1 00:00:27,840 --> 00:00:30,400 We are living through strange days. 2 00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:33,200 Across Britain, Europe and America, 3 00:00:33,200 --> 00:00:35,960 societies have become split and polarised, 4 00:00:35,960 --> 00:00:39,480 not just in politics, but across the whole culture. 5 00:00:39,480 --> 00:00:43,280 There is anger at the inequality and the ever-growing corruption 6 00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:45,600 and a widespread distrust of the elites. 7 00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:50,600 Yet, at the same time, there is a paralysis, 8 00:00:50,600 --> 00:00:53,920 a sense that no-one knows how to escape from this. 9 00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:59,680 Even in America, where there is now hope with the new president, 10 00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:02,920 there are also fears that, despite the growing crisis, 11 00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:05,160 the system will just return to normal. 12 00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:11,240 This paralysis is also fuelled by a technology, driven by the aim 13 00:01:11,240 --> 00:01:14,680 of giving you today another version of what you had yesterday... 14 00:01:16,360 --> 00:01:18,960 ..and never a different tomorrow. 15 00:01:28,360 --> 00:01:32,520 These films are a history of how we got to this place 16 00:01:32,520 --> 00:01:38,400 and why both those in power, and we, find it so difficult to move on. 17 00:01:38,400 --> 00:01:39,920 They will trace different forces 18 00:01:39,920 --> 00:01:43,440 across the world that have led to now, 19 00:01:43,440 --> 00:01:46,880 not just in the West, but in China and Russia as well. 20 00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:51,680 And they are told in a different way. 21 00:01:51,680 --> 00:01:55,160 They are an emotional history of what went on inside the heads 22 00:01:55,160 --> 00:01:56,960 of all kinds of people. 23 00:01:56,960 --> 00:01:59,640 Because in the age of the individual, 24 00:01:59,640 --> 00:02:04,000 what you felt and what you wanted and what you dreamed of 25 00:02:04,000 --> 00:02:06,840 were going to become the driving force across the world. 26 00:02:10,400 --> 00:02:14,080 And to understand the present, you have to go back and see 27 00:02:14,080 --> 00:02:17,800 what happened when those hopes and dreams and uncertainties 28 00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:22,760 inside people's minds met the much older forces of power. 29 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:27,760 Often power that was decaying 30 00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:30,080 and desperate to keep its ascendancy. 31 00:02:32,600 --> 00:02:35,760 These strange days did not just happen - 32 00:02:35,760 --> 00:02:39,400 we, and those in power, created them together. 33 00:02:39,400 --> 00:02:41,880 YELLING 34 00:03:00,840 --> 00:03:04,720 # Each day I walk along this lonely street 35 00:03:06,200 --> 00:03:09,240 # Trying to find 36 00:03:09,240 --> 00:03:13,240 # Find a future 37 00:03:13,240 --> 00:03:16,560 # New pair of shoes are on my feet 38 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:23,040 # Cos fashion is my only culture 39 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:26,720 # Nothing ever change 40 00:03:26,720 --> 00:03:29,080 # Oh, no 41 00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:31,360 # Nothing ever change 42 00:03:34,760 --> 00:03:41,640 # I'm just living in a life without meaning 43 00:03:41,640 --> 00:03:44,480 # I walk and walk 44 00:03:44,480 --> 00:03:47,000 # Do nothing 45 00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:51,960 # I'm just living in a life without feeling 46 00:03:53,040 --> 00:03:56,280 # I talk and talk 47 00:03:56,280 --> 00:03:58,240 # Say nothing 48 00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:27,160 # Nothing ever change 49 00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:29,040 # Oh, no 50 00:04:29,040 --> 00:04:31,600 # Nothing ever change. # 51 00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:34,560 SONG FADES OUT 52 00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:42,080 In the late 1950s, as the British Empire was falling apart, 53 00:04:42,080 --> 00:04:44,520 there was a growing sense that something was badly wrong 54 00:04:44,520 --> 00:04:46,800 under the surface. 55 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:50,320 It was a feeling of unease, that despite all the reforms 56 00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:53,520 after the Second World War and the welfare state, 57 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:56,160 the old forms of power had not gone away. 58 00:04:57,320 --> 00:05:00,560 And neither had the violence and the corruption 59 00:05:00,560 --> 00:05:03,120 that had always been a part of that power. 60 00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:09,600 The court opens with the traditional reading of names 61 00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:12,720 and the wide experience available to the bank as apparent. 62 00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:15,760 Mr Cobbold, Mr Minors, 63 00:05:15,760 --> 00:05:17,560 Sir Charles Hambro... 64 00:05:17,560 --> 00:05:19,080 Senior director... 65 00:05:19,080 --> 00:05:21,160 The bankers in the City of London 66 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:24,520 had been at the very heart of the Empire. 67 00:05:24,520 --> 00:05:27,800 In 1958, two of the most powerful of them, 68 00:05:27,800 --> 00:05:30,000 Lord Kindersley and William Keswick, 69 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,400 were accused of using insider information 70 00:05:32,400 --> 00:05:34,440 to make millions for themselves. 71 00:05:35,560 --> 00:05:37,280 ..Lord Kindersley... 72 00:05:37,280 --> 00:05:40,160 Chairman of Rolls-Royce, merchant banker. 73 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:41,880 ..Mr Keswick... 74 00:05:41,880 --> 00:05:45,680 Hudson's Bay Company and Far Eastern merchant. 75 00:05:45,680 --> 00:05:48,680 The evidence against them was very strong. 76 00:05:48,680 --> 00:05:51,480 But when Keswick was shown the evidence, he dismissed it 77 00:05:51,480 --> 00:05:54,080 with a phrase that became notorious. 78 00:05:54,080 --> 00:05:55,880 "It is difficult," he said, 79 00:05:55,880 --> 00:06:00,560 "to remember conversations one has whilst shooting on a grouse moor." 80 00:06:00,560 --> 00:06:03,840 A government inquiry said the two men were obviously innocent. 81 00:06:06,920 --> 00:06:09,720 At the same time, reports had started to come back 82 00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:12,800 from one of the last parts of the Empire - Kenya - 83 00:06:12,800 --> 00:06:16,360 that seemed to show that those in charge had gone out of control. 84 00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:21,960 They had been fighting a liberation movement called the Mau Mau. 85 00:06:21,960 --> 00:06:25,280 The report said that hundreds of thousands of Kenyans had been put 86 00:06:25,280 --> 00:06:27,480 into special camps, where they were going to be 87 00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:30,000 psychologically adjusted. 88 00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:31,920 The British were trying to manipulate 89 00:06:31,920 --> 00:06:36,000 what their chief psychologist called the "African mind". 90 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:40,760 But what then happened in the camps turned into a frenzied madness. 91 00:06:40,760 --> 00:06:43,280 The British used mass torture and killing 92 00:06:43,280 --> 00:06:45,800 as they desperately tried to hold on to power. 93 00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:53,240 The government in London denied all the accusations, 94 00:06:53,240 --> 00:06:55,960 but the rumours of violence and horror continued. 95 00:06:57,280 --> 00:06:59,880 ORGAN MUSIC PLAYS 96 00:06:59,880 --> 00:07:03,600 But what had also not gone away was the fear and hatred 97 00:07:03,600 --> 00:07:08,200 inside the minds of many of the British of the "others", 98 00:07:08,200 --> 00:07:10,840 the people the British had ruled over 99 00:07:10,840 --> 00:07:14,880 who were now coming to what they had been told was the homeland. 100 00:07:16,080 --> 00:07:18,800 Now, listen carefully to this Indian's conversation 101 00:07:18,800 --> 00:07:22,840 with a white barber when he entered a saloon with a BBC radio microphone 102 00:07:22,840 --> 00:07:24,680 in his pocket. 103 00:07:24,680 --> 00:07:26,680 BARBER: No! INDIAN MAN: What's the matter? 104 00:07:26,680 --> 00:07:28,040 No! 105 00:07:30,720 --> 00:07:33,200 Is there anything wrong? 106 00:07:33,200 --> 00:07:36,240 Yes! What is it? I said no. 107 00:07:36,240 --> 00:07:39,760 But I'd like to know what is the matter. I'm closed. 108 00:07:39,760 --> 00:07:43,920 There's another half an hour... Well, I'm closed now. 109 00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:47,000 But you didn't put the closed sign outside on the window, did you? 110 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:49,160 Will you clear off? 111 00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:51,800 Look, if you give me any reason why, what is the matter, 112 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:53,480 then I shall go if you tell me... 113 00:07:53,480 --> 00:07:55,800 I've told you - I'm closed! 114 00:07:55,800 --> 00:07:57,880 You're not closed. 115 00:07:57,880 --> 00:08:00,360 You're not... You're not closed yet. 116 00:08:00,360 --> 00:08:02,200 Well, I am - to you. 117 00:08:04,760 --> 00:08:07,200 Those who came from the Empire to Britain 118 00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:09,640 were shocked by the strange country they found. 119 00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:14,040 Michael de Freitas had come from Trinidad. 120 00:08:14,040 --> 00:08:17,320 He had grown up with a picture of a strong and confident homeland 121 00:08:17,320 --> 00:08:19,200 at the centre of the Empire. 122 00:08:20,240 --> 00:08:23,280 Instead, what he found was, what seemed to him, 123 00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:25,520 a sad and frightened country. 124 00:08:27,320 --> 00:08:31,360 You must remember that, that when we came to this country, 125 00:08:31,360 --> 00:08:34,120 we were not travelling to a foreign country. 126 00:08:34,120 --> 00:08:37,200 We were taught, I was taught when I was a young man, 127 00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:41,160 that my country, Trinidad, was an extension of this one. 128 00:08:41,160 --> 00:08:45,480 We were weaned on the concept of the Empire. 129 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:49,040 When I was a young boy, I stood in 90 degrees of sun 130 00:08:49,040 --> 00:08:52,040 day after day and sang all kinds of silly things 131 00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:54,880 like God Save The Queen, Land of Hope and Glory, 132 00:08:54,880 --> 00:08:56,920 "Britannia rule the waves", 133 00:08:56,920 --> 00:09:01,480 with the greatest of fervour and believed every word of it. 134 00:09:02,560 --> 00:09:07,400 To come here and discover that not only wasn't I not travelling 135 00:09:07,400 --> 00:09:11,480 to the capital of the whole thing, which we were led to believe was so, 136 00:09:11,480 --> 00:09:13,720 but in actual fact, we weren't wanted 137 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:16,440 has been a very shattering blow. 138 00:09:16,440 --> 00:09:20,520 Many people in this country who think that we are very hateful 139 00:09:20,520 --> 00:09:22,120 are so wrong. 140 00:09:22,120 --> 00:09:23,560 You see, this is the great mystery. 141 00:09:23,560 --> 00:09:27,280 When you came here, you say you found you weren't wanted. 142 00:09:27,280 --> 00:09:29,320 Why, then, did you stay? 143 00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:31,000 Why did you choose to stay here? 144 00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:33,880 This was the heartland of the whole thing 145 00:09:33,880 --> 00:09:38,800 and one hoped against hope that what one saw was not right. 146 00:09:47,680 --> 00:09:49,960 MUSIC: Song for Zula by Phosphorescent 147 00:10:09,320 --> 00:10:15,120 # Some say love is a burning thing 148 00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:20,160 # That it makes a fiery ring 149 00:10:20,160 --> 00:10:26,480 # Oh, but I know love as a fading thing 150 00:10:26,480 --> 00:10:31,160 # Just as fickle as a feather in a stream 151 00:10:31,160 --> 00:10:33,880 # See, honey, I saw love 152 00:10:33,880 --> 00:10:37,200 # You see it came to me 153 00:10:37,200 --> 00:10:42,480 # It puts its face up to my face so I could see 154 00:10:42,480 --> 00:10:48,560 # Yeah, then I saw love disfigure me 155 00:10:48,560 --> 00:10:53,320 # Into something I am not recognising 156 00:11:15,720 --> 00:11:18,840 # See the cage, it called 157 00:11:18,840 --> 00:11:22,040 # I said, "Come on in" 158 00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:25,880 # I will not open myself up this way... # 159 00:11:25,880 --> 00:11:29,520 Mao Zedong's wife was going mad. 160 00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:31,720 She was called Jiang Qing. 161 00:11:31,720 --> 00:11:35,320 She lived alone, surrounded by pet monkeys 162 00:11:35,320 --> 00:11:40,120 and nurses, who she was convinced were conspiring against her. 163 00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:42,680 Those in charge of the revolution in China 164 00:11:42,680 --> 00:11:45,440 had completely marginalised her. 165 00:11:45,440 --> 00:11:48,200 She was too dangerous, they thought, to be allowed anywhere 166 00:11:48,200 --> 00:11:50,480 near her husband or power. 167 00:11:51,920 --> 00:11:55,160 They had even sent her to Moscow to be locked in a sanatorium 168 00:11:55,160 --> 00:11:57,560 with real and imagined illnesses. 169 00:12:02,040 --> 00:12:06,720 But now Jiang Qing's husband was facing disaster. 170 00:12:06,720 --> 00:12:08,800 The revolution had led to horror. 171 00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:11,760 30 million people had died from starvation 172 00:12:11,760 --> 00:12:13,600 in the past three years. 173 00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:17,880 The other leaders wanted to get rid of him. 174 00:12:17,880 --> 00:12:20,520 And suddenly, he called for her. 175 00:12:20,520 --> 00:12:23,520 CALMING MUSIC PLAYS 176 00:12:33,440 --> 00:12:36,280 Jiang Qing was an extraordinary person. 177 00:12:36,280 --> 00:12:40,840 She believed in nothing except the power of her will to shape reality. 178 00:12:40,840 --> 00:12:42,960 SHE SINGS 179 00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:49,000 She had begun as an actor in films in Shanghai in the 1930s. 180 00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:53,760 The other actors looked down at her for her driving ambition. 181 00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:57,240 SHE GROANS 182 00:12:57,240 --> 00:12:59,760 She liked to be on the top, always. 183 00:12:59,760 --> 00:13:03,440 She's a very ambitious woman and she liked to be top 184 00:13:03,440 --> 00:13:05,680 and she plays with the, you know, 185 00:13:05,680 --> 00:13:08,040 with all the directors, cameramen, 186 00:13:08,040 --> 00:13:11,720 make them...make them, you know, pay attention, you see, 187 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:13,800 and the interest in her 188 00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:16,480 so she can have a better part of the film. 189 00:13:16,480 --> 00:13:20,000 THEY SPEAK CHINESE 190 00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:24,200 She married a quite famous writer called Tang Na 191 00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:28,120 and after married, she doesn't feel 192 00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:30,720 very satisfied by her husband 193 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:34,760 because her husband is not the very, very strong man. 194 00:13:34,760 --> 00:13:38,760 And she left him and he jumped to the river, 195 00:13:38,760 --> 00:13:44,280 and then the water was very cold, so he jump up again, you see? 196 00:13:44,280 --> 00:13:46,720 So... You mean he tried to commit suicide? 197 00:13:46,720 --> 00:13:50,000 Yes, he's trying to commit...commit suicide. 198 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:51,680 After the suicide attempt, 199 00:13:51,680 --> 00:13:54,800 Jiang Qing wrote a long letter to her husband. 200 00:13:54,800 --> 00:13:57,480 It said she was leaving him 201 00:13:57,480 --> 00:14:01,320 and also explained why with an extraordinary openness. 202 00:14:01,320 --> 00:14:04,560 There were powerful forces inside her, she said, 203 00:14:04,560 --> 00:14:08,200 that kept driving her towards fame and power 204 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:12,920 and it was only those forces that held her together psychologically. 205 00:14:12,920 --> 00:14:15,200 "Nothing must hold them back." 206 00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:18,800 It ended, "What matters is that you remember me 207 00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:22,480 "as a woman who never caves in before anyone 208 00:14:22,480 --> 00:14:26,000 "and who will never bear to be treated as inferior to men." 209 00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:32,160 But Jiang Qing failed to become a star. 210 00:14:32,160 --> 00:14:35,000 The men who ran the studios scorned her ambition. 211 00:14:36,040 --> 00:14:39,840 Her most famous part was as a supporting actor in a film 212 00:14:39,840 --> 00:14:42,080 called Bloodshed on Wolf Mountain. 213 00:14:42,080 --> 00:14:44,480 HOWLING 214 00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:47,240 The star of the film was called Li Lili. 215 00:14:47,240 --> 00:14:48,960 THEY SCREAM 216 00:14:48,960 --> 00:14:50,840 Jiang Qing was convinced that Li 217 00:14:50,840 --> 00:14:54,320 was trying to upstage her all the time 218 00:14:54,320 --> 00:14:57,640 and she became the focus of all Jiang Qing's anger 219 00:14:57,640 --> 00:15:00,680 over her treatment by the Shanghai establishment. 220 00:15:00,680 --> 00:15:03,760 MUSIC: Hua Yang De Nian Hua by Zhou Xuan 221 00:15:30,040 --> 00:15:33,400 Bitter and disillusioned, Jiang Qing left Shanghai 222 00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:35,800 and travelled to join the communist resistance 223 00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:37,880 on a remote mountain in Yan'an. 224 00:15:39,520 --> 00:15:42,840 The camp was an intense, exciting place 225 00:15:42,840 --> 00:15:46,280 and many of the young revolutionaries had affairs. 226 00:15:46,280 --> 00:15:49,600 Sex was called "undisciplined guerrilla warfare". 227 00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:55,160 But when Jiang Qing started an affair with the leader, Mao Zedong, 228 00:15:55,160 --> 00:15:57,520 that was different. 229 00:15:57,520 --> 00:15:59,720 She was scorned by the other revolutionaries 230 00:15:59,720 --> 00:16:02,040 as a social-climbing upstart. 231 00:16:03,520 --> 00:16:05,280 Then it got worse. 232 00:16:05,280 --> 00:16:07,720 Mao announced that he was going to divorce his wife 233 00:16:07,720 --> 00:16:09,520 and marry Jiang Qing. 234 00:16:09,520 --> 00:16:12,640 The other communist leaders were horrified. 235 00:16:12,640 --> 00:16:16,320 They saw Jiang Qing as a dangerous, destructive force 236 00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:19,520 because she was driven by a fierce radical individualism 237 00:16:19,520 --> 00:16:22,640 that threatened their collective dream. 238 00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:26,680 In the communist structure, everyone was part of a unit. 239 00:16:26,680 --> 00:16:29,760 She insisted, "I am a unit of one." 240 00:16:32,080 --> 00:16:34,600 No-one could work out what to do. 241 00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:37,640 They even went and asked Stalin in Moscow for his advice. 242 00:16:38,760 --> 00:16:41,520 He said, "Let them marry. 243 00:16:41,520 --> 00:16:44,920 "But Jiang Qing must sign a document promising to refrain 244 00:16:44,920 --> 00:16:47,520 "from political activity for 30 years." 245 00:16:47,520 --> 00:16:50,120 BELL TOLLS 246 00:16:50,120 --> 00:16:54,480 She signed, but she was furious with the men who now controlled her. 247 00:16:55,840 --> 00:16:59,800 They even tracked down and destroyed prints of her old films 248 00:16:59,800 --> 00:17:03,880 because they didn't fit with the image of Mao's wife. 249 00:17:03,880 --> 00:17:06,040 Her fury grew. 250 00:17:06,040 --> 00:17:09,200 Jiang Wing wanted power on her own behalf, 251 00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:10,640 as an individual. 252 00:17:12,040 --> 00:17:13,720 And she wanted revenge. 253 00:17:16,640 --> 00:17:22,560 Now, 20 years later, in 1959, Mao was facing disaster 254 00:17:22,560 --> 00:17:24,280 and he was calling for her. 255 00:17:29,960 --> 00:17:32,720 GUNSHOT, GIRL SCREAMS 256 00:17:32,720 --> 00:17:34,280 GUNSHOT 257 00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:37,520 GUNSHOT 258 00:17:39,680 --> 00:17:41,480 BOY: You're dead, you're dead! 259 00:17:43,840 --> 00:17:46,560 In America, the idea of individualism 260 00:17:46,560 --> 00:17:49,280 had become central to the politics of the Cold War... 261 00:17:50,320 --> 00:17:52,480 MAN: What are you, bulletproof? 262 00:17:52,480 --> 00:17:54,760 Get out from behind that tree. 263 00:17:54,760 --> 00:17:57,080 ..because it was what defined the United States 264 00:17:57,080 --> 00:18:00,520 against the collective ideology of Russia. 265 00:18:00,520 --> 00:18:04,360 At the heart of it was the picture of a strong, confident individual 266 00:18:04,360 --> 00:18:07,520 living an independent life in the new giant suburbs 267 00:18:07,520 --> 00:18:09,440 outside the old cities. 268 00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:11,560 My gun won't shoot that far. 269 00:18:11,560 --> 00:18:13,440 GUNSHOT 270 00:18:16,320 --> 00:18:18,040 But there was a weakness, 271 00:18:18,040 --> 00:18:21,720 because the people in the suburbs were alone. 272 00:18:21,720 --> 00:18:25,520 And in their isolation, away from the old communities, 273 00:18:25,520 --> 00:18:28,520 they started to become fearful and lost. 274 00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:33,040 Out of these fears came a paranoia 275 00:18:33,040 --> 00:18:35,800 that was fuelled by groups on the extreme right, 276 00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:38,000 like the John Birch Society. 277 00:18:39,960 --> 00:18:43,040 ALL: ..and to the republic, for which it stands, 278 00:18:43,040 --> 00:18:46,280 one nation under God, indivisible... 279 00:18:46,280 --> 00:18:48,960 They said that the American government had been taken over 280 00:18:48,960 --> 00:18:52,120 by hidden groups, controlled by the communists. 281 00:18:54,480 --> 00:18:58,440 And at the end of the 1950s, a theory spread like wildfire 282 00:18:58,440 --> 00:19:02,360 through the suburbs that President Eisenhower himself 283 00:19:02,360 --> 00:19:04,920 had really been put into power by the communists. 284 00:19:07,040 --> 00:19:10,000 "He is a dedicated, conscious agent of the Russians," 285 00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:13,120 the head of the John Birch Society said. 286 00:19:13,120 --> 00:19:17,440 "That conclusion is based on detailed evidence so extensive 287 00:19:17,440 --> 00:19:19,720 "that it is beyond any reasonable doubt." 288 00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:26,480 But this paranoia was not a new thing. 289 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:29,880 An influential political scientist called Richard Hofstadter 290 00:19:29,880 --> 00:19:32,240 published an article that caused a sensation. 291 00:19:34,320 --> 00:19:37,600 He said that there had always been a dark paranoia 292 00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:40,080 built into America from the very start. 293 00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:45,200 The first settlers had come from Europe to America 294 00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:48,560 to flee from the corruption of power in the Old World. 295 00:19:50,320 --> 00:19:53,280 But although they had got away from the old power, 296 00:19:53,280 --> 00:19:56,920 they hadn't got away from their suspicious minds, 297 00:19:56,920 --> 00:20:00,960 and alone, out in the vast wilderness of the new America, 298 00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:04,520 that led them to imagining dark, hidden conspiracies 299 00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:07,440 in their own government, far away in Washington. 300 00:20:13,880 --> 00:20:16,960 One of the first of these, in the early 19th century, 301 00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:19,360 said that a secret group from Europe, 302 00:20:19,360 --> 00:20:21,600 called the Bavarian Illuminati, 303 00:20:21,600 --> 00:20:24,400 were running a giant conspiracy in America 304 00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:26,240 to destroy the new democracy. 305 00:20:27,840 --> 00:20:31,600 In reality, the Illuminati had been a utopian movement 306 00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:34,040 who wanted to replace religion with reason. 307 00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:39,240 But instead, they now became the first of a series 308 00:20:39,240 --> 00:20:43,080 of frightening suspicions that fed off the isolation 309 00:20:43,080 --> 00:20:45,280 of the settlers in the New World. 310 00:20:58,120 --> 00:21:01,000 "The paranoia in the suburbs," Hofstadter said, 311 00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:03,240 "is just part of a much larger darkness 312 00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:06,960 "built into the very structure of America itself 313 00:21:06,960 --> 00:21:09,160 "that was feeding, yet again, 314 00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:11,400 "on people's separateness and isolation." 315 00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:20,320 But in the same suburbs, there was a new movement rising up 316 00:21:20,320 --> 00:21:23,040 that was going to confront and challenge these fears. 317 00:21:24,560 --> 00:21:28,040 It was driven by a radical individualism that said 318 00:21:28,040 --> 00:21:32,840 that you as an individual can shape the world the way you want it to be, 319 00:21:32,840 --> 00:21:35,640 not accept what the dark fears tell you it is. 320 00:21:39,840 --> 00:21:41,720 It would be one of the main foundations 321 00:21:41,720 --> 00:21:43,560 of the counterculture movement 322 00:21:43,560 --> 00:21:45,880 that was going to spread throughout the West. 323 00:21:47,120 --> 00:21:49,480 But now, it was just beginning, 324 00:21:49,480 --> 00:21:52,640 born out of odd moments across the suburbs of California. 325 00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:57,800 One night, Kerry Thornley went with his friend Greg Hill 326 00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:00,000 to a bowling alley. 327 00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:01,920 They started to discuss reality. 328 00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:08,240 Thornley insisted that there was a fixed order to the universe, 329 00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:12,680 but Greg said that the universe was chaos and it was human thought 330 00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:15,360 that projected an order onto the chaos. 331 00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:21,880 Sitting around in a bowling alley in 1958, to be exact, 332 00:22:21,880 --> 00:22:24,600 somewhere in the vicinity of Whittier, California, 333 00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:26,880 and we were discussing philosophy 334 00:22:26,880 --> 00:22:30,200 and we were talking about order and chaos. 335 00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:33,160 Greg's theory was that order was projected on the universe, 336 00:22:33,160 --> 00:22:34,400 that it didn't exist at all, 337 00:22:34,400 --> 00:22:37,080 that it was a creation of the human mind, 338 00:22:37,080 --> 00:22:40,040 that order was entirely in perception and had nothing to do 339 00:22:40,040 --> 00:22:43,360 with what was going on out there in a completely chaotic universe. 340 00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:50,240 Thornley was inspired by this, and together he and Greg Hill decided 341 00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:54,280 to set up a movement dedicated to the idea of chaos. 342 00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:58,800 They called it Discordianism. 343 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:03,680 Underlying it was the belief that individuals had the power 344 00:23:03,680 --> 00:23:08,640 inside themselves to bring order and meaning to the chaos, 345 00:23:08,640 --> 00:23:12,880 not the old systems of power that created the fear and suspicion. 346 00:23:15,560 --> 00:23:19,080 But then an extraordinary coincidence happened 347 00:23:19,080 --> 00:23:23,080 that was going to lead Thornley back towards that darkness in America. 348 00:23:27,480 --> 00:23:30,840 Thornley was sent to do service with the Marines, 349 00:23:30,840 --> 00:23:33,080 and at the camp, he met another recruit 350 00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:36,880 who seemed to embody the figure of the free, independent individual 351 00:23:36,880 --> 00:23:41,000 he so admired because he refused to bow to the power of the officers. 352 00:23:42,120 --> 00:23:43,920 He was called Lee Harvey Oswald... 353 00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:48,040 ..and they became close friends. 354 00:23:48,040 --> 00:23:50,600 Thornley had read the novels of Ayn Rand 355 00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:52,880 and he decided he was going to write a novel 356 00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:57,160 with Oswald as the central figure, a hero of this new age. 357 00:23:58,320 --> 00:24:02,280 But then, suddenly, Oswald defected to the Soviet Union 358 00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:04,320 and things became very strange. 359 00:24:04,320 --> 00:24:06,880 It seemed that the reality outside 360 00:24:06,880 --> 00:24:10,440 was even more chaotic than he had imagined. 361 00:24:10,440 --> 00:24:13,200 It was really a weird experience for me 362 00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:16,720 because I was writing this novel based on Oswald. 363 00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:20,960 When Oswald defected to the Soviet Union, I decided to write a novel 364 00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:23,520 about a Marine who becomes disenchanted with the US 365 00:24:23,520 --> 00:24:25,400 and goes to the Soviet Union, 366 00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:28,240 and so it was like the hero... And I didn't like Kennedy. 367 00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:32,200 I was extremely anti-Kennedy myself because I was so much into Ayn Rand, 368 00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:35,200 laissez faire capitalism, objectivism, 369 00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:38,520 and Kennedy was the arch villain of our... 370 00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:40,080 ..of our movement at that time. 371 00:24:40,080 --> 00:24:44,960 And it was like the hero of my novel jumped up off the pages of my book 372 00:24:44,960 --> 00:24:47,720 and shot the President, and it was...it was... 373 00:24:47,720 --> 00:24:49,360 It was very weird. 374 00:24:49,360 --> 00:24:51,600 MUSIC: Air by The Incredible String Band 375 00:25:28,680 --> 00:25:31,400 # Breathing 376 00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:34,040 # All creatures are 377 00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:43,400 # Brighter than that brightest star 378 00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:47,120 # You are by far 379 00:25:47,120 --> 00:25:51,960 # You come right inside of me 380 00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:55,320 # Close as you can be 381 00:25:57,040 --> 00:26:01,240 # You kiss my blood 382 00:26:01,240 --> 00:26:05,560 # And my blood kiss me... # 383 00:26:08,040 --> 00:26:11,320 Although the British Empire was now finally collapsing 384 00:26:11,320 --> 00:26:14,680 and the last colonies being given their independence, 385 00:26:14,680 --> 00:26:19,480 in the homeland, England, the old structure of power remained intact. 386 00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:23,520 And not only in the institutions, 387 00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:25,560 but inside people's heads as well. 388 00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:30,200 The old attitudes of power were still deeply embedded 389 00:26:30,200 --> 00:26:34,040 in the minds of the establishment who dominated the country. 390 00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:38,080 Those in charge demanded obedience, 391 00:26:38,080 --> 00:26:41,280 not just from those they governed or employed, 392 00:26:41,280 --> 00:26:44,040 but also from their wives. 393 00:26:44,040 --> 00:26:46,760 They expected them to submit too. 394 00:26:46,760 --> 00:26:48,920 CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS And again. Fine. 395 00:26:51,040 --> 00:26:55,000 Sandra Paul had grown up in Africa and the Far East. 396 00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:58,840 Her father had been a doctor in the Royal Air Force. 397 00:26:58,840 --> 00:27:01,640 She came back to England and became a successful model. 398 00:27:02,640 --> 00:27:05,240 Just take that knee a little wider here. 399 00:27:05,240 --> 00:27:06,400 Good. 400 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:10,640 Then she met Robin Douglas-Home. 401 00:27:10,640 --> 00:27:13,720 He was at the heart of the ruling class. 402 00:27:13,720 --> 00:27:15,640 His uncle had been Prime Minister. 403 00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:20,680 She was incredibly beautiful. 404 00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:23,640 She had a tremendous quality of innocence. 405 00:27:24,760 --> 00:27:26,480 And, erm... 406 00:27:27,600 --> 00:27:31,160 She was, I thought, a vulnerable creature 407 00:27:31,160 --> 00:27:33,800 in a highly suspect world, 408 00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:37,000 the world of models and fashion, 409 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:39,720 which I despised then, 410 00:27:39,720 --> 00:27:41,640 and I despise even more now. 411 00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:46,520 Erm... And so, in a sense, maybe I was trying to rescue her 412 00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:50,240 from what I thought was going to be a decline 413 00:27:50,240 --> 00:27:53,920 in her character due to her career. 414 00:27:53,920 --> 00:27:57,200 Can you take that leg, that knee a little wider out that way? 415 00:27:57,200 --> 00:27:59,600 Sort of, really... That's right. 416 00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:01,760 But she was earning considerably more than you were 417 00:28:01,760 --> 00:28:04,840 and, presumably, this money was useful in setting up your home, 418 00:28:04,840 --> 00:28:08,440 so I suppose you could hardly be resentful about it. 419 00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:10,560 I was earning considerably less, yes. 420 00:28:14,120 --> 00:28:16,880 They married, and Robin Douglas-Home insisted 421 00:28:16,880 --> 00:28:19,720 that they went to live in the country. 422 00:28:19,720 --> 00:28:21,920 Sandra Paul agreed... 423 00:28:21,920 --> 00:28:24,160 ..but she found that he also insisted 424 00:28:24,160 --> 00:28:26,640 that she should stop her modelling career 425 00:28:26,640 --> 00:28:29,840 and remain in the country while he went to their house in London. 426 00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:36,760 Then eventually, Robin wanted to be in London more. 427 00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:38,840 And... 428 00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:42,160 He didn't really want the routine so much. 429 00:28:42,160 --> 00:28:45,320 He wanted to be going out to parties on his own, 430 00:28:45,320 --> 00:28:47,400 and when he realised that if he was in London 431 00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:48,920 and I would be in London too... 432 00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:51,240 ..erm... 433 00:28:51,240 --> 00:28:53,320 ..this meant that he had to share his life, 434 00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:55,160 and he was beginning to want to be... 435 00:28:56,240 --> 00:28:58,840 ..just a little independent. 436 00:29:00,080 --> 00:29:02,920 Do you mean he was getting bored with you? 437 00:29:02,920 --> 00:29:04,480 Yes, probably, 438 00:29:04,480 --> 00:29:09,040 because I used to want to know what he'd been doing or where he'd been 439 00:29:09,040 --> 00:29:12,480 and he didn't want to say, and so we'd have a row. 440 00:29:13,480 --> 00:29:18,040 But just because I was wanting to know about his life 441 00:29:18,040 --> 00:29:21,600 and he thought that I shouldn't have to know everything about his life. 442 00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:26,800 I felt that when you were married that you should share things 443 00:29:26,800 --> 00:29:30,560 and you should have a right, really, to know what your husband was doing. 444 00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:32,640 Even if he was to make it up, 445 00:29:32,640 --> 00:29:35,920 he should take the trouble to make something up to tell you 446 00:29:35,920 --> 00:29:38,080 so you could put it out of your mind. 447 00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:51,720 Michael de Freitas was now working for a notorious landlord 448 00:29:51,720 --> 00:29:54,400 in Notting Hill called Peter Rachman. 449 00:29:55,560 --> 00:29:59,760 Rachman owned hundreds of flats and decaying houses in Notting Hill, 450 00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:03,240 which he rented out to prostitutes and immigrants. 451 00:30:03,240 --> 00:30:07,000 De Freitas's job was to be Rachman's enforcer, 452 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:09,800 often using threats and violence, 453 00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:12,520 including breaking in and wrecking the flats. 454 00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:19,240 When we came back in the night, we see everything outside. 455 00:30:19,240 --> 00:30:21,880 All the floor mashed up. 456 00:30:21,880 --> 00:30:25,840 All the wardrobe, all the chair, all the table, 457 00:30:25,840 --> 00:30:28,440 all the clothes on the floor, dirty. 458 00:30:28,440 --> 00:30:31,640 He took my brother's tools and mashed up all the floor. 459 00:30:31,640 --> 00:30:34,160 Pulled up all the lights. 460 00:30:34,160 --> 00:30:35,520 No water. 461 00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:37,520 I say, "Well, well, well, well." 462 00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:42,440 Michael de Freitas was fascinated by his new employer 463 00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:45,880 because Peter Rachman was far more than just the brutal gangster 464 00:30:45,880 --> 00:30:48,120 that he was portrayed as. 465 00:30:48,120 --> 00:30:50,120 He had lived an extraordinary life. 466 00:30:51,240 --> 00:30:54,560 He had been born in Lvov, on the border of Ukraine and Poland. 467 00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:57,920 Then the Nazis invaded 468 00:30:57,920 --> 00:31:01,160 and Rachman was arrested and forcibly sterilised 469 00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:03,520 because he was Jewish. 470 00:31:03,520 --> 00:31:05,360 But he managed to escape. 471 00:31:07,080 --> 00:31:10,320 He fled into Russia, but was captured again, 472 00:31:10,320 --> 00:31:12,080 this time by the Russians, 473 00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:15,120 who sent him to the labour camps in Siberia, 474 00:31:15,120 --> 00:31:18,280 where he watched people survive by killing each other 475 00:31:18,280 --> 00:31:20,040 and then eating the human flesh. 476 00:31:23,120 --> 00:31:25,800 But then the Nazis invaded Russia 477 00:31:25,800 --> 00:31:28,440 and suddenly, Rachman became Russia's ally. 478 00:31:30,280 --> 00:31:32,760 He was sent off to fight with the Free Polish Army. 479 00:31:35,040 --> 00:31:38,120 And he ended up, after the war, in London, 480 00:31:38,120 --> 00:31:40,880 stateless and a complete outsider. 481 00:31:43,080 --> 00:31:46,440 That horror meant that Rachman judged nobody. 482 00:31:46,440 --> 00:31:49,160 For him, the differences between right and wrong 483 00:31:49,160 --> 00:31:51,920 were luxuries for the privileged. 484 00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:55,120 In the face of horror, everyone was the same, 485 00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:57,320 focused entirely on survival. 486 00:31:58,520 --> 00:32:00,840 But the English judged him. 487 00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:04,560 He was hated with an overwhelming disgust as the face of evil. 488 00:32:06,920 --> 00:32:09,320 De Freitas believed that this revealed something 489 00:32:09,320 --> 00:32:11,400 that was hidden in English society. 490 00:32:14,040 --> 00:32:16,600 We start with the story of a man, 491 00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:18,600 let me say straight away a sordid story 492 00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:22,760 that some of you may well not want the younger children to hear. 493 00:32:22,760 --> 00:32:25,120 This is Peter Rachman, 494 00:32:25,120 --> 00:32:28,560 one of Britain's big-time 20th-century racketeers. 495 00:32:29,720 --> 00:32:33,360 On the surface, there was the overt racism against the immigrants 496 00:32:33,360 --> 00:32:36,480 that Rachman was bringing into Notting Hill. 497 00:32:36,480 --> 00:32:38,840 A large number of people in Notting Hill 498 00:32:38,840 --> 00:32:41,680 are trying to mix the two races, are trying to bring about 499 00:32:41,680 --> 00:32:44,320 a coffee-coloured mulatto population in Britain, 500 00:32:44,320 --> 00:32:47,280 and I regard it as no disgrace for the White Defence League 501 00:32:47,280 --> 00:32:50,480 to come on the scene and stand up for white interests. 502 00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:53,760 But de Freitas saw something deeper. 503 00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:58,200 Rachman's property empire was a brutal and violent one, 504 00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:01,080 but it was doing something that polite English society 505 00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:02,560 completely refused to do. 506 00:33:03,880 --> 00:33:07,000 He was giving people on the very margins of society - 507 00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:10,080 prostitutes and black immigrants - somewhere to live. 508 00:33:11,640 --> 00:33:15,920 His empire shone a harsh light on the hypocrisy of the nice people 509 00:33:15,920 --> 00:33:17,760 at the top of English society, 510 00:33:17,760 --> 00:33:20,960 who would never think of themselves as racist 511 00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:23,800 but wanted nothing to do with the people he was moving 512 00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:24,920 into Notting Hill. 513 00:33:26,480 --> 00:33:28,200 And they hated him for it. 514 00:33:29,280 --> 00:33:32,920 This was captured in an interview that the BBC did 515 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:36,120 with the local upmarket journalists in Notting Hill 516 00:33:36,120 --> 00:33:39,120 about the day Rachman visited their offices. 517 00:33:41,640 --> 00:33:42,840 What struck me about him 518 00:33:42,840 --> 00:33:46,640 was his extraordinary sense of being so evil. 519 00:33:46,640 --> 00:33:48,680 This was a really evil man. 520 00:33:48,680 --> 00:33:51,840 We'd heard a lot about Rachman - 521 00:33:51,840 --> 00:33:55,080 and finally, here he was, sitting in this room. 522 00:33:55,080 --> 00:33:57,400 But I don't think any of us were prepared to see 523 00:33:57,400 --> 00:34:00,040 such a grotesque individual. 524 00:34:00,040 --> 00:34:01,720 Kind of gravelly type of voice, 525 00:34:01,720 --> 00:34:04,760 a sort of...almost a diseased voice, if you like, 526 00:34:04,760 --> 00:34:06,360 the kind of thing which went... 527 00:34:06,360 --> 00:34:10,200 SPEAKS IN HIGH-PITCH: "Oh, what do you want to see me for? 528 00:34:10,200 --> 00:34:12,280 "I mean, I've done nothing." 529 00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:17,760 De Freitas decided that there was a fear in England that went far deeper 530 00:34:17,760 --> 00:34:19,760 than just the working-class racism... 531 00:34:21,280 --> 00:34:24,600 ..that behind the polite veneer of the middle classes, 532 00:34:24,600 --> 00:34:28,680 there was a hard ruthlessness and a suspicion of others. 533 00:34:32,520 --> 00:34:34,800 De Freitas gave it a name. 534 00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:37,360 He called it Englishism. 535 00:34:37,360 --> 00:34:41,160 It came, he said, from both an anger and a melancholy 536 00:34:41,160 --> 00:34:42,680 at the loss of their empire. 537 00:34:45,720 --> 00:34:48,920 Then Peter Rachman died of a heart attack, 538 00:34:48,920 --> 00:34:51,280 and Michael de Freitas suddenly found 539 00:34:51,280 --> 00:34:53,360 that he was the new face of evil. 540 00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:56,000 Mr de Freitas? 541 00:34:57,800 --> 00:35:01,360 Why will you not take the rent from this man here? 542 00:35:01,360 --> 00:35:03,560 I don't own the property. 543 00:35:03,560 --> 00:35:06,520 But your name's on the rent book. Is it? 544 00:35:06,520 --> 00:35:08,960 Well, you know it is. We can probably show it to you. 545 00:35:08,960 --> 00:35:12,680 Come here, Mr de Freitas, cos I need to know the facts about this. 546 00:35:12,680 --> 00:35:15,320 Why will you not take his rent from him? 547 00:35:15,320 --> 00:35:17,400 INAUDIBLE 548 00:35:33,320 --> 00:35:38,720 Jiang Qing came in secret to Mount Lushan to meet Mao Zedong, 549 00:35:38,720 --> 00:35:41,440 where he was confronting the other revolutionaries. 550 00:35:42,680 --> 00:35:46,960 She was determined to stop them from overthrowing Mao. 551 00:35:46,960 --> 00:35:49,760 Many of them were the men who had forced her 552 00:35:49,760 --> 00:35:52,760 into her strange, isolated life 553 00:35:52,760 --> 00:35:54,160 and she hated them. 554 00:35:55,600 --> 00:35:58,360 Jiang Qing was also convinced that these men 555 00:35:58,360 --> 00:36:01,000 weren't really revolutionaries. 556 00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:04,920 They were actually ghosts from the past who, without realising it, 557 00:36:04,920 --> 00:36:07,680 were destroying the revolution 558 00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:11,000 because their minds were still possessed by the patterns of thought 559 00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:14,000 of the old, decaying and corrupt empire 560 00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:17,120 that had ruled China for 300 years. 561 00:36:23,200 --> 00:36:25,200 Mao pretended to give in to the demands 562 00:36:25,200 --> 00:36:27,840 of the other revolutionaries, 563 00:36:27,840 --> 00:36:31,200 but he told Jiang Qing to go to Shanghai 564 00:36:31,200 --> 00:36:35,160 and to prepare quietly for a new kind of revolution - 565 00:36:35,160 --> 00:36:38,120 one that would sweep the opposition away. 566 00:36:39,720 --> 00:36:42,920 Jiang Qing returned to where she had started - 567 00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:45,440 the studios of Shanghai. 568 00:36:45,440 --> 00:36:47,680 But now she was in control. 569 00:36:49,920 --> 00:36:54,480 And the new revolution was going to be driven by HER self-expression 570 00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:58,240 and HER imagination that had been stifled back then. 571 00:36:59,560 --> 00:37:03,280 The unit of one was going to take over the revolution 572 00:37:03,280 --> 00:37:06,000 and reshape the minds of the Chinese people. 573 00:37:09,920 --> 00:37:12,080 Because she could control the people's minds, 574 00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:14,320 she could control their images, she was... 575 00:37:14,320 --> 00:37:17,280 She became, er... She became the mistress of the arts 576 00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:19,760 and of propaganda and culture. 577 00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:23,600 She does have great personal charm. 578 00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:25,800 It's a severe charm. 579 00:37:25,800 --> 00:37:29,440 It's the charm of being able to do what she wanted 580 00:37:29,440 --> 00:37:30,800 and to say what she wanted to 581 00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:35,080 in a society where most people say what they're expected to say, 582 00:37:35,080 --> 00:37:38,320 most people express the current political line. 583 00:37:38,320 --> 00:37:41,480 Her daring to reflect upon the past, 584 00:37:41,480 --> 00:37:44,320 to speak extensively about herself 585 00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:48,040 and to make judgments of all sorts was extraordinary. 586 00:37:48,040 --> 00:37:50,200 And she's a woman of many parts 587 00:37:50,200 --> 00:37:53,440 so, needless to say, her relationship to the Chairman 588 00:37:53,440 --> 00:37:54,800 was always the trump card. 589 00:37:56,440 --> 00:38:01,360 Jiang Qing began by taking old Chinese operas and reworked them 590 00:38:01,360 --> 00:38:04,920 so they became dramatic melodramas about the need to struggle 591 00:38:04,920 --> 00:38:08,840 against the evil forces still hidden in Chinese society. 592 00:38:11,240 --> 00:38:12,560 CALLS IN MANDARIN 593 00:38:12,560 --> 00:38:14,720 GUNSHOT, MUSIC CRESCENDOES 594 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:23,560 Hate was a key word in the script. 595 00:38:23,560 --> 00:38:25,400 "It must be shouted," she said, 596 00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:28,320 "as if it was a grenade that you were hurling at the enemy." 597 00:38:29,320 --> 00:38:31,480 "And never forget," she told the heroine, 598 00:38:31,480 --> 00:38:35,160 "that beauty is less important than will and power." 599 00:38:35,160 --> 00:38:37,120 SHE SINGS IN MANDARIN 600 00:38:46,640 --> 00:38:48,400 But the operas were just the start. 601 00:38:50,280 --> 00:38:54,280 Jiang Qing's real aim was to turn the whole of China itself 602 00:38:54,280 --> 00:38:56,600 into a giant melodrama, 603 00:38:56,600 --> 00:39:00,480 to work millions of people up into an intense frenzy 604 00:39:00,480 --> 00:39:04,800 that would have the power to smash through the old corrupt ideas 605 00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:08,520 that were still lodged in people's heads 606 00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:10,640 and break through to a new kind of society. 607 00:39:12,720 --> 00:39:14,520 But at the same time, 608 00:39:14,520 --> 00:39:19,720 Jiang Qing herself was driven by old hatreds from her own past. 609 00:39:21,080 --> 00:39:24,120 And she was also going to turn that frenzy 610 00:39:24,120 --> 00:39:27,600 into a crusade of revenge against her old enemies... 611 00:39:30,160 --> 00:39:31,840 ..including Li Lili, 612 00:39:31,840 --> 00:39:34,960 who had upstaged her in Bloodshed on Wolf Mountain. 613 00:39:40,840 --> 00:39:43,480 ORCHESTRAL CRESCENDO BUILDS 614 00:39:53,240 --> 00:39:56,440 Living quietly in New York, completely forgotten, 615 00:39:56,440 --> 00:39:59,280 was an Irish woman called Ethel Boole 616 00:39:59,280 --> 00:40:03,320 who personified the very opposite of what Jiang Qing believed - 617 00:40:03,320 --> 00:40:06,680 because Boole thought that the way to change the world 618 00:40:06,680 --> 00:40:09,560 was to give yourself up to the force of revolution, 619 00:40:09,560 --> 00:40:13,280 to surrender your individual self and your identity 620 00:40:13,280 --> 00:40:15,920 to the dream of a better future for others. 621 00:40:18,840 --> 00:40:20,520 At the end of the 19th century, 622 00:40:20,520 --> 00:40:23,400 Ethel Boole had gone to Russia as a young girl 623 00:40:23,400 --> 00:40:27,320 and become involved with the revolutionaries in St Petersburg. 624 00:40:27,320 --> 00:40:29,400 And she wrote a novel called The Gadfly. 625 00:40:31,240 --> 00:40:34,160 It told a powerful romantic story of a young girl 626 00:40:34,160 --> 00:40:36,680 who sacrificed everything for revolution. 627 00:40:38,680 --> 00:40:40,760 She then married a Polish revolutionary 628 00:40:40,760 --> 00:40:43,000 called Wilfrid Voynich, 629 00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:45,840 and in the 1920s, they went to live in New York, 630 00:40:45,840 --> 00:40:49,280 where he worked as an antiquarian book-seller 631 00:40:49,280 --> 00:40:52,040 and Ethel Boole forgot about revolution. 632 00:40:57,440 --> 00:41:01,440 But in 1959, when the Bolshoi Ballet came to New York, 633 00:41:01,440 --> 00:41:04,680 the dancers were astonished to find that she was alive 634 00:41:04,680 --> 00:41:07,080 and they rushed to visit her 635 00:41:07,080 --> 00:41:10,080 because Ethel Boole, without her realising it, 636 00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:12,360 had become a hero of the Russian Revolution. 637 00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:16,280 She discovered that her novel 638 00:41:16,280 --> 00:41:19,840 had inspired millions of young revolutionaries in the 1920s 639 00:41:19,840 --> 00:41:22,960 to rise up and fight for the revolution, 640 00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:26,200 inspired by the idea of surrendering themselves 641 00:41:26,200 --> 00:41:28,080 to a grand historic cause. 642 00:41:36,320 --> 00:41:39,400 Then, the same had happened in China. 643 00:41:39,400 --> 00:41:42,040 Again, millions of young revolutionaries 644 00:41:42,040 --> 00:41:44,640 had carried The Gadfly in their backpacks 645 00:41:44,640 --> 00:41:47,400 as they fought to create a new kind of future. 646 00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:55,680 Now, Boole was living alone. 647 00:41:56,840 --> 00:42:00,400 And she had inherited a mysterious book from her husband. 648 00:42:00,400 --> 00:42:02,760 It was called the Voynich manuscript, 649 00:42:02,760 --> 00:42:06,440 and it was written in a language no-one has been able to decipher. 650 00:42:08,480 --> 00:42:10,920 But one ballerina in the Bolshoi group 651 00:42:10,920 --> 00:42:13,480 didn't go to visit Ethel Boole. 652 00:42:13,480 --> 00:42:16,120 She was called Maya Plisetskaya. 653 00:42:16,120 --> 00:42:18,960 She was the most famous ballerina in the world 654 00:42:18,960 --> 00:42:21,200 and she hated the communist system. 655 00:42:24,240 --> 00:42:27,480 Plisetskaya's father had been executed by firing squad 656 00:42:27,480 --> 00:42:30,840 during the purges of the 1930s. 657 00:42:30,840 --> 00:42:34,520 Her mother had been sent to a prison in the wastes of Siberia. 658 00:42:35,720 --> 00:42:38,480 As she became famous, she was watched all the time 659 00:42:38,480 --> 00:42:40,240 by agents from the KGB. 660 00:42:41,560 --> 00:42:43,640 She couldn't trust anyone. 661 00:42:43,640 --> 00:42:46,440 Everyone around her had been told to inform on her. 662 00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:52,200 And she hated what she called "the men with sweaty faces," 663 00:42:52,200 --> 00:42:55,480 the party bosses who leered at her as she danced. 664 00:43:05,160 --> 00:43:08,920 In private, Maya Plisetskaya wrote out her own manifesto. 665 00:43:10,680 --> 00:43:15,760 "I don't know about other people," she wrote, "I'll say it for myself. 666 00:43:15,760 --> 00:43:18,560 "I don't want to be a slave. 667 00:43:18,560 --> 00:43:23,200 "I don't want people whom I don't know to decide my fate. 668 00:43:23,200 --> 00:43:25,200 "I don't want a leash on my neck. 669 00:43:26,720 --> 00:43:31,160 "I don't want a cage, even if it is a platinum one. 670 00:43:31,160 --> 00:43:33,360 "I don't want to be rejected or branded. 671 00:43:34,720 --> 00:43:37,960 "I don't want to hide what I am thinking. 672 00:43:37,960 --> 00:43:39,840 "I don't want to bow my head, 673 00:43:39,840 --> 00:43:42,040 "and I won't do it. 674 00:43:42,040 --> 00:43:44,280 "That's not what I was born for." 675 00:43:53,080 --> 00:43:57,720 Both Plisetskaya and Jiang Qing were part of the new individualism 676 00:43:57,720 --> 00:43:59,360 that was rising up everywhere... 677 00:44:00,800 --> 00:44:03,680 ..while Ethel Boole's collective vision was dying. 678 00:44:06,400 --> 00:44:09,760 But at the same time, a new revolution was about to begin. 679 00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:15,720 It would offer a dream of liberation and freedom for the new individuals. 680 00:44:16,960 --> 00:44:19,160 But it would end by controlling them. 681 00:44:23,400 --> 00:44:26,360 And in a strange twist, the person whose ideas 682 00:44:26,360 --> 00:44:29,880 would guide that revolution was Ethel Boole's father. 683 00:44:33,760 --> 00:44:37,400 He was a mathematician from the 19th century called George Boole. 684 00:44:39,600 --> 00:44:42,000 Boole had been a deeply religious man. 685 00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:44,240 And one afternoon in the 1840s, 686 00:44:44,240 --> 00:44:46,920 as he walked across a field near Doncaster, 687 00:44:46,920 --> 00:44:49,400 a thought had flashed into his head 688 00:44:49,400 --> 00:44:52,560 that he believed was a religious vision. 689 00:44:52,560 --> 00:44:56,000 Boole suddenly saw how you could use mathematics 690 00:44:56,000 --> 00:44:59,120 to unlock the mysterious processes of human thought. 691 00:45:00,600 --> 00:45:03,240 The same symbols that were used in algebra 692 00:45:03,240 --> 00:45:07,320 could be used to describe what went on inside people's heads 693 00:45:07,320 --> 00:45:10,360 as they followed a train of thought, 694 00:45:10,360 --> 00:45:14,480 expressing all the twists and turns in simple binary form. 695 00:45:16,040 --> 00:45:18,400 If this, then that. 696 00:45:18,400 --> 00:45:20,360 If that, then not this. 697 00:45:25,200 --> 00:45:29,360 And in 1854, Boole wrote a book that caused a sensation. 698 00:45:31,200 --> 00:45:34,480 It was called An Investigation of the Laws of Thought. 699 00:45:35,920 --> 00:45:39,320 Its aim - to investigate the fundamental laws 700 00:45:39,320 --> 00:45:43,360 of those operations of the mind by which reasoning is performed. 701 00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:49,960 Boole showed how even abstract concepts like virtue and passion 702 00:45:49,960 --> 00:45:52,720 could be put into equations, 703 00:45:52,720 --> 00:45:55,640 and then the symbols used to follow a pattern of thought 704 00:45:55,640 --> 00:45:56,960 to its conclusion. 705 00:46:06,680 --> 00:46:09,400 Boole was driven by an almost messianic belief 706 00:46:09,400 --> 00:46:12,040 that he had been allowed a glimpse by God 707 00:46:12,040 --> 00:46:14,080 into the truth of the human mind. 708 00:46:15,960 --> 00:46:18,520 But there were those who doubted this. 709 00:46:18,520 --> 00:46:21,080 The philosopher Bertrand Russell was astonished 710 00:46:21,080 --> 00:46:24,040 by the brilliance of Boole's mathematics, 711 00:46:24,040 --> 00:46:27,360 but he didn't believe that what Boole had discovered 712 00:46:27,360 --> 00:46:30,480 was anything to do with human thought. 713 00:46:30,480 --> 00:46:34,040 "Human beings," Russell said, "do not think like that." 714 00:46:35,160 --> 00:46:37,680 What Boole was really doing was something else. 715 00:46:41,240 --> 00:46:45,160 Throughout the British Empire, science had played a powerful role 716 00:46:45,160 --> 00:46:48,480 which has been wiped and forgotten today. 717 00:46:48,480 --> 00:46:51,680 Its job had been to create abstract systems, 718 00:46:51,680 --> 00:46:55,040 to catalogue and order the chaotic reality 719 00:46:55,040 --> 00:46:57,960 that the British ruled over, 720 00:46:57,960 --> 00:47:01,720 to turn it into something that could be managed and controlled. 721 00:47:04,480 --> 00:47:08,880 It ranged from making maps of what was called the dark interior 722 00:47:08,880 --> 00:47:13,760 to cataloguing millions of species of animals and insects, 723 00:47:13,760 --> 00:47:17,160 and studying and categorising different human types. 724 00:47:20,280 --> 00:47:25,000 And what Boole was doing was the next step in that process. 725 00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:29,120 He was taking the chaotic reality of human thought 726 00:47:29,120 --> 00:47:32,400 and making a simplified, rational map 727 00:47:32,400 --> 00:47:35,080 of that other dark interior, 728 00:47:35,080 --> 00:47:37,440 the human mind, 729 00:47:37,440 --> 00:47:39,920 so it could be managed and controlled. 730 00:47:43,160 --> 00:47:46,520 But in the 19th century, no-one could see any way 731 00:47:46,520 --> 00:47:49,640 of using the system that Boole had created 732 00:47:49,640 --> 00:47:54,480 and it languished and was quietly forgotten 733 00:47:54,480 --> 00:47:57,040 when the British Empire began to collapse. 734 00:48:09,080 --> 00:48:12,600 One day, Sandra Paul discovered her husband having sex 735 00:48:12,600 --> 00:48:15,840 in the back of a car with the Marchioness of Londonderry. 736 00:48:17,240 --> 00:48:19,400 It was the final straw 737 00:48:19,400 --> 00:48:21,760 and she decided the marriage would have to end. 738 00:48:23,080 --> 00:48:26,160 She told Robin Douglas-Home that she wanted a divorce, 739 00:48:26,160 --> 00:48:27,200 but he refused... 740 00:48:28,880 --> 00:48:32,880 ..so she said that she would seek a petition for cruelty. 741 00:48:32,880 --> 00:48:35,480 It meant that many of the details of their marriage 742 00:48:35,480 --> 00:48:38,240 and the struggles between them would be made public. 743 00:48:39,760 --> 00:48:42,280 And he couldn't bear the thought of going through a divorce, 744 00:48:42,280 --> 00:48:45,640 so he refused to give me a divorce. 745 00:48:45,640 --> 00:48:47,040 He blamed me for... 746 00:48:48,760 --> 00:48:52,200 ..dragging the whole thing out in... 747 00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:56,720 Erm... Well, I don't think he blamed me coherently. 748 00:48:56,720 --> 00:48:59,400 He just blamed me because I divorced him 749 00:48:59,400 --> 00:49:02,440 and he couldn't understand that there wasn't any other way. 750 00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:05,560 I... Well, I don't think I was unfair 751 00:49:05,560 --> 00:49:07,240 because it was the only thing I could do, 752 00:49:07,240 --> 00:49:11,520 and I did think that it was hopeless for us to stay in a separated state, 753 00:49:11,520 --> 00:49:12,680 hopeless for me. 754 00:49:12,680 --> 00:49:15,480 I was being selfish. I wanted to be free. 755 00:49:15,480 --> 00:49:17,480 Erm... You had to be fairly ruthless. 756 00:49:17,480 --> 00:49:21,600 Yes, I had to be ruthless in order to be free. 757 00:49:21,600 --> 00:49:24,680 And she insisted on continuing 758 00:49:24,680 --> 00:49:28,160 with this petition for cruelty. 759 00:49:28,160 --> 00:49:30,680 Now, when I received the petition for cruelty, 760 00:49:30,680 --> 00:49:35,600 I can only describe one's feelings to you as if, 761 00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:38,680 you know, a small bomb had gone off inside your head. 762 00:49:39,920 --> 00:49:42,360 Because, erm... 763 00:49:42,360 --> 00:49:46,120 ..it chapterised the marriage almost day by day... 764 00:49:47,200 --> 00:49:50,760 ..and incidentally, letter by letter, roneoed... 765 00:49:52,480 --> 00:49:57,160 ..in the most unpleasant and vicious terms... 766 00:49:58,560 --> 00:50:03,520 ..with me as the aggressor and the cruel one. 767 00:50:04,880 --> 00:50:06,720 Five years of one's life... 768 00:50:08,200 --> 00:50:12,560 ..say, 70% of which were very happy, 769 00:50:12,560 --> 00:50:16,000 reduced to a great wad of foolscap, 770 00:50:16,000 --> 00:50:19,400 typed out by leering little clerks 771 00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:21,880 in solicitors' offices. 772 00:50:21,880 --> 00:50:25,320 Your letters from the moment you'd met, 773 00:50:25,320 --> 00:50:27,400 typed out, roneoed - 774 00:50:27,400 --> 00:50:29,360 your letters to your mother, 775 00:50:29,360 --> 00:50:31,360 her letters to her mother, 776 00:50:31,360 --> 00:50:33,320 her mother's letters to me. 777 00:50:44,640 --> 00:50:48,640 It was all right, you felt, to be regarded as an adulterer, 778 00:50:48,640 --> 00:50:50,960 but you couldn't bear to be regarded as cruel? 779 00:50:54,840 --> 00:50:57,040 I couldn't bear her to...to... 780 00:50:59,640 --> 00:51:01,080 ..put a...a... 781 00:51:02,360 --> 00:51:04,280 ..a kind of tombstone on... 782 00:51:05,400 --> 00:51:10,240 ..this marriage reading in the way that that petition read. 783 00:51:32,120 --> 00:51:35,800 For men like Robin Douglas-Home, the expectation of power 784 00:51:35,800 --> 00:51:38,920 had been deeply embedded inside their minds, 785 00:51:38,920 --> 00:51:44,040 but as the world had changed around them and real power ebbed away, 786 00:51:44,040 --> 00:51:47,120 they were left with a terrible melancholy 787 00:51:47,120 --> 00:51:49,200 that in some would turn to despair. 788 00:51:52,840 --> 00:51:56,400 A year after the filming, Robin Douglas-Home committed suicide. 789 00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:58,440 HE PLAYS PIANO 790 00:52:03,040 --> 00:52:05,720 MUSIC: Sag Mir Wo Die Blumen Sind by Marlene Dietrich 791 00:52:06,760 --> 00:52:10,960 # Sag mir wo die Blumen sind 792 00:52:10,960 --> 00:52:14,640 # Wo sind sie geblieben? 793 00:52:14,640 --> 00:52:18,440 # Sag mir wo die Blumen sind 794 00:52:18,440 --> 00:52:22,160 # Was ist geschehen? 795 00:52:22,160 --> 00:52:25,840 # Sag mir wo die Blumen sind 796 00:52:25,840 --> 00:52:29,880 # Madchen pfluckten sie geschwind 797 00:52:29,880 --> 00:52:38,120 # Wann wird man je verstehen? 798 00:52:40,760 --> 00:52:44,680 # Sag mir wo die Madchen sind 799 00:52:44,680 --> 00:52:48,360 # Wo sind sie geblieben? 800 00:52:48,360 --> 00:52:52,120 # Sag mir wo die Madchen sind 801 00:52:52,120 --> 00:52:55,720 # Was ist geschehen? 802 00:52:55,720 --> 00:52:59,640 # Sag mir wo die Madchen sind 803 00:52:59,640 --> 00:53:03,360 # Manner nahmen sie geschwind 804 00:53:03,360 --> 00:53:11,600 # Wann wird man je verstehen? 805 00:53:14,600 --> 00:53:18,360 # Sag mir wo die Manner sind 806 00:53:18,360 --> 00:53:22,120 # Wo sind sie geblieben? 807 00:53:22,120 --> 00:53:26,000 # Sag mir wo die Manner sind 808 00:53:26,000 --> 00:53:29,680 # Was ist geschehen? 809 00:53:29,680 --> 00:53:33,360 # Sag mir wo die Manner sind 810 00:53:33,360 --> 00:53:37,320 # Zogen fort, der Krieg beginnt 811 00:53:37,320 --> 00:53:40,960 # Wann wird man je verstehen? 812 00:53:40,960 --> 00:53:45,320 # Wann wird man je verstehen? # 813 00:54:00,440 --> 00:54:02,880 Kerry Thornley had left California 814 00:54:02,880 --> 00:54:06,280 and gone to live in New Orleans, where he worked in a bar. 815 00:54:07,760 --> 00:54:10,760 The movement that he and his friend Greg Hill had started - 816 00:54:10,760 --> 00:54:13,680 Discordianism - was beginning to grow, 817 00:54:13,680 --> 00:54:15,200 spreading by word of mouth. 818 00:54:18,040 --> 00:54:22,480 Like much of the new counterculture, it was against all politics. 819 00:54:22,480 --> 00:54:26,760 It distrusted all the old systems of power - left and right - 820 00:54:26,760 --> 00:54:28,680 because they were just trying to force you 821 00:54:28,680 --> 00:54:30,320 into their version of reality. 822 00:54:31,720 --> 00:54:33,840 Thornley also published his novel 823 00:54:33,840 --> 00:54:36,960 with Lee Harvey Oswald as the central figure. 824 00:54:36,960 --> 00:54:38,960 It was called The Idle Warriors. 825 00:54:40,520 --> 00:54:44,560 But New Orleans was also the city where Lee Harvey Oswald had lived 826 00:54:44,560 --> 00:54:47,280 before the Kennedy assassination. 827 00:54:47,280 --> 00:54:50,880 And as a result, Thornley came to the notice of the man 828 00:54:50,880 --> 00:54:54,920 who was going to be the main creator of the JFK conspiracy theory. 829 00:54:56,040 --> 00:54:59,040 He was the district attorney of New Orleans, 830 00:54:59,040 --> 00:55:01,200 called Jim Garrison. 831 00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:05,800 Garrison said that Oswald had just been part of a giant conspiracy 832 00:55:05,800 --> 00:55:08,920 that included the CIA, big business, 833 00:55:08,920 --> 00:55:12,120 the news media and anti-Castro Cubans, 834 00:55:12,120 --> 00:55:14,360 who, together, had killed the President. 835 00:55:17,320 --> 00:55:19,200 There's no question about that. 836 00:55:19,200 --> 00:55:20,920 There was a conspiracy. 837 00:55:20,920 --> 00:55:23,200 A number of men were involved. 838 00:55:23,200 --> 00:55:26,480 An apparatus which was lethal in nature... 839 00:55:28,160 --> 00:55:31,440 ..of which Lee Harvey, Harvey Oswald was a part, 840 00:55:31,440 --> 00:55:33,920 assigned the role, essentially, as decoy. 841 00:55:33,920 --> 00:55:36,480 Now, don't ask me what the organisation is because I can't say. 842 00:55:36,480 --> 00:55:39,200 But the implication, clearly, is the Central Intelligence Agency, 843 00:55:39,200 --> 00:55:41,520 your own security organisation in the United States. 844 00:55:41,520 --> 00:55:44,200 It almost sounds like that, doesn't it? 845 00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:46,680 I have no comment about that. 846 00:55:46,680 --> 00:55:50,600 Jim Garrison believed that the modern democratic system in America 847 00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:52,760 was just a facade, 848 00:55:52,760 --> 00:55:56,320 that behind it was another secret system of power 849 00:55:56,320 --> 00:55:58,720 that really controlled the country. 850 00:55:58,720 --> 00:56:01,680 But you could never discover it through normal means 851 00:56:01,680 --> 00:56:03,320 because it was so deeply hidden. 852 00:56:04,560 --> 00:56:06,880 Garrison wrote a memo to his staff, 853 00:56:06,880 --> 00:56:09,720 explaining how you could uncover this secret world. 854 00:56:11,280 --> 00:56:13,760 He called it Time and Propinquity. 855 00:56:14,760 --> 00:56:17,840 "You didn't bother with meaning or with logic," he said, 856 00:56:17,840 --> 00:56:21,280 "because that will always be hidden." 857 00:56:21,280 --> 00:56:24,000 Instead, you look for patterns, 858 00:56:24,000 --> 00:56:28,680 strange coincidences and links that may seem to have no meaning 859 00:56:28,680 --> 00:56:31,760 but are actually telltale signs on the surface 860 00:56:31,760 --> 00:56:34,360 of the hidden system of power underneath. 861 00:56:41,120 --> 00:56:45,280 This theory was going to have a very powerful effect in the future 862 00:56:45,280 --> 00:56:47,480 because it would lead to a profound shift 863 00:56:47,480 --> 00:56:51,160 in how many people understood the world, 864 00:56:51,160 --> 00:56:55,200 because what it said was that in a dark world of hidden power, 865 00:56:55,200 --> 00:56:58,800 you couldn't expect everything to make sense, 866 00:56:58,800 --> 00:57:01,720 that it was pointless to try and understand the meaning 867 00:57:01,720 --> 00:57:03,960 of why something happened, 868 00:57:03,960 --> 00:57:07,000 because that would always be hidden from you. 869 00:57:07,000 --> 00:57:09,600 What you looked for were the patterns. 870 00:57:13,520 --> 00:57:16,320 And when Garrison read Kerry Thornley's novel, 871 00:57:16,320 --> 00:57:17,440 he saw a pattern. 872 00:57:18,640 --> 00:57:21,680 Not only had Thornley been in the Marines with Oswald 873 00:57:21,680 --> 00:57:25,760 and written a novel about him, but he had come to live in the same city 874 00:57:25,760 --> 00:57:28,400 that Oswald had lived in before the assassination. 875 00:57:29,760 --> 00:57:33,280 And in 1967, Garrison accused Thornley 876 00:57:33,280 --> 00:57:35,080 of being part of the conspiracy. 877 00:57:38,080 --> 00:57:40,000 Thornley was furious. 878 00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:41,840 He knew that Garrison was wrong... 879 00:57:43,000 --> 00:57:46,600 ..but he also hated the very idea of conspiracy theories. 880 00:57:47,720 --> 00:57:49,560 He believed that they were one of the ways 881 00:57:49,560 --> 00:57:51,200 those in power controlled you. 882 00:57:52,760 --> 00:57:56,400 Conspiracy theories made you believe that there were hidden forces 883 00:57:56,400 --> 00:57:59,000 that really controlled the world, 884 00:57:59,000 --> 00:58:04,320 and that made you as an individual feel weak and powerless. 885 00:58:04,320 --> 00:58:09,240 Suspicion, he believed, was just another form of control. 886 00:58:09,240 --> 00:58:11,760 Thornley wanted to find ways to free people 887 00:58:11,760 --> 00:58:15,520 from that kind of conditioning that held them back as individuals. 888 00:58:17,320 --> 00:58:20,880 There are ways of deconditioning people, 889 00:58:20,880 --> 00:58:23,440 and this is what I'm interested in. 890 00:58:23,440 --> 00:58:25,800 I'm interested in finding some technique 891 00:58:25,800 --> 00:58:28,400 by which great masses of people 892 00:58:28,400 --> 00:58:32,760 can be broken out of their authoritarian conditioning 893 00:58:32,760 --> 00:58:38,280 all at once, to figure out exactly what that type of enlightenment is, 894 00:58:38,280 --> 00:58:41,360 that type of liberation from authoritarian conditioning is, 895 00:58:41,360 --> 00:58:44,680 and how to achieve it on a wholesale basis. 896 00:58:50,200 --> 00:58:53,160 Thornley was right that most of what Garrison alleged 897 00:58:53,160 --> 00:58:55,000 was complete fantasy. 898 00:58:55,000 --> 00:58:57,040 Despite all the patterns, 899 00:58:57,040 --> 00:58:59,720 he could produce no evidence of a hidden conspiracy. 900 00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:04,640 But what Thornley didn't realise was that at the same time, 901 00:59:04,640 --> 00:59:07,760 there was another very real conspiracy being run 902 00:59:07,760 --> 00:59:09,920 by the American government, 903 00:59:09,920 --> 00:59:13,240 and its aim was to try and do the very same thing 904 00:59:13,240 --> 00:59:15,480 as he wanted to do. 905 00:59:15,480 --> 00:59:18,640 The Central Intelligence Agency was trying to find ways 906 00:59:18,640 --> 00:59:22,120 to wipe the past from people's minds, 907 00:59:22,120 --> 00:59:24,760 to see if they could free them from the conditioning 908 00:59:24,760 --> 00:59:26,480 that had been implanted there. 909 00:59:27,560 --> 00:59:30,800 Psychologists working for the CIA had come to believe 910 00:59:30,800 --> 00:59:33,760 that individuals were far weaker than they had believed... 911 00:59:35,280 --> 00:59:37,400 ..and they wanted to see if they could implant 912 00:59:37,400 --> 00:59:40,040 new patterns of thought in their minds. 913 00:59:42,000 --> 00:59:44,800 The image of the human being that was being built up 914 00:59:44,800 --> 00:59:49,200 at that particular time was that there was a great deal 915 00:59:49,200 --> 00:59:52,760 of vulnerability in every human being 916 00:59:52,760 --> 00:59:56,440 and that that vulnerability could be manipulated 917 00:59:56,440 --> 01:00:00,120 to programme somebody to be something 918 01:00:00,120 --> 01:00:02,680 that I wanted them to be 919 01:00:02,680 --> 01:00:04,400 and they didn't want to be... 920 01:00:06,960 --> 01:00:10,560 ..that you could manipulate people in such a way 921 01:00:10,560 --> 01:00:13,760 that they could be automatons, if you will, 922 01:00:13,760 --> 01:00:16,840 for whatever your own purposes were. 923 01:00:16,840 --> 01:00:19,520 This was the image that people thought was possible. 924 01:00:20,760 --> 01:00:24,400 The CIA set up a secret project called MKUltra. 925 01:00:25,560 --> 01:00:28,520 It was led by a psychiatrist called Ewen Cameron, 926 01:00:28,520 --> 01:00:31,720 who worked in a hospital in Montreal called the Allan Memorial. 927 01:00:33,240 --> 01:00:37,080 He took patients and, without telling them, experimented 928 01:00:37,080 --> 01:00:40,360 to see if he could wipe what he called "the sick memories" 929 01:00:40,360 --> 01:00:42,480 from their minds. 930 01:00:42,480 --> 01:00:45,560 To do this, he used repeated electroshocks 931 01:00:45,560 --> 01:00:47,400 and massive doses of LSD. 932 01:00:49,400 --> 01:00:53,080 They shipped me up to what they called the Sleep Room, 933 01:00:53,080 --> 01:00:57,360 and they gave me all of these electroconvulsive shock treatments 934 01:00:57,360 --> 01:01:01,280 and megadoses of drugs and LSD and all of that. 935 01:01:01,280 --> 01:01:03,760 And I have no memory of any of that - 936 01:01:03,760 --> 01:01:08,040 nothing of that time at the Allan Memorial 937 01:01:08,040 --> 01:01:11,000 or any of my life previous to that. 938 01:01:11,000 --> 01:01:12,760 All gone. Wiped. 939 01:01:20,600 --> 01:01:25,680 Some members of Discordianism were working at Playboy magazine, 940 01:01:25,680 --> 01:01:29,160 and Thornley decided that he was going to use Playboy magazine 941 01:01:29,160 --> 01:01:33,480 to start an experiment that would make people see how absurd 942 01:01:33,480 --> 01:01:35,440 all conspiracy theories really were. 943 01:01:37,080 --> 01:01:39,640 He called it Operation Mindfuck. 944 01:01:41,120 --> 01:01:45,440 In 1969, he and Greg Hill began Operation Mindfuck 945 01:01:45,440 --> 01:01:48,440 by placing a false letter in the Playboy letters page. 946 01:01:49,800 --> 01:01:51,800 They put it between another letter 947 01:01:51,800 --> 01:01:54,600 asking if gun fanatics had small penises 948 01:01:54,600 --> 01:01:57,400 and one from a man asking about the physical danger 949 01:01:57,400 --> 01:01:59,600 to his testicles from heavy petting. 950 01:02:01,200 --> 01:02:04,920 Thornley's fake letter asked whether all the political assassinations 951 01:02:04,920 --> 01:02:07,720 in America were really being masterminded 952 01:02:07,720 --> 01:02:10,320 by a single secret society, 953 01:02:10,320 --> 01:02:13,240 and the society it named was the Illuminati. 954 01:02:14,840 --> 01:02:18,040 It said that the Illuminati were behind all the chaos 955 01:02:18,040 --> 01:02:20,240 and the fear that was now gripping America. 956 01:02:22,000 --> 01:02:25,720 He and the other Discordians then proceeded to spread this idea 957 01:02:25,720 --> 01:02:28,640 all across America through the counterculture, 958 01:02:28,640 --> 01:02:31,480 in magazines and books and even in plays. 959 01:02:33,960 --> 01:02:38,320 Thornley's aim was to try and break the spell of conspiracy theories 960 01:02:38,320 --> 01:02:42,520 by making people see the absurdity of believing them, 961 01:02:42,520 --> 01:02:45,800 and he had chosen the Illuminati for the experiment 962 01:02:45,800 --> 01:02:48,480 because no-one could possibly believe 963 01:02:48,480 --> 01:02:52,480 that an 18th-century organisation from Bavaria was really, 964 01:02:52,480 --> 01:02:54,760 in the second half of the 20th century, 965 01:02:54,760 --> 01:02:58,240 the secret rulers of the modern world. 966 01:02:58,240 --> 01:03:00,000 It was clearly ridiculous. 967 01:03:06,280 --> 01:03:09,040 Dr Cameron's experiments were a disaster. 968 01:03:11,440 --> 01:03:13,640 His brutal techniques succeeded only 969 01:03:13,640 --> 01:03:17,240 in wiping the minds of those he experimented on. 970 01:03:17,240 --> 01:03:20,440 He then found he could put nothing back. 971 01:03:20,440 --> 01:03:23,200 He totally failed to implant any new memories 972 01:03:23,200 --> 01:03:25,080 or any new ways of seeing the world. 973 01:03:26,200 --> 01:03:28,840 His patients found themselves in a world 974 01:03:28,840 --> 01:03:31,200 that had no meaning any longer. 975 01:03:31,200 --> 01:03:34,280 When I was discharged from the Allan Memorial, 976 01:03:34,280 --> 01:03:36,120 I felt like a... 977 01:03:36,120 --> 01:03:40,200 ..like an alien from another world visiting this world. 978 01:03:40,200 --> 01:03:41,760 I knew I was different 979 01:03:41,760 --> 01:03:45,640 and I didn't know how to become like everybody else. 980 01:03:45,640 --> 01:03:50,080 And it was a very lonely, scary place to be. 981 01:03:50,080 --> 01:03:51,280 "This is your husband." 982 01:03:51,280 --> 01:03:53,000 What? What's "husband?" 983 01:03:53,000 --> 01:03:54,720 What's "making love?" 984 01:03:55,760 --> 01:03:59,160 In the world of individualism that was about to come, 985 01:03:59,160 --> 01:04:01,880 psychology was going to play a powerful role 986 01:04:01,880 --> 01:04:04,120 because it said it could help to change 987 01:04:04,120 --> 01:04:05,960 what was inside people's minds. 988 01:04:08,000 --> 01:04:10,640 But what Cameron and the CIA had done 989 01:04:10,640 --> 01:04:14,440 showed, in a dramatic and extreme way, the weakness of this. 990 01:04:16,040 --> 01:04:21,120 They had assumed that most of what people felt came from within them, 991 01:04:21,120 --> 01:04:22,880 and to make them happier, 992 01:04:22,880 --> 01:04:25,680 you just had to alter what was inside their brains. 993 01:04:27,120 --> 01:04:29,880 What was forgotten was the other view - 994 01:04:29,880 --> 01:04:33,760 that what shapes how people feel is the society around them... 995 01:04:34,960 --> 01:04:39,720 ..above all, the structure of power that not only controls their lives, 996 01:04:39,720 --> 01:04:41,320 but also how they feel. 997 01:04:42,920 --> 01:04:46,160 And if you want to change the way people feel, 998 01:04:46,160 --> 01:04:48,440 you have to find a way to change that, too. 999 01:04:50,560 --> 01:04:55,480 Memory is wrapped in what society has decided 1000 01:04:55,480 --> 01:04:58,240 we should feel like. 1001 01:04:58,240 --> 01:05:00,360 "You should cry at funerals." 1002 01:05:00,360 --> 01:05:03,040 I found myself not crying at a funeral 1003 01:05:03,040 --> 01:05:05,200 and I felt just fine. 1004 01:05:05,200 --> 01:05:07,520 And I thought, "Gee, there's something the matter with me. 1005 01:05:07,520 --> 01:05:09,520 "I'm not crying. I should cry. 1006 01:05:09,520 --> 01:05:11,360 "Everybody else is crying." 1007 01:05:12,560 --> 01:05:15,480 But... But there wasn't that... 1008 01:05:15,480 --> 01:05:17,040 ..that need to. 1009 01:05:17,040 --> 01:05:20,760 MUSIC: Recharge & Revolt by The Raveonettes 1010 01:05:58,840 --> 01:06:01,320 CROWD SHOUTING 1011 01:06:01,320 --> 01:06:02,840 MUSIC CONTINUES 1012 01:06:40,320 --> 01:06:43,040 # With a hole in my head 1013 01:06:43,040 --> 01:06:45,280 # I looked for you 1014 01:06:47,400 --> 01:06:50,000 # Through the trenches of war 1015 01:06:50,000 --> 01:06:52,400 # The whole world through 1016 01:06:54,520 --> 01:06:59,440 # My desire to leave with you I just can't constrain 1017 01:07:01,640 --> 01:07:06,320 # I regret everything I've done so far 1018 01:07:08,320 --> 01:07:13,560 # When the pillars of love are blown apart 1019 01:07:15,880 --> 01:07:20,440 # I stumble through the rubble and decay 1020 01:07:22,480 --> 01:07:26,920 # When I'm terrified, I close my eyes... # 1021 01:07:26,920 --> 01:07:29,080 My old man died for this country! 1022 01:07:29,080 --> 01:07:31,160 Don't you dare say that to me! 1023 01:07:34,280 --> 01:07:37,920 Michael de Freitas decided that he was going to become a revolutionary. 1024 01:07:38,920 --> 01:07:43,560 He was going to challenge and expose the corrupt old structures of power 1025 01:07:43,560 --> 01:07:46,200 that he believed still haunted and controlled 1026 01:07:46,200 --> 01:07:50,560 the minds of the English people, even though their empire was gone. 1027 01:07:51,880 --> 01:07:53,840 I can't live in this system. 1028 01:07:53,840 --> 01:07:56,360 I don't like it, I don't want it. 1029 01:07:56,360 --> 01:08:00,640 I want to destroy everything down to the ground, the lot, ashes. 1030 01:08:02,160 --> 01:08:03,800 That's what I want. 1031 01:08:10,200 --> 01:08:12,800 MUSIC: Overture (For Other Halfs) by Brian McBride 1032 01:08:51,360 --> 01:08:52,520 All three - 1033 01:08:52,520 --> 01:08:56,440 Jiang Qing, Michael de Freitas and Kerry Thornley - 1034 01:08:56,440 --> 01:08:58,960 knew that their struggle was with the forces 1035 01:08:58,960 --> 01:09:01,280 from the old power of the past 1036 01:09:01,280 --> 01:09:04,120 that they believed were still lodged in people's minds. 1037 01:09:05,360 --> 01:09:10,280 But at the same time, quietly rising up was a new system 1038 01:09:10,280 --> 01:09:14,000 that seemed as if it would never have to face that struggle - 1039 01:09:14,000 --> 01:09:17,320 because it would be completely free of the past. 1040 01:09:18,760 --> 01:09:22,360 The laws of human thought that George Boole had created 1041 01:09:22,360 --> 01:09:28,080 had become the central structure of all thinking machines, computers, 1042 01:09:28,080 --> 01:09:31,520 because it fitted perfectly with the binary switching system 1043 01:09:31,520 --> 01:09:35,280 inside them - either zero or one - 1044 01:09:35,280 --> 01:09:39,640 and it was used by the machines to create endless branching pathways 1045 01:09:39,640 --> 01:09:42,520 of binary logic called algorithms. 1046 01:09:43,680 --> 01:09:48,000 Out of that was going to come the dream of artificial intelligence, 1047 01:09:48,000 --> 01:09:51,360 machines that could think independently, 1048 01:09:51,360 --> 01:09:55,400 that could then order and manage the world as a rational system, 1049 01:09:55,400 --> 01:09:58,640 not driven by the dangerous ideologies of the past. 1050 01:10:01,960 --> 01:10:03,840 But back in the 1960s, 1051 01:10:03,840 --> 01:10:08,040 as the engineers began to build the first neural networks, 1052 01:10:08,040 --> 01:10:11,280 what they had forgotten was that the system of thought 1053 01:10:11,280 --> 01:10:16,680 they were creating inside the machines did have its own history, 1054 01:10:16,680 --> 01:10:18,920 that it had been born out of a time 1055 01:10:18,920 --> 01:10:22,360 when science had become deeply involved in questions 1056 01:10:22,360 --> 01:10:25,600 of power and control in the British Empire... 1057 01:10:28,000 --> 01:10:30,960 ..that what lay behind the computer logic 1058 01:10:30,960 --> 01:10:35,080 was the aim of simplifying human thought, 1059 01:10:35,080 --> 01:10:39,800 which would finally allow you to colonise the last free outpost - 1060 01:10:39,800 --> 01:10:41,000 the human mind. 1061 01:10:42,600 --> 01:10:45,840 But unlike the old empires, where power was visible, 1062 01:10:45,840 --> 01:10:50,880 this power would be hidden in remote places, in the servers. 1063 01:11:00,200 --> 01:11:02,000 But something else from the past 1064 01:11:02,000 --> 01:11:04,800 would also find its way into those servers. 1065 01:11:06,200 --> 01:11:09,480 In the political and economic chaos of the early 1970s, 1066 01:11:09,480 --> 01:11:12,880 conspiracy theories were going to spread like wildfire 1067 01:11:12,880 --> 01:11:14,400 through the counterculture. 1068 01:11:15,440 --> 01:11:18,040 As they did, the fake conspiracies 1069 01:11:18,040 --> 01:11:21,520 about the Illuminati and the secret rulers of the world 1070 01:11:21,520 --> 01:11:25,000 that Kerry Thornley thought that no-one could ever believe 1071 01:11:25,000 --> 01:11:29,680 began to get mixed up with the true conspiracies like MKUltra. 1072 01:11:31,640 --> 01:11:33,480 And more and more people began to follow 1073 01:11:33,480 --> 01:11:37,400 Jim Garrison's theory of time and propinquity, 1074 01:11:37,400 --> 01:11:41,000 looking for patterns of a hidden power in America, 1075 01:11:41,000 --> 01:11:43,160 not for logic or meaning any longer. 1076 01:11:45,360 --> 01:11:48,920 And when the internet was created, almost immediately, 1077 01:11:48,920 --> 01:11:52,680 those patterns of suspicion would move into the data 1078 01:11:52,680 --> 01:11:55,200 and multiply endlessly across the system. 1079 01:11:57,720 --> 01:12:01,800 And that dark paranoia, that 200 years before 1080 01:12:01,800 --> 01:12:04,640 had spread across the prairies and the mountains 1081 01:12:04,640 --> 01:12:06,920 among isolated settlers, 1082 01:12:06,920 --> 01:12:09,880 now spread across the virtual world, 1083 01:12:09,880 --> 01:12:14,120 among isolated individuals sitting alone in front of their screens... 1084 01:12:15,800 --> 01:12:20,840 ..and suspicion and distrust crept back into what was going to be 1085 01:12:20,840 --> 01:12:22,400 the new system of power. 1086 01:12:25,000 --> 01:12:27,840 MUSIC: Who Killed Bambi? by Sex Pistols 1087 01:12:36,520 --> 01:12:38,400 # Gentle pretty thing 1088 01:12:38,400 --> 01:12:40,520 # Who only had one spring 1089 01:12:40,520 --> 01:12:42,560 # You bravely faced the world 1090 01:12:42,560 --> 01:12:44,480 # Ready for anything 1091 01:12:44,480 --> 01:12:46,520 # I'm happy that you lived 1092 01:12:46,520 --> 01:12:48,520 # For your life is mine 1093 01:12:48,520 --> 01:12:50,440 # What have I except to cry? 1094 01:12:50,440 --> 01:12:52,400 # Spirit never die! 1095 01:12:52,400 --> 01:12:54,360 # Birds of the air 1096 01:12:54,360 --> 01:12:56,200 # Beasts of the earth 1097 01:12:58,400 --> 01:13:00,480 # Overjoyed at Bambi's birth 1098 01:13:00,480 --> 01:13:03,560 # They gambolled in the glade 1099 01:13:04,920 --> 01:13:19,200 # Who killed Bambi? 1100 01:13:20,240 --> 01:13:22,720 # Who killed Bambi? 1101 01:13:24,240 --> 01:13:26,480 # Who killed Bambi? 1102 01:13:27,800 --> 01:13:29,720 # Murder, murder, murder 1103 01:13:29,720 --> 01:13:31,760 # Someone should be angry 1104 01:13:31,760 --> 01:13:33,800 # The crime of the century 1105 01:13:33,800 --> 01:13:35,840 # Who shot little Bambi? 1106 01:13:35,840 --> 01:13:37,840 # Never trust a hippy 1107 01:13:37,840 --> 01:13:39,840 # I love punky Bambi 1108 01:13:39,840 --> 01:13:41,600 # I'll kill to find the killer 1109 01:13:41,600 --> 01:13:43,800 # In the rotten roll army 1110 01:13:43,800 --> 01:13:45,680 # All the spikey punkers 1111 01:13:45,680 --> 01:13:47,720 # Believers in the ruins 1112 01:13:47,720 --> 01:13:49,960 # With one big shout, they all cry out 1113 01:13:49,960 --> 01:13:52,760 # Who killed Bambi? # 1114 01:13:52,760 --> 01:13:55,360 SHOUTING, GLASS SMASHING 1115 01:14:34,160 --> 01:14:36,440 Have you ever been to a labour exchange? 1116 01:14:37,600 --> 01:14:39,720 You know, the last time I went there, 1117 01:14:39,720 --> 01:14:41,360 I was paid my money by a Sikh. 1118 01:14:41,360 --> 01:14:44,320 A Sikh, sitting there with his turban and a bangle 1119 01:14:44,320 --> 01:14:45,960 on his hand. 1120 01:14:45,960 --> 01:14:49,400 Now, I was three years with the Indian army in India. 1121 01:14:49,400 --> 01:14:52,520 I was three years in India in civilian life. 1122 01:14:52,520 --> 01:14:55,960 Erm, I got on well with Sikhs, Hindus, 1123 01:14:55,960 --> 01:14:58,040 the whole lot of them. 1124 01:14:58,040 --> 01:15:00,680 But to walk into a British labour exchange 1125 01:15:00,680 --> 01:15:04,280 and find you're being paid out your money by a Sikh... 1126 01:15:04,280 --> 01:15:08,760 These are the people, that in my small way, I helped train 1127 01:15:08,760 --> 01:15:11,280 and educate... 1128 01:15:11,280 --> 01:15:15,120 ..erm... To go into labour exchange is not 1129 01:15:15,120 --> 01:15:17,360 a very edifying experience at all. 1130 01:15:18,360 --> 01:15:20,840 You know, you change into your old clothes to go 1131 01:15:20,840 --> 01:15:23,680 to the labour exchange, you know? 1132 01:15:23,680 --> 01:15:25,200 But you've got to go. 1133 01:15:31,640 --> 01:15:35,000 Edgar Mittelholzer had come to England in the 1950s 1134 01:15:35,000 --> 01:15:37,120 from British Guiana. 1135 01:15:37,120 --> 01:15:40,080 But he had become a best-selling novelist. 1136 01:15:40,080 --> 01:15:43,480 What Mittelholzer wrote about was violence... 1137 01:15:43,480 --> 01:15:46,120 ..the violence and the racism that had been at the heart 1138 01:15:46,120 --> 01:15:47,720 of the European empires. 1139 01:15:49,320 --> 01:15:51,880 Mittelholzer believed that it still haunted the minds 1140 01:15:51,880 --> 01:15:54,400 of those who had ruled the empires. 1141 01:15:55,760 --> 01:15:59,120 One of his most famous stories, My Bones and My Flute, 1142 01:15:59,120 --> 01:16:02,120 is about a group of colonialists who travel up a river 1143 01:16:02,120 --> 01:16:04,240 into the jungle in Guyana. 1144 01:16:09,760 --> 01:16:12,720 They're searching for the remains of a giant slave rebellion 1145 01:16:12,720 --> 01:16:15,720 in the past, guided by an old manuscript. 1146 01:16:17,640 --> 01:16:20,760 But anyone who reads the manuscript starts to hear the distant sound 1147 01:16:20,760 --> 01:16:22,800 of a flute... 1148 01:16:22,800 --> 01:16:24,680 ..and they change. 1149 01:16:24,680 --> 01:16:27,360 They become possessed by something that is reaching out 1150 01:16:27,360 --> 01:16:31,000 from the jungle and working its way into their minds. 1151 01:16:32,480 --> 01:16:35,320 It is the anger and the fear of the slave owner who put 1152 01:16:35,320 --> 01:16:36,760 down the rebellion. 1153 01:16:37,880 --> 01:16:39,560 And it will not let them escape. 1154 01:16:42,680 --> 01:16:46,640 And Mittelholzer himself became angry with England. 1155 01:16:46,640 --> 01:16:49,760 He saw it as a decaying, corrupted country. 1156 01:16:51,880 --> 01:16:54,400 I feel we've reached the stage, you know, when we have become 1157 01:16:54,400 --> 01:16:57,360 so soft, you know, so effete, in other words, 1158 01:16:57,360 --> 01:17:01,640 so effete, that we feel that, well, even criminals... 1159 01:17:01,640 --> 01:17:03,520 ..erm, must be mollycoddled. 1160 01:17:03,520 --> 01:17:05,600 And you feel so strongly that you are prepared to go 1161 01:17:05,600 --> 01:17:08,840 as far as to say that... Yes. ..there are human beings 1162 01:17:08,840 --> 01:17:11,240 who should be categorised as vermin. 1163 01:17:11,240 --> 01:17:12,480 As vermin, exactly, quite. 1164 01:17:12,480 --> 01:17:15,400 Anyone who is guilty of violence on the human person and property, 1165 01:17:15,400 --> 01:17:18,280 should be considered as human vermin, and eradicated. 1166 01:17:18,280 --> 01:17:21,600 I know it's a rather, it's a violent thing to advocate, 1167 01:17:21,600 --> 01:17:24,840 but I can't see any other cure to the crime problem. 1168 01:17:27,640 --> 01:17:31,240 Every evening, he sat with his wife in his house in Surrey, 1169 01:17:31,240 --> 01:17:33,560 listening to the music of Wagner. 1170 01:17:37,480 --> 01:17:41,520 Until one night, Mittelholzer walked up the hill by his house, 1171 01:17:41,520 --> 01:17:44,320 poured paraffin over himself... 1172 01:17:44,320 --> 01:17:46,120 ..and set himself alight. 1173 01:17:49,120 --> 01:17:51,120 He burned to death. 1174 01:17:53,440 --> 01:17:57,320 The anger and the fear had reached out to the colonised too. 1175 01:18:05,200 --> 01:18:08,520 In 1966, engineers monitoring Chinese television 1176 01:18:08,520 --> 01:18:12,840 from a mountain in Hong Kong, began to realise that something unusual 1177 01:18:12,840 --> 01:18:14,680 was happening in Beijing. 1178 01:18:15,680 --> 01:18:18,560 China was sealed off from the rest of the world. 1179 01:18:18,560 --> 01:18:21,600 But what they saw were hundreds of thousands of people streaming 1180 01:18:21,600 --> 01:18:24,720 in from other cities and the countryside. 1181 01:18:25,960 --> 01:18:28,880 By August 11th, 1.5 million people had assembled 1182 01:18:28,880 --> 01:18:31,000 in Tiananmen Square. 1183 01:18:31,000 --> 01:18:33,840 Most of them were students or schoolchildren. 1184 01:18:33,840 --> 01:18:37,440 Then, Mao Zedong appeared on the balcony above them. 1185 01:18:39,120 --> 01:18:41,800 SINGING AND CHANTING 1186 01:18:48,120 --> 01:18:51,560 Mao Zedong and his wife, Jiang Qing, had unleashed 1187 01:18:51,560 --> 01:18:53,920 a new force in China. 1188 01:18:53,920 --> 01:18:57,800 These were what Mao called, "The little devils of youth." 1189 01:18:59,360 --> 01:19:03,120 He told them that they were going to save the revolution. 1190 01:19:03,120 --> 01:19:06,760 Their job was to go and seek out the demons and the monsters 1191 01:19:06,760 --> 01:19:09,320 who were corrupting the revolution. 1192 01:19:10,640 --> 01:19:13,720 "No-one should be safe," he said, "They should all be torn 1193 01:19:13,720 --> 01:19:15,560 "down and smashed to pulp." 1194 01:19:16,960 --> 01:19:20,000 The new revolutionaries gave themselves a name, 1195 01:19:20,000 --> 01:19:21,440 the Red Guards. 1196 01:19:25,400 --> 01:19:28,080 Jiang Qing now had great power. 1197 01:19:28,080 --> 01:19:30,440 She saw herself as equal to Mao. 1198 01:19:32,400 --> 01:19:35,400 But she was convinced that the threat to the revolution 1199 01:19:35,400 --> 01:19:38,200 also came from inside people's minds. 1200 01:19:39,760 --> 01:19:43,000 She knew that even though China had gone through a revolution, 1201 01:19:43,000 --> 01:19:46,880 little had changed inside the heads of millions of the people - 1202 01:19:46,880 --> 01:19:48,400 including those in power. 1203 01:19:50,400 --> 01:19:52,880 They still believed in a rigid hierarchy. 1204 01:19:55,840 --> 01:19:57,400 She had been scorned as a woman 1205 01:19:57,400 --> 01:20:00,360 by the other revolutionaries around Mao. 1206 01:20:00,360 --> 01:20:02,400 They had done anything they could to stop her. 1207 01:20:04,400 --> 01:20:09,080 Jiang Qing had rewritten old Chinese operas into epic melodramas 1208 01:20:09,080 --> 01:20:12,240 about the need to challenge and destroy the old order. 1209 01:20:15,200 --> 01:20:17,720 All the old figures of authority were banished. 1210 01:20:17,720 --> 01:20:21,400 Instead, the ordinary people, including women, 1211 01:20:21,400 --> 01:20:22,680 took centre stage. 1212 01:20:24,520 --> 01:20:27,600 They were performed to millions of young Red Guards, 1213 01:20:27,600 --> 01:20:29,840 and in talks before the performances, 1214 01:20:29,840 --> 01:20:33,640 Jiang Qing told the audience how what they were about to watch 1215 01:20:33,640 --> 01:20:35,920 were heroes awakening 1216 01:20:35,920 --> 01:20:38,520 and realising that they could take control. 1217 01:20:40,680 --> 01:20:43,440 MUSIC PLAYS 1218 01:20:58,240 --> 01:21:01,600 Till today, I still vividly remember the first time 1219 01:21:01,600 --> 01:21:03,920 I saw the revolutionary play. 1220 01:21:03,920 --> 01:21:06,000 I was about 14 or 13 years old... 1221 01:21:07,040 --> 01:21:10,600 ..and there was a rush of emotion, of identity. 1222 01:21:12,280 --> 01:21:14,240 I was so excited. 1223 01:21:14,240 --> 01:21:15,520 Suddenly... 1224 01:21:15,520 --> 01:21:19,760 I saw those plays after Jiang Qing's talk that night. 1225 01:21:21,280 --> 01:21:24,960 And suddenly what she was saying made sense to me, 1226 01:21:24,960 --> 01:21:27,760 that there was a fundamental difference 1227 01:21:27,760 --> 01:21:31,120 between the revolutionary art and the traditional art. 1228 01:21:32,240 --> 01:21:33,920 There was something in the play 1229 01:21:33,920 --> 01:21:37,400 about the working-class emotions and working-class world outlook, 1230 01:21:37,400 --> 01:21:40,760 and just the flamboyance of the working-class figure 1231 01:21:40,760 --> 01:21:42,960 on stage, moved me. 1232 01:21:42,960 --> 01:21:45,080 That is my society. That's my life. 1233 01:21:45,080 --> 01:21:47,280 That's the people I see. That's the people I live with. 1234 01:21:47,280 --> 01:21:48,720 And they're on stage. 1235 01:21:50,080 --> 01:21:53,960 Mao and Jiang Qing suspended all schools and universities, 1236 01:21:53,960 --> 01:21:56,920 which released 120 million students, 1237 01:21:56,920 --> 01:21:59,960 who were then sent out to find and destroy 1238 01:21:59,960 --> 01:22:03,000 the demons that were hiding among those in authority. 1239 01:22:06,640 --> 01:22:09,840 TRANSLATION: Our teachers were often paraded through the streets, 1240 01:22:09,840 --> 01:22:13,720 and we made them chant, "I'm a demon, I'm a devil. 1241 01:22:13,720 --> 01:22:15,400 "I deserve to die." 1242 01:22:15,400 --> 01:22:17,440 That's the song, and they had to sing it. 1243 01:22:19,400 --> 01:22:20,760 And they all sang. 1244 01:22:20,760 --> 01:22:23,640 Whoever didn't, got beaten up - some very badly. 1245 01:22:24,760 --> 01:22:26,920 We used our belts to whip them. 1246 01:22:26,920 --> 01:22:28,480 Some people used sticks. 1247 01:22:29,480 --> 01:22:32,400 And the mother of this teacher was pushed over a bridge 1248 01:22:32,400 --> 01:22:34,200 and fell to her death. 1249 01:22:36,160 --> 01:22:38,600 SINGING 1250 01:23:14,320 --> 01:23:18,120 Horst Mahler had been born in what was now East Germany. 1251 01:23:18,120 --> 01:23:21,920 His father had been a fervent Nazi and an anti-Semite. 1252 01:23:23,240 --> 01:23:24,600 In 1945, 1253 01:23:24,600 --> 01:23:27,720 his family fled across Germany from the approaching Red Army. 1254 01:23:29,400 --> 01:23:31,360 Then his father committed suicide. 1255 01:23:32,920 --> 01:23:35,080 Mahler grew up in West Berlin, 1256 01:23:35,080 --> 01:23:36,600 and everything was buried. 1257 01:23:36,600 --> 01:23:38,440 DRIVER: Bitte, alle aussteigen. 1258 01:23:40,320 --> 01:23:44,400 In 1964, Mahler joined a new group called the APO - 1259 01:23:44,400 --> 01:23:46,560 the Extra-Parliamentary Opposition. 1260 01:23:48,200 --> 01:23:51,040 They knew that many of those in charge of the country 1261 01:23:51,040 --> 01:23:53,400 had been senior members of the Nazi Party. 1262 01:23:55,240 --> 01:23:57,240 But no-one talked about it. 1263 01:23:57,240 --> 01:24:00,320 They wanted to expose the Nazi crimes of those in charge... 1264 01:24:00,320 --> 01:24:01,680 CHANTING 1265 01:24:01,680 --> 01:24:04,360 ..and challenge their control of the country. 1266 01:24:04,360 --> 01:24:07,960 There was the memory knocking at the door, 1267 01:24:07,960 --> 01:24:12,000 and we asked our parents and our grandfathers, 1268 01:24:12,000 --> 01:24:14,400 "What did you do all this time? 1269 01:24:14,400 --> 01:24:19,080 "Did you resist or had you been a little Nazi? 1270 01:24:19,080 --> 01:24:21,840 "Or had you been an opportunist?" 1271 01:24:21,840 --> 01:24:23,400 HE CLEARS HIS THROAT And... 1272 01:24:23,400 --> 01:24:28,720 ..this discussion was blocked by the elder generation. 1273 01:24:28,720 --> 01:24:31,560 And so it became hostile. 1274 01:24:31,560 --> 01:24:33,440 SHOUTING 1275 01:24:35,120 --> 01:24:38,040 The student movement was astonished by the violent reaction 1276 01:24:38,040 --> 01:24:39,400 of the German government. 1277 01:24:41,160 --> 01:24:45,040 And Horst Mahler and other radicals began to think that the problem 1278 01:24:45,040 --> 01:24:47,600 was far deeper than just individual Nazis. 1279 01:24:49,840 --> 01:24:53,200 That maybe the whole Nazi system had also survived... 1280 01:24:54,640 --> 01:24:58,440 ..and was hiding behind the facade of modern capitalism. 1281 01:25:02,400 --> 01:25:05,960 They argued that the very system of industrial rationality 1282 01:25:05,960 --> 01:25:09,320 and bureaucratic control that had made the Nazi state 1283 01:25:09,320 --> 01:25:11,840 so efficient, had simply mutated. 1284 01:25:13,720 --> 01:25:16,400 It had been taken up by the victors - 1285 01:25:16,400 --> 01:25:18,600 above all by America - 1286 01:25:18,600 --> 01:25:22,520 and was now being used to run the new global capitalism 1287 01:25:22,520 --> 01:25:24,400 and the multinational corporations 1288 01:25:24,400 --> 01:25:27,720 that were ruthlessly exploiting what was called the Third World. 1289 01:25:30,040 --> 01:25:33,200 Anything that stood in the system's way was bombed or burnt... 1290 01:25:34,400 --> 01:25:38,640 ..with weapons created by the same rational industrial techniques 1291 01:25:38,640 --> 01:25:40,400 that made the mass-consumer goods. 1292 01:25:42,880 --> 01:25:46,040 But the people in the West couldn't see this, 1293 01:25:46,040 --> 01:25:48,480 because they have been led into a dream world 1294 01:25:48,480 --> 01:25:51,600 that used mass consumerism and sexualized imagery 1295 01:25:51,600 --> 01:25:54,600 to entrance and distract everyone. 1296 01:25:54,600 --> 01:25:56,200 Und zauberhaft schon. 1297 01:25:56,200 --> 01:25:58,880 Die randlosen Strumpfhosen... 1298 01:25:58,880 --> 01:26:01,800 In reality, it was an iron cage 1299 01:26:01,800 --> 01:26:05,640 designed to look like an open and free welfare state - 1300 01:26:05,640 --> 01:26:10,760 a full state of peace that was built really on horror and war. 1301 01:26:10,760 --> 01:26:15,400 We were convinced that our situation here, 1302 01:26:15,400 --> 01:26:16,800 the welfare state... 1303 01:26:17,880 --> 01:26:20,200 ..is only possible - and a result - 1304 01:26:21,400 --> 01:26:24,800 - by the exploitation of the Third World. 1305 01:26:24,800 --> 01:26:29,400 And we said we must disturb this peace, 1306 01:26:29,400 --> 01:26:33,000 this false peace in our country 1307 01:26:33,000 --> 01:26:36,160 in order to show the responsibility of us, 1308 01:26:36,160 --> 01:26:40,600 that it is our task to implement sabotage 1309 01:26:40,600 --> 01:26:42,440 in the centres of imperialism. 1310 01:26:51,160 --> 01:26:52,400 Hey, black power. 1311 01:26:52,400 --> 01:26:54,320 What's the reaction to your arrest, Mr Brown? 1312 01:26:54,320 --> 01:26:56,400 Of course, racist America has done it again. 1313 01:26:56,400 --> 01:27:00,160 But that's not going to end the burning in Detroit, brother, 1314 01:27:00,160 --> 01:27:02,560 because we built the country up and we'll burn it down, 1315 01:27:02,560 --> 01:27:03,800 honkies and all. 1316 01:27:03,800 --> 01:27:05,920 Mr Brown, did you tell them to burn down that school? 1317 01:27:05,920 --> 01:27:08,520 Be serious, I ain't got to tell black folks what to burn. 1318 01:27:08,520 --> 01:27:10,280 Did you tell them to shoot Lady Bird? 1319 01:27:10,280 --> 01:27:12,160 Did I tell them to burn down Detroit? 1320 01:27:12,160 --> 01:27:14,920 Did I tell America to bring black people here? 1321 01:27:14,920 --> 01:27:17,040 Did you tell them to shoot at Lady Bird? 1322 01:27:17,040 --> 01:27:19,320 I say, if they give me a gun and tell me to shoot my enemy, 1323 01:27:19,320 --> 01:27:20,600 I might shoot you. 1324 01:27:20,600 --> 01:27:23,360 Where have you been since the other night, Mr Brown? OK, let's go. 1325 01:27:23,360 --> 01:27:24,920 Oh, well. 1326 01:27:31,560 --> 01:27:32,880 Nonviolence is OK, 1327 01:27:32,880 --> 01:27:34,560 but you get nowhere with nonviolence. 1328 01:27:34,560 --> 01:27:35,880 I like violence. 1329 01:27:35,880 --> 01:27:38,280 Malcolm X started but didn't finish. 1330 01:27:38,280 --> 01:27:41,040 Malcolm X said, you know, the idea. 1331 01:27:41,040 --> 01:27:44,080 He rooted it in the minds of many blacks. 1332 01:27:44,080 --> 01:27:46,920 He really started the ball rolling. 1333 01:27:46,920 --> 01:27:51,120 You feel that violence is necessary in order to get rid of... 1334 01:27:52,400 --> 01:27:54,720 ..what you would call the oppression? 1335 01:27:54,720 --> 01:27:56,680 It wouldn't get rid of it. 1336 01:27:56,680 --> 01:28:00,280 But it will open, you know, some of whiteys eyes to say, 1337 01:28:00,280 --> 01:28:01,760 "Well, you know, we're not joking. 1338 01:28:01,760 --> 01:28:04,000 "We really mean what we say." 1339 01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:06,600 Do you find yourself really hating white people? 1340 01:28:06,600 --> 01:28:08,560 Hm, yes. 1341 01:28:11,920 --> 01:28:14,160 Some people hold grudges, and I do. 1342 01:28:14,160 --> 01:28:15,400 Look how they treat... 1343 01:28:15,400 --> 01:28:18,640 How many floors did my great-grandmother scrub, you know? 1344 01:28:18,640 --> 01:28:21,240 How many babies did she take care of that weren't hers? 1345 01:28:21,240 --> 01:28:23,400 You know, stuff like that. 1346 01:28:23,400 --> 01:28:25,760 And I'm just one of those people that holds things. 1347 01:28:29,800 --> 01:28:33,840 Alice Faye Williams had been born in North Carolina. 1348 01:28:33,840 --> 01:28:36,040 She had run away from home when she was young 1349 01:28:36,040 --> 01:28:39,120 because she was frightened of her violent father, 1350 01:28:39,120 --> 01:28:41,200 and she came to New York when she was 15. 1351 01:28:42,920 --> 01:28:46,320 She managed to get a place to study at the School of Performing Arts. 1352 01:28:48,360 --> 01:28:51,720 Then, one day, on 125th Street in Harlem, 1353 01:28:51,720 --> 01:28:54,200 she listened to a speech by Bobby Seale, 1354 01:28:54,200 --> 01:28:56,280 one of the leaders of the Black Panthers. 1355 01:28:59,960 --> 01:29:03,400 The Black Panthers believed that the only way to stop racism 1356 01:29:03,400 --> 01:29:06,400 in America was for black people to get power. 1357 01:29:08,000 --> 01:29:10,720 Simply changing the law was not enough. 1358 01:29:10,720 --> 01:29:13,520 The anger and the fear remained hidden away 1359 01:29:13,520 --> 01:29:15,280 in millions of people's minds. 1360 01:29:19,480 --> 01:29:22,080 The solution was Black Power, 1361 01:29:22,080 --> 01:29:24,280 and the first person to articulate this 1362 01:29:24,280 --> 01:29:25,680 was Stokely Carmichael 1363 01:29:25,680 --> 01:29:28,200 on a civil rights march in Mississippi 1364 01:29:28,200 --> 01:29:32,680 on one day when the more moderate Martin Luther King was absent. 1365 01:29:32,680 --> 01:29:34,840 So I just made a speech building up to it, 1366 01:29:34,840 --> 01:29:36,680 building up, building up, building up, 1367 01:29:36,680 --> 01:29:39,400 showing that it wasn't a question of morality. 1368 01:29:39,400 --> 01:29:41,520 It wasn't a question of being good or bad. 1369 01:29:41,520 --> 01:29:43,480 It was simply a question of power, 1370 01:29:43,480 --> 01:29:46,080 and the way black people had no power, 1371 01:29:46,080 --> 01:29:48,080 and we had to have some power. 1372 01:29:48,080 --> 01:29:52,280 Only type of power we could have is Black Power. 1373 01:29:52,280 --> 01:29:53,520 Black Power. 1374 01:29:53,520 --> 01:29:55,240 We want Black Power. 1375 01:29:55,240 --> 01:29:57,320 We want Black Power. CROWD CHEERS 1376 01:29:57,320 --> 01:30:00,640 We want Black Power. Black Power! 1377 01:30:00,640 --> 01:30:04,400 We want Black Power. We want Black Power. 1378 01:30:04,400 --> 01:30:06,440 We want Black Power. CROWD CHANTS: Black Power! 1379 01:30:06,440 --> 01:30:08,400 We want Black Power. Black Power! 1380 01:30:08,400 --> 01:30:10,360 That's right, that's what we want, Black Power. 1381 01:30:10,360 --> 01:30:13,680 They responded immediately, in a healthy manner. 1382 01:30:15,080 --> 01:30:17,520 Dr King came back the next day, 1383 01:30:17,520 --> 01:30:19,360 but it was too late then. 1384 01:30:19,360 --> 01:30:21,400 Black Power had been established. 1385 01:30:24,760 --> 01:30:28,560 Alice Williams decided to join the Black Panthers. 1386 01:30:28,560 --> 01:30:33,000 She became a member of a new chapter that had been set up in Harlem, 1387 01:30:33,000 --> 01:30:36,320 and she changed her name to Afeni Shakur. 1388 01:30:38,440 --> 01:30:41,040 She later explained what the Panthers meant for her. 1389 01:30:42,320 --> 01:30:46,280 "For the first time," she said, "there was now something I could do 1390 01:30:46,280 --> 01:30:49,640 "with all this aggression and all this fear inside me. 1391 01:30:52,520 --> 01:30:55,840 "The Panther Party at that time took my rage 1392 01:30:55,840 --> 01:30:58,680 "and channelled it against THEM, 1393 01:30:58,680 --> 01:31:01,480 "instead of against us. 1394 01:31:01,480 --> 01:31:05,080 "They educated my mind and gave me direction. 1395 01:31:05,080 --> 01:31:08,160 "And with that direction came hope." 1396 01:31:11,080 --> 01:31:15,800 CHANTING: We want justice! We want justice! 1397 01:31:15,800 --> 01:31:19,720 OFFICER SPEAKS INDISTINCTLY 1398 01:31:19,720 --> 01:31:22,480 There's a line in there, now. Fucking get her out of here. 1399 01:31:22,480 --> 01:31:23,880 I'm trying. 1400 01:31:23,880 --> 01:31:26,600 PROTESTER SCREAMS 1401 01:31:28,960 --> 01:31:30,600 Watch out behind you now. 1402 01:31:30,600 --> 01:31:33,960 You men! He's trying to... 1403 01:31:33,960 --> 01:31:35,960 GUNSHOTS 1404 01:31:37,040 --> 01:31:39,200 GUNSHOTS 1405 01:31:39,200 --> 01:31:42,480 HORN HONKS 1406 01:31:42,480 --> 01:31:44,240 See anybody? 1407 01:31:44,240 --> 01:31:45,320 Oh, there were... 1408 01:31:45,320 --> 01:31:48,000 I saw in the precinct a number of men and women 1409 01:31:48,000 --> 01:31:49,240 being brought in. 1410 01:31:49,240 --> 01:31:51,640 I had contact with some of the women 1411 01:31:51,640 --> 01:31:53,680 when we were in the precinct, 1412 01:31:53,680 --> 01:31:55,600 and they were also beaten. 1413 01:31:55,600 --> 01:31:59,400 Some had black eyes, some had swollen lips and so forth. 1414 01:31:59,400 --> 01:32:02,840 And from what most of them said, they were just walking 1415 01:32:02,840 --> 01:32:07,280 along the street and most of them were pushed or hit with a club. 1416 01:32:07,280 --> 01:32:11,040 And when they protested the fact that they were being hit 1417 01:32:11,040 --> 01:32:14,440 for nothing, then they were beaten and arrested. 1418 01:32:14,440 --> 01:32:18,240 We teach children that the policeman is a friend. 1419 01:32:18,240 --> 01:32:22,440 In Harlem, however - although I know that there are policemen 1420 01:32:22,440 --> 01:32:26,000 who are friendly and kind and decent and fair - 1421 01:32:26,000 --> 01:32:28,840 this type of policeman is a rare thing. 1422 01:32:28,840 --> 01:32:30,080 Eh? 1423 01:32:32,040 --> 01:32:33,480 You don't scare me, mate. 1424 01:32:34,920 --> 01:32:37,600 I do shows in aid of people like you. 1425 01:32:37,600 --> 01:32:40,360 ROARING LAUGHTER 1426 01:32:40,360 --> 01:32:42,800 APPLAUSE 1427 01:32:54,520 --> 01:32:57,200 Michael de Freitas had been a gangster. 1428 01:32:57,200 --> 01:32:58,880 He had worked as an enforcer 1429 01:32:58,880 --> 01:33:01,240 for the notorious slum landlord Peter Rachman. 1430 01:33:02,680 --> 01:33:04,920 But now he wanted to be a revolutionary. 1431 01:33:06,600 --> 01:33:07,840 Then, one day, he met 1432 01:33:07,840 --> 01:33:10,200 the American black leader Malcolm X, 1433 01:33:10,200 --> 01:33:11,680 who was on a tour of England. 1434 01:33:12,800 --> 01:33:15,200 They began to travel around the country together. 1435 01:33:16,480 --> 01:33:19,920 When they arrived in Birmingham, the hotel receptionist thought 1436 01:33:19,920 --> 01:33:23,240 that Michael de Freitas was Malcolm X's brother, 1437 01:33:23,240 --> 01:33:25,840 and he called him Michael X. 1438 01:33:27,440 --> 01:33:29,720 De Freitas decided that, in the future, 1439 01:33:29,720 --> 01:33:32,640 this was going to be his revolutionary name 1440 01:33:32,640 --> 01:33:36,040 and he was going to lead a revolution in Britain. 1441 01:33:37,760 --> 01:33:40,840 Michael X soon became famous. 1442 01:33:40,840 --> 01:33:43,840 I would hate to be described as a politician 1443 01:33:43,840 --> 01:33:46,920 because they are all such liars and thieves. 1444 01:33:46,920 --> 01:33:50,720 If I'm going to deal in the realms of that type of public relations, 1445 01:33:50,720 --> 01:33:53,680 I'd rather think of myself in terms of being a statesman, 1446 01:33:53,680 --> 01:33:57,240 which is an art that this country has long since forgotten, 1447 01:33:57,240 --> 01:33:59,400 like we have no statesmen today. 1448 01:33:59,400 --> 01:34:01,600 I'm probably the only one in the country. 1449 01:34:01,600 --> 01:34:05,960 Unfortunately, we find that the people of pale pigmentation 1450 01:34:05,960 --> 01:34:10,800 are people who are so barbaric - like, for instance, right now, 1451 01:34:10,800 --> 01:34:14,800 this country, which is run by those type of people, 1452 01:34:14,800 --> 01:34:18,560 have got more weapons of destruction 1453 01:34:18,560 --> 01:34:22,200 to create...to destroy the entire world. 1454 01:34:22,200 --> 01:34:25,000 And they are so savage, they are building even more. 1455 01:34:25,000 --> 01:34:27,280 You see, the British are such a strange people. 1456 01:34:28,640 --> 01:34:32,360 Many of Michael X's supporters were the young white radicals 1457 01:34:32,360 --> 01:34:34,560 who had moved into Notting Hill, 1458 01:34:34,560 --> 01:34:37,880 into the very houses that he and the gangster Peter Rachman 1459 01:34:37,880 --> 01:34:39,600 had run ten years before. 1460 01:34:42,000 --> 01:34:45,480 Because Michael was an outsider, the white radicals believed 1461 01:34:45,480 --> 01:34:48,320 that he could see the system for what it really was. 1462 01:34:50,320 --> 01:34:52,400 Like all revolutionaries before them, 1463 01:34:52,400 --> 01:34:55,360 they had tried to appeal to the white working class 1464 01:34:55,360 --> 01:34:57,560 and get them to rise up against the system. 1465 01:34:59,000 --> 01:35:01,160 But no-one seemed to be interested. 1466 01:35:01,160 --> 01:35:02,600 And what we've been talking 1467 01:35:02,600 --> 01:35:05,440 about here today is the problem of racialism 1468 01:35:05,440 --> 01:35:08,720 and the problem of the attack by the government 1469 01:35:08,720 --> 01:35:11,920 and by the employers on working people's conditions. 1470 01:35:11,920 --> 01:35:15,800 The radicals decided that this was because the ordinary people 1471 01:35:15,800 --> 01:35:20,120 had been brainwashed by the media and by consumerism 1472 01:35:20,120 --> 01:35:24,160 and turned into what their theory called one-dimensional creatures. 1473 01:35:26,320 --> 01:35:28,680 Which meant that they were the wrong kind of person 1474 01:35:28,680 --> 01:35:30,000 to start a revolution with. 1475 01:35:34,520 --> 01:35:37,200 Their whole mind is, you know, like a cabbage. They're suppressed, 1476 01:35:37,200 --> 01:35:39,200 they can't do exactly what they want, 1477 01:35:39,200 --> 01:35:40,520 they haven't got any freedom, 1478 01:35:40,520 --> 01:35:42,920 they haven't got any freedom to do exactly what they want 1479 01:35:42,920 --> 01:35:45,520 under the system. I mean, we certainly do. What is freedom? 1480 01:35:45,520 --> 01:35:49,840 Well, being able to express yourself in whichever way you feel is right. 1481 01:35:49,840 --> 01:35:52,240 But I think it's not only the system that's wrong. 1482 01:35:52,240 --> 01:35:53,880 I think it's the people that's wrong. 1483 01:35:55,640 --> 01:35:59,920 JOYFUL SINGING 1484 01:36:24,360 --> 01:36:26,800 Would you be interested in working every night for me? 1485 01:36:26,800 --> 01:36:29,640 Um... Yes, possibly every night, yes. 1486 01:36:29,640 --> 01:36:32,120 Fine. Well, you know, if you do us well, we'll get the band to play it. 1487 01:36:32,120 --> 01:36:34,200 Anything in particular you'd like us to play? 1488 01:36:34,200 --> 01:36:35,720 Anything at all. Anything at all? 1489 01:36:35,720 --> 01:36:37,720 Would you? Yeah, if you'd like to come... 1490 01:37:11,400 --> 01:37:14,400 # When I was waiting in the bar, where were you? 1491 01:37:14,400 --> 01:37:17,000 # When I was pouring you a drink, where were you? 1492 01:37:17,000 --> 01:37:19,920 # When I was crying at home in bed, where were you? 1493 01:37:25,280 --> 01:37:29,000 # I wanna talk to you all night Do you like me? 1494 01:37:29,000 --> 01:37:32,080 # I wanna find out about your life And do you like me? 1495 01:37:32,080 --> 01:37:35,200 # Could you ever be my wife? Do you like me? # 1496 01:37:38,840 --> 01:37:42,080 MUSIC DISTORTS INTO EERIE DRONES 1497 01:37:50,280 --> 01:37:53,200 But one evening, after making a speech in Reading, 1498 01:37:53,200 --> 01:37:54,880 Michael X was arrested... 1499 01:37:55,840 --> 01:37:57,680 ..and he was sent to prison for ten months 1500 01:37:57,680 --> 01:37:59,480 for inciting racial hatred. 1501 01:38:02,080 --> 01:38:06,360 The MP Enoch Powell had also made a speech at the same time, 1502 01:38:06,360 --> 01:38:08,960 violently attacking immigrants. 1503 01:38:08,960 --> 01:38:12,440 He wasn't charged and he carried on being an MP... 1504 01:38:12,440 --> 01:38:14,840 CHEERS AND APPLAUSE 1505 01:38:14,840 --> 01:38:17,800 ..which Michael X said rather proved his point 1506 01:38:17,800 --> 01:38:20,040 about the racism underlying the country. 1507 01:38:21,720 --> 01:38:23,360 GUNFIRE 1508 01:38:23,360 --> 01:38:25,760 WHIRRING 1509 01:38:29,760 --> 01:38:31,720 BELL RINGS 1510 01:38:45,800 --> 01:38:47,640 SHOUTING 1511 01:38:53,440 --> 01:38:55,640 YELLING, GUNSHOTS 1512 01:39:24,000 --> 01:39:26,920 I'm telling you! Don't make me come walking... 1513 01:39:34,920 --> 01:39:37,640 Certainly no-one is going to tell you not to think 1514 01:39:37,640 --> 01:39:40,800 what you honestly believe, but I think maybe... 1515 01:39:40,800 --> 01:39:43,000 ..maybe you should re-examine 1516 01:39:43,000 --> 01:39:46,040 a little bit the things that you believe, huh? 1517 01:39:46,040 --> 01:39:47,160 Think about it. 1518 01:39:48,600 --> 01:39:52,600 In the Cold War, the very idea of the individual 1519 01:39:52,600 --> 01:39:56,600 and how the individual self worked had become political, 1520 01:39:56,600 --> 01:39:59,360 because it was what defined the United States 1521 01:39:59,360 --> 01:40:01,480 against the collective ideology of Russia. 1522 01:40:02,960 --> 01:40:04,840 I think maybe... 1523 01:40:04,840 --> 01:40:08,080 ..maybe you should re-examine a little bit 1524 01:40:08,080 --> 01:40:10,520 the things that you believe, huh? 1525 01:40:10,520 --> 01:40:13,600 What concerned many psychologists, though, 1526 01:40:13,600 --> 01:40:16,560 was that the Second World War had revealed how frightening 1527 01:40:16,560 --> 01:40:18,920 and deceptive human beings could be. 1528 01:40:20,360 --> 01:40:22,240 Particularly in Nazi Germany, 1529 01:40:22,240 --> 01:40:25,640 where ordinary people, who had apparently been good citizens, 1530 01:40:25,640 --> 01:40:28,120 had indulged in the most terrible horrors. 1531 01:40:29,680 --> 01:40:33,360 And psychologists started to examine what really went on 1532 01:40:33,360 --> 01:40:35,680 inside people's minds, 1533 01:40:35,680 --> 01:40:37,800 trying to find ways of bypassing 1534 01:40:37,800 --> 01:40:40,800 the conscious explanations that humans gave, 1535 01:40:40,800 --> 01:40:43,760 because those explanations could be deceptive. 1536 01:40:44,920 --> 01:40:47,720 They wanted to find a way of getting directly 1537 01:40:47,720 --> 01:40:50,320 at what was going on inside the brain. 1538 01:40:52,120 --> 01:40:54,480 One of the key figures was a psychologist called 1539 01:40:54,480 --> 01:40:56,240 Dr Eckhard Hess. 1540 01:40:56,240 --> 01:40:59,440 He had begun his career recording and analysing 1541 01:40:59,440 --> 01:41:01,200 animal behaviour on film. 1542 01:41:09,120 --> 01:41:11,440 Now he did the same with human beings. 1543 01:41:12,600 --> 01:41:15,920 Dr Hess had discovered that the pupils in the eyes 1544 01:41:15,920 --> 01:41:18,040 of individuals reacted dramatically 1545 01:41:18,040 --> 01:41:20,080 when they were shown different kinds of images. 1546 01:41:22,520 --> 01:41:26,080 The changes had nothing to do with the changes in the light - 1547 01:41:26,080 --> 01:41:28,400 they came from within the human being. 1548 01:41:30,560 --> 01:41:33,560 And Dr Hess believed that they gave you a way of seeing 1549 01:41:33,560 --> 01:41:37,920 the hidden emotional responses that were going on inside the mind. 1550 01:41:39,200 --> 01:41:42,760 Feelings that the individual might not want to tell you about... 1551 01:41:42,760 --> 01:41:45,160 ..or even be aware of. 1552 01:41:47,360 --> 01:41:49,640 You were looking directly at the brain. 1553 01:41:52,040 --> 01:41:54,360 Really, since the... 1554 01:41:54,360 --> 01:41:59,040 ..the eye is very, very intimately a part of the brain, 1555 01:41:59,040 --> 01:42:01,800 embryologically and anatomically, 1556 01:42:01,800 --> 01:42:05,920 it is almost the same as though they were a piece of the brain 1557 01:42:05,920 --> 01:42:08,200 sticking out, behaving, 1558 01:42:08,200 --> 01:42:12,040 and all the world is there to be able to see it. 1559 01:42:13,480 --> 01:42:17,760 And if that's so, what ought to be reflected or mirrored 1560 01:42:17,760 --> 01:42:19,200 in the eye... 1561 01:42:21,000 --> 01:42:23,360 ..is really the behaviour of the brain. 1562 01:42:23,360 --> 01:42:28,920 SHE SPEAKS MANDARIN 1563 01:42:28,920 --> 01:42:32,080 Jiang Qing was now the most powerful woman in the world. 1564 01:42:35,440 --> 01:42:38,320 She was in charge of giant cohorts of Red Guards 1565 01:42:38,320 --> 01:42:42,160 that she'd guided and told who to attack and destroy. 1566 01:42:46,840 --> 01:42:49,640 High-up members of the Communist Party were seized 1567 01:42:49,640 --> 01:42:53,680 and paraded in front of tens of thousands of screaming people 1568 01:42:53,680 --> 01:42:56,000 and forced to confess to thought crimes 1569 01:42:56,000 --> 01:42:58,640 against the revolution. 1570 01:42:58,640 --> 01:43:01,840 If they didn't, they were beaten and killed. 1571 01:43:05,480 --> 01:43:08,320 But in reality, Jiang Qing had lost control. 1572 01:43:10,280 --> 01:43:13,440 The revolution had never really changed the structure of power 1573 01:43:13,440 --> 01:43:15,120 in China, 1574 01:43:15,120 --> 01:43:19,320 and what she and Mao Zedong had unleashed was a vast anger 1575 01:43:19,320 --> 01:43:23,560 and resentment against the elites that was now bursting out 1576 01:43:23,560 --> 01:43:25,640 and overwhelming the country. 1577 01:43:28,120 --> 01:43:30,280 In Beijing, there were mass killings, 1578 01:43:30,280 --> 01:43:32,320 with bodies being thrown down wells 1579 01:43:32,320 --> 01:43:35,120 or intercommunal burial pits. 1580 01:43:35,120 --> 01:43:38,880 In Shanghai, hundreds of those targeted by the Red Guards 1581 01:43:38,880 --> 01:43:40,520 committed suicide. 1582 01:43:45,720 --> 01:43:47,760 APPLAUSE 1583 01:43:47,760 --> 01:43:50,280 in the West. But Jiang Qing had become famous 1584 01:43:51,840 --> 01:43:54,880 A feminist writer from America, called Roxane Witke, 1585 01:43:54,880 --> 01:43:56,840 came to Beijing to interview her. 1586 01:43:58,040 --> 01:44:01,480 But as she talked to Jiang Qing, Witke began to realise 1587 01:44:01,480 --> 01:44:04,560 that something else was also going on, 1588 01:44:04,560 --> 01:44:07,480 that Jiang Qing was using her new power 1589 01:44:07,480 --> 01:44:11,360 to avenge herself and all those who had dismissed her 1590 01:44:11,360 --> 01:44:13,040 or patronised her in the past. 1591 01:44:15,040 --> 01:44:17,800 Jiang Qing also had a demon inside her. 1592 01:44:20,400 --> 01:44:25,080 One of the main themes of her life was avenging herself against men 1593 01:44:25,080 --> 01:44:27,320 who wronged her - politically, mainly - 1594 01:44:27,320 --> 01:44:29,720 when she was in her 20s. 1595 01:44:29,720 --> 01:44:33,240 And she did not strike back against them 1596 01:44:33,240 --> 01:44:35,680 until the time of the Cultural Revolution, 1597 01:44:35,680 --> 01:44:37,080 some 20 years later. 1598 01:44:37,080 --> 01:44:40,120 They still had refused to give her access to the masses 1599 01:44:40,120 --> 01:44:42,560 and to allow her to work. 1600 01:44:42,560 --> 01:44:44,800 And she finally destroyed them. 1601 01:44:44,800 --> 01:44:47,320 How? 1602 01:44:47,320 --> 01:44:48,880 They were removed from their posts, 1603 01:44:48,880 --> 01:44:50,720 they were humiliated before the people, 1604 01:44:50,720 --> 01:44:53,040 placards were put over their chests, 1605 01:44:53,040 --> 01:44:55,400 they were dragged before the masses. 1606 01:44:55,400 --> 01:44:58,000 They were humiliated. They were destroyed. 1607 01:45:01,840 --> 01:45:06,000 Jiang Qing also turned on everyone who, in Shanghai in the 1930s, 1608 01:45:06,000 --> 01:45:08,640 had held her film career back. 1609 01:45:08,640 --> 01:45:10,920 Studio heads, directors 1610 01:45:10,920 --> 01:45:15,040 and journalists were dismissed and beaten up. 1611 01:45:15,040 --> 01:45:19,160 But the worst was saved for the film star Li Lili. 1612 01:45:19,160 --> 01:45:23,240 They had starred together in Bloodshed On Wolf Mountain. 1613 01:45:23,240 --> 01:45:25,000 Jiang Qing had always believed 1614 01:45:25,000 --> 01:45:27,320 that Li Lili had deliberately upstaged her. 1615 01:45:27,320 --> 01:45:31,480 THEY SPEAK MANDARIN 1616 01:45:31,480 --> 01:45:35,240 Now, Li Lili and her husband were seized by Red Guards. 1617 01:45:36,280 --> 01:45:39,600 Jiang Qing ordered them to be tortured. 1618 01:45:39,600 --> 01:45:40,640 Li Lili survived... 1619 01:45:41,920 --> 01:45:44,480 ..but her husband couldn't bear it, 1620 01:45:44,480 --> 01:45:46,280 and he committed suicide. 1621 01:45:56,720 --> 01:46:00,240 We have warned every person in the world 1622 01:46:00,240 --> 01:46:03,240 not to visit Palestine 1623 01:46:03,240 --> 01:46:07,000 because Palestine is not a tourist attraction. 1624 01:46:07,000 --> 01:46:08,640 It's a battlefield, 1625 01:46:08,640 --> 01:46:10,160 and it is our land. 1626 01:46:11,360 --> 01:46:16,880 Anybody who'll get killed or injured in Palestine 1627 01:46:16,880 --> 01:46:19,240 would be carrying his own responsibility. 1628 01:46:24,520 --> 01:46:27,600 Horst Mahler and a group of other German revolutionaries 1629 01:46:27,600 --> 01:46:30,920 secretly went to a Palestinian training camp in Jordan. 1630 01:46:32,640 --> 01:46:35,560 They had decided to train in urban guerrilla warfare. 1631 01:46:36,920 --> 01:46:39,120 But things didn't go well from the very start. 1632 01:46:41,240 --> 01:46:43,600 One of the leaders of the group, Andreas Baader, 1633 01:46:43,600 --> 01:46:46,080 insisted on having mixed sleeping quarters. 1634 01:46:47,920 --> 01:46:51,640 Then the female members of the group started to sunbathe on the roof. 1635 01:46:52,960 --> 01:46:54,960 The commander of the camp told them to stop. 1636 01:46:54,960 --> 01:46:56,760 Overhead! 1637 01:46:56,760 --> 01:46:58,120 Baader argued with him. 1638 01:46:59,200 --> 01:47:03,320 The anti-imperialist struggle and sexual emancipation, he said, 1639 01:47:03,320 --> 01:47:05,520 must go hand in hand. 1640 01:47:05,520 --> 01:47:07,880 The commander refused. 1641 01:47:07,880 --> 01:47:09,720 Baader put it more bluntly. 1642 01:47:09,720 --> 01:47:13,720 "Fucking and shooting," he said, "are the same thing." 1643 01:47:16,080 --> 01:47:19,080 Then Horst Mahler found that the fedayeen fighters 1644 01:47:19,080 --> 01:47:21,560 in the camp had brought in pictures of Hitler. 1645 01:47:22,800 --> 01:47:26,160 They pointed at them and said, "Good man," 1646 01:47:26,160 --> 01:47:27,880 because he had killed the Jews. 1647 01:47:33,640 --> 01:47:36,200 "That was very hard for us," Mahler later said, 1648 01:47:36,200 --> 01:47:39,640 "because we had a feeling of guilt about the Jews. 1649 01:47:39,640 --> 01:47:41,440 "We were very upset." 1650 01:47:43,760 --> 01:47:46,520 In the end, the Germans went on strike because they weren't 1651 01:47:46,520 --> 01:47:48,920 being given enough bullets each day to shoot with. 1652 01:47:50,480 --> 01:47:53,600 So the commander stormed their house and threw them out. 1653 01:47:58,840 --> 01:48:01,160 They came back to West Germany, 1654 01:48:01,160 --> 01:48:03,280 helped by the East German Stasi, 1655 01:48:03,280 --> 01:48:05,840 who saw it as a way of destabilising the West. 1656 01:48:07,680 --> 01:48:11,040 And the revolutionaries set out to use their training 1657 01:48:11,040 --> 01:48:15,480 to force the West German state to reveal its true fascist face. 1658 01:48:25,200 --> 01:48:27,800 Afeni Shakur was now a full-time member 1659 01:48:27,800 --> 01:48:30,200 of the Black Panther chapter in New York. 1660 01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:34,320 She was certain that the only solution in America 1661 01:48:34,320 --> 01:48:35,920 was violent uprising. 1662 01:48:36,960 --> 01:48:40,960 She spent her time writing poems calling for revolution. 1663 01:48:43,440 --> 01:48:45,960 But the problem was that she and many of the others 1664 01:48:45,960 --> 01:48:49,680 in her cell didn't know what to do to make this happen. 1665 01:48:50,720 --> 01:48:54,760 They watched enviously as other Black Panthers on the West Coast 1666 01:48:54,760 --> 01:48:57,920 fought running battles with the police and the military. 1667 01:48:57,920 --> 01:49:00,280 GUNFIRE 1668 01:49:00,280 --> 01:49:02,560 All we have to say is, all power to the people, 1669 01:49:02,560 --> 01:49:04,120 and you can jail a revolutionary 1670 01:49:04,120 --> 01:49:05,920 but you sure can't jail a revolution. 1671 01:49:05,920 --> 01:49:08,240 Baby, you're gonna have some dealing to do, 1672 01:49:08,240 --> 01:49:10,960 cos niggers ain't gonna stop until they either get freedom 1673 01:49:10,960 --> 01:49:13,840 or destroy everything that they run across. 1674 01:49:13,840 --> 01:49:15,800 The question of who to attack in New York 1675 01:49:15,800 --> 01:49:18,120 got more and more complicated. 1676 01:49:18,120 --> 01:49:21,440 Some of the Panthers argued that they should target the ruthless 1677 01:49:21,440 --> 01:49:25,040 landlords who made them live in rotting apartments, 1678 01:49:25,040 --> 01:49:28,040 and the bankers who refused to lend blacks money 1679 01:49:28,040 --> 01:49:31,760 so they could never escape from the slums. 1680 01:49:31,760 --> 01:49:35,360 These, they said, were the agents of imperialist control. 1681 01:49:35,360 --> 01:49:36,960 But in New York, 1682 01:49:36,960 --> 01:49:40,400 the majority of landlords and bankers were Jewish. 1683 01:49:40,400 --> 01:49:43,320 And we are being exploited by people who are not... 1684 01:49:43,320 --> 01:49:46,720 ..do not live in our colonies, you see, or in our communities, 1685 01:49:46,720 --> 01:49:50,360 who come into our communities and exploit us every day, you see, 1686 01:49:50,360 --> 01:49:52,880 and they take the money back to their communities. 1687 01:49:52,880 --> 01:49:56,400 So this is like a colonial imperialism 1688 01:49:56,400 --> 01:49:58,880 in all content, you see. 1689 01:49:58,880 --> 01:50:02,160 And the people who exploit us in our immediate communities, 1690 01:50:02,160 --> 01:50:06,480 particularly in New York City, are Zionist Jews. 1691 01:50:11,360 --> 01:50:14,560 Afeni Shakur's group came up with a plan. 1692 01:50:14,560 --> 01:50:16,640 They were going to plant bombs 1693 01:50:16,640 --> 01:50:19,080 in big department stores like Macy's... 1694 01:50:20,240 --> 01:50:23,640 ..and they would also bomb the Bronx Botanical Gardens 1695 01:50:23,640 --> 01:50:26,160 and attack local police stations. 1696 01:50:29,640 --> 01:50:34,560 But as they developed the plan, Afeni Shakur began to worry. 1697 01:50:34,560 --> 01:50:36,480 She didn't want to kill civilians... 1698 01:50:37,680 --> 01:50:40,000 ..and she felt they were being bullied into it 1699 01:50:40,000 --> 01:50:42,040 by one of their group. 1700 01:50:42,040 --> 01:50:44,640 He was one of the founder members of the cell, 1701 01:50:44,640 --> 01:50:48,360 whose revolutionary name was Yedwa Sudan. 1702 01:50:49,720 --> 01:50:52,640 And Afeni Shakur started to be suspicious. 1703 01:50:52,640 --> 01:50:55,720 She wondered if he might really be an undercover policeman. 1704 01:50:57,160 --> 01:51:00,480 Shakur told another member of the group about her suspicions, 1705 01:51:00,480 --> 01:51:03,640 who then went and confronted Yedwa Sudan. 1706 01:51:05,000 --> 01:51:07,040 Sudan immediately pulled out a gun, 1707 01:51:07,040 --> 01:51:10,680 fired two bullets into the table in front of him and denied it. 1708 01:51:12,880 --> 01:51:14,400 He said that Afeni Shakur 1709 01:51:14,400 --> 01:51:16,920 was just being a typical emotional woman. 1710 01:51:19,800 --> 01:51:22,200 And the group believed him, not her. 1711 01:51:33,920 --> 01:51:35,800 When Michael X came out of jail, 1712 01:51:35,800 --> 01:51:39,440 he found that the world had completely changed, 1713 01:51:39,440 --> 01:51:41,680 but not in the way he had hoped. 1714 01:51:41,680 --> 01:51:44,440 The middle-class radicals who, only a year before, 1715 01:51:44,440 --> 01:51:46,800 had been his most fervent supporters, 1716 01:51:46,800 --> 01:51:49,080 suddenly didn't want to know him any more. 1717 01:51:51,000 --> 01:51:54,080 In Notting Hill, no-one talked of violent revolution 1718 01:51:54,080 --> 01:51:56,560 or of bringing down the corrupt power structure. 1719 01:51:57,960 --> 01:52:01,000 Instead, a new group had turned up. 1720 01:52:01,000 --> 01:52:03,720 They looked like young radicals, 1721 01:52:03,720 --> 01:52:05,720 but they had a rather different agenda. 1722 01:52:09,200 --> 01:52:14,440 # And there's no more war 1723 01:52:16,560 --> 01:52:23,480 # Cos there's no more world. # 1724 01:52:23,480 --> 01:52:27,160 Hundreds of student volunteers from all over the country 1725 01:52:27,160 --> 01:52:28,960 had come to do a massive survey 1726 01:52:28,960 --> 01:52:31,600 of everyone who lived in Notting Hill. 1727 01:52:31,600 --> 01:52:36,120 It was the beginning of what was called community action. 1728 01:52:36,120 --> 01:52:39,960 They were going to use the data to create neighbourhood centres, 1729 01:52:39,960 --> 01:52:43,880 which they said would be a different way of empowering the local people. 1730 01:52:45,600 --> 01:52:49,080 Parts of Notting Hill are closed off 1731 01:52:49,080 --> 01:52:52,640 from the general mainstream of society, 1732 01:52:52,640 --> 01:52:55,760 treated differently from society, 1733 01:52:55,760 --> 01:52:59,120 sometimes treated as a social dustbin, 1734 01:52:59,120 --> 01:53:01,720 sometimes treated as a ghetto. 1735 01:53:01,720 --> 01:53:03,000 Hello. 1736 01:53:05,280 --> 01:53:06,720 Now, I think you've got...? 1737 01:53:06,720 --> 01:53:08,800 We've got the lighting, we pay for it ourself. 1738 01:53:08,800 --> 01:53:11,280 And you pay for it yourself? Yes, and the heating. 1739 01:53:11,280 --> 01:53:13,640 Cleaning. This doesn't really apply to you, this applies to 1740 01:53:13,640 --> 01:53:15,600 TENANT LAUGHS other people... 1741 01:53:15,600 --> 01:53:17,760 ..in other sorts of rented accommodations. 1742 01:53:17,760 --> 01:53:20,040 We do that ourselves. You do that yourself? Yes. 1743 01:53:20,040 --> 01:53:23,200 Also room service doesn't really apply either, I imagine. 1744 01:53:23,200 --> 01:53:24,760 No. 1745 01:53:24,760 --> 01:53:27,960 But soon, many of the local black residents who were involved 1746 01:53:27,960 --> 01:53:29,840 with the project resigned... 1747 01:53:30,840 --> 01:53:34,840 ..because power seemed to remain firmly with the white professionals. 1748 01:53:34,840 --> 01:53:36,920 And we go in, in an orderly fashion 1749 01:53:36,920 --> 01:53:39,680 and no damage to the property at all, please. 1750 01:53:41,760 --> 01:53:45,600 Well, what made me resign is because I don't think 1751 01:53:45,600 --> 01:53:48,040 that enough local people 1752 01:53:48,040 --> 01:53:50,720 were being involved, is it? 1753 01:53:50,720 --> 01:53:53,800 And by local people, I mean West Indians. 1754 01:53:53,800 --> 01:53:55,680 Students can't do much. 1755 01:53:55,680 --> 01:53:58,000 They're relegated to a role 1756 01:53:58,000 --> 01:54:00,600 of just getting information. 1757 01:54:00,600 --> 01:54:02,360 Isn't that worthwhile? 1758 01:54:02,360 --> 01:54:04,200 Well, I suppose it's worthwhile, 1759 01:54:04,200 --> 01:54:06,280 but it depends on how the information 1760 01:54:06,280 --> 01:54:07,800 will be used afterwards. 1761 01:54:07,800 --> 01:54:11,920 The aim of Black Power had been that people would organise 1762 01:54:11,920 --> 01:54:16,200 themselves so they could stand up against those who ruled them. 1763 01:54:16,200 --> 01:54:20,320 Michael X realised that what was happening now in Notting Hill 1764 01:54:20,320 --> 01:54:22,160 was the opposite. 1765 01:54:22,160 --> 01:54:24,400 People were being treated as subjects, 1766 01:54:24,400 --> 01:54:26,120 to be counted and measured... 1767 01:54:26,120 --> 01:54:27,560 ..and managed. 1768 01:54:29,880 --> 01:54:33,880 He became increasingly cynical about the liberals' real intentions. 1769 01:54:35,120 --> 01:54:37,120 These places always have fantastic space. 1770 01:54:37,120 --> 01:54:39,400 Oh, this is a tremendous place if you've got the money. 1771 01:54:39,400 --> 01:54:41,600 If you want to have a party or something. A party, yeah. 1772 01:54:41,600 --> 01:54:44,160 A few years ago, you were reported to have said 1773 01:54:44,160 --> 01:54:46,280 that whites who claim to help you 1774 01:54:46,280 --> 01:54:48,320 are out to kill you. 1775 01:54:48,320 --> 01:54:50,920 Do you, um, still believe that? 1776 01:54:50,920 --> 01:54:52,040 Yes. 1777 01:54:52,040 --> 01:54:56,120 I'm thinking, when I said that, I was referring to people 1778 01:54:56,120 --> 01:54:58,640 who are described as white liberals. 1779 01:54:58,640 --> 01:55:01,400 They are some of the most vicious 1780 01:55:01,400 --> 01:55:03,920 people I find in this country, 1781 01:55:03,920 --> 01:55:07,680 for the simple reason... Anywhere, not just in this country. 1782 01:55:07,680 --> 01:55:12,000 Because they're the kind of people who come to black neighbourhoods, 1783 01:55:12,000 --> 01:55:15,600 ostensibly to help black people. 1784 01:55:15,600 --> 01:55:21,680 UPBEAT MUSIC 1785 01:55:21,680 --> 01:55:25,480 Michael X had come to believe that the talk of revolution 1786 01:55:25,480 --> 01:55:29,440 had just been empty rhetoric that disguised something else. 1787 01:55:30,480 --> 01:55:32,720 The new groups might look like radicals 1788 01:55:32,720 --> 01:55:35,000 and dance to black music, 1789 01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:37,920 but really they were the children of the colonialists 1790 01:55:37,920 --> 01:55:40,000 who had run the Empire. 1791 01:55:40,000 --> 01:55:43,040 And they had no intention of giving up their power. 1792 01:55:45,040 --> 01:55:47,960 That old system of power was simply mutating, 1793 01:55:47,960 --> 01:55:50,040 morphing into a new form 1794 01:55:50,040 --> 01:55:52,600 that camouflaged itself in radicalism... 1795 01:55:53,840 --> 01:55:56,880 ..but still would manage and control. 1796 01:56:03,040 --> 01:56:05,120 Michael X was an ambitious man 1797 01:56:05,120 --> 01:56:07,560 who had badly wanted political power. 1798 01:56:08,880 --> 01:56:13,640 I don't see anything to be terrified about, about powerful black people. 1799 01:56:14,760 --> 01:56:16,480 I'm a pretty powerful black man. 1800 01:56:16,480 --> 01:56:19,120 I'm the most powerful black man in Europe. 1801 01:56:21,120 --> 01:56:23,800 But now he saw that he was never going to get it. 1802 01:56:24,880 --> 01:56:28,080 So he decided that he, too, would revert 1803 01:56:28,080 --> 01:56:31,600 to the old forms of power that he knew well - 1804 01:56:31,600 --> 01:56:33,560 extortion and violence. 1805 01:56:38,320 --> 01:56:42,080 He set up a new organisation called the Black House. 1806 01:56:42,080 --> 01:56:43,840 It deliberately excluded whites. 1807 01:56:45,320 --> 01:56:48,040 He still talked of violent revolution, 1808 01:56:48,040 --> 01:56:50,880 but really it was a front for taking over drug-dealing 1809 01:56:50,880 --> 01:56:52,080 in parts of London. 1810 01:56:54,320 --> 01:56:58,000 He also persuaded John Lennon and Yoko Ono, who had shaved 1811 01:56:58,000 --> 01:57:01,880 off their hair, to donate it and a large amount of money 1812 01:57:01,880 --> 01:57:03,040 to the Black House. 1813 01:57:04,680 --> 01:57:08,520 Michael X took the money and pocketed it for himself. 1814 01:57:09,720 --> 01:57:13,440 Michael was putting every single cent he could get in his own pocket. 1815 01:57:13,440 --> 01:57:15,040 He didn't care about black people. 1816 01:57:15,040 --> 01:57:18,360 What did they think of him in the end, when it failed? 1817 01:57:18,360 --> 01:57:21,960 Well, they thought he was just a cheap con man. 1818 01:57:24,440 --> 01:57:26,560 They... They... 1819 01:57:26,560 --> 01:57:28,680 ..lost faith in Michael 1820 01:57:28,680 --> 01:57:30,240 in the end, 1821 01:57:30,240 --> 01:57:32,840 but he was just playing his games, you know. 1822 01:57:35,520 --> 01:57:38,200 And why do you think he did that? 1823 01:57:38,200 --> 01:57:39,920 Because Michael doesn't 1824 01:57:39,920 --> 01:57:41,600 believe in Black Power. 1825 01:57:43,160 --> 01:57:44,960 Michael is just on a power trip 1826 01:57:44,960 --> 01:57:49,840 for, you know, for his own benefit. 1827 01:57:49,840 --> 01:57:52,600 Michael doesn't like black people 1828 01:57:52,600 --> 01:57:55,120 because Michael is half white. 1829 01:57:57,600 --> 01:57:59,320 In a short time, I'm going to ask you 1830 01:57:59,320 --> 01:58:02,320 to put your face up against that face piece and look in this box 1831 01:58:02,320 --> 01:58:05,240 while I ask you to solve some multiplication problems 1832 01:58:05,240 --> 01:58:06,480 in your head. 1833 01:58:06,480 --> 01:58:09,320 The problems will be relatively simple. 1834 01:58:09,320 --> 01:58:11,160 They'll give be given to you verbally, 1835 01:58:11,160 --> 01:58:14,280 and I will ask you to give me the answer verbally back. 1836 01:58:14,280 --> 01:58:17,440 Give me only the answer. Once you have given me the answer, 1837 01:58:17,440 --> 01:58:20,440 dismiss the problem from your mind and we'll go on to a next one. 1838 01:58:20,440 --> 01:58:24,000 Many psychologists had begun to take Dr Hess's experiments 1839 01:58:24,000 --> 01:58:25,840 with the pupils of the eye further. 1840 01:58:27,080 --> 01:58:31,000 They were fascinated by the idea that there might be other forces 1841 01:58:31,000 --> 01:58:35,440 inside the mind that people themselves weren't aware of. 1842 01:58:35,440 --> 01:58:37,960 One of them was a young psychologist studying 1843 01:58:37,960 --> 01:58:40,240 in America, called Daniel Kahneman. 1844 01:58:42,080 --> 01:58:45,120 His fascination with the complexity of the mind had come 1845 01:58:45,120 --> 01:58:47,560 from a moment of terror when he was a child, 1846 01:58:47,560 --> 01:58:51,000 living in Nazi-occupied France during the Second World War. 1847 01:58:52,600 --> 01:58:55,720 One day, he had been stopped by an SS officer. 1848 01:58:55,720 --> 01:58:57,720 Kahneman was a Jew, 1849 01:58:57,720 --> 01:59:01,080 and the SS was in charge of sending people to the death camps. 1850 01:59:01,080 --> 01:59:05,560 He was convinced that he was about to be sent away to be killed. 1851 01:59:05,560 --> 01:59:08,800 But the SS man picked him up, kissed him 1852 01:59:08,800 --> 01:59:12,000 and showed him pictures of his own son in Germany. 1853 01:59:16,920 --> 01:59:21,040 Kahneman decided that the human mind was very strange 1854 01:59:21,040 --> 01:59:23,640 and full of contradictory impulses. 1855 01:59:29,680 --> 01:59:32,240 17 times 19. 1856 01:59:32,240 --> 01:59:34,640 Now, he, along with other psychologists 1857 01:59:34,640 --> 01:59:38,920 inspired by Dr Hess, studied the pupils in people's eyes 1858 01:59:38,920 --> 01:59:42,440 as they gave them all kinds of problems to solve 1859 01:59:42,440 --> 01:59:45,600 while distracting them with music and noise. 1860 01:59:45,600 --> 01:59:49,400 223. CLICKING 1861 01:59:49,400 --> 01:59:52,880 They were trying to probe further into the human brain, 1862 01:59:52,880 --> 01:59:55,840 to see how it responded to the world outside 1863 01:59:55,840 --> 01:59:58,480 in ways that the individual wasn't aware of. 1864 02:00:01,320 --> 02:00:04,320 But as Kahneman and the others watched the individuals 1865 02:00:04,320 --> 02:00:08,800 in their laboratories, isolated from the society outside, 1866 02:00:08,800 --> 02:00:11,760 they were led down a very strange path, 1867 02:00:11,760 --> 02:00:14,760 that in the age when the individual self was going to become 1868 02:00:14,760 --> 02:00:19,680 the central focus, from politics through to consumerism, 1869 02:00:19,680 --> 02:00:23,080 the scientists were going to come to the conclusion 1870 02:00:23,080 --> 02:00:27,880 that maybe the conscious self wasn't fully in control of what humans did. 1871 02:00:29,320 --> 02:00:33,560 35 years later, Kahneman was going to be given the Nobel Prize 1872 02:00:33,560 --> 02:00:37,320 for a theory that began with his work in the 1960s. 1873 02:00:38,800 --> 02:00:42,320 He would come to believe that what we think of as the self 1874 02:00:42,320 --> 02:00:45,440 is really just a small part of something else 1875 02:00:45,440 --> 02:00:50,000 hidden inside our brains - a much larger part of the brain 1876 02:00:50,000 --> 02:00:53,920 that actually experiences the world outside. 1877 02:00:53,920 --> 02:00:56,880 But that experience makes no sense - 1878 02:00:56,880 --> 02:01:01,160 it is just an ongoing, chaotic rush of biochemical data 1879 02:01:01,160 --> 02:01:03,200 that flashes up and fades away. 1880 02:01:04,680 --> 02:01:07,280 And what humans think of as their self 1881 02:01:07,280 --> 02:01:10,960 is actually an accessory that tries to make sense 1882 02:01:10,960 --> 02:01:13,400 of this chaotic mass of incoming data. 1883 02:01:15,040 --> 02:01:18,000 But, to do that, it has to simplify 1884 02:01:18,000 --> 02:01:22,440 and turn that data into stories that are sometimes so simplified 1885 02:01:22,440 --> 02:01:26,120 that they bear little relationship to the reality outside. 1886 02:01:31,120 --> 02:01:34,640 It gives people the feeling that they are in control, 1887 02:01:34,640 --> 02:01:37,000 but that is just a comforting illusion. 1888 02:01:40,840 --> 02:01:43,680 Kahneman's theory was going to have far-reaching influence 1889 02:01:43,680 --> 02:01:45,040 beyond psychology. 1890 02:01:46,240 --> 02:01:48,480 Because the implication of what he was saying 1891 02:01:48,480 --> 02:01:51,320 was that you could never change people's behaviour 1892 02:01:51,320 --> 02:01:53,200 by appealing to them rationally. 1893 02:01:56,400 --> 02:01:58,080 And, in a strange way, 1894 02:01:58,080 --> 02:02:01,680 Kahneman was saying the same thing as the left-wing revolutionaries. 1895 02:02:03,040 --> 02:02:06,600 Human beings did live in a simplified dream world. 1896 02:02:06,600 --> 02:02:08,400 But what he was saying 1897 02:02:08,400 --> 02:02:10,960 was that there was nothing you could do about that. 1898 02:02:12,400 --> 02:02:14,480 And in an age of individualism, 1899 02:02:14,480 --> 02:02:17,840 when you could no longer order people about, 1900 02:02:17,840 --> 02:02:22,080 the only solution was to keep them in that dream world 1901 02:02:22,080 --> 02:02:25,840 and to make sure the dream world was safe and happy. 1902 02:02:27,080 --> 02:02:29,840 The idea of appealing to them rationally 1903 02:02:29,840 --> 02:02:31,760 and changing the world... 1904 02:02:31,760 --> 02:02:33,000 ..was pointless. 1905 02:02:36,320 --> 02:02:38,600 SHE SPEAKS MANDARIN 1906 02:02:46,000 --> 02:02:48,600 HE GROANS 1907 02:02:57,960 --> 02:03:00,680 ECHOING 1908 02:03:02,880 --> 02:03:06,240 By now, China was in a state of almost civil war. 1909 02:03:07,960 --> 02:03:11,000 Different groups of armed Red Guards were fighting running battles 1910 02:03:11,000 --> 02:03:13,480 with each other in all the major cities. 1911 02:03:15,800 --> 02:03:17,520 But Jiang Qing still believed 1912 02:03:17,520 --> 02:03:19,920 that real power was almost within her grasp. 1913 02:03:21,360 --> 02:03:24,800 She had destroyed the one man who was seen as Mao's successor, 1914 02:03:24,800 --> 02:03:27,320 Liu Shaoqi. 1915 02:03:27,320 --> 02:03:29,040 CHANTING 1916 02:03:29,040 --> 02:03:31,040 Red Guards took Liu from his house, 1917 02:03:31,040 --> 02:03:33,240 and he was beaten up and imprisoned. 1918 02:03:34,880 --> 02:03:36,840 Everyone, including children, 1919 02:03:36,840 --> 02:03:39,360 were told that he, too, was a demon. 1920 02:03:50,200 --> 02:03:53,360 Then suddenly, Mao turned on Jiang Qing. 1921 02:03:54,840 --> 02:03:56,880 At a public meeting of those in charge 1922 02:03:56,880 --> 02:04:00,280 of the Cultural Revolution, he told her, 1923 02:04:00,280 --> 02:04:03,120 "You are someone who has grandiose aims 1924 02:04:03,120 --> 02:04:05,840 "but puny abilities, 1925 02:04:05,840 --> 02:04:08,160 "great ambition, but little talent." 1926 02:04:12,400 --> 02:04:15,200 Jiang Qing realised that she was being dropped. 1927 02:04:21,280 --> 02:04:26,720 In her operas, Jiang Qing had gone back into China's past. 1928 02:04:26,720 --> 02:04:30,920 Her aim had been to rework them, to express a new kind of revolution. 1929 02:04:32,560 --> 02:04:37,280 But, in reality, she had reawakened a dark and poisonous violence 1930 02:04:37,280 --> 02:04:40,760 that had lurked under the surface of China for hundreds of years. 1931 02:04:41,760 --> 02:04:45,160 It was driven by a resentment of the rigid hierarchies 1932 02:04:45,160 --> 02:04:47,440 that the revolution had not really changed. 1933 02:04:48,480 --> 02:04:53,160 Mao had not given her or anyone else guidance about what to do 1934 02:04:53,160 --> 02:04:55,280 with the fury that she had summoned up. 1935 02:04:56,560 --> 02:04:58,080 And now she knew why. 1936 02:04:59,200 --> 02:05:03,600 He had simply been using her - and the violence that she created - 1937 02:05:03,600 --> 02:05:06,200 as a way of destroying all opposition to him. 1938 02:05:08,160 --> 02:05:11,600 He had no other vision of how to solve the old divisions 1939 02:05:11,600 --> 02:05:13,160 and resentments in China. 1940 02:05:14,560 --> 02:05:18,400 His only aim had been to get rid of all his rivals in the party. 1941 02:05:20,360 --> 02:05:24,520 Jiang Qing had been betrayed yet again. 1942 02:05:24,520 --> 02:05:27,080 GUNSHOTS 1943 02:05:33,000 --> 02:05:35,440 GUNFIRE 1944 02:05:40,880 --> 02:05:44,280 The members of the Red Army Faction were now planting bombs 1945 02:05:44,280 --> 02:05:47,200 and robbing banks all across West Germany. 1946 02:05:48,960 --> 02:05:51,680 They announced that they had now become Maoists, 1947 02:05:51,680 --> 02:05:53,360 followers of Mao Zedong, 1948 02:05:53,360 --> 02:05:55,920 and they were going to awaken the popular masses. 1949 02:05:59,000 --> 02:06:02,200 The government were desperate to capture them, 1950 02:06:02,200 --> 02:06:05,880 and they turned to a man who said he knew how to find them. 1951 02:06:15,920 --> 02:06:18,280 He was called Horst Herold. 1952 02:06:18,280 --> 02:06:21,240 He was the head of a tiny federal crime investigation unit. 1953 02:06:22,840 --> 02:06:24,560 It had no real power, 1954 02:06:24,560 --> 02:06:28,320 because any national police system was prohibited by law 1955 02:06:28,320 --> 02:06:30,840 to stop Nazism from ever re-emerging. 1956 02:06:33,120 --> 02:06:35,040 But Herold insisted that the only way 1957 02:06:35,040 --> 02:06:37,800 to catch the terrorists hidden in the cities 1958 02:06:37,800 --> 02:06:40,240 was to reintroduce control from the centre. 1959 02:06:42,280 --> 02:06:44,880 His solution was to use a computer, 1960 02:06:44,880 --> 02:06:47,560 because there was no law to stop that. 1961 02:06:49,120 --> 02:06:52,520 Working day and night inside a protected complex, 1962 02:06:52,520 --> 02:06:55,160 Herold created a giant computer network 1963 02:06:55,160 --> 02:06:57,840 that monitored the movements of millions of people. 1964 02:07:00,880 --> 02:07:04,600 He also fed into the computer vast amounts of data, 1965 02:07:04,600 --> 02:07:07,240 not just about the terrorists themselves, 1966 02:07:07,240 --> 02:07:12,320 but others who, in his words, represented a danger - 1967 02:07:12,320 --> 02:07:16,320 individuals the data showed might become terrorists in the future. 1968 02:07:18,560 --> 02:07:23,440 From all this, Herold created what he called logical sequences - 1969 02:07:23,440 --> 02:07:25,760 patterns drawn from the data 1970 02:07:25,760 --> 02:07:29,160 that predicted where the terrorists might be hiding in the cities. 1971 02:07:30,480 --> 02:07:33,720 What he had invented was a new rational bureaucracy, 1972 02:07:33,720 --> 02:07:38,000 working from the centre, in which information was control. 1973 02:07:40,000 --> 02:07:43,720 It was the start of mass electronic surveillance. 1974 02:07:43,720 --> 02:07:45,760 And it caught the terrorists. 1975 02:07:45,760 --> 02:07:47,120 INDISTINCT CONVERSATION 1976 02:07:47,120 --> 02:07:50,760 GERMAN SPOKEN OVER TANNOY 1977 02:07:53,360 --> 02:07:55,560 GUNFIRE 1978 02:07:57,680 --> 02:08:01,520 GUNFIRE CONTINUES 1979 02:08:01,520 --> 02:08:04,640 But Horst Herold was not just an unthinking technocrat. 1980 02:08:05,920 --> 02:08:10,240 By studying all the data, he had, he believed, come to understand 1981 02:08:10,240 --> 02:08:14,440 that the terrorists were just a tiny part of something much bigger 1982 02:08:14,440 --> 02:08:17,600 that was happening all across the world - 1983 02:08:17,600 --> 02:08:21,120 something that those in power did not yet comprehend. 1984 02:08:23,120 --> 02:08:27,080 And, in 1973, he made an extraordinary speech 1985 02:08:27,080 --> 02:08:29,680 that laid out the world that he saw coming. 1986 02:08:31,400 --> 02:08:34,960 The violence and the horror that the terrorists created, he said, 1987 02:08:34,960 --> 02:08:39,000 did not just happen because of something evil or sick 1988 02:08:39,000 --> 02:08:40,400 inside their heads. 1989 02:08:41,680 --> 02:08:44,440 It was a reaction to the new system of power 1990 02:08:44,440 --> 02:08:46,560 that was rising up across the world. 1991 02:08:48,120 --> 02:08:53,040 It was the system that the radicals had identified in the 1960s - 1992 02:08:53,040 --> 02:08:56,680 the new global networks of multinational corporations 1993 02:08:56,680 --> 02:08:58,400 and international finance 1994 02:08:58,400 --> 02:09:01,840 that they believed were ruthlessly exploiting the world. 1995 02:09:03,920 --> 02:09:06,760 If you want to get rid of the terrorism, Herold said, 1996 02:09:06,760 --> 02:09:08,560 there are two alternatives. 1997 02:09:09,800 --> 02:09:11,720 You either use political power 1998 02:09:11,720 --> 02:09:14,480 to change and reform that global system. 1999 02:09:15,840 --> 02:09:20,120 Or you decide to systematically control the people, 2000 02:09:20,120 --> 02:09:22,400 and their anger and their discontent. 2001 02:09:23,960 --> 02:09:28,160 But, to do that, you would have to create surveillance networks 2002 02:09:28,160 --> 02:09:31,720 like the one he had built, but on a global scale. 2003 02:09:56,200 --> 02:09:58,760 In Notting Hill, all the politics had gone. 2004 02:10:00,160 --> 02:10:03,040 The counterculture had transformed completely 2005 02:10:03,040 --> 02:10:07,480 into a new kind of consumerism, with self-expression at its heart. 2006 02:10:17,960 --> 02:10:22,640 Michael X left London in disgust and he went back to Trinidad. 2007 02:10:24,680 --> 02:10:27,720 He moved into a large house hidden away in the suburbs. 2008 02:10:29,200 --> 02:10:32,640 He said that he was going to set up a new radical organisation 2009 02:10:32,640 --> 02:10:36,400 called the University of the Alternative, 2010 02:10:36,400 --> 02:10:39,680 but it was clear that he was in a manic state of mind 2011 02:10:39,680 --> 02:10:41,320 and increasingly paranoid. 2012 02:10:44,600 --> 02:10:47,480 Then, one night, the compound burned down, 2013 02:10:47,480 --> 02:10:49,280 and Michael X disappeared. 2014 02:10:53,080 --> 02:10:55,360 The police found a hidden grave in the garden. 2015 02:10:56,440 --> 02:11:00,400 In it was the body of one of Michael X's last disciples, 2016 02:11:00,400 --> 02:11:03,400 Gale Benson, the daughter of a conservative MP. 2017 02:11:05,160 --> 02:11:09,080 She had discovered that Michael X's real plan was to grow marijuana 2018 02:11:09,080 --> 02:11:11,760 and export it to the United States, 2019 02:11:11,760 --> 02:11:15,000 so he had ordered a group of his men to kill her. 2020 02:11:16,040 --> 02:11:17,840 He told one of them, Steve Yeates, 2021 02:11:17,840 --> 02:11:20,880 that she was an undercover agent from the CIA. 2022 02:11:22,360 --> 02:11:25,320 She was seized from behind and stabbed several times 2023 02:11:25,320 --> 02:11:27,160 across the body with a knife. 2024 02:11:27,160 --> 02:11:28,960 She was struggling very violently. 2025 02:11:28,960 --> 02:11:31,360 And Steve Yeates, who wasn't even supposed to be part 2026 02:11:31,360 --> 02:11:34,040 of this particular operation, became impatient. 2027 02:11:34,040 --> 02:11:35,400 He grabbed a cutlass, 2028 02:11:35,400 --> 02:11:38,640 which in these parts is a long knife used for cutting sugar cane, 2029 02:11:38,640 --> 02:11:40,760 and plunged it straight into her neck. 2030 02:11:40,760 --> 02:11:42,760 Well, that was the fatal blow. 2031 02:11:42,760 --> 02:11:44,800 The men then piled stones on top of her 2032 02:11:44,800 --> 02:11:47,080 and filled in the rest of the grave. 2033 02:11:47,080 --> 02:11:50,680 Sometime later, Malik phoned the house to see what the situation was, 2034 02:11:50,680 --> 02:11:54,320 and Steve Yeates simply told him, "The tree is planted." 2035 02:11:56,000 --> 02:11:58,960 Michael X fled to Guyana. 2036 02:11:58,960 --> 02:12:01,640 He then headed south, away from the towns, 2037 02:12:01,640 --> 02:12:04,040 down a small trail, past mining camps. 2038 02:12:05,640 --> 02:12:07,520 His aim was to get to the river 2039 02:12:07,520 --> 02:12:10,520 and take a boat upriver into the jungle, 2040 02:12:10,520 --> 02:12:12,200 where he would be safe. 2041 02:12:15,680 --> 02:12:19,000 It was the same jungle that Edgar Mittelholzer had described 2042 02:12:19,000 --> 02:12:22,160 in his story about the ghosts from the colonial past. 2043 02:12:28,880 --> 02:12:31,680 But there was one person who was about to show that, 2044 02:12:31,680 --> 02:12:35,000 even in the growing mood of paranoia and defeat, 2045 02:12:35,000 --> 02:12:38,400 an individual who believed in the idea of revolution 2046 02:12:38,400 --> 02:12:41,680 could take on the power of the state and defeat it. 2047 02:12:43,200 --> 02:12:47,240 One morning, armed police stormed into Afeni Shakur's apartment 2048 02:12:47,240 --> 02:12:49,280 and arrested her. 2049 02:12:49,280 --> 02:12:52,440 All the other members of her cell were also arrested. 2050 02:12:52,440 --> 02:12:55,280 They were charged with what the government said 2051 02:12:55,280 --> 02:12:58,680 was a giant plan to destroy "those elements of society, 2052 02:12:58,680 --> 02:13:01,560 "which the defendants call the power structure". 2053 02:13:03,000 --> 02:13:05,200 It included attacking police stations 2054 02:13:05,200 --> 02:13:08,200 and planning to bomb five large department stores 2055 02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:10,000 and the Bronx Botanical Gardens. 2056 02:13:11,640 --> 02:13:13,720 They became known as the Panther 21. 2057 02:13:14,960 --> 02:13:17,640 Their trial was held in a state of paranoia 2058 02:13:17,640 --> 02:13:19,760 about further attacks by the Panthers. 2059 02:13:21,280 --> 02:13:23,600 But it also caused a sensation 2060 02:13:23,600 --> 02:13:26,880 when it was revealed that three of the founding members of the group 2061 02:13:26,880 --> 02:13:28,920 had been undercover police officers. 2062 02:13:31,440 --> 02:13:34,800 What was stranger was that some of those officers 2063 02:13:34,800 --> 02:13:36,560 seemed to have been unaware that 2064 02:13:36,560 --> 02:13:39,480 there were other undercover agents in the cell. 2065 02:13:42,880 --> 02:13:46,440 They were also the most active members of the group. 2066 02:13:46,440 --> 02:13:48,400 "We had to organise everything," 2067 02:13:48,400 --> 02:13:51,320 one of the undercover agents explained at the trial, 2068 02:13:51,320 --> 02:13:53,800 because everyone else in the group was off doing 2069 02:13:53,800 --> 02:13:56,720 what they called "their own shit". 2070 02:13:56,720 --> 02:13:58,680 DRUMS SOUND MILITARY MARCH 2071 02:14:05,840 --> 02:14:08,400 The prosecution claimed that the group had been inspired 2072 02:14:08,400 --> 02:14:11,200 by violent revolutionary propaganda, 2073 02:14:11,200 --> 02:14:14,840 and in particular by the film The Battle Of Algiers, 2074 02:14:14,840 --> 02:14:17,960 made about the Algerian struggle against French colonialism. 2075 02:14:19,520 --> 02:14:21,040 # Hasta manana... # 2076 02:14:21,040 --> 02:14:22,760 They showed the film in the court. 2077 02:14:22,760 --> 02:14:24,520 # No te retardes 2078 02:14:24,520 --> 02:14:26,200 # Mi vida 2079 02:14:26,200 --> 02:14:29,560 # Hasta manana, Rebecca 2080 02:14:29,560 --> 02:14:32,960 # Espero que tu no vas a olvidar. # 2081 02:14:35,240 --> 02:14:38,720 SCREAMING 2082 02:14:38,720 --> 02:14:40,680 Unlike all the other Panthers, 2083 02:14:40,680 --> 02:14:43,440 Afeni Shakur chose to defend herself, 2084 02:14:43,440 --> 02:14:45,000 and at the end of the trial, 2085 02:14:45,000 --> 02:14:48,280 she cross-examined the leading undercover agent. 2086 02:14:48,280 --> 02:14:50,840 He was the man she had suspected from the start, 2087 02:14:50,840 --> 02:14:52,720 Yedwa Sudan. 2088 02:14:52,720 --> 02:14:54,640 His real name was Ralph White. 2089 02:14:55,760 --> 02:14:57,600 A journalist who was in the courtroom 2090 02:14:57,600 --> 02:15:00,360 wrote a book that described what happened. 2091 02:15:01,720 --> 02:15:03,720 She started by getting White to admit 2092 02:15:03,720 --> 02:15:06,840 that, really, most of the inspiration for the plots 2093 02:15:06,840 --> 02:15:09,400 came from the undercover agents. 2094 02:15:09,400 --> 02:15:12,600 Not only had they continually pushed for the violence 2095 02:15:12,600 --> 02:15:14,840 and suggested the targets, 2096 02:15:14,840 --> 02:15:17,440 but they had also arranged to buy the dynamite 2097 02:15:17,440 --> 02:15:19,200 off yet another undercover agent. 2098 02:15:20,480 --> 02:15:24,000 They had also arranged for the cars to transport the dynamite. 2099 02:15:25,280 --> 02:15:28,080 That, really, the plot to attack America 2100 02:15:28,080 --> 02:15:31,680 had been created and driven by the American authorities. 2101 02:15:34,160 --> 02:15:36,520 But then Afeni Shakur went further. 2102 02:15:36,520 --> 02:15:40,600 She talked to White in the courtroom not as a police officer, 2103 02:15:40,600 --> 02:15:43,800 but as a comrade that she had spent 18 months with, 2104 02:15:43,800 --> 02:15:45,560 and asked him about the activism 2105 02:15:45,560 --> 02:15:48,440 that they had done together in the community. 2106 02:15:48,440 --> 02:15:51,080 He said that he thought what they had done 2107 02:15:51,080 --> 02:15:55,720 was "powerful, inspiring and," he said, "beautiful". 2108 02:15:59,200 --> 02:16:03,880 She asked if he had misrepresented the Panthers to his police bosses. 2109 02:16:03,880 --> 02:16:05,000 He said yes. 2110 02:16:09,160 --> 02:16:11,400 She asked if he had betrayed the community. 2111 02:16:12,640 --> 02:16:13,920 He said yes. 2112 02:16:17,160 --> 02:16:18,840 When the jury was sent out, 2113 02:16:18,840 --> 02:16:22,040 they talked for 40 minutes, came back 2114 02:16:22,040 --> 02:16:24,160 and acquitted all the defendants. 2115 02:16:27,120 --> 02:16:29,040 It was a powerful example 2116 02:16:29,040 --> 02:16:31,720 of how an individual could challenge those in power... 2117 02:16:32,920 --> 02:16:34,280 ..and win. 2118 02:16:42,920 --> 02:16:46,280 But, at the same time, the revelations at the trial 2119 02:16:46,280 --> 02:16:49,800 of how the Panthers had been penetrated and manipulated 2120 02:16:49,800 --> 02:16:53,800 fed the growing paranoia that was tearing the radical movement apart. 2121 02:16:56,640 --> 02:16:59,080 MUSIC: Violent by Tupac 2122 02:17:20,520 --> 02:17:24,480 RAPID GUNFIRE 2123 02:17:30,440 --> 02:17:34,240 # They claim that I'm violent just cos I refuse to be silent 2124 02:17:34,240 --> 02:17:37,840 # These hypocrites are havin' fits cos I'm no buyin' it, defyin' it 2125 02:17:37,840 --> 02:17:41,360 # Envious because I will rebel against any oppressor 2126 02:17:41,360 --> 02:17:43,200 # And this is known as self-defence 2127 02:17:43,200 --> 02:17:45,680 # I show no mercy They claim that I'm a lunatic 2128 02:17:45,680 --> 02:17:48,320 # But when the shit gets thick, I'm the one you go and get 2129 02:17:48,320 --> 02:17:51,480 # Don't look confused The truth is so plain to see 2130 02:17:51,480 --> 02:17:54,480 # Cos I'm the nigga that you sell-outs are ashamed to be 2131 02:17:54,480 --> 02:17:57,480 # In every Jeep and every car, brothers stomp this 2132 02:17:57,480 --> 02:18:00,280 # I'm never ignorant Getting goals accomplished 2133 02:18:00,280 --> 02:18:03,040 # The Underground Railroad on an up rise 2134 02:18:03,040 --> 02:18:06,000 # This time the truth's gettin' told Heard enough lies 2135 02:18:06,000 --> 02:18:08,800 # I told 'em fight back, attack on society 2136 02:18:08,800 --> 02:18:11,680 # If this is violence, then violent's what I gotta be 2137 02:18:11,680 --> 02:18:12,840 # If you investigate 2138 02:18:12,840 --> 02:18:14,680 # You'll find out where it's comin' from 2139 02:18:14,680 --> 02:18:17,480 # Look through our history America's the violent one. # 2140 02:18:19,080 --> 02:18:22,680 All four - Jiang Qing, Afeni Shakur, 2141 02:18:22,680 --> 02:18:25,920 Michael X and the German revolutionaries 2142 02:18:25,920 --> 02:18:29,440 had all set out to try and confront their societies 2143 02:18:29,440 --> 02:18:31,320 and change the structure of power. 2144 02:18:33,200 --> 02:18:37,080 But all of them, in different ways, had unleashed violence 2145 02:18:37,080 --> 02:18:39,560 that was lurking underneath those societies. 2146 02:18:41,600 --> 02:18:44,680 The roots of that violence lay back in the past, 2147 02:18:44,680 --> 02:18:47,640 in anger and resentment against those in power 2148 02:18:47,640 --> 02:18:51,240 who had made their different countries rich and powerful, 2149 02:18:51,240 --> 02:18:54,120 but to do that had ruthlessly exploited others... 2150 02:18:55,480 --> 02:18:58,880 ..and had kept much of the spoils for themselves. 2151 02:19:00,120 --> 02:19:03,240 The violence had burst out in different ways 2152 02:19:03,240 --> 02:19:06,480 across whole societies, among groups, 2153 02:19:06,480 --> 02:19:09,680 and inside the revolutionaries' own heads. 2154 02:19:11,680 --> 02:19:16,400 But all of them became overwhelmed by the paranoia and suspicion 2155 02:19:16,400 --> 02:19:18,400 and the horror that resulted. 2156 02:19:19,880 --> 02:19:22,280 And all of them had failed in their aims. 2157 02:19:23,920 --> 02:19:26,920 Now, those in charge of the societies 2158 02:19:26,920 --> 02:19:31,520 wanted to get rid of that violence, to wipe it and hide it away. 2159 02:19:32,800 --> 02:19:36,160 And, in Germany, the revolutionaries were going to help them do it. 2160 02:19:39,840 --> 02:19:43,640 In 1976, two of the remaining German revolutionaries 2161 02:19:43,640 --> 02:19:47,520 helped Palestinians hijack an Air France plane. 2162 02:19:47,520 --> 02:19:49,680 They flew it to Entebbe, in Uganda. 2163 02:19:51,120 --> 02:19:53,920 What happened next shocked the world. 2164 02:19:54,960 --> 02:19:58,040 The terrorists took the hostages into the departure hall. 2165 02:19:59,920 --> 02:20:03,520 Then they began to separate the Israeli passengers 2166 02:20:03,520 --> 02:20:06,080 from the non-Israelis. 2167 02:20:06,080 --> 02:20:08,720 The Israelis were the ones who would be executed 2168 02:20:08,720 --> 02:20:10,400 if the plane was stormed. 2169 02:20:14,240 --> 02:20:18,400 To the other radicals, watching from inside prisons in Germany, 2170 02:20:18,400 --> 02:20:20,800 who dreamed of revolution, 2171 02:20:20,800 --> 02:20:23,360 it seemed as if those dreams had now led them 2172 02:20:23,360 --> 02:20:25,880 to behave exactly as the Nazis had done. 2173 02:20:27,840 --> 02:20:30,480 Was it frightening when you realised that that was happening? 2174 02:20:30,480 --> 02:20:32,960 Yeah, of course. Awfully frightening. 2175 02:20:32,960 --> 02:20:39,080 This... One of the main points in the development - 2176 02:20:39,080 --> 02:20:43,160 the awareness that we are from the same... 2177 02:20:44,520 --> 02:20:47,200 ..stuff as the fascists were. 2178 02:20:49,040 --> 02:20:51,480 We understood something, 2179 02:20:51,480 --> 02:20:53,600 we understood that fascism 2180 02:20:53,600 --> 02:20:57,080 is a component in all of us. 2181 02:20:57,080 --> 02:21:00,640 But we don't know how to handle this contradiction. 2182 02:21:00,640 --> 02:21:05,760 We don't have any way to live with this evil part in ourselves. 2183 02:21:07,760 --> 02:21:11,440 GUNFIRE 2184 02:21:11,440 --> 02:21:14,080 The Israelis mounted a rescue at Entebbe. 2185 02:21:15,600 --> 02:21:18,640 The hostages were saved, but the terrorists were killed. 2186 02:21:20,560 --> 02:21:22,880 But the Germans' behaviour in the hijack 2187 02:21:22,880 --> 02:21:26,720 had an incredibly powerful effect on radicals and liberals 2188 02:21:26,720 --> 02:21:28,080 all across the West. 2189 02:21:29,960 --> 02:21:33,520 Three years before, the man who had been chasing the terrorists, 2190 02:21:33,520 --> 02:21:36,120 Horst Herold, had argued that the violence 2191 02:21:36,120 --> 02:21:38,360 did not just come from inside them... 2192 02:21:39,640 --> 02:21:41,480 ..that they were reacting 2193 02:21:41,480 --> 02:21:44,440 to something that was happening in the world. 2194 02:21:44,440 --> 02:21:48,400 But now the revolutionaries and many of their supporters 2195 02:21:48,400 --> 02:21:52,760 began to argue that maybe the violence was not in the system, 2196 02:21:52,760 --> 02:21:54,520 it was inside them. 2197 02:22:00,320 --> 02:22:03,440 A year later, a group of their supporters captured 2198 02:22:03,440 --> 02:22:08,400 and killed a leading industrialist called Hanns Martin Schleyer. 2199 02:22:08,400 --> 02:22:10,920 He had also been a leading Nazi in the war. 2200 02:22:13,000 --> 02:22:14,240 At the same time, 2201 02:22:14,240 --> 02:22:17,760 three of the leading revolutionaries killed themselves in prison. 2202 02:22:28,440 --> 02:22:32,880 In an extraordinary moment, on one day in October 1977, 2203 02:22:32,880 --> 02:22:36,400 two funerals were held in the same city, Stuttgart. 2204 02:22:39,320 --> 02:22:41,480 One was for the revolutionaries. 2205 02:22:41,480 --> 02:22:44,200 Hundreds of their supporters flooded into the cemetery, 2206 02:22:44,200 --> 02:22:46,480 watched by 1,000 armed police. 2207 02:22:51,800 --> 02:22:54,000 The other was for Hanns Martin Schleyer. 2208 02:22:55,400 --> 02:22:58,280 The leaders of the industrial and financial establishment 2209 02:22:58,280 --> 02:23:01,360 came together at a church in the centre of the city. 2210 02:23:01,360 --> 02:23:04,360 VOCALISING HYMNS 2211 02:23:04,360 --> 02:23:07,400 It was a moment that dramatically symbolised what had happened. 2212 02:23:08,920 --> 02:23:13,560 The industrialists and the bankers had come not just to mourn Schleyer, 2213 02:23:13,560 --> 02:23:16,600 but to bury any idea of radical change in Germany. 2214 02:23:22,560 --> 02:23:26,520 And, for the radicals, it was the moment after all the violence 2215 02:23:26,520 --> 02:23:30,400 and all the failures when pessimism finally took hold. 2216 02:23:31,920 --> 02:23:36,000 It said this is what all radical attempts to change the world 2217 02:23:36,000 --> 02:23:37,480 inevitably lead to. 2218 02:23:41,720 --> 02:23:44,440 And in the growing age of the individual, 2219 02:23:44,440 --> 02:23:48,400 it led to the conclusion that the fault is inside you, 2220 02:23:48,400 --> 02:23:50,440 the individual, 2221 02:23:50,440 --> 02:23:52,000 not in society. 2222 02:23:55,000 --> 02:23:59,480 Those who had wanted to change the world now began to turn inwards. 2223 02:24:03,520 --> 02:24:06,200 This distrust was going to be reinforced 2224 02:24:06,200 --> 02:24:09,040 by the growing influence of the psychologists 2225 02:24:09,040 --> 02:24:12,960 who said that human beings were really irrational 2226 02:24:12,960 --> 02:24:14,680 and lived in a dream world. 2227 02:24:16,360 --> 02:24:20,040 Out of that was going to come the modern system of power 2228 02:24:20,040 --> 02:24:24,960 in which psychology would join with economics and with finance 2229 02:24:24,960 --> 02:24:28,360 to make sure that that dream world was managed. 2230 02:24:38,360 --> 02:24:41,520 It would be a wonderful world to live in. 2231 02:24:41,520 --> 02:24:44,120 But its weakness will be that, at its root, 2232 02:24:44,120 --> 02:24:46,680 was a pessimism about human beings 2233 02:24:46,680 --> 02:24:49,680 and whether they should ever be allowed any control. 2234 02:24:53,040 --> 02:24:55,160 While outside the dream world, 2235 02:24:55,160 --> 02:24:59,560 the things that the revolutionaries had wanted to change so much - 2236 02:24:59,560 --> 02:25:03,640 the inequalities, the racism and the exploitation - 2237 02:25:03,640 --> 02:25:06,120 would all remain untouched 2238 02:25:06,120 --> 02:25:08,720 and would continue to grow, unnoticed. 2239 02:25:22,080 --> 02:25:27,160 But some of the revolutionaries saw what was happening and adjusted. 2240 02:25:27,160 --> 02:25:30,520 Eldridge Cleaver, who had been one of the leading Black Panthers, 2241 02:25:30,520 --> 02:25:32,200 set up his own fashion company. 2242 02:25:33,880 --> 02:25:37,720 He designed what he called revolutionary trousers. 2243 02:25:37,720 --> 02:25:39,360 They had a flap at the front, 2244 02:25:39,360 --> 02:25:42,080 which he said would liberate the penis. 2245 02:25:43,600 --> 02:25:46,400 While his fellow revolutionary, Bobby Seale, 2246 02:25:46,400 --> 02:25:48,080 became a celebrity chef. 2247 02:25:48,080 --> 02:25:50,760 ANNOUNCER: Featuring the founding chairman 2248 02:25:50,760 --> 02:25:52,800 of the Black Panther Party 2249 02:25:52,800 --> 02:25:57,200 and griller extraordinaire, Bobby Seale! 2250 02:25:58,640 --> 02:26:01,400 But one revolutionary was still not going to give up. 2251 02:26:02,640 --> 02:26:04,960 Jiang Qing now joined with three others 2252 02:26:04,960 --> 02:26:06,840 who had run the Cultural Revolution. 2253 02:26:08,000 --> 02:26:11,800 They were determined to seize power when Mao died. 2254 02:26:11,800 --> 02:26:13,760 They were known as the Gang of Four. 2255 02:26:15,080 --> 02:26:18,480 And Michael X never made it to the river. 2256 02:26:18,480 --> 02:26:22,360 He was captured and brought back to stand trial in Trinidad. 2257 02:26:24,360 --> 02:26:26,000 He was found guilty of murder... 2258 02:26:27,160 --> 02:26:28,600 ..and hanged. 2259 02:26:33,800 --> 02:26:37,600 And, in the future, the violence and the anger would be played out 2260 02:26:37,600 --> 02:26:39,800 in the artificial world of culture. 2261 02:26:40,800 --> 02:26:43,720 It would be the images and the words of revolution. 2262 02:26:44,960 --> 02:26:48,240 But, in reality, nothing ever really changed. 2263 02:26:49,280 --> 02:26:51,680 And what was forgotten in this new age, 2264 02:26:51,680 --> 02:26:53,600 including by the psychologists 2265 02:26:53,600 --> 02:26:57,520 who were exploring the self by drilling ever deeper, 2266 02:26:57,520 --> 02:27:00,800 was that what you are and what you feel 2267 02:27:00,800 --> 02:27:03,240 comes not just from inside you 2268 02:27:03,240 --> 02:27:06,160 but from where you are in the power structure, 2269 02:27:06,160 --> 02:27:08,480 because that flows through you, too. 2270 02:27:09,640 --> 02:27:12,200 When you see an individual white boy, 2271 02:27:12,200 --> 02:27:14,680 you're not afraid of that individual white boy. 2272 02:27:15,720 --> 02:27:20,080 What you are afraid of is the power that he represents, 2273 02:27:20,080 --> 02:27:23,680 because behind him stands the local police force, 2274 02:27:23,680 --> 02:27:28,120 the state militia, the Army, the Navy, the Air Force... 2275 02:27:31,960 --> 02:27:36,480 When you see an African, there is no power behind him. 2276 02:27:36,480 --> 02:27:40,120 There is no-one speaking for his interests. 2277 02:27:40,120 --> 02:27:42,960 There is no-one to protect him. 2278 02:27:42,960 --> 02:27:45,240 The guerrilla studies. 2279 02:27:45,240 --> 02:27:48,200 The guerrilla studies, he doesn't rest. 2280 02:27:48,200 --> 02:27:50,560 He studies and keeps his mouth shut. 2281 02:27:50,560 --> 02:27:52,400 Study, children, study! 2282 02:28:34,880 --> 02:28:38,560 WOMAN'S VOICE: Oh, my God! Oh, my God. Please, God. 2283 02:28:38,560 --> 02:28:40,320 Please, God. Oh, my God! 2284 02:28:40,320 --> 02:28:42,000 SOBBING 2285 02:28:42,000 --> 02:28:46,560 Oh, my God, please, don't... Please, God, please. 2286 02:28:46,560 --> 02:28:48,080 SOBBING 2287 02:28:52,720 --> 02:28:55,240 I don't want to be in this tunnel. 2288 02:28:55,240 --> 02:28:57,440 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. 2289 02:29:01,080 --> 02:29:04,120 DISTANT SIRENS, RUMBLING 2290 02:29:04,120 --> 02:29:06,520 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. 2291 02:29:07,680 --> 02:29:09,920 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. 2292 02:29:09,920 --> 02:29:13,880 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. Oh, my God. 2293 02:29:13,880 --> 02:29:15,840 DISTANT EXPLOSION 2294 02:29:15,840 --> 02:29:18,320 Oh, my God! Please, God, please. 2295 02:29:18,320 --> 02:29:21,760 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. Please let me out of here. 2296 02:29:21,760 --> 02:29:22,800 Please, God. 2297 02:29:24,160 --> 02:29:26,280 Please, God, please let me out of here. 2298 02:29:26,280 --> 02:29:28,280 Please, God, please. 2299 02:29:28,280 --> 02:29:31,440 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. Oh, my God. 2300 02:29:31,440 --> 02:29:33,200 FIRE CRACKLES 2301 02:29:33,200 --> 02:29:34,680 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. 2302 02:29:34,680 --> 02:29:36,680 DISTANT EXPLOSIONS 2303 02:29:36,680 --> 02:29:39,640 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. 2304 02:29:39,640 --> 02:29:42,200 Oh, my God. What am I doing? 2305 02:30:00,960 --> 02:30:03,560 One of the most complex systems ever created 2306 02:30:03,560 --> 02:30:07,000 was the pattern of detonations inside the atomic bomb 2307 02:30:07,000 --> 02:30:09,400 that began the chain reaction. 2308 02:30:10,520 --> 02:30:14,720 The scientist who created it, a physicist called John von Neumann, 2309 02:30:14,720 --> 02:30:17,400 said that there was only one thing as complex... 2310 02:30:18,800 --> 02:30:20,320 ..it was the world's climate. 2311 02:30:22,240 --> 02:30:25,000 Like the bomb, it was a mass of different forces 2312 02:30:25,000 --> 02:30:26,840 moving around a central globe. 2313 02:30:29,920 --> 02:30:32,680 Von Neumann then used an early computer 2314 02:30:32,680 --> 02:30:36,600 to build a model that simulated the world's climate system. 2315 02:30:36,600 --> 02:30:40,440 His aim was to use it to predict and manipulate the weather 2316 02:30:40,440 --> 02:30:43,720 as a weapon with which to attack the Soviet Union. 2317 02:30:45,320 --> 02:30:48,120 But what he began had another consequence. 2318 02:30:53,760 --> 02:30:57,120 In 1961, a scientist called Edward Lorenz 2319 02:30:57,120 --> 02:31:00,760 made a mistake which revealed something that astonished him. 2320 02:31:02,560 --> 02:31:05,640 Lorenz had built his own computer model of the world's climate. 2321 02:31:07,680 --> 02:31:11,200 Then, one day, he ran a programme that he had run many times before, 2322 02:31:11,200 --> 02:31:14,760 but missed out one tiny piece of data - 2323 02:31:14,760 --> 02:31:16,960 a change at the fourth decimal point. 2324 02:31:18,280 --> 02:31:21,440 For 30 days, everything went as before, 2325 02:31:21,440 --> 02:31:25,360 but then, suddenly, the computer began to predict weather conditions 2326 02:31:25,360 --> 02:31:27,280 never seen before on the planet. 2327 02:31:28,800 --> 02:31:32,160 Other scientists said that his model was at fault. 2328 02:31:32,160 --> 02:31:35,960 But Lorenz ran it again and again, with tiny variations, 2329 02:31:35,960 --> 02:31:40,960 and each time, it led to different, often very strange futures. 2330 02:31:42,360 --> 02:31:44,920 He began to wonder whether the world's climate 2331 02:31:44,920 --> 02:31:47,760 was not the stable, self-correcting system 2332 02:31:47,760 --> 02:31:49,720 that other scientists believed... 2333 02:31:51,320 --> 02:31:52,880 ..that it was unstable, 2334 02:31:52,880 --> 02:31:56,520 and that one tiny change somewhere in the world 2335 02:31:56,520 --> 02:32:00,760 could tip the whole system from one state into another. 2336 02:32:30,480 --> 02:32:34,720 # Dark moon 2337 02:32:34,720 --> 02:32:37,480 # Away up high up in the sky 2338 02:32:37,480 --> 02:32:44,880 # Oh, tell me why, oh, tell me why you've lost your splendour 2339 02:32:47,160 --> 02:32:51,560 # Dark moon 2340 02:32:51,560 --> 02:32:54,160 # What is the cause your light withdraws 2341 02:32:54,160 --> 02:33:00,680 # Is it because Is it because I've lost my love? 2342 02:33:03,800 --> 02:33:08,880 # Mortals have dreamed 2343 02:33:08,880 --> 02:33:14,920 # Of love's perfect schemes 2344 02:33:14,920 --> 02:33:19,640 # But they don't realise 2345 02:33:19,640 --> 02:33:25,280 # That love will sometimes bring 2346 02:33:25,280 --> 02:33:29,480 # A dark moon... # 2347 02:33:29,480 --> 02:33:31,800 In America, in the 1960s, 2348 02:33:31,800 --> 02:33:35,000 there was a man who was convinced that there was something frightening 2349 02:33:35,000 --> 02:33:38,320 hidden under the surface of the new modern suburbs. 2350 02:33:38,320 --> 02:33:42,760 Behind what looked like a confident individualism 2351 02:33:42,760 --> 02:33:44,600 that was rising up throughout America, 2352 02:33:44,600 --> 02:33:49,040 there were really hidden fears eating away at people from inside. 2353 02:33:50,480 --> 02:33:52,000 Oh, these are gorgeous! 2354 02:33:52,000 --> 02:33:53,760 Look! Salt and pepper. 2355 02:33:55,440 --> 02:33:59,200 There were feelings of anxiety, loneliness and emptiness. 2356 02:34:00,640 --> 02:34:04,480 And he was convinced he could make a lot of money out of these feelings. 2357 02:34:07,080 --> 02:34:08,800 He was called Arthur Sackler. 2358 02:34:10,240 --> 02:34:12,920 Sackler had trained as a psychiatrist 2359 02:34:12,920 --> 02:34:14,720 but in the 1950s 2360 02:34:14,720 --> 02:34:17,520 had turned to advertising drugs and medicines to doctors. 2361 02:34:20,640 --> 02:34:23,760 And more and more of the doctors he talked with 2362 02:34:23,760 --> 02:34:26,040 told him about people from the suburbs 2363 02:34:26,040 --> 02:34:29,480 coming to them with vague feelings of anxiety and fear... 2364 02:34:30,960 --> 02:34:33,520 ..something the doctors didn't know how to deal with. 2365 02:34:36,480 --> 02:34:40,720 And in 1963, the company Hoffman LaRoche 2366 02:34:40,720 --> 02:34:44,600 hired Sackler to promote a new drug called Valium. 2367 02:34:44,600 --> 02:34:48,000 He offered it to the doctors as an extraordinary new way 2368 02:34:48,000 --> 02:34:51,200 to treat these inner anxieties, 2369 02:34:51,200 --> 02:34:55,040 and he said it wasn't dangerous or addictive. 2370 02:34:56,640 --> 02:34:58,600 Valium became an amazing success. 2371 02:34:58,600 --> 02:35:02,960 By 1971, it was the most widely prescribed medication 2372 02:35:02,960 --> 02:35:04,920 in the western world. 2373 02:35:04,920 --> 02:35:11,160 Hoffman's plant in New Jersey turned out 30 million pills in 15 hours - 2374 02:35:11,160 --> 02:35:15,160 enough to satisfy global consumption for just five days. 2375 02:35:18,280 --> 02:35:22,480 Valium had touched on something inside human beings, 2376 02:35:22,480 --> 02:35:24,120 but nobody knew what it was. 2377 02:35:25,360 --> 02:35:29,800 The new wave of feminists pointed out that far more women than men 2378 02:35:29,800 --> 02:35:31,640 were taking Valium. 2379 02:35:31,640 --> 02:35:35,480 They said the drug was being used to blot out the feeling 2380 02:35:35,480 --> 02:35:37,400 that millions of women were having 2381 02:35:37,400 --> 02:35:40,080 that there was something badly wrong with their lives. 2382 02:35:42,880 --> 02:35:45,640 That when they did what they were supposed to do, 2383 02:35:45,640 --> 02:35:48,200 it didn't bring the happiness they had been promised. 2384 02:35:56,720 --> 02:35:59,680 And I thought to myself, well, I... 2385 02:35:59,680 --> 02:36:02,160 There's got to be a better way for me, 2386 02:36:02,160 --> 02:36:04,720 and I went about it in the way that I wanted to. 2387 02:36:04,720 --> 02:36:08,080 I did what I wanted, regardless of what society was saying. 2388 02:36:08,080 --> 02:36:10,640 And then, it all kind of caved in on me. 2389 02:36:10,640 --> 02:36:14,520 And I just figured, well, you know, what's the use? 2390 02:36:14,520 --> 02:36:18,040 And so I ended up in the state hospital. 2391 02:36:18,040 --> 02:36:21,960 But now that I'm on the road back, I found if I... 2392 02:36:21,960 --> 02:36:23,520 I don't see there is any solution, 2393 02:36:23,520 --> 02:36:26,480 because if I act the way society tells me to act, 2394 02:36:26,480 --> 02:36:31,640 and do abide by the rules, my life is fine and everybody's happy. 2395 02:36:31,640 --> 02:36:33,880 But Arthur Sackler suspected 2396 02:36:33,880 --> 02:36:37,960 that the drug had touched on something much deeper, 2397 02:36:37,960 --> 02:36:41,480 that the women who spent their days alone in their new suburban homes 2398 02:36:41,480 --> 02:36:43,960 were in a kind of laboratory of the future. 2399 02:36:45,800 --> 02:36:48,320 They had discovered before anyone else 2400 02:36:48,320 --> 02:36:51,400 the underlying weakness with the new individualism - 2401 02:36:51,400 --> 02:36:55,400 that you were free, but you were alone. 2402 02:36:55,400 --> 02:36:59,800 Women told researchers, "I feel empty somehow," 2403 02:36:59,800 --> 02:37:02,360 or, "I feel as if I don't exist." 2404 02:37:08,040 --> 02:37:09,800 And Sackler knew 2405 02:37:09,800 --> 02:37:13,360 more and more men were also beginning to take the drug. 2406 02:37:13,360 --> 02:37:16,160 The women had just got there first. 2407 02:37:53,720 --> 02:37:55,760 PLUCKS MELODY 2408 02:37:57,600 --> 02:38:00,640 SINGS TRADITIONAL SONG 2409 02:38:06,920 --> 02:38:08,880 The Dream Of The Red Chamber 2410 02:38:08,880 --> 02:38:12,040 is the most famous novel in China's history. 2411 02:38:12,040 --> 02:38:16,720 It was written 250 years before in the 18th century. 2412 02:38:16,720 --> 02:38:22,360 It tells the story of the rise and fall of two powerful families. 2413 02:38:22,360 --> 02:38:24,160 As their power declines, 2414 02:38:24,160 --> 02:38:27,320 the characters begin to find that the line between reality 2415 02:38:27,320 --> 02:38:29,960 and a dream world gets blurred. 2416 02:38:33,320 --> 02:38:36,280 They slip back and forth between the two. 2417 02:38:36,280 --> 02:38:38,800 DISCORDANT MUSIC 2418 02:38:46,800 --> 02:38:49,840 Jiang Qing, the wife of Mao Zedong, 2419 02:38:49,840 --> 02:38:52,560 had always been fascinated by The Dream Of The Red Chamber... 2420 02:38:54,120 --> 02:38:57,920 ..because it seemed to show that it is the power of a ruling class 2421 02:38:57,920 --> 02:39:01,680 that shapes the very nature of reality itself. 2422 02:39:01,680 --> 02:39:06,080 And it was that idea that had driven her in the Cultural Revolution. 2423 02:39:07,280 --> 02:39:09,680 She had wanted to create a mass force 2424 02:39:09,680 --> 02:39:11,480 powerful enough to change 2425 02:39:11,480 --> 02:39:15,160 the very way millions of Chinese people saw the world. 2426 02:39:20,680 --> 02:39:24,520 But suddenly, Mao Zedong had turned on her. 2427 02:39:24,520 --> 02:39:28,120 He brutally dismissed all her ideas 2428 02:39:28,120 --> 02:39:31,840 and she began to realise that maybe he had been using her. 2429 02:39:33,800 --> 02:39:37,080 That Mao had used the mass frenzy that she had created 2430 02:39:37,080 --> 02:39:40,200 simply as a way of getting rid of his enemies. 2431 02:39:41,280 --> 02:39:44,160 It meant that everything that she had created - 2432 02:39:44,160 --> 02:39:46,440 the epic operas and ballets, 2433 02:39:46,440 --> 02:39:49,520 that promised a new kind of reality in the future - 2434 02:39:49,520 --> 02:39:52,040 had just been flimsy illusions 2435 02:39:52,040 --> 02:39:56,080 to disguise what had really been a brutal struggle for power. 2436 02:40:05,040 --> 02:40:07,240 And now, Mao had sent the Red Guards, 2437 02:40:07,240 --> 02:40:09,560 who had been the source of her power, 2438 02:40:09,560 --> 02:40:12,360 off to the distant deserts and mountains. 2439 02:40:13,800 --> 02:40:18,240 Jiang Qing was increasingly alone, and frightened, 2440 02:40:18,240 --> 02:40:21,360 because Mao was turning on all those who had helped him 2441 02:40:21,360 --> 02:40:22,960 in the Cultural Revolution. 2442 02:40:24,080 --> 02:40:27,240 He tricked the head of the People's Army, Lin Biao, 2443 02:40:27,240 --> 02:40:28,760 into plotting a coup. 2444 02:40:30,040 --> 02:40:32,440 Mao sent troops to arrest Lin, 2445 02:40:32,440 --> 02:40:36,120 but he and his family managed to escape on a plane. 2446 02:40:37,760 --> 02:40:39,320 But the plane ran out of fuel 2447 02:40:39,320 --> 02:40:42,440 and crashed in the desolate mountains of Mongolia. 2448 02:40:44,600 --> 02:40:47,880 Jiang Qing was terrified that she would be next. 2449 02:40:47,880 --> 02:40:50,120 She mounted anti-aircraft guns 2450 02:40:50,120 --> 02:40:52,880 on the roof of her house in the party compound. 2451 02:40:54,360 --> 02:40:57,800 She ate meals at random times to avoid being poisoned. 2452 02:40:58,960 --> 02:41:01,400 And she suspected the nurse who gave her sleeping pills 2453 02:41:01,400 --> 02:41:03,240 of being an assassin. 2454 02:41:04,560 --> 02:41:08,600 Jiang Qing's own sense of reality was beginning to dissolve. 2455 02:41:10,040 --> 02:41:13,760 But she also realised that, with Lin Biao destroyed, 2456 02:41:13,760 --> 02:41:18,680 she now had a much greater chance of taking power when Mao died. 2457 02:41:51,640 --> 02:41:55,680 In 1967, the Russians launched a space flight 2458 02:41:55,680 --> 02:41:58,640 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Revolution. 2459 02:41:59,600 --> 02:42:01,720 It was called Soyuz 1. 2460 02:42:01,720 --> 02:42:05,080 Everything seemed to be going normally 2461 02:42:05,080 --> 02:42:07,600 but the astronaut knew that something terrible 2462 02:42:07,600 --> 02:42:08,760 was likely to happen. 2463 02:42:12,880 --> 02:42:15,760 He was called Vladimir Komarov. 2464 02:42:15,760 --> 02:42:19,840 Komarov's best friend was the Soviet hero Yuri Gagarin, 2465 02:42:19,840 --> 02:42:23,120 who had made the first human flight into space. 2466 02:42:23,120 --> 02:42:24,960 As they prepared for the launch, 2467 02:42:24,960 --> 02:42:27,680 Gagarin had inspected Komarov's spacecraft. 2468 02:42:28,880 --> 02:42:31,800 He discovered hundreds of faults in its construction. 2469 02:42:33,080 --> 02:42:35,200 He told Komarov what he had found, 2470 02:42:35,200 --> 02:42:37,680 that the spacecraft was a deathtrap. 2471 02:42:38,920 --> 02:42:41,080 Gagarin tried to get the launch stopped, 2472 02:42:41,080 --> 02:42:44,400 but the Communist Party leaders refused. 2473 02:42:44,400 --> 02:42:46,800 "The launch had to go ahead," they said, 2474 02:42:46,800 --> 02:42:49,560 "to celebrate the anniversary of the revolution." 2475 02:42:51,000 --> 02:42:54,120 Komarov went, but on one condition. 2476 02:42:54,120 --> 02:42:59,400 If he died, his body should be displayed in an open coffin. 2477 02:42:59,400 --> 02:43:01,480 Things went wrong from the start. 2478 02:43:01,480 --> 02:43:03,480 The spacecraft lost power. 2479 02:43:03,480 --> 02:43:06,880 Komarov tried to manually guide it back to Earth. 2480 02:43:06,880 --> 02:43:09,560 But then the parachutes failed to open. 2481 02:43:10,880 --> 02:43:13,440 An American listening post on the Russian border 2482 02:43:13,440 --> 02:43:16,640 recorded Komarov's final cries of rage 2483 02:43:16,640 --> 02:43:19,920 as he plunged to his death on the plains of Kazakhstan. 2484 02:43:22,440 --> 02:43:25,240 PANICKED YELLING 2485 02:43:32,000 --> 02:43:35,320 BEEPING 2486 02:43:35,320 --> 02:43:37,080 SCREAM ECHOES 2487 02:43:37,080 --> 02:43:40,120 Komarov's remains were put into an open casket 2488 02:43:40,120 --> 02:43:42,200 at the space headquarters. 2489 02:43:42,200 --> 02:43:44,680 It was his revenge. 2490 02:43:44,680 --> 02:43:48,200 It showed in a shocking way how the power of the Soviet leaders 2491 02:43:48,200 --> 02:43:50,120 was crumbling, 2492 02:43:50,120 --> 02:43:54,040 and how deeply the communist dream had become corrupted. 2493 02:43:59,720 --> 02:44:01,280 UPBEAT MUSIC 2494 02:44:12,160 --> 02:44:15,240 Eduard Limonov grew up in Ukraine in the 1950s. 2495 02:44:16,400 --> 02:44:18,480 His father worked in a lowly position 2496 02:44:18,480 --> 02:44:20,600 in the Ministry of Internal Security. 2497 02:44:22,040 --> 02:44:25,160 They were in charge of watching and reporting on people, 2498 02:44:25,160 --> 02:44:28,320 to make sure that everyone was a good communist. 2499 02:44:29,920 --> 02:44:33,360 Limonov admired his father as a Soviet hero. 2500 02:44:34,480 --> 02:44:38,160 And often, his father would travel to Siberia by train for his work. 2501 02:44:41,360 --> 02:44:43,400 TRAIN WHISTLE 2502 02:44:43,400 --> 02:44:45,680 One evening after his father had been away, 2503 02:44:45,680 --> 02:44:48,960 Limonov went to the station to meet him as he returned. 2504 02:44:50,480 --> 02:44:52,320 But his father didn't appear. 2505 02:44:54,320 --> 02:44:56,360 Limonov searched, 2506 02:44:56,360 --> 02:44:59,280 and found another train hidden away in the sidings. 2507 02:45:00,640 --> 02:45:02,600 He watched dozens of men in handcuffs 2508 02:45:02,600 --> 02:45:06,240 being taken off the train and put into trucks. 2509 02:45:07,320 --> 02:45:10,120 Each one was called out by a man with a clipboard. 2510 02:45:11,480 --> 02:45:13,240 The man was his father. 2511 02:45:15,760 --> 02:45:20,200 Later that night, Limonov overheard his father tell his mother 2512 02:45:20,200 --> 02:45:23,840 that all the men were being sent to a prison to be shot 2513 02:45:23,840 --> 02:45:25,640 because they were against the system. 2514 02:45:27,720 --> 02:45:29,680 Limonov realised that there was another 2515 02:45:29,680 --> 02:45:32,800 violent hidden reality in the Soviet system 2516 02:45:32,800 --> 02:45:36,920 that reached everywhere, even into his own family. 2517 02:45:38,200 --> 02:45:41,600 And he decided he would be against the system. 2518 02:45:41,600 --> 02:45:43,320 He would become a dissident. 2519 02:45:56,000 --> 02:45:59,560 # People steal 2520 02:45:59,560 --> 02:46:03,240 # They cheat and lie 2521 02:46:05,200 --> 02:46:10,160 # For wealth and what 2522 02:46:10,160 --> 02:46:14,400 # It will buy 2523 02:46:15,560 --> 02:46:19,880 # Don't they know 2524 02:46:19,880 --> 02:46:22,800 # On the Judgment Day 2525 02:46:24,520 --> 02:46:28,760 # That their gold and silver 2526 02:46:28,760 --> 02:46:32,080 # Will melt away? # 2527 02:46:32,080 --> 02:46:33,720 TRAIN WHISTLE 2528 02:46:33,720 --> 02:46:38,680 This coal train is symbolic of much of the dilemma of Appalachia. 2529 02:46:38,680 --> 02:46:42,680 Until very recently, the companies that mine the coal 2530 02:46:42,680 --> 02:46:45,960 owned all the mining communities. 2531 02:46:45,960 --> 02:46:48,960 They owned the mines themselves, 2532 02:46:48,960 --> 02:46:51,760 the tipples, the company towns, 2533 02:46:51,760 --> 02:46:54,480 the streets, the houses, the stores, 2534 02:46:54,480 --> 02:46:58,280 the commissaries, the hotels, the hospitals. 2535 02:46:58,280 --> 02:47:03,080 They even had their own brand of money, scrip, 2536 02:47:03,080 --> 02:47:09,080 which circulated only in company commissaries and stores. 2537 02:47:09,080 --> 02:47:12,560 This created a population that was totally dependent. 2538 02:47:12,560 --> 02:47:17,000 And the dependency lasted for more than 40 years. 2539 02:47:17,000 --> 02:47:19,720 Abruptly, a few years ago, 2540 02:47:19,720 --> 02:47:23,760 the company no longer needed its mining men, 2541 02:47:23,760 --> 02:47:25,760 it needed mining machines. 2542 02:47:25,760 --> 02:47:29,840 So the company withdrew its paternalism 2543 02:47:29,840 --> 02:47:32,000 in each of the mining valleys. 2544 02:47:32,000 --> 02:47:34,400 Millions, hundreds of millions, 2545 02:47:34,400 --> 02:47:39,480 even billions of dollars' worth of coal have gone out of these valleys. 2546 02:47:39,480 --> 02:47:44,120 Appalachia has produced, essentially, two crops of people - 2547 02:47:44,120 --> 02:47:46,760 the rich, who have followed the coal, 2548 02:47:46,760 --> 02:47:50,600 and the poor, who have stayed here, in the Appalachian valleys. 2549 02:47:52,080 --> 02:47:55,800 TRAIN WHISTLE 2550 02:47:55,800 --> 02:47:59,000 Harry Caudill was a lawyer in the giant coal-mining area 2551 02:47:59,000 --> 02:48:02,560 that stretched across the Cumberland Mountains in Appalachia. 2552 02:48:03,960 --> 02:48:06,920 He had spent his life representing the miners - 2553 02:48:06,920 --> 02:48:09,800 taking on and fighting those who owned the mines. 2554 02:48:10,960 --> 02:48:14,480 But now he had realised that something fundamental was happening. 2555 02:48:16,080 --> 02:48:18,280 The power of the miners all around him 2556 02:48:18,280 --> 02:48:20,960 was beginning to dissolve and collapse. 2557 02:48:22,720 --> 02:48:25,120 He wrote a book called Night Comes To The Cumberlands. 2558 02:48:26,640 --> 02:48:30,040 He described how coal had not only brought wealth and power 2559 02:48:30,040 --> 02:48:32,680 to those who owned the mines, 2560 02:48:32,680 --> 02:48:35,840 but also to the miners themselves. 2561 02:48:35,840 --> 02:48:40,040 It gave them power because it brought thousands of them together. 2562 02:48:40,040 --> 02:48:43,960 And together, they could block the coal from leaving the valleys. 2563 02:48:45,880 --> 02:48:47,960 It gave them enormous collective power, 2564 02:48:47,960 --> 02:48:51,160 out of which, organised labour had come. 2565 02:48:53,000 --> 02:48:56,240 For 40 years, they had mounted strikes and blockades 2566 02:48:56,240 --> 02:49:00,600 and fought violent battles with the private armies of the mine-owners. 2567 02:49:03,960 --> 02:49:06,560 And out of that had come strong leaders, 2568 02:49:06,560 --> 02:49:10,880 who had used the collective power to change society for the better. 2569 02:49:23,840 --> 02:49:26,240 In 1946, 2570 02:49:26,240 --> 02:49:27,840 the United Mine Workers of America, 2571 02:49:27,840 --> 02:49:31,600 under the leadership of John L Lewis, 2572 02:49:31,600 --> 02:49:32,920 who is generally regarded as 2573 02:49:32,920 --> 02:49:36,440 the greatest labour statesman in American history, 2574 02:49:36,440 --> 02:49:41,320 undertook to raise the medical standards of this area. 2575 02:49:41,320 --> 02:49:44,600 Lewis had a very dramatic confrontation 2576 02:49:44,600 --> 02:49:48,240 with the American coal operators at Pittsburgh. 2577 02:49:49,360 --> 02:49:52,880 "You have," he said, "made dead more than half a million 2578 02:49:52,880 --> 02:49:54,680 "of your fellow citizens. 2579 02:49:54,680 --> 02:49:57,880 "The product you sell in the markets of the world 2580 02:49:57,880 --> 02:50:01,280 "is drenched with the blood of your workmen. 2581 02:50:01,280 --> 02:50:05,240 "It is salted with the tears of their widows and orphans." 2582 02:50:05,240 --> 02:50:10,920 And he said, "Beginning today, beginning immediately, 2583 02:50:10,920 --> 02:50:12,920 "and at this bargaining table, 2584 02:50:12,920 --> 02:50:17,560 "you will begin to redress this old injustice." 2585 02:50:18,480 --> 02:50:23,200 The United Mine Workers Health and Welfare Fund came into existence 2586 02:50:23,200 --> 02:50:25,280 the following year. 2587 02:50:25,280 --> 02:50:27,200 It was comparable in many respects 2588 02:50:27,200 --> 02:50:30,840 to the National Health Service in Great Britain. 2589 02:50:30,840 --> 02:50:33,200 CLOCK TICKS 2590 02:50:35,560 --> 02:50:38,800 But now, Caudill realised that that power had gone. 2591 02:50:41,360 --> 02:50:42,960 First, the machines had come 2592 02:50:42,960 --> 02:50:45,200 and replaced thousands of workers. 2593 02:50:47,240 --> 02:50:50,760 Helpless to save their jobs, they now lived in growing poverty, 2594 02:50:50,760 --> 02:50:52,720 supported only by welfare. 2595 02:50:58,800 --> 02:51:01,800 And then there was the other fossil fuel - oil. 2596 02:51:10,120 --> 02:51:12,680 Oil was now rising up to replace coal. 2597 02:51:13,920 --> 02:51:16,360 And more and more of it came from the Middle East. 2598 02:51:17,640 --> 02:51:21,120 In countries like Saudi Arabia, the Western oil companies 2599 02:51:21,120 --> 02:51:23,640 had created their own managed communities. 2600 02:51:26,360 --> 02:51:29,200 But these communities were for the managers, 2601 02:51:29,200 --> 02:51:32,760 who lived a dreamlike existence in the middle of the desert. 2602 02:51:34,320 --> 02:51:38,200 Their golf courses created by rolling crude oil into the sand... 2603 02:51:40,880 --> 02:51:45,160 ..while the workers were controlled by authoritarian governments. 2604 02:51:45,160 --> 02:51:46,800 They were no threat. 2605 02:51:48,480 --> 02:51:51,200 And across the world, the oil industry 2606 02:51:51,200 --> 02:51:53,080 was a scattered, diffused network, 2607 02:51:53,080 --> 02:51:55,760 where there was never any chance of enough workers 2608 02:51:55,760 --> 02:51:58,640 coming together to create a critical mass... 2609 02:51:59,920 --> 02:52:02,400 ..out of which would come collective action. 2610 02:52:17,320 --> 02:52:20,240 But at that very moment, something was revealed 2611 02:52:20,240 --> 02:52:22,760 in another remote part of the world 2612 02:52:22,760 --> 02:52:26,200 that was going to lead to a realisation that fossil fuels 2613 02:52:26,200 --> 02:52:29,040 could not only change the nature of power, 2614 02:52:29,040 --> 02:52:32,720 they could also change the whole structure of the planet. 2615 02:52:38,680 --> 02:52:43,240 On the top of the world, below the surface of a giant ice cap, 2616 02:52:43,240 --> 02:52:45,040 a city is buried. 2617 02:52:46,960 --> 02:52:51,280 Camp Century is buried below the surface of this ice cap. 2618 02:52:51,280 --> 02:52:54,800 Beneath it, the ice descends for 6,000 feet. 2619 02:52:56,040 --> 02:52:58,600 In this remote setting, Camp Century is a symbol 2620 02:52:58,600 --> 02:53:02,720 of man's unceasing struggle to conquer his environment. 2621 02:53:02,720 --> 02:53:06,640 Camp Century pretended to be a scientific base. 2622 02:53:06,640 --> 02:53:10,280 In reality, it was a disguise for Project Iceworm. 2623 02:53:12,040 --> 02:53:14,320 600 nuclear missiles were going to be hidden 2624 02:53:14,320 --> 02:53:17,920 in hundreds of miles of tunnels under the ice, 2625 02:53:17,920 --> 02:53:19,760 targeted at Russia. 2626 02:53:22,800 --> 02:53:24,800 But as a part of the disguise, 2627 02:53:24,800 --> 02:53:27,840 climate scientists, working with army engineers, 2628 02:53:27,840 --> 02:53:31,320 began to drill hundreds of feet down into the ice 2629 02:53:31,320 --> 02:53:33,760 and bring up ice cores. 2630 02:53:35,160 --> 02:53:37,440 The ice sheet had been built up layer by layer 2631 02:53:37,440 --> 02:53:40,760 over hundreds of thousands of years. 2632 02:53:40,760 --> 02:53:44,760 That meant that it had within it a frozen record of the past. 2633 02:53:48,960 --> 02:53:51,600 What the scientists found in the cores astonished them. 2634 02:53:52,760 --> 02:53:57,040 That 11,000 years before, there had been a sudden cataclysmic shift. 2635 02:53:58,320 --> 02:54:02,640 The world's temperature had changed by ten degrees in just centuries. 2636 02:54:05,560 --> 02:54:07,480 Other ice cores then confirmed this. 2637 02:54:08,640 --> 02:54:11,640 That in the past, there had been repeated, sudden changes, 2638 02:54:11,640 --> 02:54:13,360 both heating and cooling, 2639 02:54:13,360 --> 02:54:17,240 of the world's climate at speeds that no-one thought possible. 2640 02:54:18,960 --> 02:54:21,840 This piece of ice records a spectacular cooling. 2641 02:54:22,840 --> 02:54:25,600 In fact, it's a quite new discovery for us 2642 02:54:25,600 --> 02:54:28,880 that the Earth can turn so cold so fast. 2643 02:54:28,880 --> 02:54:31,360 What was the reason? 2644 02:54:31,360 --> 02:54:34,680 We don't think that volcanic eruptions did it. 2645 02:54:34,680 --> 02:54:40,280 Maybe it was due to enormous breakout of Antarctic ice. 2646 02:54:41,520 --> 02:54:45,720 The problem is, could that happen again to us right now? 2647 02:54:47,120 --> 02:54:53,040 Or could we accidentally provoke such a catastrophe? 2648 02:54:53,040 --> 02:54:56,840 We must find the reason for this natural event long ago. 2649 02:54:59,960 --> 02:55:02,880 They believed that what the ice cores showed 2650 02:55:02,880 --> 02:55:05,760 was that the idea which dominated science, 2651 02:55:05,760 --> 02:55:07,840 that the world's climate was a stable, 2652 02:55:07,840 --> 02:55:11,320 self-correcting system, was wrong - 2653 02:55:11,320 --> 02:55:15,280 that it could suddenly shift into a completely different state... 2654 02:55:16,560 --> 02:55:18,960 ..which would have extraordinary consequences. 2655 02:55:46,560 --> 02:55:48,200 WIND GUSTS 2656 02:55:52,040 --> 02:55:54,480 WIND WHISTLES 2657 02:56:09,520 --> 02:56:11,240 Richard Nixon came to power 2658 02:56:11,240 --> 02:56:14,040 because he had harnessed a new force. 2659 02:56:14,040 --> 02:56:15,920 He called it the silent majority. 2660 02:56:17,560 --> 02:56:19,160 They were the people in the suburbs 2661 02:56:19,160 --> 02:56:21,800 that were rapidly growing around every city in America. 2662 02:56:23,560 --> 02:56:25,680 But it was a fragile power base, 2663 02:56:25,680 --> 02:56:28,280 because it wasn't like the old collective power 2664 02:56:28,280 --> 02:56:31,080 that had driven political parties in the past. 2665 02:56:32,200 --> 02:56:34,280 It was millions of individuals 2666 02:56:34,280 --> 02:56:36,680 who not only felt isolated and alone, 2667 02:56:36,680 --> 02:56:40,920 but also increasingly fearful of the chaos in America 2668 02:56:40,920 --> 02:56:43,000 as a result of the Vietnam War. 2669 02:56:44,240 --> 02:56:48,120 We were sitting in the living room watching the Miss Ohio pageant, 2670 02:56:48,120 --> 02:56:51,320 and all of a sudden, I heard a smack at the front 2671 02:56:51,320 --> 02:56:55,840 and I run out and heard something hit a window here in the back. 2672 02:56:55,840 --> 02:56:59,200 And I tore around the driveway here 2673 02:56:59,200 --> 02:57:01,880 and I looked all over, but I didn't see a thing. 2674 02:57:01,880 --> 02:57:03,480 I didn't see one guy. 2675 02:57:03,480 --> 02:57:06,800 You know, you can put up with this crap just so long 2676 02:57:06,800 --> 02:57:09,440 and then - pow! - somebody's going to get it. 2677 02:57:09,440 --> 02:57:11,280 ANIMATED SHOUTS 2678 02:57:14,880 --> 02:57:17,560 MUFFLED SPEECH 2679 02:57:17,560 --> 02:57:20,880 There are those who say, "How do we answer those who engage in violence? 2680 02:57:20,880 --> 02:57:24,520 "How do we answer those who try to shout down a speaker?" 2681 02:57:24,520 --> 02:57:27,920 And my answer is, don't answer in kind. 2682 02:57:27,920 --> 02:57:30,920 It's time for the great silent majority 2683 02:57:30,920 --> 02:57:34,320 just to stand up and be counted! APPLAUSE 2684 02:57:34,320 --> 02:57:37,160 Nixon promised to represent the silent majority. 2685 02:57:38,400 --> 02:57:41,040 But the truth was that he was also uncertain, 2686 02:57:41,040 --> 02:57:44,160 and frightened, too, just like them. 2687 02:57:46,080 --> 02:57:49,440 Nixon had been to see a psychiatrist about his feelings of dread. 2688 02:57:50,680 --> 02:57:52,160 He told the psychiatrist 2689 02:57:52,160 --> 02:57:54,960 that when he looked in the mirror in the morning, 2690 02:57:54,960 --> 02:57:57,120 it was as if there was no-one there. 2691 02:58:01,960 --> 02:58:04,960 He was also suspicious and paranoid. 2692 02:58:04,960 --> 02:58:07,480 Nixon was convinced that there was a conspiracy, 2693 02:58:07,480 --> 02:58:11,040 by what he called the liberal establishment, to destroy him. 2694 02:58:12,480 --> 02:58:17,320 In 1971, he told his aides to start what he called, the enemies list. 2695 02:58:18,520 --> 02:58:21,600 It included dozens of liberal journalists, academics 2696 02:58:21,600 --> 02:58:23,240 and even film stars. 2697 02:58:24,720 --> 02:58:28,240 Nixon had a tape machine running all the time in the White House. 2698 02:58:28,240 --> 02:58:32,040 And on it, he left a record of this paranoia. 2699 02:58:54,400 --> 02:58:58,520 But Nixon soon found that the chaos created by the Vietnam War 2700 02:58:58,520 --> 02:59:02,360 was also going to stop him delivering the new, stable America 2701 02:59:02,360 --> 02:59:04,000 that he had promised. 2702 02:59:05,160 --> 02:59:09,880 The cost of the war was huge, and America was deeply in debt. 2703 02:59:09,880 --> 02:59:13,280 In 1971, it forced Nixon to give up 2704 02:59:13,280 --> 02:59:16,600 one of the great symbols of America's global power - 2705 02:59:16,600 --> 02:59:19,440 the control of all the world's currencies. 2706 02:59:24,000 --> 02:59:25,640 Ever since the Second World War, 2707 02:59:25,640 --> 02:59:28,040 the value of all currencies in the world 2708 02:59:28,040 --> 02:59:30,360 had been fixed to the dollar. 2709 02:59:30,360 --> 02:59:34,080 They were backed by the gold reserves held in Fort Knox. 2710 02:59:35,040 --> 02:59:37,560 But then, overnight, Nixon let that go. 2711 02:59:37,560 --> 02:59:42,000 And suddenly, there was no fixed value for any currency 2712 02:59:42,000 --> 02:59:44,560 anywhere in the world. 2713 02:59:44,560 --> 02:59:46,080 What was that mark, John? 2714 02:59:46,080 --> 02:59:47,720 8.38-8.43. 2715 02:59:47,720 --> 02:59:50,880 8.38-8.43, I can deal with you in sterling mark. 2716 02:59:52,160 --> 02:59:55,040 And dollars? Just a second. Dollars, Chris? 2717 02:59:55,040 --> 02:59:59,040 2.44.59. 2.44.59 dollar sterling. 2718 02:59:59,040 --> 03:00:02,480 There was immediately confusion as banks around the world 2719 03:00:02,480 --> 03:00:05,520 struggled to come to terms with the new reality. 2720 03:00:06,920 --> 03:00:09,400 They set up new, improvised dealing rooms 2721 03:00:09,400 --> 03:00:11,160 buying and selling currencies 2722 03:00:11,160 --> 03:00:14,280 as, minute by minute, they went up and down in value. 2723 03:00:18,720 --> 03:00:20,760 But then President Nixon did something 2724 03:00:20,760 --> 03:00:23,960 that seemed to show he still had power to change the world. 2725 03:00:25,120 --> 03:00:26,760 He went to China. 2726 03:00:27,840 --> 03:00:31,000 His arrival was broadcast live in America. 2727 03:00:31,000 --> 03:00:33,840 Journalists compared it to the moon landings 2728 03:00:33,840 --> 03:00:36,960 because Nixon was going to a giant, mysterious country 2729 03:00:36,960 --> 03:00:40,560 that had been cut off from the rest of the world for decades. 2730 03:00:44,040 --> 03:00:46,920 And he was going to bring it into the modern global system. 2731 03:00:54,800 --> 03:00:57,120 By now, Mao could hardly walk. 2732 03:00:58,640 --> 03:01:01,040 The Americans had sent medical equipment ahead 2733 03:01:01,040 --> 03:01:03,600 in case of an assassination attempt on Nixon. 2734 03:01:04,720 --> 03:01:09,280 But the Chinese took it and used it instead to resuscitate Mao. 2735 03:01:10,640 --> 03:01:12,920 The meeting lasted for only an hour. 2736 03:01:14,320 --> 03:01:17,960 Mao went back to bed and Nixon didn't see him again. 2737 03:01:22,000 --> 03:01:25,200 Instead, he went with Mao's wife, Jiang Qing, 2738 03:01:25,200 --> 03:01:27,280 to see one of her revolutionary operas. 2739 03:01:29,080 --> 03:01:31,560 On the surface, Jiang Qing seemed confident. 2740 03:01:32,680 --> 03:01:36,240 But underneath, she realised she could be destroyed at any minute. 2741 03:01:37,520 --> 03:01:39,320 It wasn't just Mao. 2742 03:01:39,320 --> 03:01:42,480 By now, the whole system of authority in China 2743 03:01:42,480 --> 03:01:44,920 was beginning to fall apart. 2744 03:01:44,920 --> 03:01:49,000 As many of those in power realised that the revolution had failed. 2745 03:01:49,000 --> 03:01:50,880 CAST SING 2746 03:02:06,800 --> 03:02:10,200 But while Jiang Qing was preoccupied with real enemies, 2747 03:02:10,200 --> 03:02:13,600 Nixon, sitting next to her, had now become obsessed 2748 03:02:13,600 --> 03:02:16,800 with plotting to destroy his imaginary enemies. 2749 03:02:18,520 --> 03:02:21,360 He had set up a conspiracy, based in the White House. 2750 03:02:22,840 --> 03:02:25,840 It was run by a group of ex intelligence agents, 2751 03:02:25,840 --> 03:02:28,840 and they were already planning to bug, burgle 2752 03:02:28,840 --> 03:02:31,360 and blackmail Nixon's opponents. 2753 03:02:32,880 --> 03:02:37,160 Behind his smile, he was preoccupied with plotting and scheming. 2754 03:02:47,760 --> 03:02:49,480 Jiang Qing and Richard Nixon 2755 03:02:49,480 --> 03:02:53,760 were two of the most powerful people in the world at that moment. 2756 03:02:53,760 --> 03:02:56,480 But what they shared was a sense that power 2757 03:02:56,480 --> 03:02:58,840 was now slipping from their grasp. 2758 03:03:02,120 --> 03:03:05,560 While the new force that Nixon had unleashed - money - 2759 03:03:05,560 --> 03:03:08,440 was eating away at the idea that there was a fixed, 2760 03:03:08,440 --> 03:03:11,560 predictable system that any politician could control. 2761 03:03:14,320 --> 03:03:17,400 Because the bankers had realised that currencies could be traded 2762 03:03:17,400 --> 03:03:19,920 globally, like any other asset. 2763 03:03:21,760 --> 03:03:26,320 And what that had created was a fluid, constantly-changing reality 2764 03:03:26,320 --> 03:03:28,720 that no-one was fully in control of. 2765 03:03:31,680 --> 03:03:32,920 Try 35.42, then! 2766 03:03:32,920 --> 03:03:34,680 Hello? 35.42. 2767 03:03:34,680 --> 03:03:36,480 It dropped 100 points. We don't know why. 2768 03:03:36,480 --> 03:03:39,840 It just dropped down in points when everything else was staying still. 2769 03:03:39,840 --> 03:03:41,640 Right, 30 other way! 30 other way! 2770 03:03:41,640 --> 03:03:43,320 Change it! Change! 2771 03:03:43,320 --> 03:03:45,840 MUSIC PLAYS 2772 03:04:11,680 --> 03:04:13,720 THEY SING 2773 03:04:31,720 --> 03:04:33,800 CHILDREN SING 2774 03:04:37,960 --> 03:04:39,640 SINGING CONTINUES 2775 03:05:08,680 --> 03:05:14,000 Eduard Limonov had now left Ukraine and come to Moscow. 2776 03:05:14,000 --> 03:05:17,000 He became part of what was called the underground - 2777 03:05:17,000 --> 03:05:19,440 writers and painters who saw themselves 2778 03:05:19,440 --> 03:05:21,360 as the opponents of the regime. 2779 03:05:23,040 --> 03:05:24,640 Limonov became a poet. 2780 03:05:26,160 --> 03:05:28,080 And one night, at a party, he met a girl 2781 03:05:28,080 --> 03:05:30,320 who he fell passionately in love with. 2782 03:05:31,600 --> 03:05:33,760 She was called Yelena Shchapova. 2783 03:05:33,760 --> 03:05:36,480 And together, they became a glamorous couple 2784 03:05:36,480 --> 03:05:38,440 in the underground world. 2785 03:05:42,600 --> 03:05:44,400 But what Limonov began to discover 2786 03:05:44,400 --> 03:05:47,840 was that most of the dissidents did not have a clear idea 2787 03:05:47,840 --> 03:05:50,040 of what alternative they wanted. 2788 03:05:51,200 --> 03:05:53,840 They, too, were trapped by the Soviet ideology. 2789 03:05:57,320 --> 03:06:00,320 The most famous dissident was Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. 2790 03:06:01,680 --> 03:06:03,360 He was secretly writing a novel 2791 03:06:03,360 --> 03:06:06,640 that was going to expose the horror behind the communist facade. 2792 03:06:08,120 --> 03:06:10,160 It was called The Gulag Archipelago. 2793 03:06:11,920 --> 03:06:14,960 But in the novel, Solzhenitsyn also confronted the fact 2794 03:06:14,960 --> 03:06:18,600 that, faced by the failure of the revolutionary dream, 2795 03:06:18,600 --> 03:06:21,600 it was now difficult to believe in anything. 2796 03:06:23,400 --> 03:06:27,000 That maybe ideology itself was the problem. 2797 03:06:31,760 --> 03:06:34,080 The evildoers in Shakespeare, he said, 2798 03:06:34,080 --> 03:06:37,240 killed just a few dozen in their struggle for power. 2799 03:06:39,040 --> 03:06:42,040 But then came the belief that you could find a theory 2800 03:06:42,040 --> 03:06:44,840 that would create an ideal world. 2801 03:06:44,840 --> 03:06:49,280 The agents of the Inquisition, he said, invoked Christianity. 2802 03:06:50,760 --> 03:06:52,360 The great empires, like Britain, 2803 03:06:52,360 --> 03:06:55,240 justified it by the idea of civilisation. 2804 03:06:57,560 --> 03:06:59,760 The Nazis did it by race. 2805 03:07:01,120 --> 03:07:04,920 And the revolutionaries, both in France and in Russia, 2806 03:07:04,920 --> 03:07:07,840 justified it by equality, brotherhood 2807 03:07:07,840 --> 03:07:10,240 and the happiness of future generations. 2808 03:07:11,400 --> 03:07:13,400 But in every case, he said, 2809 03:07:13,400 --> 03:07:17,080 thousands, and often millions, were killed. 2810 03:07:18,480 --> 03:07:21,880 Solzhenitsyn's book contained a damning conclusion, 2811 03:07:21,880 --> 03:07:24,040 which was going to be one of the foundations 2812 03:07:24,040 --> 03:07:27,560 of the counter-ideology that dominates the world today. 2813 03:07:27,560 --> 03:07:30,800 It said that the only way to escape from that horror 2814 03:07:30,800 --> 03:07:33,880 was to stop trying to change the world. 2815 03:07:33,880 --> 03:07:36,880 Stop trying to reshape reality. 2816 03:07:38,040 --> 03:07:41,040 Instead, the safest thing to do in the future 2817 03:07:41,040 --> 03:07:42,840 was to believe in nothing. 2818 03:07:48,560 --> 03:07:51,400 Limonov scorned Solzhenitsyn. 2819 03:07:51,400 --> 03:07:54,120 He saw him as part of an older generation 2820 03:07:54,120 --> 03:07:55,960 trapped by their literary elitism. 2821 03:07:57,960 --> 03:08:00,080 Ever since his time in Ukraine, 2822 03:08:00,080 --> 03:08:04,600 he had been fascinated by what he saw as the real outsiders. 2823 03:08:04,600 --> 03:08:08,400 Those who refused in any way to be a part of the Soviet system. 2824 03:08:13,960 --> 03:08:16,400 Above all, the thousands of criminals 2825 03:08:16,400 --> 03:08:19,320 who lived most of their lives in the Russian prisons. 2826 03:08:20,960 --> 03:08:24,680 They were called the Vory v Zakone - thieves in law. 2827 03:08:25,840 --> 03:08:27,760 They had their own codes and hierarchies 2828 03:08:27,760 --> 03:08:30,920 that were expressed in the complex tattoos on their bodies. 2829 03:08:33,840 --> 03:08:37,360 The tattoos also expressed their fundamental belief 2830 03:08:37,360 --> 03:08:42,680 that in a society where ideology controlled the minds of everyone, 2831 03:08:42,680 --> 03:08:45,520 the only way to step outside the system 2832 03:08:45,520 --> 03:08:47,240 was through violent crime. 2833 03:08:50,280 --> 03:08:52,360 A singer called Arkady Severny 2834 03:08:52,360 --> 03:08:56,560 had secretly recorded what were called prison songs. 2835 03:08:56,560 --> 03:09:00,240 Songs from the Vory v Zakone inside the jails, 2836 03:09:00,240 --> 03:09:02,880 that attacked not just the Soviets, 2837 03:09:02,880 --> 03:09:04,680 but the whole Russian empire. 2838 03:09:08,960 --> 03:09:12,160 MAN SINGS IN RUSSIAN 2839 03:09:49,760 --> 03:09:51,280 MAN SPEAKS RUSSIAN 2840 03:09:51,280 --> 03:09:52,760 LAUGHTER 2841 03:09:52,760 --> 03:09:54,440 MAN SPEAKS RUSSIAN 2842 03:09:57,000 --> 03:09:59,680 But then, at the start of 1974, 2843 03:09:59,680 --> 03:10:03,600 the Soviet leaders discovered what Solzhenitsyn had been writing. 2844 03:10:03,600 --> 03:10:06,360 They debated whether to shoot him, 2845 03:10:06,360 --> 03:10:09,720 but decided instead to expel him to the West. 2846 03:10:11,280 --> 03:10:13,680 They also decided to take the opportunity 2847 03:10:13,680 --> 03:10:16,560 to get rid of some of the other dissidents, as well. 2848 03:10:18,040 --> 03:10:22,000 Eduard Limonov and Yelena were summoned to KGB headquarters 2849 03:10:22,000 --> 03:10:24,880 and told that they were being sent to New York. 2850 03:10:26,160 --> 03:10:29,160 While many of the leading criminals, the Vory v Zakone 2851 03:10:29,160 --> 03:10:33,240 were taken from the prisons and put on planes to New York, as well. 2852 03:10:34,360 --> 03:10:37,720 The Soviets told the Americans that they were another group of Jews 2853 03:10:37,720 --> 03:10:39,680 who were being allowed to emigrate. 2854 03:10:48,120 --> 03:10:50,960 ACTOR: I bet you can't hit me. Why don't you try? 2855 03:10:50,960 --> 03:10:53,720 Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha! GUNFIRE 2856 03:10:53,720 --> 03:10:57,320 You're going to miss. You're going to miss. Yes, you are! 2857 03:10:57,320 --> 03:11:00,480 Most of the Russian criminals set up home in Brighton Beach, 2858 03:11:00,480 --> 03:11:02,320 just outside New York. 2859 03:11:03,440 --> 03:11:07,640 They created their own organisation, called the Potato Bag Gang. 2860 03:11:08,720 --> 03:11:11,920 It was the start of the modern Russian mafia in America. 2861 03:11:14,800 --> 03:11:17,080 Limonov and Yelena 2862 03:11:17,080 --> 03:11:19,720 were helped by Russian emigre writers and artists 2863 03:11:19,720 --> 03:11:21,560 already in Manhattan. 2864 03:11:22,640 --> 03:11:24,920 And they soon became a glamorous couple, 2865 03:11:24,920 --> 03:11:27,120 invited to parties by rich Americans 2866 03:11:27,120 --> 03:11:29,400 who wanted to meet Soviet dissidents. 2867 03:11:31,520 --> 03:11:33,880 But the New York Limonov had arrived in 2868 03:11:33,880 --> 03:11:35,840 was not the city of his dreams. 2869 03:11:35,840 --> 03:11:37,160 SIRENS WAIL 2870 03:11:37,160 --> 03:11:39,080 Much of it was falling apart 2871 03:11:39,080 --> 03:11:42,280 with gangs burning down whole buildings for insurance claims. 2872 03:11:46,160 --> 03:11:49,600 But a strange, unreal mood spread through the ruins. 2873 03:11:51,840 --> 03:11:55,040 Well, this morning, on our way into work, we had a report that 2874 03:11:55,040 --> 03:11:57,520 the police had located a carcass 2875 03:11:57,520 --> 03:12:01,080 in a street on 172nd and Bryant. 2876 03:12:01,080 --> 03:12:04,640 It turned out to be a, er... stripped carcass of a gorilla. 2877 03:12:04,640 --> 03:12:07,200 It was headless and the, er... fur was removed, 2878 03:12:07,200 --> 03:12:08,960 the skin was removed. 2879 03:12:08,960 --> 03:12:11,080 South Bronx! 2880 03:12:11,080 --> 03:12:15,760 There was also a mood of paranoia spreading through America. 2881 03:12:17,360 --> 03:12:21,520 Nixon's own paranoia had been exposed by the Watergate scandal. 2882 03:12:21,520 --> 03:12:25,560 But in its wake, all kinds of other revelations came out, 2883 03:12:25,560 --> 03:12:28,280 of dark secrets in the political world 2884 03:12:28,280 --> 03:12:30,840 that had been kept hidden from the people. 2885 03:12:31,960 --> 03:12:36,080 That for 20 years, the CIA had been planning assassinations 2886 03:12:36,080 --> 03:12:40,320 and overthrowing leaders of foreign governments all around the world, 2887 03:12:40,320 --> 03:12:44,320 using poisons and specially-made secret weapons. 2888 03:12:44,320 --> 03:12:46,280 Don't...don't point it at me! 2889 03:12:46,280 --> 03:12:47,680 LAUGHTER 2890 03:12:50,280 --> 03:12:55,000 Does...does this...does this pistol, er...fire the dart? 2891 03:12:55,000 --> 03:12:56,800 Yes, it does, Mr Chairman. 2892 03:12:56,800 --> 03:12:59,600 And a special one was developed which would be able to 2893 03:12:59,600 --> 03:13:02,240 enter the target without perception. 2894 03:13:02,240 --> 03:13:03,320 As a murder instrument, 2895 03:13:03,320 --> 03:13:05,560 that's about as efficient as you can get, isn't it? 2896 03:13:05,560 --> 03:13:06,920 Yes. 2897 03:13:08,760 --> 03:13:11,280 The uncertainty even infected those 2898 03:13:11,280 --> 03:13:15,200 who had previously ridiculed all conspiracy theories. 2899 03:13:16,480 --> 03:13:20,640 Six years before, Kerry Thornley had begun Operation Mindfuck. 2900 03:13:22,120 --> 03:13:25,720 He and his friend Greg Hill had planted fake conspiracy theories 2901 03:13:25,720 --> 03:13:28,920 in the press and in underground magazines, 2902 03:13:28,920 --> 03:13:31,440 alleging that the Illuminati 2903 03:13:31,440 --> 03:13:36,360 were the secret organisation behind all the assassinations in America. 2904 03:13:36,360 --> 03:13:41,960 Their aim was to make people see how absurd all such theories were. 2905 03:13:44,640 --> 03:13:46,040 But one day in New York, 2906 03:13:46,040 --> 03:13:48,320 Thornley thought that he recognised a picture 2907 03:13:48,320 --> 03:13:52,000 of one of the Watergate burglars on a magazine stand. 2908 03:13:53,280 --> 03:13:57,640 He was certain he had met him 20 years before in New Orleans. 2909 03:13:59,000 --> 03:14:03,120 Back then, Thornley had been friends with Lee Harvey Oswald. 2910 03:14:03,120 --> 03:14:06,000 They had met when they were Marines together. 2911 03:14:07,440 --> 03:14:09,680 Thorney had then lived in New Orleans, 2912 03:14:09,680 --> 03:14:13,600 the same city that Oswald had lived in before the assassination. 2913 03:14:15,120 --> 03:14:16,800 And he had met people there 2914 03:14:16,800 --> 03:14:19,840 who later became suspects in the Kennedy conspiracy. 2915 03:14:21,240 --> 03:14:24,880 Thornley had always seen these as coincidences, 2916 03:14:24,880 --> 03:14:27,840 but in the new mood, he started to doubt. 2917 03:14:28,960 --> 03:14:34,080 I had met Guy Banister, a figure, a suspect in the Garrison probe, 2918 03:14:34,080 --> 03:14:37,320 I had met Clay Shaw two weeks before the assassination 2919 03:14:37,320 --> 03:14:40,600 and a discussion of my book about Oswald, 2920 03:14:40,600 --> 03:14:42,200 The Idle Warriors was involved. 2921 03:14:42,200 --> 03:14:46,040 I had even worked in a restaurant where Oswald 2922 03:14:46,040 --> 03:14:51,120 had lived in his youth with his mother right upstairs 2923 03:14:51,120 --> 03:14:52,640 in the same building. 2924 03:14:52,640 --> 03:14:55,560 So there were meaningful coincidences 2925 03:14:55,560 --> 03:14:57,280 and meaningless coincidences, 2926 03:14:57,280 --> 03:15:00,400 but I could not explain all these weird coincidences. 2927 03:15:03,000 --> 03:15:07,280 But at the same time, the fake conspiracy theories that Thornley 2928 03:15:07,280 --> 03:15:11,600 had been spreading into American culture with Operation Mindfuck 2929 03:15:11,600 --> 03:15:15,360 ever since the late 1960s, started to be believed as well. 2930 03:15:16,600 --> 03:15:20,440 Because the real conspiracies were so extraordinary. 2931 03:15:20,440 --> 03:15:25,480 Stories about the Illuminati and a plot to create a new world order 2932 03:15:25,480 --> 03:15:27,920 began to get mixed up with revelations 2933 03:15:27,920 --> 03:15:33,200 about brainwashing and secret mind control programmes run by the CIA. 2934 03:15:35,160 --> 03:15:38,600 The line between the reality of political corruption 2935 03:15:38,600 --> 03:15:41,400 and a dream world of conspiracy theories 2936 03:15:41,400 --> 03:15:43,840 started to get blurred in America. 2937 03:15:47,760 --> 03:15:51,280 But the sense of uncertainty, and a feeling that systems 2938 03:15:51,280 --> 03:15:55,560 might be out of control, was also creeping into other areas. 2939 03:15:56,680 --> 03:16:00,000 A group of climate scientists had begun to argue that the world 2940 03:16:00,000 --> 03:16:03,440 might be on the edge of another dramatic change. 2941 03:16:04,400 --> 03:16:07,720 That there might be a cataclysmic crisis coming. 2942 03:16:07,720 --> 03:16:09,040 WIND WHISTLES 2943 03:16:09,040 --> 03:16:12,040 And that the reason this time was human activity. 2944 03:16:15,880 --> 03:16:19,600 In the 1970s, there seemed to be dramatic shifts happening 2945 03:16:19,600 --> 03:16:21,680 in the climate. 2946 03:16:21,680 --> 03:16:23,760 In regions near the equator 2947 03:16:23,760 --> 03:16:26,120 there were droughts and famines, 2948 03:16:26,120 --> 03:16:29,600 but in the Arctic regions, it was getting colder. 2949 03:16:30,880 --> 03:16:34,240 Something was happening, but no-one knew what. 2950 03:16:35,360 --> 03:16:38,720 One group said that there was going to be a dramatic cooling 2951 03:16:38,720 --> 03:16:41,840 because the dust and smoke spreading around the world 2952 03:16:41,840 --> 03:16:43,400 was blocking out the sunlight. 2953 03:16:45,960 --> 03:16:49,800 A man-made dust pall is spreading over the Earth. 2954 03:16:49,800 --> 03:16:53,680 This dust blots out the sun and causes cooling 2955 03:16:53,680 --> 03:16:55,880 on a worldwide scale. 2956 03:16:55,880 --> 03:16:59,880 Not all scientists agree with this theory. 2957 03:16:59,880 --> 03:17:03,480 I hope it's wrong myself, but there is no doubting 2958 03:17:03,480 --> 03:17:06,640 its seriousness for if this is correct, 2959 03:17:06,640 --> 03:17:11,520 millions of people will be destined for chronic famine. 2960 03:17:11,520 --> 03:17:13,840 THUNDER RUMBLES 2961 03:17:15,720 --> 03:17:19,800 But others said the very opposite was about to happen. 2962 03:17:19,800 --> 03:17:22,440 There was more and more carbon dioxide being pumped 2963 03:17:22,440 --> 03:17:24,640 into the atmosphere. 2964 03:17:24,640 --> 03:17:29,280 That would trap the heat, but the world would grow hotter. 2965 03:17:29,280 --> 03:17:33,800 And the key force behind that was the hydrocarbon - oil. 2966 03:17:41,920 --> 03:17:46,160 In the mid 1970s, oil was about to play a crucial role 2967 03:17:46,160 --> 03:17:50,360 that would increase the uncertain mood that today has come to dominate 2968 03:17:50,360 --> 03:17:51,880 Western societies - 2969 03:17:51,880 --> 03:17:54,920 a feeling that we are somehow surrounded 2970 03:17:54,920 --> 03:17:59,840 by global systems, both natural and those made by humans themselves, 2971 03:17:59,840 --> 03:18:01,600 that are beyond control. 2972 03:18:03,520 --> 03:18:07,800 Systems so complex and unpredictable that they make a mockery of the idea 2973 03:18:07,800 --> 03:18:11,640 that national governments can shape and control the world. 2974 03:18:18,720 --> 03:18:22,040 100 years before, coal had done the same. 2975 03:18:23,200 --> 03:18:27,160 It had brought millions of people into the new industrial cities 2976 03:18:27,160 --> 03:18:30,120 where they worked for the men who owned the vast wealth 2977 03:18:30,120 --> 03:18:32,680 that the coal had created. 2978 03:18:32,680 --> 03:18:37,560 And that money was so powerful that it seemed to control everything - 2979 03:18:37,560 --> 03:18:40,880 not just people's lives, but politics as well. 2980 03:18:43,720 --> 03:18:48,360 But slowly, out of that, came a challenge to that power, 2981 03:18:48,360 --> 03:18:50,880 based on the workers organising together. 2982 03:18:51,880 --> 03:18:54,920 And from that came the idea of mass democracy. 2983 03:18:55,880 --> 03:18:57,480 That the role of politicians 2984 03:18:57,480 --> 03:19:01,920 was to represent the mass of the people against the powerful. 2985 03:19:04,240 --> 03:19:07,400 But now oil was about to start something 2986 03:19:07,400 --> 03:19:10,160 that was going to undermine that idea. 2987 03:19:12,080 --> 03:19:14,640 This is King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. 2988 03:19:14,640 --> 03:19:18,960 He's going to have a great deal to say in the next few years 2989 03:19:18,960 --> 03:19:20,760 about the way you live. 2990 03:19:20,760 --> 03:19:24,120 He rules over a desert kingdom of six million people. 2991 03:19:24,120 --> 03:19:26,080 In this decade of the oil shortage, 2992 03:19:26,080 --> 03:19:29,800 he's one of the most powerful men in the world. 2993 03:19:29,800 --> 03:19:33,360 Under these sands, there are proved deposits 2994 03:19:33,360 --> 03:19:35,640 of 160 billion barrels of oil. 2995 03:19:37,000 --> 03:19:41,920 Starting in 1973, the Arab countries, led by King Faisal, 2996 03:19:41,920 --> 03:19:44,160 decided to use oil as a weapon. 2997 03:19:45,240 --> 03:19:49,560 They wanted to force America to stop supporting Israel. 2998 03:19:49,560 --> 03:19:53,120 They did with oil just what the miners had done with coal 2999 03:19:53,120 --> 03:19:55,320 in the past. 3000 03:19:55,320 --> 03:19:57,240 The Arabs blocked supplies 3001 03:19:57,240 --> 03:20:00,680 and then suddenly raised the price four times. 3002 03:20:01,920 --> 03:20:05,080 It was a dramatic exercise of power. 3003 03:20:05,080 --> 03:20:08,000 And it caused chaos in the American economy. 3004 03:20:09,920 --> 03:20:13,200 TRANSLATION: As a friend of the United States, 3005 03:20:13,200 --> 03:20:14,960 we are deeply concerned 3006 03:20:14,960 --> 03:20:19,200 that if the United States does not change its policy in the Middle East 3007 03:20:19,200 --> 03:20:24,000 and continues to side with Zionism, then I'm afraid, such course 3008 03:20:24,000 --> 03:20:27,720 of action will affect our relations with our American friends 3009 03:20:27,720 --> 03:20:31,880 because it will place us in an untenable position in the Arab world 3010 03:20:31,880 --> 03:20:37,280 and vis a vis the countries which Zionism seeks to destroy. 3011 03:20:37,280 --> 03:20:39,600 For almost three decades, we have 3012 03:20:39,600 --> 03:20:43,160 been the richest, most powerful nation on Earth. 3013 03:20:44,360 --> 03:20:49,280 Now, a nation of six million warns us we must change our foreign policy 3014 03:20:49,280 --> 03:20:51,680 if we want full gas tanks. 3015 03:20:54,280 --> 03:20:56,080 It had a dramatic effect. 3016 03:20:56,080 --> 03:20:59,160 Money suddenly poured into the Arab world. 3017 03:21:00,760 --> 03:21:04,280 Within three years, Saudi Arabia had more foreign currency 3018 03:21:04,280 --> 03:21:08,280 than Japan, Germany and the United States put together. 3019 03:21:10,080 --> 03:21:12,760 But the Arab governments had no idea what to do 3020 03:21:12,760 --> 03:21:15,440 with this vast new wealth. 3021 03:21:15,440 --> 03:21:18,560 So they turned for help to the Western banks. 3022 03:21:19,680 --> 03:21:23,320 The banks realised that they could take these petrodollars and turn 3023 03:21:23,320 --> 03:21:26,720 them into a new kind of international currency, 3024 03:21:26,720 --> 03:21:28,640 free of all government control. 3025 03:21:29,800 --> 03:21:33,760 And soon, politicians from all around the world were coming 3026 03:21:33,760 --> 03:21:36,440 to the new headquarters of the Western banks 3027 03:21:36,440 --> 03:21:38,440 to elaborate signing ceremonies 3028 03:21:38,440 --> 03:21:41,560 where they borrowed billions of the petrodollars. 3029 03:21:48,720 --> 03:21:52,840 And that global financial system that President Nixon had created 3030 03:21:52,840 --> 03:21:56,120 by accident a few years before, 3031 03:21:56,120 --> 03:21:58,960 now became a giant force - 3032 03:21:58,960 --> 03:22:03,760 one that held the destiny of millions of people in its hands 3033 03:22:03,760 --> 03:22:08,440 and politicians became increasingly convinced they couldn't control. 3034 03:22:10,480 --> 03:22:15,200 And the money started to take charge of politics once again. 3035 03:22:22,840 --> 03:22:26,320 But it was only the beginning, because another component 3036 03:22:26,320 --> 03:22:30,720 was about to be fitted into this growing new system of power. 3037 03:22:33,160 --> 03:22:36,240 In China, as Mao approached death, 3038 03:22:36,240 --> 03:22:40,040 Jiang Qing was still determined to take his place as the leader. 3039 03:22:42,560 --> 03:22:46,800 But there was one person who is equally determined to stop her. 3040 03:22:46,800 --> 03:22:48,440 He was called Deng Xiaoping. 3041 03:22:50,480 --> 03:22:53,200 Deng was one of the original revolutionaries 3042 03:22:53,200 --> 03:22:56,280 and he had been sidelined during the Cultural Revolution. 3043 03:22:58,200 --> 03:23:01,720 But now, Deng believed that if Jiang Qing was allowed to take power, 3044 03:23:01,720 --> 03:23:05,520 it would be a disaster for China and the country 3045 03:23:05,520 --> 03:23:07,680 could splinter into civil war. 3046 03:23:09,280 --> 03:23:13,280 An anonymous poem appeared on a wall in Tiananmen Square. 3047 03:23:13,280 --> 03:23:17,040 It was obviously addressed to Jiang Qing. 3048 03:23:17,040 --> 03:23:21,000 "Lady X," it said, "you are insane. 3049 03:23:21,000 --> 03:23:23,560 "To be empress is your ambition. 3050 03:23:23,560 --> 03:23:27,800 "Instead, take this mirror and see what you are really like. 3051 03:23:29,080 --> 03:23:34,160 "You deceive your superiors and you delude your subordinates. 3052 03:23:34,160 --> 03:23:38,360 "Yet for types like you, good times won't last." 3053 03:24:04,880 --> 03:24:06,400 Then Mao died. 3054 03:24:08,760 --> 03:24:11,840 Jiang Qing came on her own, dressed in black. 3055 03:24:13,040 --> 03:24:15,920 She was already preparing to take power with three others 3056 03:24:15,920 --> 03:24:17,920 of the leadership. 3057 03:24:17,920 --> 03:24:20,400 They were called the Gang of Four. 3058 03:24:22,000 --> 03:24:25,160 But another group backed by Deng Xiaoping set out 3059 03:24:25,160 --> 03:24:26,320 to destroy them. 3060 03:24:27,440 --> 03:24:32,120 Wall posters went up all across China attacking the Gang of Four, 3061 03:24:32,120 --> 03:24:34,560 claiming that as well as being corrupt, 3062 03:24:34,560 --> 03:24:38,200 they were really working for the CIA to undermine China. 3063 03:24:42,520 --> 03:24:44,400 When Jiang Qing came to Tachai, 3064 03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:47,280 there seemed to be no end to her whims. 3065 03:24:47,280 --> 03:24:50,080 Now she wanted her room sprayed with perfume. 3066 03:24:50,080 --> 03:24:53,400 Then she wanted more carpets on the floor and for curtains, 3067 03:24:53,400 --> 03:24:57,320 she wanted to have special ones of a particular dark colour. 3068 03:24:57,320 --> 03:25:01,360 Jiang Qing and company demanded complete quietude. 3069 03:25:01,360 --> 03:25:03,600 No-one should laugh or talk loudly. 3070 03:25:03,600 --> 03:25:07,080 Planes at a nearby airport had to stop their sorties. 3071 03:25:07,080 --> 03:25:12,160 People had to be sent uphill to beat the woods to drive the birds away. 3072 03:25:19,360 --> 03:25:23,160 And four weeks after Mao's death, army units came in the middle 3073 03:25:23,160 --> 03:25:25,880 of the night and arrested Jiang Qing. 3074 03:25:27,120 --> 03:25:29,480 She was put in an underground cell, 3075 03:25:29,480 --> 03:25:34,480 next to the refrigeration unit that was holding Mao's body. 3076 03:25:34,480 --> 03:25:36,680 She later tried to commit suicide 3077 03:25:36,680 --> 03:25:39,120 by hitting her head against the wall. 3078 03:25:39,120 --> 03:25:42,440 So the soldiers covered the walls with rubber. 3079 03:25:50,360 --> 03:25:55,360 Within 18 months, Deng Xiaoping defeated all other rivals 3080 03:25:55,360 --> 03:25:57,320 and he took power in China. 3081 03:25:59,800 --> 03:26:03,560 The first thing he did was wipe the past everywhere. 3082 03:26:05,360 --> 03:26:09,320 In Shanghai, the giant sign that said, "Long live the victory 3083 03:26:09,320 --> 03:26:13,040 "of Chairman Mao's Revolutionary Road" was taken down. 3084 03:26:19,840 --> 03:26:23,720 While outside the Department of Public Tranquillity in Beijing, 3085 03:26:23,720 --> 03:26:27,040 which in reality was the headquarters of the secret police, 3086 03:26:27,040 --> 03:26:29,480 the thoughts of Chairman Mao were also removed. 3087 03:26:34,760 --> 03:26:39,360 Deng then set out to create a new kind of revolution. 3088 03:26:39,360 --> 03:26:42,720 He was going to bring capitalism into China, 3089 03:26:42,720 --> 03:26:46,760 but the state would control and manage the whole system. 3090 03:26:47,880 --> 03:26:49,720 His aim was simple. 3091 03:26:49,720 --> 03:26:53,600 Money would replace the old revolutionary dreams - 3092 03:26:53,600 --> 03:26:55,200 it was less dangerous. 3093 03:26:58,880 --> 03:27:02,640 But he was going to use it to restore China's power. 3094 03:27:05,040 --> 03:27:07,920 Deng Xiaoping knew that in the 19th century, 3095 03:27:07,920 --> 03:27:12,280 the British had used drugs to control the Chinese. 3096 03:27:12,280 --> 03:27:14,800 They had brought opium to China. 3097 03:27:14,800 --> 03:27:19,720 It led to what the Chinese called the century of humiliation. 3098 03:27:19,720 --> 03:27:25,280 Now, Deng was determined to reverse that, to reassert China's power. 3099 03:27:26,520 --> 03:27:28,480 You couldn't use drugs 3100 03:27:28,480 --> 03:27:31,720 because the Americans already had their own drugs. 3101 03:27:31,720 --> 03:27:35,000 Instead, he was going to use the mass mobilisation 3102 03:27:35,000 --> 03:27:37,320 of the Chinese people to invent 3103 03:27:37,320 --> 03:27:41,280 another force that would be the equivalent of opium. 3104 03:27:42,240 --> 03:27:46,800 A kind of mass consumerism never seen before in the world - 3105 03:27:46,800 --> 03:27:48,760 driven by goods so cheap that 3106 03:27:48,760 --> 03:27:51,280 everyone in the West would want them. 3107 03:27:54,920 --> 03:27:58,920 Whole cities were going to be built in China that made just one 3108 03:27:58,920 --> 03:28:01,040 kind of product. 3109 03:28:01,040 --> 03:28:04,960 They would be shipped in vast quantities to the West. 3110 03:28:13,200 --> 03:28:17,040 You gave up on utopian ideas about the future 3111 03:28:17,040 --> 03:28:20,480 and didn't believe in anything any longer, 3112 03:28:20,480 --> 03:28:22,920 apart from the money. 3113 03:28:26,280 --> 03:28:29,600 And his allies in this would be the Western banks 3114 03:28:29,600 --> 03:28:32,440 and their new system of global lending. 3115 03:28:36,880 --> 03:28:41,000 Because the banks would lend millions of people in the West 3116 03:28:41,000 --> 03:28:43,680 the money to buy the Chinese goods, 3117 03:28:43,680 --> 03:28:48,440 just like they had been lending to governments all around the world. 3118 03:28:48,440 --> 03:28:51,200 It was going to be the perfect system. 3119 03:29:09,480 --> 03:29:12,720 Eduard Limonov was now all alone in New York. 3120 03:29:14,560 --> 03:29:17,920 He had published an article attacking the other emigres, 3121 03:29:17,920 --> 03:29:19,640 so they all dropped him. 3122 03:29:20,880 --> 03:29:25,200 Then Yelena, the woman he loved more than anything else in the world, 3123 03:29:25,200 --> 03:29:29,520 met a photographer who promised to make her a model. 3124 03:29:29,520 --> 03:29:32,560 He seduced her and she left Limonov. 3125 03:29:34,640 --> 03:29:38,360 Without love or money, Limonov became destitute. 3126 03:29:38,360 --> 03:29:40,200 He lived in the cheapest hotel 3127 03:29:40,200 --> 03:29:43,200 surrounded by prostitutes and drug addicts. 3128 03:29:47,400 --> 03:29:51,880 And he spent his days and nights wandering the city alone... 3129 03:29:53,000 --> 03:29:55,080 GLASS BREAKS 3130 03:29:56,120 --> 03:29:57,960 The call car, yeah. 3131 03:29:57,960 --> 03:29:59,280 ..while all around him 3132 03:29:59,280 --> 03:30:01,640 the newly powerful banks were building 3133 03:30:01,640 --> 03:30:04,960 their headquarters among the old ruins. 3134 03:30:07,320 --> 03:30:10,200 UPBEAT MUSIC 3135 03:30:22,440 --> 03:30:25,360 Then one day in Central Park, looking at the people 3136 03:30:25,360 --> 03:30:30,120 all around him, Limonov decided that he was going to write a novel, 3137 03:30:30,120 --> 03:30:34,280 but one that would have him as the central figure. 3138 03:30:34,280 --> 03:30:37,800 It would be about the real experience of America, 3139 03:30:37,800 --> 03:30:39,200 not the fake democracy. 3140 03:30:41,520 --> 03:30:44,960 In the book, he described watching Americans in a cafe 3141 03:30:44,960 --> 03:30:47,360 where he was working as a waiter. 3142 03:30:49,640 --> 03:30:54,560 "It is they," he wrote, "who have introduced a plague into this world. 3143 03:30:54,560 --> 03:31:00,040 "The plague of money, the disease of money, the plague of buying 3144 03:31:00,040 --> 03:31:02,280 "and selling is their handiwork. 3145 03:31:03,560 --> 03:31:08,640 "I hate this system, and I am not ashamed that my hatred has sprung 3146 03:31:08,640 --> 03:31:10,360 "from my wife's betrayal. 3147 03:31:12,040 --> 03:31:15,720 "I clear away your leftovers while my wife fucks 3148 03:31:15,720 --> 03:31:18,520 "and you amuse yourself with her, 3149 03:31:18,520 --> 03:31:22,520 "for the sole reason that there is an inequality. 3150 03:31:22,520 --> 03:31:26,440 "She has a cunt for which there are buyers, you, 3151 03:31:26,440 --> 03:31:29,600 "and I don't have a cunt. 3152 03:31:29,600 --> 03:31:31,960 "I'm going to blow up your world." 3153 03:31:39,360 --> 03:31:44,400 The book, called It's Me, Eddie, gave a picture of a new reality 3154 03:31:44,400 --> 03:31:47,320 that Limonov saw emerging from under the surface 3155 03:31:47,320 --> 03:31:49,280 of America's everyday life. 3156 03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:54,400 People think they are free, but really they are becoming 3157 03:31:54,400 --> 03:31:59,760 like simplified robots, following the rules of money, 3158 03:31:59,760 --> 03:32:04,600 limited to satisfying only those desires that can be bought and sold. 3159 03:32:07,640 --> 03:32:11,400 Every publisher he sent it to refused to publish it. 3160 03:32:15,760 --> 03:32:19,640 But there was another person at the very top of America 3161 03:32:19,640 --> 03:32:23,720 in the White House itself who was also about to expose 3162 03:32:23,720 --> 03:32:28,960 a frightening reality underneath the surface of the society. 3163 03:32:28,960 --> 03:32:33,120 In 1978, the president's wife, Betty Ford, revealed 3164 03:32:33,120 --> 03:32:35,920 that she had become addicted to Valium. 3165 03:32:35,920 --> 03:32:40,320 An addiction that she said had taken her into a strange state 3166 03:32:40,320 --> 03:32:44,000 where even her sense of time had become dislocated. 3167 03:32:45,280 --> 03:32:48,560 As I look back, it was December, 3168 03:32:48,560 --> 03:32:51,040 about a year ago when I realised... 3169 03:32:51,040 --> 03:32:53,560 ..that there were some sort of 3170 03:32:53,560 --> 03:32:55,320 blank spots where I had 3171 03:32:55,320 --> 03:32:58,040 a hard time putting... 3172 03:32:58,040 --> 03:33:00,840 ..events in their separate slots 3173 03:33:00,840 --> 03:33:02,600 in time. 3174 03:33:02,600 --> 03:33:03,960 To me, it was marvellous 3175 03:33:03,960 --> 03:33:05,800 and beautiful, but to the family, 3176 03:33:05,800 --> 03:33:09,160 I was beginning to show signs 3177 03:33:09,160 --> 03:33:12,480 of overmedication. 3178 03:33:13,720 --> 03:33:17,040 Betty Ford's admission had a dramatic effect. 3179 03:33:17,040 --> 03:33:21,560 In its wake, stories began to pour out of people all across America 3180 03:33:21,560 --> 03:33:23,440 who were also addicted to Valium. 3181 03:33:24,840 --> 03:33:28,240 It seemed that there was a private, hidden world of anxiety 3182 03:33:28,240 --> 03:33:32,360 behind the public faces that affected millions of people. 3183 03:33:33,960 --> 03:33:37,680 But Arthur Sackler, who in the 1960s had promoted Valium 3184 03:33:37,680 --> 03:33:42,080 as beneficial and non-addictive, was unrepentant. 3185 03:33:42,080 --> 03:33:45,880 And the company that he and his two brothers had started 3186 03:33:45,880 --> 03:33:48,520 was about to develop a new drug - 3187 03:33:48,520 --> 03:33:52,400 a synthetic form of opium called OxyContin. 3188 03:33:52,400 --> 03:33:55,920 And that was going to deal with the next wave of anxiety 3189 03:33:55,920 --> 03:33:57,640 that would hit America. 3190 03:33:58,720 --> 03:34:03,040 Over the next 20 years, as more and more factories closed 3191 03:34:03,040 --> 03:34:06,280 because of the cheap goods coming from China, 3192 03:34:06,280 --> 03:34:10,080 millions of people in the communities would take OxyContin... 3193 03:34:11,120 --> 03:34:13,440 ..because it made them feel safe, 3194 03:34:13,440 --> 03:34:14,960 in a bubble, 3195 03:34:14,960 --> 03:34:18,800 protected from the growing uncertainties around them. 3196 03:34:18,800 --> 03:34:20,520 LIFT BELL DINGS 3197 03:34:27,240 --> 03:34:28,960 And Harry Caudill, 3198 03:34:28,960 --> 03:34:31,560 who had represented the miners in Appalachia, 3199 03:34:31,560 --> 03:34:35,080 became certain that the anger under the surface there 3200 03:34:35,080 --> 03:34:36,280 was going to grow. 3201 03:34:37,640 --> 03:34:41,240 "One day," he said, "it would break out and infect 3202 03:34:41,240 --> 03:34:42,800 "the whole of America." 3203 03:34:42,800 --> 03:34:46,480 How are you, Mrs Melchor? All right, thank you. How are you? 3204 03:34:46,480 --> 03:34:51,400 In 1990, he discovered he had Parkinson's, and he shot himself. 3205 03:34:53,280 --> 03:34:57,200 While Kerry Thornley had become convinced that the coincidences 3206 03:34:57,200 --> 03:35:01,200 in his past were not coincidences - 3207 03:35:01,200 --> 03:35:05,560 that the CIA had somehow manipulated him to set up 3208 03:35:05,560 --> 03:35:11,080 Operation Mindfuck, but he had no idea why, he had become lost. 3209 03:35:12,040 --> 03:35:13,240 20 years before, 3210 03:35:13,240 --> 03:35:17,040 he and his friend Greg Hill had been early individualists. 3211 03:35:17,040 --> 03:35:19,920 They believed that they could shape reality 3212 03:35:19,920 --> 03:35:21,680 the way they wanted. 3213 03:35:21,680 --> 03:35:26,680 But now, faced with the revelations about how intricate and complex 3214 03:35:26,680 --> 03:35:31,640 power had become in the modern world, they felt powerless and lost. 3215 03:35:31,640 --> 03:35:36,000 Thornley had retreated into a dream world of conspiracies, 3216 03:35:36,000 --> 03:35:40,160 while Greg Hill had become an alcoholic and was equally lost. 3217 03:35:42,560 --> 03:35:45,040 He wrote a letter to Thornley about how he had come 3218 03:35:45,040 --> 03:35:46,680 to believe in nothing. 3219 03:35:48,600 --> 03:35:52,400 "It is not injustice that overwhelms me now," he wrote, 3220 03:35:52,400 --> 03:35:54,800 "but my sheer damn inability 3221 03:35:54,800 --> 03:35:58,080 "to know anything with any deep level of certainty. 3222 03:35:59,280 --> 03:36:03,320 "When despair is deep enough, even death seems pointless. 3223 03:36:04,480 --> 03:36:06,960 "Now I live without justice. 3224 03:36:06,960 --> 03:36:09,600 "I don't know why. I just live it. 3225 03:36:10,680 --> 03:36:12,040 "So be it." 3226 03:36:22,240 --> 03:36:26,080 And Eduard Limonov would finally get his novel, It's Me, Eddie, 3227 03:36:26,080 --> 03:36:27,520 published in Russia. 3228 03:36:30,960 --> 03:36:36,120 It would cause a sensation and its dark vision of the reality 3229 03:36:36,120 --> 03:36:39,920 behind the rhetoric of American democracy is going to influence 3230 03:36:39,920 --> 03:36:42,160 an entire generation in Russia. 3231 03:36:43,720 --> 03:36:47,040 It was the generation to whom the Americans would then try 3232 03:36:47,040 --> 03:36:49,280 and sell the idea of democracy. 3233 03:36:50,960 --> 03:36:55,920 All the talk of democracy, the book told them, was just a sham. 3234 03:36:55,920 --> 03:36:58,480 Really, it was all about the money. 3235 03:37:04,120 --> 03:37:08,080 MUSIC: Starry Eyes by Cigarettes After Sex 3236 03:37:11,760 --> 03:37:13,960 # Starry eyes 3237 03:37:13,960 --> 03:37:20,800 # How can I get to you, my true little? 3238 03:37:20,800 --> 03:37:23,520 # Starry eyes 3239 03:37:23,520 --> 03:37:30,760 # What can I say or do for you, my little? 3240 03:37:30,760 --> 03:37:33,360 # Starry eyes 3241 03:37:34,520 --> 03:37:38,280 # Starry eyes forever 3242 03:37:38,280 --> 03:37:40,160 # Shall be mine 3243 03:37:40,160 --> 03:37:42,880 # Starry eyes 3244 03:37:42,880 --> 03:37:49,760 # What can I say to make you listen? 3245 03:37:49,760 --> 03:37:52,520 # Starry eyes 3246 03:37:52,520 --> 03:37:59,280 # What can I do for your attention? 3247 03:37:59,280 --> 03:38:03,040 # Starry eyes 3248 03:38:03,040 --> 03:38:06,440 # Starry eyes forever 3249 03:38:06,440 --> 03:38:08,680 # Shall be mine 3250 03:38:13,720 --> 03:38:18,640 # When I'm alone, I hear and feel you 3251 03:38:22,920 --> 03:38:28,280 # Wish that I could reach right out and touch you 3252 03:38:31,840 --> 03:38:38,440 # But knowing you're the one to greet me 3253 03:38:38,440 --> 03:38:41,000 # And meet me 3254 03:38:41,000 --> 03:38:45,280 # Two alone in the dark... # 3255 03:39:24,400 --> 03:39:29,160 # True love will find you in the end 3256 03:39:32,360 --> 03:39:36,560 # You'll find out just who was your friend 3257 03:39:40,960 --> 03:39:44,720 # Don't be sad, I know you will 3258 03:39:48,920 --> 03:39:52,120 # But don't give up until 3259 03:39:52,120 --> 03:39:57,120 # True love finds you in the end 3260 03:40:00,200 --> 03:40:04,720 # This is a promise with a catch 3261 03:40:08,680 --> 03:40:13,000 # Only if you're looking will it find you 3262 03:40:16,160 --> 03:40:20,320 # Cos true love is searching too 3263 03:40:24,400 --> 03:40:26,920 # But how can it recognise you 3264 03:40:26,920 --> 03:40:30,760 # Unless you step out into the light, the light 3265 03:40:32,440 --> 03:40:35,880 # Don't be sad, I know you will 3266 03:40:40,120 --> 03:40:42,880 # But don't give up until 3267 03:40:43,920 --> 03:40:48,680 # True love finds you in the end. # 3268 03:40:57,720 --> 03:41:00,880 In 1979, a Frenchman called Bernard Kouchner, 3269 03:41:00,880 --> 03:41:03,880 who had founded Medecins Sans Frontieres, 3270 03:41:03,880 --> 03:41:07,400 chartered an old cargo ship, and he went to rescue 3271 03:41:07,400 --> 03:41:10,680 thousands of starving refugees trapped on a tiny island. 3272 03:41:12,080 --> 03:41:14,760 Refugees that no-one else seemed to care about. 3273 03:41:16,440 --> 03:41:18,960 They were fleeing from the new communist government 3274 03:41:18,960 --> 03:41:21,360 that had taken over Vietnam. 3275 03:41:21,360 --> 03:41:23,000 To many liberals in the West, 3276 03:41:23,000 --> 03:41:27,800 the communists had been heroes in their fight against America, 3277 03:41:27,800 --> 03:41:30,800 which meant that the refugees did not deserve to be helped. 3278 03:41:31,960 --> 03:41:34,720 To Kouchner, this was outrageous. 3279 03:41:34,720 --> 03:41:38,280 The point is people are dying in the China Sea. 3280 03:41:38,280 --> 03:41:41,960 I mean, the boat people are now facing piracy. 3281 03:41:41,960 --> 03:41:45,520 I mean, they are attacked by pirates 3282 03:41:45,520 --> 03:41:48,160 ten times in their trip, if they are still alive, 3283 03:41:48,160 --> 03:41:50,640 and nobody are taking care of them. 3284 03:41:50,640 --> 03:41:52,880 And that's our purpose. 3285 03:41:52,880 --> 03:41:55,400 It's not possible to shut up now. 3286 03:41:55,400 --> 03:41:59,440 Kouchner's action had a powerful effect in the West, 3287 03:41:59,440 --> 03:42:03,360 because it started to undermine the self-belief of a whole generation, 3288 03:42:03,360 --> 03:42:06,080 who saw themselves as radical and pure... 3289 03:42:07,440 --> 03:42:10,800 ..that possibly being good was not as easy as it seemed. 3290 03:42:12,120 --> 03:42:15,840 It began when the singer Joan Baez came out in support of Kouchner. 3291 03:42:16,880 --> 03:42:18,160 In the 1960s, 3292 03:42:18,160 --> 03:42:21,200 she had been deeply involved in the Civil Rights protests... 3293 03:42:21,200 --> 03:42:25,000 The mothers gave me five children to fully register... 3294 03:42:25,000 --> 03:42:27,720 You can't go in, nobody but students and parents. 3295 03:42:27,720 --> 03:42:31,840 ..and also one of the leaders of the anti-Vietnam War movement. 3296 03:42:31,840 --> 03:42:35,120 She was a symbol of the idealism at its heart. 3297 03:42:35,120 --> 03:42:37,560 I'd like to try, if I may. You can't get in. 3298 03:42:37,560 --> 03:42:41,560 But now she said that the refusal to help the refugees 3299 03:42:41,560 --> 03:42:45,600 showed how radicals had become not only uncaring, but corrupt. 3300 03:42:46,640 --> 03:42:49,840 They would allow thousands of people to die, 3301 03:42:49,840 --> 03:42:53,080 simply because they had the wrong ideology. 3302 03:42:53,080 --> 03:42:55,160 Baez went on French television 3303 03:42:55,160 --> 03:42:57,840 and she gave an interview that caused a sensation. 3304 03:42:57,840 --> 03:42:59,880 INTERVIEWER, IN FRENCH: 3305 03:43:12,800 --> 03:43:15,800 No, I never defended the government of Vietnam. 3306 03:43:16,840 --> 03:43:20,520 I spoke for the people inside of Vietnam. 3307 03:43:20,520 --> 03:43:22,480 I was against the violence 3308 03:43:22,480 --> 03:43:25,920 that this country perpetrated inside of Vietnam, 3309 03:43:25,920 --> 03:43:31,320 but...I was equally against an American boy 3310 03:43:31,320 --> 03:43:34,640 being shot out of a plane as I was the women and children 3311 03:43:34,640 --> 03:43:36,480 of Vietnam being bombed, 3312 03:43:36,480 --> 03:43:40,160 so it was never possible for my position to be clear, 3313 03:43:40,160 --> 03:43:44,720 particularly somewhere like France, where peace movement means left. 3314 03:43:44,720 --> 03:43:45,880 I'm not left. 3315 03:43:46,920 --> 03:43:50,360 Baez was immediately attacked by other anti-war activists, 3316 03:43:50,360 --> 03:43:51,840 led by Jane Fonda. 3317 03:43:52,840 --> 03:43:55,400 They accused Baez of being an unwitting agent 3318 03:43:55,400 --> 03:43:56,880 of American imperialism. 3319 03:43:56,880 --> 03:44:00,400 ..and leftism in a way that I'm not. I think that's as simple as... 3320 03:44:00,400 --> 03:44:03,360 Despite the row, Kouchner carried on, 3321 03:44:03,360 --> 03:44:07,560 rescuing thousands of refugees lost at sea in tiny sinking boats. 3322 03:44:09,560 --> 03:44:11,720 Kouchner believed that what he was doing 3323 03:44:11,720 --> 03:44:16,040 might also be the start of a completely new kind of radicalism, 3324 03:44:16,040 --> 03:44:18,840 one that really would make the world a better place. 3325 03:44:20,920 --> 03:44:22,880 The reaction in the West, he said, 3326 03:44:22,880 --> 03:44:26,960 had shown that the old political ideologies of left and right 3327 03:44:26,960 --> 03:44:28,840 had now lost all credibility. 3328 03:44:30,600 --> 03:44:32,640 Kouchner had an alternative idea 3329 03:44:32,640 --> 03:44:36,320 that was going to go very deep in the imagination of the West. 3330 03:44:37,960 --> 03:44:41,080 It said that we are all one world, 3331 03:44:41,080 --> 03:44:43,880 linked together simply as individuals, 3332 03:44:43,880 --> 03:44:47,080 not divided by political ideas or by nations. 3333 03:44:48,960 --> 03:44:53,360 And we, the good people in the West, had a duty to intervene 3334 03:44:53,360 --> 03:44:57,200 to help the victims of all evil political ideas, 3335 03:44:57,200 --> 03:44:59,800 wherever they were across the world. 3336 03:44:59,800 --> 03:45:02,760 We don't care on leftist and rightist countries, 3337 03:45:02,760 --> 03:45:05,680 there is no leftist and rightist suffering, 3338 03:45:05,680 --> 03:45:10,760 and there is no possibility to split the world in good people 3339 03:45:10,760 --> 03:45:13,720 and bad people, good dead and bad dead. 3340 03:45:15,520 --> 03:45:19,560 Because we think that this is a new kind of policy. 3341 03:45:19,560 --> 03:45:22,120 For us, human being is one. 3342 03:45:22,120 --> 03:45:25,760 To let the people speak to each other before dying. 3343 03:45:29,040 --> 03:45:32,520 # With the nice girl in the park 3344 03:45:32,520 --> 03:45:36,400 # You were strolling full of joy 3345 03:45:36,400 --> 03:45:40,240 # And you told me that you'd never kissed a girl before 3346 03:45:40,240 --> 03:45:42,720 # Hold your hand out, you naughty boy 3347 03:45:44,000 --> 03:45:46,600 # Hold your hand out, you naughty boy 3348 03:45:47,760 --> 03:45:51,760 # Hold your hand out, you naughty boy 3349 03:45:51,760 --> 03:45:55,400 # Last night in the pale moonlight 3350 03:45:55,400 --> 03:45:59,040 # I saw ya, I saw ya 3351 03:45:59,040 --> 03:46:01,960 # With the nice girl in the park... # 3352 03:46:03,360 --> 03:46:07,960 Julia Grant had grown up in the north of England, near Blackpool. 3353 03:46:07,960 --> 03:46:10,920 But, in the 1970s, she had moved south 3354 03:46:10,920 --> 03:46:14,840 and became part of the growing gay scene, and a drag artist. 3355 03:46:16,560 --> 03:46:19,560 She knew inside herself that she was a woman - 3356 03:46:19,560 --> 03:46:21,680 that was her true self. 3357 03:46:21,680 --> 03:46:24,040 Which made her an outsider everywhere, 3358 03:46:24,040 --> 03:46:25,680 including in the gay world. 3359 03:46:26,840 --> 03:46:31,840 When I was living on the apparently gay scene and being a drag artist... 3360 03:46:33,240 --> 03:46:34,760 ..nobody thought any... 3361 03:46:36,200 --> 03:46:39,800 ..any bad if I sort of went out, did my show, 3362 03:46:39,800 --> 03:46:42,560 and, when I came off stage, sort of toned down my make-up 3363 03:46:42,560 --> 03:46:46,480 and put on a dress, because I was accepted as a drag artist, 3364 03:46:46,480 --> 03:46:49,360 whereas if I try to go to a gay pub dressed as a woman... 3365 03:46:51,560 --> 03:46:57,240 ..most gay people resent the fact that a man wants to change his sex. 3366 03:46:59,080 --> 03:47:02,200 Transvestites and transsexuals are a minority 3367 03:47:02,200 --> 03:47:04,360 within the actual gay world. 3368 03:47:04,360 --> 03:47:07,280 To have a gender reassignment operation, 3369 03:47:07,280 --> 03:47:10,120 Julia was going to have to go through a series of interviews 3370 03:47:10,120 --> 03:47:12,360 with a state psychiatrist. 3371 03:47:12,360 --> 03:47:14,880 He would decide who she really was. 3372 03:47:16,480 --> 03:47:20,960 Julia was part of a new idea rising up in the 1980s - 3373 03:47:20,960 --> 03:47:25,360 it said that to change the world and to make it a better place, 3374 03:47:25,360 --> 03:47:27,520 you should fight to become 3375 03:47:27,520 --> 03:47:30,560 who you as an individual truly were. 3376 03:47:30,560 --> 03:47:32,200 That was real freedom. 3377 03:47:33,280 --> 03:47:34,400 But, to do it, 3378 03:47:34,400 --> 03:47:39,360 Julia was going to have to take on the medical establishment. 3379 03:47:39,360 --> 03:47:41,720 Do you have a letter from your doctor for me? 3380 03:47:43,680 --> 03:47:46,280 Right. Well, what is the problem? 3381 03:47:46,280 --> 03:47:50,480 Well, I feel, um, that I've been having a fight with myself 3382 03:47:50,480 --> 03:47:53,440 for a long time, and I've come to terms with the fact 3383 03:47:53,440 --> 03:47:55,480 that I believe I am a woman... 3384 03:47:57,480 --> 03:48:00,560 ..trapped within sort of a man's body. 3385 03:48:00,560 --> 03:48:03,760 Well, what do you mean by being a woman? 3386 03:48:03,760 --> 03:48:07,720 Well, my whole.... All my thoughts and everything are feminine, 3387 03:48:07,720 --> 03:48:09,440 there's nothing masculine. 3388 03:48:09,440 --> 03:48:11,560 I tend to reject my masculine body. 3389 03:48:12,560 --> 03:48:14,520 You know it to be masculine? 3390 03:48:14,520 --> 03:48:15,920 I identify it as masculine 3391 03:48:15,920 --> 03:48:18,520 because society identify me as masculine. 3392 03:48:18,520 --> 03:48:21,760 Well, it's not a matter of society. It's a matter of anatomy. 3393 03:48:21,760 --> 03:48:24,720 You say you feel like a woman? 3394 03:48:24,720 --> 03:48:27,040 Yes, I believe everything I do is feminine. 3395 03:48:27,040 --> 03:48:29,360 I believe I'm a woman inside. 3396 03:48:29,360 --> 03:48:32,400 Well, Michelle, how does it feel to be a woman? 3397 03:48:33,560 --> 03:48:37,080 It just feels like being me. Can't describe it as anything else. 3398 03:48:37,080 --> 03:48:38,600 You see? She's right. 3399 03:48:38,600 --> 03:48:41,320 Nobody knows how anybody else feels inside. 3400 03:48:41,320 --> 03:48:43,400 Well, I feel I don't... 3401 03:48:43,400 --> 03:48:46,600 I believe I don't actually feel the way a normal man should feel. 3402 03:48:47,680 --> 03:48:51,280 It may be that you identify with certain stereotypes 3403 03:48:51,280 --> 03:48:53,360 of the female gender role - 3404 03:48:53,360 --> 03:48:58,360 that is the traditions, the behaviour, the ideas, 3405 03:48:58,360 --> 03:49:00,160 but that doesn't make you a woman. 3406 03:49:04,920 --> 03:49:08,160 You know, styles do change, even if you think they don't. 3407 03:49:08,160 --> 03:49:11,360 Shoulders are wider, and they're higher. 3408 03:49:11,360 --> 03:49:14,280 See, they all had to have pads put in. 3409 03:49:14,280 --> 03:49:16,080 And, insofar as we could, 3410 03:49:16,080 --> 03:49:20,120 we've just lengthened them a little bit because they're longer. 3411 03:49:20,120 --> 03:49:24,720 And the thing we've learned is never really press your hem. 3412 03:49:24,720 --> 03:49:27,280 You know, sometimes you see people ironing a dress, 3413 03:49:27,280 --> 03:49:30,440 and they press along the hem until it looks like a knife edge. 3414 03:49:30,440 --> 03:49:32,880 And then, if you want to let it down, you can't. 3415 03:49:32,880 --> 03:49:36,240 Just leave the hem gently rolled, and then you'll... 3416 03:49:36,240 --> 03:49:39,640 Never press along the edge, then you can let them down. 3417 03:50:07,920 --> 03:50:10,040 The China News Agency supplied 3418 03:50:10,040 --> 03:50:13,240 all the news for everyone in China, 3419 03:50:13,240 --> 03:50:16,040 but it also ran a privileged news service 3420 03:50:16,040 --> 03:50:17,640 for the Communist Party elite. 3421 03:50:18,960 --> 03:50:21,520 And the higher you were in the party, 3422 03:50:21,520 --> 03:50:23,880 the more truth you were allowed to know. 3423 03:50:25,280 --> 03:50:29,640 There were three levels of secret newspapers published every day, 3424 03:50:29,640 --> 03:50:33,280 and at the top there was what was called Big Reference. 3425 03:50:34,480 --> 03:50:36,200 Very few copies were printed, 3426 03:50:36,200 --> 03:50:39,440 because they were only for the top leadership, 3427 03:50:39,440 --> 03:50:42,360 and it was printed in extra large type 3428 03:50:42,360 --> 03:50:46,360 to make it easier for the old men who ran the country to read it. 3429 03:50:48,000 --> 03:50:51,200 And at the very top was now Deng Xiaoping. 3430 03:50:52,280 --> 03:50:54,960 He was in complete control in China. 3431 03:50:54,960 --> 03:50:58,080 He had defeated all his rivals, 3432 03:50:58,080 --> 03:51:03,960 and to show his strength, in 1979, he put his main enemy on trial, 3433 03:51:03,960 --> 03:51:05,880 Jiang Qing. 3434 03:51:05,880 --> 03:51:09,040 HE SPEAKS IN MANDARIN 3435 03:51:09,040 --> 03:51:12,800 She was accused, along with the other members of the Gang of Four, 3436 03:51:12,800 --> 03:51:15,680 of killing and persecuting thousands of people 3437 03:51:15,680 --> 03:51:17,960 in the Cultural Revolution, 3438 03:51:17,960 --> 03:51:19,920 but she refused to recognise the court. 3439 03:51:21,040 --> 03:51:23,320 She continually attacked the judges. 3440 03:51:27,640 --> 03:51:31,200 SHE SHOUTS 3441 03:51:47,120 --> 03:51:50,240 The judges, she said, were hypocrites. 3442 03:51:50,240 --> 03:51:52,840 They had all followed Mao's ideas. 3443 03:51:52,840 --> 03:51:55,920 They were just turning on her to save themselves. 3444 03:51:57,640 --> 03:52:00,960 Instead, she presented herself as the one thing 3445 03:52:00,960 --> 03:52:04,560 that she knew Deng Xiaoping feared most - 3446 03:52:04,560 --> 03:52:05,880 a defiant individual. 3447 03:52:07,680 --> 03:52:10,800 As she was hustled out of the court, she shouted, 3448 03:52:10,800 --> 03:52:15,280 "I am without heaven, and a law unto myself. 3449 03:52:15,280 --> 03:52:16,920 "It is right to rebel." 3450 03:52:19,240 --> 03:52:20,960 But Deng showed her no mercy. 3451 03:52:46,800 --> 03:52:50,160 Deng Xiaoping decided to experiment with democracy. 3452 03:52:51,640 --> 03:52:54,760 He allowed people to put up posters and sell magazines 3453 03:52:54,760 --> 03:52:57,080 in Tiananmen Square. 3454 03:52:57,080 --> 03:52:58,800 It was known as Democracy Wall... 3455 03:53:00,040 --> 03:53:03,560 ..and it quickly became a symbol of a new openness in China. 3456 03:53:04,760 --> 03:53:06,840 But then it started to run out of control. 3457 03:53:08,160 --> 03:53:11,840 People published details of widespread corruption, greed, 3458 03:53:11,840 --> 03:53:16,280 incompetence, and nepotism at the very top of the Communist Party... 3459 03:53:18,000 --> 03:53:22,520 ..and then that force that Jiang Qing had prophesied, individualism, 3460 03:53:22,520 --> 03:53:24,040 re-emerged. 3461 03:53:28,920 --> 03:53:32,480 Wei Jingsheng worked as an electrician at Beijing Zoo. 3462 03:53:33,760 --> 03:53:35,640 Wei he was a charismatic figure, 3463 03:53:35,640 --> 03:53:39,200 and he quickly became a leading force at Democracy Wall. 3464 03:53:40,760 --> 03:53:43,160 He called for the overthrow of Deng Xiaoping. 3465 03:53:44,320 --> 03:53:46,800 He put up posters that said, 3466 03:53:46,800 --> 03:53:51,200 "We want no more gods or emperors or saviours of any kind. 3467 03:53:52,360 --> 03:53:55,200 "We want to be our own masters. 3468 03:53:55,200 --> 03:53:59,160 "Everything that is happening now is just a new-fangled lie. 3469 03:54:00,160 --> 03:54:02,920 "Deng is just a new fascist dictator." 3470 03:54:22,200 --> 03:54:26,560 The wall was closed down, all the posters hosed off, 3471 03:54:26,560 --> 03:54:28,240 and Wei was arrested. 3472 03:54:32,520 --> 03:54:35,760 Wei Jingsheng's trial was broadcast live on television. 3473 03:54:37,440 --> 03:54:40,760 He was accused of counter-revolutionary crimes 3474 03:54:40,760 --> 03:54:43,160 and passing secrets to foreign agents. 3475 03:54:46,840 --> 03:54:50,320 Why was it necessary to close down Democracy Wall? 3476 03:54:50,320 --> 03:54:53,280 Well, you see, on the democratic wall... 3477 03:54:55,200 --> 03:54:57,920 ..everyone, without putting his name... 3478 03:54:59,440 --> 03:55:04,280 ..can blame or charge any person... 3479 03:55:05,720 --> 03:55:12,080 ..without any ground. They can do it without any legal obligation. 3480 03:55:14,560 --> 03:55:19,280 Do you think in England, do you have this kind of freedom? 3481 03:55:19,280 --> 03:55:20,440 I don't think so. 3482 03:55:21,600 --> 03:55:26,600 Blame any person without putting on his own name in the wall paper. 3483 03:55:26,600 --> 03:55:28,800 Do you think that is a kind of freedom? 3484 03:55:30,240 --> 03:55:31,640 I don't think so. 3485 03:55:32,920 --> 03:55:35,400 Do you think that there's freedom of speech? 3486 03:55:35,400 --> 03:55:37,240 The way it looks in the West 3487 03:55:37,240 --> 03:55:41,360 is that, the moment the lid came off for a second in China, 3488 03:55:41,360 --> 03:55:44,600 and people made contact with western journalists... 3489 03:55:44,600 --> 03:55:47,760 I think I have to go for another... 3490 03:55:49,040 --> 03:55:50,600 Some work to do. 3491 03:56:06,760 --> 03:56:11,000 Bernard Kouchner's humanitarian vision of a world without borders 3492 03:56:11,000 --> 03:56:13,040 was now spreading. 3493 03:56:13,040 --> 03:56:16,600 Idealists from the West, inspired by his ideas, 3494 03:56:16,600 --> 03:56:19,200 were travelling to conflicts all around the world. 3495 03:56:20,360 --> 03:56:23,960 In Afghanistan, they came to help the Mujahideen, 3496 03:56:23,960 --> 03:56:26,400 who they saw as noble idealists 3497 03:56:26,400 --> 03:56:28,840 struggling against the Russian invasion. 3498 03:56:33,280 --> 03:56:35,720 IN FRENCH: 3499 03:57:14,360 --> 03:57:18,320 And, in 1984, it suddenly became a truly global movement. 3500 03:57:20,400 --> 03:57:23,000 It started when the BBC shocked the world 3501 03:57:23,000 --> 03:57:26,000 with a report about the effect of a famine in Ethiopia. 3502 03:57:27,640 --> 03:57:31,040 The response was Live Aid, organised by Bob Geldof. 3503 03:57:32,880 --> 03:57:35,840 It was driven by a vast outpouring of sympathy 3504 03:57:35,840 --> 03:57:37,920 for those who were starving in Ethiopia... 3505 03:57:39,280 --> 03:57:42,280 ..but also by an anger and a frustration 3506 03:57:42,280 --> 03:57:46,200 with all politicians in the West who had done nothing to help. 3507 03:57:48,320 --> 03:57:50,600 I find it incredible that the mass of people 3508 03:57:50,600 --> 03:57:52,720 probably feel that something should be done, 3509 03:57:52,720 --> 03:57:55,880 yet their own governments just don't do anything. They do very little. 3510 03:57:55,880 --> 03:57:58,600 The very fact that it has to be done by people giving their own money 3511 03:57:58,600 --> 03:58:01,440 is ridiculous. I mean, we've given enough money into government. 3512 03:58:01,440 --> 03:58:04,000 Why can't they spend some of our money giving it back? 3513 03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:06,840 I mean, at the moment, you've got a problem with the butter mountain, 3514 03:58:06,840 --> 03:58:08,560 you don't know how to dispose of it. 3515 03:58:08,560 --> 03:58:10,760 To sell it to the Russians is the cheapest way. 3516 03:58:10,760 --> 03:58:13,920 I'm sorry, but butter doesn't do very much good in Africa, 3517 03:58:13,920 --> 03:58:16,120 as you know. Butter oil actually does. 3518 03:58:16,120 --> 03:58:17,520 It's one of the major sources... 3519 03:58:17,520 --> 03:58:19,800 Oh, butter OIL, if you can... If you can get it... 3520 03:58:19,800 --> 03:58:21,360 Well, it is a by-product of butter. 3521 03:58:21,360 --> 03:58:25,600 Yes, but, look, a lot is going. A lot of surplus food is going. 3522 03:58:25,600 --> 03:58:28,120 But, Prime Minister, there are millions dying, 3523 03:58:28,120 --> 03:58:30,120 and that's the terrible thing. Yes indeed... 3524 03:58:30,120 --> 03:58:33,360 # And the lesson today is how to die... # 3525 03:58:34,400 --> 03:58:36,080 What Live Aid seemed to show 3526 03:58:36,080 --> 03:58:38,400 was that it might be possible to change the world... 3527 03:58:39,720 --> 03:58:43,160 ..but, to do it, you had to bypass all politics 3528 03:58:43,160 --> 03:58:46,040 because politicians, both left and right, 3529 03:58:46,040 --> 03:58:49,240 had become corrupted by power and petty nationalism. 3530 03:58:50,480 --> 03:58:54,480 Instead, you connected directly with others suffering 3531 03:58:54,480 --> 03:58:57,000 around the planet, and rescued them. 3532 03:59:00,320 --> 03:59:02,160 Bob Geldof travelled to Ethiopia 3533 03:59:02,160 --> 03:59:04,840 to visit the camps where the aid was being delivered. 3534 03:59:06,400 --> 03:59:07,680 But he began to realise 3535 03:59:07,680 --> 03:59:09,640 that something very strange was happening. 3536 03:59:11,520 --> 03:59:15,520 The Ethiopian regime was rounding up thousands of the starving people 3537 03:59:15,520 --> 03:59:17,800 who had come to the camps. 3538 03:59:17,800 --> 03:59:20,160 They were being taken to airstrips, 3539 03:59:20,160 --> 03:59:23,640 where they were loaded at gunpoint onto giant transport planes. 3540 03:59:25,120 --> 03:59:28,520 They were then flown to what were called resettlement camps. 3541 03:59:30,080 --> 03:59:33,160 Geldof was shocked by what he was seeing. 3542 03:59:33,160 --> 03:59:37,160 To him, it seemed to evoke an evil ghost from Europe's past. 3543 03:59:38,880 --> 03:59:42,760 The first pictures we saw of resettlement were these ancient 3544 03:59:42,760 --> 03:59:45,920 and beautiful people, starving and in rags, 3545 03:59:45,920 --> 03:59:49,840 under armed guard, going into these vast Russian planes. 3546 03:59:49,840 --> 03:59:52,160 They probably had never seen a plane. 3547 03:59:52,160 --> 03:59:54,400 They have nothing left, only their dignity. 3548 03:59:54,400 --> 03:59:58,280 And to the West, the immediate psychological reaction 3549 03:59:58,280 --> 04:00:02,280 is Jews being led at gunpoint into cattle trucks by the Nazis. 3550 04:00:02,280 --> 04:00:04,320 What Geldof had stumbled upon 3551 04:00:04,320 --> 04:00:08,680 was something that those who ran Ethiopia had been trying to hide - 3552 04:00:08,680 --> 04:00:11,160 that the food brought in by Live Aid 3553 04:00:11,160 --> 04:00:13,760 was being used as a weapon in a civil war. 3554 04:00:14,880 --> 04:00:18,400 Ethiopia's ruler was a brutal tyrant called Colonel Mengistu. 3555 04:00:19,720 --> 04:00:22,920 Mengistu had decided that the only way to win the war 3556 04:00:22,920 --> 04:00:25,360 was through a massive piece of social engineering. 3557 04:00:26,600 --> 04:00:29,200 He was going to literally move millions of people 3558 04:00:29,200 --> 04:00:31,600 out of the rebel areas in the north 3559 04:00:31,600 --> 04:00:34,280 and relocate them in the empty south, 3560 04:00:34,280 --> 04:00:36,640 where they could no longer fight, 3561 04:00:36,640 --> 04:00:39,440 and the food aid was being used as bait 3562 04:00:39,440 --> 04:00:43,640 to lure hundreds of thousands of people into the refugee camps, 3563 04:00:43,640 --> 04:00:47,200 where his troops then swooped in and rounded them up. 3564 04:00:50,000 --> 04:00:53,200 Live Aid was an extraordinary achievement. 3565 04:00:53,200 --> 04:00:56,480 It is estimated that it may have cut the death toll in the famine 3566 04:00:56,480 --> 04:00:57,720 by half. 3567 04:00:59,440 --> 04:01:03,600 But the group Medecins Sans Frontieres made the dramatic claim 3568 04:01:03,600 --> 04:01:07,160 that the aid might have also led to the same amount of deaths 3569 04:01:07,160 --> 04:01:08,400 as it had saved. 3570 04:01:09,720 --> 04:01:12,680 The mass relocations were so brutal, they said, 3571 04:01:12,680 --> 04:01:14,840 that over 100,000 people had died. 3572 04:01:17,040 --> 04:01:18,960 It showed the weakness at the heart 3573 04:01:18,960 --> 04:01:21,760 of the growing humanitarian movement - 3574 04:01:21,760 --> 04:01:24,520 that when they came face to face with a brutal ruler 3575 04:01:24,520 --> 04:01:29,080 like Colonel Mengistu, who was using their aid not to save people, 3576 04:01:29,080 --> 04:01:34,240 but to save himself and kill thousands more in the process, 3577 04:01:34,240 --> 04:01:35,960 they had no way of stopping him. 3578 04:01:37,280 --> 04:01:39,240 They couldn't challenge power. 3579 04:01:48,760 --> 04:01:51,640 I only wish I'd been born a woman, then I'd have the same privileges 3580 04:01:51,640 --> 04:01:54,840 as all the sort of women's libbers who were sort of showing off 3581 04:01:54,840 --> 04:01:56,840 about burning their bras and all the rest of it. 3582 04:01:56,840 --> 04:01:58,640 They can still marry. I can't. 3583 04:01:58,640 --> 04:02:01,600 So I've got to try that little bit harder by wearing make-up 3584 04:02:01,600 --> 04:02:03,560 and trying to look good all the time, 3585 04:02:03,560 --> 04:02:05,280 feminists liking it or not. 3586 04:02:07,600 --> 04:02:10,880 I think that if a woman's got pride in herself 3587 04:02:10,880 --> 04:02:13,240 and wants to look attractive and wants to wear make-up, 3588 04:02:13,240 --> 04:02:14,640 then, I don't know, 3589 04:02:14,640 --> 04:02:17,720 more people will turn and look at a fully-made-up woman. 3590 04:02:17,720 --> 04:02:20,320 Well, it ain't right, men dressing up as women. 3591 04:02:20,320 --> 04:02:23,800 They're just a bunch of queers, ain't they? BLEEP hell. 3592 04:02:23,800 --> 04:02:25,600 How do you know that? What? How do you know? 3593 04:02:25,600 --> 04:02:28,160 We've got one in our school, ain't we? Mr BLEEP. 3594 04:02:28,160 --> 04:02:30,560 Yeah. He's a queer. In the papers and everything. 3595 04:02:30,560 --> 04:02:33,040 He goes round touching all the kids' legs. 3596 04:02:33,040 --> 04:02:37,240 They're a disgrace, touching men's bollocks and everything. 3597 04:02:37,240 --> 04:02:39,440 Well, she wasn't doing that, was she? 3598 04:02:39,440 --> 04:02:41,400 I dunno. It's not even a she, is it? 3599 04:02:41,400 --> 04:02:43,840 It's a he trying be a she. 3600 04:02:44,880 --> 04:02:47,400 Julia Grant was now living as a woman, 3601 04:02:47,400 --> 04:02:52,280 while she carried on being interviewed by the NHS psychiatrist, 3602 04:02:52,280 --> 04:02:55,600 but she was becoming increasingly frustrated and angry 3603 04:02:55,600 --> 04:02:59,720 with the process, and she decided to challenge the power 3604 04:02:59,720 --> 04:03:01,800 the psychiatrist had over her. 3605 04:03:03,560 --> 04:03:07,320 She travelled to the south coast to see a surgeon at a private clinic. 3606 04:03:08,720 --> 04:03:10,600 She went with her partner, Amir. 3607 04:03:11,680 --> 04:03:14,440 He was a refugee who had fled persecution in Iraq. 3608 04:03:17,160 --> 04:03:20,440 The surgeon agreed to give Julia breast implants... 3609 04:03:23,200 --> 04:03:27,800 ..and, after the operation, Julia went to confront the psychiatrist. 3610 04:03:30,280 --> 04:03:32,560 I am supposed to be directing your case 3611 04:03:32,560 --> 04:03:35,960 because it's primarily a psychiatric matter, 3612 04:03:35,960 --> 04:03:39,280 and I must confess, I take exception to you doing that. 3613 04:03:39,280 --> 04:03:41,520 Well, I thought it was something permanent. 3614 04:03:41,520 --> 04:03:44,520 I needed something to establish that I was doing what I was doing. 3615 04:03:44,520 --> 04:03:47,440 It's a medical matter. It isn't a personal choice. 3616 04:03:48,760 --> 04:03:50,760 I like to be informed. 3617 04:03:50,760 --> 04:03:53,600 See, once again, you're overstepping the mark, 3618 04:03:53,600 --> 04:03:55,560 and I don't like it one bit. 3619 04:03:56,640 --> 04:03:58,600 I don't wish to appear to be petulant, 3620 04:03:58,600 --> 04:04:01,840 but, really, you're not arranging this affair 3621 04:04:01,840 --> 04:04:04,680 in a manner that fits our protocol. 3622 04:04:04,680 --> 04:04:09,960 We like to do it in our way, where we know what's going on, 3623 04:04:09,960 --> 04:04:13,040 and I don't like people to step out of line. 3624 04:04:13,040 --> 04:04:16,640 I find it, to say the very least, irritating. 3625 04:04:16,640 --> 04:04:20,320 Well, I'm having difficulties with the guy I'm living with... 3626 04:04:20,320 --> 04:04:22,720 So do many of my patients with their associates. 3627 04:04:22,720 --> 04:04:24,200 Why should you be different? 3628 04:04:25,240 --> 04:04:28,280 I don't think you have conducted yourself particularly tactfully 3629 04:04:28,280 --> 04:04:32,280 in all this, and there I think the interview will end. 3630 04:04:32,280 --> 04:04:33,600 Thank you very much. 3631 04:04:36,000 --> 04:04:38,560 You'd better come and see me in another few months. 3632 04:04:42,280 --> 04:04:43,960 Why can't I have the operation? 3633 04:04:43,960 --> 04:04:45,400 Why can't I pay for it? 3634 04:04:45,400 --> 04:04:46,680 They don't like that. 3635 04:04:46,680 --> 04:04:48,960 They like you to be very placid and just sit there 3636 04:04:48,960 --> 04:04:51,000 and just do as you're told. 3637 04:04:51,000 --> 04:04:52,640 And if you don't do as you're told, 3638 04:04:52,640 --> 04:04:54,440 then you're going against the system, 3639 04:04:54,440 --> 04:04:56,040 and then the system won't help. 3640 04:04:57,240 --> 04:05:00,120 After all, it's my mind. I know what I want. 3641 04:05:00,120 --> 04:05:02,080 Nobody else can get inside me. 3642 04:05:04,520 --> 04:05:08,160 Julia went back north to see her family, 3643 04:05:08,160 --> 04:05:11,680 to tell them that she was going to defy the medical establishment. 3644 04:05:12,920 --> 04:05:16,040 She would find a way to pay for the operation herself. 3645 04:05:17,680 --> 04:05:20,800 She travelled through the old industrial cities, 3646 04:05:20,800 --> 04:05:23,760 where many of the factories were now closing 3647 04:05:23,760 --> 04:05:27,520 in the wave of de-industrialisation that was sweeping through Britain. 3648 04:05:31,000 --> 04:05:33,880 Factories and terraced houses. That's all it is. 3649 04:05:38,600 --> 04:05:41,760 It's like Coronation Street, innit? 3650 04:05:41,760 --> 04:05:43,720 That whole view. It's amazing. 3651 04:05:44,720 --> 04:05:46,080 Back-to-back. 3652 04:05:49,440 --> 04:05:53,840 # Take me out tonight 3653 04:05:56,160 --> 04:06:00,080 # Where there's music and there's people who are young and alive 3654 04:06:03,960 --> 04:06:06,920 # Driving in your car 3655 04:06:06,920 --> 04:06:10,240 # I never, never wanna go home 3656 04:06:10,240 --> 04:06:16,160 # Because I haven't got one any more 3657 04:06:19,720 --> 04:06:23,440 # Take me out tonight 3658 04:06:25,680 --> 04:06:29,960 # Cos I wanna see people and I wanna see lights 3659 04:06:33,360 --> 04:06:36,640 # Driving in your car 3660 04:06:36,640 --> 04:06:39,480 # Oh, please don't drop me home 3661 04:06:39,480 --> 04:06:42,320 # Because it's not my home, it's their home, 3662 04:06:42,320 --> 04:06:44,240 # And I'm welcome no more... # 3663 04:06:46,960 --> 04:06:50,480 In the mid 1980s, a young girl called Chai Ling 3664 04:06:50,480 --> 04:06:55,040 had come from the provinces to study psychology at Beijing University. 3665 04:06:56,600 --> 04:07:02,320 She became fascinated by an American psychologist called Abraham Maslow. 3666 04:07:02,320 --> 04:07:04,800 He taught that the human beings of the future 3667 04:07:04,800 --> 04:07:08,160 would be driven by what he called self-actualisation. 3668 04:07:10,200 --> 04:07:11,600 They would be guided 3669 04:07:11,600 --> 04:07:14,000 only by what they felt inside, 3670 04:07:14,000 --> 04:07:16,040 not by what they were told to do. 3671 04:07:17,240 --> 04:07:20,200 These are the people who would resist suggestions. 3672 04:07:20,200 --> 04:07:22,440 They would choose what they wanted to do. 3673 04:07:22,440 --> 04:07:25,840 You might urge them to do something, and somebody else might, 3674 04:07:25,840 --> 04:07:31,280 but it was their decision, doing what they themselves decided to do. 3675 04:07:31,280 --> 04:07:35,600 They look within, making real the inner self, 3676 04:07:35,600 --> 04:07:39,760 which is independent of the century, independent of the culture, even. 3677 04:07:47,120 --> 04:07:49,680 Then, one night, Chai Ling was drugged 3678 04:07:49,680 --> 04:07:52,760 and, she believed, raped by another student, 3679 04:07:52,760 --> 04:07:55,440 but the authorities did nothing, 3680 04:07:55,440 --> 04:07:58,920 and she decided to join the growing student protests 3681 04:07:58,920 --> 04:08:01,680 against what they saw as a corrupt regime 3682 04:08:01,680 --> 04:08:03,560 that was now in charge of China. 3683 04:08:05,680 --> 04:08:10,400 Deng Xiaoping had got rid of both revolutionary ideas and democracy... 3684 04:08:11,960 --> 04:08:15,800 ..and, in that void, corruption had taken over the whole society. 3685 04:08:16,960 --> 04:08:20,160 Party officials everywhere were looting billions of dollars. 3686 04:08:21,600 --> 04:08:25,800 All that mattered now in China was money and connections. 3687 04:08:30,240 --> 04:08:35,120 TRANSLATION: The first thing in life is money, 3688 04:08:35,120 --> 04:08:37,800 and the second thing is connections. 3689 04:08:37,800 --> 04:08:40,680 It is very important to have connections. 3690 04:08:40,680 --> 04:08:42,360 When you know people, 3691 04:08:42,360 --> 04:08:46,280 then, wherever you go, things become so much easier. 3692 04:08:50,880 --> 04:08:56,640 In April 1989, the one leader that the students trusted, Hu Yaobang, 3693 04:08:56,640 --> 04:08:58,960 died of a heart attack at a party meeting. 3694 04:09:01,440 --> 04:09:04,520 Students started to come to Tiananmen Square to mourn him. 3695 04:09:05,960 --> 04:09:07,480 Chai Ling was among them. 3696 04:09:08,960 --> 04:09:11,720 And, as more and more people came to the square, 3697 04:09:11,720 --> 04:09:14,600 she became one of the most vocal of the protesters. 3698 04:09:19,800 --> 04:09:22,840 CROWD CHANTS BACK HER WORDS 3699 04:09:33,160 --> 04:09:36,480 CHEERING 3700 04:09:36,480 --> 04:09:39,560 Soon, over a million protesters filled the square... 3701 04:09:41,760 --> 04:09:44,160 ..but the government refused the students' demands 3702 04:09:44,160 --> 04:09:48,960 for more democracy, and the movement started to split. 3703 04:09:52,520 --> 04:09:55,200 HEATED DISCUSSION 3704 04:09:56,240 --> 04:09:58,880 The radical faction began a hunger strike 3705 04:09:58,880 --> 04:10:01,080 to try and force the government to respond. 3706 04:10:02,200 --> 04:10:05,040 Chai Ling had now risen to become one of the leaders 3707 04:10:05,040 --> 04:10:07,320 of the radical movement. 3708 04:10:07,320 --> 04:10:10,960 She later wrote that the experience made her an independent woman. 3709 04:10:12,000 --> 04:10:16,000 She herself was liberated, and became a self-actualiser. 3710 04:10:23,600 --> 04:10:26,200 But many of the other student leaders were frightened 3711 04:10:26,200 --> 04:10:28,160 that she was going to create disaster. 3712 04:10:30,000 --> 04:10:32,400 The government was still refusing to negotiate, 3713 04:10:32,400 --> 04:10:34,720 and the protest leaders held a tense meeting. 3714 04:10:36,520 --> 04:10:41,040 Many of them argued that they should retreat now, on such a high, 3715 04:10:41,040 --> 04:10:43,720 which would force the party to accept real reform. 3716 04:10:44,880 --> 04:10:47,320 If they didn't, there would be stalemate, 3717 04:10:47,320 --> 04:10:48,520 and then killing. 3718 04:10:50,160 --> 04:10:54,160 In the vote, Chai Ling raised her hand, which made it unanimous. 3719 04:10:56,240 --> 04:10:59,320 But that evening, she changed her mind, 3720 04:10:59,320 --> 04:11:02,440 and she helped persuade the students to stay in the square. 3721 04:11:04,960 --> 04:11:08,960 The next day, she called an American journalist called Phil Cunningham, 3722 04:11:08,960 --> 04:11:11,040 and gave an extraordinary interview. 3723 04:11:13,520 --> 04:11:15,320 Chai Ling had suddenly realised 3724 04:11:15,320 --> 04:11:19,280 that combining the new force of individualism with collective action 3725 04:11:19,280 --> 04:11:21,280 was never going to work. 3726 04:11:22,400 --> 04:11:24,960 She felt the contradiction deep within herself. 3727 04:11:26,400 --> 04:11:29,400 She had realised that, in the age of the individual, 3728 04:11:29,400 --> 04:11:31,320 it was no longer going to be possible 3729 04:11:31,320 --> 04:11:35,080 for people to give up their lives for a greater cause. 3730 04:11:36,600 --> 04:11:40,680 TRANSLATION: To be honest, from the day I called for a hunger strike, 3731 04:11:40,680 --> 04:11:42,880 I knew we would not get any results. 3732 04:11:45,600 --> 04:11:48,840 Certain people, certain causes are bound to fail. 3733 04:11:51,480 --> 04:11:54,080 I have been very clear about this all along... 3734 04:11:56,000 --> 04:11:59,520 ..but I've made an effort to present a staunch image 3735 04:11:59,520 --> 04:12:03,640 to show that we were striving for victory. 3736 04:12:03,640 --> 04:12:06,400 But, deep down, I knew it was all futile. 3737 04:12:07,760 --> 04:12:11,400 All along, I've kept it to myself, because, being Chinese, 3738 04:12:11,400 --> 04:12:14,480 I felt I shouldn't bad-mouth the Chinese. 3739 04:12:14,480 --> 04:12:18,440 But I can't help thinking sometimes, and I might as well say it. 3740 04:12:18,440 --> 04:12:22,120 You, the Chinese, you are not worth my struggle. 3741 04:12:22,120 --> 04:12:24,040 You are not worth my sacrifice. 3742 04:12:27,960 --> 04:12:31,040 The students keep asking, "What shall we do next? 3743 04:12:31,040 --> 04:12:33,160 "What can we accomplish?" 3744 04:12:33,160 --> 04:12:36,760 I feel so sad, because how can I tell them 3745 04:12:36,760 --> 04:12:39,600 that what we are actually hoping for is bloodshed? 3746 04:12:40,960 --> 04:12:43,440 For the moment when the government has no choice 3747 04:12:43,440 --> 04:12:45,280 but to brazenly butcher the people? 3748 04:12:46,640 --> 04:12:49,760 Only when the square is awash with blood 3749 04:12:49,760 --> 04:12:52,520 will the people of China open their eyes. 3750 04:12:52,520 --> 04:12:55,720 Only then will they really be united. 3751 04:12:55,720 --> 04:12:57,960 Are you going to stay in the square yourself? 3752 04:13:00,480 --> 04:13:01,760 No, I won't. 3753 04:13:04,040 --> 04:13:07,720 I'm not going to let myself be destroyed by this government. 3754 04:13:07,720 --> 04:13:09,080 I want to live. 3755 04:13:12,320 --> 04:13:13,760 Five days later, 3756 04:13:13,760 --> 04:13:17,600 Deng Xiaoping sent the troops and tanks in to clear the square. 3757 04:13:32,800 --> 04:13:36,760 HE SINGS 3758 04:14:49,040 --> 04:14:51,640 Boris Yeltsin was the president of the new Russia. 3759 04:14:53,120 --> 04:14:56,280 He had promised to turn the country into a mass democracy. 3760 04:14:57,640 --> 04:15:00,640 Yeltsin appointed a group of young technocrats, 3761 04:15:00,640 --> 04:15:04,640 and they set out to do this through what they called shock therapy, 3762 04:15:04,640 --> 04:15:07,360 advised by western bankers and economists. 3763 04:15:08,720 --> 04:15:10,920 They believed that they had to move fast 3764 04:15:10,920 --> 04:15:13,720 because the communists might try and take power again. 3765 04:15:17,920 --> 04:15:21,680 But behind it was a grander utopian idea 3766 04:15:21,680 --> 04:15:25,240 that it might start the spread of democracy all around the world. 3767 04:15:33,880 --> 04:15:35,200 But at this very moment, 3768 04:15:35,200 --> 04:15:38,400 in the West, the opposite started to happen. 3769 04:15:39,520 --> 04:15:43,240 The whole idea of mass democracy began to be questioned 3770 04:15:43,240 --> 04:15:47,440 and undermined from inside the political establishment itself. 3771 04:15:49,560 --> 04:15:51,840 It began almost unnoticed, 3772 04:15:51,840 --> 04:15:55,760 hidden behind the wave of enthusiasm after the fall of communism. 3773 04:15:57,280 --> 04:16:00,000 But a political scientist called Peter Mair 3774 04:16:00,000 --> 04:16:03,280 has argued that what happened in the 1990s 3775 04:16:03,280 --> 04:16:07,400 was that the old idea of democracy started to disappear in the West... 3776 04:16:08,960 --> 04:16:11,760 ..and it was replaced by something else 3777 04:16:11,760 --> 04:16:16,440 which we haven't fully comprehended yet, or even seen. 3778 04:16:16,440 --> 04:16:19,520 because it is outside the old categories of politics. 3779 04:16:22,680 --> 04:16:26,640 Western politicians, Mair said, literally changed their roles. 3780 04:16:28,040 --> 04:16:31,920 They gave up being representatives of the people, 3781 04:16:31,920 --> 04:16:36,240 and instead they became the agents of a new bureaucracy 3782 04:16:36,240 --> 04:16:39,640 which was rising up and promising that it could manage 3783 04:16:39,640 --> 04:16:43,280 the dangerous and unpredictable force of individualism 3784 04:16:43,280 --> 04:16:45,440 better than the politicians could. 3785 04:16:47,400 --> 04:16:51,240 Just as the activists in China had found with Chai Ling, 3786 04:16:51,240 --> 04:16:55,320 individualism and its drive to self-actualisation 3787 04:16:55,320 --> 04:17:00,040 can corrode and eat away at the collective power of mass democracy. 3788 04:17:01,320 --> 04:17:05,400 Peter Mair said the same was now happening in the West. 3789 04:17:08,600 --> 04:17:11,720 The first politician to confront this was Bill Clinton. 3790 04:17:13,560 --> 04:17:15,880 He came to power promising to represent 3791 04:17:15,880 --> 04:17:19,520 what he called the forgotten middle class. 3792 04:17:19,520 --> 04:17:23,080 But very quickly, within weeks of entering the White House, 3793 04:17:23,080 --> 04:17:27,320 Clinton agreed to give up on many of his promised reforms, 3794 04:17:27,320 --> 04:17:29,880 and to give power over to the financial world. 3795 04:17:31,040 --> 04:17:34,240 He did this not through any cynical motive, 3796 04:17:34,240 --> 04:17:36,560 but because he knew that the old power base 3797 04:17:36,560 --> 04:17:38,880 of mass politics had gone. 3798 04:17:41,320 --> 04:17:43,840 No-one joined political parties any more. 3799 04:17:44,960 --> 04:17:47,320 Organised labour was a vanishing force. 3800 04:17:48,720 --> 04:17:50,440 Clinton might be in office, 3801 04:17:50,440 --> 04:17:55,360 but he no longer had the collective power of the people behind him. 3802 04:17:55,360 --> 04:17:57,440 The power that, in the past, 3803 04:17:57,440 --> 04:18:01,000 had allowed politicians to challenge the elites in society. 3804 04:18:04,800 --> 04:18:08,680 And, in the face of that, Clinton decided to give power instead 3805 04:18:08,680 --> 04:18:12,200 to the new force that promised that it could create a wealthier 3806 04:18:12,200 --> 04:18:14,200 and happier society - 3807 04:18:14,200 --> 04:18:17,920 the bankers and the economists and the management experts 3808 04:18:17,920 --> 04:18:20,520 who were now spreading and multiplying 3809 04:18:20,520 --> 04:18:22,480 through the corridors of Washington. 3810 04:18:25,880 --> 04:18:28,960 We know big government does not have all the answers. 3811 04:18:28,960 --> 04:18:31,480 We know there's not a programme for every problem. 3812 04:18:32,840 --> 04:18:35,320 The era of big government is over. 3813 04:18:36,320 --> 04:18:39,560 If the new bureaucracy delivered on their promises, 3814 04:18:39,560 --> 04:18:41,400 it was going to be a wonderful world. 3815 04:18:42,840 --> 04:18:44,560 But if something went wrong, 3816 04:18:44,560 --> 04:18:48,240 then the politicians would have no power with which to confront them. 3817 04:18:49,560 --> 04:18:51,720 The shift in politics had begun. 3818 04:18:59,320 --> 04:19:01,720 SHOUTING 3819 04:19:15,880 --> 04:19:20,040 In Russia, the democracy experiment had gone out of control. 3820 04:19:20,040 --> 04:19:23,160 The president, Boris Yeltsin, had lost all power. 3821 04:19:24,320 --> 04:19:27,840 It had been seized by a small group called the oligarchs, 3822 04:19:27,840 --> 04:19:29,720 who were using it to loot Russia. 3823 04:19:31,240 --> 04:19:33,320 There was massive inflation. 3824 04:19:33,320 --> 04:19:34,920 Millions of people were reduced 3825 04:19:34,920 --> 04:19:37,000 to selling what they owned on the street. 3826 04:19:38,680 --> 04:19:44,360 The life expectancy of a Russian man fell from 65 in 1987 3827 04:19:44,360 --> 04:19:46,440 to 58 in 1993. 3828 04:19:48,840 --> 04:19:51,280 There was fury in the Russian parliament. 3829 04:19:51,280 --> 04:19:55,280 Its leader accused Yeltsin of economic genocide, 3830 04:19:55,280 --> 04:19:57,400 and demanded that he stop the experiment. 3831 04:19:59,400 --> 04:20:00,440 Nyet. 3832 04:20:01,480 --> 04:20:04,800 Yeltsin responded by dissolving parliament. 3833 04:20:04,800 --> 04:20:07,560 He cut the phone lines and sealed the building off. 3834 04:20:08,680 --> 04:20:10,920 SHE RESPONDS 3835 04:20:12,240 --> 04:20:14,320 But a group of protesters broke through. 3836 04:20:17,200 --> 04:20:19,680 And fighting began around the parliament, 3837 04:20:19,680 --> 04:20:22,640 and then spread to the television station. 3838 04:20:22,640 --> 04:20:25,200 SHOUTING AND GUNFIRE 3839 04:20:30,280 --> 04:20:33,280 SHOUTING 3840 04:20:35,760 --> 04:20:38,800 GUNFIRE 3841 04:20:43,320 --> 04:20:46,920 Yeltsin portrayed it as a stark battle of good against evil. 3842 04:20:47,920 --> 04:20:49,760 He was backed by President Clinton. 3843 04:20:50,960 --> 04:20:52,560 Clinton said it was the only way 3844 04:20:52,560 --> 04:20:55,760 for Russia to become part of the new global economy 3845 04:20:55,760 --> 04:20:57,920 and defeat its dangerous past. 3846 04:21:04,600 --> 04:21:06,080 But in among the fighting 3847 04:21:06,080 --> 04:21:09,160 was a man who believed that he knew what was really happening. 3848 04:21:11,160 --> 04:21:13,680 Eduard Limonov had been expelled from the Soviet Union 3849 04:21:13,680 --> 04:21:14,960 20 years before. 3850 04:21:16,520 --> 04:21:19,200 He had lived in New York in the 1970s, 3851 04:21:19,200 --> 04:21:22,560 the moment when the banks who now ran the global system 3852 04:21:22,560 --> 04:21:24,400 were beginning their rise to power. 3853 04:21:25,600 --> 04:21:28,360 Limonov was convinced that what was happening now 3854 04:21:28,360 --> 04:21:30,360 had nothing to do with democracy. 3855 04:21:31,600 --> 04:21:35,520 It was what he called the geopolitics of money - 3856 04:21:35,520 --> 04:21:39,280 a force that had already enslaved the American people 3857 04:21:39,280 --> 04:21:42,760 and now wanted to bend the Russian people to its word. 3858 04:21:51,520 --> 04:21:55,640 And when Yeltsin ordered the tanks to attack the Russian parliament, 3859 04:21:55,640 --> 04:21:57,400 backed by the American president 3860 04:21:57,400 --> 04:22:00,920 and by the bankers and the economic experts, 3861 04:22:00,920 --> 04:22:04,280 Limonov decided he was going to fight this system. 3862 04:22:06,560 --> 04:22:09,000 Because he knew its one weakness. 3863 04:22:10,200 --> 04:22:12,320 It told no stories about the past... 3864 04:22:13,440 --> 04:22:16,200 ..and it had no vision of the future. 3865 04:22:17,960 --> 04:22:20,800 Its only aim was to keep the system stable. 3866 04:22:30,440 --> 04:22:33,160 Limonov had visited the Serbian nationalists 3867 04:22:33,160 --> 04:22:35,240 who were besieging the city of Sarajevo. 3868 04:22:36,880 --> 04:22:39,800 He was the guest of their leader, Radovan Karadzic. 3869 04:22:41,560 --> 04:22:44,640 Karadzic told him about the powerful nationalism 3870 04:22:44,640 --> 04:22:48,680 that was now reawakening after the fall of communism. 3871 04:22:48,680 --> 04:22:51,840 Serbs used to possess the entire ground. 3872 04:22:51,840 --> 04:22:55,320 We own this country. This is our country. 3873 04:22:55,320 --> 04:22:57,360 Turks have been here occupiers, 3874 04:22:57,360 --> 04:23:00,960 and the Muslims are successors of those occupiers. 3875 04:23:00,960 --> 04:23:04,200 So traditional imposed geopolitics. 3876 04:23:04,200 --> 04:23:05,720 Geopolitics. Yes, exactly. 3877 04:23:10,320 --> 04:23:15,120 Limonov became notorious when he was then filmed firing a machinegun - 3878 04:23:15,120 --> 04:23:18,440 in what seemed a random manner - into the city below. 3879 04:23:33,080 --> 04:23:35,680 You are very courageous people, 3880 04:23:35,680 --> 04:23:39,120 despite anything what is against you, 3881 04:23:39,120 --> 04:23:41,320 it's a great power of almost... 3882 04:23:41,320 --> 04:23:42,880 Almost the entire world. 3883 04:23:42,880 --> 04:23:47,000 Yeah, 15 countries against you and you resist. 3884 04:23:47,000 --> 04:23:51,920 And I repeat again - we Russians, we should take example from you. 3885 04:23:51,920 --> 04:23:53,280 UPBEAT MUSIC 3886 04:23:53,280 --> 04:23:58,800 Limonov realised that something was re-emerging from the past in Bosnia 3887 04:23:58,800 --> 04:24:01,000 that might have the power to confront 3888 04:24:01,000 --> 04:24:02,600 the new system of global money. 3889 04:24:03,640 --> 04:24:08,600 It was nationalism, and the national myths that came with it. 3890 04:24:08,600 --> 04:24:12,360 They were powerful stories that linked people together 3891 04:24:12,360 --> 04:24:14,120 and gave them a collective power. 3892 04:24:15,480 --> 04:24:18,000 Something that individualism could never do. 3893 04:24:34,240 --> 04:24:37,760 DANCE REMIX OF: What's Up by 4 Non Blondes 3894 04:24:45,520 --> 04:24:47,600 All you girls that believe men are bastards, 3895 04:24:47,600 --> 04:24:50,520 you should be near the front. I'll need you later on. 3896 04:24:50,520 --> 04:24:51,920 Ah, they're coming. 3897 04:24:51,920 --> 04:24:55,240 # Oh, my God, do I try 3898 04:24:55,240 --> 04:24:58,440 # I try all the time... # 3899 04:24:58,440 --> 04:25:01,240 Oh, I remember the '60s. I used to dress like that. 3900 04:25:03,360 --> 04:25:05,760 In the end, Julia had realised 3901 04:25:05,760 --> 04:25:09,920 that her psychiatrist was never going to let her have surgery. 3902 04:25:09,920 --> 04:25:14,240 "She was," he said, "not ladylike enough and too pushy." 3903 04:25:16,360 --> 04:25:18,680 She had gone to a private surgeon 3904 04:25:18,680 --> 04:25:21,960 and finally become what she had always known was the true person. 3905 04:25:25,920 --> 04:25:29,920 But, only weeks after the surgery, she had collapsed from bleeding. 3906 04:25:31,600 --> 04:25:34,320 She was taken into hospital unconscious, 3907 04:25:34,320 --> 04:25:37,120 where she was treated for a suspected miscarriage 3908 04:25:37,120 --> 04:25:40,320 by doctors who had no idea of her medical history. 3909 04:25:41,880 --> 04:25:45,640 The surgery was damaged, she could no longer have sex... 3910 04:25:46,880 --> 04:25:48,040 ..and Amir left her... 3911 04:25:49,640 --> 04:25:51,160 ..and she was alone. 3912 04:25:53,360 --> 04:25:57,120 If the truth be known, some of my friends have never, ever asked 3913 04:25:57,120 --> 04:25:59,880 how I feel, how I am, why I'm always alone. 3914 04:26:03,400 --> 04:26:05,720 People... Well, there are one or two people 3915 04:26:05,720 --> 04:26:08,400 that I actually discuss the problems with. 3916 04:26:08,400 --> 04:26:11,400 The first time, maybe five or six years ago, 3917 04:26:11,400 --> 04:26:13,720 and the person that I told... 3918 04:26:13,720 --> 04:26:17,160 ..only used it against me and he went off with somebody else. 3919 04:26:17,160 --> 04:26:22,560 And when I asked why, you know, it's thrown in my face. 3920 04:26:22,560 --> 04:26:24,880 "Well, you're not a real woman anyway. 3921 04:26:24,880 --> 04:26:26,800 "What am I supposed to do?" 3922 04:26:26,800 --> 04:26:29,040 And when you get knocked like that, 3923 04:26:29,040 --> 04:26:32,680 and you have to face up to that kind of thing, 3924 04:26:32,680 --> 04:26:35,560 I suppose it makes you just a little bit weary. 3925 04:26:35,560 --> 04:26:37,320 Most people listening to that would say, 3926 04:26:37,320 --> 04:26:39,240 "Oh, what a shame, how sad," but... 3927 04:26:40,880 --> 04:26:42,720 ..I suppose if love slapped me in the face, 3928 04:26:42,720 --> 04:26:44,440 I wouldn't even recognise it now. 3929 04:26:49,840 --> 04:26:52,480 Julia had challenged the old power in Britain. 3930 04:26:53,680 --> 04:26:56,800 She had stood up against her psychiatrist and won. 3931 04:26:58,200 --> 04:27:02,040 Her victory was a symbol of the decline of that old paternalism. 3932 04:27:03,520 --> 04:27:07,480 But now she had discovered how difficult individualism could be. 3933 04:27:08,560 --> 04:27:11,800 That, when things go wrong, you are weak and alone. 3934 04:27:33,640 --> 04:27:35,800 SHE MOUTHS SILENTLY 3935 04:27:54,280 --> 04:27:56,440 But as individuals were beginning to feel 3936 04:27:56,440 --> 04:27:58,680 the limitations of their power, 3937 04:27:58,680 --> 04:28:01,720 the new class that had grown up to manage them 3938 04:28:01,720 --> 04:28:04,080 was growing stronger and more confident... 3939 04:28:05,840 --> 04:28:08,000 ..and they began to see democracy 3940 04:28:08,000 --> 04:28:10,880 not just as something to be bypassed, 3941 04:28:10,880 --> 04:28:13,320 but as a potentially dangerous force. 3942 04:28:15,400 --> 04:28:17,120 By the mid-1990s, 3943 04:28:17,120 --> 04:28:20,720 technocrats in the political think-tanks in the West 3944 04:28:20,720 --> 04:28:24,200 were becoming frightened that elections all across the world 3945 04:28:24,200 --> 04:28:27,600 were producing what they called the wrong kind of result. 3946 04:28:30,640 --> 04:28:34,760 In Algeria, a party called the Islamic Salvation Front 3947 04:28:34,760 --> 04:28:38,320 took the majority of votes in the first round of an election. 3948 04:28:39,520 --> 04:28:40,880 It was a stunning victory. 3949 04:28:42,040 --> 04:28:45,480 But people feared that its real aim was to turn the country 3950 04:28:45,480 --> 04:28:49,000 into an Islamist state and get rid of democracy. 3951 04:28:50,960 --> 04:28:54,520 Western politicians found themselves supporting a military coup 3952 04:28:54,520 --> 04:28:56,320 that stopped the elections. 3953 04:28:59,000 --> 04:29:00,280 THEY CHANT 3954 04:29:00,280 --> 04:29:02,840 But, in Europe, the extreme right paraded openly. 3955 04:29:04,040 --> 04:29:06,000 They protested against the immigrants 3956 04:29:06,000 --> 04:29:08,560 coming from Africa and the Middle East. 3957 04:29:08,560 --> 04:29:12,400 THEY CHANT 3958 04:29:14,040 --> 04:29:17,920 TRANSLATION: The foreigners take away houses in Germany, 3959 04:29:17,920 --> 04:29:20,560 bring drugs and all kinds of filth. 3960 04:29:20,560 --> 04:29:24,160 They steal German workplaces and they filthy up the environment. 3961 04:29:26,000 --> 04:29:30,760 For me now, the most important inspiration is Adolf Hitler. 3962 04:29:47,840 --> 04:29:49,800 And faced by the horror in the Balkans, 3963 04:29:49,800 --> 04:29:53,320 President Clinton's representative, called Richard Holbrooke, 3964 04:29:53,320 --> 04:29:55,440 brought the question out into the open. 3965 04:29:56,960 --> 04:30:00,360 "Suppose elections are free and fair," he said, 3966 04:30:00,360 --> 04:30:05,320 "and those elected are racists, fascists, separatists. 3967 04:30:05,320 --> 04:30:06,720 "That is the dilemma." 3968 04:30:13,400 --> 04:30:16,720 An American political scientist called Fareed Zakaria, 3969 04:30:16,720 --> 04:30:19,080 put it more bluntly. 3970 04:30:19,080 --> 04:30:23,200 "The people, we are told," he said, "are the most important. 3971 04:30:23,200 --> 04:30:28,120 "We are driven by the phrase, 'the American people are not stupid,' 3972 04:30:28,120 --> 04:30:29,640 "but what if they are?" 3973 04:30:32,440 --> 04:30:37,520 But the political scientists were not alone in distrusting people, 3974 04:30:37,520 --> 04:30:41,280 for, at the same time, a group of behavioural psychologists 3975 04:30:41,280 --> 04:30:43,760 who were becoming increasingly influential 3976 04:30:43,760 --> 04:30:45,800 were insisting that individuals 3977 04:30:45,800 --> 04:30:49,120 also made the wrong decisions in the marketplace. 3978 04:30:50,600 --> 04:30:54,120 They were not behaving in the logical, self-interested ways 3979 04:30:54,120 --> 04:30:55,920 that economics said they should. 3980 04:30:57,760 --> 04:31:01,080 The most famous of them was called Daniel Kahneman. 3981 04:31:01,080 --> 04:31:03,480 He would win a Nobel Prize for his work. 3982 04:31:05,200 --> 04:31:09,120 For 30 years, Kahneman had been studying human behaviour 3983 04:31:09,120 --> 04:31:11,000 and he had discovered, he said, 3984 04:31:11,000 --> 04:31:15,280 that human beings actually had two systems inside their brains. 3985 04:31:16,560 --> 04:31:20,680 One of them they were aware of, which they thought was in control. 3986 04:31:22,520 --> 04:31:25,120 The other was an instinctive part 3987 04:31:25,120 --> 04:31:27,200 that really drove most of their actions. 3988 04:31:28,240 --> 04:31:30,880 A part that they were completely unaware of. 3989 04:31:32,720 --> 04:31:35,080 This new psychology was a powerful attack 3990 04:31:35,080 --> 04:31:38,040 on the whole idea of the confident self. 3991 04:31:39,120 --> 04:31:41,960 Because the picture the psychologists painted 3992 04:31:41,960 --> 04:31:45,000 of human society was of millions of individuals 3993 04:31:45,000 --> 04:31:47,760 living most of the time thinking that they were rational 3994 04:31:47,760 --> 04:31:48,960 and in control... 3995 04:31:50,280 --> 04:31:52,720 ..whilst something else inside them 3996 04:31:52,720 --> 04:31:55,080 was really guiding many of their actions... 3997 04:31:56,200 --> 04:31:57,680 ..without them knowing it. 3998 04:31:59,160 --> 04:32:00,920 But, Kahneman said, 3999 04:32:00,920 --> 04:32:04,200 there was an underlying pattern to this irrational behaviour. 4000 04:32:05,360 --> 04:32:08,280 It meant that if somehow you could gather enough data 4001 04:32:08,280 --> 04:32:12,560 on human beings' behaviour, you could see the patterns 4002 04:32:12,560 --> 04:32:16,840 and so predict what they would do, and manage them. 4003 04:32:18,320 --> 04:32:19,560 But, to do that, 4004 04:32:19,560 --> 04:32:24,200 you would have to bypass and ignore their conscious self, 4005 04:32:24,200 --> 04:32:28,040 because it was the behaviour - not the thoughts - that counted. 4006 04:32:33,760 --> 04:32:36,720 LOUD DANCE MUSIC 4007 04:33:17,200 --> 04:33:21,680 THEY TALK HEATEDLY 4008 04:33:23,520 --> 04:33:27,640 HE RESPONDS ANGRILY 4009 04:33:32,240 --> 04:33:34,720 RADIO: # Put your lovin' arms around me 4010 04:33:34,720 --> 04:33:38,040 # Inside your arms, I'm burning 4011 04:33:38,040 --> 04:33:41,200 # Put your lovin' arms around me... # 4012 04:33:43,120 --> 04:33:47,360 In Russia, President Yeltsin had lost all control. 4013 04:33:47,360 --> 04:33:49,240 He was drunk most of the time. 4014 04:33:54,480 --> 04:33:56,160 MURMURING 4015 04:33:57,600 --> 04:33:59,920 He had become the puppet of the oligarchs, 4016 04:33:59,920 --> 04:34:04,840 who had taken over all the media and blocked any opposition. 4017 04:34:04,840 --> 04:34:07,280 But there was one opponent. 4018 04:34:07,280 --> 04:34:09,600 It was Eduard Limonov. 4019 04:34:09,600 --> 04:34:11,480 ..the Queen, the fascist regime! 4020 04:34:14,720 --> 04:34:18,960 HE SPEAKS ON TANNOY 4021 04:34:18,960 --> 04:34:20,760 THEY CHEER 4022 04:34:20,760 --> 04:34:23,560 He had started his own tiny party. 4023 04:34:23,560 --> 04:34:26,520 He called it the National Bolsheviks. 4024 04:34:26,520 --> 04:34:30,760 It was, he said, a fusion of fascism and communism, 4025 04:34:30,760 --> 04:34:33,000 and the party flag was designed to show this. 4026 04:34:34,800 --> 04:34:39,960 THEY CHANT 4027 04:34:42,720 --> 04:34:45,400 But it wasn't simple nostalgia. 4028 04:34:45,400 --> 04:34:47,960 Limonov wanted to shock people out of accepting 4029 04:34:47,960 --> 04:34:50,640 the completely corrupt society around them. 4030 04:34:52,000 --> 04:34:55,960 He wanted to go back to the original roots of fascism and nationalism. 4031 04:34:57,200 --> 04:34:59,320 To the idea that if you can find a story 4032 04:34:59,320 --> 04:35:02,120 powerful enough to inspire people, 4033 04:35:02,120 --> 04:35:04,920 you can then use that collective power 4034 04:35:04,920 --> 04:35:09,040 both to sweep away the corrupt rulers and change reality. 4035 04:35:11,080 --> 04:35:13,760 It was something that had been wiped and forgotten 4036 04:35:13,760 --> 04:35:16,240 because of the horrors it had led to in the past. 4037 04:35:17,880 --> 04:35:21,520 And the individualism that had been promoted so strongly in the West 4038 04:35:21,520 --> 04:35:25,600 after the Second World War had been a force shield against that. 4039 04:35:26,920 --> 04:35:30,760 A shield of one world composed of just individuals. 4040 04:35:31,920 --> 04:35:35,920 Limonov was the reappearance of the frightening old dream. 4041 04:35:35,920 --> 04:35:40,080 MUSIC: Vechnaya Vesna by Grazhdanskaya Oborona 4042 04:35:43,920 --> 04:35:48,160 The third person to join the party was the musician Yegor Letov. 4043 04:35:49,800 --> 04:35:53,720 He had led the opposition to communism in the 1980s. 4044 04:35:53,720 --> 04:35:59,320 Now he sang songs about how Russia was trapped in a frozen world, 4045 04:35:59,320 --> 04:36:03,360 buried under a mass of meaningless broken fragments from the past. 4046 04:37:35,760 --> 04:37:40,000 Ghosts from the past were returning at the margins in England, too. 4047 04:37:44,320 --> 04:37:48,640 In August 1999, a farmer in Norfolk called Tony Martin 4048 04:37:48,640 --> 04:37:51,800 shot two burglars who were travellers. 4049 04:37:51,800 --> 04:37:54,120 He killed one of them, called Fred Barras. 4050 04:37:55,680 --> 04:37:57,920 Tony Martin was a recluse. 4051 04:37:57,920 --> 04:38:01,520 He lived in a remote, half-ruined building called Bleak House. 4052 04:38:02,720 --> 04:38:05,720 Tony Martin considered himself a victim. 4053 04:38:05,720 --> 04:38:08,320 He'd been plagued by burglars for years. 4054 04:38:08,320 --> 04:38:12,280 He lived in squalid conditions, paranoid about being burgled. 4055 04:38:12,280 --> 04:38:14,760 The stairs of the house were booby trapped. 4056 04:38:14,760 --> 04:38:19,360 He slept fully dressed with his boots on and a gun by his bed. 4057 04:38:19,360 --> 04:38:23,400 Martin was found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. 4058 04:38:25,000 --> 04:38:27,800 His conviction touched off a wave of protest. 4059 04:38:28,840 --> 04:38:32,040 On the surface, it was about Martin's right to defend himself... 4060 04:38:33,160 --> 04:38:35,760 ..but it also expressed a much wider feeling 4061 04:38:35,760 --> 04:38:37,800 that was simmering under the surface. 4062 04:38:39,000 --> 04:38:43,080 That the very institutions that were supposed to protect the people - 4063 04:38:43,080 --> 04:38:46,400 the law, the police and the politicians - 4064 04:38:46,400 --> 04:38:48,240 were now being turned against them. 4065 04:38:49,720 --> 04:38:54,440 A growing sense that you couldn't trust those in power any longer - 4066 04:38:54,440 --> 04:38:56,720 what began to be called the elites. 4067 04:38:57,760 --> 04:39:01,560 The Labour government was shocked by the anger that burst out. 4068 04:39:01,560 --> 04:39:05,880 Tony Blair wrote in a private memo, simply, "We have lost touch." 4069 04:39:09,000 --> 04:39:13,080 But what Blair and the other modern politicians had forgotten 4070 04:39:13,080 --> 04:39:17,080 was that that suspicion of the elites did not come out of nowhere. 4071 04:39:18,200 --> 04:39:21,240 It had its roots back in Britain's past, 4072 04:39:21,240 --> 04:39:23,840 at the moment when the empire was collapsing. 4073 04:39:25,400 --> 04:39:29,800 And Tony Martin himself was a direct link back to that anger. 4074 04:39:31,640 --> 04:39:35,000 In the 1950s, Martin's uncle had been a leading member 4075 04:39:35,000 --> 04:39:38,040 of a group called the League of Empire Loyalists. 4076 04:39:39,280 --> 04:39:41,840 The League were powerful because some of their members 4077 04:39:41,840 --> 04:39:44,080 were at the heart of the Conservative Party. 4078 04:39:45,440 --> 04:39:48,200 They were convinced that there was a global conspiracy 4079 04:39:48,200 --> 04:39:49,960 to destroy the British Empire. 4080 04:39:51,120 --> 04:39:53,720 It was being run by bankers in America, 4081 04:39:53,720 --> 04:39:56,400 working together with communists in Russia. 4082 04:39:57,560 --> 04:40:01,280 But they also believed that many of those in charge in Britain 4083 04:40:01,280 --> 04:40:04,360 were also involved in this conspiracy, 4084 04:40:04,360 --> 04:40:06,760 including most politicians. 4085 04:40:08,120 --> 04:40:10,760 Well, my reasons for joining the Empire Loyalists are many, 4086 04:40:10,760 --> 04:40:13,520 but they largely stem from the fact that I believe in the thesis 4087 04:40:13,520 --> 04:40:15,560 of nationalism and national independence 4088 04:40:15,560 --> 04:40:17,000 as opposed to internationalism, 4089 04:40:17,000 --> 04:40:19,600 which I consider would in time devolve into a world government 4090 04:40:19,600 --> 04:40:22,000 which would, of necessity, by sheer weight of numbers, 4091 04:40:22,000 --> 04:40:24,840 become a communist-controlled world government, 4092 04:40:24,840 --> 04:40:28,040 with the control of the world in the hands of very few people. 4093 04:40:28,040 --> 04:40:30,600 This would be a tyranny, and I consider the only way 4094 04:40:30,600 --> 04:40:32,800 to combat this possibility of a tyranny 4095 04:40:32,800 --> 04:40:35,640 is to encourage a nation toward a nationality. 4096 04:40:36,920 --> 04:40:38,920 And that anger was about to return. 4097 04:40:39,960 --> 04:40:42,040 By now, politicians in the West 4098 04:40:42,040 --> 04:40:44,280 had given large amounts of their power away. 4099 04:40:45,440 --> 04:40:49,240 What had begun with Bill Clinton in the early 1990s had spread. 4100 04:40:52,640 --> 04:40:54,360 When Tony Blair came to power, 4101 04:40:54,360 --> 04:40:57,520 he had immediately given control over much of the economy 4102 04:40:57,520 --> 04:40:58,920 to the Bank of England. 4103 04:41:00,320 --> 04:41:03,560 But, in 1998, the global financial system 4104 04:41:03,560 --> 04:41:05,480 showed how unstable it could be. 4105 04:41:06,960 --> 04:41:11,640 An economic crisis that began in Russia, and then spread to Asia, 4106 04:41:11,640 --> 04:41:13,760 had consequences throughout the world. 4107 04:41:15,120 --> 04:41:16,760 In response to the crisis, 4108 04:41:16,760 --> 04:41:20,320 the Bank of England had insisted that interest rates be raised. 4109 04:41:21,520 --> 04:41:24,880 But this made many British goods too expensive to export. 4110 04:41:26,280 --> 04:41:29,400 And in the north of England, factories began to close. 4111 04:41:31,600 --> 04:41:36,240 Tony Blair insisted, though, that it was a price the country had to pay 4112 04:41:36,240 --> 04:41:39,320 for being part of what he called the world economy. 4113 04:41:40,760 --> 04:41:43,840 He can say a world economy till he's blue in the face, 4114 04:41:43,840 --> 04:41:46,160 but it's not just us, is it? It's other people. 4115 04:41:46,160 --> 04:41:48,520 "He can say"? Mr Blair can say the world economy...? 4116 04:41:48,520 --> 04:41:51,080 He can say, "World economy, world economy," but... 4117 04:41:52,600 --> 04:41:56,000 So what do you say? People in the Northeast are suffering, 4118 04:41:56,000 --> 04:41:59,120 but why has he given all that power to the Bank of England? Why? 4119 04:42:01,760 --> 04:42:04,600 Why, you know? Why is that? 4120 04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:06,600 Is he passing the buck? What's he doing? 4121 04:42:08,520 --> 04:42:11,440 So he can't be blamed for things like this that go wrong. He can say, 4122 04:42:11,440 --> 04:42:14,280 "Well, it's the Bank of England's interest rates, none of us did it." 4123 04:42:14,280 --> 04:42:15,560 I don't know. 4124 04:42:24,080 --> 04:42:25,520 They're just opening their mouths 4125 04:42:25,520 --> 04:42:27,560 and letting the wind waffle their tongues about, 4126 04:42:27,560 --> 04:42:29,920 as far as I'm concerned. Get up here and get things sorted. 4127 04:42:29,920 --> 04:42:31,280 You vote a Labour government in, 4128 04:42:31,280 --> 04:42:32,760 you vote for them all your life and 4129 04:42:32,760 --> 04:42:34,320 this is the crap you get off of them. 4130 04:42:34,320 --> 04:42:37,200 You think it's all wrong, what's happened, what could they have done? 4131 04:42:37,200 --> 04:42:40,240 Give us more support, stepped in, put a shoulder behind us, 4132 04:42:40,240 --> 04:42:42,800 show a bit more muscle. Just... 4133 04:42:42,800 --> 04:42:44,840 ..let them know that they canna do this. 4134 04:42:46,120 --> 04:42:47,800 And at the end of the century, 4135 04:42:47,800 --> 04:42:52,240 a new anger began to grow out of in the margins of England, 4136 04:42:52,240 --> 04:42:56,240 that in the future would get mixed up with the furies of the past. 4137 04:42:58,640 --> 04:43:00,800 But the politicians increasingly found 4138 04:43:00,800 --> 04:43:04,000 that there was little they could do to respond to this anger. 4139 04:43:05,360 --> 04:43:07,000 Because, over the past ten years, 4140 04:43:07,000 --> 04:43:10,120 all kinds of new organisations had grown up 4141 04:43:10,120 --> 04:43:14,360 that were deliberately designed to limit the politicians' power, 4142 04:43:14,360 --> 04:43:17,400 because national politics was dangerous 4143 04:43:17,400 --> 04:43:20,080 to the stability of the global system. 4144 04:43:21,400 --> 04:43:24,240 The idea had originally come from technocrats 4145 04:43:24,240 --> 04:43:25,640 inside the European Union. 4146 04:43:26,680 --> 04:43:29,080 One of the leaders was a political scientist 4147 04:43:29,080 --> 04:43:30,920 called Giandomenico Majone. 4148 04:43:32,640 --> 04:43:34,520 "Politicians," Majone said, 4149 04:43:34,520 --> 04:43:38,200 "were always driven by short-term, self-interested motives." 4150 04:43:39,600 --> 04:43:42,280 Which meant that they, too, were irrational. 4151 04:43:43,360 --> 04:43:48,240 The solution, he said, was to bypass the politicians completely. 4152 04:43:48,240 --> 04:43:51,120 HE SPEAKS FRENCH 4153 04:43:51,120 --> 04:43:52,360 Pardon? 4154 04:43:56,680 --> 04:43:58,200 ..later in the afternoon... 4155 04:43:58,200 --> 04:44:00,600 And in the 1990s, behind the scenes 4156 04:44:00,600 --> 04:44:04,160 of the political debate in the European Union, 4157 04:44:04,160 --> 04:44:09,200 Majone and a group of technocrats created a range of new institutions 4158 04:44:09,200 --> 04:44:13,800 that were deliberately designed to avoid political interference, 4159 04:44:13,800 --> 04:44:18,200 and instead run large areas of society in a rational way. 4160 04:44:19,600 --> 04:44:22,960 Majone gave them a boring bureaucratic name. 4161 04:44:22,960 --> 04:44:26,400 He called them non-majoritarian institutions. 4162 04:44:31,440 --> 04:44:35,240 But, in reality, they were a completely radical invention 4163 04:44:35,240 --> 04:44:37,800 that challenged the very idea of democracy. 4164 04:44:39,520 --> 04:44:42,000 "These new organisations," Majone said, 4165 04:44:42,000 --> 04:44:45,720 "are, by design, not directly accountable to voters 4166 04:44:45,720 --> 04:44:48,000 "or to their elected representatives." 4167 04:44:49,640 --> 04:44:52,080 Out of it was going to come the massive range 4168 04:44:52,080 --> 04:44:56,120 of new bureaucracies that today run large parts of the modern world. 4169 04:44:57,160 --> 04:44:58,840 Not just central banks, 4170 04:44:58,840 --> 04:45:01,400 but all kinds of regulatory agencies, 4171 04:45:01,400 --> 04:45:03,840 special courts and expert bodies. 4172 04:45:04,920 --> 04:45:08,520 All of which govern not through political policies, 4173 04:45:08,520 --> 04:45:12,760 but through rational scientific assessment and measured outcomes. 4174 04:45:14,560 --> 04:45:18,480 And the European Union became the centre of this experiment. 4175 04:45:22,840 --> 04:45:24,200 In front of house, 4176 04:45:24,200 --> 04:45:28,280 the elected politicians debated subjects like human rights, 4177 04:45:28,280 --> 04:45:30,920 but continually failed to come to any conclusion. 4178 04:45:39,240 --> 04:45:43,760 Are we concerned with rights or with political objectives? 4179 04:45:43,760 --> 04:45:46,000 And much of what we're going to discuss today is... 4180 04:45:52,000 --> 04:45:55,880 But quietly, behind the scenes, what were being created 4181 04:45:55,880 --> 04:45:59,880 were, in Majone's words, "specialised institutions 4182 04:45:59,880 --> 04:46:03,560 "staffed with neutral experts, carrying out policies 4183 04:46:03,560 --> 04:46:06,720 "with a level of efficiency and effectiveness 4184 04:46:06,720 --> 04:46:09,760 "politicians cannot and never will achieve." 4185 04:46:16,720 --> 04:46:19,360 The original idea behind mass democracy 4186 04:46:19,360 --> 04:46:22,520 had been that the politicians would be the bridgehead 4187 04:46:22,520 --> 04:46:24,440 for the people into power. 4188 04:46:25,560 --> 04:46:28,280 They would challenge the powerful groups 4189 04:46:28,280 --> 04:46:31,000 at the top of society on behalf of the people. 4190 04:46:32,640 --> 04:46:36,680 But then the people, driven by the new individualism, 4191 04:46:36,680 --> 04:46:39,440 had retreated into their own private worlds. 4192 04:46:41,000 --> 04:46:45,600 So the politicians switched sides and became instead 4193 04:46:45,600 --> 04:46:49,760 the representatives of the new powerful technocratic class. 4194 04:46:51,080 --> 04:46:53,680 It still looked like they were powerful 4195 04:46:53,680 --> 04:46:55,920 and had control over events. 4196 04:46:57,880 --> 04:47:00,080 But now the people had gone, 4197 04:47:00,080 --> 04:47:02,160 beneath them was a void. 4198 04:47:18,880 --> 04:47:23,640 But, in 1999, Tony Blair realised that there might still be a way 4199 04:47:23,640 --> 04:47:28,120 to change the world dramatically and recapture some of that power. 4200 04:47:31,880 --> 04:47:34,960 The conflict between the Serbs and the Muslims in the Balkans 4201 04:47:34,960 --> 04:47:36,360 had erupted again. 4202 04:47:37,440 --> 04:47:41,200 Serbian nationalists were attacking the Albanian population in Kosovo. 4203 04:47:43,000 --> 04:47:46,680 Blair worked hard to persuade a reluctant President Clinton 4204 04:47:46,680 --> 04:47:49,840 to join in a bombing campaign to force the Serbs 4205 04:47:49,840 --> 04:47:51,720 to stop the ethnic cleansing. 4206 04:47:56,000 --> 04:47:57,240 And it succeeded. 4207 04:48:01,120 --> 04:48:05,120 Tony Blair came to Kosovo and was welcomed as a hero. 4208 04:48:06,160 --> 04:48:09,840 CHANTING AND APPLAUSE 4209 04:48:13,160 --> 04:48:16,800 At the refugee camp, Blair presented what they had done 4210 04:48:16,800 --> 04:48:19,240 as an expression of that epic vision 4211 04:48:19,240 --> 04:48:22,440 that Bernard Kouchner had put forward 20 years before. 4212 04:48:23,720 --> 04:48:28,680 We are all one world linked together simply as individuals, 4213 04:48:28,680 --> 04:48:32,520 not divided by political ideas or by nations. 4214 04:48:33,680 --> 04:48:36,320 And we, the good politicians in the West, 4215 04:48:36,320 --> 04:48:38,680 have a duty to intervene, 4216 04:48:38,680 --> 04:48:41,520 to help the victims of all evil dictators, 4217 04:48:41,520 --> 04:48:43,520 wherever they are in the world. 4218 04:48:43,520 --> 04:48:46,520 This is not a battle for territory. 4219 04:48:46,520 --> 04:48:49,640 This is a battle for humanity. 4220 04:48:49,640 --> 04:48:51,320 It is a just cause. 4221 04:48:51,320 --> 04:48:56,360 It is a rightful cause to make sure that these people, innocent people, 4222 04:48:56,360 --> 04:48:59,560 who have been driven from their homes at the point of a gun, 4223 04:48:59,560 --> 04:49:03,400 are allowed by the world community, acting together, 4224 04:49:03,400 --> 04:49:06,880 back to their homeland, back to Kosovo. 4225 04:49:06,880 --> 04:49:11,520 So these people can become symbols of hope, humanity and peace. 4226 04:49:11,520 --> 04:49:12,880 Thank you. 4227 04:49:12,880 --> 04:49:15,800 And the new ruler of the independent Kosovo, 4228 04:49:15,800 --> 04:49:19,320 appointed by the United Nations, was Bernard Kouchner. 4229 04:49:19,320 --> 04:49:24,320 We are taking a significant step towards stability 4230 04:49:24,320 --> 04:49:27,600 and democratic self-government in Kosovo. 4231 04:49:29,000 --> 04:49:30,520 In the 1990s, 4232 04:49:30,520 --> 04:49:33,920 the triumph over communism had ushered in a new era. 4233 04:49:35,760 --> 04:49:37,560 Liberal politicians in the West 4234 04:49:37,560 --> 04:49:40,400 had willingly given up much of their power 4235 04:49:40,400 --> 04:49:43,880 in the interests of the greater good of global stability. 4236 04:49:45,280 --> 04:49:48,120 The power had gone first to the global financial system. 4237 04:49:49,520 --> 04:49:52,960 And now it was being given to the American military as well. 4238 04:49:54,680 --> 04:49:56,440 It looked like a new world. 4239 04:49:57,880 --> 04:50:01,720 But, underneath, the old forces of money and military power 4240 04:50:01,720 --> 04:50:05,040 were reassembling and resuming their dominance... 4241 04:50:06,480 --> 04:50:09,440 ..just as they had in the pre-democratic days 4242 04:50:09,440 --> 04:50:10,880 of the old empires. 4243 04:50:12,160 --> 04:50:15,920 And that was going to lead to other strange forces 4244 04:50:15,920 --> 04:50:19,320 rising up and coming back to haunt the West. 4245 04:50:22,920 --> 04:50:26,320 # And I just can't help believing 4246 04:50:26,320 --> 04:50:29,760 # Though believing sees me cursed 4247 04:50:29,760 --> 04:50:33,360 # For belief ignores the heathens 4248 04:50:33,360 --> 04:50:36,880 # Day by day sigh even worse 4249 04:50:36,880 --> 04:50:40,360 # But for all we are receiving 4250 04:50:40,360 --> 04:50:43,840 # There's an evens key to turn 4251 04:50:43,840 --> 04:50:47,840 # You was the generation that bought more shoes 4252 04:50:47,840 --> 04:50:51,560 # And you get what you deserve 4253 04:50:51,560 --> 04:50:54,560 # I can't help believing 4254 04:50:54,560 --> 04:50:58,440 # Though believing sees me cursed 4255 04:50:58,440 --> 04:51:01,600 # For belief ignores the heathens 4256 04:51:01,600 --> 04:51:05,240 # Day by day sigh even worse 4257 04:51:05,240 --> 04:51:08,880 # But for all we are receiving 4258 04:51:08,880 --> 04:51:12,080 # There's an evens key to turn 4259 04:51:12,080 --> 04:51:16,440 # You was the generation that bought more shoes 4260 04:51:16,440 --> 04:51:20,120 # And you get what you deserve... # 4261 04:51:20,120 --> 04:51:24,960 DALEK VOICE: Alert! Alert! We have located the Doctor! 4262 04:51:33,040 --> 04:51:36,160 # Yeah, yeah! Ooh, baby 4263 04:51:37,640 --> 04:51:40,880 # Winter sweeps the streets of evening 4264 04:51:40,880 --> 04:51:44,200 # This frequency's my universe 4265 04:51:44,200 --> 04:51:47,760 # To reel a deep or meaning feeling 4266 04:51:47,760 --> 04:51:51,320 # In seas where schools of fools be first 4267 04:51:51,320 --> 04:51:54,720 # But for all we are receiving 4268 04:51:54,720 --> 04:51:58,680 # There's an evens key to turn 4269 04:51:58,680 --> 04:52:02,320 # You was the generation that snorts fortunes 4270 04:52:02,320 --> 04:52:05,240 # And you get what you deserve 4271 04:52:08,400 --> 04:52:11,440 # Yeah, yeah! Yeah, yeah! 4272 04:52:11,440 --> 04:52:13,320 # Yeah, yeah! # 4273 04:52:40,880 --> 04:52:47,920 # It was more like a dream than reality 4274 04:52:47,920 --> 04:52:50,760 # I must have thought it was a dream 4275 04:52:50,760 --> 04:52:53,720 # While you were here with me 4276 04:52:54,960 --> 04:53:00,800 # When you were near I didn't think you would leave 4277 04:53:02,080 --> 04:53:09,200 # When you were gone, it was too much to believe 4278 04:53:09,200 --> 04:53:12,720 # So with tomorrow 4279 04:53:12,720 --> 04:53:16,600 # I will borrow 4280 04:53:16,600 --> 04:53:23,520 # Another moment of joy and sorrow 4281 04:53:23,520 --> 04:53:26,960 # In another dream 4282 04:53:26,960 --> 04:53:34,720 # And another with tomorrow 4283 04:53:38,040 --> 04:53:43,920 # So with the sun there won't be time just to look behind 4284 04:53:45,200 --> 04:53:51,960 # There won't be reasons, no descriptions for my place in mind 4285 04:53:51,960 --> 04:53:59,120 # There was so much I was told, it was not real 4286 04:53:59,120 --> 04:54:02,760 # So many things that I could not taste 4287 04:54:02,760 --> 04:54:06,680 # But I could feel 4288 04:54:06,680 --> 04:54:13,640 # So with tomorrow I will borrow 4289 04:54:13,640 --> 04:54:21,200 # Another moment of joy and sorrow 4290 04:54:21,200 --> 04:54:24,600 # In another dream 4291 04:54:24,600 --> 04:54:28,240 # And another 4292 04:54:28,240 --> 04:54:32,160 # With tomorrow. # 4293 04:54:34,160 --> 04:54:38,040 Jiang Qing, the widow of Mao Zedong had been locked away 4294 04:54:38,040 --> 04:54:40,360 in solitary confinement for ten years. 4295 04:54:41,720 --> 04:54:45,040 Over that time, she had hoarded socks and handkerchiefs 4296 04:54:45,040 --> 04:54:47,400 until she had enough to make a rope. 4297 04:54:48,800 --> 04:54:51,440 And, in 1991, she hanged herself. 4298 04:54:52,880 --> 04:54:55,000 She left a note. 4299 04:54:55,000 --> 04:54:59,120 It said, "Today the revolution has been stolen by a clique 4300 04:54:59,120 --> 04:55:01,000 "led by Deng Xiaoping. 4301 04:55:02,160 --> 04:55:04,480 "The result is that unending evils have been 4302 04:55:04,480 --> 04:55:06,440 "unleashed on the Chinese people. 4303 04:55:08,000 --> 04:55:12,600 "Chairman, your student and fighter is coming to see you." 4304 04:55:19,520 --> 04:55:23,680 Jiang Qing's great enemy, Deng Xiaoping, was now all-powerful. 4305 04:55:24,920 --> 04:55:28,400 The new China he had created was growing rapidly, 4306 04:55:28,400 --> 04:55:31,280 building vast factories to send goods to the West. 4307 04:55:35,440 --> 04:55:39,160 He had got rid of all Jiang Qing's revolutionary dreams, 4308 04:55:39,160 --> 04:55:42,680 but he had also smashed all visions of democracy, 4309 04:55:42,680 --> 04:55:45,040 by sending troops into Tiananmen Square. 4310 04:55:46,680 --> 04:55:49,520 But Tiananmen Square had been a disaster for the regime. 4311 04:55:50,680 --> 04:55:52,720 And it also raised a terrible question. 4312 04:55:54,240 --> 04:55:57,800 If China no longer believed in revolutionary communism 4313 04:55:57,800 --> 04:56:01,880 or in democracy, what did it believe in... 4314 04:56:01,880 --> 04:56:03,320 ..apart from money? 4315 04:56:11,480 --> 04:56:15,440 Deng Xiaoping's solution was to go back into the past 4316 04:56:15,440 --> 04:56:18,520 and reawaken an old, powerful fear. 4317 04:56:21,040 --> 04:56:24,320 That what had happened in Tiananmen Square had really been 4318 04:56:24,320 --> 04:56:28,560 part of a giant conspiracy by the West to destroy China. 4319 04:56:30,080 --> 04:56:34,320 It was a conspiracy, he said, that had been going on for 150 years. 4320 04:56:35,920 --> 04:56:38,480 It had begun back in the 19th century 4321 04:56:38,480 --> 04:56:41,400 when the British had invaded China 4322 04:56:41,400 --> 04:56:43,960 and forced opium onto the Chinese people. 4323 04:56:47,800 --> 04:56:50,960 Deng now ordered a vast propaganda campaign to begin. 4324 04:56:52,160 --> 04:56:55,600 Its aim was to spread the idea of a conspiracy. 4325 04:56:57,360 --> 04:57:00,760 At the centre of the campaign was a multimillion dollar film, 4326 04:57:00,760 --> 04:57:02,600 including British actors. 4327 04:57:11,960 --> 04:57:14,280 It told the story of how the British had brought 4328 04:57:14,280 --> 04:57:17,280 hundreds of tonnes of opium into the Port of Canton... 4329 04:57:18,400 --> 04:57:20,640 ..and how the Chinese had tried to stop them. 4330 04:57:24,560 --> 04:57:27,240 But the British, led by Queen Victoria, 4331 04:57:27,240 --> 04:57:29,800 were determined to smash their resistance 4332 04:57:29,800 --> 04:57:33,320 and use the opium to reduce the Chinese people to zombies 4333 04:57:33,320 --> 04:57:35,760 and so control the whole world. 4334 04:57:45,240 --> 04:57:46,840 Fire! 4335 04:57:53,800 --> 04:57:57,840 The Chinese propaganda even created an early computer game, 4336 04:57:57,840 --> 04:58:00,960 where you could fight against the British as they invaded. 4337 04:58:10,760 --> 04:58:14,880 Now, the campaign said, the West were trying to do the same again. 4338 04:58:24,040 --> 04:58:26,640 What the Chinese were alleging in their campaign 4339 04:58:26,640 --> 04:58:28,280 was historically accurate. 4340 04:58:29,400 --> 04:58:32,840 But what they didn't know was that the opium trade had also had 4341 04:58:32,840 --> 04:58:35,760 powerful consequences inside Britain itself. 4342 04:58:37,560 --> 04:58:39,960 It had started to undermine the self-confidence 4343 04:58:39,960 --> 04:58:41,560 of the British Empire... 4344 04:58:42,760 --> 04:58:45,480 ..and introduce a dark and corrosive fear 4345 04:58:45,480 --> 04:58:48,080 into the heart of British society. 4346 04:58:51,200 --> 04:58:54,400 By the middle of the 19th century, those who ran Britain were 4347 04:58:54,400 --> 04:58:57,240 already aware of the horrors created by the slave trade. 4348 04:58:58,520 --> 04:59:02,120 For 200 years, the British had transported millions of Africans 4349 04:59:02,120 --> 04:59:04,800 to become slaves in their colonies in the Caribbean 4350 04:59:04,800 --> 04:59:06,800 and in the Americas. 4351 04:59:07,840 --> 04:59:10,240 It had been one of the main forces behind the rise 4352 04:59:10,240 --> 04:59:11,720 of the British Empire. 4353 04:59:14,600 --> 04:59:17,520 Now they began to realise that they had also done something 4354 04:59:17,520 --> 04:59:19,040 terrible to China. 4355 04:59:20,480 --> 04:59:23,000 That by forcing opium onto the country, 4356 04:59:23,000 --> 04:59:26,000 they had poisoned and corrupted millions of people. 4357 04:59:27,400 --> 04:59:30,160 They hadn't enslaved them physically, 4358 04:59:30,160 --> 04:59:31,880 they had enslaved their minds. 4359 04:59:35,360 --> 04:59:40,400 And, in return, Britain had received a vast wave of money - in silver - 4360 04:59:40,400 --> 04:59:44,280 that made it the richest and most powerful country in the world. 4361 04:59:47,000 --> 04:59:49,120 One historian wrote... 4362 04:59:49,120 --> 04:59:52,600 "Deeply involved as it was in one of the most pernicious, 4363 04:59:52,600 --> 04:59:56,280 "yet well-organised and profitable drug trades that has ever 4364 04:59:56,280 --> 05:00:00,360 "existed, the British Empire was rotten at its heart." 4365 05:00:03,840 --> 05:00:06,320 And that knowledge led to guilt. 4366 05:00:08,400 --> 05:00:11,520 In the 1870s, a mass movement was formed. 4367 05:00:11,520 --> 05:00:14,920 It was called the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade. 4368 05:00:16,000 --> 05:00:18,560 It published pamphlets and books about the horrors 4369 05:00:18,560 --> 05:00:20,160 that were happening in China. 4370 05:00:21,480 --> 05:00:25,160 They caused a sensation and hundreds of thousands joined the movement. 4371 05:00:26,480 --> 05:00:30,440 But as the campaign grew, a strange thing happened - 4372 05:00:30,440 --> 05:00:33,760 the guilt over what Britain had done to China began to mutate. 4373 05:00:34,840 --> 05:00:36,440 It changed into fear. 4374 05:00:39,680 --> 05:00:43,440 And at the end of the 19th century, a hysteria swept Britain - 4375 05:00:43,440 --> 05:00:46,360 that the Chinese were preparing to take their revenge. 4376 05:00:48,240 --> 05:00:52,160 There was a panic about Chinese-run opium dens in all the major cities. 4377 05:00:53,240 --> 05:00:57,000 The truth was that there were less than 1,000 Chinese in Britain 4378 05:00:57,000 --> 05:01:00,880 at that time, but the hysteria ran out of control. 4379 05:01:01,960 --> 05:01:04,200 It was called the Yellow Peril. 4380 05:01:05,920 --> 05:01:08,280 The panic also spread through America, 4381 05:01:08,280 --> 05:01:11,800 especially the west coast where there were Chinese migrant workers. 4382 05:01:13,200 --> 05:01:16,600 Novel after novel was published in both Britain and America, 4383 05:01:16,600 --> 05:01:19,400 with Chinese villains who were trying to destroy 4384 05:01:19,400 --> 05:01:21,160 Western civilisation. 4385 05:01:23,600 --> 05:01:26,840 It culminated with the invention of a global villain - 4386 05:01:26,840 --> 05:01:28,320 Dr Fu Manchu. 4387 05:01:29,640 --> 05:01:32,200 Fu Manchu is described by his creator, 4388 05:01:32,200 --> 05:01:36,200 a novelist called Sax Rohmer, as a yellow Satan, 4389 05:01:36,200 --> 05:01:40,680 an archangel of evil who wants to take over the whole world 4390 05:01:40,680 --> 05:01:43,560 and revenge himself on the white race. 4391 05:01:45,040 --> 05:01:48,440 The injection of the serum will make his brain mine. 4392 05:01:48,440 --> 05:01:52,120 In other words, he becomes a reflection of my will. 4393 05:01:52,120 --> 05:01:56,040 He will do as I command, exactly as though I were doing it. 4394 05:01:56,040 --> 05:01:57,920 In the name of the British government, 4395 05:01:57,920 --> 05:02:01,040 I demand the release of this boy. British government? 4396 05:02:01,040 --> 05:02:03,280 I'll wipe them and the whole accursed white race 4397 05:02:03,280 --> 05:02:06,040 off the face of the Earth when I get the sword and mask that will call 4398 05:02:06,040 --> 05:02:08,560 the teeming millions of Asia to the uprising. 4399 05:02:08,560 --> 05:02:10,200 This is only the beginning. 4400 05:02:10,200 --> 05:02:12,960 I will wipe out your whole accursed white race. 4401 05:02:17,120 --> 05:02:20,800 # C'est toi et seulement toi 4402 05:02:20,800 --> 05:02:24,640 # Qui ne voulais plus de moi 4403 05:02:24,640 --> 05:02:32,040 # Maintenant c'est trop tard pour pleure 4404 05:02:32,040 --> 05:02:35,600 # Sans doute t'imaginais 4405 05:02:35,600 --> 05:02:39,240 # Que j'allais rester enfermee 4406 05:02:39,240 --> 05:02:45,160 # Au carmel pendant dix annees mais tu t'es trompe 4407 05:02:46,440 --> 05:02:50,440 # C'est a l'amour comme a la guerre 4408 05:02:50,440 --> 05:02:54,040 # Tu l'as voulu et tu me perds 4409 05:02:54,040 --> 05:03:00,000 # Va faire soigner tes blessures ailleurs 4410 05:03:01,440 --> 05:03:05,520 # C'est a l'amour comme a la guerre 4411 05:03:05,520 --> 05:03:08,800 # Tu l'as voulu et tu me perds 4412 05:03:08,800 --> 05:03:12,480 # Et moi je ne suis ni la Croix rouge 4413 05:03:12,480 --> 05:03:16,040 # Ni ta mere 4414 05:03:17,200 --> 05:03:20,880 # C'est toi et seulement toi 4415 05:03:20,880 --> 05:03:24,160 # Qui t'ennuyais avec moi 4416 05:03:24,160 --> 05:03:28,160 # Qui connaissais toutes mes histoires 4417 05:03:28,160 --> 05:03:31,720 # Par coeur... # 4418 05:03:31,720 --> 05:03:35,720 In the early 1990s, the Western democracies seemed to be the future. 4419 05:03:37,160 --> 05:03:40,440 The collapse of the Soviet Union meant that their ideas 4420 05:03:40,440 --> 05:03:43,200 were now going to spread all across the world. 4421 05:03:46,280 --> 05:03:50,440 # C'est a l'amour comme a la guerre 4422 05:03:50,440 --> 05:03:54,440 # Tu l'as voulu et tu me perds 4423 05:03:54,440 --> 05:04:00,120 # Va faire soigner tes blessures ailleurs. # 4424 05:04:05,480 --> 05:04:08,080 But at home, in both Britain and America, 4425 05:04:08,080 --> 05:04:12,200 there were still forces deep in the heart of both societies that 4426 05:04:12,200 --> 05:04:14,800 had little to do with democracy. 4427 05:04:14,800 --> 05:04:16,480 Man with a gun. 4428 05:04:16,480 --> 05:04:18,680 12 Georgia 30, I need additional units, 4429 05:04:18,680 --> 05:04:21,840 6-7 and Dacre, I've got a 4-50 male with a gun... 4430 05:04:21,840 --> 05:04:25,400 It seemed that despite all the changes of the past 30 years, 4431 05:04:25,400 --> 05:04:26,840 that underneath, 4432 05:04:26,840 --> 05:04:30,320 the old structures of power and the corruption 4433 05:04:30,320 --> 05:04:33,120 and the anger that created was still there. 4434 05:04:39,480 --> 05:04:43,520 In Los Angeles in March 1991, Rodney King was chased 4435 05:04:43,520 --> 05:04:46,320 and stopped by police for drunken driving. 4436 05:04:49,760 --> 05:04:52,800 Despite offering no resistance, he was beaten repeatedly 4437 05:04:52,800 --> 05:04:55,080 by four officers. 4438 05:04:55,080 --> 05:04:57,720 It was videoed by a man watching from a balcony. 4439 05:05:01,600 --> 05:05:04,800 He took it to the police, but no-one was interested. 4440 05:05:06,200 --> 05:05:09,160 So he gave the tape to a local TV station. 4441 05:05:10,320 --> 05:05:12,600 When it was shown, there was an outburst of anger 4442 05:05:12,600 --> 05:05:14,480 against the police violence. 4443 05:05:15,480 --> 05:05:17,560 Four of the officers were put on trial. 4444 05:05:22,880 --> 05:05:26,240 But they were all acquitted by an overwhelmingly white jury. 4445 05:05:27,960 --> 05:05:30,960 Due to the escalation of the situation, 4446 05:05:30,960 --> 05:05:33,800 and seriousness of the problems that are occurring, 4447 05:05:33,800 --> 05:05:36,720 the sheriff has mobilised all department personnel. 4448 05:05:36,720 --> 05:05:39,760 For six days, thousands of people rose up 4449 05:05:39,760 --> 05:05:41,840 and rioted across Los Angeles. 4450 05:05:42,920 --> 05:05:46,200 It was only stopped when the National Guard and soldiers 4451 05:05:46,200 --> 05:05:48,920 and Marines were brought onto the streets. 4452 05:05:50,560 --> 05:05:53,800 It was an outpouring of the anger that had been simmering 4453 05:05:53,800 --> 05:05:56,760 throughout the 1980s in the black community. 4454 05:05:57,800 --> 05:06:01,600 But despite all the reforms and the changes in attitudes 4455 05:06:01,600 --> 05:06:05,120 since the 1960s, nothing had really changed. 4456 05:06:06,880 --> 05:06:11,240 It seemed that those in power in America were still deeply racist, 4457 05:06:11,240 --> 05:06:13,640 and would use violence against blacks in America 4458 05:06:13,640 --> 05:06:15,960 to maintain that power. 4459 05:06:17,080 --> 05:06:20,360 All of it needs to stop but I'm going to tell you... 4460 05:06:20,360 --> 05:06:23,320 Get down on our knees and pray to God... 4461 05:06:23,320 --> 05:06:24,920 One at a time. 4462 05:06:24,920 --> 05:06:26,760 That the violence... Let me talk. 4463 05:06:26,760 --> 05:06:29,040 I know that the government, whatever, can't stand 4464 05:06:29,040 --> 05:06:30,120 us black people. 4465 05:06:30,120 --> 05:06:33,000 He's doing everything in the world to make black man be extinct. 4466 05:06:33,000 --> 05:06:35,080 But I'm going to tell you one thing, us black people 4467 05:06:35,080 --> 05:06:36,280 are going to survive. 4468 05:06:36,280 --> 05:06:39,520 And that's wrong about the black people tearing up the, you know, 4469 05:06:39,520 --> 05:06:41,400 burning down buildings, that's wrong. 4470 05:06:41,400 --> 05:06:43,800 But still, through it all, we're going to survive. 4471 05:06:43,800 --> 05:06:46,920 So fuck everybody, I'm off. 4472 05:06:46,920 --> 05:06:49,480 All right, that's just an example of the frustration 4473 05:06:49,480 --> 05:06:51,320 that's being felt here. 4474 05:06:55,480 --> 05:06:58,640 In Britain, a series of scandals revealed that dozens 4475 05:06:58,640 --> 05:07:00,840 of innocent people had been held in jail... 4476 05:07:01,880 --> 05:07:03,560 ..some for over 15 years. 4477 05:07:04,920 --> 05:07:07,840 They included the Guildford Four and the Birmingham Six. 4478 05:07:09,280 --> 05:07:12,200 Most of them were Irishmen who'd been accused of being 4479 05:07:12,200 --> 05:07:15,680 members of the IRA and planting bombs in English cities. 4480 05:07:18,440 --> 05:07:20,920 Every time they had tried to prove their innocence, 4481 05:07:20,920 --> 05:07:23,960 they had been blocked by some of the most senior figures 4482 05:07:23,960 --> 05:07:26,000 in the British establishment, 4483 05:07:26,000 --> 05:07:28,680 despite overwhelming evidence of false confessions 4484 05:07:28,680 --> 05:07:30,160 and faked evidence. 4485 05:07:31,960 --> 05:07:34,960 Eminent men at the very centre of power, 4486 05:07:34,960 --> 05:07:38,520 from the most senior law lord to the Attorney General 4487 05:07:38,520 --> 05:07:41,320 and to the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, 4488 05:07:41,320 --> 05:07:45,000 all of them, it was alleged, knew that the prisoners were innocent. 4489 05:07:47,280 --> 05:07:49,360 But they had done nothing, 4490 05:07:49,360 --> 05:07:51,360 and the evidence remained locked away... 4491 05:07:52,600 --> 05:07:56,080 ..because they had an unshakeable conviction that the establishment 4492 05:07:56,080 --> 05:07:57,720 must never be shown to be wrong. 4493 05:07:59,640 --> 05:08:01,960 Finally, in March 1991, 4494 05:08:01,960 --> 05:08:04,560 the Birmingham Six were freed at the Old Bailey. 4495 05:08:10,240 --> 05:08:11,720 Ladies and gentlemen. 4496 05:08:12,800 --> 05:08:16,840 For 16 and a half years, we have been used as political 4497 05:08:16,840 --> 05:08:21,200 scapegoats for people in there at the highest. 4498 05:08:21,200 --> 05:08:25,560 The police told us from the start that they knew we hadn't done it. 4499 05:08:25,560 --> 05:08:28,240 They told us they didn't care who'd done it. 4500 05:08:28,240 --> 05:08:31,280 They told us that we were selected and that they were going to 4501 05:08:31,280 --> 05:08:35,000 frame us just to keep the people in there happy. 4502 05:08:35,000 --> 05:08:36,640 That's what it's all about. 4503 05:08:37,680 --> 05:08:39,080 To save face. 4504 05:08:40,480 --> 05:08:44,840 Justice? I don't think them people in there have got the intelligence 4505 05:08:44,840 --> 05:08:48,720 nor the honesty to spell the word, never mind dispense it. 4506 05:08:48,720 --> 05:08:50,640 They're rotten. 4507 05:08:50,640 --> 05:08:53,760 But there were others, also at the heart of power in Britain, 4508 05:08:53,760 --> 05:08:56,640 who seemed to have lost all contact with reality. 4509 05:08:57,960 --> 05:09:01,840 The intelligence agencies, from MI6 to GCHQ, 4510 05:09:01,840 --> 05:09:06,320 whose job was to watch and monitor what was happening in the world, 4511 05:09:06,320 --> 05:09:09,720 had completely failed to predict the collapse of the Soviet Union. 4512 05:09:11,760 --> 05:09:14,800 Mrs Thatcher, who had supported the spies throughout the 1980s, 4513 05:09:14,800 --> 05:09:17,280 was shocked. 4514 05:09:17,280 --> 05:09:19,360 Her foreign policy adviser wrote... 4515 05:09:20,400 --> 05:09:23,280 "All that intelligence that they gave us didn't tell us 4516 05:09:23,280 --> 05:09:24,880 "the one thing we needed to know. 4517 05:09:26,000 --> 05:09:28,240 "That the Soviet Union was about to collapse." 4518 05:09:29,560 --> 05:09:31,160 It was a colossal failure 4519 05:09:31,160 --> 05:09:34,120 of the whole Western system of intelligence. 4520 05:09:36,240 --> 05:09:39,400 But some of the spies still didn't believe what was happening. 4521 05:09:40,680 --> 05:09:44,640 Sir Percy Cradock was head of the Joint Intelligence Committee. 4522 05:09:44,640 --> 05:09:47,360 Despite everything, he was convinced the Soviets were just 4523 05:09:47,360 --> 05:09:48,880 faking the collapse. 4524 05:09:50,120 --> 05:09:53,160 They were just up to their usual tricks. 4525 05:09:53,160 --> 05:09:55,600 They were still planning to take over the world. 4526 05:10:02,680 --> 05:10:06,080 Both Britain and America were societies that had been 4527 05:10:06,080 --> 05:10:11,120 built on empire and conquest through violence and the exercise of power. 4528 05:10:12,360 --> 05:10:15,880 But neither of them had ever faced up to this. 4529 05:10:15,880 --> 05:10:19,000 And instead, they had both built dreamlike myths 4530 05:10:19,000 --> 05:10:23,280 about their exceptionalism, to shield and protect themselves. 4531 05:10:24,640 --> 05:10:27,960 But in both cases, those myths were rooted in fear. 4532 05:10:34,760 --> 05:10:37,560 In Britain at the start of the 20th century, 4533 05:10:37,560 --> 05:10:40,560 not only were those in charge frightened by what 4534 05:10:40,560 --> 05:10:44,680 they had done abroad, with the slave trade and in China, 4535 05:10:44,680 --> 05:10:48,960 they now had a feeling that it was coming closer, 4536 05:10:48,960 --> 05:10:53,360 that something dangerous might also be happening inside England itself. 4537 05:10:56,120 --> 05:10:59,000 The Empire had led to giant industrial cities 4538 05:10:59,000 --> 05:11:01,760 rising up all across England. 4539 05:11:01,760 --> 05:11:05,080 They were dark, frightening places where millions of people 4540 05:11:05,080 --> 05:11:06,720 lived in appalling conditions. 4541 05:11:08,640 --> 05:11:12,280 What alarmed those in charge was the violence and the anger that 4542 05:11:12,280 --> 05:11:15,640 was building up there among what was called the masses. 4543 05:11:17,840 --> 05:11:21,760 But the danger also seemed to come from the top of society as well. 4544 05:11:23,720 --> 05:11:28,200 From the new industrialists and bankers, who ran the global empire. 4545 05:11:28,200 --> 05:11:30,360 They also seemed to be out of control. 4546 05:11:31,920 --> 05:11:34,320 There was a wave of financial scandals 4547 05:11:34,320 --> 05:11:37,320 and no-one seemed to be able to stop them. 4548 05:11:37,320 --> 05:11:39,200 The novelist EM Forster wrote... 4549 05:11:40,280 --> 05:11:43,960 "England is being menaced by the inner darkness in high places 4550 05:11:43,960 --> 05:11:46,720 "that has come with this commercial age." 4551 05:11:57,840 --> 05:12:00,640 Trapped by what they saw as a danger below 4552 05:12:00,640 --> 05:12:04,360 and corruption above, the middle classes retreated. 4553 05:12:05,440 --> 05:12:09,560 They turned away into another imaginary version of England, 4554 05:12:09,560 --> 05:12:11,880 where there were none of these threats. 4555 05:12:13,440 --> 05:12:16,760 It was invented for them by a whole generation of writers, 4556 05:12:16,760 --> 05:12:19,360 artists and musicians who, 4557 05:12:19,360 --> 05:12:21,720 in an act of collective imagination, 4558 05:12:21,720 --> 05:12:25,080 created a complete dream image of England's past... 4559 05:12:26,480 --> 05:12:28,920 ..one that still haunts the country today. 4560 05:12:33,920 --> 05:12:37,360 At its heart was a vision of a natural order in the countryside, 4561 05:12:37,360 --> 05:12:38,920 outside the cities. 4562 05:12:40,280 --> 05:12:42,800 One of the key figures was a man called Cecil Sharp. 4563 05:12:44,000 --> 05:12:47,760 He travelled through England recording old songs, 4564 05:12:47,760 --> 05:12:51,920 and he filmed himself and his friends learning old rural dances. 4565 05:13:03,760 --> 05:13:07,400 Sharp made it absolutely clear that this was a political project. 4566 05:13:08,720 --> 05:13:12,200 His aim was to create a new kind of English nationalism 4567 05:13:12,200 --> 05:13:15,080 which had, at its heart, the idea of the folk. 4568 05:13:17,120 --> 05:13:21,160 It was a concept that he had taken from German nationalism - 4569 05:13:21,160 --> 05:13:24,920 the innocent rural people and their culture. 4570 05:13:24,920 --> 05:13:27,520 Now, is the sort of dancing he does the dancing that would have been 4571 05:13:27,520 --> 05:13:30,640 done around here...? Yeah, there's a lot of that done in the pubs. 4572 05:13:30,640 --> 05:13:34,800 Do-do, do-do, do-diddly-do... 4573 05:13:37,960 --> 05:13:41,200 What was implicit in Sharp's vision was that it was 4574 05:13:41,200 --> 05:13:43,840 an England before mass democracy had come. 4575 05:13:45,160 --> 05:13:48,520 An England where villagers lived in harmony and safety, 4576 05:13:48,520 --> 05:13:50,920 taken care of by the lord of the manor. 4577 05:13:52,200 --> 05:13:54,400 I've never seen a thing like this before in my life. 4578 05:13:54,400 --> 05:13:57,040 What do you call him? I call it Dancing Doll. 4579 05:14:01,040 --> 05:14:03,280 Sharp was not alone. 4580 05:14:03,280 --> 05:14:07,040 In 1914, a festival was started in Glastonbury. 4581 05:14:08,040 --> 05:14:10,160 It ran every year until 1927. 4582 05:14:11,400 --> 05:14:14,080 It was organised by Rutland Boughton, 4583 05:14:14,080 --> 05:14:17,040 who wanted it to be the centre of this new English culture. 4584 05:14:19,440 --> 05:14:21,600 He composed an opera for the festival, 4585 05:14:21,600 --> 05:14:23,440 which became a national sensation. 4586 05:14:24,640 --> 05:14:26,960 It was called The Immortal Hour. 4587 05:14:28,200 --> 05:14:31,240 It is set in a dark, mysterious wood, 4588 05:14:31,240 --> 05:14:33,640 where there are powerful, ancient forces. 4589 05:14:35,080 --> 05:14:39,080 They can be frightening, but they are also a way of connecting 4590 05:14:39,080 --> 05:14:42,040 with a forgotten natural order of power in England. 4591 05:14:44,080 --> 05:14:45,920 They are the lordly ones. 4592 05:14:49,800 --> 05:14:53,440 # How beautiful they are 4593 05:14:53,440 --> 05:14:55,760 # The lordly ones 4594 05:14:55,760 --> 05:14:59,600 # Who dwell in the hills 4595 05:14:59,600 --> 05:15:02,880 # In the hollow hills 4596 05:15:02,880 --> 05:15:06,440 # They have faces like flowers 4597 05:15:06,440 --> 05:15:09,920 # And their breath is a wind 4598 05:15:09,920 --> 05:15:13,800 # That blows o'er the summer meadows 4599 05:15:13,800 --> 05:15:18,080 # Filled with dewy clover 4600 05:15:24,960 --> 05:15:32,120 # Their limbs are more white than shafts of moonshine 4601 05:15:32,120 --> 05:15:38,720 # They are more fleet than the March wind 4602 05:15:38,720 --> 05:15:44,120 # They laugh and are glad and are terrible 4603 05:15:45,480 --> 05:15:49,280 # When their lances shake and glitter 4604 05:15:49,280 --> 05:15:52,760 # Ev'ry green reed quivers. # 4605 05:16:01,120 --> 05:16:04,360 This is a story that begins in any part of America, 4606 05:16:04,360 --> 05:16:06,080 wherever you may be. 4607 05:16:06,080 --> 05:16:09,320 It's a story that begins at your front door, on the street 4608 05:16:09,320 --> 05:16:12,960 where you live, in your town or village or city, 4609 05:16:12,960 --> 05:16:15,440 somewhere in America. 4610 05:16:15,440 --> 05:16:18,360 And paths enchanted that lead to the wonderful pages 4611 05:16:18,360 --> 05:16:22,520 of a storybook, that tell the story of America, the beautiful. 4612 05:16:24,440 --> 05:16:28,240 Unlike Britain, America had emerged from the First World War 4613 05:16:28,240 --> 05:16:30,760 as the most powerful country in the world. 4614 05:16:31,880 --> 05:16:35,160 Its president, Woodrow Wilson, had a vision that America should 4615 05:16:35,160 --> 05:16:38,960 now use that power to spread democracy all around the globe. 4616 05:16:40,560 --> 05:16:44,400 Behind this was a belief in what was called American exceptionalism... 4617 05:16:45,560 --> 05:16:47,600 ..that the country was special, 4618 05:16:47,600 --> 05:16:49,800 not like the old corrupt empires of Europe. 4619 05:16:51,080 --> 05:16:54,160 And it could use that specialness to remake the world. 4620 05:16:57,760 --> 05:17:01,480 But the Republicans who controlled Congress refused to back Wilson. 4621 05:17:02,760 --> 05:17:06,160 They thought that such a crusade would end up corrupting America... 4622 05:17:07,640 --> 05:17:10,600 ..and Wilson's dream of a globalised democracy collapsed. 4623 05:17:12,760 --> 05:17:16,480 Instead, the American economy went into a severe depression. 4624 05:17:16,480 --> 05:17:19,320 In a growing mood of fear, there were race riots, 4625 05:17:19,320 --> 05:17:22,520 as whites turned on the black communities in the cities. 4626 05:17:24,800 --> 05:17:29,480 In 1921, a white mob attacked the black areas in the city of Tulsa... 4627 05:17:29,480 --> 05:17:31,840 ..and destroyed them. 4628 05:17:31,840 --> 05:17:34,200 They even used aircraft to drop bombs. 4629 05:17:36,200 --> 05:17:38,600 Out of this fear came an organisation 4630 05:17:38,600 --> 05:17:40,320 called the Ku Klux Klan. 4631 05:17:42,200 --> 05:17:45,240 The Klan had first been formed after the American Civil War... 4632 05:17:46,320 --> 05:17:48,080 ..but now it re-emerged. 4633 05:17:49,680 --> 05:17:53,760 The Klan also believed in the idea of America's exceptionalism. 4634 05:17:54,840 --> 05:17:58,360 They took that myth and turned it into something frightening 4635 05:17:58,360 --> 05:18:00,640 and violent, 4636 05:18:00,640 --> 05:18:03,400 and they used it to protect themselves against 4637 05:18:03,400 --> 05:18:06,280 the perceived threat of a growing black population. 4638 05:18:07,920 --> 05:18:11,600 The model for this dark and hateful version came from a feature film 4639 05:18:11,600 --> 05:18:14,800 made in 1915 called The Birth Of A Nation. 4640 05:18:16,280 --> 05:18:18,920 It was an epic that caused a sensation, 4641 05:18:18,920 --> 05:18:21,640 reaching a wider audience than any film had ever done. 4642 05:18:23,880 --> 05:18:27,120 The director, DW Griffith, had based the film 4643 05:18:27,120 --> 05:18:29,080 on a novel called The Clansman. 4644 05:18:30,680 --> 05:18:33,080 The image of the clansman in both the book 4645 05:18:33,080 --> 05:18:36,960 and in the film was of white-robed figures with burning crosses. 4646 05:18:38,800 --> 05:18:42,080 These had nothing to do with anything real in America's past. 4647 05:18:43,880 --> 05:18:46,440 Instead, the novelist had invented them 4648 05:18:46,440 --> 05:18:51,600 from a romantic vision of an old Scotland and Scottish clans 4649 05:18:51,600 --> 05:18:54,840 that were portrayed in the novels of Sir Walter Scott... 4650 05:18:56,080 --> 05:18:58,560 ..which Scott himself had just made up. 4651 05:19:01,560 --> 05:19:05,000 Again, like in England, it was a vision of a stable society 4652 05:19:05,000 --> 05:19:08,400 watched over and protected by benevolent leaders. 4653 05:19:11,240 --> 05:19:13,800 Figures from a feudal time, 4654 05:19:13,800 --> 05:19:18,800 a time before mass democracy and all its dangers and uncertainties. 4655 05:19:28,080 --> 05:19:31,720 In real life, the new Klan then copied the costumes 4656 05:19:31,720 --> 05:19:34,200 and imitated the rituals from the film... 4657 05:19:35,520 --> 05:19:37,960 ..and it quickly became a mass organisation. 4658 05:19:39,800 --> 05:19:42,880 By 1925, the Klan had five million members... 4659 05:19:44,320 --> 05:19:47,520 ..and the political power to mount a mass march on Washington. 4660 05:19:49,720 --> 05:19:52,480 They called themselves the Invisible Empire. 4661 05:19:54,480 --> 05:19:57,360 The Klan had a powerful appeal to whites, 4662 05:19:57,360 --> 05:20:00,160 frightened of the blacks in the ever-expanding cities. 4663 05:20:01,800 --> 05:20:05,600 And they also revived fears of the Chinese, the Yellow Peril. 4664 05:20:07,880 --> 05:20:10,640 What the clansmen were doing was retreating 4665 05:20:10,640 --> 05:20:12,880 into a mythical version of the past. 4666 05:20:14,080 --> 05:20:15,720 It gave them a sense of power... 4667 05:20:16,920 --> 05:20:19,400 ..and of being part of a natural order. 4668 05:20:27,440 --> 05:20:31,560 And in Britain, the belief in the idea of a natural order 4669 05:20:31,560 --> 05:20:36,040 of power continued to grow, even as the real power was declining. 4670 05:20:39,640 --> 05:20:42,800 And this deluded confidence was going to have very strange 4671 05:20:42,800 --> 05:20:45,280 consequences for the whole world. 4672 05:20:54,880 --> 05:20:58,480 After the First World War, a group of upper-class English men 4673 05:20:58,480 --> 05:21:02,800 and women were sent to Baghdad to create a new country 4674 05:21:02,800 --> 05:21:05,400 out of the ruins of what had been the Ottoman Empire. 4675 05:21:06,720 --> 05:21:08,960 The most famous was Gertrude Bell. 4676 05:21:10,160 --> 05:21:13,560 She was the daughter of a baronet and had been a famous explorer. 4677 05:21:15,520 --> 05:21:18,440 Almost immediately, hundreds of thousands of Arabs rose up, 4678 05:21:18,440 --> 05:21:19,880 demanding independence. 4679 05:21:21,760 --> 05:21:24,600 The British had been financially broken by the war, 4680 05:21:24,600 --> 05:21:28,800 so they invented a new and cheap way of suppressing the insurgency. 4681 05:21:30,040 --> 05:21:32,280 They used aircraft to bomb the rebels. 4682 05:21:33,480 --> 05:21:35,680 They called it aerial policing... 4683 05:21:36,840 --> 05:21:41,000 ..and they took back control and set about creating the new country, 4684 05:21:41,000 --> 05:21:42,400 called Iraq. 4685 05:21:45,240 --> 05:21:47,200 But because there was no money, 4686 05:21:47,200 --> 05:21:49,920 the group could also not afford to survey the country. 4687 05:21:51,440 --> 05:21:55,040 Instead, with no information, Bell and the others 4688 05:21:55,040 --> 05:21:59,080 simply projected onto the Arabs that powerful, romantic dream 4689 05:21:59,080 --> 05:22:00,920 of an old England. 4690 05:22:03,320 --> 05:22:06,480 They decided that the middle classes in the cities, who had run 4691 05:22:06,480 --> 05:22:08,520 the country under the Ottoman Empire, 4692 05:22:08,520 --> 05:22:10,320 were corrupt and untrustworthy... 4693 05:22:11,720 --> 05:22:14,320 ..which meant that they had to be excluded from power. 4694 05:22:16,040 --> 05:22:19,480 Instead, power should be given to the sheiks who ruled 4695 05:22:19,480 --> 05:22:21,360 the tribes out in the countryside. 4696 05:22:22,720 --> 05:22:26,480 To the British, the sheiks represented the true Iraq, 4697 05:22:26,480 --> 05:22:30,640 because they hadn't been infected by the corruption of the modern world. 4698 05:22:30,640 --> 05:22:34,160 Their system was one of a natural order, 4699 05:22:34,160 --> 05:22:36,440 just like in the England of the past. 4700 05:22:37,480 --> 05:22:42,040 "The sheiks," said Gertrude Bell, "are like great aristocrats. 4701 05:22:42,040 --> 05:22:45,680 "They will run a system that will maintain a natural equilibrium." 4702 05:22:47,560 --> 05:22:50,440 The truth was that this picture of Iraq 4703 05:22:50,440 --> 05:22:52,640 was completely detached from reality. 4704 05:22:54,120 --> 05:22:56,960 The sheiks were really marginal figures, 4705 05:22:56,960 --> 05:22:59,600 while the Ottomans had begun to create a modern, 4706 05:22:59,600 --> 05:23:01,920 progressive society in the cities. 4707 05:23:03,280 --> 05:23:06,080 The British now tore that apart, 4708 05:23:06,080 --> 05:23:10,520 and replaced it with a strange dream that had nothing to do with 4709 05:23:10,520 --> 05:23:13,760 the complex, multilayered society in front of their eyes... 4710 05:23:15,200 --> 05:23:19,400 ..but was really rooted in the strange, dark fears that were rising 4711 05:23:19,400 --> 05:23:22,840 up in Britain itself as its power declined. 4712 05:23:25,840 --> 05:23:29,920 Then, in 1932, the British, facing an economic crisis at home, 4713 05:23:29,920 --> 05:23:32,120 packed up and went... 4714 05:23:33,600 --> 05:23:38,840 ..leaving behind them a completely unreal and unstable society. 4715 05:23:56,600 --> 05:24:00,120 DOLLS CHATTER AND LAUGH 4716 05:24:15,400 --> 05:24:17,720 # I know that it is freezing 4717 05:24:17,720 --> 05:24:20,840 # But I think we have to walk 4718 05:24:24,440 --> 05:24:26,560 # I keep waving at the taxis 4719 05:24:26,560 --> 05:24:29,680 # They keep turning their lights off 4720 05:24:33,200 --> 05:24:35,440 # But Julie knows a party 4721 05:24:35,440 --> 05:24:38,800 # At some actor's West Side loft 4722 05:24:41,760 --> 05:24:44,280 # Supplies are endless in the evening 4723 05:24:44,280 --> 05:24:47,560 # By the morning they'll be gone 4724 05:24:50,720 --> 05:24:53,240 # I got a flask inside my pocket 4725 05:24:53,240 --> 05:24:56,560 # We can share it on the train 4726 05:25:00,120 --> 05:25:02,720 # And if you promise to stay conscious 4727 05:25:02,720 --> 05:25:06,040 # I will try and do the same 4728 05:25:09,320 --> 05:25:11,880 # Well, we might die from medication 4729 05:25:11,880 --> 05:25:15,160 # But we sure killed all the pain 4730 05:25:18,680 --> 05:25:21,000 # But what was normal in the evening 4731 05:25:21,000 --> 05:25:24,400 # By the morning seems insane 4732 05:25:27,640 --> 05:25:32,400 # And I'm not sure what the trouble was 4733 05:25:32,400 --> 05:25:37,160 # That started all of this 4734 05:25:37,160 --> 05:25:41,080 # The reasons all have run away 4735 05:25:41,080 --> 05:25:45,120 # But the feeling never did 4736 05:25:46,520 --> 05:25:52,840 # It's not something I would recommend 4737 05:25:52,840 --> 05:25:56,320 # But it is one way to live 4738 05:25:59,800 --> 05:26:02,360 # Cos what is simple in the moonlight 4739 05:26:02,360 --> 05:26:05,680 # By the morning never is. # 4740 05:26:07,040 --> 05:26:09,480 MECHANICAL VOICE: We have located the Doctor. 4741 05:26:24,120 --> 05:26:26,960 At the same time as large numbers of factories began to 4742 05:26:26,960 --> 05:26:30,320 close across America, a new drug was created. 4743 05:26:31,960 --> 05:26:35,320 It was made by a company that had been founded by Arthur Sackler. 4744 05:26:36,920 --> 05:26:41,440 In the 1970s, Sackler had marketed the drug Valium to deal with 4745 05:26:41,440 --> 05:26:44,400 the feelings of anxiety and loneliness in the suburbs. 4746 05:26:46,680 --> 05:26:50,160 He had died in the 1980s, but in the mid-'90s 4747 05:26:50,160 --> 05:26:53,680 his company released a new drug called OxyContin. 4748 05:26:56,000 --> 05:27:00,000 It was a synthetic form of opium, and it was sold as a painkiller. 4749 05:27:03,920 --> 05:27:07,720 But then, workers who were being laid off as the factories closed 4750 05:27:07,720 --> 05:27:10,880 found that they got more benefits if they were disabled... 4751 05:27:12,360 --> 05:27:14,680 Oh, shit! EXPLOSION 4752 05:27:16,480 --> 05:27:19,560 ..so they went to their doctors and said they were injured. 4753 05:27:20,760 --> 05:27:22,840 And the doctors gave them OxyContin. 4754 05:27:24,360 --> 05:27:27,480 They got their benefits, 4755 05:27:27,480 --> 05:27:31,240 but they also discovered that OxyContin made them feel safe, 4756 05:27:31,240 --> 05:27:35,120 in a bubble, protected from the anxieties and fears 4757 05:27:35,120 --> 05:27:37,760 of the new post-industrial world. 4758 05:27:54,000 --> 05:27:55,680 CLOCK CHIMES 4759 05:27:55,680 --> 05:27:58,920 In the 1950s, as the Empire collapsed around them, 4760 05:27:58,920 --> 05:28:03,120 the British Government saw the intelligence agencies as one of 4761 05:28:03,120 --> 05:28:06,720 the few ways in which Britain could still remain powerful 4762 05:28:06,720 --> 05:28:08,960 around the world. 4763 05:28:08,960 --> 05:28:13,240 In the public's eyes, the spies were powerful, glamorous figures, 4764 05:28:13,240 --> 05:28:16,200 epitomised by James Bond, 4765 05:28:16,200 --> 05:28:19,000 who proved that Britain still had global power. 4766 05:28:23,000 --> 05:28:27,000 In reality, MI6 was full of communists who kept defecting 4767 05:28:27,000 --> 05:28:28,760 to the Soviet Union... 4768 05:28:31,000 --> 05:28:34,840 ..while MI5, whose job was to catch such traitors, 4769 05:28:34,840 --> 05:28:38,160 hadn't caught one for years. 4770 05:28:38,160 --> 05:28:43,160 A tough police chief from Glasgow was sent in to reform MI5, 4771 05:28:43,160 --> 05:28:46,720 but the agents would only talk to him in Latin, 4772 05:28:46,720 --> 05:28:48,840 which he didn't understand. 4773 05:28:48,840 --> 05:28:52,560 He gave up, and told his wife that it was like working in a madhouse. 4774 05:28:54,360 --> 05:28:58,320 Then MI5 was told by the Americans that one of its own agents 4775 05:28:58,320 --> 05:28:59,920 was also a traitor. 4776 05:28:59,920 --> 05:29:03,360 Surveyor of the Queen's pictures, Sir Anthony Blunt. 4777 05:29:03,360 --> 05:29:06,600 He, of course, is here. Sir Anthony, if we are going to... 4778 05:29:06,600 --> 05:29:11,240 MI5 asked Blunt if he was spying for the Russians. 4779 05:29:11,240 --> 05:29:13,480 He said yes, he was, 4780 05:29:13,480 --> 05:29:16,960 so to avoid embarrassing the Queen, they gave him total immunity 4781 05:29:16,960 --> 05:29:21,840 from prosecution and let him carry on working at Buckingham Palace. 4782 05:29:21,840 --> 05:29:24,520 The negro is ticking under the picture. 4783 05:29:24,520 --> 05:29:27,280 I've been listening to him while you were talking. 4784 05:29:27,280 --> 05:29:29,600 And it is indeed a clock. Yes. 4785 05:29:29,600 --> 05:29:33,280 And the mechanism is peculiar because the actual time, 4786 05:29:33,280 --> 05:29:35,920 if you want to know the time, you have to look into the eyes. 4787 05:29:35,920 --> 05:29:39,840 John le Carre had worked as a spy for MI6, 4788 05:29:39,840 --> 05:29:43,880 and the experience made him understand what this secret world 4789 05:29:43,880 --> 05:29:46,440 was really about - 4790 05:29:46,440 --> 05:29:49,200 that, in a country whose power had collapsed, 4791 05:29:49,200 --> 05:29:53,600 leaving only a drab, decaying reality all around, 4792 05:29:53,600 --> 05:29:56,680 the spies had managed to recreate a magical world 4793 05:29:56,680 --> 05:30:00,200 where they could go anywhere they wanted, 4794 05:30:00,200 --> 05:30:03,560 bug, burgle, and even assassinate people 4795 05:30:03,560 --> 05:30:06,880 without any fear of judgment or control, 4796 05:30:06,880 --> 05:30:08,520 just like in the Empire. 4797 05:30:10,120 --> 05:30:14,560 There is something delicious about being told, 4798 05:30:14,560 --> 05:30:17,440 "Now, we're going to have to burgle that house tonight, 4799 05:30:17,440 --> 05:30:19,920 "and what we'll do is we'll have a policeman outside, 4800 05:30:19,920 --> 05:30:22,640 "and while the owners of the house are away, in case they come back, 4801 05:30:22,640 --> 05:30:24,960 "the policeman will say, 'I'm sorry, you can't come in. 4802 05:30:24,960 --> 05:30:27,920 "'We've had a burglary report on your premises.'" 4803 05:30:27,920 --> 05:30:32,720 And these larcenous instincts which are put to the service 4804 05:30:32,720 --> 05:30:35,680 of the Crown had a voluptuous quality in the sense 4805 05:30:35,680 --> 05:30:38,120 that this was a necessary sacrifice of morality. 4806 05:30:39,880 --> 05:30:45,200 I really believed at last that I had found a cause I could serve. 4807 05:30:45,200 --> 05:30:49,760 I also longed for the dignity which great secrecy confers upon you. 4808 05:30:56,760 --> 05:30:58,240 KNOCK AT DOOR 4809 05:31:02,400 --> 05:31:04,840 NO AUDIBLE DIALOGUE 4810 05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:51,440 In America, the spies and their secret operations 4811 05:31:51,440 --> 05:31:53,720 were also being used to maintain a fiction. 4812 05:31:55,360 --> 05:31:57,240 Ever since the Second World War, 4813 05:31:57,240 --> 05:32:00,920 the American Government had been using the CIA to manipulate 4814 05:32:00,920 --> 05:32:05,240 and overthrow the governments of many other countries. 4815 05:32:05,240 --> 05:32:08,160 One of the most senior members of the US State Department, 4816 05:32:08,160 --> 05:32:11,880 Hans Morgenthau, had given this hidden system of power a name. 4817 05:32:13,280 --> 05:32:15,120 He called it the dual state. 4818 05:32:16,840 --> 05:32:19,280 America had to do this, Morgenthau said, 4819 05:32:19,280 --> 05:32:22,800 because of the harsh realities of power in the world. 4820 05:32:24,320 --> 05:32:27,080 But it had to be kept secret from the people, 4821 05:32:27,080 --> 05:32:31,280 because revealing it would undermine their belief in democracy 4822 05:32:31,280 --> 05:32:34,760 and in their exceptionalism, 4823 05:32:34,760 --> 05:32:37,920 a belief that was essential in the Cold War. 4824 05:32:39,320 --> 05:32:43,400 From the 1950s onwards, the CIA rigged elections, 4825 05:32:43,400 --> 05:32:46,800 destabilised governments through fake information, 4826 05:32:46,800 --> 05:32:53,800 and organised violent coups in Italy, Greece, Syria, Iran, 4827 05:32:53,800 --> 05:32:58,320 Guatemala, South Vietnam, Indonesia, and Chile. 4828 05:33:00,360 --> 05:33:05,000 In all, the United States ran covert operations to overthrow 4829 05:33:05,000 --> 05:33:10,200 66 foreign governments, and in 26 cases, they succeeded. 4830 05:33:12,600 --> 05:33:16,440 Morgenthau believed that this secrecy was creating a dangerous 4831 05:33:16,440 --> 05:33:18,880 time bomb at the heart of America, 4832 05:33:18,880 --> 05:33:22,120 and in the mid-1960s, details started to leak out. 4833 05:33:23,520 --> 05:33:27,040 One of the senior members of the CIA, Miles Copeland, 4834 05:33:27,040 --> 05:33:30,120 revealed that he had been involved in organising coups 4835 05:33:30,120 --> 05:33:34,000 throughout the world, starting in Syria in 1951. 4836 05:33:35,400 --> 05:33:40,160 It seems to confirm from the inside, many of the people's fears, 4837 05:33:40,160 --> 05:33:43,200 worst fears, about the way in which American policy is conducted, 4838 05:33:43,200 --> 05:33:47,240 for example, plotting to overthrow the Syrian Government and others. 4839 05:33:47,240 --> 05:33:50,200 Do you think that's a useful way of conducting foreign policy? 4840 05:33:50,200 --> 05:33:52,720 Keith, I'm not going to make a moral judgment. 4841 05:33:52,720 --> 05:33:54,720 I've simply described the way things are done. 4842 05:33:54,720 --> 05:33:56,720 It is true. Now, let me finish. 4843 05:33:56,720 --> 05:34:00,840 It is true that in many cases, we would sit around, in our attics 4844 05:34:00,840 --> 05:34:03,600 of the State Department, and we would have long discussions. 4845 05:34:03,600 --> 05:34:06,760 "Our government does not interfere in the internal affairs 4846 05:34:06,760 --> 05:34:08,280 "of a sovereign nation." 4847 05:34:08,280 --> 05:34:11,440 And we meant that from the bottom of our hearts, and then we'd say, 4848 05:34:11,440 --> 05:34:13,880 "But this is one case where we have to," 4849 05:34:13,880 --> 05:34:16,160 and so we had to try to decide 4850 05:34:16,160 --> 05:34:19,160 how to do what it was we said was against our policy to do. 4851 05:34:19,160 --> 05:34:22,000 And we did, in fact, interfere in internal affairs 4852 05:34:22,000 --> 05:34:23,960 of many sovereign nations. 4853 05:34:27,080 --> 05:34:29,880 Wherever he walked, all hell broke loose. 4854 05:34:31,600 --> 05:34:33,200 SCREAMING 4855 05:34:35,800 --> 05:34:39,600 Across all the Orient, the flames of violence leaped. 4856 05:34:39,600 --> 05:34:42,880 Was the quiet stranger the torch? 4857 05:34:42,880 --> 05:34:46,160 10,000 mysteries swirled about him. 4858 05:34:46,160 --> 05:34:50,240 Wherever danger exploded, they found the quiet American. 4859 05:34:51,720 --> 05:34:56,440 And in 1961, the CIA decided to overthrow a government 4860 05:34:56,440 --> 05:34:59,480 in the heart of Africa, in the Congo. 4861 05:35:01,800 --> 05:35:06,160 200 years before, the Congo had been at the centre of the slave trade. 4862 05:35:07,760 --> 05:35:11,320 Millions of Africans had been forcibly taken down the river 4863 05:35:11,320 --> 05:35:13,720 and shipped to America, 4864 05:35:13,720 --> 05:35:17,480 where their forced labour fuelled America's rise to economic power. 4865 05:35:20,720 --> 05:35:23,720 Now the country had been given independence by its old 4866 05:35:23,720 --> 05:35:28,760 colonial rulers, the Belgians, but it was completely unprepared, 4867 05:35:28,760 --> 05:35:31,080 and had collapsed into violence. 4868 05:35:37,360 --> 05:35:40,440 The CIA were frightened that the new Prime Minister, 4869 05:35:40,440 --> 05:35:45,720 Patrice Lumumba, was about to turn for help to the Soviet Union. 4870 05:35:45,720 --> 05:35:49,040 It meant that the Russians might take control of the 4871 05:35:49,040 --> 05:35:52,200 giant copper mines in the south of the country. 4872 05:35:52,200 --> 05:35:55,560 The copper was crucial to the new electronic systems 4873 05:35:55,560 --> 05:35:59,160 and computers that the Americans were building. 4874 05:35:59,160 --> 05:36:02,520 They were the foundations of America's new wealth and power... 4875 05:36:05,640 --> 05:36:10,280 ..and the CIA helped Lumumba's opponents capture and kill him. 4876 05:36:13,440 --> 05:36:17,120 And they helped install a dictator in his place. 4877 05:36:17,120 --> 05:36:19,080 He was called Colonel Mobutu, 4878 05:36:19,080 --> 05:36:22,840 whose brutal regime the Americans would support for the next 30 years. 4879 05:36:24,840 --> 05:36:27,680 Rather than establishing a democracy, 4880 05:36:27,680 --> 05:36:30,640 what the Americans had found themselves doing was continuing 4881 05:36:30,640 --> 05:36:36,320 the instability that had been created by the old European empires, 4882 05:36:36,320 --> 05:36:38,600 and then they did the same in Iraq. 4883 05:36:43,320 --> 05:36:48,520 In 1963, agents from the CIA came to Baghdad to plan another coup. 4884 05:36:50,160 --> 05:36:53,800 One idea was to secretly poison the communists in the government... 4885 05:36:55,560 --> 05:36:59,800 ..but the country the British had created was by now so unstable 4886 05:36:59,800 --> 05:37:02,080 that before the Americans could act, 4887 05:37:02,080 --> 05:37:04,560 the Ba'ath Party mounted their own coup. 4888 05:37:08,680 --> 05:37:11,600 The streets of ancient Baghdad become the scene of a short 4889 05:37:11,600 --> 05:37:15,000 but decisive revolution that topples the pro-communist government 4890 05:37:15,000 --> 05:37:18,720 of Premier Abd al-Karim Qasim, shown here on the right. 4891 05:37:18,720 --> 05:37:22,240 A six-man military junta seizes power on a holy day, 4892 05:37:22,240 --> 05:37:25,280 and within hours, the premier, who reportedly had executed 4893 05:37:25,280 --> 05:37:28,400 10,000 people, is himself shot. 4894 05:37:28,400 --> 05:37:31,640 But the American agents supported and helped the overthrow. 4895 05:37:33,120 --> 05:37:36,840 They even gave one of the young Ba'ath Party members, Saddam Hussein, 4896 05:37:36,840 --> 05:37:39,880 a list of communists in Iraq. 4897 05:37:39,880 --> 05:37:43,080 Saddam Hussein used it to execute thousands, 4898 05:37:43,080 --> 05:37:45,360 and it began his rise to power. 4899 05:37:47,160 --> 05:37:50,440 He later ordered a feature film to be made about his heroic role 4900 05:37:50,440 --> 05:37:52,480 in the coup. 4901 05:37:52,480 --> 05:37:56,080 It was made by the British director Terence Young, 4902 05:37:56,080 --> 05:37:58,640 who had also made the James Bond film Dr No. 4903 05:39:00,600 --> 05:39:05,800 When Deng Xiaoping died, the country he had created was growing fast, 4904 05:39:05,800 --> 05:39:07,680 becoming more and more powerful. 4905 05:39:09,320 --> 05:39:13,000 But those who took over knew there were threats. 4906 05:39:13,000 --> 05:39:16,320 They were frightened of their people, 4907 05:39:16,320 --> 05:39:19,640 because they knew that, having got rid of the communist ideals, 4908 05:39:19,640 --> 05:39:23,040 they were now totally dependent on the economic system 4909 05:39:23,040 --> 05:39:28,760 that Deng had created, but that had brought with it the growing force 4910 05:39:28,760 --> 05:39:33,680 of individualism, a force that had the power to eat away 4911 05:39:33,680 --> 05:39:37,800 at all the collective ideals that had held the society together. 4912 05:39:44,560 --> 05:39:47,520 And outside China, they were increasingly frightened 4913 05:39:47,520 --> 05:39:51,160 by the global financial system run by the Western bankers. 4914 05:39:53,080 --> 05:39:55,680 The paranoia and suspicion about the West 4915 05:39:55,680 --> 05:39:59,760 had gone very deep into the minds of the new rulers. 4916 05:39:59,760 --> 05:40:03,960 But for the moment, the money from the West continued to pour in, 4917 05:40:03,960 --> 05:40:05,720 and their power grew further. 4918 05:40:07,680 --> 05:40:09,040 At the end of 1997, 4919 05:40:09,040 --> 05:40:12,880 Britain had agreed to hand Hong Kong back to China. 4920 05:40:14,560 --> 05:40:18,200 During the negotiations, the British had insisted that Hong Kong 4921 05:40:18,200 --> 05:40:19,880 should remain democratic. 4922 05:40:21,240 --> 05:40:23,640 The Chinese were shocked by this. 4923 05:40:23,640 --> 05:40:26,560 They said it was completely hypocritical, 4924 05:40:26,560 --> 05:40:31,200 because the British had never allowed democracy in Hong Kong. 4925 05:40:31,200 --> 05:40:34,160 It had always been an authoritarian system, 4926 05:40:34,160 --> 05:40:37,560 controlled by a brutal and racist police force. 4927 05:40:44,000 --> 05:40:47,040 SHOUTING 4928 05:40:49,600 --> 05:40:53,240 Who's got the mace? Chemical mace? Sergeant, mace! 4929 05:40:54,680 --> 05:40:56,520 SHOUTING 4930 05:40:56,520 --> 05:40:58,480 Get the fuck out of it, you little gobshite. 4931 05:40:58,480 --> 05:40:59,760 Get out of it. 4932 05:40:59,760 --> 05:41:01,440 He's got to be subdued, man. 4933 05:41:03,720 --> 05:41:07,320 Get him! Hold him down! 4934 05:41:07,320 --> 05:41:09,520 Get him down! On the floor! 4935 05:41:11,240 --> 05:41:14,400 Come on, come on. Get him down. 4936 05:41:19,840 --> 05:41:22,520 HEAVY BREATHING 4937 05:41:26,640 --> 05:41:28,920 HEAVY BREATHING 4938 05:41:33,480 --> 05:41:38,240 The British Government sent an envoy to negotiate with the Chinese. 4939 05:41:38,240 --> 05:41:39,960 He was Sir Percy Cradock, 4940 05:41:39,960 --> 05:41:42,240 who had finally accepted that the Cold War was over. 4941 05:41:44,280 --> 05:41:45,800 But after the talks, 4942 05:41:45,800 --> 05:41:48,000 Sir Percy announced that he agreed with the Chinese. 4943 05:41:49,200 --> 05:41:52,720 The demand for democracy, he said, was difficult 4944 05:41:52,720 --> 05:41:55,000 because when the British ruled Hong Kong, 4945 05:41:55,000 --> 05:41:57,000 there had never been any democracy. 4946 05:41:58,040 --> 05:42:00,640 Sir Percy was not invited to the handover. 4947 05:42:02,560 --> 05:42:06,280 And in the pouring rain, Prince Charles watched as the Chinese 4948 05:42:06,280 --> 05:42:10,640 said goodbye to the British by singing them a Rod Stewart song, 4949 05:42:10,640 --> 05:42:12,040 Rhythm Of My Heart. 4950 05:42:12,040 --> 05:42:14,600 THEY SING 4951 05:42:19,680 --> 05:42:22,360 And despite the Chinese triumphalism, 4952 05:42:22,360 --> 05:42:27,440 the BBC continued the fantasy of the special virtues of Britain's Empire. 4953 05:42:27,440 --> 05:42:31,160 NEWSREEL: China is certainly jubilant about the return of this 4954 05:42:31,160 --> 05:42:35,480 412 square miles of territory, and that jubilation is everywhere 4955 05:42:35,480 --> 05:42:38,680 in Hong Kong, but as we've seen tonight, 4956 05:42:38,680 --> 05:42:41,440 it isn't quite as simple as that. 4957 05:42:41,440 --> 05:42:45,800 There's a genuine fondness for Britain's decent contribution here, 4958 05:42:45,800 --> 05:42:48,720 a genuine fondness for the last governor, too. 4959 05:42:48,720 --> 05:42:53,320 "He's family," as one Chinese Hong Kong-er described it to me. 4960 05:43:08,200 --> 05:43:13,920 In 1998, the very thing the Chinese leaders were frightened of happened. 4961 05:43:13,920 --> 05:43:18,160 The global financial system went out of control. 4962 05:43:18,160 --> 05:43:22,120 It began in Thailand, where Western banks had been pouring 4963 05:43:22,120 --> 05:43:24,440 millions of dollars into a property boom. 4964 05:43:25,880 --> 05:43:27,560 Suddenly, the bubble burst, 4965 05:43:27,560 --> 05:43:30,280 and developers defaulted on their loans. 4966 05:43:31,880 --> 05:43:36,200 Western investors panicked, and rushed to get their money out. 4967 05:43:37,480 --> 05:43:41,800 The crisis then spread all across East Asia to Korea and Indonesia. 4968 05:43:44,240 --> 05:43:47,560 In every case, the country's exchange rate crashed, 4969 05:43:47,560 --> 05:43:49,160 causing economic chaos. 4970 05:43:52,200 --> 05:43:56,200 Indonesia's currency has collapsed, losing 80% of its value, 4971 05:43:56,200 --> 05:43:57,720 and the economy is in ruins. 4972 05:43:57,720 --> 05:44:00,600 With riots and looting breaking out across the country, 4973 05:44:00,600 --> 05:44:03,960 there are fears that it's now on the brink of anarchy. 4974 05:44:03,960 --> 05:44:08,760 The IMF gave huge loans to try and stabilise the countries. 4975 05:44:08,760 --> 05:44:13,600 For a moment, it worked, but then the currencies crashed again 4976 05:44:13,600 --> 05:44:16,160 as those dollars were used by Western banks 4977 05:44:16,160 --> 05:44:20,000 to get the rest of their money out of the countries. 4978 05:44:20,000 --> 05:44:22,400 It left the Asian societies in ruins. 4979 05:44:23,840 --> 05:44:27,640 To the countries' leaders, this was the old corrupt imperialism 4980 05:44:27,640 --> 05:44:29,560 returning in a modern form. 4981 05:44:31,160 --> 05:44:35,560 Power corrupts, as much as government can become corrupt 4982 05:44:35,560 --> 05:44:38,760 when invested with absolute power, 4983 05:44:38,760 --> 05:44:45,000 markets also can become corrupt when equally absolutely powerful. 4984 05:44:45,000 --> 05:44:49,960 We are seeing the effect of that absolute power today, 4985 05:44:49,960 --> 05:44:53,760 the impoverishment and misery of millions of people 4986 05:44:53,760 --> 05:44:55,720 and their eventual slavery. 4987 05:44:56,920 --> 05:44:59,840 China managed to escape the crisis, 4988 05:44:59,840 --> 05:45:02,920 but it seemed to confirm to the country's leaders 4989 05:45:02,920 --> 05:45:07,720 that their paranoia about the Western conspiracy was right, 4990 05:45:07,720 --> 05:45:11,440 that the West was prepared to use its economic power to loot 4991 05:45:11,440 --> 05:45:15,560 and wreck the Asian countries, just as it had in the past. 4992 05:45:16,880 --> 05:45:20,040 They decided that the only way to make China safe 4993 05:45:20,040 --> 05:45:22,200 was to take control. 4994 05:45:22,200 --> 05:45:25,680 The chairman, Jiang Zemin, instructed that all the dollars 4995 05:45:25,680 --> 05:45:29,400 that China got from exporting their goods should be sent back 4996 05:45:29,400 --> 05:45:33,200 to America and used to buy up the United States' Government debt. 4997 05:45:35,360 --> 05:45:38,040 This would make the dollar rise in value, 4998 05:45:38,040 --> 05:45:43,000 which meant that Chinese goods would be even cheaper, 4999 05:45:43,000 --> 05:45:47,320 but it would also make interest rates in America low, 5000 05:45:47,320 --> 05:45:51,480 which meant that people would borrow even more money from the banks, 5001 05:45:51,480 --> 05:45:54,560 and buy even more Chinese goods. 5002 05:45:54,560 --> 05:45:56,160 It was a virtuous circle. 5003 05:45:58,480 --> 05:46:01,280 What the Chinese were doing was using the money 5004 05:46:01,280 --> 05:46:05,440 to create a safe bubble, wrapped around the United States, 5005 05:46:05,440 --> 05:46:09,400 that would stabilise the system, and so keep China safe. 5006 05:46:11,680 --> 05:46:15,000 But in the process, the Chinese money would create the biggest 5007 05:46:15,000 --> 05:46:18,920 consumer and property boom ever in history, 5008 05:46:18,920 --> 05:46:23,600 and lead America into a protected dream world 5009 05:46:23,600 --> 05:46:26,680 that was increasingly detached from the reality outside. 5010 05:46:38,920 --> 05:46:44,160 And that dreamlike state was going to have extraordinary consequences, 5011 05:46:44,160 --> 05:46:47,560 not just for America and China, but for the whole world. 5012 05:47:01,760 --> 05:47:06,040 The city is going through its worst sandstorms in living memory. 5013 05:47:06,040 --> 05:47:07,640 It's swathed the city in this... 5014 05:47:09,120 --> 05:47:13,440 ..ochre colour, this blanket of red dust, it's raining now... 5015 05:47:13,440 --> 05:47:14,920 It's literally raining mud. 5016 05:47:14,920 --> 05:47:17,720 Just look at it. I mean, this used to be just completely full 5017 05:47:17,720 --> 05:47:19,080 of the international press. 5018 05:47:19,080 --> 05:47:21,720 I mean, there's still a lot a lot of foreign journalists here, 5019 05:47:21,720 --> 05:47:26,760 but it's just blown apart by the worst sandstorms 5020 05:47:26,760 --> 05:47:28,960 that people say is in living memory. 5021 05:47:28,960 --> 05:47:30,360 Watch the cable. 5022 05:47:30,360 --> 05:47:35,840 In 2003, America and Britain were preparing to invade Iraq. 5023 05:47:35,840 --> 05:47:37,560 For George Bush and the Americans, 5024 05:47:37,560 --> 05:47:41,280 the aim was to bring stability to the Middle East, 5025 05:47:41,280 --> 05:47:43,400 but Tony Blair saw it in wider terms. 5026 05:47:44,760 --> 05:47:47,200 It was part of a new kind of global intervention 5027 05:47:47,200 --> 05:47:50,880 that was not like the empires of the past. 5028 05:47:50,880 --> 05:47:55,000 Instead, it was a way of liberating millions of people from a brutal 5029 05:47:55,000 --> 05:47:59,640 dictator, which would then allow them to become free democratic 5030 05:47:59,640 --> 05:48:04,880 individuals, but there were people in Britain who knew the 5031 05:48:04,880 --> 05:48:10,960 strange origins of Iraq, how 80 years before, English administrators 5032 05:48:10,960 --> 05:48:14,880 had gone there and created a highly unstable society 5033 05:48:14,880 --> 05:48:18,280 rooted in false dreams of England's past. 5034 05:48:19,880 --> 05:48:23,920 A group of six historians came to see Tony Blair. 5035 05:48:23,920 --> 05:48:27,280 They explained to him the complex reality of the different groups 5036 05:48:27,280 --> 05:48:32,800 in Iraq, and how they could easily turn on the Western intervention. 5037 05:48:32,800 --> 05:48:35,640 There was silence in the room. 5038 05:48:35,640 --> 05:48:37,120 Tony Blair said, 5039 05:48:37,120 --> 05:48:41,960 "Saddam Hussein is an evil man who needs to be removed," 5040 05:48:41,960 --> 05:48:43,400 and the historians left. 5041 05:48:46,480 --> 05:48:49,440 Then the spies came to see Tony Blair. 5042 05:48:49,440 --> 05:48:53,800 They told him that there were hidden weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, 5043 05:48:53,800 --> 05:48:55,200 which justified the invasion. 5044 05:48:57,640 --> 05:49:02,640 But yet again, they were inventing a magical world of hidden threats... 5045 05:49:04,680 --> 05:49:06,080 ..and the invasion began. 5046 05:49:24,360 --> 05:49:27,920 By 2007, the war in Iraq had become a nightmare. 5047 05:49:29,560 --> 05:49:34,680 The Americans were pouring nearly $1 billion in every day 5048 05:49:34,680 --> 05:49:38,520 to keep a conflict going that no-one knew how to win. 5049 05:49:42,120 --> 05:49:47,120 In the past, the Vietnam War had caused chaos at home in America, 5050 05:49:47,120 --> 05:49:49,280 not just in the mass protests, 5051 05:49:49,280 --> 05:49:53,240 but the cost of such a gigantic war had wrecked the American economy, 5052 05:49:53,240 --> 05:49:55,720 with growing inflation and unemployment. 5053 05:50:03,720 --> 05:50:08,720 The politicians had no idea how to deal with the economic chaos, 5054 05:50:08,720 --> 05:50:13,240 and it, as much as the protests, had forced them to admit defeat 5055 05:50:13,240 --> 05:50:14,840 and flee from Saigon. 5056 05:50:18,960 --> 05:50:23,640 But now with the Iraq war, there was no effect on the economy, 5057 05:50:23,640 --> 05:50:25,600 and there were no protests. 5058 05:50:26,560 --> 05:50:29,520 The reason was the Chinese money. 5059 05:50:29,520 --> 05:50:32,880 The Chinese continued to buy up more and more of the American 5060 05:50:32,880 --> 05:50:38,720 Government debt, which meant that the consumer boom continued, 5061 05:50:38,720 --> 05:50:41,000 and, safe in their protected bubble, 5062 05:50:41,000 --> 05:50:43,160 few of the American people protested. 5063 05:50:44,640 --> 05:50:50,240 The war was far away, and had no effect on their lives, 5064 05:50:50,240 --> 05:50:54,760 which meant there was no pressure on the politicians to admit defeat, 5065 05:50:54,760 --> 05:50:58,040 and that led them to try ever more desperate measures 5066 05:50:58,040 --> 05:50:59,680 to achieve victory. 5067 05:51:01,160 --> 05:51:04,800 But that desperation was going to awaken ghosts from the past 5068 05:51:04,800 --> 05:51:08,280 that would return in a distorted and frightening form. 5069 05:51:09,720 --> 05:51:13,960 Sheikh Abdul Sattar Abu Risha was the leader of one of the largest 5070 05:51:13,960 --> 05:51:18,320 Sunni tribes in Anbar Province outside Baghdad. 5071 05:51:18,320 --> 05:51:21,560 He came to the Americans and offered to help them. 5072 05:51:21,560 --> 05:51:24,440 In return for large amounts of money, he said, 5073 05:51:24,440 --> 05:51:28,320 his tribe would ally with the Americans and create a militia 5074 05:51:28,320 --> 05:51:34,520 to fight against the insurgents, above all, against al-Qaida in Iraq. 5075 05:51:34,520 --> 05:51:37,320 In desperation, the Americans agreed... 5076 05:51:37,320 --> 05:51:40,040 Which tribe? 5077 05:51:41,680 --> 05:51:45,440 ..and the idea quickly spread across the country - 5078 05:51:45,440 --> 05:51:49,200 the Americans giving out millions of dollars to Sunni tribal leaders 5079 05:51:49,200 --> 05:51:51,600 to create private armies. 5080 05:51:51,600 --> 05:51:54,760 It was called the Awakening, 5081 05:51:54,760 --> 05:51:57,440 and Sheikh Abu Risha became a heroic figure. 5082 05:51:58,600 --> 05:52:01,000 When President Bush came to Iraq, 5083 05:52:01,000 --> 05:52:04,440 he met the sheikh to thank him personally for saving the Americans. 5084 05:52:09,760 --> 05:52:13,720 TRANSLATION: 5085 05:52:42,760 --> 05:52:45,360 But what the Americans had found themselves doing 5086 05:52:45,360 --> 05:52:49,600 was exactly the same as the British had done 80 years before. 5087 05:52:49,600 --> 05:52:54,440 Faced by a complex society that they did not understand, 5088 05:52:54,440 --> 05:52:57,840 they were turning to the tribes outside the cities 5089 05:52:57,840 --> 05:53:00,520 and giving them power. 5090 05:53:00,520 --> 05:53:05,040 They called the militias the Sons of Iraq, 5091 05:53:05,040 --> 05:53:08,280 and it seemed to work, 5092 05:53:08,280 --> 05:53:12,000 but in reality, it was going to lead to something even worse. 5093 05:53:19,000 --> 05:53:23,200 Three years later, as the American troops prepared to leave Iraq, 5094 05:53:23,200 --> 05:53:27,760 the money stopped, and the tribal leaders saw their power disappear. 5095 05:53:30,280 --> 05:53:32,840 So they made a tactical decision - 5096 05:53:32,840 --> 05:53:36,520 they turned and allied instead with the very people 5097 05:53:36,520 --> 05:53:40,720 they had been fighting - the al-Qaida in Iraq jihadists. 5098 05:53:40,720 --> 05:53:43,200 And out of that alliance came 5099 05:53:43,200 --> 05:53:46,160 the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. 5100 05:53:47,960 --> 05:53:51,840 ISIS was far more than just another version of al-Qaida in Iraq. 5101 05:53:53,520 --> 05:53:56,480 Its public face were the jihadists, 5102 05:53:56,480 --> 05:54:01,400 but it was organised and guided by men from the Sunni tribes, 5103 05:54:01,400 --> 05:54:07,240 many of whom had been experienced soldiers in Saddam Hussein's army. 5104 05:54:07,240 --> 05:54:12,040 As a result, they swept through Iraq and on into Syria. 5105 05:54:14,280 --> 05:54:19,160 What had begun a long time ago as a make-believe version of England 5106 05:54:19,160 --> 05:54:23,480 created in the deserts of Mesopotamia as the British Empire 5107 05:54:23,480 --> 05:54:27,680 fell apart, had now turned into a terrifying nightmare. 5108 05:54:30,640 --> 05:54:35,960 # How beautiful they are, the lordly ones 5109 05:54:37,520 --> 05:54:44,120 # Who dwell in the hills, in the hollow hills 5110 05:54:44,120 --> 05:54:47,800 # They have faces like flowers 5111 05:54:47,800 --> 05:54:55,000 # And their breath is a wind that blows over summer meadows 5112 05:54:55,000 --> 05:54:58,560 # Filled with dewy clover 5113 05:55:01,600 --> 05:55:06,800 # How beautiful they are, the lordly ones 5114 05:55:06,800 --> 05:55:13,200 # Who dwell in the hills, in the hollow hills 5115 05:55:13,200 --> 05:55:19,600 # They have faces like flowers and their breath is a wind 5116 05:55:19,600 --> 05:55:25,720 # That blows over summer meadows filled with dewy clover 5117 05:55:28,440 --> 05:55:35,360 # Their limbs are more white than shafts of moonshine... # 5118 05:55:35,360 --> 05:55:40,280 And that mythical romantic view of the past was also about to return 5119 05:55:40,280 --> 05:55:44,480 at home in both America and Britain, 5120 05:55:44,480 --> 05:55:47,560 and it was going to have powerful consequences there too. 5121 05:55:49,160 --> 05:55:54,200 In his campaign, Donald Trump promised to recreate a lost America. 5122 05:55:54,200 --> 05:55:57,240 We will make America proud again. 5123 05:55:57,240 --> 05:55:59,120 CHEERING 5124 05:55:59,120 --> 05:56:02,240 We will make America safe again. 5125 05:56:04,840 --> 05:56:08,600 And we will make America great again. 5126 05:56:08,600 --> 05:56:11,200 God bless you and goodnight. 5127 05:56:11,200 --> 05:56:12,520 I love you. 5128 05:56:16,960 --> 05:56:20,840 But with the exceptionalism also came the fear, 5129 05:56:20,840 --> 05:56:22,200 and the violence. 5130 05:56:35,920 --> 05:56:39,440 And in Britain, thousands of those who had been marginalised 5131 05:56:39,440 --> 05:56:44,600 by the new global economy also came to believe in that romantic idea 5132 05:56:44,600 --> 05:56:46,800 of England as a special place. 5133 05:56:48,560 --> 05:56:51,800 A picture of a lost greatness that had been invented by 5134 05:56:51,800 --> 05:56:54,000 the upper classes in the 1920s. 5135 05:56:56,320 --> 05:57:00,560 Now, hundreds and thousands of frightened and angry people 5136 05:57:00,560 --> 05:57:02,520 demanded that Britain leave Europe... 5137 05:57:04,080 --> 05:57:10,360 ..and the old ruling class come back and turn that dream into a reality. 5138 05:57:10,360 --> 05:57:13,640 CHEERING 5139 05:57:17,080 --> 05:57:20,480 HE SHOUTS TO CROWD 5140 05:57:20,480 --> 05:57:24,600 MUSIC: With Tomorrow by This Mortal Coil 5141 05:57:24,600 --> 05:57:30,440 # In another dream, and another 5142 05:57:31,880 --> 05:57:35,280 # With tomorrow. # 5143 05:58:31,920 --> 05:58:35,600 In America, in the 1950s, there was a famous exhibition called 5144 05:58:35,600 --> 05:58:37,000 The Family of Man. 5145 05:58:38,280 --> 05:58:42,040 It put forward a new way of seeing the world as an alternative 5146 05:58:42,040 --> 05:58:44,720 to the horrors of Nazism and communism. 5147 05:58:45,880 --> 05:58:48,200 It showed hundreds of photographs of individuals 5148 05:58:48,200 --> 05:58:50,680 from all around the world. 5149 05:58:50,680 --> 05:58:52,560 The message was simple - 5150 05:58:52,560 --> 05:58:54,560 we are all one world... 5151 05:58:55,760 --> 05:58:59,080 ..and at the centre of that world is the individual self. 5152 05:59:03,880 --> 05:59:06,840 The man who helped design it was a refugee from Germany 5153 05:59:06,840 --> 05:59:08,320 called Herbert Bayer. 5154 05:59:09,600 --> 05:59:11,440 He saw it as a new kind of propaganda. 5155 05:59:13,160 --> 05:59:16,080 Instead of being overwhelmed by dramatic stories created 5156 05:59:16,080 --> 05:59:21,160 by those in power, the individual would make their own story 5157 05:59:21,160 --> 05:59:22,680 out of the photographs. 5158 05:59:23,880 --> 05:59:26,840 Bayer made a diagram to show his idea. 5159 05:59:26,840 --> 05:59:30,320 At the centre is the giant eye of the individual self, 5160 05:59:30,320 --> 05:59:32,280 surrounded by a mass of images. 5161 05:59:33,680 --> 05:59:36,280 It was a utopian vision of the self 5162 05:59:36,280 --> 05:59:39,160 selecting and arranging the fragments of images 5163 05:59:39,160 --> 05:59:41,200 into their own story, 5164 05:59:41,200 --> 05:59:44,320 and so becoming strong enough to withstand tyranny. 5165 05:59:46,080 --> 05:59:49,120 Confident individuals in control of their own world. 5166 05:59:51,320 --> 05:59:53,560 # Parents are the same No matter time nor place 5167 05:59:53,560 --> 05:59:56,880 # They don't understand that us kids are going to make some mistakes 5168 05:59:56,880 --> 05:59:59,400 # So to you other kids all across the land 5169 05:59:59,400 --> 06:00:00,720 # There's no need to argue 5170 06:00:00,720 --> 06:00:02,680 # Parents just don't understand 5171 06:00:07,160 --> 06:00:09,640 # You should have seen this girl's bodily dimensions 5172 06:00:09,640 --> 06:00:12,160 # I honked my horn just to get her attention 5173 06:00:12,160 --> 06:00:14,080 # She said was that for me? I said yeah 5174 06:00:14,080 --> 06:00:15,240 # She said why? 5175 06:00:15,240 --> 06:00:17,600 # I was like come on and take a ride with a hell of a guy... # 5176 06:00:17,600 --> 06:00:22,680 On the surface, Tupac Shakur was part of the age of the individual. 5177 06:00:22,680 --> 06:00:26,360 He believed deeply in the idea of self-expression. 5178 06:00:26,360 --> 06:00:30,840 But he was also one of the few in the 1980s who still believed 5179 06:00:30,840 --> 06:00:34,120 in the power of grand stories to move people, 5180 06:00:34,120 --> 06:00:36,520 and to inspire them to change the world. 5181 06:00:38,000 --> 06:00:40,840 His mother, Afeni, had been a Black Panther 5182 06:00:40,840 --> 06:00:44,040 and she still believed in the idea of revolution in America. 5183 06:00:45,560 --> 06:00:50,440 Tupac later said, "The phrase Black Power had been like a lullaby 5184 06:00:50,440 --> 06:00:54,320 "when I was a kid. My mother, she would tell me these stories 5185 06:00:54,320 --> 06:00:56,280 "of things she did or saw, 5186 06:00:56,280 --> 06:00:59,880 "and it made me feel part of something. 5187 06:00:59,880 --> 06:01:01,280 "She always raised me to think 5188 06:01:01,280 --> 06:01:03,680 "I was the black prince of the revolution." 5189 06:01:05,320 --> 06:01:09,360 What Afeni taught him was that the world most Americans lived in, 5190 06:01:09,360 --> 06:01:14,000 both white and black, was an unreal fairyland 5191 06:01:14,000 --> 06:01:17,400 that concealed the harsh reality of the power 5192 06:01:17,400 --> 06:01:20,120 that controlled their lives. 5193 06:01:20,120 --> 06:01:24,000 We're not being taught to deal with the world as it is. 5194 06:01:24,000 --> 06:01:26,120 We're being taught to deal with this fairyland, 5195 06:01:26,120 --> 06:01:29,200 which we're not even living in any more. 5196 06:01:29,200 --> 06:01:32,600 It is... It's sad because I'm telling you 5197 06:01:32,600 --> 06:01:34,600 and it should not be me telling you. 5198 06:01:34,600 --> 06:01:36,400 It should be common knowledge. 5199 06:01:36,400 --> 06:01:39,440 Aren't they wondering why death rates are going up, 5200 06:01:39,440 --> 06:01:42,960 and suicide is going up and drug abuse? Aren't they wondering? 5201 06:01:42,960 --> 06:01:45,280 Don't they understand that more people are...? 5202 06:01:45,280 --> 06:01:47,440 I mean, more kids are being handed crack 5203 06:01:47,440 --> 06:01:49,520 than are being handed diplomas. 5204 06:01:49,520 --> 06:01:52,600 I mean... I mean, it's like, you know, those little things 5205 06:01:52,600 --> 06:01:55,200 they have for the mice where they go round the circle and there's 5206 06:01:55,200 --> 06:01:58,240 little blocks for it and everything? Well, society is like that. 5207 06:01:58,240 --> 06:02:00,480 They'll let you go as far as you want. 5208 06:02:00,480 --> 06:02:02,360 But as soon as you start asking too many questions 5209 06:02:02,360 --> 06:02:04,440 and you're ready to change - boom. 5210 06:02:06,200 --> 06:02:08,920 By the 1980s, it was clear that the promises 5211 06:02:08,920 --> 06:02:11,840 of the civil rights movement had not been kept in America. 5212 06:02:13,360 --> 06:02:17,200 The idealism of black politics fell away. 5213 06:02:17,200 --> 06:02:19,760 And the communities divided into gangs, 5214 06:02:19,760 --> 06:02:21,840 that then turned on each other. 5215 06:02:21,840 --> 06:02:25,160 The shooting started about in, what, '76? Yeah. 5216 06:02:26,440 --> 06:02:28,120 1976. 5217 06:02:28,120 --> 06:02:31,160 You know, they stopped fighting. They just started shooting. 5218 06:02:31,160 --> 06:02:33,880 You know, it was something new to me, you know. 5219 06:02:33,880 --> 06:02:35,920 We used to fight all the time. 5220 06:02:35,920 --> 06:02:38,800 The next minute, I'm running from gunshots. 5221 06:02:38,800 --> 06:02:42,440 So, I said to myself, "Say, man, we're going to start doing 5222 06:02:42,440 --> 06:02:43,920 "what they're doing." 5223 06:02:43,920 --> 06:02:46,360 You know? Same thing they do to us, we do to them. 5224 06:02:46,360 --> 06:02:48,520 Do or die, stay in the house. 5225 06:02:48,520 --> 06:02:50,560 You know, fight or stay in the house. 5226 06:02:50,560 --> 06:02:52,760 So, I weren't gon' stay in the house for nobody. 5227 06:02:56,080 --> 06:03:00,520 Then crack swept through the black communities in America 5228 06:03:00,520 --> 06:03:02,600 and Afeni Shakur finally gave up. 5229 06:03:03,800 --> 06:03:06,560 She became addicted to crack. 5230 06:03:06,560 --> 06:03:08,280 And Tupac found himself alone. 5231 06:03:10,720 --> 06:03:14,320 At the end of the 1980s, he moved to California. 5232 06:03:14,320 --> 06:03:15,520 It was supposed to be 5233 06:03:15,520 --> 06:03:18,680 one of the most integrated parts of the country, 5234 06:03:18,680 --> 06:03:21,480 but one night, Tupac went to a party 5235 06:03:21,480 --> 06:03:26,000 and he realised that white racism was re-emerging even there. 5236 06:03:26,000 --> 06:03:27,960 There was a fight at the party. 5237 06:03:27,960 --> 06:03:30,440 And I was like, "What happened?" He said, "The skinheads came 5238 06:03:30,440 --> 06:03:32,960 "and told... Called the black people 'niggers' and made them... 5239 06:03:32,960 --> 06:03:35,080 "Said they had to leave. And of course, there was a fight." 5240 06:03:35,080 --> 06:03:36,560 I was like, "Oh, my God." 5241 06:03:36,560 --> 06:03:38,920 So we were sitting there... They went home, we were sitting there, 5242 06:03:38,920 --> 06:03:41,480 talking and everything, and my friend's just like, 5243 06:03:41,480 --> 06:03:43,280 "This couldn't happen in the '60s. 5244 06:03:43,280 --> 06:03:45,280 "You know, let's figure out what to do with it." 5245 06:03:45,280 --> 06:03:48,320 He was just like, "I know, we'll start the Black Panthers again." 5246 06:03:48,320 --> 06:03:49,880 So, we started the Black Panthers, 5247 06:03:49,880 --> 06:03:54,200 but we're doing it more to fit our views, you know? 5248 06:03:54,200 --> 06:03:57,840 Less violent and more silent. 5249 06:03:57,840 --> 06:04:00,400 You know, more knowledge. 5250 06:04:00,400 --> 06:04:04,280 Tupac Shakur set out to reawaken the radicalism of the Panthers... 5251 06:04:06,160 --> 06:04:11,040 ..and to do it, he was going to use himself as the central character. 5252 06:04:11,040 --> 06:04:12,480 # I hear Brenda's got a baby 5253 06:04:12,480 --> 06:04:14,000 # But Brenda's barely got a brain 5254 06:04:14,000 --> 06:04:15,480 # A damn shame 5255 06:04:15,480 --> 06:04:17,200 # The girl can hardly spell her name 5256 06:04:17,200 --> 06:04:20,080 # That's not our problem That's up to Brenda's family 5257 06:04:20,080 --> 06:04:22,680 # Well, let me show you how it affects our whole community 5258 06:04:22,680 --> 06:04:24,720 # Now Brenda never really knew her mom 5259 06:04:24,720 --> 06:04:26,160 # And her dad was a junkie 5260 06:04:26,160 --> 06:04:27,720 # Putting death into his arms 5261 06:04:27,720 --> 06:04:30,240 # It's sad cos I bet Brenda doesn't even know 5262 06:04:30,240 --> 06:04:33,560 # Just cos you're in the ghetto doesn't mean you can't grow 5263 06:04:33,560 --> 06:04:36,920 # She wrapped the baby up and threw him in a trash heap 5264 06:04:36,920 --> 06:04:39,720 # She tried to sell crack but ended up getting robbed 5265 06:04:39,720 --> 06:04:42,760 # So she sees sex as a way of leaving hell 5266 06:04:42,760 --> 06:04:44,160 # So she really can't complain 5267 06:04:44,160 --> 06:04:46,160 # Prostitute found slain 5268 06:04:46,160 --> 06:04:47,640 # And Brenda's her name 5269 06:04:47,640 --> 06:04:48,840 # She's got a baby. # 5270 06:04:56,720 --> 06:05:00,040 But there was another country that was also like a fairy-tale land... 5271 06:05:01,840 --> 06:05:03,200 ..Saudi Arabia. 5272 06:05:04,400 --> 06:05:07,400 Ever since the 1970s, billions of dollars had flooded 5273 06:05:07,400 --> 06:05:09,640 in from the West. 5274 06:05:09,640 --> 06:05:13,520 This vast wave of money had created a dream-like society, 5275 06:05:13,520 --> 06:05:16,680 run by an elite, where no-one paid any tax. 5276 06:05:18,760 --> 06:05:20,760 But there were those in Saudi Arabia 5277 06:05:20,760 --> 06:05:24,840 who saw another, much more sinister reality underneath this facade. 5278 06:05:28,680 --> 06:05:32,000 Abu Zubaydah had been born in Saudi Arabia, 5279 06:05:32,000 --> 06:05:34,000 but he was not a Saudi. 5280 06:05:34,000 --> 06:05:37,480 His family were Palestinian, and he quickly discovered 5281 06:05:37,480 --> 06:05:40,840 that if you were not a part of the Saudi elite, you were nothing. 5282 06:05:42,840 --> 06:05:45,440 He and his family were looked down on and scorned. 5283 06:05:47,800 --> 06:05:52,280 In the 1980s, Zubaydah grew more and more angry and lonely. 5284 06:05:54,240 --> 06:05:55,920 He began to write a special diary 5285 06:05:55,920 --> 06:05:58,080 into which he poured out his feelings. 5286 06:06:00,000 --> 06:06:02,280 It was special because it was written to be read 5287 06:06:02,280 --> 06:06:05,040 by just one person in the future - 5288 06:06:05,040 --> 06:06:07,360 himself in the year 2000. 5289 06:06:12,800 --> 06:06:17,200 The diary is full of a growing fury about how Saudi Arabia 5290 06:06:17,200 --> 06:06:19,440 had been taken over and corrupted 5291 06:06:19,440 --> 06:06:22,640 by the vast wealth that had come into the society. 5292 06:06:25,160 --> 06:06:28,760 He describes how everyone around him, including his friends, 5293 06:06:28,760 --> 06:06:31,480 were false and treacherous. 5294 06:06:31,480 --> 06:06:35,760 "They pretend to be pious, but really they have no values. 5295 06:06:37,280 --> 06:06:41,640 "The money has created a society where nobody believes in anything 5296 06:06:41,640 --> 06:06:43,160 "and nothing can be trusted." 5297 06:06:45,440 --> 06:06:48,320 Zubaydah tried to lose himself in music. 5298 06:06:48,320 --> 06:06:51,520 The singer he loved most was Chris de Burgh 5299 06:06:51,520 --> 06:06:54,040 and his songs like the Lady In Red. 5300 06:06:55,080 --> 06:06:56,920 But then at the end of the 1980s, 5301 06:06:56,920 --> 06:06:59,480 Zubaydah discovered the ideas of jihad. 5302 06:07:01,400 --> 06:07:04,840 At that point, modern Islamism was sweeping through the Arab world. 5303 06:07:07,160 --> 06:07:10,160 The attraction of jihad was that by losing yourself 5304 06:07:10,160 --> 06:07:13,920 in the struggle, you could free yourself from the emptiness 5305 06:07:13,920 --> 06:07:18,160 and the nihilism that the Western money was bringing into societies 5306 06:07:18,160 --> 06:07:19,480 like Saudi Arabia. 5307 06:07:19,480 --> 06:07:22,760 MUSIC: Lady In Red by Chris De Burgh 5308 06:07:22,760 --> 06:07:27,520 Abu Zubaydah travelled to the town of Peshawar on the Afghan border 5309 06:07:27,520 --> 06:07:30,800 to lose himself in the new revolutionary struggle 5310 06:07:30,800 --> 06:07:34,160 that was going to remake the Arab world and him. 5311 06:07:36,960 --> 06:07:41,600 # I've never seen you looking so lovely as you did tonight 5312 06:07:41,600 --> 06:07:44,120 # I've never seen you shine so bright 5313 06:07:45,400 --> 06:07:47,440 # Mm-mm-mm 5314 06:07:49,240 --> 06:07:53,720 # I've never seen so many men ask you if you wanted to dance 5315 06:07:53,720 --> 06:07:56,800 # They're looking for a little romance 5316 06:07:56,800 --> 06:07:59,360 # Given half a chance 5317 06:08:01,440 --> 06:08:04,640 # I have never seen that dress you're wearing 5318 06:08:04,640 --> 06:08:08,920 # Or the highlights in your hair that catch your eyes 5319 06:08:10,160 --> 06:08:12,440 # I have been blind 5320 06:08:12,440 --> 06:08:15,240 # The lady in red... # 5321 06:08:20,320 --> 06:08:23,600 EXPLOSIONS 5322 06:08:29,000 --> 06:08:33,400 Both Abu Zubaydah and Tupac Shakur, in their different ways, 5323 06:08:33,400 --> 06:08:36,680 are part of something that had begun 200 years before 5324 06:08:36,680 --> 06:08:38,040 with the French Revolution. 5325 06:08:39,400 --> 06:08:42,400 It was the idea that through revolution, you could break 5326 06:08:42,400 --> 06:08:45,000 through to a new kind of world, 5327 06:08:45,000 --> 06:08:47,800 something beyond the corrupt reality of this one. 5328 06:08:50,760 --> 06:08:54,040 But at this same moment, a completely new way 5329 06:08:54,040 --> 06:08:56,640 of seeing the world was rising up in America. 5330 06:08:58,160 --> 06:09:01,880 It said that all attempts to change the world through revolution 5331 06:09:01,880 --> 06:09:04,120 would always fail 5332 06:09:04,120 --> 06:09:07,120 because the world was too complicated for anyone 5333 06:09:07,120 --> 06:09:11,320 to be able to predict the consequences of their actions. 5334 06:09:11,320 --> 06:09:15,160 It came from engineers and scientists who were using computers 5335 06:09:15,160 --> 06:09:18,440 to model the way the world behaved. 5336 06:09:18,440 --> 06:09:21,840 MURMURING: If it's between the modus in relation to the advice... 5337 06:09:21,840 --> 06:09:24,800 It will not match this data in time. 5338 06:09:24,800 --> 06:09:28,240 The simulation would determine long it took the signal... 5339 06:09:28,240 --> 06:09:32,280 They saw the world as a series of complex systems. 5340 06:09:32,280 --> 06:09:35,800 Populations of animals, flocks of birds, 5341 06:09:35,800 --> 06:09:39,240 whole human societies and even global weather patterns 5342 06:09:39,240 --> 06:09:42,480 were all complex systems that you could recreate 5343 06:09:42,480 --> 06:09:44,880 as models inside the computers. 5344 06:09:47,880 --> 06:09:49,920 But when the scientists did this, 5345 06:09:49,920 --> 06:09:54,440 the computers began to reveal something they hadn't expected. 5346 06:09:54,440 --> 06:09:56,800 One tiny change in their equations 5347 06:09:56,800 --> 06:09:59,960 could have massive catastrophic consequences, 5348 06:09:59,960 --> 06:10:02,880 which they could never have predicted. 5349 06:10:02,880 --> 06:10:04,480 It was called Chaos Theory. 5350 06:10:06,120 --> 06:10:08,120 But we're beginning to learn 5351 06:10:08,120 --> 06:10:15,680 that very simple laws, very simple equations can generate astonishingly 5352 06:10:15,680 --> 06:10:20,160 complicated dynamical behaviour, apparently random behaviour, 5353 06:10:20,160 --> 06:10:21,800 which we call chaos. 5354 06:10:25,360 --> 06:10:29,520 So, the bad news is we can have nothing random in the system, 5355 06:10:29,520 --> 06:10:33,400 everything is known, and yet we cannot make long-term predictions 5356 06:10:33,400 --> 06:10:37,440 about the future because the fluttering of a butterfly's wing 5357 06:10:37,440 --> 06:10:39,400 will disturb the initial conditions. 5358 06:10:41,280 --> 06:10:44,880 Chaos Theory had a very powerful influence in the West 5359 06:10:44,880 --> 06:10:46,960 because it rose up at the very moment 5360 06:10:46,960 --> 06:10:48,800 the Soviet Union was collapsing... 5361 06:10:48,800 --> 06:10:50,880 SHOUTING 5362 06:10:50,880 --> 06:10:54,400 ..and it seemed to explain why all attempts at revolution 5363 06:10:54,400 --> 06:10:56,560 had led to disaster. 5364 06:10:56,560 --> 06:11:00,160 The world was just too complex for human beings to change 5365 06:11:00,160 --> 06:11:01,680 in a predictable way. 5366 06:11:04,720 --> 06:11:09,240 But in the 1990s, as the computers became more powerful, 5367 06:11:09,240 --> 06:11:12,160 the scientists argued that even though human beings 5368 06:11:12,160 --> 06:11:15,720 would never be able to understand the complexity, 5369 06:11:15,720 --> 06:11:20,480 the computers could be used to see hidden underlying patterns 5370 06:11:20,480 --> 06:11:22,440 and make the chaos manageable. 5371 06:11:24,080 --> 06:11:27,440 This new idea was called Complexity Theory. 5372 06:11:27,440 --> 06:11:30,440 One of its main promoters was the man who had discovered 5373 06:11:30,440 --> 06:11:33,880 the elementary particles of all matter - quarks. 5374 06:11:36,880 --> 06:11:39,440 He was called Murray Gell-Mann 5375 06:11:39,440 --> 06:11:42,120 and he believed that there were underlying patterns 5376 06:11:42,120 --> 06:11:44,560 at every level of the universe, 5377 06:11:44,560 --> 06:11:46,680 not just in the particles, 5378 06:11:46,680 --> 06:11:48,840 but in the way people think, 5379 06:11:48,840 --> 06:11:51,280 in the structure of human societies, 5380 06:11:51,280 --> 06:11:53,480 and even in the languages they spoke. 5381 06:11:55,360 --> 06:11:57,960 You're always looking for patterns in nature? Yes. 5382 06:12:00,400 --> 06:12:02,960 Patterns in the way people think, 5383 06:12:02,960 --> 06:12:05,160 patterns in the elementary particles. 5384 06:12:05,160 --> 06:12:08,640 It's all part of the same way of doing things, I suppose. 5385 06:12:08,640 --> 06:12:11,680 Trying to spot the law, trying to spot the relationship... 5386 06:12:13,280 --> 06:12:15,800 The customs of primitive people, 5387 06:12:15,800 --> 06:12:18,800 languages and the relations among them. 5388 06:12:18,800 --> 06:12:22,120 And it's fascinating to try to figure out what these laws are. 5389 06:12:25,200 --> 06:12:27,560 As Complexity Theory spread, 5390 06:12:27,560 --> 06:12:30,880 it seemed to offer a new way of managing societies 5391 06:12:30,880 --> 06:12:35,200 by using computers to analyse vast amounts of data. 5392 06:12:35,200 --> 06:12:37,880 That would bypass the failed political ideas 5393 06:12:37,880 --> 06:12:40,600 that had always led to disaster in the past. 5394 06:12:42,080 --> 06:12:45,880 But it brought with it a deeply conservative idea that was going 5395 06:12:45,880 --> 06:12:50,280 to be the foundation of today's computer-dominated world. 5396 06:12:50,280 --> 06:12:53,240 It said that what you were looking for in the data 5397 06:12:53,240 --> 06:12:56,480 are the underlying laws that govern the systems, 5398 06:12:56,480 --> 06:12:58,040 as they already exist. 5399 06:12:59,720 --> 06:13:02,960 You never ask why those systems came to exist. 5400 06:13:04,240 --> 06:13:06,600 And who benefits from them existing? 5401 06:13:08,120 --> 06:13:10,600 One of the leading complexity scientists 5402 06:13:10,600 --> 06:13:14,240 insisted that the meaning of any system was irrelevant. 5403 06:13:15,520 --> 06:13:18,880 "I don't understand what meaning is," he said. 5404 06:13:18,880 --> 06:13:22,680 "In science, there is no meaning to anything. 5405 06:13:22,680 --> 06:13:25,440 "It doesn't ask the atom why it is going left 5406 06:13:25,440 --> 06:13:29,160 "when it is subjected to a magnetic field. 5407 06:13:29,160 --> 06:13:31,440 "It just observes and describes." 5408 06:13:41,080 --> 06:13:45,840 A mad's man gun. A man that go kill with this is really mad. 5409 06:13:47,960 --> 06:13:53,160 It will kill. You betcha. You better watch out. This is an M1 Carbine. 5410 06:13:53,160 --> 06:13:55,640 32 rounds. 5411 06:13:55,640 --> 06:13:58,600 I can go tap Lueders Park with this. 5412 06:13:58,600 --> 06:14:03,200 I can kill about 32 people if I hit them all. Guns! 5413 06:14:03,200 --> 06:14:05,880 All about shooting, taking them out. Yes. 5414 06:14:05,880 --> 06:14:09,440 And when they come shoot us, we go back and shoot them. 5415 06:14:09,440 --> 06:14:14,440 As he became more successful, Tupac Shakur dramatised in his music 5416 06:14:14,440 --> 06:14:17,000 what he called the thug life. 5417 06:14:17,000 --> 06:14:20,080 His aim, he said, was not to try and stop the violence, 5418 06:14:20,080 --> 06:14:23,120 but to make those in the gangs who were killing each other 5419 06:14:23,120 --> 06:14:26,880 realise that they could turn the violence outwards instead, 5420 06:14:26,880 --> 06:14:30,040 and fight back against those who really oppressed them. 5421 06:14:32,600 --> 06:14:34,760 But Shakur had begun to suspect 5422 06:14:34,760 --> 06:14:38,360 that maybe many people didn't really want change, 5423 06:14:38,360 --> 06:14:41,480 that they were happy living in their own fairy-tale world 5424 06:14:41,480 --> 06:14:43,360 of gangs and violence. 5425 06:14:43,360 --> 06:14:46,320 Now, if we do want to live a thug life and a gangster life 5426 06:14:46,320 --> 06:14:49,240 and all of that, OK. So, stop being cowards 5427 06:14:49,240 --> 06:14:50,920 and let's have a revolution. 5428 06:14:50,920 --> 06:14:52,360 But we don't want to do that. 5429 06:14:52,360 --> 06:14:56,080 Dudes just want to live a character. 5430 06:14:56,080 --> 06:14:57,640 They want to be cartoons. Mm-mm. 5431 06:14:57,640 --> 06:15:00,280 But if they really wanted to do something, if they was that tough - 5432 06:15:00,280 --> 06:15:02,800 all right, let's start our own country. Let's start a revolution. 5433 06:15:02,800 --> 06:15:04,440 Let's get out of here. Let's do something. 5434 06:15:04,440 --> 06:15:06,880 But they don't want to do that. 5435 06:15:06,880 --> 06:15:10,880 In response, Shakur was accused by a number of the gangs 5436 06:15:10,880 --> 06:15:12,720 of simply using them, 5437 06:15:12,720 --> 06:15:15,240 that he was sucking out details of their lives 5438 06:15:15,240 --> 06:15:19,720 and then acting it out in his music to make himself rich, 5439 06:15:19,720 --> 06:15:21,840 that he wasn't real. 5440 06:15:21,840 --> 06:15:24,160 In response, Tupac tried to become 5441 06:15:24,160 --> 06:15:28,840 more and more part of that world to prove his authenticity. 5442 06:15:28,840 --> 06:15:32,240 # You know, grab ya glocks when you see Tupac 5443 06:15:32,240 --> 06:15:35,200 # Call the cops when you see Tupac 5444 06:15:35,200 --> 06:15:37,200 # Who shot me, but ya punks didn't finish 5445 06:15:37,200 --> 06:15:39,160 # Now ya bout to feel the wrath of a menace 5446 06:15:39,160 --> 06:15:41,000 # Nigga, hit 'em up. # 5447 06:15:41,000 --> 06:15:43,440 But then the black radicals accused him 5448 06:15:43,440 --> 06:15:46,560 of getting lost in the character he had created, 5449 06:15:46,560 --> 06:15:50,640 that really he was reinforcing and intensifying the violence, 5450 06:15:50,640 --> 06:15:52,160 not changing it. 5451 06:15:52,160 --> 06:15:54,840 SCREAMING 5452 06:16:01,680 --> 06:16:05,760 One radical wrote, "Thug ambition is completely predatory... 5453 06:16:07,320 --> 06:16:09,560 "..because it is driven by an individualism 5454 06:16:09,560 --> 06:16:14,000 "that deliberately avoids the fellow feeling and the group solidarity 5455 06:16:14,000 --> 06:16:15,680 "needed by revolutionaries." 5456 06:16:19,760 --> 06:16:23,720 In 1994, Shakur was sent to jail for five months 5457 06:16:23,720 --> 06:16:26,040 for raping a 17-year-old girl. 5458 06:16:31,520 --> 06:16:34,640 Shakur found himself in the new world of mass incarceration 5459 06:16:34,640 --> 06:16:36,120 in America. 5460 06:16:37,280 --> 06:16:39,720 DOG BARKING 5461 06:16:40,840 --> 06:16:42,400 Let's go, let's go, let's go! 5462 06:16:42,400 --> 06:16:45,360 You're fat and slow, let's go. 5463 06:16:45,360 --> 06:16:46,760 Move it! 5464 06:16:46,760 --> 06:16:49,800 Driven by fears of a wave of violent crime, 5465 06:16:49,800 --> 06:16:53,440 President Clinton had brought in tough new crime rules, 5466 06:16:53,440 --> 06:16:56,520 even though, in reality, crime was falling. 5467 06:16:56,520 --> 06:16:59,560 You shut the fuck up and move, motherfucker! 5468 06:16:59,560 --> 06:17:02,520 Hundreds of thousands of young black men were now imprisoned 5469 06:17:02,520 --> 06:17:05,440 with no hope of parole, even for minor offences. 5470 06:17:09,200 --> 06:17:13,040 It seemed to show that President Clinton cared more about the fears 5471 06:17:13,040 --> 06:17:15,360 of the white middle-class voters 5472 06:17:15,360 --> 06:17:17,800 than he did about the lives of young black men. 5473 06:17:21,320 --> 06:17:25,280 But the white radicals, who were buying Tupac Shakur's music, 5474 06:17:25,280 --> 06:17:26,840 did nothing to challenge it. 5475 06:17:29,200 --> 06:17:32,920 By moving radical politics into the world of culture, 5476 06:17:32,920 --> 06:17:37,520 Tupac Shakur had also become part of the fairy-tale world, 5477 06:17:37,520 --> 06:17:40,800 because he helped keep the anger and the dissent sealed off 5478 06:17:40,800 --> 06:17:43,520 from the real world of politics and power. 5479 06:17:45,000 --> 06:17:47,320 And now he was all alone. 5480 06:17:47,320 --> 06:17:51,440 Trust nobody. Trust nobody. 5481 06:17:51,440 --> 06:17:53,200 After dark. You know what I mean? 5482 06:17:53,200 --> 06:17:55,440 Straight up. My closest friends did me in. 5483 06:17:55,440 --> 06:17:57,080 My closest friends, my homies, 5484 06:17:57,080 --> 06:17:58,960 people who I'd have took care of their whole family, 5485 06:17:58,960 --> 06:18:01,240 I'd have took care of everything for them, looked out for them, 5486 06:18:01,240 --> 06:18:03,760 put them in a gang, everything, turned on me. 5487 06:18:03,760 --> 06:18:05,320 Fear is stronger than love. 5488 06:18:05,320 --> 06:18:07,600 Remember that. Fear is stronger than love. 5489 06:18:07,600 --> 06:18:10,720 All the love I gave did me nothing when it came to fear. 5490 06:18:10,720 --> 06:18:13,600 So, it's all good. But I'm a soldier. I always survive. 5491 06:18:13,600 --> 06:18:15,720 I constantly come back, you know what I mean? 5492 06:18:15,720 --> 06:18:18,200 Only thing that can kill me is death. 5493 06:18:18,200 --> 06:18:20,240 That's the only thing that could ever stop me - is death. 5494 06:18:23,680 --> 06:18:27,920 One night at the end of 1991, Abu Zubaydah was part of a group 5495 06:18:27,920 --> 06:18:31,240 of jihadists attacking the city of Gardez in Afghanistan. 5496 06:18:31,240 --> 06:18:32,800 GUNFIRE 5497 06:18:32,800 --> 06:18:35,440 They were trying to overthrow the communist regime 5498 06:18:35,440 --> 06:18:38,960 left behind by the Russians three years before. 5499 06:18:38,960 --> 06:18:43,440 But then suddenly a mortar exploded next to Abu Zubaydah, 5500 06:18:43,440 --> 06:18:45,920 and a piece of shrapnel pierced his skull. 5501 06:18:47,360 --> 06:18:49,560 It went into his brain, 5502 06:18:49,560 --> 06:18:51,040 and his whole way of seeing 5503 06:18:51,040 --> 06:18:53,720 and understanding the world suddenly changed. 5504 06:18:56,600 --> 06:18:58,680 SIRENS 5505 06:18:58,680 --> 06:19:01,720 The next day, he was taken back from the front line, 5506 06:19:01,720 --> 06:19:03,360 over the mountains to Peshawar. 5507 06:19:05,600 --> 06:19:07,400 For two months, he was unconscious. 5508 06:19:08,680 --> 06:19:12,200 Then his memories from the past began to come back, 5509 06:19:12,200 --> 06:19:14,640 but in a mass of fragments. 5510 06:19:14,640 --> 06:19:17,440 Nothing linked them. They made no sense. 5511 06:19:19,800 --> 06:19:22,160 So, Zubaydah began to use his diary 5512 06:19:22,160 --> 06:19:25,720 to write down all the flashes of memory, 5513 06:19:25,720 --> 06:19:27,440 to try and make sense of who he was. 5514 06:19:29,760 --> 06:19:33,320 In the end, it would run to over 1,000 pages, 5515 06:19:33,320 --> 06:19:35,880 a vast collage of memories and feelings. 5516 06:19:37,080 --> 06:19:40,280 Moments of intense loneliness as a child. 5517 06:19:40,280 --> 06:19:44,280 Of watching Pluto meet an angel in a Disney cartoon. 5518 06:19:45,960 --> 06:19:47,560 Moments of fear in combat. 5519 06:19:50,360 --> 06:19:52,200 The smell of perfume. 5520 06:19:52,200 --> 06:19:54,400 The anger he felt at friends. 5521 06:19:54,400 --> 06:19:56,200 Moments of sexual desire. 5522 06:19:57,560 --> 06:19:59,560 And the sensation of autumn coming on. 5523 06:20:03,880 --> 06:20:05,840 When he had physically recovered, 5524 06:20:05,840 --> 06:20:10,000 Abu Zubaydah went back to the jihad training camps in Afghanistan, 5525 06:20:10,000 --> 06:20:12,120 but he found that whatever he did, 5526 06:20:12,120 --> 06:20:14,400 he could not put his memories back together. 5527 06:20:15,880 --> 06:20:18,200 They remained just fragments in his brain. 5528 06:20:19,800 --> 06:20:24,280 He also had a growing sense that the whole organisation of jihad 5529 06:20:24,280 --> 06:20:26,400 was disintegrating into rival factions. 5530 06:20:28,120 --> 06:20:31,960 All ideas of solidarity and collective action had gone. 5531 06:20:33,560 --> 06:20:36,200 In the diary, he describes how you couldn't trust 5532 06:20:36,200 --> 06:20:37,520 anyone any longer. 5533 06:20:43,960 --> 06:20:48,280 Zubaydah knew Bin Laden, who was running another jihad camp. 5534 06:20:48,280 --> 06:20:53,200 Bin Laden asked him to make an alliance, but Zubaydah refused. 5535 06:20:53,200 --> 06:20:56,400 He was aware that Bin Laden was planning some kind of retaliation 5536 06:20:56,400 --> 06:20:58,360 against the Americans, 5537 06:20:58,360 --> 06:20:59,920 but he didn't trust him. 5538 06:20:59,920 --> 06:21:01,480 EXPLOSION, HORSE NEIGHS 5539 06:21:01,480 --> 06:21:03,880 Zubaydah spent his time making explosives 5540 06:21:03,880 --> 06:21:06,960 and watching American movies like Rambo III. 5541 06:21:10,800 --> 06:21:13,840 Zubaydah wrote in his diary how up in the mountains, 5542 06:21:13,840 --> 06:21:16,280 everything was falling apart. 5543 06:21:16,280 --> 06:21:19,080 The revolutionary dream of Islamism was failing... 5544 06:21:21,360 --> 06:21:24,280 ..while his sense of who he was, his identity, 5545 06:21:24,280 --> 06:21:27,360 had disintegrated into random memories. 5546 06:21:27,360 --> 06:21:29,480 They meant nothing. 5547 06:21:29,480 --> 06:21:31,240 There was no story that made sense. 5548 06:21:33,680 --> 06:21:36,760 He wrote how it was as though time had stopped. 5549 06:21:36,760 --> 06:21:40,240 He was trapped in a perpetual now, 5550 06:21:40,240 --> 06:21:42,040 haunted by fragments of memory... 5551 06:21:43,560 --> 06:21:46,480 ..with no way of moving forward into the future. 5552 06:22:02,760 --> 06:22:05,880 But in the West, scientists were beginning to ask 5553 06:22:05,880 --> 06:22:09,480 whether the very idea of an integrated self 5554 06:22:09,480 --> 06:22:12,280 was actually a fiction for everyone. 5555 06:22:14,600 --> 06:22:18,400 In the 1980s, a new group of behavioural psychologists 5556 06:22:18,400 --> 06:22:22,440 had argued that what human beings think of as their self 5557 06:22:22,440 --> 06:22:25,400 was not fully in control of their actions. 5558 06:22:25,400 --> 06:22:28,360 Now, they had been joined by neuroscientists 5559 06:22:28,360 --> 06:22:32,480 who said they had discovered something even stranger - 5560 06:22:32,480 --> 06:22:34,320 that inside their brains, 5561 06:22:34,320 --> 06:22:38,440 human beings had all kinds of different selves 5562 06:22:38,440 --> 06:22:41,840 which the conscious mind had no awareness of at all. 5563 06:22:44,040 --> 06:22:45,960 They were led by Michael Gazzaniga, 5564 06:22:45,960 --> 06:22:48,720 who would win a Nobel Prize for his work. 5565 06:22:48,720 --> 06:22:50,120 With your right hand, 5566 06:22:50,120 --> 06:22:51,680 you point to this row. 5567 06:22:52,680 --> 06:22:56,160 And with your left hand, you point to this row. OK. OK? 5568 06:22:56,160 --> 06:22:58,720 Gazzaniga studied the brains of people like Vicki. 5569 06:23:00,320 --> 06:23:02,280 She suffered from extreme epilepsy. 5570 06:23:03,800 --> 06:23:07,560 To try and stop her attacks, surgeons had cut the nerve fibres 5571 06:23:07,560 --> 06:23:10,720 that linked the two sides of her brain. 5572 06:23:10,720 --> 06:23:14,680 It worked, but it also revealed something very strange. 5573 06:23:15,760 --> 06:23:19,880 There was another force inside Vicki that emerged, 5574 06:23:19,880 --> 06:23:21,680 that kept trying to take control. 5575 06:23:23,480 --> 06:23:26,120 I knew what I wanted to wear. 5576 06:23:26,120 --> 06:23:28,240 And I would open up my closet, 5577 06:23:28,240 --> 06:23:30,000 get ready to take it out. 5578 06:23:31,080 --> 06:23:34,920 And my other hand would, like, just take control. 5579 06:23:34,920 --> 06:23:36,520 It would just reach in 5580 06:23:36,520 --> 06:23:39,800 and get something that I wouldn't want at all. 5581 06:23:39,800 --> 06:23:43,200 And a couple of times I had a pair of shorts on, 5582 06:23:43,200 --> 06:23:45,840 and then I'd find myself putting another pair of shorts on 5583 06:23:45,840 --> 06:23:48,480 on top of a pair I already had on. And which I knew... 5584 06:23:48,480 --> 06:23:50,600 I knew was wrong. 5585 06:23:50,600 --> 06:23:52,800 Gazzaniga argued that really there 5586 06:23:52,800 --> 06:23:56,120 were multiple selves inside the human brain, 5587 06:23:56,120 --> 06:23:58,680 each one taking control at different moments. 5588 06:24:00,800 --> 06:24:04,720 Normally that is hidden because the one self that is conscious 5589 06:24:04,720 --> 06:24:07,280 constantly makes up stories to explain 5590 06:24:07,280 --> 06:24:09,120 what all the other selves are doing. 5591 06:24:11,360 --> 06:24:14,560 But when the connection between the two parts of the brain is cut, 5592 06:24:14,560 --> 06:24:15,920 it can't do that... 5593 06:24:17,400 --> 06:24:20,280 ..and the other parts emerge. 5594 06:24:20,280 --> 06:24:25,360 Vicki wasn't strange, Gazzaniga said, she just showed the truth. 5595 06:24:25,360 --> 06:24:28,360 Gazzaniga argued that really all human beings live 5596 06:24:28,360 --> 06:24:31,360 in a made-up dream world of stories 5597 06:24:31,360 --> 06:24:34,440 which give them the illusion that they are in control. 5598 06:24:35,960 --> 06:24:39,160 But, really, there is something else inside them 5599 06:24:39,160 --> 06:24:41,120 that they will never contact. 5600 06:24:41,120 --> 06:24:45,400 We have to quit viewing man as a single psychological entity. 5601 06:24:45,400 --> 06:24:49,040 That, in fact, his psychological self is a multiple self, 5602 06:24:49,040 --> 06:24:53,440 that he has a variety of mental systems existing in his brain. 5603 06:24:53,440 --> 06:24:57,200 They have emotions, they have memories, they have incentives, 5604 06:24:57,200 --> 06:24:58,640 they have destinies. 5605 06:24:58,640 --> 06:25:01,160 And they're able to control the motor apparatus, 5606 06:25:01,160 --> 06:25:03,560 by which I mean they are able to make movements, 5607 06:25:03,560 --> 06:25:09,200 they're able to actually precipitate behaviours on the part of someone. 5608 06:25:09,200 --> 06:25:11,360 And once those actions are completed, 5609 06:25:11,360 --> 06:25:14,560 here comes this verbal system in to give an explanation 5610 06:25:14,560 --> 06:25:16,440 and to propose a theory 5611 06:25:16,440 --> 06:25:19,760 to itself to explain why these actions were carried out. 5612 06:25:25,280 --> 06:25:29,200 The 1990s was the high point of the idea of individualism. 5613 06:25:30,640 --> 06:25:33,680 With all the old revolutions gone, it promised the vision 5614 06:25:33,680 --> 06:25:37,360 of a new world of free, confident people. 5615 06:25:37,360 --> 06:25:41,280 But what was happening was that the sciences, that had grown up 5616 06:25:41,280 --> 06:25:46,120 with that individualism, were now turning on it and eating away at it. 5617 06:25:49,880 --> 06:25:53,000 Complexity theory said that human beings were just components 5618 06:25:53,000 --> 06:25:55,920 in vast, complex systems, 5619 06:25:55,920 --> 06:26:00,480 systems that they would never be able to understand, 5620 06:26:00,480 --> 06:26:03,320 which meant what they thought and what they felt 5621 06:26:03,320 --> 06:26:05,480 was irrelevant to the system... 5622 06:26:06,920 --> 06:26:10,560 ..while psychology, and now neuroscience, said that much 5623 06:26:10,560 --> 06:26:14,680 of what went on inside people's brains was beyond their control... 5624 06:26:16,200 --> 06:26:19,360 ..which meant that the conscious bit inside the brain, 5625 06:26:19,360 --> 06:26:22,240 the part that applies meaning to the world, 5626 06:26:22,240 --> 06:26:23,760 was actually irrelevant. 5627 06:26:25,400 --> 06:26:29,760 Bit by bit, the idea of the world as something that human beings 5628 06:26:29,760 --> 06:26:33,080 could understand and change was disappearing. 5629 06:26:35,680 --> 06:26:37,920 Human consciousness was being sidelined. 5630 06:26:53,160 --> 06:26:57,920 In 1996, Tupac Shakur was shot in Las Vegas. 5631 06:26:57,920 --> 06:27:00,440 He was taken to hospital in a critical condition. 5632 06:27:02,040 --> 06:27:03,680 Six days later, he died. 5633 06:27:06,400 --> 06:27:08,560 Still today, no-one knows who shot him. 5634 06:27:10,960 --> 06:27:14,520 The suspicion and the lack of trust that he had come to fear 5635 06:27:14,520 --> 06:27:17,600 was now spreading through the black community. 5636 06:27:17,600 --> 06:27:21,920 And in that mood, a new conspiracy theory was rising up. 5637 06:27:21,920 --> 06:27:25,920 It said that the crack epidemic in black areas had been created 5638 06:27:25,920 --> 06:27:28,200 by the CIA and the US government. 5639 06:27:29,800 --> 06:27:34,520 And the feelings of suspicion and paranoia spread even further. 5640 06:27:34,520 --> 06:27:37,120 This show is about finding some truth. 5641 06:27:37,120 --> 06:27:41,200 Was the CIA responsible for, in any way, shape or form, 5642 06:27:41,200 --> 06:27:44,000 funnelling cocaine into the United States of America 5643 06:27:44,000 --> 06:27:45,440 back in the early '80s, 5644 06:27:45,440 --> 06:27:47,800 and then helped to develop and turn it into crack, 5645 06:27:47,800 --> 06:27:50,520 which was then spread across America, and is the reason why 5646 06:27:50,520 --> 06:27:53,200 most of our inner cities are in the plight that they are in? 5647 06:27:55,920 --> 06:27:58,320 So, we're right between that house... 5648 06:27:59,400 --> 06:28:04,240 ..and this house. We're renting this half of a house. 5649 06:28:14,000 --> 06:28:15,760 Right, so this is our garage. 5650 06:28:18,280 --> 06:28:19,960 Basically, nobody's in here, 5651 06:28:19,960 --> 06:28:23,200 but we've got a ping pong table, a computer. 5652 06:28:23,200 --> 06:28:25,400 But there was still a group of idealists, 5653 06:28:25,400 --> 06:28:28,200 at the heart of Silicon Valley, who still believed 5654 06:28:28,200 --> 06:28:30,840 that individuals could remake the world, 5655 06:28:30,840 --> 06:28:33,320 and they could help them do it in a new way. 5656 06:28:34,480 --> 06:28:37,280 It wouldn't confront the old systems of power. 5657 06:28:37,280 --> 06:28:39,120 It would simply bypass them. 5658 06:28:40,960 --> 06:28:43,360 There's Larry, the CEO of Google. 5659 06:28:44,680 --> 06:28:48,240 At Google, our mission is to make the world's information accessible 5660 06:28:48,240 --> 06:28:51,400 and useful, and that means all the world's information, 5661 06:28:51,400 --> 06:28:54,800 which now in our index numbers over a billion documents. 5662 06:28:54,800 --> 06:28:58,000 And it's an incredible resource. 5663 06:28:58,000 --> 06:29:01,240 I mean, in history, you have never had access to just, you know, 5664 06:29:01,240 --> 06:29:04,080 pretty much all the world's information in seconds. 5665 06:29:04,080 --> 06:29:05,520 And we have that now. 5666 06:29:07,320 --> 06:29:09,640 My hope is to provide instant access 5667 06:29:09,640 --> 06:29:12,800 to any information anybody ever wants in future. 5668 06:29:16,520 --> 06:29:18,840 I think I want to make the world a better place. 5669 06:29:20,680 --> 06:29:23,920 The idealism behind Google was the same vision 5670 06:29:23,920 --> 06:29:28,520 that had been behind The Family of Man exhibition 40 years before. 5671 06:29:28,520 --> 06:29:31,320 It said that everyone could use the information 5672 06:29:31,320 --> 06:29:35,000 to build their own story, free of the old elites, 5673 06:29:35,000 --> 06:29:38,520 who in the past had controlled what they read and what they saw. 5674 06:29:40,080 --> 06:29:43,120 But it would also link them together. 5675 06:29:43,120 --> 06:29:47,400 One world at the centre of which would be the individual self, 5676 06:29:47,400 --> 06:29:49,600 assembling the data in any way they wanted. 5677 06:30:04,000 --> 06:30:08,320 But in Russia, that same dream was now seen to have led to disaster. 5678 06:30:12,720 --> 06:30:16,040 At the start of the 1990s, a giant experiment had begun 5679 06:30:16,040 --> 06:30:20,680 to transform the country into a free market democracy. 5680 06:30:20,680 --> 06:30:22,680 But it had gone disastrously wrong. 5681 06:30:26,800 --> 06:30:29,240 SHOUTING 5682 06:30:29,240 --> 06:30:32,680 Russia had been taken over by a small group called the oligarchs 5683 06:30:32,680 --> 06:30:35,120 who had looted the country of much of its wealth. 5684 06:30:35,120 --> 06:30:38,000 THEY TALK IN RUSSIAN 5685 06:30:38,000 --> 06:30:42,360 And the idea that Russia could become a society of free individuals 5686 06:30:42,360 --> 06:30:43,640 was now seen as a joke. 5687 06:30:46,040 --> 06:30:49,760 No-one believed in communism or democracy any longer. 5688 06:30:52,000 --> 06:30:54,680 What does it mean...? What does democracy mean for most Russians, 5689 06:30:54,680 --> 06:30:57,040 not in Moscow? Unfortunately... 5690 06:30:57,040 --> 06:31:04,680 Well, the word "socialism" has lost its meaning and its value 5691 06:31:04,680 --> 06:31:07,760 in this country ten years ago. 5692 06:31:07,760 --> 06:31:12,880 After ten years, democracy is a kind of a curse. 5693 06:31:12,880 --> 06:31:14,400 You can curse, 5694 06:31:14,400 --> 06:31:19,520 you can offend someone, by naming him a democrat. 5695 06:31:20,840 --> 06:31:22,320 So this is the... 5696 06:31:23,760 --> 06:31:25,160 ..answer to your question. 5697 06:31:26,720 --> 06:31:29,120 Thank you very much indeed. Thank you. 5698 06:31:29,120 --> 06:31:34,560 In 1999, the oligarchs decided to select Russia's next president 5699 06:31:34,560 --> 06:31:37,120 to make sure it was someone who would protect them. 5700 06:31:38,400 --> 06:31:40,080 They selected Vladimir Putin. 5701 06:31:41,280 --> 06:31:44,440 He was an anonymous bureaucrat running the security service. 5702 06:31:46,440 --> 06:31:48,720 And a man who believed in nothing. 5703 06:31:53,400 --> 06:31:56,680 With their money and the media they controlled backing him, 5704 06:31:56,680 --> 06:31:58,120 Putin was duly elected. 5705 06:32:02,440 --> 06:32:05,000 The oligarchs believed that they were now safe 5706 06:32:05,000 --> 06:32:07,440 and their power would continue undisturbed. 5707 06:32:11,960 --> 06:32:14,080 But then something unexpected happened. 5708 06:32:16,800 --> 06:32:20,200 In August of 2000, the nuclear submarine Kursk 5709 06:32:20,200 --> 06:32:24,200 set out on the first Navy exercise since the fall of the Soviet Union. 5710 06:32:26,240 --> 06:32:30,000 As a torpedo was being loaded, it exploded. 5711 06:32:30,000 --> 06:32:32,440 And the submarine sank to the ocean floor. 5712 06:32:34,440 --> 06:32:36,840 To begin with, the Russian Navy didn't notice 5713 06:32:36,840 --> 06:32:39,280 that anything had happened. 5714 06:32:39,280 --> 06:32:41,640 Then they began to search for the Kursk, 5715 06:32:41,640 --> 06:32:44,120 but they couldn't find it. 5716 06:32:44,120 --> 06:32:47,920 The families of the crew came to the base at Murmansk. 5717 06:32:47,920 --> 06:32:50,400 The officials assured them that they were in contact 5718 06:32:50,400 --> 06:32:53,000 with the crew, but this was a lie. 5719 06:32:54,000 --> 06:32:57,640 They knew that all 118 sailors were already dead. 5720 06:32:59,760 --> 06:33:01,280 The families grew desperate. 5721 06:33:40,360 --> 06:33:43,080 To begin with, Putin did nothing. 5722 06:33:43,080 --> 06:33:44,480 He had no idea how to react. 5723 06:33:45,800 --> 06:33:48,600 But, finally, he was forced to come to Murmansk 5724 06:33:48,600 --> 06:33:52,440 to confront the angry families in a closed meeting. 5725 06:33:52,440 --> 06:33:55,400 What Putin then did to save himself 5726 06:33:55,400 --> 06:33:59,000 was turn that anger away from himself 5727 06:33:59,000 --> 06:34:02,520 and towards the very people who had put him in power. 5728 06:34:02,520 --> 06:34:06,120 "The people who killed your sons," he told the families, 5729 06:34:06,120 --> 06:34:09,280 "were the corrupt elites in Moscow, 5730 06:34:09,280 --> 06:34:14,160 "the oligarchs who have all the money and control all the media. 5731 06:34:14,160 --> 06:34:16,960 "They are the ones who are lying to you. 5732 06:34:16,960 --> 06:34:20,920 "They are the ones who have destroyed the Army and the Navy. 5733 06:34:20,920 --> 06:34:23,480 "They are the ones who have stolen everything 5734 06:34:23,480 --> 06:34:25,720 "and have everyone in their pocket." 5735 06:34:30,440 --> 06:34:32,160 Faced by a catastrophe, 5736 06:34:32,160 --> 06:34:35,360 what Putin had discovered was a new source of power. 5737 06:34:36,880 --> 06:34:41,200 It was the raw anger of those outside the major cities in Russia 5738 06:34:41,200 --> 06:34:43,280 who felt lonely and isolated, 5739 06:34:43,280 --> 06:34:46,200 as their jobs and lives had collapsed around them. 5740 06:34:47,560 --> 06:34:50,080 They had been promised a democracy. 5741 06:34:50,080 --> 06:34:54,000 But what they got was chaos and corruption on a vast scale. 5742 06:34:55,720 --> 06:34:58,800 And Putin had realised the power that anger could give him. 5743 06:35:00,640 --> 06:35:02,920 But he himself still believed in nothing. 5744 06:35:04,520 --> 06:35:09,080 He had been taken and placed in power, and he had no goal. 5745 06:35:10,680 --> 06:35:13,840 The Russian journalist Mikhail Zygar wrote, 5746 06:35:13,840 --> 06:35:17,200 "There is no logic in the age of Putin. 5747 06:35:17,200 --> 06:35:18,840 "There is no plan or strategy. 5748 06:35:20,200 --> 06:35:22,960 "Everything that happens, like with the Kursk, 5749 06:35:22,960 --> 06:35:28,280 "is a tactical step, a real-time response to external stimuli 5750 06:35:28,280 --> 06:35:31,000 "devoid of any ultimate objective." 5751 06:35:36,560 --> 06:35:40,120 By the start of 2000, Silicon Valley had become the focus 5752 06:35:40,120 --> 06:35:42,000 of a giant financial boom. 5753 06:35:43,160 --> 06:35:45,560 Wall Street banks were pouring millions of dollars 5754 06:35:45,560 --> 06:35:49,160 into small companies that they knew were unlikely to ever make 5755 06:35:49,160 --> 06:35:50,320 any real profit. 5756 06:35:51,600 --> 06:35:54,680 Their real aim was to create massive share price rises 5757 06:35:54,680 --> 06:35:58,440 when they took the companies public on the stock exchange. 5758 06:36:04,200 --> 06:36:06,360 But then the bubble suddenly burst. 5759 06:36:06,360 --> 06:36:09,120 FAST SPEECH 5760 06:36:09,120 --> 06:36:12,040 Companies that only weeks before had been valued 5761 06:36:12,040 --> 06:36:15,560 at billions of dollars disappeared overnight, 5762 06:36:15,560 --> 06:36:18,000 their technology auctioned off in fire sales. 5763 06:36:19,520 --> 06:36:22,040 We have $100,000 computers 5764 06:36:22,040 --> 06:36:25,240 with eight processors and ten hard drives, 5765 06:36:25,240 --> 06:36:27,600 and just decked out with gigs of RAM. 5766 06:36:27,600 --> 06:36:30,920 And that stuff's going for ten cents, 20 cents on the dollar. 5767 06:36:30,920 --> 06:36:32,680 Google managed to survive, 5768 06:36:32,680 --> 06:36:36,320 but the crash meant that they met the power of money, 5769 06:36:36,320 --> 06:36:38,960 which was going to reshape their aims completely. 5770 06:36:40,680 --> 06:36:43,440 The venture capitalists, who had invested in the company, 5771 06:36:43,440 --> 06:36:45,600 now had the upper hand. 5772 06:36:45,600 --> 06:36:48,680 They told Sergey Brin that he had to find a way to make money. 5773 06:36:48,680 --> 06:36:49,840 And quickly. 5774 06:36:51,160 --> 06:36:53,400 And a sense of emergency gripped Google. 5775 06:36:54,760 --> 06:36:57,360 But then they found the solution. 5776 06:36:57,360 --> 06:37:01,160 Every time someone searched the web, they left trails behind them, 5777 06:37:01,160 --> 06:37:04,600 traces, as they travelled through the internet. 5778 06:37:04,600 --> 06:37:08,680 Up to this point, that mass of data had simply been used to make 5779 06:37:08,680 --> 06:37:11,240 the system of giving people information more efficient. 5780 06:37:13,440 --> 06:37:15,400 But now the company's engineers realised 5781 06:37:15,400 --> 06:37:17,760 that if they gathered enough of it together, 5782 06:37:17,760 --> 06:37:21,520 they could build up a picture of how every individual behaved 5783 06:37:21,520 --> 06:37:24,760 and how they were likely to behave in the future. 5784 06:37:26,760 --> 06:37:28,000 It meant they could predict 5785 06:37:28,000 --> 06:37:31,400 what advertisement an individual would click on and respond to... 5786 06:37:33,960 --> 06:37:36,600 ..without having to ask them anything. 5787 06:37:38,040 --> 06:37:41,280 Google started to tell advertisers that they had found a way 5788 06:37:41,280 --> 06:37:44,240 of replacing the hit-and-miss of old advertising 5789 06:37:44,240 --> 06:37:47,280 with a new scientific certainty. 5790 06:37:47,280 --> 06:37:50,280 And very quickly, they began to make millions of dollars. 5791 06:37:52,560 --> 06:37:54,320 But there was a problem. 5792 06:37:54,320 --> 06:37:58,440 What Google were doing was gathering vast amounts of data on millions 5793 06:37:58,440 --> 06:38:01,200 of people without them being fully aware of it. 5794 06:38:02,560 --> 06:38:07,440 And by 2001, the Federal Trade Commission was preparing a law 5795 06:38:07,440 --> 06:38:10,120 which would stop much of what they were doing. 5796 06:38:10,120 --> 06:38:14,200 But then suddenly, many of those problems disappeared. 5797 06:38:14,200 --> 06:38:19,120 RADIO COMMUNICATIONS 5798 06:38:23,320 --> 06:38:27,480 The attacks on September the 11th shocked America because no-one 5799 06:38:27,480 --> 06:38:29,200 had seen them coming. 5800 06:38:29,200 --> 06:38:33,600 The phrase constantly used was, "We failed to join up the dots." 5801 06:38:33,600 --> 06:38:35,080 SCREAMING 5802 06:38:37,720 --> 06:38:40,320 And in the state of fear, the government passed 5803 06:38:40,320 --> 06:38:44,120 the Patriot Act. It said that everyone's personal data 5804 06:38:44,120 --> 06:38:47,840 must be open to examination, to stop further attacks. 5805 06:38:50,040 --> 06:38:54,560 Privacy of the individual now became irrelevant in the face of a much 5806 06:38:54,560 --> 06:38:56,320 higher need - security. 5807 06:38:57,960 --> 06:39:01,240 It meant that the very thing that Google had invented, looking 5808 06:39:01,240 --> 06:39:05,280 for patterns in a mass of data, now became central to the security 5809 06:39:05,280 --> 06:39:06,600 of the United States. 5810 06:39:08,680 --> 06:39:11,760 And the threat of new laws to stop Google 5811 06:39:11,760 --> 06:39:15,400 collecting as much data on people as they wanted faded away. 5812 06:39:23,320 --> 06:39:27,600 The shock of the attacks of 9/11 began a shift away 5813 06:39:27,600 --> 06:39:30,120 from the individualism that had been at the centre 5814 06:39:30,120 --> 06:39:31,880 of America since the 1950s. 5815 06:39:33,440 --> 06:39:36,400 And Google was going to become central to that shift. 5816 06:39:37,840 --> 06:39:40,880 Because rather than doing what they had originally dreamed of, 5817 06:39:40,880 --> 06:39:45,440 giving people data so they could make their own stories, what Google 5818 06:39:45,440 --> 06:39:50,360 were now doing was TAKING people's data and using it to predict 5819 06:39:50,360 --> 06:39:54,680 what those individuals would do, without having to ask them anything. 5820 06:39:56,880 --> 06:39:59,840 What they thought or felt as individuals 5821 06:39:59,840 --> 06:40:03,760 and the stories they told themselves was completely irrelevant. 5822 06:40:05,240 --> 06:40:08,240 Consciousness was being sidelined even more. 5823 06:40:17,800 --> 06:40:19,000 SHOUTING 5824 06:40:19,000 --> 06:40:23,200 GUNFIRE 5825 06:40:30,960 --> 06:40:32,680 EXPLOSION 5826 06:40:41,920 --> 06:40:46,440 When the coalition invaded Afghanistan, Abu Zubaydah had fled. 5827 06:40:46,440 --> 06:40:49,600 He had not been involved in the attacks, but he knew 5828 06:40:49,600 --> 06:40:53,760 that the Americans were arresting all the jihadists they could find. 5829 06:40:53,760 --> 06:40:59,440 He travelled back over the mountains and hid in Faisalabad in Pakistan. 5830 06:41:00,640 --> 06:41:03,240 But two months later, he was captured. 5831 06:41:03,240 --> 06:41:06,400 Within months of September the 11th, 2001, we captured a man 5832 06:41:06,400 --> 06:41:07,600 named Abu Zubaydah. 5833 06:41:09,640 --> 06:41:13,440 We believe that Zubaydah was a senior terrorist leader 5834 06:41:13,440 --> 06:41:17,120 and a trusted associate of Osama bin Laden. 5835 06:41:17,120 --> 06:41:19,400 Zubaydah was severely wounded 5836 06:41:19,400 --> 06:41:22,600 during the firefight that brought him into custody. 5837 06:41:22,600 --> 06:41:25,960 These are dangerous men with unparalleled knowledge 5838 06:41:25,960 --> 06:41:30,040 about terrorist networks and their plans of new attacks. 5839 06:41:30,040 --> 06:41:33,440 Zubaydah was taken by the CIA to a secret prison 5840 06:41:33,440 --> 06:41:35,520 they ran in Pakistan. 5841 06:41:35,520 --> 06:41:39,080 He told them that he had had nothing to do with the attacks, 5842 06:41:39,080 --> 06:41:40,960 but they didn't believe him. 5843 06:41:40,960 --> 06:41:43,760 Then they read his diary that he had written to himself. 5844 06:41:45,600 --> 06:41:50,560 And the CIA decided it meant that Zubaydah had a multiple personality 5845 06:41:50,560 --> 06:41:54,160 and that the other, hidden, self was hiding the information 5846 06:41:54,160 --> 06:41:56,440 they desperately needed. 5847 06:41:56,440 --> 06:42:01,240 So, the CIA turned to psychology to unlock the information they knew 5848 06:42:01,240 --> 06:42:03,880 was concealed inside his head. 5849 06:42:03,880 --> 06:42:06,760 Is this the new positive psychology class? 5850 06:42:06,760 --> 06:42:08,280 Yes, it is. 5851 06:42:08,280 --> 06:42:11,400 So, what is this positive psychology stuff? 5852 06:42:11,400 --> 06:42:13,480 Is the rest of the field negative? 5853 06:42:13,480 --> 06:42:15,800 Well, that's not really the case. 5854 06:42:15,800 --> 06:42:20,160 Positive psychology is the study of the psychological aspects 5855 06:42:20,160 --> 06:42:22,360 of what makes life worth living. 5856 06:42:22,360 --> 06:42:26,880 It simply focuses on building the best in people as opposed 5857 06:42:26,880 --> 06:42:28,440 to repairing the worst. 5858 06:42:28,440 --> 06:42:31,800 I see. I need to get to my next class. 5859 06:42:31,800 --> 06:42:33,160 Catch you later. 5860 06:42:33,160 --> 06:42:36,480 Thank you for helping me learn more about this fascinating field. 5861 06:42:39,600 --> 06:42:41,360 Positive psychology was part of 5862 06:42:41,360 --> 06:42:43,240 the new psychology that had risen 5863 06:42:43,240 --> 06:42:46,960 up in the 1990s. It said that millions of people 5864 06:42:46,960 --> 06:42:50,400 were really far weaker than previously thought, 5865 06:42:50,400 --> 06:42:52,960 that they were trapped in a state of what the psychologists 5866 06:42:52,960 --> 06:42:55,000 called learned helplessness. 5867 06:42:56,160 --> 06:42:58,840 And positive psychology would develop techniques 5868 06:42:58,840 --> 06:43:00,160 to rescue these people. 5869 06:43:03,360 --> 06:43:07,560 But psychologists working for the CIA decided they would turn 5870 06:43:07,560 --> 06:43:09,920 the system in reverse. 5871 06:43:09,920 --> 06:43:13,520 They would use it to reduce Abu Zubaydah back to a state 5872 06:43:13,520 --> 06:43:15,920 of learned helplessness. 5873 06:43:15,920 --> 06:43:18,680 They called it enhanced interrogation. 5874 06:43:22,120 --> 06:43:26,800 And they did it by waterboarding Zubaydah 83 times, 5875 06:43:26,800 --> 06:43:29,480 by repeatedly smashing him against the wall, 5876 06:43:29,480 --> 06:43:32,960 and locking him naked in a freezing box for weeks at a time. 5877 06:43:35,160 --> 06:43:38,800 The CIA videotaped the interrogations, but later 5878 06:43:38,800 --> 06:43:40,560 destroyed the tapes. 5879 06:43:40,560 --> 06:43:43,600 They reportedly show Abu Zubaydah screaming, 5880 06:43:43,600 --> 06:43:46,000 shaking uncontrollably and vomiting. 5881 06:43:48,160 --> 06:43:51,960 What was done to him became the model for a system of torture 5882 06:43:51,960 --> 06:43:55,880 that the Americans then used across the War on Terror, 5883 06:43:55,880 --> 06:43:58,520 including the prison at Abu Ghraib. 5884 06:44:01,600 --> 06:44:05,320 Desperate for the torture to stop, Zubaydah just spewed out 5885 06:44:05,320 --> 06:44:08,800 all the disconnected memories inside his brain, 5886 06:44:08,800 --> 06:44:12,960 memories that even he had not been able to piece together. 5887 06:44:12,960 --> 06:44:16,520 They were fragmented images of what might happen in America, 5888 06:44:16,520 --> 06:44:20,360 many of them drawn from the films he had watched, including Godzilla. 5889 06:44:22,680 --> 06:44:26,240 And that same sense of incoherent confusion was now 5890 06:44:26,240 --> 06:44:27,680 unleashed on America. 5891 06:44:28,760 --> 06:44:32,400 The CIA believed them, and the fragments inside 5892 06:44:32,400 --> 06:44:34,360 Abu Zubaydah's brain now 5893 06:44:34,360 --> 06:44:37,800 spread out across America to create yet another wave of fear. 5894 06:44:48,680 --> 06:44:52,080 But there were more and more people who were beginning to realise 5895 06:44:52,080 --> 06:44:56,760 that out in the margins of Western societies, there was a growing anger 5896 06:44:56,760 --> 06:44:59,520 and a total disillusion with the system... 5897 06:45:01,680 --> 06:45:05,480 ..because it offered hundreds of thousands of people nothing, 5898 06:45:05,480 --> 06:45:07,880 and gave their lives no purpose or meaning. 5899 06:45:10,480 --> 06:45:14,360 I was brought up in a working-class way, in a working-class background. 5900 06:45:14,360 --> 06:45:16,240 I were lucky. I were good at school. 5901 06:45:16,240 --> 06:45:18,960 I were academically minded. I were quick. 5902 06:45:18,960 --> 06:45:21,680 I could make people laugh, you know what I mean? I could do things. 5903 06:45:21,680 --> 06:45:23,920 I could chat and still get on with me work. 5904 06:45:23,920 --> 06:45:25,440 Most people couldn't do that. 5905 06:45:28,960 --> 06:45:32,320 They were people genuinely who were fantastic with working 5906 06:45:32,320 --> 06:45:35,000 with their hands, but the other five hours of the day, 5907 06:45:35,000 --> 06:45:36,480 they were just miserable. 5908 06:45:36,480 --> 06:45:40,160 It's just not set up to cater for working-class lads 5909 06:45:40,160 --> 06:45:42,840 who were that way inclined. There's just no end goal. 5910 06:45:42,840 --> 06:45:44,960 There's no end point. There's no path. 5911 06:45:44,960 --> 06:45:48,440 There's just... "Get on with it" is the main phrase that you hear 5912 06:45:48,440 --> 06:45:52,400 constantly, and that messes with your mind after a while. 5913 06:45:54,680 --> 06:45:57,160 Dominic Cummings worked as a political adviser 5914 06:45:57,160 --> 06:45:58,640 for the Conservative Party. 5915 06:45:59,840 --> 06:46:02,600 But he believed that all politicians, left and right, 5916 06:46:02,600 --> 06:46:04,520 had completely lost 5917 06:46:04,520 --> 06:46:07,320 touch with the people they were supposed to represent. 5918 06:46:09,520 --> 06:46:13,640 Cummings came from the North East and he had seen the disillusion 5919 06:46:13,640 --> 06:46:17,280 and the anger that had been growing there ever since a wave of factory 5920 06:46:17,280 --> 06:46:19,240 closures in the late 1990s. 5921 06:46:21,520 --> 06:46:23,200 The Labour Government had insisted 5922 06:46:23,200 --> 06:46:25,440 that there was nothing they could do in the face 5923 06:46:25,440 --> 06:46:26,960 of what was called globalism. 5924 06:46:28,800 --> 06:46:32,080 But Cummings wanted to find a way to remake politics, 5925 06:46:32,080 --> 06:46:35,600 so it could challenge these new forms of unaccountable power. 5926 06:46:37,560 --> 06:46:41,640 And the way to do that, he believed, was by using complexity theory. 5927 06:46:44,160 --> 06:46:48,000 Cummings was fascinated by the founder of complexity theory, 5928 06:46:48,000 --> 06:46:52,920 Murray Gell-Mann, because Cummings believed that Gell-Mann's ideas 5929 06:46:52,920 --> 06:46:57,280 explained why politicians, like Tony Blair, had failed to stand 5930 06:46:57,280 --> 06:47:00,440 up against the force of globalisation. 5931 06:47:00,440 --> 06:47:04,320 The systems of power, like international finance, were now 5932 06:47:04,320 --> 06:47:08,000 so complex that politicians could never predict 5933 06:47:08,000 --> 06:47:11,440 what effect their policies would have. 5934 06:47:11,440 --> 06:47:14,080 So, they had stopped trying to control them 5935 06:47:14,080 --> 06:47:15,640 and simply let them rip. 5936 06:47:18,160 --> 06:47:22,120 But complexity theory, he believed, would allow you to understand 5937 06:47:22,120 --> 06:47:24,160 and control these new forces... 5938 06:47:25,760 --> 06:47:29,920 ..because if you looked at the world as a series of complex systems, 5939 06:47:29,920 --> 06:47:33,520 you would find that there were underlying patterns. 5940 06:47:33,520 --> 06:47:35,840 It's a very simple point, but a very important one, I think, 5941 06:47:35,840 --> 06:47:37,440 about sheer complexity. 5942 06:47:37,440 --> 06:47:42,080 If you look around at social networks, physical networks, mental 5943 06:47:42,080 --> 06:47:44,880 networks, they consist of... 5944 06:47:44,880 --> 06:47:46,920 They consist of complicated, 5945 06:47:46,920 --> 06:47:49,520 non-linear and independent systems. 5946 06:47:49,520 --> 06:47:52,320 In these networks, properties emerge from the interaction 5947 06:47:52,320 --> 06:47:54,320 of lots of different agents. 5948 06:47:54,320 --> 06:47:56,600 You can't tell what's going to happen just by looking 5949 06:47:56,600 --> 06:47:58,000 at a single agent. 5950 06:47:58,000 --> 06:48:01,640 So, for example, if you look at ant colonies, you have lots 5951 06:48:01,640 --> 06:48:03,160 of interacting ants. 5952 06:48:03,160 --> 06:48:06,400 And from this, you have emergent behaviours like farming, 5953 06:48:06,400 --> 06:48:10,000 slavery and war, that you can never predict from a single ant. 5954 06:48:10,000 --> 06:48:12,920 The extreme complexity means that prediction is extremely 5955 06:48:12,920 --> 06:48:16,160 difficult even over tiny timescales. 5956 06:48:16,160 --> 06:48:19,040 It means... The scale of complexity means you can't have centralised 5957 06:48:19,040 --> 06:48:21,840 control. There's no master ant, there's no master neuron, 5958 06:48:21,840 --> 06:48:23,440 there's no master immune cell. 5959 06:48:24,800 --> 06:48:29,120 Cummings wanted to use data and computers to see the underlying 5960 06:48:29,120 --> 06:48:33,800 patterns in modern society, and then use that knowledge to take 5961 06:48:33,800 --> 06:48:37,240 power back from the unelected elites who had seized control. 5962 06:48:40,760 --> 06:48:44,720 But to do that, he was going to have to find a way to harness 5963 06:48:44,720 --> 06:48:48,680 the anger and the disenchantment that was growing in the country. 5964 06:48:59,200 --> 06:49:01,400 THEY ALL CHANT 5965 06:49:01,400 --> 06:49:05,200 INSTRUCTOR SPEAKS 5966 06:49:05,200 --> 06:49:07,400 But Cummings was not alone. 5967 06:49:07,400 --> 06:49:10,680 Across the world, there was a growing feeling that politics 5968 06:49:10,680 --> 06:49:14,360 had completely lost touch with the people, and was therefore 5969 06:49:14,360 --> 06:49:16,960 losing its power to hold society together. 5970 06:49:18,680 --> 06:49:22,600 In China, the children of those who had led the Cultural Revolution 5971 06:49:22,600 --> 06:49:23,920 were now in power. 5972 06:49:25,480 --> 06:49:27,240 They were called the princelings. 5973 06:49:28,760 --> 06:49:31,960 We are very happy to invite the newly elected members 5974 06:49:31,960 --> 06:49:35,520 of the standing committee of the Political Bureau of the... 5975 06:49:35,520 --> 06:49:39,840 On the surface, the China they ruled over was a powerful country. 5976 06:49:39,840 --> 06:49:42,200 It had a rich and rapidly growing middle class. 5977 06:49:42,200 --> 06:49:44,120 What the hell?! What's happened? 5978 06:49:45,560 --> 06:49:48,600 And China was also pouring money into a rapidly 5979 06:49:48,600 --> 06:49:50,040 growing military force. 5980 06:49:50,040 --> 06:49:52,840 SHOUTING 5981 06:49:52,840 --> 06:49:55,120 But what had been buried and forgotten 5982 06:49:55,120 --> 06:49:57,400 was any guiding ideology, 5983 06:49:57,400 --> 06:50:01,040 any confident story about what this was all for. 5984 06:50:02,160 --> 06:50:05,440 Instead, money had filled the void. 5985 06:50:05,440 --> 06:50:07,240 And that now seemed to be dissolving 5986 06:50:07,240 --> 06:50:09,960 the bonds that held society together. 5987 06:50:09,960 --> 06:50:13,120 There was an extraordinary wave of organised crime sweeping 5988 06:50:13,120 --> 06:50:14,760 through Chinese cities. 5989 06:50:14,760 --> 06:50:18,960 Vast amounts of government money was being stolen and smuggled abroad. 5990 06:50:18,960 --> 06:50:20,400 SCREAMING AND SHOUTING 5991 06:50:20,400 --> 06:50:24,200 But at the centre of the corruption was land and property. 5992 06:50:24,200 --> 06:50:26,680 On the edge of the new giant cities, 5993 06:50:26,680 --> 06:50:31,200 organised gangs were forcing farmers out of their houses at gunpoint 5994 06:50:31,200 --> 06:50:32,880 and seizing their land. 5995 06:50:32,880 --> 06:50:37,120 SHOUTING 5996 06:50:39,240 --> 06:50:43,280 What's happening is quite literally a massive land grab. 5997 06:50:44,360 --> 06:50:48,120 Those with political power, or money and political connections, are doing 5998 06:50:48,120 --> 06:50:51,560 everything they can to take control of land. 5999 06:50:51,560 --> 06:50:53,600 And the reason is very simple. 6000 06:50:53,600 --> 06:50:57,000 Today in China, land is extremely valuable. 6001 06:50:57,000 --> 06:50:59,920 It's in demand for all sorts of things - for housing developments 6002 06:50:59,920 --> 06:51:03,000 like this one, for factories, for shopping malls. 6003 06:51:03,000 --> 06:51:05,880 Making money was never easier. 6004 06:51:05,880 --> 06:51:08,520 What made the corruption so widespread 6005 06:51:08,520 --> 06:51:13,120 was that under communism, no-one was allowed to own land. 6006 06:51:13,120 --> 06:51:15,880 All the land was owned by the party. 6007 06:51:15,880 --> 06:51:18,760 Which meant that hundreds of thousands of party officials 6008 06:51:18,760 --> 06:51:22,840 were being bombarded by bribes and threats from organised crime, 6009 06:51:22,840 --> 06:51:24,400 wanting to get the land. 6010 06:51:25,880 --> 06:51:29,680 And corruption spread on an extraordinary scale. 6011 06:51:29,680 --> 06:51:33,120 The government's chief advisor, Wang Huning, called 6012 06:51:33,120 --> 06:51:35,480 it ultra corruption. 6013 06:51:35,480 --> 06:51:38,760 He said it was so extensive that it was hollowing out the whole 6014 06:51:38,760 --> 06:51:40,280 political system of control. 6015 06:51:41,720 --> 06:51:44,880 The country, he said, risked fragmenting into the anarchy 6016 06:51:44,880 --> 06:51:46,720 of the 1920s, 6017 06:51:46,720 --> 06:51:50,560 when hundreds of separate areas were controlled by rival warlords. 6018 06:51:54,240 --> 06:51:57,280 But one man decided he was going to make a stand against this. 6019 06:51:58,560 --> 06:52:00,000 He was called Bo Xilai. 6020 06:52:01,440 --> 06:52:03,640 He was at the heart of the Chinese elite. 6021 06:52:07,680 --> 06:52:10,280 Bo's father had been one of the leaders of the revolution 6022 06:52:10,280 --> 06:52:11,600 with Mao Zedong. 6023 06:52:12,760 --> 06:52:16,640 But in the Cultural Revolution, Mao had turned on Bo's father 6024 06:52:16,640 --> 06:52:18,600 and he was brutally beaten. 6025 06:52:18,600 --> 06:52:21,840 And Bo's mother was killed mysteriously. 6026 06:52:21,840 --> 06:52:25,240 Bo himself had been a Red Guard, but was sent to a labour camp 6027 06:52:25,240 --> 06:52:26,640 for five years. 6028 06:52:28,640 --> 06:52:31,760 But Bo now announced that he was going to bring back 6029 06:52:31,760 --> 06:52:33,480 the dreams from that time. 6030 06:52:35,000 --> 06:52:40,040 In 2007, Bo was made the head of the city of Chongqing. 6031 06:52:40,040 --> 06:52:43,120 Chongqing was one of the biggest cities in the world. 6032 06:52:43,120 --> 06:52:45,480 It had a population of 32 million people. 6033 06:52:48,120 --> 06:52:51,080 And Bo decided to use the city as a laboratory 6034 06:52:51,080 --> 06:52:53,240 for a giant experiment. 6035 06:52:53,240 --> 06:52:55,840 FANFARE 6036 06:52:55,840 --> 06:52:59,720 He started to hold mass rallies in the city, which were broadcast 6037 06:52:59,720 --> 06:53:03,440 live on television, and Red songs from the Mao era, 6038 06:53:03,440 --> 06:53:05,120 were sung by thousands. 6039 06:53:05,120 --> 06:53:10,440 HE SPEAKS PASSIONATELY 6040 06:53:10,440 --> 06:53:15,320 SINGING 6041 06:53:24,320 --> 06:53:27,480 Bo said that the reason for the corruption in China 6042 06:53:27,480 --> 06:53:31,200 was because there was no shared vision of the future, no aim 6043 06:53:31,200 --> 06:53:34,320 or purpose other than money, 6044 06:53:34,320 --> 06:53:37,480 and he was going to reawaken the idealism of the past. 6045 06:53:39,920 --> 06:53:43,600 And he also passed sweeping laws to try and tackle the growing 6046 06:53:43,600 --> 06:53:47,240 inequalities, subsidising housing and education. 6047 06:53:48,720 --> 06:53:52,520 And Bo brought in a new police chief, whose job was to root 6048 06:53:52,520 --> 06:53:53,960 out the gangsters 6049 06:53:53,960 --> 06:53:57,120 who had corrupted every part of the city government, 6050 06:53:57,120 --> 06:54:00,080 and were still demolishing thousands of people's houses. 6051 06:54:03,880 --> 06:54:06,680 Bo soon became famous and he was seen 6052 06:54:06,680 --> 06:54:09,080 as a future leader. 6053 06:54:09,080 --> 06:54:11,880 He and his wife, a lawyer called Gu Kailai, 6054 06:54:11,880 --> 06:54:14,040 became a glamorous couple. 6055 06:54:14,040 --> 06:54:17,960 They, like many others of the Chinese elite, had a fascination 6056 06:54:17,960 --> 06:54:19,640 for old England. 6057 06:54:19,640 --> 06:54:22,040 Many of the estates being built for the new rich 6058 06:54:22,040 --> 06:54:25,720 in China's cities were designed to look like an imaginary version 6059 06:54:25,720 --> 06:54:27,080 of England's past. 6060 06:54:42,160 --> 06:54:47,760 Bo and Gu decided to send their son to an English public school, Harrow. 6061 06:54:47,760 --> 06:54:51,000 And it led them to meet an Englishman who had come to China, 6062 06:54:51,000 --> 06:54:52,280 called Neil Heywood. 6063 06:54:53,520 --> 06:54:57,800 He had also been to Harrow and he helped their son. 6064 06:54:57,800 --> 06:55:00,880 And he soon became close to the family. 6065 06:55:00,880 --> 06:55:03,640 Heywood also lived in the old dreams of England, 6066 06:55:03,640 --> 06:55:05,440 from a time when it was powerful. 6067 06:55:06,600 --> 06:55:11,400 He dropped hints that he worked for MI6 and he drove around Beijing 6068 06:55:11,400 --> 06:55:14,800 in an Aston Martin with the numberplate 007. 6069 06:55:16,360 --> 06:55:19,640 Heywood used his friendship with the family to make a property 6070 06:55:19,640 --> 06:55:20,960 deal in Chongqing. 6071 06:55:24,360 --> 06:55:28,120 But then for some reason, the deal went wrong 6072 06:55:28,120 --> 06:55:30,160 and Heywood blamed Gu Kailai. 6073 06:55:32,400 --> 06:55:37,440 At the same time, rumours started to come from the centre, in Beijing, 6074 06:55:37,440 --> 06:55:41,200 that what Bo Xilai was doing in Chongqing might not 6075 06:55:41,200 --> 06:55:43,160 be as idealistic as it seemed. 6076 06:55:53,200 --> 06:55:57,520 # I love how your eyes close 6077 06:55:57,520 --> 06:56:02,040 # Whenever you kiss me 6078 06:56:02,040 --> 06:56:05,800 # And when I'm away from you 6079 06:56:05,800 --> 06:56:10,400 # I love how you miss me 6080 06:56:10,400 --> 06:56:18,560 # I love the way you always treat me tenderly 6081 06:56:18,560 --> 06:56:22,880 # But, darling, most of all 6082 06:56:22,880 --> 06:56:25,440 # I love how you love me 6083 06:56:25,440 --> 06:56:28,440 # Love how you love me 6084 06:56:29,480 --> 06:56:33,320 # I love how your heart beats 6085 06:56:33,320 --> 06:56:38,000 # Whenever I hold you 6086 06:56:38,000 --> 06:56:42,480 # I love how you think of me 6087 06:56:42,480 --> 06:56:46,720 # Without being told to 6088 06:56:46,720 --> 06:56:54,240 # I love the way your touch is always heavenly 6089 06:56:55,400 --> 06:56:59,240 # But, darling, most of all 6090 06:56:59,240 --> 06:57:01,840 # I love how you love me 6091 06:57:01,840 --> 06:57:05,320 # Love how you love me... # 6092 06:57:06,760 --> 06:57:10,400 And in Russia, there were those who were also trying to attack 6093 06:57:10,400 --> 06:57:13,720 and expose the emptiness and the corruption that had taken 6094 06:57:13,720 --> 06:57:15,200 over the society there. 6095 06:57:15,200 --> 06:57:16,960 SHOUTING 6096 06:57:16,960 --> 06:57:20,760 In 2007, members of the small National Bolshevik Party, 6097 06:57:20,760 --> 06:57:22,720 that was led by Eduard Limonov, 6098 06:57:22,720 --> 06:57:24,920 burst into the finance ministry in Moscow. 6099 06:57:24,920 --> 06:57:26,840 SHOUTING 6100 06:57:26,840 --> 06:57:30,280 They wanted to make people realise the corruption of Russia 6101 06:57:30,280 --> 06:57:32,000 hadn't gone away. 6102 06:57:32,000 --> 06:57:35,920 It was now spreading even deeper into the society. 6103 06:57:35,920 --> 06:57:37,800 And that Putin had to go. 6104 06:57:40,960 --> 06:57:44,280 They were arrested and 39 of them were put on trial together 6105 06:57:44,280 --> 06:57:45,840 in a giant cage. 6106 06:57:49,240 --> 06:57:53,280 I believe we are a most effective organisation of Russia 6107 06:57:53,280 --> 06:57:57,880 who irritate the government. But very effective, very effective. 6108 06:57:57,880 --> 06:58:01,520 The clumsy police state cannot struggle against us. 6109 06:58:01,520 --> 06:58:05,680 39 young people behind bars, more than six months. 6110 06:58:05,680 --> 06:58:10,160 What they said, they said, "We want Putin to go out." 6111 06:58:10,160 --> 06:58:14,160 Putin's other main opponent was the journalist Anna Politkovskaya. 6112 06:58:15,480 --> 06:58:19,440 What Putin had done, she said, was simply take the vast corruption 6113 06:58:19,440 --> 06:58:24,160 that had begun with the oligarchs and shift it into the public sector. 6114 06:58:24,160 --> 06:58:28,440 So the civil servants, the managers, and the intelligence agents 6115 06:58:28,440 --> 06:58:31,280 around Putin all now benefited. 6116 06:58:32,440 --> 06:58:34,440 One of them put it simply, 6117 06:58:34,440 --> 06:58:37,160 "Why take hand-outs from billionaires 6118 06:58:37,160 --> 06:58:39,600 "if you can become a billionaire yourself?" 6119 06:58:40,960 --> 06:58:44,920 Politkovskaya said that the society Putin had created 6120 06:58:44,920 --> 06:58:46,840 was one in his own image. 6121 06:58:48,440 --> 06:58:50,440 It, too, believed in nothing. 6122 06:58:54,120 --> 06:58:58,440 TRANSLATION: He became president without any programme, 6123 06:58:58,440 --> 06:59:00,440 without any words. 6124 06:59:00,440 --> 06:59:03,440 If there was independent television, 6125 06:59:03,440 --> 06:59:06,600 they would tear Putin apart piece by piece. 6126 06:59:06,600 --> 06:59:09,120 He has nothing to debate. 6127 06:59:09,120 --> 06:59:13,280 He has no programme, he has no personality, he has no interests. 6128 06:59:13,280 --> 06:59:15,680 The bureaucrats have made literally millions, 6129 06:59:15,680 --> 06:59:17,440 together with their families. 6130 06:59:17,440 --> 06:59:19,400 I think they were very happy with Putin. 6131 06:59:19,400 --> 06:59:22,080 They knew he would create favourable conditions 6132 06:59:22,080 --> 06:59:24,320 in which corruption could flourish. 6133 06:59:27,160 --> 06:59:29,160 Three months after the interview, 6134 06:59:29,160 --> 06:59:32,760 Anna Politkovskaya was shot outside her apartment in Moscow. 6135 06:59:35,920 --> 06:59:39,440 But despite the shock and outrage, nothing changed. 6136 06:59:40,440 --> 06:59:43,680 Since Putin had come to power, the global price of oil 6137 06:59:43,680 --> 06:59:45,520 had increased massively. 6138 06:59:45,520 --> 06:59:48,120 And money had poured into Russia. 6139 06:59:49,120 --> 06:59:51,440 One journalist described what happened. 6140 06:59:51,440 --> 06:59:54,440 "The country", he said, "rode through the first decade 6141 06:59:54,440 --> 06:59:58,440 "of the 21st century in a state of semi-oblivion. 6142 06:59:58,440 --> 07:00:00,920 "In a dream world of consumption." 6143 07:00:05,440 --> 07:00:07,320 Like Bo Xilai in China, 6144 07:00:07,320 --> 07:00:10,680 Eduard Limonov believed that the only way to escape 6145 07:00:10,680 --> 07:00:15,000 from this empty world was to bring back the old dreams from the past. 6146 07:00:16,440 --> 07:00:18,080 But in his case, 6147 07:00:18,080 --> 07:00:21,440 the communism was mixed with a fascist nationalism. 6148 07:00:38,840 --> 07:00:41,880 MUSIC: The End Of The World by Skeeter Davis 6149 07:00:45,160 --> 07:00:51,160 # Why does the sun go on shining? 6150 07:00:52,160 --> 07:00:57,920 # Why does the sea rush to shore? 6151 07:00:58,920 --> 07:01:01,680 # Don't they know 6152 07:01:01,680 --> 07:01:05,160 # It's the end of the world? 6153 07:01:05,160 --> 07:01:09,720 # Cos you don't love me any more... # 6154 07:01:09,720 --> 07:01:12,320 Google was now making billions, 6155 07:01:12,320 --> 07:01:14,920 and at the heart of it was data. 6156 07:01:14,920 --> 07:01:17,440 It had become a new gold rush. 6157 07:01:17,440 --> 07:01:20,440 Products of more and more companies around the world 6158 07:01:20,440 --> 07:01:23,920 were set up to mine all the traces of human behaviour everywhere. 6159 07:01:25,680 --> 07:01:28,160 And nothing was quite what it seemed. 6160 07:01:29,520 --> 07:01:32,920 The makers of Roomba revealed that new models would also be able 6161 07:01:32,920 --> 07:01:36,560 to gather and transmit information about the inside of people's homes. 6162 07:01:37,920 --> 07:01:41,480 People, though, they added, could always turn this off if they wanted. 6163 07:01:43,440 --> 07:01:46,440 Hi, I'm Tristan - Global Passion Ambassador 6164 07:01:46,440 --> 07:01:48,920 for We-Vibe couples' vibrator. 6165 07:01:48,920 --> 07:01:52,920 Even the vibrator We-Vibe was discovered transmitting data 6166 07:01:52,920 --> 07:01:56,160 about people's private behaviour back to the servers. 6167 07:01:56,160 --> 07:01:57,920 Good morning, Cayla. 6168 07:01:58,920 --> 07:02:01,920 DOLL: Good morning. I love the morning. Don't you? 6169 07:02:01,920 --> 07:02:05,080 While the German government instructed parents to destroy 6170 07:02:05,080 --> 07:02:07,120 any models of Cayla the doll, 6171 07:02:07,120 --> 07:02:11,320 because it contained what they called a concealed espionage device 6172 07:02:11,320 --> 07:02:13,760 that could also transmit personal data 6173 07:02:13,760 --> 07:02:16,040 about the behaviour of the whole family. 6174 07:02:17,440 --> 07:02:21,440 And Pokemon GO, which was created by a subsidiary of Google, 6175 07:02:21,440 --> 07:02:23,840 was more than just a game. 6176 07:02:23,840 --> 07:02:27,680 As well as extracting even more data from the players' phones, 6177 07:02:27,680 --> 07:02:31,280 it was also what one researcher described as persuasive gaming. 6178 07:02:32,920 --> 07:02:36,720 An experiment to see if you could move mass groups of people around 6179 07:02:36,720 --> 07:02:38,640 to where you wanted them. 6180 07:02:38,640 --> 07:02:41,440 As well as having fun, the players could also be guided 6181 07:02:41,440 --> 07:02:43,920 to what was called sponsored locations. 6182 07:02:43,920 --> 07:02:48,080 Cafes and bars that would pay to be a part of the system. 6183 07:02:48,080 --> 07:02:50,440 One journalist described the aim. 6184 07:02:50,440 --> 07:02:53,160 "Pokemon", she said, "is about herding people 6185 07:02:53,160 --> 07:02:56,920 "to monetised checkpoints without them being fully aware of it." 6186 07:03:06,920 --> 07:03:10,440 All this was not only creating a world where human behaviour 6187 07:03:10,440 --> 07:03:13,960 could be predicted, it was going to do something else. 6188 07:03:13,960 --> 07:03:16,320 Something that scientists and engineers 6189 07:03:16,320 --> 07:03:18,680 had been struggling with for 50 years. 6190 07:03:19,680 --> 07:03:22,760 It was finally going to solve the problem of how to create 6191 07:03:22,760 --> 07:03:24,920 real artificial intelligence. 6192 07:03:26,160 --> 07:03:28,920 But it would do it by creating machines 6193 07:03:28,920 --> 07:03:31,520 that could see a different kind of reality. 6194 07:03:31,520 --> 07:03:34,160 One that was hidden from human beings. 6195 07:03:37,160 --> 07:03:39,880 The key figure who did this was a psychologist 6196 07:03:39,880 --> 07:03:41,680 called Geoffrey Hinton. 6197 07:03:42,680 --> 07:03:45,920 He was the great-great-grandson of George Boole, 6198 07:03:45,920 --> 07:03:47,920 who had invented Boolean logic - 6199 07:03:47,920 --> 07:03:51,440 that is behind all the algorithms in modern computers. 6200 07:03:53,800 --> 07:03:58,440 In the 1990s, Hinton realised that the idea that you can create AI 6201 07:03:58,440 --> 07:04:02,760 by feeding rules of human logic into the machines had completely failed. 6202 07:04:05,680 --> 07:04:08,720 What Hinton said was that you do the opposite - 6203 07:04:08,720 --> 07:04:11,440 you get rid of all the rules of logic 6204 07:04:11,440 --> 07:04:15,440 and instead feed a mass of data into the computer 6205 07:04:15,440 --> 07:04:18,680 and let it look for its own connections and patterns. 6206 07:04:19,680 --> 07:04:23,440 He used what were called neural networks, where the connections 6207 07:04:23,440 --> 07:04:26,920 inside the computer mimicked the human brain. 6208 07:04:29,160 --> 07:04:32,000 Back in the '90s, there was a completely different paradigm 6209 07:04:32,000 --> 07:04:34,320 that wasn't called artificial intelligence, 6210 07:04:34,320 --> 07:04:36,000 it was called neural networks, 6211 07:04:36,000 --> 07:04:38,440 that said, we know about an intelligence system, 6212 07:04:38,440 --> 07:04:41,160 it's the brain, and the way that works is you have lots 6213 07:04:41,160 --> 07:04:44,160 of little processors with lots of connections between them, 6214 07:04:44,160 --> 07:04:46,520 and you change the strengths of the connections 6215 07:04:46,520 --> 07:04:48,240 and that's how you learn things. 6216 07:04:49,240 --> 07:04:52,680 And those connection strength changes have to somehow be driven by data. 6217 07:04:52,680 --> 07:04:56,520 You're not programmed, you somehow absorb information from data. 6218 07:04:56,520 --> 07:04:59,440 And you can't do it with rules. There's too many rules to write. 6219 07:04:59,440 --> 07:05:01,280 You just have to learn it from data. 6220 07:05:02,280 --> 07:05:05,440 Now, that data was available online, 6221 07:05:05,440 --> 07:05:10,160 and Hinton began to feed millions of words and images into the machines 6222 07:05:10,160 --> 07:05:13,000 and instructed them to look for patterns. 6223 07:05:14,000 --> 07:05:16,160 To learn a language, the neural network 6224 07:05:16,160 --> 07:05:19,440 would look for which particular words appeared next to each other 6225 07:05:19,440 --> 07:05:22,440 in the billions of sentences they were scanning 6226 07:05:22,440 --> 07:05:24,240 and which were far apart. 6227 07:05:24,240 --> 07:05:27,440 The machine is not interested in the meaning of the sentence, 6228 07:05:27,440 --> 07:05:29,440 only the patterns. 6229 07:05:29,440 --> 07:05:33,440 It was a completely different way of making sense of reality. 6230 07:05:34,920 --> 07:05:39,520 Human beings told themselves stories about what was happening around them 6231 07:05:39,520 --> 07:05:41,160 minute by minute. 6232 07:05:41,160 --> 07:05:44,440 Hinton's neural networks were a kind of intelligence 6233 07:05:44,440 --> 07:05:46,680 that completely ignored all stories. 6234 07:05:47,680 --> 07:05:51,920 Instead, they crossed back and forth across time and space 6235 07:05:51,920 --> 07:05:54,520 as they searched through data on the internet 6236 07:05:54,520 --> 07:05:57,760 looking for links and patterns that human beings 6237 07:05:57,760 --> 07:06:00,440 would never be able to see or understand. 6238 07:06:05,440 --> 07:06:09,440 Hinton began to work on artificial intelligence at Google, 6239 07:06:09,440 --> 07:06:12,560 and he gave what he had created a name. 6240 07:06:12,560 --> 07:06:14,680 He called it Vector-World. 6241 07:06:16,000 --> 07:06:17,960 It expressed what was becoming 6242 07:06:17,960 --> 07:06:21,160 one of the most powerful mythologies of our age. 6243 07:06:21,160 --> 07:06:24,080 The idea that had begun with complexity theory 6244 07:06:24,080 --> 07:06:26,160 in the early 1990s. 6245 07:06:26,160 --> 07:06:28,920 It said that the world is too complicated 6246 07:06:28,920 --> 07:06:31,440 for us as human beings to understand. 6247 07:06:32,440 --> 07:06:36,920 But nothing is too complicated for the machines and the data, 6248 07:06:36,920 --> 07:06:40,680 for they can see the hidden reality under the surface. 6249 07:06:45,680 --> 07:06:49,920 And this new fragmented way of ordering reality into patterns 6250 07:06:49,920 --> 07:06:51,680 was going to spread. 6251 07:06:52,680 --> 07:06:56,280 And as it did, it would detach human beings even further 6252 07:06:56,280 --> 07:06:59,440 from understanding what was happening in the real world. 6253 07:07:00,440 --> 07:07:04,360 In the banks, computers were being used to package the vast amounts 6254 07:07:04,360 --> 07:07:07,320 of mortgages that were being lent in the property boom 6255 07:07:07,320 --> 07:07:09,280 to everyone and anyone. 6256 07:07:11,280 --> 07:07:14,960 The computers cut up the dangerous high-risk loans 6257 07:07:14,960 --> 07:07:17,320 and recombined them with other safer loans. 6258 07:07:18,840 --> 07:07:21,680 The bankers believed that this neutralised the risk 6259 07:07:21,680 --> 07:07:23,680 and stabilised the system. 6260 07:07:24,680 --> 07:07:27,680 But as they did this, the connection of the debts 6261 07:07:27,680 --> 07:07:29,760 to human reality was broken. 6262 07:07:30,760 --> 07:07:34,440 Instead, they simply became patterns of millions of fragments 6263 07:07:34,440 --> 07:07:38,440 of meaningless data moving harmlessly around the system 6264 07:07:38,440 --> 07:07:40,160 in the server farms. 6265 07:07:42,160 --> 07:07:45,680 What had happened was that the bankers, the risk analysts, 6266 07:07:45,680 --> 07:07:49,440 the rating agencies, the accountants, and the politicians, 6267 07:07:49,440 --> 07:07:52,920 had all given themselves up to this new way of thinking. 6268 07:07:53,920 --> 07:07:57,920 A way of thinking that said that the data and the algorithms 6269 07:07:57,920 --> 07:08:01,680 understood the complexity of the world better than you did... 6270 07:08:03,160 --> 07:08:06,040 ..which meant that none of them saw the absurdity 6271 07:08:06,040 --> 07:08:08,160 of what was really happening. 6272 07:08:09,160 --> 07:08:13,440 A vast wave of money was being lent to millions of poor people 6273 07:08:13,440 --> 07:08:15,920 who could never afford to pay it back. 6274 07:08:30,920 --> 07:08:34,800 But then it got more complicated because human beings were also 6275 07:08:34,800 --> 07:08:37,200 exposed to the avalanche of data online... 6276 07:08:38,520 --> 07:08:41,920 ..and they started to behave in very much the same way 6277 07:08:41,920 --> 07:08:45,640 as Geoffrey Hinton's artificial intelligence machines. 6278 07:08:45,640 --> 07:08:50,160 They, too, spent vast amounts of time searching through all the data, 6279 07:08:50,160 --> 07:08:53,920 looking for patterns, links and coincidences 6280 07:08:53,920 --> 07:08:56,160 that had no obvious meaning. 6281 07:08:56,160 --> 07:08:58,000 But, being human beings, 6282 07:08:58,000 --> 07:09:02,080 they then turned them into fantastic elaborate stories. 6283 07:09:02,080 --> 07:09:04,680 They were called conspiracy theories. 6284 07:09:15,960 --> 07:09:19,440 40 years before, Kerry Thornley and his friend Greg Hill 6285 07:09:19,440 --> 07:09:23,160 had started what they called Operation Mindfuck. 6286 07:09:23,160 --> 07:09:26,600 They had spread the conspiracy theory that the Illuminati 6287 07:09:26,600 --> 07:09:29,440 were really the secret rulers of the world. 6288 07:09:29,440 --> 07:09:34,160 They had done it to parody and ridicule all conspiracy theories 6289 07:09:34,160 --> 07:09:37,320 because they thought that they undermined the confidence 6290 07:09:37,320 --> 07:09:40,920 of individuals and made them easier to control. 6291 07:09:40,920 --> 07:09:43,680 But now, in the mass of data online, 6292 07:09:43,680 --> 07:09:47,160 those stories about the Illuminati got mixed up 6293 07:09:47,160 --> 07:09:50,480 with other conspiracies, both true and false, 6294 07:09:50,480 --> 07:09:54,440 and out of it came extraordinary dreamlike stories 6295 07:09:54,440 --> 07:09:57,360 built out of fragments of truth and fiction. 6296 07:09:58,920 --> 07:10:02,920 Millions of people became convinced that all the major stars, 6297 07:10:02,920 --> 07:10:05,160 from Britney Spears to Beyonce, 6298 07:10:05,160 --> 07:10:08,920 were being manipulated and controlled by the Illuminati. 6299 07:10:12,160 --> 07:10:16,160 The theory said that the Illuminati had worked with the CIA 6300 07:10:16,160 --> 07:10:18,320 and their MK-Ultra project 6301 07:10:18,320 --> 07:10:21,960 and with Walt Disney to create a new system of mind control. 6302 07:10:24,160 --> 07:10:27,160 The stars' videos contained hidden messages. 6303 07:10:27,160 --> 07:10:31,440 Above all, images of triangles, put there by the Illuminati. 6304 07:10:33,440 --> 07:10:36,200 Telltale clues to what is really happening. 6305 07:10:37,200 --> 07:10:39,240 AMBIENT MUSIC 6306 07:11:17,160 --> 07:11:20,160 But one star had anticipated this. 6307 07:11:24,440 --> 07:11:28,440 In 2012, the Coachella festival and Dr Dre 6308 07:11:28,440 --> 07:11:32,160 used computers and fragments of data from the past 6309 07:11:32,160 --> 07:11:35,440 to reconstruct Tupac Shakur on stage. 6310 07:11:35,440 --> 07:11:37,920 You know what the fuck this is! 6311 07:11:38,920 --> 07:11:41,920 What up, Dre? I'm chillin'. What's up, Pac? 6312 07:11:41,920 --> 07:11:44,680 What up, Snoop? What's up, my nigga? 6313 07:11:45,680 --> 07:11:48,440 What the fuck is up, Coachella?! 6314 07:11:49,440 --> 07:11:53,160 And an album Tupac had recorded just before his death 6315 07:11:53,160 --> 07:11:55,160 was also released. 6316 07:11:55,160 --> 07:11:57,640 He had called it Killuminati... 6317 07:11:58,640 --> 07:12:02,440 ..and in it, Shakur had attacked the way the black community 6318 07:12:02,440 --> 07:12:04,680 was already, in the 1990s, 6319 07:12:04,680 --> 07:12:08,120 retreating into conspiracy theories about the Illuminati. 6320 07:12:09,560 --> 07:12:12,440 They were doing it, he said, to avoid confronting 6321 07:12:12,440 --> 07:12:15,320 the very real powers that did control their lives. 6322 07:12:17,160 --> 07:12:19,160 His message was simple. 6323 07:12:19,160 --> 07:12:22,360 That suspicion was just another form of control. 6324 07:12:28,680 --> 07:12:32,680 Tonight, turmoil on the American housing market gets even worse 6325 07:12:32,680 --> 07:12:36,160 and the aftershocks wipe tens of billions off world stock markets. 6326 07:12:36,160 --> 07:12:39,440 The organisations which underpin mortgage lending in America 6327 07:12:39,440 --> 07:12:41,680 need a multibillion dollar bailout. 6328 07:12:41,680 --> 07:12:43,160 SHOUTING 6329 07:12:43,160 --> 07:12:46,520 Are you ask... Are you checking me? Are you asking me if I'm trading?! 6330 07:12:46,520 --> 07:12:49,160 In 2008, the systems in the banks 6331 07:12:49,160 --> 07:12:52,480 that had structured the mortgage loans failed completely. 6332 07:12:53,480 --> 07:12:55,920 It led to a global economic crash. 6333 07:12:57,160 --> 07:13:00,440 The governments in Britain and America rescued the banks... 6334 07:13:01,440 --> 07:13:04,680 ..but they then decided to transfer the debt that incurred 6335 07:13:04,680 --> 07:13:08,160 away from the private sector to the public sector. 6336 07:13:09,160 --> 07:13:11,440 And what was called austerity began. 6337 07:13:14,440 --> 07:13:17,920 That decision was going to have powerful consequences 6338 07:13:17,920 --> 07:13:20,920 because it created anger among millions of people 6339 07:13:20,920 --> 07:13:22,680 outside the system. 6340 07:13:23,680 --> 07:13:25,680 Then, in the wake of the crash, 6341 07:13:25,680 --> 07:13:28,320 evidence of widespread corruption came out. 6342 07:13:29,320 --> 07:13:32,440 That all the major banks had been rigging interest rates 6343 07:13:32,440 --> 07:13:36,120 and many of them had been laundering money for organised crime, 6344 07:13:36,120 --> 07:13:39,160 including the drug cartels in Mexico. 6345 07:13:39,160 --> 07:13:42,160 But, again, nothing seemed to change. 6346 07:13:42,160 --> 07:13:44,920 A few lowly people were prosecuted 6347 07:13:44,920 --> 07:13:48,920 and experts talked of reforms and stress tests, 6348 07:13:48,920 --> 07:13:53,440 and the shock among those outside the system grew further. 6349 07:13:53,440 --> 07:13:55,960 And from that came the reaction. 6350 07:13:55,960 --> 07:13:57,680 It was the elites. 6351 07:13:58,680 --> 07:14:00,920 And people like you and me. 6352 07:14:00,920 --> 07:14:03,320 People that bought into the system. 6353 07:14:03,320 --> 07:14:05,440 And who's been held accountable? 6354 07:14:06,440 --> 07:14:09,440 Name me one banker, one CEO, 6355 07:14:09,440 --> 07:14:12,600 one law firm, one accounting firm. 6356 07:14:12,600 --> 07:14:15,440 We basically just flooded the zone with liquidity, 6357 07:14:15,440 --> 07:14:17,680 we bailed out the party of Davos. 6358 07:14:17,680 --> 07:14:20,160 And let me say it differently, the party of Davos, 6359 07:14:20,160 --> 07:14:22,520 the scientific, engineering, managerial, 6360 07:14:22,520 --> 07:14:25,440 financial, cultural elite, bail themselves out. 6361 07:14:26,760 --> 07:14:30,440 Remember, this populist movement and Donald Trump... 6362 07:14:31,440 --> 07:14:34,840 ..is not the cause of this, they're the product of this. 6363 07:14:36,240 --> 07:14:38,240 And it worked on different levels. 6364 07:14:38,240 --> 07:14:41,760 It wasn't... The most obvious level was, we've got to take back control 6365 07:14:41,760 --> 07:14:44,440 from Brussels, but it was also, and I think David Cameron 6366 07:14:44,440 --> 07:14:47,080 and George Osborne didn't quite appreciate this, 6367 07:14:47,080 --> 07:14:49,920 it was also about taking back control from... 6368 07:14:49,920 --> 07:14:51,920 ..of the system itself. 6369 07:14:51,920 --> 07:14:54,920 It was, for a lot of people, "Take back control", 6370 07:14:54,920 --> 07:14:59,440 made them think, yeah, these are the guys who screwed up the economy, 6371 07:14:59,440 --> 07:15:02,160 who drove it off a cliff in 2008, whose mates are all 6372 07:15:02,160 --> 07:15:05,440 the Goldman Sachs bankers and hedge funders on massive bonuses, 6373 07:15:05,440 --> 07:15:09,440 us mugs on PAYE are the ones paying the bills for this, 6374 07:15:09,440 --> 07:15:13,320 we'll show those guys, we'll take back control from you lot in London. 6375 07:15:14,680 --> 07:15:18,680 For Dominic Cummings, Brexit was not an end in itself. 6376 07:15:18,680 --> 07:15:22,160 For him, it was a way of getting rid of the failed elites 6377 07:15:22,160 --> 07:15:24,920 and the old political systems that ran Britain. 6378 07:15:24,920 --> 07:15:29,920 In their place, he was going to use modern network technologies and data 6379 07:15:29,920 --> 07:15:32,160 to transform an old, decaying society. 6380 07:15:33,680 --> 07:15:37,160 But what Cummings hadn't reckoned with was how the campaign 6381 07:15:37,160 --> 07:15:40,920 that he had begun would awaken ghosts from Britain's past... 6382 07:15:40,920 --> 07:15:42,440 SIREN 6383 07:15:42,440 --> 07:15:45,680 Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome to the stage 6384 07:15:45,680 --> 07:15:50,000 the leader of the Brexit Party, Nigel Farage. 6385 07:15:51,440 --> 07:15:55,680 ..and how they would reach out to possess Brexit and modern Britain. 6386 07:15:57,680 --> 07:15:59,720 AMBIENT MUSIC 6387 07:16:27,920 --> 07:16:29,920 At the end of 2011, 6388 07:16:29,920 --> 07:16:32,520 the body of a British man was discovered 6389 07:16:32,520 --> 07:16:35,400 in the Lucky Holiday Hotel in Chongqing. 6390 07:16:35,400 --> 07:16:39,840 It was Neil Heywood, who had been friends with Bo Xilai and his wife. 6391 07:16:39,840 --> 07:16:42,560 There were rumours that he had been murdered. 6392 07:16:42,560 --> 07:16:44,440 Did a British man die here? 6393 07:16:44,440 --> 07:16:46,920 You don't know? You don't take interviews? 6394 07:16:46,920 --> 07:16:49,680 Do you know if it's factually true that that happened? 6395 07:16:49,680 --> 07:16:51,440 Did that actually happened? 6396 07:16:51,440 --> 07:16:52,760 OK. 6397 07:16:58,160 --> 07:17:01,920 After the body was found, Bo's police chief came to him 6398 07:17:01,920 --> 07:17:05,920 and he told him that Bo's wife had arranged the murder 6399 07:17:05,920 --> 07:17:08,320 because Heywood was threatening to reveal 6400 07:17:08,320 --> 07:17:11,520 that she had been illegally moving large amounts of money abroad. 6401 07:17:14,440 --> 07:17:17,440 The police chief then fled to the American consulate 6402 07:17:17,440 --> 07:17:21,520 in nearby Chengdu because he feared that Bo was going to kill him. 6403 07:17:23,920 --> 07:17:26,680 And he told the press that Bo and his wife 6404 07:17:26,680 --> 07:17:30,160 were really ruthless gangsters who had brought corruption 6405 07:17:30,160 --> 07:17:32,680 to the very top of the Communist Party. 6406 07:17:33,680 --> 07:17:36,160 What then came out shocked China. 6407 07:17:36,160 --> 07:17:39,080 It was alleged that while Bo had portrayed himself 6408 07:17:39,080 --> 07:17:43,440 as an idealistic hero and paraded gangsters and corrupt officials 6409 07:17:43,440 --> 07:17:45,320 in front of the cameras, 6410 07:17:45,320 --> 07:17:49,320 he and his police chief had really been using extreme violence 6411 07:17:49,320 --> 07:17:52,560 and torture, taking millions from organised criminals 6412 07:17:52,560 --> 07:17:55,160 and bribes from property developers 6413 07:17:55,160 --> 07:17:57,920 and then keeping the money for themselves. 6414 07:17:57,920 --> 07:17:59,960 SINGING 6415 07:18:02,440 --> 07:18:05,920 While Bo sang songs praising Mao Zedong, 6416 07:18:05,920 --> 07:18:09,680 he had really just been using those revolutionary ideas 6417 07:18:09,680 --> 07:18:13,440 as a smokescreen to hide corruption that went to the very heart 6418 07:18:13,440 --> 07:18:15,640 of the city government. 6419 07:18:17,680 --> 07:18:20,920 But Bo Xilai denied all the allegations. 6420 07:18:20,920 --> 07:18:24,640 He came to the party conference in Beijing and insisted 6421 07:18:24,640 --> 07:18:27,520 that what was happening was an attempt to smear him 6422 07:18:27,520 --> 07:18:30,680 by the corrupt networks that he was rooting out in Chongqing. 6423 07:18:33,680 --> 07:18:35,760 No-one knew who to believe. 6424 07:18:36,760 --> 07:18:40,160 There were rumours that really it was an even more complex plot 6425 07:18:40,160 --> 07:18:43,920 by his rivals in Beijing to stop Bo from getting power. 6426 07:18:45,440 --> 07:18:47,440 And in the middle of the conference, 6427 07:18:47,440 --> 07:18:50,880 he and his wife were arrested and thrown into jail. 6428 07:18:59,480 --> 07:19:01,520 SHOUTING 6429 07:19:37,920 --> 07:19:39,960 ROCK MUSIC 6430 07:20:06,920 --> 07:20:09,280 Suddenly, at the end of 2011, 6431 07:20:09,280 --> 07:20:12,680 a wave of protests burst out in Russia. 6432 07:20:12,680 --> 07:20:16,360 As well as Pussy Riot, one night, a young internet blogger 6433 07:20:16,360 --> 07:20:20,440 called Alexei Navalny got up on a platform 6434 07:20:20,440 --> 07:20:23,920 and he chanted the phrase that redefined Russia 6435 07:20:23,920 --> 07:20:27,200 for what up to then had been an apolitical generation. 6436 07:20:50,920 --> 07:20:54,440 Putin was furious. It was complete hypocrisy. 6437 07:20:55,440 --> 07:20:58,760 He had given the new Russian middle classes prosperity, 6438 07:20:58,760 --> 07:21:01,440 now they were stabbing him in the back. 6439 07:21:01,440 --> 07:21:05,440 He grew increasingly paranoid, fearful that those groups 6440 07:21:05,440 --> 07:21:09,440 who had benefited from the corruption would turn against him. 6441 07:21:09,440 --> 07:21:12,200 And to protect himself, he shapeshifted again. 6442 07:21:13,680 --> 07:21:17,440 Putin did the very thing that Eduard Limonov had called for. 6443 07:21:17,440 --> 07:21:21,160 He created a new organisation called the Popular Front, 6444 07:21:21,160 --> 07:21:23,440 to promote Russian nationalism. 6445 07:21:26,160 --> 07:21:29,200 But Putin went much further than Limonov 6446 07:21:29,200 --> 07:21:32,440 because he summoned up a dark, frightening vision 6447 07:21:32,440 --> 07:21:34,160 from Russia's past. 6448 07:21:36,680 --> 07:21:40,440 It's said that Russia as a whole, what was called Eurasia, 6449 07:21:40,440 --> 07:21:43,920 was the last defence against a corrupt West 6450 07:21:43,920 --> 07:21:46,440 that was trying to take over the whole world. 6451 07:21:47,440 --> 07:21:49,680 It was a great power nationalism 6452 07:21:49,680 --> 07:21:53,040 that challenged America's idea of its exceptionalism. 6453 07:21:54,440 --> 07:21:58,440 What Putin was promoting was Russian exceptionalism. 6454 07:21:58,440 --> 07:22:00,920 It was epitomised by the Night Wolves - 6455 07:22:00,920 --> 07:22:03,680 an extreme nationalist motorcycle club, 6456 07:22:03,680 --> 07:22:06,280 who announced that they were now Putin's bodyguards. 6457 07:22:07,960 --> 07:22:11,000 MUSIC: We Won't Leave Our Cities by DEKABR 6458 07:22:50,640 --> 07:22:52,760 The Night Wolves put on mass shows 6459 07:22:52,760 --> 07:22:55,920 that dramatised the paranoid conspiracy theory 6460 07:22:55,920 --> 07:23:01,160 that America, led by Barack Obama and the bankers, and the Illuminati, 6461 07:23:01,160 --> 07:23:04,800 were planning to undermine Vladimir Putin and destroy Russia. 6462 07:23:06,440 --> 07:23:08,480 DRAMATIC MUSIC 6463 07:23:24,440 --> 07:23:26,440 In the West, after the crash, 6464 07:23:26,440 --> 07:23:29,280 the bankers had also now become the villains. 6465 07:23:30,920 --> 07:23:33,920 They were at the centre of conspiracy theories 6466 07:23:33,920 --> 07:23:36,720 that said that they were running a global system of corruption. 6467 07:23:38,680 --> 07:23:42,760 A wave of leaked documents seemed to show that the City of London 6468 07:23:42,760 --> 07:23:45,920 had become the centre of an international network 6469 07:23:45,920 --> 07:23:48,680 that was being used to hide the illegal fortunes 6470 07:23:48,680 --> 07:23:51,440 of kleptocrats from all around the world. 6471 07:23:52,440 --> 07:23:54,680 Hundreds of billions, it was alleged, 6472 07:23:54,680 --> 07:23:58,440 was being taken through London and then hidden in a network 6473 07:23:58,440 --> 07:24:01,440 of secretive offshore territories 6474 07:24:01,440 --> 07:24:05,680 that anti-corruption investigators called the Second Empire. 6475 07:24:06,920 --> 07:24:10,440 But the problem was, no-one could actually find out 6476 07:24:10,440 --> 07:24:12,680 how much of this was really true... 6477 07:24:13,920 --> 07:24:16,440 ..because of something else the City of London 6478 07:24:16,440 --> 07:24:19,920 had always prided itself on from the time of the Empire. 6479 07:24:19,920 --> 07:24:21,920 Its discretion. 6480 07:24:25,920 --> 07:24:27,920 Hello, Jim. How's the markets? 6481 07:24:27,920 --> 07:24:29,240 Firm. 6482 07:24:29,240 --> 07:24:31,200 There's not much doing. 6483 07:24:31,200 --> 07:24:34,760 Nothing else? As it's you, I'll give you seven pence ha'penny. 6484 07:24:34,760 --> 07:24:37,360 Sorry, old man, wrong way, I'm afraid. 6485 07:24:39,160 --> 07:24:41,160 Is that all? Has he done it? 6486 07:24:41,160 --> 07:24:43,440 No, he's evidently not satisfied. 6487 07:24:43,440 --> 07:24:45,680 He'll try somewhere else. 6488 07:24:45,680 --> 07:24:49,440 Now, the discretion that the City was still so proud of 6489 07:24:49,440 --> 07:24:53,680 had in reality turned into a force shield that stopped 6490 07:24:53,680 --> 07:24:57,440 any proper investigation of what was really going on. 6491 07:24:59,160 --> 07:25:02,440 Eminent law firms immediately issued libel writs 6492 07:25:02,440 --> 07:25:05,440 to anyone trying to find out what was happening. 6493 07:25:07,440 --> 07:25:11,440 But by suppressing any real information, the suspicions grew 6494 07:25:11,440 --> 07:25:15,920 that there was a dark, frightening world of dictators, drug lords, 6495 07:25:15,920 --> 07:25:19,920 Russian gangsters, arms dealers, and international bankers 6496 07:25:19,920 --> 07:25:23,920 all thriving together in the shadows of the City of London... 6497 07:25:26,880 --> 07:25:29,440 ..which reinforced the idea that the world 6498 07:25:29,440 --> 07:25:31,440 was bewilderingly complicated... 6499 07:25:32,440 --> 07:25:34,440 ..and way beyond our control. 6500 07:25:48,440 --> 07:25:53,440 In China, Gu Kailai was put on trial for poisoning Neil Heywood. 6501 07:25:53,440 --> 07:25:55,680 She had confessed, the court said, 6502 07:25:55,680 --> 07:25:58,440 and she was given a suspended death sentence. 6503 07:26:00,800 --> 07:26:05,200 Then her husband, Bo Xilai, was put on trial in the city of Jinan. 6504 07:26:06,440 --> 07:26:09,160 He denied all the charges of corruption. 6505 07:26:10,440 --> 07:26:14,520 But outside the court, something unexpected began to happen. 6506 07:26:19,680 --> 07:26:23,440 And as you can see, Jinan has never seen anything like it. 6507 07:26:23,440 --> 07:26:27,680 There are huge crowds here, watching the media, watching the trial, 6508 07:26:27,680 --> 07:26:31,440 and everybody who has any sort of grievance, 6509 07:26:31,440 --> 07:26:34,440 any sort of complaint against the local government 6510 07:26:34,440 --> 07:26:37,680 or the national government, is here to try and get it aired. 6511 07:26:47,440 --> 07:26:50,440 To make their case, they've been thrusting pieces of paper 6512 07:26:50,440 --> 07:26:51,920 into my hand. 6513 07:26:58,360 --> 07:27:00,400 SHOUTING 6514 07:27:11,440 --> 07:27:14,920 What happened outside the court in Jinan gave a glimpse 6515 07:27:14,920 --> 07:27:18,160 of the widespread anger and frustration in China 6516 07:27:18,160 --> 07:27:21,520 with the ruling system and its corruption. 6517 07:27:21,520 --> 07:27:25,160 Forces simmering under the surface of the society. 6518 07:27:29,440 --> 07:27:32,160 The party leaders were split on how to deal 6519 07:27:32,160 --> 07:27:34,320 both with what Bo Xilai had done 6520 07:27:34,320 --> 07:27:37,000 and the forces of anger that had now unleashed. 6521 07:27:38,440 --> 07:27:41,680 Wen Jiabao, who was the Premier, said that the problem 6522 07:27:41,680 --> 07:27:44,160 was that the party had never confronted 6523 07:27:44,160 --> 07:27:46,440 what had happened during Mao's time. 6524 07:27:47,440 --> 07:27:50,880 "Unless you have political reform and open up the society 6525 07:27:50,880 --> 07:27:54,960 "for democratic debate", Wen said, those ghosts will always threaten." 6526 07:27:59,920 --> 07:28:01,920 But others disagreed. 6527 07:28:01,920 --> 07:28:04,440 Above all, the man who had just been appointed 6528 07:28:04,440 --> 07:28:07,160 the next party secretary, Xi Jinping. 6529 07:28:08,160 --> 07:28:11,320 His family, like Bo's, had been at the very centre 6530 07:28:11,320 --> 07:28:15,040 of the frightening forces that Mao Zedong had unleashed. 6531 07:28:15,040 --> 07:28:17,160 One journalist wrote, 6532 07:28:17,160 --> 07:28:20,440 "They want to keep that great black box 6533 07:28:20,440 --> 07:28:23,440 "that conceals the struggles and the brutality 6534 07:28:23,440 --> 07:28:27,680 "upon which China has built its staggering economic transformation, 6535 07:28:27,680 --> 07:28:29,440 "firmly closed." 6536 07:28:31,160 --> 07:28:35,680 And to keep it closed, Xi Jinping decided to turn China 6537 07:28:35,680 --> 07:28:39,160 into a giant system in which everyone's behaviour 6538 07:28:39,160 --> 07:28:42,680 could be predicted, managed and controlled. 6539 07:29:04,160 --> 07:29:06,680 The aim was to learn from the data 6540 07:29:06,680 --> 07:29:10,160 how all the individuals linked together in the society 6541 07:29:10,160 --> 07:29:12,680 so their behaviour could be predicted, 6542 07:29:12,680 --> 07:29:14,600 like components in a system. 6543 07:29:44,200 --> 07:29:47,920 But there was a further aim - to adjust the behaviour of people 6544 07:29:47,920 --> 07:29:51,080 so they would fit better into the system. 6545 07:29:51,080 --> 07:29:54,080 It was called Algorithmic Governance. 6546 07:29:54,080 --> 07:29:56,680 If the data from all the different sources 6547 07:29:56,680 --> 07:29:58,920 showed a person behaving well, 6548 07:29:58,920 --> 07:30:01,680 buying the right food for their children, 6549 07:30:01,680 --> 07:30:05,440 not cheating at computer games, and not jaywalking, 6550 07:30:05,440 --> 07:30:08,280 then they would be given what were called social credits. 6551 07:30:09,680 --> 07:30:12,000 This would then give them rewards, 6552 07:30:12,000 --> 07:30:16,680 from discounts on bills, to getting better visibility on dating sites, 6553 07:30:16,680 --> 07:30:19,920 even avoiding the queue to pay to see a doctor. 6554 07:30:27,920 --> 07:30:32,160 50 years before, an American psychologist called BF Skinner 6555 07:30:32,160 --> 07:30:36,240 had become notorious when he had outlined just such a society. 6556 07:30:38,440 --> 07:30:41,920 Skinner had shown how he could easily alter the behaviour 6557 07:30:41,920 --> 07:30:46,440 of animals like pigeons by using a simple system of rewards. 6558 07:30:47,440 --> 07:30:50,160 He called it Operant Conditioning. 6559 07:30:52,440 --> 07:30:55,680 In this experiment, he must peck at the cross ten times 6560 07:30:55,680 --> 07:30:58,920 before the food is forthcoming. After four or five sessions, 6561 07:30:58,920 --> 07:31:01,160 the pigeon learns the routine perfectly 6562 07:31:01,160 --> 07:31:04,680 and pecks at the cross wherever he sees it, without being in the least 6563 07:31:04,680 --> 07:31:07,160 upset at being made to work for his living. 6564 07:31:08,520 --> 07:31:11,440 Now, that produces in a rat or a pigeon or a monkey, 6565 07:31:11,440 --> 07:31:14,920 and in a man, a very high rate of activity, 6566 07:31:14,920 --> 07:31:18,160 and if you build up, you can get enormous amounts of behaviour 6567 07:31:18,160 --> 07:31:20,680 out of these organisms for very little pay. 6568 07:31:20,680 --> 07:31:23,760 You don't need to give them very much to induce a lot of that. 6569 07:31:23,760 --> 07:31:26,920 A world in which a great many productive things occur 6570 07:31:26,920 --> 07:31:29,440 on this schedule, will be a wonderful world. 6571 07:31:29,440 --> 07:31:32,680 Skinner wrote a novel called Walden Two 6572 07:31:32,680 --> 07:31:36,680 that described a future utopia where all human behaviour 6573 07:31:36,680 --> 07:31:40,440 would be controlled through this kind of operant conditioning. 6574 07:31:40,440 --> 07:31:44,440 "It was a utopia", he said, "because it would free society 6575 07:31:44,440 --> 07:31:47,440 "from all the dangerous and irrational impulses 6576 07:31:47,440 --> 07:31:49,440 "inside individuals' minds." 6577 07:31:50,440 --> 07:31:52,680 All of that could be sealed off 6578 07:31:52,680 --> 07:31:56,680 by managing people's behaviour with rewards and treats. 6579 07:32:01,920 --> 07:32:05,440 Now China had found a way of creating just such a system 6580 07:32:05,440 --> 07:32:08,920 of managing people through the mass of data it was gathering. 6581 07:32:09,920 --> 07:32:13,080 It was being used to create a whole society 6582 07:32:13,080 --> 07:32:17,400 where what went on inside people's heads was completely irrelevant. 6583 07:32:18,920 --> 07:32:22,920 Their rational thought and their feelings were all bypassed. 6584 07:32:25,440 --> 07:32:28,440 It was only their observed behaviour that counted. 6585 07:32:29,680 --> 07:32:34,160 And this allowed those in charge to bury and hide 6586 07:32:34,160 --> 07:32:38,440 the anger and frustration that had been created in a society 6587 07:32:38,440 --> 07:32:41,960 that was riddled with corruption and growing inequalities. 6588 07:32:44,920 --> 07:32:47,680 And if people didn't respond to the treats, 6589 07:32:47,680 --> 07:32:50,440 they could be forcibly reprogrammed, 6590 07:32:50,440 --> 07:32:54,840 as it is alleged is happening in large re-education facilities 6591 07:32:54,840 --> 07:32:59,640 in Xinjiang to hundreds of thousands of the Muslim Uighur population. 6592 07:33:11,920 --> 07:33:14,680 In the West, the corruption and the inequalities 6593 07:33:14,680 --> 07:33:16,680 also continued to grow. 6594 07:33:16,680 --> 07:33:19,720 And the politicians seemed unable to do anything about it. 6595 07:33:21,160 --> 07:33:23,920 But the technology systems were mutating, 6596 07:33:23,920 --> 07:33:26,440 morphing into ever more extreme forms... 6597 07:33:27,440 --> 07:33:30,440 ..and out of that was going to come a completely new kind 6598 07:33:30,440 --> 07:33:33,440 of management and control in the modern world. 6599 07:33:35,440 --> 07:33:39,320 Unlike in China, it wouldn't try and bury people's emotions 6600 07:33:39,320 --> 07:33:40,920 and feelings. 6601 07:33:40,920 --> 07:33:43,440 It would work by doing the very opposite - 6602 07:33:43,440 --> 07:33:46,160 pushing and exaggerating those emotions 6603 07:33:46,160 --> 07:33:49,920 to a pitch of continual hysteria and suspicion 6604 07:33:49,920 --> 07:33:53,440 that would create a frozen world, paralysed by the distrust 6605 07:33:53,440 --> 07:33:55,600 of everyone and everything. 6606 07:34:01,680 --> 07:34:04,680 By now, the social media corporations had realised 6607 07:34:04,680 --> 07:34:08,000 that intense emotions were the key to increased profits... 6608 07:34:09,440 --> 07:34:11,920 ..and what were called viral content factories 6609 07:34:11,920 --> 07:34:13,920 were growing rapidly online. 6610 07:34:15,160 --> 07:34:18,400 Their aim was to spread memes and other material 6611 07:34:18,400 --> 07:34:21,920 that would create what they called high-arousal emotions, 6612 07:34:21,920 --> 07:34:24,440 or activating emotions, 6613 07:34:24,440 --> 07:34:28,440 such as lust and nostalgia and envy, 6614 07:34:28,440 --> 07:34:31,320 or, best of all, outrage... 6615 07:34:32,320 --> 07:34:36,160 ..because these were feelings that got people to pay attention longer 6616 07:34:36,160 --> 07:34:38,440 and react more intensely, 6617 07:34:38,440 --> 07:34:42,160 which then translated into many more clicks and shares. 6618 07:34:49,440 --> 07:34:54,440 Then in 2014, a group of psychologists working with Facebook 6619 07:34:54,440 --> 07:34:57,920 announced that they had found a way to put hidden messages 6620 07:34:57,920 --> 07:34:59,760 into people's newsfeeds 6621 07:34:59,760 --> 07:35:02,680 that would then create specific moods and feelings 6622 07:35:02,680 --> 07:35:05,440 without the individuals being aware of it. 6623 07:35:06,440 --> 07:35:10,440 It was the moment when the psychologists' theories of priming, 6624 07:35:10,440 --> 07:35:14,440 or nudging, fused with the power of the new technology, 6625 07:35:14,440 --> 07:35:18,160 and it seemed to show that manipulation could work 6626 07:35:18,160 --> 07:35:20,080 on an industrial scale. 6627 07:35:21,440 --> 07:35:25,240 But when it was revealed, it also had another unintended effect. 6628 07:35:26,600 --> 07:35:29,920 It began to sew a dark suspicion into people's minds... 6629 07:35:31,440 --> 07:35:34,480 ..because they no longer knew whether what they were feeling 6630 07:35:34,480 --> 07:35:36,440 or thinking was their own 6631 07:35:36,440 --> 07:35:39,920 or really coming from outside sources. 6632 07:35:40,920 --> 07:35:43,920 But for the machines, that was no problem, 6633 07:35:43,920 --> 07:35:48,920 because suspicion was also another perfect high-arousal emotion 6634 07:35:48,920 --> 07:35:50,920 that they could feed off. 6635 07:35:51,920 --> 07:35:56,800 And suspicion was about to spread uncontrollably across the internet, 6636 07:35:56,800 --> 07:36:00,600 because into this mix came two terrible shocks. 6637 07:36:01,920 --> 07:36:03,920 The first was Brexit, 6638 07:36:03,920 --> 07:36:06,480 the other was the election of Donald Trump. 6639 07:36:08,440 --> 07:36:10,680 The shock of both of these was enormous. 6640 07:36:11,680 --> 07:36:13,680 Especially for the liberal classes, 6641 07:36:13,680 --> 07:36:16,960 who'd always seen themselves as protecting the working class. 6642 07:36:26,360 --> 07:36:29,920 They protested, but the shock was so intense 6643 07:36:29,920 --> 07:36:33,240 that many people found it difficult to process what had happened. 6644 07:36:34,520 --> 07:36:38,160 They couldn't imagine why the people had not only turned against them 6645 07:36:38,160 --> 07:36:40,440 and their benign care, 6646 07:36:40,440 --> 07:36:44,680 but also seemed to have voted against their own best interests, 6647 07:36:44,680 --> 07:36:47,920 and to explain it, they latched on to the idea 6648 07:36:47,920 --> 07:36:49,920 of hidden manipulation. 6649 07:36:50,920 --> 07:36:53,920 That thousands of voters in America and in Britain 6650 07:36:53,920 --> 07:36:58,040 had been manipulated online without them realising it. 6651 07:37:01,680 --> 07:37:04,240 But then things became more complicated... 6652 07:37:06,440 --> 07:37:10,160 ..because evidence had started to come out from the world of science 6653 07:37:10,160 --> 07:37:13,680 that questioned the whole idea that people could be manipulated 6654 07:37:13,680 --> 07:37:15,320 in such a way. 6655 07:37:16,440 --> 07:37:19,440 Psychology researchers had tried to repeat a number 6656 07:37:19,440 --> 07:37:21,440 of the most important experiments 6657 07:37:21,440 --> 07:37:24,680 that were the foundations of modern behavioural psychology. 6658 07:37:26,160 --> 07:37:29,160 They were astonished to find that again and again, 6659 07:37:29,160 --> 07:37:31,440 when they repeated the experiments, 6660 07:37:31,440 --> 07:37:34,440 they failed to get the original results. 6661 07:37:34,440 --> 07:37:38,920 It seemed that much of the evidence for priming just wasn't there. 6662 07:37:40,440 --> 07:37:44,440 It got so bad that one of the most famous psychologists in the world, 6663 07:37:44,440 --> 07:37:47,920 who had promoted the idea of priming, Daniel Kahneman, 6664 07:37:47,920 --> 07:37:51,160 wrote an open email to the science of psychology. 6665 07:37:52,160 --> 07:37:54,920 "I see a train wreck looming", he said. 6666 07:37:54,920 --> 07:37:57,920 "We have become the poster child for doubts 6667 07:37:57,920 --> 07:38:00,920 "about the integrity of psychological research." 6668 07:38:02,440 --> 07:38:05,920 Kahneman was frightened because it was undermining the idea 6669 07:38:05,920 --> 07:38:07,920 that he had helped create - 6670 07:38:07,920 --> 07:38:10,440 that in the human brain were systems 6671 07:38:10,440 --> 07:38:12,920 that the conscious self was unaware of 6672 07:38:12,920 --> 07:38:16,920 but which you, the psychologist, could trigger unconsciously. 6673 07:38:20,920 --> 07:38:23,440 But it also had wider implications 6674 07:38:23,440 --> 07:38:26,680 because it meant that companies like Cambridge Analytica, 6675 07:38:26,680 --> 07:38:30,920 who claimed that they could alter the way people behaved by priming, 6676 07:38:30,920 --> 07:38:34,880 might just be exploiting the hysteria and the suspicion. 6677 07:38:37,680 --> 07:38:41,440 The truth was that you might be able to keep millions of people 6678 07:38:41,440 --> 07:38:44,440 in a state of constant anxiety online 6679 07:38:44,440 --> 07:38:46,680 by bombarding them with memes... 6680 07:38:47,680 --> 07:38:50,160 ..but you couldn't alter underneath - 6681 07:38:50,160 --> 07:38:53,160 what they thought and what they believed. 6682 07:38:58,920 --> 07:39:02,920 People might be far stronger than the scientists believed. 6683 07:39:10,480 --> 07:39:12,200 But it was too late, 6684 07:39:12,200 --> 07:39:15,120 because once you believe you are being manipulated, 6685 07:39:15,120 --> 07:39:17,320 there is no way back. 6686 07:39:17,320 --> 07:39:20,440 Even being told you are not being manipulated 6687 07:39:20,440 --> 07:39:23,040 might be manipulation. 6688 07:39:23,040 --> 07:39:27,840 The liberal opposition became lost in an endless conspiracy theory, 6689 07:39:27,840 --> 07:39:30,480 constantly searching for hidden clues, 6690 07:39:30,480 --> 07:39:34,000 links and fragments of evidence to prove that, really, 6691 07:39:34,000 --> 07:39:37,640 Vladimir Putin and firms like Cambridge Analytica 6692 07:39:37,640 --> 07:39:41,200 had orchestrated Brexit and the election of Donald Trump. 6693 07:39:42,800 --> 07:39:46,000 It was a mood of hysteria that ran out of control. 6694 07:39:49,560 --> 07:39:53,280 ..whether the president of the United States was a Russian agent. 6695 07:39:53,280 --> 07:39:56,480 Let me say that again - whether the US president 6696 07:39:56,480 --> 07:39:58,920 might have been working for the Russians. 6697 07:39:58,920 --> 07:40:00,480 The wall's closing in. 6698 07:40:00,480 --> 07:40:03,600 As it appears the walls are closing in 6699 07:40:03,600 --> 07:40:05,560 in terms of the Mueller investigation. 6700 07:40:05,560 --> 07:40:08,440 The walls are closing in. 6701 07:40:08,440 --> 07:40:12,000 I do feel that he feels the walls closing in on him. 6702 07:40:12,000 --> 07:40:14,440 Legal walls are closing in on Donald Trump tonight. 6703 07:40:14,440 --> 07:40:15,880 From a Democratic perspective, 6704 07:40:15,880 --> 07:40:18,240 this is the president feels like the walls are closing in. 6705 07:40:18,240 --> 07:40:19,960 As he feels the walls are closing in... 6706 07:40:19,960 --> 07:40:21,920 I think he's feeling the Russia investigation. 6707 07:40:21,920 --> 07:40:24,360 I think he's feeling the walls closing in on him. 6708 07:40:27,920 --> 07:40:29,800 But what had really been manufactured 6709 07:40:29,800 --> 07:40:32,520 by the hysteria and the suspicion 6710 07:40:32,520 --> 07:40:36,760 was a constant source of those high-arousal emotions 6711 07:40:36,760 --> 07:40:39,520 that the machines needed. 6712 07:40:39,520 --> 07:40:41,480 They didn't care about the meaning 6713 07:40:41,480 --> 07:40:44,240 of what people thought or felt about Donald Trump. 6714 07:40:44,240 --> 07:40:47,760 They just fed off the waves of paranoia, 6715 07:40:47,760 --> 07:40:52,480 making the technology companies ever more profitable and powerful. 6716 07:40:56,640 --> 07:41:00,640 But many of those old institutions, who had been sidelined, 6717 07:41:00,640 --> 07:41:03,520 also found that by promoting the suspicions, 6718 07:41:03,520 --> 07:41:06,160 they could regain their power. 6719 07:41:06,160 --> 07:41:08,040 Trump is about to call me. 6720 07:41:10,360 --> 07:41:12,080 You can't trust what they tell us. 6721 07:41:13,120 --> 07:41:16,080 Major newspapers in America and in Britain 6722 07:41:16,080 --> 07:41:19,040 that might have gone bankrupt without Donald Trump 6723 07:41:19,040 --> 07:41:21,080 were rescued by the continual waves 6724 07:41:21,080 --> 07:41:23,080 of conspiracy theories they revealed... 6725 07:41:25,840 --> 07:41:27,760 ..while the intelligence agencies, 6726 07:41:27,760 --> 07:41:30,480 who only a few years before had been hated 6727 07:41:30,480 --> 07:41:34,200 because they had invented the weapons of mass destruction, 6728 07:41:34,200 --> 07:41:36,560 now became heroic truth tellers, 6729 07:41:36,560 --> 07:41:39,480 revealing ever more hidden conspiracies. 6730 07:41:41,200 --> 07:41:44,600 And Vladimir Putin, whose power, in reality, 6731 07:41:44,600 --> 07:41:48,560 was becoming increasingly fragile at home in Russia, 6732 07:41:48,560 --> 07:41:52,960 became, in the eyes of the West, a dark, malevolent force, 6733 07:41:52,960 --> 07:41:56,320 which made him seem far stronger than he really was. 6734 07:42:26,040 --> 07:42:28,000 HE BLOWS RASPBERRY 6735 07:42:39,080 --> 07:42:40,520 But for Donald Trump, 6736 07:42:40,520 --> 07:42:42,920 the paranoia allowed him to hide the fact 6737 07:42:42,920 --> 07:42:46,720 that he was doing nothing to get rid of the corruption in America, 6738 07:42:46,720 --> 07:42:49,360 as he had promised. 6739 07:42:49,360 --> 07:42:52,560 His supporters, though, had their own conspiracy theory - 6740 07:42:52,560 --> 07:42:56,560 QAnon - that explained why nothing was happening. 6741 07:42:56,560 --> 07:43:01,080 Trump was being stopped by a secret cabal of paedophiles in Washington. 6742 07:43:03,040 --> 07:43:07,200 And for the liberal opposition, it was a way of avoiding facing up 6743 07:43:07,200 --> 07:43:11,640 to the genuine grievances and the very real anger in America 6744 07:43:11,640 --> 07:43:14,880 that Trump's election had revealed, 6745 07:43:14,880 --> 07:43:18,520 that he might be the product of a country where large areas 6746 07:43:18,520 --> 07:43:22,600 had fallen into both desolation and despair - 6747 07:43:22,600 --> 07:43:25,320 towns where all the factories had closed, 6748 07:43:25,320 --> 07:43:28,760 millions had become addicted to opioids, 6749 07:43:28,760 --> 07:43:32,040 and yet no-one in power had come to rescue them. 6750 07:43:35,720 --> 07:43:40,280 But the liberals couldn't face this because they, too, had no idea 6751 07:43:40,280 --> 07:43:42,000 of how to solve those problems. 6752 07:43:50,600 --> 07:43:54,640 And outside, in the real world, nothing actually changed. 6753 07:43:56,120 --> 07:43:59,160 The structure of power, the inequalities and the decay 6754 07:43:59,160 --> 07:44:01,600 all carried on unchecked... 6755 07:44:02,840 --> 07:44:06,280 ..while all kinds of groups who wanted to cling on to power 6756 07:44:06,280 --> 07:44:08,680 protected themselves behind this brittle shell 6757 07:44:08,680 --> 07:44:12,160 of conspiracy theories built out of disconnected fragments. 6758 07:44:14,120 --> 07:44:16,840 But it was a very fragile structure. 6759 07:44:18,160 --> 07:44:20,800 And at this point, Google's engineers demonstrated 6760 07:44:20,800 --> 07:44:24,320 how easily reality in this fragmented world 6761 07:44:24,320 --> 07:44:26,680 could become strange and frightening. 6762 07:44:28,920 --> 07:44:32,680 They created an AI programme to learn how to see dogs. 6763 07:44:34,440 --> 07:44:37,720 They then showed how, if they ran the algorithm backwards, 6764 07:44:37,720 --> 07:44:41,200 the machines would alter the images of reality they were being fed, 6765 07:44:41,200 --> 07:44:43,080 so they would see dogs everywhere. 6766 07:44:44,560 --> 07:44:47,840 It was a world where anything could be anything 6767 07:44:47,840 --> 07:44:50,160 because there was no real meaning any longer. 6768 07:44:53,080 --> 07:44:55,160 MUSIC: Song For Zula by Phosphorescent 6769 07:45:17,760 --> 07:45:23,600 # Some say love is a burning thing 6770 07:45:23,600 --> 07:45:27,400 # That it makes a fiery ring 6771 07:45:28,560 --> 07:45:34,920 # Oh, but I know love as a fading thing 6772 07:45:34,920 --> 07:45:39,720 # Just as fickle as a feather in a stream 6773 07:45:39,720 --> 07:45:42,360 # See, honey, I saw love 6774 07:45:42,360 --> 07:45:45,920 # You see, it came to me 6775 07:45:45,920 --> 07:45:50,960 # It puts its face up to my face so I could see 6776 07:45:50,960 --> 07:45:57,200 # Yeah, then I saw love disfigure me 6777 07:45:57,200 --> 07:46:01,640 # Into something I am not recognising 6778 07:46:24,600 --> 07:46:27,120 # See the cage, it called 6779 07:46:27,120 --> 07:46:30,560 # I said, come on in. # 6780 07:46:32,640 --> 07:46:37,560 And then into this fragile structure came a catastrophe - Covid. 6781 07:46:45,240 --> 07:46:48,520 Unlike the other catastrophes of the past 20 years, 6782 07:46:48,520 --> 07:46:52,800 like 9/11 and the economic crash of 2008, 6783 07:46:52,800 --> 07:46:56,000 the virus was a force that came from completely outside 6784 07:46:56,000 --> 07:46:58,480 the systems of power. 6785 07:46:58,480 --> 07:47:01,840 But it has come at a moment when many of the old certainties 6786 07:47:01,840 --> 07:47:04,080 of this age are already cracking. 6787 07:47:10,840 --> 07:47:13,440 LOUD BANGS 6788 07:47:16,240 --> 07:47:20,240 But the virus did more than just accelerate the chaos. 6789 07:47:20,240 --> 07:47:23,680 It has dramatically brought into focus just how deep 6790 07:47:23,680 --> 07:47:28,320 the inequalities in modern Western societies have gone. 6791 07:47:28,320 --> 07:47:32,160 The millions of low-paid workers who have to keep working 6792 07:47:32,160 --> 07:47:36,280 to prevent the societies from collapsing are at much higher risk, 6793 07:47:36,280 --> 07:47:38,520 and those living in deprived areas 6794 07:47:38,520 --> 07:47:42,480 are suffering much higher rates of illness and of death. 6795 07:47:42,480 --> 07:47:45,640 Those who benefit from the system of power, it seems, 6796 07:47:45,640 --> 07:47:48,800 are much safer than those who do not, 6797 07:47:48,800 --> 07:47:51,280 and are also getting much richer 6798 07:47:51,280 --> 07:47:53,760 as the markets keep rising in the pandemic. 6799 07:47:57,920 --> 07:48:01,200 In the past, the shock of catastrophes has often led 6800 07:48:01,200 --> 07:48:03,400 to a radical reorganisation of societies. 6801 07:48:04,960 --> 07:48:09,440 And it may be that, even in the grim uncertainty of these days, 6802 07:48:09,440 --> 07:48:14,240 that that same impulse to imagine other kinds of future will emerge. 6803 07:48:16,480 --> 07:48:21,440 One possible future is that individualism will disappear, 6804 07:48:21,440 --> 07:48:24,920 and with it the very idea of individual freedom. 6805 07:48:27,800 --> 07:48:29,760 As has already begun in China, 6806 07:48:29,760 --> 07:48:33,080 data will be gathered and used on a massive scale 6807 07:48:33,080 --> 07:48:36,120 to predict and manage all human behaviour, 6808 07:48:36,120 --> 07:48:40,120 in the way that the psychologist BF Skinner predicted. 6809 07:48:40,120 --> 07:48:44,680 He said that individualism would be just a brief moment in history 6810 07:48:44,680 --> 07:48:49,760 before science would find a way to manage and control everyone. 6811 07:48:49,760 --> 07:48:52,200 "You would," said Skinner, "create a world 6812 07:48:52,200 --> 07:48:54,880 "that is beyond freedom and dignity." 6813 07:48:56,600 --> 07:48:59,160 ARCHIVE: Skinner believes that the experimental analysis 6814 07:48:59,160 --> 07:49:02,680 of behaviour suggests that man's environment performs 6815 07:49:02,680 --> 07:49:06,720 many of the functions once attributed to his inner feelings. 6816 07:49:06,720 --> 07:49:09,520 A man feels free if he believes he is free, 6817 07:49:09,520 --> 07:49:12,120 and he will believe he is free if he is conditioned 6818 07:49:12,120 --> 07:49:15,200 by positive reinforcement to think so. 6819 07:49:15,200 --> 07:49:17,760 His only hope is that he will come under the control 6820 07:49:17,760 --> 07:49:21,240 of a natural and social environment which will enable him 6821 07:49:21,240 --> 07:49:23,080 to pursue happiness successfully. 6822 07:49:27,080 --> 07:49:31,840 Another possibility is that the future will be like the past. 6823 07:49:31,840 --> 07:49:35,480 Many people are hoping that with the election of Joe Biden in America, 6824 07:49:35,480 --> 07:49:39,840 it will be possible to return to an old stability... 6825 07:49:39,840 --> 07:49:43,480 ..where individualism can continue to be managed by a benign elite. 6826 07:49:47,280 --> 07:49:51,320 But although Donald Trump is gone and the Brexit deal done, 6827 07:49:51,320 --> 07:49:54,680 what they both revealed was that underneath Western societies, 6828 07:49:54,680 --> 07:49:58,880 there are enormous pressures building up that will not go away... 6829 07:50:01,920 --> 07:50:05,280 ..while protests have broken out again in Russia. 6830 07:50:05,280 --> 07:50:07,560 After the arrest of Alexei Navalny, 6831 07:50:07,560 --> 07:50:10,320 tens of thousands came out onto the streets, 6832 07:50:10,320 --> 07:50:14,160 demanding an end to the corrupt regime led by Vladimir Putin. 6833 07:50:21,200 --> 07:50:23,720 The reality is that all these societies - 6834 07:50:23,720 --> 07:50:27,600 not just America and Britain, but China and Russia, too - 6835 07:50:27,600 --> 07:50:30,960 are exhausted, empty of any new ideas. 6836 07:50:32,120 --> 07:50:33,520 All of them have corruption 6837 07:50:33,520 --> 07:50:36,240 that has burrowed deep into their institutions, 6838 07:50:36,240 --> 07:50:39,400 corruption that the politicians seem powerless to stop... 6839 07:50:40,960 --> 07:50:44,400 ..while China, which many believe is a model for the future, 6840 07:50:44,400 --> 07:50:48,120 is underneath a society not only riddled with corruption, 6841 07:50:48,120 --> 07:50:52,480 but its growth is declining far more than the official figures reveal, 6842 07:50:52,480 --> 07:50:55,720 while its population is rapidly ageing. 6843 07:50:55,720 --> 07:50:58,520 Far from being an alternative future, 6844 07:50:58,520 --> 07:51:02,480 China may well be yet another old, decaying society 6845 07:51:02,480 --> 07:51:04,920 that relies on a powerful surveillance system 6846 07:51:04,920 --> 07:51:07,600 to maintain its power, 6847 07:51:07,600 --> 07:51:11,120 because it too has no other vision of the future. 6848 07:51:16,120 --> 07:51:20,360 The third possibility is to try to imagine genuinely new kinds 6849 07:51:20,360 --> 07:51:24,560 of futures, ones that have never existed before. 6850 07:51:24,560 --> 07:51:28,480 But to do that, we as individuals will have to regain the confidence 6851 07:51:28,480 --> 07:51:32,040 that we have lost in this frightened and uncertain time. 6852 07:51:33,960 --> 07:51:36,680 But already, the psychological theories that tell us 6853 07:51:36,680 --> 07:51:39,440 we are weak and manipulable are cracking... 6854 07:51:40,880 --> 07:51:43,240 ..and more and more people are beginning to realise 6855 07:51:43,240 --> 07:51:46,440 that the fragmented emotions of anxiety and suspicion 6856 07:51:46,440 --> 07:51:50,680 that they feel inside them may really be just the raw material 6857 07:51:50,680 --> 07:51:53,080 for the technology corporations to feed off. 6858 07:51:55,120 --> 07:51:58,680 It may be that we are really far stronger than we think. 6859 07:52:03,800 --> 07:52:06,680 The one thing that is certain is that the world of the future 6860 07:52:06,680 --> 07:52:09,800 will be different, and that the people in that future 6861 07:52:09,800 --> 07:52:12,200 will feel and think differently too. 6862 07:52:13,880 --> 07:52:17,760 If we can regain our confidence, we will find that we have the power 6863 07:52:17,760 --> 07:52:20,560 to influence how that future turns out. 6864 07:52:23,200 --> 07:52:25,040 And as a first step, 6865 07:52:25,040 --> 07:52:30,360 we have to start imagining what kind of future it is we want to build. 6866 07:52:30,360 --> 07:52:35,080 The anthropologist and activist David Graeber, who died last year, 6867 07:52:35,080 --> 07:52:39,440 described the forgotten idea that is waiting to be rediscovered 6868 07:52:39,440 --> 07:52:41,840 and how thrilling it could be. 6869 07:52:43,480 --> 07:52:46,520 "The ultimate hidden truth of the world," he wrote... 6870 07:52:55,800 --> 07:52:58,960 MUSIC: 'Til I Gain Control Again by This Mortal Coil 6871 07:52:58,960 --> 07:53:05,400 # Just like the sun over the mountain tops 6872 07:53:08,520 --> 07:53:12,840 # You know I'll always come again 6873 07:53:17,880 --> 07:53:22,600 # What you've seen is what I've been 6874 07:53:27,280 --> 07:53:33,440 # There is nothing I could hide from you 6875 07:53:36,360 --> 07:53:41,680 # You see me better than I can 6876 07:53:45,840 --> 07:53:52,440 # Out on the roads that lie before me now 6877 07:53:55,200 --> 07:54:00,440 # There are some turns where I will spin 6878 07:54:04,440 --> 07:54:10,960 # I only hope that you can hold me now 6879 07:54:13,920 --> 07:54:19,240 # Till I can gain control again 6880 07:54:23,600 --> 07:54:29,360 # Like a lighthouse, you must stand alone 6881 07:54:32,360 --> 07:54:37,360 # And mark the sailor's journey's end 6882 07:54:41,960 --> 07:54:48,400 # No matter what seas I have been sailing on 6883 07:54:51,480 --> 07:54:56,800 # I'll always row this way again 6884 07:55:00,680 --> 07:55:07,360 # Out on the roads that lie before me now 6885 07:55:10,080 --> 07:55:15,280 # There are some turns where I will spin 6886 07:55:19,520 --> 07:55:25,720 # I only hope that you can hold me now 6887 07:55:28,920 --> 07:55:34,400 # Till I can gain control again 6888 07:55:38,160 --> 07:55:45,200 # I only hope that you can hold me now 6889 07:55:47,600 --> 07:55:52,840 # Till I can gain control again 6890 07:55:56,440 --> 07:56:00,280 # Ah-ah 6891 07:56:05,720 --> 07:56:11,480 # Ah-ah 6892 07:56:14,880 --> 07:56:21,040 # Ah-ah 6893 07:56:24,280 --> 07:56:30,440 # Ah-ah 6894 07:56:33,560 --> 07:56:38,240 # Ah-ah 6895 07:56:43,000 --> 07:56:49,880 # Ah-ah 6896 07:56:53,360 --> 07:57:00,080 # Ah-ah 6897 07:57:02,280 --> 07:57:03,920 # Ah... # 6898 07:57:03,920 --> 07:57:07,760 MUSIC: Natural's Not In It by Gang of Four 6899 07:57:28,000 --> 07:57:30,920 # The problem of leisure 6900 07:57:30,920 --> 07:57:33,920 # What to do for pleasure 6901 07:57:33,920 --> 07:57:36,920 # Ideal love, a new purchase 6902 07:57:36,920 --> 07:57:39,840 # A market of the senses 6903 07:57:39,840 --> 07:57:42,840 # Dream of the perfect life 6904 07:57:42,840 --> 07:57:45,800 # Economic circumstances 6905 07:57:45,800 --> 07:57:48,680 # The body is good business 6906 07:57:48,680 --> 07:57:51,560 # Sell out, maintain the interest 6907 07:57:51,560 --> 07:57:53,440 # Remember Lot's wife... #