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We've had some hot days this summer

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but nothing like what we're going
to get into, starting tomorrow.

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Today, the mercury hit
a scorching 35 degrees Celsius.

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Temperatures are set to rise even
further this week and could even

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break the all-time record.

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Right now, we are facing
our greatest threat

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in thousands of years.

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Climate change.

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For a long time, climate change
was something that scientists

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were predicting that would
happen in the future.

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But that's no longer the case.

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What we're doing right now is
we're so rapidly changing

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the climate, for the first time
in the world's history,

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people can see the impact
of climate change.

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Greater storms, greater floods,
greater heat waves,

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extreme sea level rises.

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All of this is happening far faster
than many of us thought possible.

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Scientists across the globe
are in no doubt that at the

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current rate of warming,
we risk a devastating future.

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It's difficult to see
how the population of the world

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will actually feed itself.

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It's happening in your world.

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It's happening in my world.

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Time is very short.

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There's still time
but there isn't much time left.

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The science is now clear
that urgent action is needed.

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We're at a tipping point.

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We can change history.

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Right now!

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What happens now,
and in these next few years,

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will profoundly affect
the next few thousand years.

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What can be done to avert disaster
and ensure the survival

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of our civilisations...

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..and the natural world
upon which we depend?

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It's our future.

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We can't just let it
slip away from us.

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Standing here in the English
countryside, it may not seem obvious

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but we are facing a man-made
disaster on a global scale.

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In the 20 years since I first
started talking about the impact

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of climate change on our world,
conditions have changed far faster

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than I ever imagined.

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It may sound frightening,
but the scientific evidence is

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that if we have not taken
dramatic action within the

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next decade, we could
face irreversible damage

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to the natural world

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and the collapse of our societies.

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We're running out of time,
but there is still hope.

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I believe that if we better
understand the threat we face,

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the more likely it is that we can
avoid such a catastrophic future.

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Our climate is changing
because of one simple fact.

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Our world is getting hotter.

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We have temperature records
going back over 100 years.

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There are dips and troughs.

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There are so many years that are not
as warm as other years.

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But what we've seen is this steady
and unremitting temperature trend.

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20 of the warmest years
on record have all occurred

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in the last 22 years.

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It's not just Met Office records
that are showing this trend.

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Data from the US Climate Centre,
NOAA, the Japanese Met Office

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and NASA all show the
same sharp rise in temperatures.

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When scientists first became
concerned about these increasing

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temperatures, nobody could be sure
exactly what was driving them.

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Four decades of research later,
on land, at sea,

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and in the far reaches
of our atmosphere,

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the evidence is now unequivocal.

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What's striking is that
warming trend cannot be explained

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by natural factors...

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but is caused by human activities.

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In particular,
by use of fossil fuels.

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The problem is that everything
we do, our entire economy,

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from the moment you wake up in the
morning and turn on the light,

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or look at your cellphone,
to the moment you go to bed

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at night, and even then
because your cellphone

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is still drawing power at night,
I mean, we're all using energy

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all the time.

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And in the industrialised world,
that energy is almost

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entirely fossil fuels.

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When you burn fossil fuels,
coal, gas and oil,

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to power our energy generation,
to heat our homes,

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to drive our factories,
to power our cars and our trains,

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and travel around the world.

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When we burn fossil fuels,
it produces carbon dioxide

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as a waste product.

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Carbon dioxide acts like a blanket.

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It absorbs the heat radiation
from the Earth's surface

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and that keeps the surface warmer
than it would be otherwise.

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The problem is what we're doing now
is we're adding extra

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carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases.

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So we're increasing the
thickness of this blanket.

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Before we started to burn coal,
the amount of carbon dioxide

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in the atmosphere was about
280 parts per million.

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It's now over 400 parts per million.

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And the planet gets
warmer and warmer.

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We have pumped so much
carbon dioxide into our atmosphere

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that our world is now around
one degree Celsius hotter

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than it was
in pre-industrial times.

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This warming is enough to bring
about the raft of effects

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we call climate change.

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One degree Celsius global warming
may not sound like much,

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but it's having a dramatic effect
on our weather.

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You warm up the planet,
of course you're going to get

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more intense and more frequent
heat waves.

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You're going to dry out
the soils.

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You're going to get worse drought.

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We're seeing extreme heat
in southern Africa,

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Japan, North America,
in the UK as well.

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It is officially the hottest day
of the year so far.

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Often, the question is, did climate
change cause a certain event?

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You can never really
answer that question.

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But what scientists do is
to look at whether climate change

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made a certain event
more or less likely,

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or more or less intense.

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Last year, we had a heat wave
that was actually the joint warmest

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on record, alongside 1976.

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And we have been analysing
this here at the Met Office.

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What that showed us was
that the chances of that heat wave

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had increased by about 30 times.

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So it's now about 30 times more
likely that we had that heat wave

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than we would have had
without climate change.

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Today, the mercury hit
a scorching 35 degrees Celsius.

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So it doesn't mean to say
that every single weather event

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is due to climate change.

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But what climate change does mean
is that with the baseline climate

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having changed, then
the frequency of the

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extreme temperatures is increasing.

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And that has a substantial effect.

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In November last year, when
temperatures in Cairns, Australia,

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hit 42 degrees,
even creatures specifically adapted

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to heat were unable to survive.

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They're just...

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everywhere.

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When we got here in the morning,
it was the first time

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really we saw it.

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There were just dead bats
as far as the eye could see.

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There was a deafening sound
of babies crying.

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You just don't know where to start.

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So we just started
finding babies, basically.

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There's a little baby
attached to its dead mum.

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Like all species, flying foxes
have ways of dealing

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with the conditions
of their environment.

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But it seems their usual cooling
methods are no longer enough

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for the kind of temperatures
Australia is now facing.

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Last year, temperature records
were broken across the country.

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Scientists have shown that it's
simply inconceivable that you would

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see these temperatures without
the fact of climate change.

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We saved about 350.

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The rest are dead.

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Over 11,000 died from that colony.

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And if you have two more events
like we had,

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the species is gone.

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This is climate change in action.

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We need to wake up.

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I've seen for myself
that in addition to the many other

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threats they face,
animals of all kinds are now

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struggling to adapt to
rapidly changing conditions.

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Think of the equator.

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As climate change occurs,
that central part of the world

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becomes increasingly uninhabitable.

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If climate change is too fast,
we're pushing them

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off the planet, in effect.

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We're causing extinction
of species already.

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And that's irreversible.

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Scientists believe that 8%
of species are now at threat

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of extinction solely
due to climate change.

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This isn't just about
losing wonders of nature.

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With the loss of even
the smallest organisms,

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we destabilise and ultimately risk
collapsing the world's ecosystems.

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The networks that support
the whole of life on Earth.

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What's been happening in
recent years is really showing us

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what one degree Celsius
really means.

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Not just for wildlife,
but for people, for their safety,

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for their livelihoods
and for their futures.

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As temperatures rise,
the threats we face multiply.

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Last year saw record-breaking
wildfires take hold

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across the globe.

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Firefighters are working
around the clock.

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It has to be seen to be believed.

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Australia is seeing some
of its worst fires in years.

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We've seen wildfires
break out in Greece,

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even in the Arctic.

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Wildfire, sweeping across some
of the coldest countries on Earth.

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We've seen a tripling
in the extent of wildfire

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in the western US, California.

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The fires that swept
through California last year

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caused $24 billion worth of damage.

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106 people lost their lives.

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We're not just talking about
an inconvenience.

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We're talking about
people's lives,

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their livelihoods and
their communities being damaged.

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The wildfires need
an ignition source.

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What?

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Maybe cigarette butts,
or lightning, and then you need

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the weather conditions that are
conducive to that fire spreading.

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GASPS

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Do I go?

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I don't want to get trapped.

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Research has shown that the chances
of having these very hot,

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dry conditions has increased
as a result of climate change.

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Easy, easy. Oh, my God!

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Easy, easy.

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Dad, this isn't safe.

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It was a dead end road,
so we knew it was our only option

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to drive forward.

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And all sides of the road
just completely

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engulfed in flames.

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The car is heating up.
It's going to explode!

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All right.

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He's going, "Dad, Dad,
we're going to die!"

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And I said, "No, we're going
to be fine, you know."

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Jesus, God help us.

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I stayed calm.

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I think being a father,
you're trying to keep

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your son calm too at that point.

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We're good, we're good, we're good.

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We could hear trees
literally exploding.

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Falling all around us.

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Please, God, help us.

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A large branch went
right over the top of the car.

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The whole top of the roof was
burning and we didn't realise it.

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There was a tree down.

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We can't get out!

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That was the moment
when I really thought

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that we might die.

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Oh, my gosh!
Stop! Stop!

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Let's get out of here.

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I decided to put the car in reverse.

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I had to drive backwards through
everything we had already passed

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through to the lakeshore.

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This one little boat
was down there watching the fire.

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And we were able to wave them in
to help us get out of there.

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That, to me, was just a miracle.

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But it's not just through
extreme heat events

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that climate change
is having an effect.

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It's changing our
weather systems in other ways.

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This is a basic result of physics.

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With a degree Celsius of warming,
there's more moisture evaporating

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off the oceans.

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When there's more
moisture in the air,

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you're going to get more rainfall.

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You're going to get super storms
and force flooding events.

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We are seeing the impacts of climate
change now play out in real time.

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They're no longer subtle.

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You have had the worst rain
in China, in Japan.

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You have had a deluge in Kerala.

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The crisis deepens for
hundreds of thousands in Kerala.

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Whilst they can't all be
attributed to climate change,

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last year's extreme weather events
meant that millions of people

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needed humanitarian aid.

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Join the dots.
It's happening.

250
00:16:30,740 --> 00:16:33,980
It's happening in your world,
it's happening in my world.

251
00:16:33,980 --> 00:16:39,020
And let's be very clear about this -
it is going to get much worse.

252
00:16:45,340 --> 00:16:48,380
Climate change goes
far beyond the weather.

253
00:16:50,020 --> 00:16:54,300
Thousands of miles away
and out of sight of most of us,

254
00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:56,260
another threat is building.

255
00:16:59,980 --> 00:17:04,980
Earth's ice, frozen for millennia,
is melting.

256
00:17:09,740 --> 00:17:13,180
Earth's temperature has risen
by what most people would think

257
00:17:13,180 --> 00:17:15,780
is a small amount
over the past century.

258
00:17:15,780 --> 00:17:17,460
One degree Centigrade.

259
00:17:17,460 --> 00:17:19,780
That's too much for
the ice to withstand.

260
00:17:24,980 --> 00:17:28,860
In the last year, we've had
a global assessment of ice losses

261
00:17:28,860 --> 00:17:31,060
from Antarctica and from Greenland.

262
00:17:31,060 --> 00:17:33,900
And they tell us that things
are worse than we'd expected.

263
00:17:37,580 --> 00:17:40,820
The Greenland ice sheet is melting.

264
00:17:40,820 --> 00:17:43,460
It's lost four trillion tonnes
of ice,

265
00:17:43,460 --> 00:17:47,700
and it's losing five times as much
ice today as it was 25 years ago.

266
00:17:51,780 --> 00:17:54,780
If you go to the southern
hemisphere, in the past,

267
00:17:54,780 --> 00:17:57,820
most of the models predicted
that Antarctica would grow.

268
00:17:57,820 --> 00:18:00,100
That's not the case.

269
00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:02,140
Antarctica's losing three times
as much ice today

270
00:18:02,140 --> 00:18:04,500
as it was 25 years ago.

271
00:18:08,260 --> 00:18:11,620
In Antarctica, really small changes
in ocean temperature in particular

272
00:18:11,620 --> 00:18:13,940
melt a lot of ice.

273
00:18:13,940 --> 00:18:16,740
The ocean is only about
half a degree centigrade warmer

274
00:18:16,740 --> 00:18:19,260
than it should be.

275
00:18:19,260 --> 00:18:23,420
But that's melting colossal amounts
of ice from enormous glaciers.

276
00:18:29,380 --> 00:18:33,020
The water that melts from the
ice sheets ends up in one place,

277
00:18:33,020 --> 00:18:34,740
and that's the oceans.

278
00:18:34,740 --> 00:18:37,460
And that's when it starts
to affect people around the rest

279
00:18:37,460 --> 00:18:38,980
of the planet.

280
00:18:40,860 --> 00:18:44,460
The sea level has been stable
for several thousand years.

281
00:18:46,220 --> 00:18:52,100
But if the ice sheets lose icebergs
faster and faster to the ocean,

282
00:18:52,100 --> 00:18:53,940
the sea level goes up.

283
00:18:56,420 --> 00:19:00,620
We know that sea level has already
risen by about 20 centimetres

284
00:19:00,620 --> 00:19:02,220
in the last 100 years.

285
00:19:10,660 --> 00:19:15,900
Rising seas are displacing hundreds
of thousands of people from already

286
00:19:15,900 --> 00:19:19,940
vulnerable coastal areas
in the South Pacific,

287
00:19:19,940 --> 00:19:23,340
Indonesia, Bangladesh.

288
00:19:27,740 --> 00:19:29,580
The impact on families

289
00:19:29,580 --> 00:19:31,500
is going to be something

290
00:19:31,500 --> 00:19:33,180
that I don't think

291
00:19:33,180 --> 00:19:35,580
we could ever prepare for.

292
00:19:35,580 --> 00:19:37,980
In the United States,
Louisiana's on the front line

293
00:19:37,980 --> 00:19:40,060
of this climate crisis.

294
00:19:40,060 --> 00:19:44,940
It's losing land at one
of the fastest rates on the planet,

295
00:19:44,940 --> 00:19:48,780
at about the rate of a
football field every 45 minutes.

296
00:19:54,140 --> 00:19:58,140
The Isle de Jean Charles was once
home to 400 people.

297
00:19:59,620 --> 00:20:03,220
But subsidence caused
by oil and gas extraction,

298
00:20:03,220 --> 00:20:07,780
and now rising seas,
means that in the last six decades

299
00:20:07,780 --> 00:20:09,740
much of it has disappeared.

300
00:20:12,060 --> 00:20:14,500
Before, this was all land.

301
00:20:17,980 --> 00:20:22,820
But due to sea-level rise,
slowly but surely it's washing away.

302
00:20:35,900 --> 00:20:38,660
What we're looking at here
is where I was born

303
00:20:38,660 --> 00:20:41,180
and raised, in 1946.

304
00:20:46,020 --> 00:20:47,620
It's sad.

305
00:20:47,620 --> 00:20:51,900
Very, very sad to see what happened
to my mom and dad's home,

306
00:20:51,900 --> 00:20:54,180
and where they raised us at.

307
00:20:56,620 --> 00:20:59,820
I want to finish my life,
as well, over here.

308
00:21:04,380 --> 00:21:06,300
For the people on
Isle de Jean Charles,

309
00:21:06,300 --> 00:21:08,140
they're running out of options.

310
00:21:11,860 --> 00:21:15,620
And now what we see is just
10% of what used to be there.

311
00:21:20,780 --> 00:21:24,580
We have been working with the state
to move an entire community.

312
00:21:24,580 --> 00:21:27,700
This is the first time the federal
government of the United States

313
00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:31,580
has offered dollars
for the relocation of folks

314
00:21:31,580 --> 00:21:34,460
due to climate change.

315
00:21:34,460 --> 00:21:37,700
When it comes to relocation,
this is the only place

316
00:21:37,700 --> 00:21:40,300
I've ever known as home.

317
00:21:40,300 --> 00:21:42,620
I don't want to abandon it,

318
00:21:42,620 --> 00:21:44,860
I don't want to forget it.

319
00:21:49,260 --> 00:21:52,620
A lot of people say that this land
that we're living on won't be here

320
00:21:52,620 --> 00:21:54,740
in 20 years from now.

321
00:21:54,740 --> 00:21:58,140
That's kind of hard to think about,
where you grew up

322
00:21:58,140 --> 00:21:59,980
isn't going to be here any more.

323
00:22:03,620 --> 00:22:07,340
The residents of Isle de
Jean Charles have been labelled

324
00:22:07,340 --> 00:22:10,060
as the first climate refugees
in the United States.

325
00:22:10,060 --> 00:22:11,580
And that may be true.

326
00:22:11,580 --> 00:22:15,220
But what we know for sure is
that they won't be the last.

327
00:22:19,700 --> 00:22:23,140
Sea levels are not only
increased by melting ice.

328
00:22:28,860 --> 00:22:33,300
The world's oceans are expanding
because they're getting warmer.

329
00:22:35,380 --> 00:22:40,180
Over 90% of the increased heat
trapped in our atmosphere

330
00:22:40,180 --> 00:22:42,220
has been stored in the oceans.

331
00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:49,340
I've witnessed the devastating
effect this is having.

332
00:22:51,220 --> 00:22:56,300
In the last three years,
repeated heat stress has caused

333
00:22:56,300 --> 00:23:01,940
a third of the world's corals
to first bleach and then die.

334
00:23:05,820 --> 00:23:09,900
Our generation is going to be
responsible for the loss

335
00:23:09,900 --> 00:23:14,340
of one of the most majestic
ecosystems on the face of the Earth.

336
00:23:15,580 --> 00:23:21,420
We're literally watching the death
of this natural wonder.

337
00:23:24,180 --> 00:23:27,740
In many ways, what's happening now
across the world

338
00:23:27,740 --> 00:23:29,340
doesn't come as a surprise.

339
00:23:30,820 --> 00:23:35,020
Much of what we're now experiencing,
scientists warned about

340
00:23:35,020 --> 00:23:37,260
over 30 years ago.

341
00:23:40,340 --> 00:23:44,620
What we're seeing at the moment
is exactly what we predicted.

342
00:23:44,620 --> 00:23:48,500
What I'd like to do today
is to start with Dr James Hansen.

343
00:23:48,500 --> 00:23:52,540
In the summer of 1988,
I testified to Congress.

344
00:23:52,540 --> 00:23:57,420
Number one, the Earth is warmer
in 1988 than at any time

345
00:23:57,420 --> 00:24:00,540
in the history of
instrumental measurements.

346
00:24:02,700 --> 00:24:07,340
I said I was 99% confident
that this was a real,

347
00:24:07,340 --> 00:24:11,460
physical effect of the
increasing carbon dioxide.

348
00:24:11,460 --> 00:24:14,140
The Earth is warming
by an amount which is too large

349
00:24:14,140 --> 00:24:16,100
to be a chance fluctuation.

350
00:24:18,540 --> 00:24:23,060
James Hansen was absolutely
a pioneer in trying to reach

351
00:24:23,060 --> 00:24:24,900
the public and politicians.

352
00:24:24,900 --> 00:24:27,260
He played a major role,
there's no doubt, in putting

353
00:24:27,260 --> 00:24:29,260
climate change on the
international agenda.

354
00:24:29,260 --> 00:24:32,420
Those who think we're powerless to
do anything about this

355
00:24:32,420 --> 00:24:35,420
greenhouse effect are forgetting
about the White House effect.

356
00:24:35,420 --> 00:24:38,140
The short-term response
was pretty good.

357
00:24:38,140 --> 00:24:42,900
We are the Lord's creatures,
the trustees of this planet.

358
00:24:42,900 --> 00:24:45,340
The politicians were
saying the right things,

359
00:24:45,340 --> 00:24:50,860
that we should avoid dangerous
human-made changes to climate.

360
00:24:50,860 --> 00:24:56,220
It's just that the policies needed
to achieve that were never adopted.

361
00:24:56,220 --> 00:24:58,820
There are many reasons we haven't
acted on climate change.

362
00:24:58,820 --> 00:25:00,940
Science is definitely
part of the story.

363
00:25:00,940 --> 00:25:02,820
The science is complicated.

364
00:25:02,820 --> 00:25:05,900
Economists had to look at, "OK,
what are the costs are going to be?"

365
00:25:05,900 --> 00:25:07,900
And then technologists
had to work out,

366
00:25:07,900 --> 00:25:10,180
"Well, what actually can we do
about it?"

367
00:25:11,340 --> 00:25:14,460
And that's one of the reasons why
it took a long time for governments

368
00:25:14,460 --> 00:25:16,820
really to put policies in place.

369
00:25:16,820 --> 00:25:19,020
However, there was also resistance.

370
00:25:19,020 --> 00:25:20,700
Let's be honest about this.

371
00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:22,780
There are incumbent
industries that then,

372
00:25:22,780 --> 00:25:25,420
they knew about climate change,
but they didn't really want

373
00:25:25,420 --> 00:25:27,660
anything to happen.

374
00:25:27,660 --> 00:25:29,660
Net income grew 17%...

375
00:25:29,660 --> 00:25:32,300
Earnings rose to $10.9 billion...

376
00:25:32,300 --> 00:25:35,740
The organisations that had the most
to lose by acting on climate change

377
00:25:35,740 --> 00:25:37,540
were the fossil fuel companies.

378
00:25:37,540 --> 00:25:40,980
The most profitable industry
possibly in the history of mankind,

379
00:25:40,980 --> 00:25:42,420
making huge profits.

380
00:25:42,420 --> 00:25:44,220
They wanted to continue that.

381
00:25:44,220 --> 00:25:46,740
$11.7 billion profit.

382
00:25:47,900 --> 00:25:50,580
Many of those industries,
basically the oil and gas industry,

383
00:25:50,580 --> 00:25:54,020
the fossil fuel industry,
they undertook a quite concerted

384
00:25:54,020 --> 00:25:58,900
campaign to confuse the science
and confuse the message.

385
00:25:58,900 --> 00:26:01,340
This is industry funded
and industry driven.

386
00:26:01,340 --> 00:26:05,940
Fossil fuel companies engaged
PR consultants who used exactly

387
00:26:05,940 --> 00:26:09,580
the same tactics that have been used
by the tobacco companies,

388
00:26:09,580 --> 00:26:11,500
and there's ample documentation.

389
00:26:11,500 --> 00:26:13,860
The basic strategy is to
cast doubt on the science.

390
00:26:13,860 --> 00:26:16,620
The science is so distorted
and mis-stated.

391
00:26:16,620 --> 00:26:18,780
To promote the message
that we don't really know,

392
00:26:18,780 --> 00:26:20,540
there isn't a consensus.

393
00:26:20,540 --> 00:26:23,420
There are too many complexities
around climate science.

394
00:26:23,420 --> 00:26:25,620
And it will be too
expensive to fix anyway.

395
00:26:25,620 --> 00:26:29,140
We've had flatline temperatures
globally for the last eight years.

396
00:26:31,980 --> 00:26:35,060
The cycle of denial has worked.

397
00:26:35,060 --> 00:26:37,260
And even today,
the President of the United States

398
00:26:37,260 --> 00:26:38,700
says that it's not true.

399
00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:42,780
All of this with the global warming,
and a lot of it's a hoax,

400
00:26:42,780 --> 00:26:45,460
it's a hoax. I mean, it's a
moneymaking industry. OK?

401
00:26:48,060 --> 00:26:52,060
In the UK, we have the
Climate Change Act from 2008,

402
00:26:52,060 --> 00:26:55,380
which was the first law anywhere
in the world to make a

403
00:26:55,380 --> 00:27:00,060
legally binding target for
reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

404
00:27:00,060 --> 00:27:03,340
But what we've also seen here
is a number of people

405
00:27:03,340 --> 00:27:08,020
in politics who've decided
really to campaign against action

406
00:27:08,020 --> 00:27:10,060
on climate change.

407
00:27:10,060 --> 00:27:14,420
There's plenty of evidence
that warming will bring benefits

408
00:27:14,420 --> 00:27:16,140
as well as maybe disadvantages.

409
00:27:16,140 --> 00:27:19,500
The arguments have been, well,
climate change is happening

410
00:27:19,500 --> 00:27:21,420
but it may not be that serious.

411
00:27:21,420 --> 00:27:25,220
There are huge benefits
from a warming planet.

412
00:27:25,220 --> 00:27:28,460
In the IPCC's own report,
there's fewer deaths

413
00:27:28,460 --> 00:27:30,500
from cold-related diseases.

414
00:27:30,500 --> 00:27:34,220
They say we should just adapt
to it rather than try to reduce

415
00:27:34,220 --> 00:27:36,140
greenhouse gas emissions.

416
00:27:36,140 --> 00:27:40,060
And of course that's
very attractive to politicians.

417
00:27:40,060 --> 00:27:43,820
Because to decide not to do
something is much more comfortable.

418
00:27:43,820 --> 00:27:46,700
I think that many of us were
willing to hear that message

419
00:27:46,700 --> 00:27:50,380
because we too depend upon
fossil fuels for our lifestyle.

420
00:27:50,380 --> 00:27:53,860
So we're all implicated
in this economic system,

421
00:27:53,860 --> 00:27:56,780
but it's not like we're
all equally responsible, right?

422
00:27:58,340 --> 00:28:02,740
There's no doubt that that seeding
of doubt has slowed the transition

423
00:28:02,740 --> 00:28:04,580
to a clean-energy economy.

424
00:28:05,660 --> 00:28:11,740
We haven't entirely wasted the 30
years but it would have been so easy

425
00:28:11,740 --> 00:28:17,180
to solve the problem
if we had started gradually to make

426
00:28:17,180 --> 00:28:22,460
fossil fuels more expensive
and develop the technologies

427
00:28:22,460 --> 00:28:24,820
to replace them.

428
00:28:24,820 --> 00:28:26,300
But we didn't do that.

429
00:28:27,780 --> 00:28:30,180
And now there are consequences.

430
00:28:32,060 --> 00:28:36,300
Greenhouse gas emissions
have continued to rise

431
00:28:36,300 --> 00:28:39,340
and the problem is
getting harder to solve.

432
00:28:44,420 --> 00:28:48,500
The world's great forests play
a vital role in determining

433
00:28:48,500 --> 00:28:51,900
the balance of carbon dioxide
in our atmosphere.

434
00:28:53,780 --> 00:28:58,220
Trees and plants absorb
carbon dioxide, using it to build

435
00:28:58,220 --> 00:29:02,140
their leaves, stems and roots.

436
00:29:02,140 --> 00:29:06,420
In this process of photosynthesis,
they have sucked up and stored

437
00:29:06,420 --> 00:29:09,740
nearly a third of our emissions.

438
00:29:12,700 --> 00:29:16,540
The main driver of climate change
is greenhouse gas emissions.

439
00:29:16,540 --> 00:29:19,580
Forests are one of our ways out.

440
00:29:19,580 --> 00:29:22,620
They are like the lungs
of the planet.

441
00:29:22,620 --> 00:29:26,180
They are big climate regulators
at a global scale.

442
00:29:27,700 --> 00:29:30,140
July 23rd, 1972.

443
00:29:34,420 --> 00:29:36,220
My work has always
been about monitoring

444
00:29:36,220 --> 00:29:39,540
the land surface and forest.

445
00:29:39,540 --> 00:29:43,100
Thrusting outward into space,
we gain new perspective

446
00:29:43,100 --> 00:29:45,700
on ourselves.

447
00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:49,140
Since 1972 till now,
Landsat has been tracking

448
00:29:49,140 --> 00:29:52,300
and taking pictures
of the Earth's surface.

449
00:29:52,300 --> 00:29:55,860
Circling the Earth,
it offers an ideal means

450
00:29:55,860 --> 00:29:57,780
to monitor change.

451
00:29:57,780 --> 00:30:01,380
In 2008, the US government
says it's open free of charge

452
00:30:01,380 --> 00:30:03,860
and accessible over the internet.

453
00:30:03,860 --> 00:30:05,900
Millions of images, automatically.

454
00:30:05,900 --> 00:30:08,940
It's just this huge leap
in capability.

455
00:30:12,180 --> 00:30:15,620
It was only then
where we saw the whole planet.

456
00:30:17,660 --> 00:30:21,700
And when you see the whole,
it was a bit of a revelation.

457
00:30:27,820 --> 00:30:30,180
And, yeah, the alarm bells go off.

458
00:30:32,100 --> 00:30:35,300
These warm orangey tones,
that's forest disturbance,

459
00:30:35,300 --> 00:30:37,100
that means forest was removed.

460
00:30:40,820 --> 00:30:43,140
We didn't know that was going on.

461
00:30:44,260 --> 00:30:48,100
Colombia, Peru, Paraguay, Bolivia.

462
00:30:48,100 --> 00:30:52,860
We can go anywhere and see
actual forest be cleared.

463
00:31:02,660 --> 00:31:04,780
It usually starts with logging.

464
00:31:09,540 --> 00:31:13,100
Rainforests are cleared and burned.

465
00:31:13,100 --> 00:31:18,100
They then replace it with soybeans,
rubber, pasture for cattle.

466
00:31:19,220 --> 00:31:22,860
But one of the big drivers
is palm oil.

467
00:31:25,100 --> 00:31:27,620
Palm oil is like a magical fruit.

468
00:31:29,900 --> 00:31:33,660
We all have palm oil
in our houses right now.

469
00:31:33,660 --> 00:31:36,620
It's found in almost
every good you can think about.

470
00:31:36,620 --> 00:31:39,140
It's in soaps, it's in shampoo.

471
00:31:39,140 --> 00:31:41,300
It's in chocolate,
it's in bread.

472
00:31:41,300 --> 00:31:43,260
It's even in crisps.

473
00:31:43,260 --> 00:31:46,460
What we're doing,
accidentally and inadvertently,

474
00:31:46,460 --> 00:31:50,060
is actually causing deforestation
in other countries because of our

475
00:31:50,060 --> 00:31:51,700
demand for this product.

476
00:31:53,340 --> 00:31:56,500
That means the
natural system is not working.

477
00:31:58,580 --> 00:32:01,020
Habitats are disappearing.

478
00:32:03,100 --> 00:32:05,940
But also when these
high carbon stock forests,

479
00:32:05,940 --> 00:32:10,020
that are centuries old,
are cleared and burned,

480
00:32:10,020 --> 00:32:12,500
CO2 is added to the atmosphere.

481
00:32:12,500 --> 00:32:15,460
Those emissions go up
and warm the planet.

482
00:32:17,820 --> 00:32:20,140
When you look at our maps,
our results are showing

483
00:32:20,140 --> 00:32:23,180
that it's accelerating.

484
00:32:23,180 --> 00:32:25,020
It almost looks like a contagion.

485
00:32:25,020 --> 00:32:28,100
You know, it looks like
a disease across the planet.

486
00:32:28,100 --> 00:32:31,220
I mean, the ever-increasing
pattern.

487
00:32:32,900 --> 00:32:35,980
If we continue this level
of deforestation, we'll take it all.

488
00:32:38,660 --> 00:32:42,700
And our ability to mitigate
climate change and turn the story

489
00:32:42,700 --> 00:32:45,500
around becomes really
vanishingly small.

490
00:32:49,580 --> 00:32:55,700
Trees are now being cut down
and burnt at such a rate,

491
00:32:55,700 --> 00:32:59,300
that nearly a third of our
carbon dioxide emissions

492
00:32:59,300 --> 00:33:01,540
are caused by deforestation.

493
00:33:15,580 --> 00:33:17,900
It sucks.

494
00:33:17,900 --> 00:33:20,460
I'm a pretty light-hearted,
optimistic guy.

495
00:33:20,460 --> 00:33:23,140
But just looking at this data,
you just look at the stories,

496
00:33:23,140 --> 00:33:27,580
I'd like to see some evidence

497
00:33:27,580 --> 00:33:31,660
of a really strong, strong kind of

498
00:33:31,660 --> 00:33:34,540
unified political response
that was more than an aspiration

499
00:33:34,540 --> 00:33:37,060
on a kind of piece of paper, right?

500
00:33:37,060 --> 00:33:38,380
That would be cool.

501
00:33:45,460 --> 00:33:49,140
Looking ahead to the future,
we know that if we continue

502
00:33:49,140 --> 00:33:52,780
releasing carbon dioxide
into our atmosphere,

503
00:33:52,780 --> 00:33:56,020
temperatures will keep rising
and the consequences

504
00:33:56,020 --> 00:33:59,020
will get progressively worse.

505
00:33:59,020 --> 00:34:01,140
But do we know how much worse?

506
00:34:08,540 --> 00:34:11,860
There are thousands
of scientists around the world,

507
00:34:11,860 --> 00:34:15,860
in almost every single country,
working to understand

508
00:34:15,860 --> 00:34:22,060
what will happen in the future
if we don't act, we don't do more.

509
00:34:22,060 --> 00:34:26,140
So we use really powerful climate
models, which are numerical

510
00:34:26,140 --> 00:34:29,340
representations of the whole
of the Earth system.

511
00:34:29,340 --> 00:34:32,500
The oceans, the land,
the atmosphere and the ice

512
00:34:32,500 --> 00:34:34,820
on the planet.

513
00:34:34,820 --> 00:34:38,220
And then we drive it
with increased carbon dioxide,

514
00:34:38,220 --> 00:34:43,180
based on predictions of the future
and then we see what the model does.

515
00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:48,460
They predict that if
we carry on as we are now,

516
00:34:48,460 --> 00:34:53,740
where CO2 continues to increase,
we would hit 1.5 degrees

517
00:34:53,740 --> 00:34:57,900
global warming by between
2040 and 2050.

518
00:34:59,620 --> 00:35:05,300
We're on course to go through 1.5
degrees in just a few decades' time,

519
00:35:05,300 --> 00:35:08,460
and the models differ slightly
as to exactly when.

520
00:35:08,460 --> 00:35:12,020
And not long after that,
we're on a trajectory to go

521
00:35:12,020 --> 00:35:13,460
through two degrees.

522
00:35:14,660 --> 00:35:18,300
Whilst we don't know exactly
what a two degree warmer world

523
00:35:18,300 --> 00:35:22,140
will look like, there's growing
evidence about the consequences

524
00:35:22,140 --> 00:35:24,140
of crossing this threshold.

525
00:35:25,420 --> 00:35:31,380
We know that with increased storms,
increased floods, droughts

526
00:35:31,380 --> 00:35:36,140
and heat waves, production of food
will be more problematic.

527
00:35:36,140 --> 00:35:39,100
It really becomes difficult to see
at such levels of warming

528
00:35:39,100 --> 00:35:41,420
how we're going to maintain
our agriculture,

529
00:35:41,420 --> 00:35:45,140
such that the population of the
world can actually feed itself.

530
00:35:45,140 --> 00:35:48,140
Ensuring people have access
to clean, safe drinking water

531
00:35:48,140 --> 00:35:51,180
will become much more difficult.

532
00:35:51,180 --> 00:35:54,060
Developing countries
are at the front line

533
00:35:54,060 --> 00:35:55,620
of this battle.

534
00:35:55,620 --> 00:35:59,780
Those parts of the globe
which will suffer the most

535
00:35:59,780 --> 00:36:04,220
and the soonest are not those parts
of the globe which have actually

536
00:36:04,220 --> 00:36:06,620
loaded all those carbon dioxides
into the atmosphere

537
00:36:06,620 --> 00:36:07,860
in the first instance.

538
00:36:09,260 --> 00:36:13,740
But you have to understand,
this is also a crisis for the world.

539
00:36:13,740 --> 00:36:16,860
The fact is that if the poor
are suffering today,

540
00:36:16,860 --> 00:36:19,740
then the rich will
also suffer tomorrow.

541
00:36:22,100 --> 00:36:26,140
As we look further into the future,
predicting how our climate system

542
00:36:26,140 --> 00:36:28,940
might behave becomes more complex.

543
00:36:30,580 --> 00:36:34,580
There's uncertainty
in climate projection, not least

544
00:36:34,580 --> 00:36:37,620
because we don't know what
our generation when we're older

545
00:36:37,620 --> 00:36:39,740
is going to be doing
and what the future generations

546
00:36:39,740 --> 00:36:41,780
are going to be doing.

547
00:36:41,780 --> 00:36:46,660
But based on our current trajectory,
the various models predict

548
00:36:46,660 --> 00:36:50,340
that by the end of the century,
our planet will be somewhere

549
00:36:50,340 --> 00:36:53,220
between three and six
degrees hotter.

550
00:36:54,900 --> 00:36:58,380
Even if we are looking
at the bottom end of predictions,

551
00:36:58,380 --> 00:37:00,260
that's still really bad.

552
00:37:01,300 --> 00:37:05,340
Over 600 million people
live in coastal areas

553
00:37:05,340 --> 00:37:08,660
that are less than
ten metres above sea level.

554
00:37:12,940 --> 00:37:17,540
Some models predict if we don't do
anything to curb climate change,

555
00:37:17,540 --> 00:37:20,940
then we could be looking at
80 centimetres to a metre

556
00:37:20,940 --> 00:37:24,020
of sea level rise
by the end of the century.

557
00:37:25,420 --> 00:37:29,740
So sea level is dangerous for us
in the UK, as indeed elsewhere.

558
00:37:29,740 --> 00:37:33,100
The main impacts of what might seem
a gradual rise of sea level

559
00:37:33,100 --> 00:37:36,020
is the risk from storms,
surges of sea

560
00:37:36,020 --> 00:37:38,860
that we've never seen before.

561
00:37:38,860 --> 00:37:42,260
If we lose all our coastal cities,
we've got a different planet

562
00:37:42,260 --> 00:37:46,540
and we've got a economic situation
which is out of control.

563
00:37:49,540 --> 00:37:54,140
While there's a lot we understand
about what the future might hold,

564
00:37:54,140 --> 00:37:58,500
the big fear is that there
may be other, more extreme dangers

565
00:37:58,500 --> 00:38:01,460
lurking beyond those
we already know about.

566
00:38:02,860 --> 00:38:05,660
Scientists call these
tipping points.

567
00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:11,780
A tipping point is where
in a part of the climate system,

568
00:38:11,780 --> 00:38:15,700
just a little bit of extra warming
could nudge it into

569
00:38:15,700 --> 00:38:18,860
a different state,
an irreversible change.

570
00:38:22,340 --> 00:38:26,540
At the moment, it is our ongoing
emissions that are driving

571
00:38:26,540 --> 00:38:28,420
global temperatures up.

572
00:38:31,060 --> 00:38:36,180
But if we cross tipping points, that
could spiral beyond our control.

573
00:38:39,060 --> 00:38:42,980
If we imagine a map of the world,
it turns out that there are climate

574
00:38:42,980 --> 00:38:45,460
tipping points dotted all around it.

575
00:38:49,380 --> 00:38:52,820
Greenland and West Antarctica
could be tipped

576
00:38:52,820 --> 00:38:55,140
into irreversible meltdown.

577
00:38:57,380 --> 00:39:00,700
There are major ecosystems
that we could tip

578
00:39:00,700 --> 00:39:02,580
into an alternative state.

579
00:39:04,140 --> 00:39:07,300
For example, triggering
a climate-induced dieback

580
00:39:07,300 --> 00:39:10,580
of the rainforest,
turning it into a savannah.

581
00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:14,740
Once you've crossed
a tipping point, that's it.

582
00:39:14,740 --> 00:39:17,380
You've triggered
a catastrophic change.

583
00:39:17,380 --> 00:39:21,140
It's going to carry on
getting even hotter,

584
00:39:21,140 --> 00:39:25,060
because you've triggered something
that you can't undo.

585
00:39:32,180 --> 00:39:36,580
One of the potential tipping points
scientists have identified

586
00:39:36,580 --> 00:39:39,900
involves a greenhouse gas
locked underground.

587
00:39:43,820 --> 00:39:47,460
We know that there's large amounts
of methane stored in the permafrost

588
00:39:47,460 --> 00:39:51,500
in the Arctic, and we're worried
that as that permafrost starts

589
00:39:51,500 --> 00:39:55,380
to actually unfreeze,
the methane trapped underneath

590
00:39:55,380 --> 00:39:57,180
will start to bubble up.

591
00:40:04,460 --> 00:40:06,340
Few bubbles down in there.

592
00:40:06,340 --> 00:40:12,020
When we look down into the ice,
we see white pockets of gas.

593
00:40:15,340 --> 00:40:17,940
We can see that there are bubbles
in the surface layer

594
00:40:17,940 --> 00:40:21,980
and then there's a whole column
of bubbles that stacks up.

595
00:40:21,980 --> 00:40:26,300
When this ice sheet melts,
the gases are released

596
00:40:26,300 --> 00:40:29,060
into the atmosphere and you can
actually hear the gases coming out.

597
00:40:29,060 --> 00:40:30,620
GAS HISSES

598
00:40:37,180 --> 00:40:38,820
Let's have a look.

599
00:40:40,460 --> 00:40:43,340
These flares that we're doing
demonstrate that the bubbles

600
00:40:43,340 --> 00:40:45,380
contain methane.

601
00:40:45,380 --> 00:40:48,380
It's a very potent
greenhouse gas.

602
00:40:48,380 --> 00:40:54,500
Methane is 21 times more powerful
as a greenhouse gas than CO2.

603
00:40:54,500 --> 00:40:59,500
So you can imagine a large amount
of gas burping out of the permafrost

604
00:40:59,500 --> 00:41:03,380
actually causing the acceleration
in the global warming

605
00:41:03,380 --> 00:41:05,140
that we see already happening.

606
00:41:10,860 --> 00:41:14,380
You look out across the millions
of lakes in the Arctic,

607
00:41:14,380 --> 00:41:16,820
you start to wonder
just how much methane

608
00:41:16,820 --> 00:41:19,140
all of these lakes could release.

609
00:41:25,980 --> 00:41:30,660
The future looks alarming indeed,
but it's not without hope.

610
00:41:30,660 --> 00:41:34,500
There is still time,
if we act now with determination

611
00:41:34,500 --> 00:41:36,420
and urgency.

612
00:41:36,420 --> 00:41:40,380
What do governments, industries,
nations and we, as individuals,

613
00:41:40,380 --> 00:41:43,420
need to do to change our course?

614
00:41:48,220 --> 00:41:53,180
At the 2015 United Nations
climate summit in Paris,

615
00:41:53,180 --> 00:41:56,980
for the first time ever,
nearly every country in the world

616
00:41:56,980 --> 00:41:58,420
came to an agreement.

617
00:42:00,340 --> 00:42:05,140
It set an objective to hold
temperatures below two degrees

618
00:42:05,140 --> 00:42:08,380
and try to limit warming to 1.5.

619
00:42:10,060 --> 00:42:14,260
If we want to try and keep
the global climate to 1.5 degrees,

620
00:42:14,260 --> 00:42:18,540
we have to half our carbon emissions
by 2030 and then hit

621
00:42:18,540 --> 00:42:22,820
zero carbon emissions globally
by 2050.

622
00:42:22,820 --> 00:42:27,460
This poses a huge challenge,
as emissions must be cut from almost

623
00:42:27,460 --> 00:42:29,540
every part of the economy.

624
00:42:29,540 --> 00:42:34,980
But 25% come from how
we produce electricity and heat,

625
00:42:34,980 --> 00:42:38,820
and alternatives are
already within our grasp.

626
00:42:38,820 --> 00:42:40,540
It's actually not that complicated.

627
00:42:40,540 --> 00:42:44,380
We need to shift our energy system
away from fossil fuels that produce

628
00:42:44,380 --> 00:42:48,620
greenhouse gases and towards
renewable energies that don't.

629
00:42:50,060 --> 00:42:53,300
Every country has got
a different resource.

630
00:42:53,300 --> 00:42:57,180
In Norway, you've got
an awful lot of hydro power.

631
00:42:57,180 --> 00:43:01,420
If you're in India or Morocco,
there's lots and lots of sun.

632
00:43:01,420 --> 00:43:06,260
The problem was that renewables
were much more expensive

633
00:43:06,260 --> 00:43:08,740
than fossil fuels.

634
00:43:08,740 --> 00:43:11,180
But what's happened recently
is rapid falls in the price

635
00:43:11,180 --> 00:43:12,820
of renewable energy.

636
00:43:14,500 --> 00:43:17,660
Solar power has led
the way with this.

637
00:43:19,540 --> 00:43:22,820
Germany went first with of many
of the key technologies in solar,

638
00:43:22,820 --> 00:43:25,380
and China really
picked up the baton.

639
00:43:27,980 --> 00:43:31,060
There's tremendous technological
innovation taking place

640
00:43:31,060 --> 00:43:32,500
around the world.

641
00:43:32,500 --> 00:43:35,340
Solar power is now the cheapest form
of newly installed electricity

642
00:43:35,340 --> 00:43:37,380
in more than 60 countries.

643
00:43:38,820 --> 00:43:41,460
We're seeing a huge growth
in renewable energy.

644
00:43:41,460 --> 00:43:44,100
Despite entrenched
fossil fuel interests,

645
00:43:44,100 --> 00:43:47,340
they've been unable
to stop that transition.

646
00:43:48,340 --> 00:43:50,060
And we've got to do even more.

647
00:43:54,460 --> 00:43:57,540
In the UK, for a long time,
we've been considering

648
00:43:57,540 --> 00:43:59,220
future energy sources.

649
00:43:59,220 --> 00:44:02,140
It used to be ten,
20 years ago that nuclear power

650
00:44:02,140 --> 00:44:05,500
offered a relatively
cheap way through.

651
00:44:05,500 --> 00:44:08,660
And one really good advantage
of nuclear is that

652
00:44:08,660 --> 00:44:11,300
it doesn't produce emissions.

653
00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:14,540
But what's become clearer recently
is that some technologies

654
00:44:14,540 --> 00:44:17,460
are performing better than others.

655
00:44:17,460 --> 00:44:20,300
And increasingly,
that's been about wind.

656
00:44:22,460 --> 00:44:26,820
Here in the UK, we are building
some of the biggest offshore

657
00:44:26,820 --> 00:44:29,260
wind turbines in the world.

658
00:44:32,420 --> 00:44:36,180
The bigger the turbine,
the more wind can be captured.

659
00:44:40,380 --> 00:44:45,940
Just one revolution of these blades
can power a house for a day.

660
00:44:49,100 --> 00:44:52,740
With the increased capacity,
wind resource is about to become

661
00:44:52,740 --> 00:44:56,380
as cheap and much cheaper
in the future, than fossil fuels.

662
00:44:56,380 --> 00:45:01,260
So far, around 30% of
the UK's electricity

663
00:45:01,260 --> 00:45:04,340
comes from renewable sources.

664
00:45:04,340 --> 00:45:07,980
If that is to continue to grow,
we'll need to develop

665
00:45:07,980 --> 00:45:13,460
parallel systems to keep our energy
reliable and store what we produce.

666
00:45:13,460 --> 00:45:15,900
The bit that comes next,
that means that we have to

667
00:45:15,900 --> 00:45:18,260
decarbonise industry
and we've got to decarbonise

668
00:45:18,260 --> 00:45:20,380
the transport sector.

669
00:45:20,380 --> 00:45:24,340
And that means using things
like electric vehicles,

670
00:45:24,340 --> 00:45:26,060
battery-powered vehicles,

671
00:45:26,060 --> 00:45:29,300
potentially even
hydrogen-powered vehicles.

672
00:45:29,300 --> 00:45:31,300
We know what we have to do.

673
00:45:31,300 --> 00:45:33,580
We really have to get on and do it.

674
00:45:33,580 --> 00:45:36,220
And this is the political decision
and the brave decision

675
00:45:36,220 --> 00:45:37,860
that needs be taken.

676
00:45:37,860 --> 00:45:41,300
Do we incur a small cost now,
not insignificant cost,

677
00:45:41,300 --> 00:45:44,660
let's be clear on it,
or do we wait and see

678
00:45:44,660 --> 00:45:46,180
the need to adapt?

679
00:45:46,180 --> 00:45:48,420
And the economics is
really clear on this,

680
00:45:48,420 --> 00:45:52,820
that the costs of action are dwarfed
by the costs of inaction.

681
00:45:56,620 --> 00:46:01,620
If we take this path now, we
could potentially buy ourselves time

682
00:46:01,620 --> 00:46:04,380
to crack some of the
most challenging sources

683
00:46:04,380 --> 00:46:06,740
of emissions, like aviation.

684
00:46:11,300 --> 00:46:15,620
One of the major barriers
to obtaining electric flight

685
00:46:15,620 --> 00:46:19,860
is the power that we can get
from batteries today.

686
00:46:21,340 --> 00:46:27,380
But we are seeing strides being made
and seeing a reduction in the weight

687
00:46:27,380 --> 00:46:28,780
of these batteries.

688
00:46:30,220 --> 00:46:33,940
Recently, the world's first
fully electric plane

689
00:46:33,940 --> 00:46:36,580
made it across the Channel.

690
00:46:36,580 --> 00:46:40,380
This was a single-passenger
60 kilowatt power jet.

691
00:46:42,020 --> 00:46:46,740
Now we're trying to retrofit a
20 tonne aircraft and get it flying.

692
00:46:48,660 --> 00:46:52,020
We'll be replacing one of the
engines with an electric motor

693
00:46:52,020 --> 00:46:53,620
driving the fan.

694
00:46:55,660 --> 00:46:59,300
We're going to take these hybrid
electric systems and test them

695
00:46:59,300 --> 00:47:01,860
in the air, test them in flight
at different altitudes

696
00:47:01,860 --> 00:47:03,580
and different temperatures.

697
00:47:03,580 --> 00:47:06,820
And this is going to give us the key
to understand how we might integrate

698
00:47:06,820 --> 00:47:09,820
these systems for
future aircraft designs.

699
00:47:14,340 --> 00:47:19,220
To limit warming to 1.5 degrees,
as well as reducing the amount

700
00:47:19,220 --> 00:47:22,700
of carbon dioxide we release
into the atmosphere,

701
00:47:22,700 --> 00:47:25,900
we need to find ways
to reduce the vast amount

702
00:47:25,900 --> 00:47:27,380
that's already there.

703
00:47:32,820 --> 00:47:36,620
There's a great deal of interest
in the kind of technologies

704
00:47:36,620 --> 00:47:39,740
that we might have that could
actually remove carbon dioxide

705
00:47:39,740 --> 00:47:41,420
from the atmosphere.

706
00:47:41,420 --> 00:47:43,060
Now, the first thing to say is

707
00:47:43,060 --> 00:47:46,340
we already have these technologies
and they're called trees.

708
00:47:46,340 --> 00:47:51,500
If we reforest and rewild vast areas
of the world, then we can

709
00:47:51,500 --> 00:47:56,860
lock up huge amounts of carbon
that is currently in the atmosphere.

710
00:47:56,860 --> 00:48:01,020
In the future, there are other
technologies that might work.

711
00:48:01,020 --> 00:48:02,660
Like direct air capture.

712
00:48:05,140 --> 00:48:09,140
This is one of the world's
first carbon collectors.

713
00:48:09,140 --> 00:48:11,220
Air is sucked into the collector.

714
00:48:11,220 --> 00:48:16,340
Inside there is a filter unit
that absorbs CO2.

715
00:48:17,820 --> 00:48:19,900
The CO2 sticks to the filter.

716
00:48:21,340 --> 00:48:24,420
And then it's dissolved in water.

717
00:48:24,420 --> 00:48:28,300
And under high pressure,
we pump it down to 1,800 metres.

718
00:48:28,300 --> 00:48:31,300
It's the same as the depth
of the Grand Canyon.

719
00:48:31,300 --> 00:48:33,540
And there it enters the bedrock.

720
00:48:37,820 --> 00:48:42,620
This is a core taken from deep
within the ground at the site

721
00:48:42,620 --> 00:48:46,180
where we injected our CO2.

722
00:48:46,180 --> 00:48:47,980
It's basalt.

723
00:48:47,980 --> 00:48:52,940
The water just flows
through these pores and reacts

724
00:48:52,940 --> 00:48:54,660
with the rock.

725
00:48:54,660 --> 00:48:58,940
So the white that we see here
is the CO2 turned into stone.

726
00:48:58,940 --> 00:49:01,980
So it's not affecting
our atmosphere.

727
00:49:01,980 --> 00:49:05,860
Technologies like this may be able
to help us in the future,

728
00:49:05,860 --> 00:49:10,300
but to meet emission targets,
action is needed now.

729
00:49:10,300 --> 00:49:14,300
Can what we do as individuals
make a difference?

730
00:49:14,300 --> 00:49:19,060
So the average UK person has got
a carbon footprint of roughly

731
00:49:19,060 --> 00:49:23,540
13 tonnes of carbon dioxide
equivalent, per person, per year.

732
00:49:23,540 --> 00:49:26,020
And that's everything
that they buy and do,

733
00:49:26,020 --> 00:49:28,780
traced right back
down the supply chain.

734
00:49:30,100 --> 00:49:33,260
And we can pick a few things
to start with that will make

735
00:49:33,260 --> 00:49:35,500
a really significant difference.

736
00:49:35,500 --> 00:49:38,540
They should be making our homes
as energy efficient as possible.

737
00:49:38,540 --> 00:49:42,140
That can be as simple
as getting your house insulated

738
00:49:42,140 --> 00:49:46,060
so you waste less energy, which by
the way, will save you money.

739
00:49:46,060 --> 00:49:50,300
Everything that we buy,
even if we can't see it,

740
00:49:50,300 --> 00:49:52,180
has a carbon footprint.

741
00:49:52,180 --> 00:49:55,620
From smartphones,
to clothes, to furniture.

742
00:49:55,620 --> 00:49:59,780
We've all become completely used
to buying things

743
00:49:59,780 --> 00:50:02,100
produced using fossil fuels.

744
00:50:03,540 --> 00:50:06,540
A lot of the time
we really don't know that.

745
00:50:08,020 --> 00:50:10,820
Take a washing machine,
mainly made out of metal

746
00:50:10,820 --> 00:50:13,100
and that starts off with a mine.

747
00:50:14,740 --> 00:50:17,540
Ore is going to be taken
to the blast furnace

748
00:50:17,540 --> 00:50:19,180
to extract the metal.

749
00:50:19,180 --> 00:50:22,820
An enormous amounts of fossil fuel
is going to be used.

750
00:50:22,820 --> 00:50:25,860
And then parts are
turned into components,

751
00:50:25,860 --> 00:50:28,060
more emissions again.

752
00:50:28,060 --> 00:50:31,020
Lastly, it's shipped
all over the world to arrive

753
00:50:31,020 --> 00:50:33,620
at your local shop.

754
00:50:33,620 --> 00:50:38,100
So we need to think about
buying less physical products.

755
00:50:38,100 --> 00:50:41,980
When we do so, buy higher quality
and then make it last.

756
00:50:43,180 --> 00:50:46,300
We've been such a wasteful world,
especially in the more developed

757
00:50:46,300 --> 00:50:48,140
parts of the world.

758
00:50:48,140 --> 00:50:50,660
You actually can be
far less wasteful

759
00:50:50,660 --> 00:50:54,020
and not affect the quality
of your life at all.

760
00:50:57,260 --> 00:51:00,740
Food is about a quarter
of our carbon footprint in the UK.

761
00:51:00,740 --> 00:51:05,060
If we take three steps,
then we can cut that in half.

762
00:51:07,460 --> 00:51:11,380
First step, just to eat
everything that we buy.

763
00:51:11,380 --> 00:51:15,860
In the UK, we waste an
enormous proportion of our food.

764
00:51:15,860 --> 00:51:21,380
And second, avoid air freighted food
which is about 100 times

765
00:51:21,380 --> 00:51:24,380
as impactful as putting it on
a boat, and suddenly becomes

766
00:51:24,380 --> 00:51:27,020
a carbon disaster.

767
00:51:27,020 --> 00:51:31,220
Lastly, the most important thing
to do is to reduce our meat

768
00:51:31,220 --> 00:51:34,700
and dairy consumption,
especially beef and lamb.

769
00:51:37,380 --> 00:51:41,260
The problem is not traditional
farming techniques.

770
00:51:41,260 --> 00:51:44,700
The problem is with
intensive farming.

771
00:51:44,700 --> 00:51:48,980
It takes a lot of resources to rear
an animal, and cows and sheep

772
00:51:48,980 --> 00:51:51,580
are especially high impact
because they ruminate,

773
00:51:51,580 --> 00:51:54,060
which means they burp up methane.

774
00:51:54,060 --> 00:51:58,140
And the science on this
is absolutely clear cut.

775
00:51:58,140 --> 00:52:01,740
Our studies have shown
that if we take these three steps,

776
00:52:01,740 --> 00:52:04,700
we could knock perhaps even
two tonnes off the average

777
00:52:04,700 --> 00:52:06,580
UK person's carbon footprint.

778
00:52:06,580 --> 00:52:08,460
These things really do matter.

779
00:52:08,460 --> 00:52:10,300
They only get you part of the way.

780
00:52:10,300 --> 00:52:13,860
But again, if we don't have them,
we won't make the final target.

781
00:52:15,180 --> 00:52:17,980
What happens next is up to us all.

782
00:52:20,900 --> 00:52:24,540
I truly believe that together we can
bring about the

783
00:52:24,540 --> 00:52:28,460
transformative change
that is needed.

784
00:52:31,340 --> 00:52:35,100
Where your influence really kicks
in is the way that you push

785
00:52:35,100 --> 00:52:37,020
for the cultural change
that we need to see

786
00:52:37,020 --> 00:52:39,180
and the political change
that we need to see.

787
00:52:39,180 --> 00:52:44,180
People being able to make
their voice heard really matters.

788
00:52:45,220 --> 00:52:48,660
You should not underestimate
your own power or underestimate

789
00:52:48,660 --> 00:52:51,060
your own significance
to change people's minds

790
00:52:51,060 --> 00:52:52,900
and change people's behaviour.

791
00:52:55,340 --> 00:53:01,460
When I was younger, I had lots of
plans of becoming different things,

792
00:53:01,460 --> 00:53:05,300
everything from an actor
to a scientist.

793
00:53:06,980 --> 00:53:11,180
But then my teachers in school
told me about climate change.

794
00:53:13,180 --> 00:53:16,060
That was sort of
an eye opener to me.

795
00:53:18,340 --> 00:53:22,220
The more I read about it,
the more I understood how dangerous

796
00:53:22,220 --> 00:53:24,500
it was for everyone.

797
00:53:26,460 --> 00:53:28,500
I stopped going to school.

798
00:53:28,500 --> 00:53:31,500
I stopped talking
because I was just so sad.

799
00:53:31,500 --> 00:53:33,540
And then...

800
00:53:33,540 --> 00:53:37,380
that made me very concerned.

801
00:53:39,060 --> 00:53:41,740
One day, I decided
that this was enough.

802
00:53:41,740 --> 00:53:45,060
I wasn't going
to accept this any more.

803
00:53:45,060 --> 00:53:48,740
My future and everyone else's future
is at risk

804
00:53:48,740 --> 00:53:49,980
and nothing is being done.

805
00:53:49,980 --> 00:53:51,260
No-one is doing anything.

806
00:53:51,260 --> 00:53:53,860
So I have to do something.

807
00:53:56,940 --> 00:54:01,380
So I sat myself down on the ground
outside the Swedish parliament

808
00:54:01,380 --> 00:54:05,260
and I decided that I wasn't
going to go to school.

809
00:54:08,900 --> 00:54:11,620
The first day I sat all alone.

810
00:54:16,380 --> 00:54:19,620
Then the second day,
people started joining me.

811
00:54:22,740 --> 00:54:25,580
I wouldn't have imagined
in my wildest dreams

812
00:54:25,580 --> 00:54:27,380
that this would happen.

813
00:54:28,700 --> 00:54:31,020
It happened so fast.

814
00:54:31,020 --> 00:54:34,100
I know hundreds and thousands
of pupils follow you

815
00:54:34,100 --> 00:54:36,740
by not going to school.

816
00:54:36,740 --> 00:54:38,860
You are on the front pages
of the most influential

817
00:54:38,860 --> 00:54:41,340
newspapers and magazines.

818
00:54:41,340 --> 00:54:45,300
I saw that nothing was happening
and no-one was doing anything.

819
00:54:45,300 --> 00:54:47,100
So then I have to do something.

820
00:54:47,100 --> 00:54:50,580
And I want to be able to,
when I grow, to look back and say

821
00:54:50,580 --> 00:54:53,140
that I did what I could back then.

822
00:54:59,940 --> 00:55:01,740
What do we want?

823
00:55:01,740 --> 00:55:04,180
Climate justice!
When do we want it? Now!

824
00:55:04,180 --> 00:55:08,980
It is amazing that tens of thousands
of children all around the world

825
00:55:08,980 --> 00:55:11,420
have done the same thing as I did...

826
00:55:12,660 --> 00:55:17,740
..saying that why should we go
to school, if there's no future?

827
00:55:17,740 --> 00:55:19,420
And why should we learn facts

828
00:55:19,420 --> 00:55:24,140
when the most important facts
don't matter?

829
00:55:26,460 --> 00:55:30,420
I've learned that you are never
too small to make a difference.

830
00:55:30,420 --> 00:55:33,540
And if a few children can get
headlines all over the world,

831
00:55:33,540 --> 00:55:37,420
just by not going to school,
then imagine what we could all

832
00:55:37,420 --> 00:55:39,900
do together if we really wanted to.

833
00:55:41,060 --> 00:55:44,620
Change is coming,
whether you like it or not.

834
00:55:44,620 --> 00:55:48,220
Today was a day led by the children
in dozens of protests

835
00:55:48,220 --> 00:55:49,580
across the country.

836
00:55:56,340 --> 00:55:58,020
Save our planet!

837
00:55:58,020 --> 00:56:00,860
We still have time to turn
everything around,

838
00:56:00,860 --> 00:56:05,100
to pull the emergency brake
and to take action.

839
00:56:05,100 --> 00:56:10,180
But that short period of time
isn't going to last for long.

840
00:56:18,460 --> 00:56:23,780
There's a message for all of us
in the voices of these young people.

841
00:56:23,780 --> 00:56:28,820
It is after all their generation who
will inherit this dangerous legacy.

842
00:56:29,980 --> 00:56:33,900
We now stand at a unique point
in our planet's history,

843
00:56:33,900 --> 00:56:38,300
one where we must all share
responsibility both for our

844
00:56:38,300 --> 00:56:42,460
present wellbeing and for the future
of life on Earth.

845
00:56:44,540 --> 00:56:48,940
Every one of us has the power to
make changes and make them now.

846
00:56:50,020 --> 00:56:53,860
Our wonderful natural world
and the lives of our children

847
00:56:53,860 --> 00:56:57,300
and grandchildren,
and all those who follow them,

848
00:56:57,300 --> 00:57:00,540
depend upon us doing so.