --> 02:08:20,980 of rowdy SA men. 1304 02:08:20,980 --> 02:08:23,420 The six men then had their heads shaved bare, 1305 02:08:23,420 --> 02:08:25,700 although they left Ebert with a circle of hair 1306 02:08:25,700 --> 02:08:28,180 in order to make him look especially ridiculous. 1307 02:08:38,820 --> 02:08:42,900 - Opened the radio exhibition. A grand, befitting ceremony. 1308 02:08:42,900 --> 02:08:44,740 I visited the exhibition. 1309 02:08:49,020 --> 02:08:51,980 The technological developments are astonishing. 1310 02:08:51,980 --> 02:08:54,460 Tried out new radio equipment. 1311 02:09:15,460 --> 02:09:17,900 - When Erna came home yesterday at lunchtime, 1312 02:09:17,900 --> 02:09:19,740 she brought very sad news. 1313 02:09:19,740 --> 02:09:24,660 39 members of staff are losing their jobs as of the 1st October. 1314 02:09:24,660 --> 02:09:27,420 Of course, the mood was awful. 1315 02:09:29,060 --> 02:09:32,260 She was therefore all the more excited about the mystery moonlit 1316 02:09:32,260 --> 02:09:34,780 boat trip that her office organised. 1317 02:09:34,780 --> 02:09:37,660 The presence of every staff member was checked on the way 1318 02:09:37,660 --> 02:09:40,980 there and the way back. 1319 02:09:40,980 --> 02:09:43,940 One-and-a-half hours before departure, we found 1320 02:09:43,940 --> 02:09:45,780 all the seats already taken. 1321 02:09:45,780 --> 02:09:48,940 Anna's superior got folding chairs for us. 1322 02:09:48,940 --> 02:09:50,580 We went upriver. 1323 02:09:53,860 --> 02:09:58,620 Suddenly, the lights of an idyllically situated inn appeared. 1324 02:09:58,620 --> 02:10:01,140 The night proceeded without incident, 1325 02:10:01,140 --> 02:10:03,860 with coffee, beer and dancing. 1326 02:10:07,660 --> 02:10:10,820 And I even ventured a waltz with my little Erna. 1327 02:10:10,820 --> 02:10:13,460 But it's hard to get her moving around in a circle. 1328 02:10:13,460 --> 02:10:16,740 She doesn't really like to dance because she is rather ungainly. 1329 02:10:23,580 --> 02:10:27,820 - To Nuremberg. Visited Luitpoldhain, the hall, the Zeppelinfeld. 1330 02:10:31,020 --> 02:10:34,180 Everything is built on a grand scale, but the organisation 1331 02:10:34,180 --> 02:10:36,100 doesn't seem to be working properly. 1332 02:10:40,740 --> 02:10:42,940 Raving women want to hear the Fuhrer speak. 1333 02:10:42,940 --> 02:10:47,900 Vast crowds in the city, impossible to get through. 1334 02:10:47,900 --> 02:10:50,500 I flee to my hotel and rewrite my speech. 1335 02:10:50,500 --> 02:10:53,380 I tone down the content of the Jewish question 1336 02:10:53,380 --> 02:10:55,420 for foreign policy reasons. 1337 02:11:13,220 --> 02:11:14,940 Party Congress opened. 1338 02:11:36,420 --> 02:11:37,900 Hess spoke well. 1339 02:11:55,180 --> 02:11:57,340 All very impressive. 1340 02:11:58,900 --> 02:12:01,580 - Henry Mann spoke of the conversation he had 1341 02:12:01,580 --> 02:12:03,660 had with the Chancellor. 1342 02:12:03,660 --> 02:12:06,820 Hitler is a fanatic on the Jewish problem. 1343 02:12:06,820 --> 02:12:09,940 He has no conception of international relations. 1344 02:12:09,940 --> 02:12:12,500 He considers himself a German messiah. 1345 02:12:37,140 --> 02:12:40,660 - The official films of this year's Nuremberg Party Rally will be 1346 02:12:40,660 --> 02:12:42,460 made by Leni Riefenstahl. 1347 02:12:42,460 --> 02:12:44,900 They say she has won Hitler's favour. 1348 02:12:56,660 --> 02:12:59,820 - The celebratory sounds of Nuremberg have faded away. 1349 02:12:59,820 --> 02:13:02,660 The SA members in Erna's office have been talking 1350 02:13:02,660 --> 02:13:04,260 about their experiences. 1351 02:13:04,260 --> 02:13:07,860 Every participant had to pay for the trip themselves. 1352 02:13:07,860 --> 02:13:12,380 Food was provided, as was accommodation on beds of straw. 1353 02:13:12,380 --> 02:13:16,500 Almost all of them returned home dead tired and with aching limbs 1354 02:13:16,500 --> 02:13:19,260 from all the endless standing still or marching. 1355 02:13:25,340 --> 02:13:29,220 - We have had our second death here in Oranienburg, 1356 02:13:29,220 --> 02:13:32,620 a 31-year-old worker called Sens from Zerbst. 1357 02:13:32,620 --> 02:13:37,020 I can bear witness that this athletically strong, healthy worker 1358 02:13:37,020 --> 02:13:39,940 was beaten to death by Sturmbannfuhrer Krueger 1359 02:13:39,940 --> 02:13:43,420 and two other SA men with three rubber truncheons. 1360 02:13:46,740 --> 02:13:50,780 - On September 8th, my husband was moved to Oranienburg 1361 02:13:50,780 --> 02:13:52,660 concentration camp. 1362 02:14:05,260 --> 02:14:08,460 - The Reichstag fire trial has begun. 1363 02:14:08,460 --> 02:14:11,540 If you didn't know anything about it, you'd think that a few idiots 1364 02:14:11,540 --> 02:14:13,980 had decided to play with fire for recognition 1365 02:14:13,980 --> 02:14:15,660 or God knows what other motive. 1366 02:14:18,940 --> 02:14:21,580 Nobody with any sense, whatever their opinion of 1367 02:14:21,580 --> 02:14:24,820 the Communist Party, could possibly believe that those men would do 1368 02:14:24,820 --> 02:14:26,700 anything that insane. 1369 02:14:56,500 --> 02:15:01,980 - I accused the defendants of jointly, A, undertaking to change 1370 02:15:01,980 --> 02:15:05,420 the constitution of the German Reich through violent force, 1371 02:15:05,420 --> 02:15:09,780 and, B, deliberately setting the Reichstag building on fire. 1372 02:15:11,260 --> 02:15:13,140 - Torgler looked ghastly, 1373 02:15:13,140 --> 02:15:16,380 a greeny-grey prison pallor on his face. 1374 02:15:16,380 --> 02:15:20,580 He was tense, scared, a nervous wreck. 1375 02:15:20,580 --> 02:15:24,540 The Bulgarians looked wiry, tough, indifferent. 1376 02:15:24,540 --> 02:15:28,060 Van der Lubbe was one of the most awful sights I have ever witnessed 1377 02:15:28,060 --> 02:15:29,580 in a human being. 1378 02:15:29,580 --> 02:15:33,060 He sat there motionless, his head and hands hanging down 1379 02:15:33,060 --> 02:15:36,780 between his knees, either in a trance or doped. 1380 02:15:39,180 --> 02:15:41,620 He seemed to be slobbering at the mouth. 1381 02:15:51,660 --> 02:15:56,300 - Dr Todt explained that construction work was to begin on two motorways. 1382 02:15:56,300 --> 02:15:58,700 Each would be 100km long. 1383 02:15:58,700 --> 02:16:01,500 The Reich Chancellor expressed that the section from 1384 02:16:01,500 --> 02:16:04,860 Frankfurt Am Main to Heidelberg must be completed quickly. 1385 02:16:04,860 --> 02:16:08,620 The Reichswehr, he said, was also gradually beginning to understand 1386 02:16:08,620 --> 02:16:10,620 the importance of the motorways. 1387 02:17:26,260 --> 02:17:32,060 - Sturmbannfuhrer Krueger from Trebbin felt particularly big and strong 1388 02:17:32,060 --> 02:17:35,580 when visitors came and he had us parade in front of them. 1389 02:17:38,380 --> 02:17:42,100 Like a puffed-up animal trainer from a minor travelling circus, 1390 02:17:42,100 --> 02:17:45,620 he would stalk around the camp, summoning all the prominent 1391 02:17:45,620 --> 02:17:48,340 prisoners and presenting them to the visitors. 1392 02:19:19,300 --> 02:19:21,820 - Muhsam was punched in the kidneys. 1393 02:19:21,820 --> 02:19:25,900 They kicked him, pulled his beard and his hair, and forced him to 1394 02:19:25,900 --> 02:19:28,540 lap up dirty mopping water. 1395 02:19:30,660 --> 02:19:33,900 Covered in blood, exhausted and worn down, 1396 02:19:33,900 --> 02:19:38,060 Muhsam was made to run up and down four flights of stairs five times. 1397 02:19:38,060 --> 02:19:41,020 With all their might, they punched him, kicked him 1398 02:19:41,020 --> 02:19:42,660 and beat him with brooms. 1399 02:19:52,620 --> 02:19:55,780 - I had a telephone call telling me that Germany was withdrawing 1400 02:19:55,780 --> 02:19:57,660 from the Geneva Disarmament Conference and 1401 02:19:57,660 --> 02:19:59,300 the League of Nations. 1402 02:19:59,300 --> 02:20:00,660 A risky game. 1403 02:20:40,140 --> 02:20:43,940 - I went today at 12 o'clock sharp to see Chancellor Hitler. 1404 02:20:46,060 --> 02:20:49,900 I went up broad stairways, guarded at every turn by Nazi soldiers 1405 02:20:49,900 --> 02:20:52,620 with arms raised in fascist salute. 1406 02:20:57,100 --> 02:21:00,860 Adolf Hitler appeared in a simple workaday suit. 1407 02:21:00,860 --> 02:21:05,020 My impression was that he's very confident and itching for conflict. 1408 02:21:09,300 --> 02:21:13,900 - The mood among us Jews in Germany is terribly gloomy. 1409 02:21:13,900 --> 02:21:16,700 Now that the country has left the League of Nations, 1410 02:21:16,700 --> 02:21:22,220 there is a fear that they won't restrain themselves at all any more. 1411 02:21:22,220 --> 02:21:27,900 - Referendum and Reichstag elections on 12th of November. 1412 02:21:27,900 --> 02:21:30,900 Hitler is always in need of new propaganda and wants the people 1413 02:21:30,900 --> 02:21:34,620 to deliver him a new, purely National Socialist Reichstag. 1414 02:21:43,100 --> 02:21:44,900 - We watched the film Hitlerjunge Quex 1415 02:21:44,900 --> 02:21:46,660 at the Ufa Cinema. 1416 02:21:49,020 --> 02:21:50,940 - TRUMPET PLAYS ON FILM SOUNDTRACK 1417 02:22:13,140 --> 02:22:18,300 - A splendid film, produced with great diplomatic finesse. 1418 02:22:28,260 --> 02:22:29,900 - HE SINGS THE INTERNATIONALE 1419 02:22:47,940 --> 02:22:50,620 - In the intervals, little Hitler Youth boys collected money 1420 02:22:50,620 --> 02:22:52,420 for winter relief. 1421 02:23:44,500 --> 02:23:49,340 - Frequent feelings of despair, exhaustion, emptiness. 1422 02:23:50,940 --> 02:23:54,820 At least the Reichstag arson trial has taken a surprising turn 1423 02:24:05,780 --> 02:24:07,780 Goering took the stand. 1424 02:24:07,780 --> 02:24:09,500 Huge, paunchy, 1425 02:24:09,500 --> 02:24:12,460 his stomach protruding, his face sagging. 1426 02:24:13,500 --> 02:24:17,140 Pompous, and yet a little nervous. 1427 02:24:23,140 --> 02:24:27,940 His voice was uncontrolled, his gestures melodramatic. 1428 02:24:27,940 --> 02:24:33,380 Dimitrov interrupted him several times and he flew into a rage. 1429 02:24:33,380 --> 02:24:40,380 - HE SHOUTS: 1430 02:24:55,060 --> 02:24:59,300 - Dimitrov, with deadly sarcasm, was beginning to reveal so much 1431 02:24:59,300 --> 02:25:01,740 that Goering shouted for him to stop. 1432 02:25:23,660 --> 02:25:27,500 - Erich and Edith visited Werner and Emmy, and they've written to me 1433 02:25:27,500 --> 02:25:29,500 that there's been no progress. 1434 02:25:29,500 --> 02:25:33,140 Soon they will have been in jail for seven months. 1435 02:25:33,140 --> 02:25:34,740 Emmy is stick-thin. 1436 02:25:39,140 --> 02:25:41,460 The Jewish partners left their company. 1437 02:25:41,460 --> 02:25:45,380 It's a tax office that has been brought under government control. 1438 02:25:45,380 --> 02:25:47,700 Of course, we will lose the printing contract. 1439 02:25:47,700 --> 02:25:50,620 We've been printing their tax reports for years. 1440 02:25:52,940 --> 02:25:56,780 I am very worried about what will happen when one customer after 1441 02:25:56,780 --> 02:26:00,020 the other vanishes in the maelstrom and Theo is left 1442 02:26:00,020 --> 02:26:03,740 with nothing but a pile of rubble from our once-thriving business. 1443 02:26:10,260 --> 02:26:13,380 - Our 10th wedding anniversary. 1444 02:26:13,380 --> 02:26:16,580 Our table is decorated with soft pink chrysanthemums, 1445 02:26:16,580 --> 02:26:19,100 as it was in the old days. 1446 02:26:19,100 --> 02:26:20,900 "Here's to the next ten years," 1447 02:26:20,900 --> 02:26:23,300 says my husband, and I feel my heart tremble. 1448 02:26:23,300 --> 02:26:26,420 They have taken away my calm certainty, 1449 02:26:26,420 --> 02:26:28,380 the peace I felt in my own home. 1450 02:26:28,380 --> 02:26:30,540 They have tried to debase me. 1451 02:26:30,540 --> 02:26:34,260 They have taken my work, what I loved most, from me. 1452 02:26:40,700 --> 02:26:45,940 - This morning mist had settled over the woods and fields. 1453 02:26:46,940 --> 02:26:50,060 At lunchtime in Spandau, I took the opportunity of listening to 1454 02:26:50,060 --> 02:26:51,940 Hitler's speech in a small cafe. 1455 02:26:58,220 --> 02:27:01,900 - Hitler was going to give a speech in the Siemens factory. 1456 02:27:04,660 --> 02:27:07,900 A crowd was standing outside a radio shop. 1457 02:27:07,900 --> 02:27:09,460 I joined them. 1458 02:27:09,460 --> 02:27:12,740 A big loudspeaker had been mounted above the door. 1459 02:27:15,060 --> 02:27:18,300 - The broadcast began with the clattering of machines, 1460 02:27:18,300 --> 02:27:21,460 the chugging of a locomotive, the noise of chains and hammers. 1461 02:27:21,460 --> 02:27:24,500 After a while, the Fuhrer's approach was announced by the sound 1462 02:27:24,500 --> 02:27:27,020 of people shouting, "Heil!" 1463 02:27:27,020 --> 02:27:30,500 That moment had an overwhelming, unprecedented drama. 1464 02:27:32,940 --> 02:27:34,940 Then came a husky bass voice, 1465 02:27:34,940 --> 02:27:37,740 as if his throat was sore from schnapps. 1466 02:27:47,340 --> 02:27:49,100 Unsure, faltering, 1467 02:27:49,100 --> 02:27:51,580 sometimes raising his voice 1468 02:27:51,580 --> 02:27:54,700 to a frightened screech before levelling off again. 1469 02:27:54,700 --> 02:27:57,780 Gasping for breath, wheezing. 1470 02:28:05,380 --> 02:28:08,540 A terrible mix of fury, pleading, triumph, 1471 02:28:08,540 --> 02:28:10,420 imploration and fanaticism. 1472 02:28:26,260 --> 02:28:28,500 All in all, utterly repellent. 1473 02:28:33,580 --> 02:28:37,500 It's absurd, gruesome and raging all at once. 1474 02:28:37,500 --> 02:28:39,340 I couldn't take it any more and left the cafe. 1475 02:28:42,540 --> 02:28:44,620 The streets were almost empty. 1476 02:28:44,620 --> 02:28:47,700 On some corners, or above entrances where there were loudspeakers, 1477 02:28:47,700 --> 02:28:50,460 groups of people huddled together. 1478 02:28:50,460 --> 02:28:53,580 The expression on their faces was not one of enthusiasm, 1479 02:28:53,580 --> 02:28:57,980 but a kind of dull gravity, like an intimation of danger. 1480 02:29:12,220 --> 02:29:13,500 - Election Sunday. 1481 02:29:15,060 --> 02:29:18,340 The polling station is in a pub. Long queues outside. 1482 02:29:21,460 --> 02:29:24,020 The election committee members sit at tables, 1483 02:29:24,020 --> 02:29:27,540 the men wearing National Socialist insignia. 1484 02:29:27,540 --> 02:29:30,420 Behind the curtain, the people make their crosses. 1485 02:29:30,420 --> 02:29:33,220 Two metres away are two SA men. 1486 02:29:36,860 --> 02:29:40,460 - The Consul in Stuttgart reports that, from 4pm to 6pm, 1487 02:29:40,460 --> 02:29:44,220 uniformed National Socialists called at the homes of non-voters, 1488 02:29:44,220 --> 02:29:46,900 basically forcing them to go and vote. 1489 02:29:49,860 --> 02:29:52,660 The same was reported by the Consul in Breslau. 1490 02:30:03,020 --> 02:30:05,900 - I've attached a page from the afternoon newspaper 1491 02:30:05,900 --> 02:30:07,980 with the final election results. 1492 02:30:07,980 --> 02:30:10,100 No need for me to comment. 1493 02:30:14,580 --> 02:30:17,300 - Voter turnout of more than 90%. 1494 02:30:17,300 --> 02:30:19,260 Around 10% dared to vote against. 1495 02:30:27,540 --> 02:30:31,060 - The self-assured direction of film actress Leni Riefenstahl 1496 02:30:31,060 --> 02:30:34,980 has produced Victory Of Faith, a document of our times. 1497 02:30:34,980 --> 02:30:36,780 The images of the Fuhrer 1498 02:30:36,780 --> 02:30:39,660 being greeted by Germany's youth are staggering - 1499 02:30:39,660 --> 02:30:41,980 the centrepiece and culmination of the film. 1500 02:31:26,540 --> 02:31:29,020 - The suspense over the outcome of the Reichstag trial 1501 02:31:29,020 --> 02:31:31,700 has reached fever pitch. 1502 02:31:31,700 --> 02:31:34,380 People are reading reports about the trial 1503 02:31:34,380 --> 02:31:36,020 in foreign newspapers. 1504 02:31:36,020 --> 02:31:38,900 In the cafes, they are passed from hand to hand. 1505 02:31:40,940 --> 02:31:44,140 - It seems barely possible that the court can convict Torgler 1506 02:31:44,140 --> 02:31:47,300 and the Bulgarians of complicity in the arson attack. 1507 02:32:49,140 --> 02:32:54,180 - CHOIR SINGS "STILLE NACHT, HEILIGE NACHT" 1508 02:34:05,300 --> 02:34:07,060 - My dear Maudie, 1509 02:34:07,060 --> 02:34:09,420 I have enough underclothing and warm things. 1510 02:34:09,420 --> 02:34:10,940 Don't send me any more. 1511 02:34:10,940 --> 02:34:13,620 Just a few things to eat every now and again. 1512 02:34:13,620 --> 02:34:17,140 And more often, some tobacco. 1513 02:34:17,140 --> 02:34:19,500 All the best for the new year, my child. 1514 02:34:19,500 --> 02:34:22,300 May it see us all together again soon. 1515 02:34:22,300 --> 02:34:24,900 I embrace you, your Carl. 1516 02:34:29,980 --> 02:34:32,140 - Following international protests, 1517 02:34:32,140 --> 02:34:35,820 Carl von Ossietzky was released from prison in 1936 1518 02:34:35,820 --> 02:34:38,220 and awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 1519 02:34:38,220 --> 02:34:41,860 Two years later, isolated from the outside world, 1520 02:34:41,860 --> 02:34:45,620 he died from the after-effects of his imprisonment and torture. 1521 02:34:45,620 --> 02:34:47,340 He was 48 years old. 1522 02:34:47,340 --> 02:34:49,420 Erich Muhsam was murdered 1523 02:34:49,420 --> 02:34:54,580 in Oranienburg concentration camp in 1934. He was 56 years old. 1524 02:34:56,260 --> 02:35:00,180 Clara Brause died in 1936 at the age of 63. 1525 02:35:01,820 --> 02:35:06,100 What became of her daughter Erna is unknown. 1526 02:35:06,100 --> 02:35:10,900 Willi Lindenborn joins the Wehrmacht in 1936. 1527 02:35:10,900 --> 02:35:14,460 He becomes a staff surgeon and fights in the Second World War. 1528 02:35:16,300 --> 02:35:19,980 His last diary entry is from 1975. 1529 02:35:23,100 --> 02:35:26,980 Emmy Scholem is released from jail in 1934 1530 02:35:26,980 --> 02:35:30,780 and able to flee to England with her two children. 1531 02:35:30,780 --> 02:35:33,340 Werner Scholem is murdered 1532 02:35:33,340 --> 02:35:36,300 in Buchenwald concentration camp in 1940. 1533 02:35:36,300 --> 02:35:42,220 Betty Scholem flees to Australia in 1939 and dies there in 1946. 1534 02:35:45,180 --> 02:35:49,660 Berlin was planned to become the great metropolis, Germania, 1535 02:35:49,660 --> 02:35:53,060 capital of the Third Reich, enduring for 1,000 years. 1536 02:35:55,380 --> 02:35:59,100 After just 12 years, the city has been reduced to rubble.