1 00:00:08,320 --> 00:00:12,420 In July 1960, a 26-year-old secretary from Bournemouth 2 00:00:12,420 --> 00:00:16,960 entered a remote forest in Africa in search of wild chimpanzees. 3 00:00:18,840 --> 00:00:21,600 The whole business of wandering about in Africa, 4 00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:24,640 in the wilds of Africa, was in itself extraordinary 5 00:00:24,640 --> 00:00:28,640 and here was a girl from southern England brought up in, you know, 6 00:00:28,640 --> 00:00:30,280 what did she know about Africa? 7 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:32,360 And how could she survive? 8 00:00:33,800 --> 00:00:36,600 But within a few months, Jane Goodall was making 9 00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:39,920 discoveries that would help change our entire understanding 10 00:00:39,920 --> 00:00:42,200 of the species closest to us 11 00:00:42,200 --> 00:00:47,400 and challenge the science of what differentiates human from animal. 12 00:00:47,400 --> 00:00:49,800 Nobody had ever done this before, this was unique. 13 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:54,680 Absolutely extraordinary because she has made everybody 14 00:00:54,680 --> 00:01:01,440 aware of chimpanzees and aware of the closeness between us and chimpanzees. 15 00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:07,360 Where male scientists had floundered, she became accepted 16 00:01:07,360 --> 00:01:09,640 by a group of wild apes 17 00:01:09,640 --> 00:01:12,840 and revealed the unknown world of chimpanzee behaviour. 18 00:01:14,600 --> 00:01:21,960 For many people, Jane has been a major, major inspiration. 19 00:01:21,960 --> 00:01:25,400 You know, I think a lot of young people, 20 00:01:25,400 --> 00:01:28,040 but particularly young women, must have seen 21 00:01:28,040 --> 00:01:34,960 those films and thought, what a wonderful thing to do with your life. 22 00:01:34,960 --> 00:01:38,480 "The soft pressure of his fingers spoke to me, 23 00:01:38,480 --> 00:01:40,160 "not through my intellect, 24 00:01:40,160 --> 00:01:42,840 "but through a more primitive emotional channel. 25 00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:44,960 "The barrier of untold centuries, 26 00:01:44,960 --> 00:01:48,440 "which has grown up during the separate evolution 27 00:01:48,440 --> 00:01:53,080 "of man and chimpanzee was, for those few seconds, broken down. 28 00:01:53,080 --> 00:01:56,880 "It was a reward far beyond my greatest hopes." 29 00:01:59,640 --> 00:02:03,840 Then the notion that, not only was she surviving, 30 00:02:03,840 --> 00:02:08,040 but that she was living alongside these extraordinary animals, 31 00:02:08,040 --> 00:02:11,720 and that they were accepting her, was fabulous. 32 00:02:11,720 --> 00:02:15,040 I mean, in an almost literary sense 33 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:19,600 that it became a fable of Beauty and the Beast. 34 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:37,080 Gombe Stream Forest Reserve borders the Eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika 35 00:02:37,080 --> 00:02:39,960 in what is now Tanzania. 36 00:02:39,960 --> 00:02:43,680 Although the reserve had been created to protect 37 00:02:43,680 --> 00:02:47,720 its population of chimpanzees, they had never been studied. 38 00:02:47,720 --> 00:02:51,320 When Jane Goodall arrived in July 1960, 39 00:02:51,320 --> 00:02:55,440 she had enough finances to last six months. 40 00:02:55,440 --> 00:02:58,720 Six months to get close to a shy, 41 00:02:58,720 --> 00:03:01,480 yet potentially violent species of wild animal. 42 00:03:06,080 --> 00:03:10,200 She recorded her experiences in a set of remarkable journals, 43 00:03:10,200 --> 00:03:13,400 which would eventually be crafted into the bestseller 44 00:03:13,400 --> 00:03:15,520 In The Shadow Of Man. 45 00:03:17,080 --> 00:03:21,600 Since dawn I had climbed up and down the steep mountain slopes 46 00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:24,680 and pushed my way through the dense valley forests. 47 00:03:24,680 --> 00:03:29,360 Again and again I had stopped to listen or to gaze through binoculars 48 00:03:29,360 --> 00:03:31,200 at the surrounding countryside. 49 00:03:33,040 --> 00:03:35,680 In two hours, darkness would fall 50 00:03:35,680 --> 00:03:39,520 over the rugged terrain of the Gombe Stream Reserve. 51 00:03:39,520 --> 00:03:43,240 I settled down at my favourite vantage point, the peak," 52 00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:46,440 hoping that at least I might see a chimpanzee make its nest 53 00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:49,560 for the night before I had to stop work for the day. 54 00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:54,240 The first few weeks it was day after day, 55 00:03:54,240 --> 00:03:58,080 every day, no Saturdays, no Sundays, in fact, after a while 56 00:03:58,080 --> 00:04:00,840 I didn't know when Saturdays and Sundays were. 57 00:04:00,840 --> 00:04:04,560 Up at dawn, down at dusk. 58 00:04:04,560 --> 00:04:10,200 I would sit up on this peak and look out with my binoculars. 59 00:04:10,200 --> 00:04:15,600 I had a little tin trunk and a kettle on a wire and a blanket. 60 00:04:15,600 --> 00:04:17,560 That was it. 61 00:04:19,160 --> 00:04:23,880 For three and a half months, she failed to get closer than 50 yards. 62 00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:26,200 It was a bitter disappointment. 63 00:04:26,200 --> 00:04:29,120 I felt frustration, even despair. 64 00:04:29,120 --> 00:04:30,960 There were times when I wondered 65 00:04:30,960 --> 00:04:33,560 if they would ever permit me to approach them. 66 00:04:33,560 --> 00:04:35,680 Then, early one afternoon, 67 00:04:35,680 --> 00:04:40,400 she encountered the chimpanzee who would change her life. 68 00:04:40,400 --> 00:04:45,840 Nothing happened until 1.30, then I heard a measured tread 69 00:04:45,840 --> 00:04:50,600 and down the hill, straight towards me, came a very handsome male chimp. 70 00:04:50,600 --> 00:04:55,520 White beard, paleish face, long, black shining hair. 71 00:04:55,520 --> 00:04:58,960 He got to within ten yards and suddenly saw me. 72 00:04:58,960 --> 00:05:01,680 His expression was one of amazement. 73 00:05:01,680 --> 00:05:05,800 He stopped abruptly, stared, put his head on one side 74 00:05:05,800 --> 00:05:07,880 and then on the other, 75 00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:11,680 and then turned and continued off into the undergrowth. 76 00:05:11,680 --> 00:05:14,720 David Greybeard was, without doubt, 77 00:05:14,720 --> 00:05:19,280 the chimpanzee I remember with the most affection. 78 00:05:19,280 --> 00:05:22,440 He was the first one who lost his fear of me. 79 00:05:22,440 --> 00:05:28,440 He was the one who really helped me go into a magic world, 80 00:05:28,440 --> 00:05:31,360 the world of the wild chimpanzees. 81 00:05:31,360 --> 00:05:35,800 David Greybeard opened up to Jane Goodall what would become known as 82 00:05:35,800 --> 00:05:41,000 the Kasekela community, named after the valley where she set up camp. 83 00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:45,600 Instinctively, she concentrated on them as individuals. 84 00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:49,600 Over the next 50 years, they would yield up a gold seam 85 00:05:49,600 --> 00:05:54,800 of scientific revelation that is as rich today as it was then. 86 00:05:57,560 --> 00:06:00,720 Flo and Olly were the two females 87 00:06:00,720 --> 00:06:03,200 that spent a lot of time together 88 00:06:03,200 --> 00:06:09,000 and I learned a lot about mothering skills from them and the close bonds 89 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:12,360 between mothers and offspring, between brothers and sisters. 90 00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:16,280 Flo was to become the matriarch of successive generations 91 00:06:16,280 --> 00:06:19,480 of what Goodall termed the F family. 92 00:06:19,480 --> 00:06:22,920 Their unfolding relationships and real-life dramas 93 00:06:22,920 --> 00:06:25,240 would turn them into household names. 94 00:06:28,280 --> 00:06:31,560 Flint, Flo's son, was the first infant 95 00:06:31,560 --> 00:06:33,680 whose development in the wild 96 00:06:33,680 --> 00:06:37,880 could be recorded step by step and just about day by day. 97 00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:43,560 Flint was seven, eight years old when I was there. 98 00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:45,800 He behaved like a four or five year old. 99 00:06:49,040 --> 00:06:50,760 He tried to ride on her, 100 00:06:50,760 --> 00:06:53,440 he succeeded in riding on her, this poor old woman, 101 00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:56,680 her son who was about half her body weight, 102 00:06:56,680 --> 00:06:59,560 would sometimes whimper and beg her for a ride 103 00:06:59,560 --> 00:07:02,360 and she didn't have the psychological strength to say no. 104 00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:09,800 Fifi and I had a special relationship and she always seemed 105 00:07:09,800 --> 00:07:11,760 to know when I was coming 106 00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:15,120 and, sure enough, Fifi would somehow be there. 107 00:07:16,760 --> 00:07:18,080 The mother-child relationship 108 00:07:18,080 --> 00:07:21,960 is one of the strongest bonds in chimp society. 109 00:07:23,520 --> 00:07:27,000 Their relationship remains close throughout their lives. 110 00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:32,400 My mother had a huge influence on me, 111 00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:36,120 I mean, I think everything I've done that I am a bit proud of is, 112 00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:39,320 she was so wise, the way she brought us up. 113 00:07:39,320 --> 00:07:43,360 For example, you know, the sorrows of childhood that seem so huge, 114 00:07:43,360 --> 00:07:48,520 she would say, "Well, go and get a book, go and lose yourself in a book 115 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:52,680 "and then, when you come out of that world, you'll find it's better." 116 00:07:52,680 --> 00:07:54,760 So that was one piece of advice. 117 00:07:57,240 --> 00:08:00,280 My father couldn't have had influence on me because he wasn't 118 00:08:00,280 --> 00:08:04,120 there while I was growing up because my parents divorced when I was 12 119 00:08:04,120 --> 00:08:08,440 and that was the end of the war, and he went off when I was five. 120 00:08:12,480 --> 00:08:16,200 Though they play little part in the raising of their infants, 121 00:08:16,200 --> 00:08:19,920 male chimpanzees form strong ties with each other. 122 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:26,960 Well, it is interesting that two brothers 123 00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:28,960 who were adjacent in the birth order 124 00:08:28,960 --> 00:08:31,760 could be so different, 125 00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:34,760 in the sense that Freud was always the thoughtful one, 126 00:08:34,760 --> 00:08:38,960 the one who achieved what he achieved quietly and, 127 00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:40,560 apparently with more planning, 128 00:08:40,560 --> 00:08:43,600 whereas Frodo has always been the tough guy, 129 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:45,920 the problem chimp, if you will. 130 00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:51,560 Frodo is a particularly rough character. 131 00:08:55,080 --> 00:08:59,240 He's so tough, he's like the big bully at school 132 00:08:59,240 --> 00:09:01,480 who is so individually powerful, 133 00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:05,280 that it's as if he doesn't need his allies so much. 134 00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:12,160 Then, of course, he went on and took over the alpha male 135 00:09:12,160 --> 00:09:15,600 from his older brother and then, when he was alpha male, 136 00:09:15,600 --> 00:09:18,440 there was nothing you could do except pray, really, 137 00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:21,160 hold on a tree trunk if he charged you. 138 00:09:21,160 --> 00:09:23,240 CHIMPS SCREAM 139 00:09:29,920 --> 00:09:33,560 I think I'm the first one who used the term soap opera 140 00:09:33,560 --> 00:09:35,160 to describe what's going on. 141 00:09:36,160 --> 00:09:38,720 Well, this person hates that person 142 00:09:38,720 --> 00:09:42,440 and this person wants to have sex with that person 143 00:09:42,440 --> 00:09:45,600 and this person feels like he would be, 144 00:09:45,600 --> 00:09:48,640 like to be good friends with that person, 145 00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:52,480 but is afraid because that other person is higher ranking. 146 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:55,720 Absolutely, it's what happens, 147 00:09:55,720 --> 00:09:59,640 and it's also absolutely the material of chimp drama. 148 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:01,880 It's really quite the same. 149 00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:07,800 It is around this group of chimpanzees 150 00:10:07,800 --> 00:10:10,600 that Jane Goodall has built her extraordinary career. 151 00:10:12,680 --> 00:10:18,920 Over the last 50 years, Gombe has become a world famous National Park. 152 00:10:18,920 --> 00:10:22,760 And Dr Goodall still maintains her relationship with it 153 00:10:22,760 --> 00:10:26,080 and the people who live on its borders. 154 00:10:46,120 --> 00:10:49,400 So, first of all, how did I ever come to Africa 155 00:10:49,400 --> 00:10:52,160 when I was born far away in England? 156 00:10:52,160 --> 00:10:54,160 HE TRANSLATES 157 00:10:54,160 --> 00:10:58,520 When I was eight years old, and some of you here are eight years old, 158 00:10:58,520 --> 00:11:01,160 I knew I wanted to go to Africa. 159 00:11:15,040 --> 00:11:18,840 All that I remember of my childhood was loving animals 160 00:11:18,840 --> 00:11:23,440 and wanting more and more animals and reading books about animals. 161 00:11:23,440 --> 00:11:29,600 The first book I ever owned of my own was the story of Doctor Dolittle 162 00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:34,920 and, in that book, he takes animals from the circus back to Africa. 163 00:11:36,480 --> 00:11:38,720 There's a picture, still in my mind, 164 00:11:38,720 --> 00:11:41,480 of Doctor Dolittle walking across this bridge of monkeys, 165 00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:44,560 they're holding hands with each other, to escape an enemy 166 00:11:44,560 --> 00:11:47,520 and, I don't know, that just got me into Africa. 167 00:11:51,680 --> 00:11:55,520 And then, of course, Tarzan, Tarzan of the Apes, 168 00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:57,840 marrying that other stupid wimpy Jane, 169 00:11:57,840 --> 00:12:00,160 of whom I was frightfully jealous. 170 00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:03,040 I didn't want to be Tarzan, 171 00:12:03,040 --> 00:12:07,640 I wanted to be a proper mate for him, which I new I could have been, 172 00:12:07,640 --> 00:12:10,200 and as he existed as reality in my mind, 173 00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:13,960 there's no point my trying to be him, so what can I be? 174 00:12:13,960 --> 00:12:16,120 I can be a decent mate for him. 175 00:12:26,440 --> 00:12:28,600 HE TRANSLATES 176 00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:30,080 But everybody laughed at me. 177 00:12:30,080 --> 00:12:33,040 How would I get to Africa when we had no money? 178 00:12:33,040 --> 00:12:35,880 And back then, we didn't know very much about Africa 179 00:12:35,880 --> 00:12:37,880 and it was a very faraway place, 180 00:12:37,880 --> 00:12:40,400 and going to Africa would be a big adventure, 181 00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:44,040 and girls didn't have big adventures like that, it was only the boys. 182 00:12:44,040 --> 00:12:47,520 When I left school we had no money for university, 183 00:12:47,520 --> 00:12:50,440 so I learned how to be a secretary, 184 00:12:50,440 --> 00:12:54,680 because my mother said maybe then you get a job in Africa. 185 00:12:54,680 --> 00:12:58,040 The next thing that happened was I had a letter from a school friend 186 00:12:58,040 --> 00:13:02,120 whose parents had gone to Africa and she invited me for a holiday. 187 00:13:02,120 --> 00:13:07,880 Yes, so there was an opportunity and I worked and I worked and I worked 188 00:13:07,880 --> 00:13:11,640 and after months, I had enough money to go to Africa by boat. 189 00:13:11,640 --> 00:13:13,640 HE TRANSLATES 190 00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:24,240 The Africa that Goodall went to in the late '50s 191 00:13:24,240 --> 00:13:26,240 was still under British colonial rule. 192 00:13:26,240 --> 00:13:28,320 There were opportunities for anyone with aspirations 193 00:13:28,320 --> 00:13:30,200 to get close to wildlife. 194 00:13:31,680 --> 00:13:33,440 And after a little while, 195 00:13:33,440 --> 00:13:39,120 I heard about a man who was very famous, called Louis Leakey, 196 00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:42,680 and he knew a lot about animals. 197 00:13:42,680 --> 00:13:44,760 So I went to see Louis Leakey 198 00:13:44,760 --> 00:13:47,600 and he asked me many, many questions about animals. 199 00:13:49,680 --> 00:13:53,200 Louis Leakey was the foremost 200 00:13:53,200 --> 00:13:58,360 primate palaeontologist in the 1950s, 201 00:13:58,360 --> 00:14:04,440 that's to say, he was the one who was looking for fossil evidence 202 00:14:04,440 --> 00:14:05,960 of mankind's ancestry 203 00:14:05,960 --> 00:14:09,760 and he discovered this one site, the Olduvai Gorge, 204 00:14:09,760 --> 00:14:15,280 where there were a whole succession of rock beds going through the 205 00:14:15,280 --> 00:14:20,920 critical period of history when humanity was just emerging. 206 00:14:20,920 --> 00:14:26,680 And he it was, who saw the value of looking at other living primates, 207 00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:29,760 to shed light on what the fossils were telling him. 208 00:14:33,160 --> 00:14:36,760 Leakey's belief in humankind shared ancestry with the great apes 209 00:14:36,760 --> 00:14:38,960 has been borne out by science. 210 00:14:40,240 --> 00:14:45,600 Now what we know, as a result of the genetic discoveries, 211 00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:49,480 is that something around five million years ago, 212 00:14:49,480 --> 00:14:52,840 we shared a common ancestor with chimpanzees. 213 00:14:52,840 --> 00:14:55,760 When we go into any of these forests with chimpanzees, 214 00:14:55,760 --> 00:14:57,360 it's like a time machine. 215 00:14:57,360 --> 00:15:01,440 We're going in and seeing a species that is really quite similar 216 00:15:01,440 --> 00:15:05,880 to the one that gave rise to our lineage five million years ago, 217 00:15:05,880 --> 00:15:08,960 so that means that it tells us something about 218 00:15:08,960 --> 00:15:11,000 the likely kinds of social relationships 219 00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:14,440 that our species had then, our ancestors, and more confidently, 220 00:15:14,440 --> 00:15:17,760 about their capacities, their cognitive capacities. 221 00:15:17,760 --> 00:15:25,400 So these amazing beasts are telling us how we got started. 222 00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:27,480 They're telling us where we came from. 223 00:15:29,160 --> 00:15:33,240 Jane Goodall would be the first of three women who Dr Leakey launched 224 00:15:33,240 --> 00:15:36,920 on missions to study our closest relatives. 225 00:15:36,920 --> 00:15:39,240 Later known as Leakey's Angels, 226 00:15:39,240 --> 00:15:41,840 they were to become international celebrities, 227 00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:45,000 more famous than the man himself. 228 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:48,640 Birute Galdikas was sent off on a quest 229 00:15:48,640 --> 00:15:53,120 to study orang-utans in Borneo, where she still works today. 230 00:15:53,120 --> 00:15:57,320 Dian Fossey was despatched to the mountains of Virunga 231 00:15:57,320 --> 00:15:59,840 to follow mountain gorillas. 232 00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:01,160 She was later murdered 233 00:16:01,160 --> 00:16:05,440 before the making of the film Gorillas In The Mist. 234 00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:10,680 People often ask why Leakey chose young women. 235 00:16:10,680 --> 00:16:14,720 I think he felt that a human female 236 00:16:14,720 --> 00:16:21,120 would be somehow less threatening to a male gorilla or a male chimpanzee. 237 00:16:21,120 --> 00:16:25,120 I'm not sure whether that was true, I think it's to do with personality. 238 00:16:25,120 --> 00:16:30,760 It's to do with the ability to sit quietly and not make a fuss. 239 00:16:32,680 --> 00:16:35,960 And there's one more thing, and I've had this proved, that our voice 240 00:16:35,960 --> 00:16:40,560 is less threatening to a chimpanzee than the voice of a man. 241 00:16:40,560 --> 00:16:43,480 A man's voice is more like their threat bark 242 00:16:43,480 --> 00:16:48,640 and a woman's is, generally...well, certainly if it's a voice like mine, 243 00:16:48,640 --> 00:16:52,600 is much more peaceful and, and less agitating. 244 00:16:54,360 --> 00:16:58,160 He was taking a risk with them because, you know, 245 00:16:58,160 --> 00:17:03,320 Jane could easily have been killed by one of her, the big male chimpanzees, 246 00:17:03,320 --> 00:17:07,400 so being one of Leakey's Angels was quite a risky business. 247 00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:13,640 When it came to Louis Leakey, there were other risks involved. 248 00:17:13,640 --> 00:17:18,000 He invited her over and, so you can ask, well, you know, 249 00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:19,560 what was Leakey thinking? 250 00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:22,840 And I think there were two levels of thought. 251 00:17:22,840 --> 00:17:26,520 One was, "Hmm, this is an attractive young woman here." 252 00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:29,400 Leakey was a lecher, 253 00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:33,200 he was, you know, he had just had an affair with his previous secretary 254 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:37,440 and he was attracted to young women. 255 00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:40,880 It was very difficult because, you know, I was terrified 256 00:17:40,880 --> 00:17:44,960 that if I kept saying no, that that would ruin my chances 257 00:17:44,960 --> 00:17:47,080 of going to study the chimpanzees. 258 00:17:47,080 --> 00:17:49,160 It was a very difficult time. 259 00:17:50,360 --> 00:17:52,360 'I stayed firm and, by this time, 260 00:17:52,360 --> 00:17:56,960 'he was well committed to finding the money to send me to Gombe.' 261 00:17:56,960 --> 00:18:01,360 And so he told me I could come to Gombe National Park 262 00:18:01,360 --> 00:18:04,520 and try and learn about chimpanzees. 263 00:18:04,520 --> 00:18:08,560 And this was amazing because chimpanzees are more like 264 00:18:08,560 --> 00:18:12,640 human beings than any other animal in the world. 265 00:18:12,640 --> 00:18:19,120 'Louis particularly chose me because I hadn't got a degree of any sort.' 266 00:18:19,120 --> 00:18:23,760 He felt that, you know, the ethologists at the time 267 00:18:23,760 --> 00:18:26,360 were very rigid and very reductionist 268 00:18:26,360 --> 00:18:31,960 and, you know, he wanted somebody who saw things as they were. 269 00:18:39,520 --> 00:18:44,400 Jane finally arrived at what was then Gombe Stream Nature Reserve 270 00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:46,720 on 14th July, 1960. 271 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:52,840 When I arrived, I felt that at long last my childhood ambition 272 00:18:52,840 --> 00:18:54,160 was being realised. 273 00:18:54,160 --> 00:18:57,040 But when I looked at the wild and rugged mountains 274 00:18:57,040 --> 00:18:58,280 where the chimpanzees lived, 275 00:18:58,280 --> 00:19:01,520 I knew that my task was not going to be easy. 276 00:19:04,760 --> 00:19:08,240 My mother was with me those first four months 277 00:19:08,240 --> 00:19:12,800 because I wasn't allowed to be on my own by the British authorities 278 00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:15,000 and she volunteered to come. 279 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:18,000 Louis Leakey was very anxious that it was somebody 280 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:21,200 who wouldn't be competitive, but who would be totally supportive. 281 00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:24,760 He felt that that was a prerequisite for whoever came 282 00:19:24,760 --> 00:19:28,000 and, of course, she more than filled the bill. 283 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:33,200 And the person who helped me lived right here in Mwamgongo. 284 00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:35,240 HE TRANSLATES 285 00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:44,080 And that was Jumanne Kikwale's father, Rashidi. 286 00:19:46,440 --> 00:19:51,400 Jumanne was seven years old when I came to Gombe. 287 00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:54,880 I first met Jane in 1960. 288 00:19:54,880 --> 00:20:01,360 At the time, I was seven years old and I was living with my father, 289 00:20:01,360 --> 00:20:07,880 so they arrived and we pull out the boat and we greeted them and we 290 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:13,760 helped them carrying their goods to where they are going to stay. 291 00:20:16,320 --> 00:20:20,880 Jane's mother, to make a good relationship with the people, 292 00:20:20,880 --> 00:20:24,880 she set up a small clinic to help them. 293 00:20:26,840 --> 00:20:33,000 I was helping her, giving people medicine. 294 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:35,400 Mum set up this little clinic. 295 00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:37,520 She made some amazing cures, 296 00:20:37,520 --> 00:20:42,360 she cured tropical ulcers, became known as a white witch doctor. 297 00:20:44,440 --> 00:20:46,640 So she established this great relationship 298 00:20:46,640 --> 00:20:48,480 with all the local people 299 00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:54,320 and that was an enormous help to me and the students who came after me. 300 00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:03,920 When I first got to Gombe, 301 00:21:03,920 --> 00:21:07,440 my concern was that the chimpanzees are very conservative, 302 00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:11,680 they've never seen a white ape before and they just ran away. 303 00:21:11,680 --> 00:21:15,720 So my concern was, there I was in my beautiful forest world, 304 00:21:15,720 --> 00:21:18,640 that I dreamed of as a child, 305 00:21:18,640 --> 00:21:22,080 and yet, I knew that if I didn't make some kind of breakthrough, 306 00:21:22,080 --> 00:21:24,520 we only had money for six months, 307 00:21:24,520 --> 00:21:27,920 and not only would it be the end of the study, 308 00:21:27,920 --> 00:21:31,760 but I would have let Louis Leakey down, you know, my mentor. 309 00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:37,640 Wild chimpanzees were still an unknown entity in 1960. 310 00:21:37,640 --> 00:21:41,160 Earlier research projects by male academics 311 00:21:41,160 --> 00:21:44,360 had produced little useful information. 312 00:21:44,360 --> 00:21:49,040 There were a couple of Americans who had studied wild apes, 313 00:21:49,040 --> 00:21:53,560 and Adrian Kortland, who preceded Jane in the study of chimps 314 00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:56,120 by about two or three months, 315 00:21:56,120 --> 00:21:59,320 spent the equivalent of about eight weeks, total, 316 00:21:59,320 --> 00:22:01,440 watching chimps from inside blinds 317 00:22:01,440 --> 00:22:05,800 because he felt they were too dangerous to show himself to. 318 00:22:07,800 --> 00:22:10,160 But Jane did something very different, 319 00:22:10,160 --> 00:22:13,800 she studied them always showing herself, not trying to hide, 320 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:17,840 but instead, trying to overcome their fear by gradually getting closer 321 00:22:17,840 --> 00:22:22,920 and also trying to look as boring as possible when she watched them. 322 00:22:25,240 --> 00:22:31,880 Now, the really shocking thing was that here was this young girl 323 00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:35,240 going to Africa in a pair of shorts and a shirt, 324 00:22:35,240 --> 00:22:37,800 wandering around in full view of the chimpanzees 325 00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:43,040 and actually making contact with them and becoming friendly with them. 326 00:22:43,040 --> 00:22:46,280 Nobody had ever done this before, this was unique. 327 00:22:46,280 --> 00:22:48,600 Absolutely extraordinary because chimpanzees can tear you, 328 00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:50,920 literally tear you, limb from limb. 329 00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:57,240 Chimpanzees, amongst the general public, have a reputation 330 00:22:57,240 --> 00:23:00,400 of being charming and funny and so on, 331 00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:03,440 but that's because you nearly always, in zoos, 332 00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:05,440 saw young chimpanzees, baby chimpanzees. 333 00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:08,240 But anybody who's seen chimpanzees in the wild 334 00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:11,920 know that when they grow up, and particularly the males, 335 00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:16,520 they are very, very strong animals and can often be very aggressive. 336 00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:25,640 It let Jane do something that nobody else had done 337 00:23:25,640 --> 00:23:28,320 and that was to make really detailed, 338 00:23:28,320 --> 00:23:30,960 close studies of chimpanzees in the wild. 339 00:23:32,760 --> 00:23:35,080 It was at this time that I began to recognise a number 340 00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:37,800 of different individuals. 341 00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:40,840 As soon as I was sure of knowing a chimpanzee, 342 00:23:40,840 --> 00:23:43,400 if I saw it again, I named it. 343 00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:47,440 Some scientists feel that animals should be labelled by numbers, 344 00:23:47,440 --> 00:23:49,880 that to name them is anthropomorphic, 345 00:23:49,880 --> 00:23:53,480 but I've always been interested in the differences between individuals 346 00:23:53,480 --> 00:23:57,520 and a name is not only more individual than a number, 347 00:23:57,520 --> 00:24:01,000 but also far easier to remember. 348 00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:03,480 It was her favourite, David Greybeard, 349 00:24:03,480 --> 00:24:06,280 who would lead Goodall to the discoveries 350 00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:07,920 which would change science. 351 00:24:09,640 --> 00:24:14,120 I saw this dark shape hunched over a termite mound. 352 00:24:14,120 --> 00:24:18,800 I could see the hand reach out and pick a piece of grass. 353 00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:23,120 He was making arm movements as though he's sliding it across 354 00:24:23,120 --> 00:24:26,640 the ground or something like that, and obviously eating. 355 00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:31,560 But that was all I saw and then when he left, I saw it was David, 356 00:24:31,560 --> 00:24:35,200 I saw this white beard, and I went up to the heap 357 00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:37,880 and there were the pieces of grass lying there, 358 00:24:37,880 --> 00:24:39,760 termites moving about the surface. 359 00:24:39,760 --> 00:24:43,040 So I picked up one of these abandoned tools and pushed it 360 00:24:43,040 --> 00:24:47,760 into the mound and the termites bit on and it was pretty obvious. 361 00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:54,960 And at that time we were defined as man the toolmaker 362 00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:58,800 and it was supposed to make us more different than anything else 363 00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:01,120 from the rest of the animal kingdom. 364 00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:06,560 People were saying, you know, man the toolmaker, 365 00:25:06,560 --> 00:25:09,760 that was the de facto definition of humans, 366 00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:12,200 we're these animals who make tools, 367 00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:16,600 and then we discovered another set of animals who make tools, 368 00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:21,280 in fact, there are lots of animals that make and use tools, 369 00:25:21,280 --> 00:25:23,360 so now it's not unusual, 370 00:25:23,360 --> 00:25:28,400 but it was an amazing discovery and it really did launch her career. 371 00:25:31,720 --> 00:25:36,280 I sent Louis Leakey a telegram and he sent his famous reply, 372 00:25:36,280 --> 00:25:38,760 "Now we have to redefine man, 373 00:25:38,760 --> 00:25:41,760 "redefine tool or accept chimpanzees as humans." 374 00:25:43,360 --> 00:25:47,640 But what is so remarkable about Jane Goodall's first six months in Gombe 375 00:25:47,640 --> 00:25:51,720 was that she made not just one ground-breaking discovery but two. 376 00:25:51,720 --> 00:25:54,240 She also demolished the belief of the time 377 00:25:54,240 --> 00:25:56,560 that chimps were peaceful herbivores. 378 00:26:00,520 --> 00:26:04,960 I was sitting on the peak, as I did for hours every day. 379 00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:08,360 I looked across, and a chimpanzee climbed up a tree 380 00:26:08,360 --> 00:26:10,360 with something in his mouth. 381 00:26:10,360 --> 00:26:13,080 It looked as though he was licking this pink thing, 382 00:26:13,080 --> 00:26:15,520 and my binoculars just weren't powerful enough, 383 00:26:15,520 --> 00:26:16,880 I really couldn't see, 384 00:26:16,880 --> 00:26:21,240 but there were a couple of bush pigs down below, 385 00:26:21,240 --> 00:26:23,880 and when the juvenile would climb down, 386 00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:27,240 one of the pigs would charge the child, 387 00:26:27,240 --> 00:26:30,360 and I put two and two together and thought, 388 00:26:30,360 --> 00:26:32,760 "Well, this must be a little pig." 389 00:26:32,760 --> 00:26:36,480 So I wasn't positive, that first time. 390 00:26:38,040 --> 00:26:43,000 I think the next thing I saw was a chimpanzee hunting a red colobus. 391 00:26:47,160 --> 00:26:49,120 There were two colobus, 392 00:26:49,120 --> 00:26:54,520 one of whom was a female with a baby up a tree, emerging from the canopy, 393 00:26:54,520 --> 00:26:59,040 and there were three or four adults and an adolescent. 394 00:27:00,600 --> 00:27:03,960 The adolescent was creeping up the trunk 395 00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:06,560 towards these two adult monkeys, 396 00:27:06,560 --> 00:27:11,120 and the other adult chimps were sitting around. 397 00:27:11,120 --> 00:27:14,040 Clearly, they were stationing themselves 398 00:27:14,040 --> 00:27:18,560 so wherever those monkeys jumped, there would be a chimp to intercept. 399 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:35,280 But, in fact, the adolescent grabbed the infant from the mother 400 00:27:35,280 --> 00:27:39,840 and raced down the tree, and I could see them eating it. 401 00:27:46,680 --> 00:27:52,120 Fascinated. Because, after all, Louis sent me there, 402 00:27:52,120 --> 00:27:55,840 because he believed that we might learn something 403 00:27:55,840 --> 00:28:00,280 about how our earliest ancestors might have behaved and, of course, 404 00:28:00,280 --> 00:28:03,840 we all know that they were hunters and there were chimpanzees - 405 00:28:03,840 --> 00:28:06,560 thought to be vegetarians - actually hunting, 406 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:10,640 so they were hunting and they were using and making tools. 407 00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:14,080 That was exactly perfect for Louis Leakey's ideas. 408 00:28:19,120 --> 00:28:22,080 These discoveries won her the extra funding 409 00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:25,200 she needed to continue researching at Gombe. 410 00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:28,760 Louis Leakey had enticed the National Geographic Society 411 00:28:28,760 --> 00:28:30,160 to come up with a grant. 412 00:28:30,160 --> 00:28:37,040 The National Geographic saw, early on, that this...English...girl, 413 00:28:37,040 --> 00:28:39,280 beautiful girl, 414 00:28:39,280 --> 00:28:43,440 wandering about Africa, was extremely newsworthy 415 00:28:43,440 --> 00:28:44,960 and was very exciting, 416 00:28:44,960 --> 00:28:50,200 and so they not only had... 417 00:28:50,200 --> 00:28:53,200 articles about her, photographs of her, 418 00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:56,600 but they commissioned a film. 419 00:28:56,600 --> 00:29:03,520 The cameraman they sent was a young Dutchman, Baron Hugo Van Lawick. 420 00:29:03,520 --> 00:29:06,400 The National Geographic wanted a lecture film, 421 00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:09,160 which would be used by Jane, 422 00:29:09,160 --> 00:29:10,800 and they warned me 423 00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:13,000 that I probably wouldn't get any material on chimps, 424 00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:13,960 cos they were very shy. 425 00:29:13,960 --> 00:29:15,720 But that didn't matter, 426 00:29:15,720 --> 00:29:19,960 as long as I got material on her and how she lived there and so on. 427 00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:23,600 Of course, personally, I wanted to get the material on chimps. 428 00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:28,840 Now, they sent me there for six weeks, that was the brief, 429 00:29:28,840 --> 00:29:31,560 but I actually stayed for three months. 430 00:29:33,760 --> 00:29:37,680 I very well remember the day Hugo arrived. I'd never met him 431 00:29:37,680 --> 00:29:42,640 and I came down from the hills, and there had been a fire, 432 00:29:42,640 --> 00:29:45,880 and I was all black, and Hugo told me afterwards 433 00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:47,880 he thought that I'd done it for show, 434 00:29:47,880 --> 00:29:49,840 that I'd sort of made myself all black, 435 00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:52,520 until he climbed up and found out that that wasn't true. 436 00:29:52,520 --> 00:29:55,560 Anyway, there was this young, extremely handsome, 437 00:29:55,560 --> 00:29:58,960 Dutch nobleman, and I thought, "Well, this is going to be OK." 438 00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:05,080 Their shared interest in wildlife blossomed into love 439 00:30:05,080 --> 00:30:06,960 and subsequently marriage. 440 00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:13,000 And I remember getting a telegram saying, "Do you like emeralds?" 441 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:17,080 And I sent a telegram back saying, "Love emeralds, love you." 442 00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,840 Meanwhile, Goodall's discoveries were stirring up interest 443 00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:31,720 among the great and good of the British zoological establishment 444 00:30:31,720 --> 00:30:33,400 and ruffling some feathers. 445 00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:37,560 Early in 1962, there was a conference at the London Zoo 446 00:30:37,560 --> 00:30:41,400 on the behaviour of primates, and Jane was present. 447 00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:44,800 Her first results were in and they were very exciting. 448 00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:49,280 In one particular respect, she had given us some new ideas 449 00:30:49,280 --> 00:30:52,800 about the sexual behaviour of chimpanzees. 450 00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:56,720 Chimps are very promiscuous. What she first observed 451 00:30:56,720 --> 00:31:00,040 was that there were many females and many males, 452 00:31:00,040 --> 00:31:01,840 and the females mated with all the males, 453 00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:04,640 and the males mated with all the females. 454 00:31:04,640 --> 00:31:07,360 But it's different from gorillas, for example, 455 00:31:07,360 --> 00:31:09,640 where, in general, you have several females 456 00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:11,760 and just one silver-backed male, 457 00:31:11,760 --> 00:31:14,440 and he is the one who mates with the females. 458 00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:16,480 But in groups like baboons, 459 00:31:16,480 --> 00:31:19,920 where there are many males and many females, 460 00:31:19,920 --> 00:31:23,080 it not just the alpha male fathering the infants, 461 00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:26,480 although he has the advantage, as they do in chimps. 462 00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:28,800 Goodall's observations contradicted 463 00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:31,240 another accepted belief about primates - 464 00:31:31,240 --> 00:31:35,680 that the dominant male in a group had exclusive access to the females. 465 00:31:38,280 --> 00:31:42,400 The main proponent of the idea that alpha males had harems 466 00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:47,600 was the kingpin of British science, Sir Solly Zuckerman. 467 00:31:47,600 --> 00:31:49,640 'He's called the Chief Scientific Adviser, 468 00:31:49,640 --> 00:31:51,280 'but he's really much more than that. 469 00:31:51,280 --> 00:31:54,600 'He's the main ambassador of scientists to the Government, 470 00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:58,200 'and all through Whitehall, you'll hear people saying, 471 00:31:58,200 --> 00:31:59,720 ' "Sir Solly says..." ' 472 00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:02,880 Solly Zuckerman was Louis Leakey's bete noire, for one. 473 00:32:02,880 --> 00:32:07,960 He studied hamadryas baboons in the zoo. Therefore, they had... 474 00:32:07,960 --> 00:32:11,440 all monkeys, and the chimpanzees as well, had a harem system, 475 00:32:11,440 --> 00:32:12,960 he was convinced. 476 00:32:12,960 --> 00:32:18,720 And when I was giving my first paper, he was chairman. 477 00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:24,840 We were outraged when one of the elderly primatologists present 478 00:32:24,840 --> 00:32:27,880 suggested that this somehow reflected Jane's sexual behaviour, 479 00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:31,880 that she was simply seeing the chimpanzee as a reflection 480 00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:33,480 of her own sexual behaviour, 481 00:32:33,480 --> 00:32:36,000 which we thought was absolutely outrageous, 482 00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:39,160 and I remember getting up and asking a question and trying 483 00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:44,840 to get Jane to defend herself against these...scurrilous remarks. 484 00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:49,280 Desmond Morris, who believed that chimpanzees didn't have harems 485 00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:52,200 and now had me to prove it, asked me this question, 486 00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:55,640 and Solly turned and asked somebody else for a question. 487 00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:59,560 This happened three times, and the third time, Desmond turned 488 00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:02,840 and asked me directly, which was against all protocol. 489 00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:06,040 So I didn't quite know what to do, but I answered. 490 00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:09,680 I remember coming out of that conference seething with anger 491 00:33:09,680 --> 00:33:13,080 and afterwards, I got a letter 492 00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:17,160 from Solly Zuckerman, and it ends with this sentence. 493 00:33:17,160 --> 00:33:18,320 He said, 494 00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:23,240 "I want you to know about my anxiety, lest a subject which has been usually 495 00:33:23,240 --> 00:33:26,040 "marked by unscientific treatment 496 00:33:26,040 --> 00:33:31,160 "should continue in the unscientific shadows because of glamour." 497 00:33:31,160 --> 00:33:33,680 He was telling me that I was being led astray by glamour - 498 00:33:33,680 --> 00:33:37,440 this beautiful young blonde - who was out there with, you know, sort of... 499 00:33:37,440 --> 00:33:42,280 Beauty and the Beast, Tarzan and the Apes and so on, 500 00:33:42,280 --> 00:33:47,200 and was accusing me of being led astray by Jane's glamorous appearance 501 00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:48,640 and was accusing her 502 00:33:48,640 --> 00:33:52,680 of misinterpreting the chimpanzees' behaviour. 503 00:33:55,880 --> 00:33:59,720 Which, you know, I think's very funny. 504 00:33:59,720 --> 00:34:01,760 Today it's considered... I mean, oh, it's awful 505 00:34:01,760 --> 00:34:06,120 and it's cos Jane's a girl and it's got all these twists to it, 506 00:34:06,120 --> 00:34:07,960 but I just found it funny. 507 00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:17,080 In 1965, National Geographic launched its new star on television. 508 00:34:17,080 --> 00:34:20,200 20 million homes tuned in to the first showing 509 00:34:20,200 --> 00:34:23,160 of Miss Goodall And The Wild Chimpanzees. 510 00:34:23,160 --> 00:34:25,600 It was to be the first of many documentaries. 511 00:34:27,200 --> 00:34:31,080 One of the reasons that people did romanticise Jane and her work 512 00:34:31,080 --> 00:34:34,000 is because of those early National Geographic films 513 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:38,840 that just show her kind of wandering through forested glades 514 00:34:38,840 --> 00:34:41,440 with kind of beams of sunlight kind of shining 515 00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:43,240 on her beautiful blonde hair. 516 00:34:43,240 --> 00:34:49,200 It was all kind of rather Timotei shampoo advertisement, 517 00:34:49,200 --> 00:34:53,640 in some ways, whereas it's not quite the reality of it! 518 00:34:55,320 --> 00:34:59,120 I've often thought that it was just one of the other gifts 519 00:34:59,120 --> 00:35:01,880 my parents - combined, I suppose - gave me... 520 00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:05,360 a certain attractive appearance, which served 521 00:35:05,360 --> 00:35:08,880 the Geographic very well, served Louis Leakey very well 522 00:35:08,880 --> 00:35:11,560 and probably helped to spread the message. 523 00:35:11,560 --> 00:35:13,960 So if you get a gift, use it. 524 00:35:13,960 --> 00:35:18,240 While National Geographic helped to provide the fame and glamour, 525 00:35:18,240 --> 00:35:21,200 Jane Goodall also received the academic recognition 526 00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:23,880 that had been denied her a few years earlier. 527 00:35:26,160 --> 00:35:30,360 In 1966, Cambridge University awarded her 528 00:35:30,360 --> 00:35:34,680 a doctorate for the contribution to the science of chimpanzee behaviour. 529 00:35:34,680 --> 00:35:38,680 Her studies had been made a great deal easier 530 00:35:38,680 --> 00:35:44,000 when the chimps began to visit her camp in search of bananas. 531 00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:47,400 Provisioning wild chimps 532 00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:51,560 with bananas would later prove to be a controversial decision. 533 00:35:51,560 --> 00:35:54,200 It was accepted practice at the time 534 00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:57,120 and greatly enhanced the study of chimp behaviour. 535 00:35:57,120 --> 00:36:04,200 It is the easiest way to communicate with an animal to offer it food. 536 00:36:04,200 --> 00:36:06,080 One is you drawing it in, 537 00:36:06,080 --> 00:36:11,040 but you also saying, "I don't want to hurt you." 538 00:36:11,040 --> 00:36:14,640 So it's a kind of universal language amongst all animals, isn't it? 539 00:36:14,640 --> 00:36:19,600 To be honest, it would take decades 540 00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:22,560 to get that kind of proximity 541 00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:27,240 to chimps without using bananas to speed up the process. 542 00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:40,240 Jane and Hugo's son was born in 1967. 543 00:36:40,240 --> 00:36:44,880 Christened Hugo, it wasn't long before they renamed him Grub. 544 00:36:44,880 --> 00:36:50,840 When Grub was very little, he didn't want to eat solid foods. 545 00:36:50,840 --> 00:36:55,000 At the time, the chimp Goblin was about the same age 546 00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:58,400 and Goblin always was covered with straw and earth 547 00:36:58,400 --> 00:37:02,640 and banana all over himself, so he became known as Goblin Grub 548 00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:05,400 and so Grub became known as Grublin Gob. 549 00:37:05,400 --> 00:37:07,120 That was his original name. 550 00:37:08,760 --> 00:37:10,680 'When I was very young,' 551 00:37:10,680 --> 00:37:12,440 up to the age of four, 552 00:37:12,440 --> 00:37:18,000 I spent most of my time up at chimp camp in... 553 00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:20,200 in a cage, basically. 554 00:37:22,480 --> 00:37:25,320 We, unfortunately, know that chimpanzees 555 00:37:25,320 --> 00:37:27,720 occasionally eat human babies. 556 00:37:27,720 --> 00:37:32,480 Their favourite prey, at least in our area, is other primates 557 00:37:32,480 --> 00:37:35,440 and so we built a cage, 558 00:37:35,440 --> 00:37:40,080 it was a very safe, strong cage, and that was 559 00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:43,000 inside the room up at the chimp camp 560 00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:47,520 and that's where Grub was before he could walk and then we had 561 00:37:47,520 --> 00:37:49,480 a caged-in veranda down on the beach 562 00:37:49,480 --> 00:37:52,680 where the chimps don't go very often for when he was older. 563 00:37:52,680 --> 00:37:58,200 But he never could be outside that cage without responsible adults. 564 00:37:58,200 --> 00:38:01,400 And I remember the feeding time for the chimps, 565 00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:04,600 when the bananas were being fed to the chimps 566 00:38:04,600 --> 00:38:06,720 because they always became very excited at that point 567 00:38:06,720 --> 00:38:08,120 and that was always 568 00:38:08,120 --> 00:38:11,000 when I became fearful because they'd make a lot of noise. 569 00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:13,760 CHIMPS SCREAM 570 00:38:13,760 --> 00:38:15,640 And display outside the window 571 00:38:15,640 --> 00:38:18,360 and jump up on the bars 572 00:38:18,360 --> 00:38:22,680 and to me, it was like they were trying to get in to attack me, 573 00:38:22,680 --> 00:38:27,520 so for me it was quite scary at the time. 574 00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:30,120 CHIMPS SCREAM 575 00:38:30,120 --> 00:38:37,320 The sound is really very terrifying when the chimps become excited and, 576 00:38:37,320 --> 00:38:41,040 you know, at Gombe, with the hills around, the sounds echo. 577 00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:43,760 SCREAMS ECHO 578 00:38:43,760 --> 00:38:46,240 You know, the sounds are coming 579 00:38:46,240 --> 00:38:49,440 from everywhere and it's very, very frightening. 580 00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:55,120 Grub's experiences at chimp-feeding time lead to a strong preference 581 00:38:55,120 --> 00:38:57,920 for the house beside the lake. 582 00:38:57,920 --> 00:39:00,000 After that time, of course, I'd see the chimps 583 00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:05,000 from time to time down on the beach, but I would never go back up 584 00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:07,560 to chimp camp up in the forest 585 00:39:07,560 --> 00:39:10,520 and basically, once I could put my foot down and say no, 586 00:39:10,520 --> 00:39:14,480 that's what I said was no and "I'll stay down on the beach 587 00:39:14,480 --> 00:39:16,520 "and keep away from them, basically". 588 00:39:18,880 --> 00:39:22,480 I always had this fear of chimps until, I mean, even now, 589 00:39:22,480 --> 00:39:23,760 I don't feel comfortable 590 00:39:23,760 --> 00:39:27,080 going up into the forest with the chimps. 591 00:39:27,080 --> 00:39:29,280 It's not exactly a phobia, 592 00:39:29,280 --> 00:39:33,080 but I definitely don't feel comfortable around the chimps. 593 00:39:34,760 --> 00:39:38,400 Apart from raising a child, and running an expanding team 594 00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:42,440 of young researchers, Goodall wrote In The Shadow of Man, 595 00:39:42,440 --> 00:39:44,560 an immediate bestseller. 596 00:39:46,120 --> 00:39:49,960 She's a natural storyteller. She manages to 597 00:39:49,960 --> 00:39:55,720 assemble a very diverse set of confusing information 598 00:39:55,720 --> 00:40:03,600 into elegantly-described accounts that fit stories. 599 00:40:04,760 --> 00:40:07,920 "Old Flo lay on her back in the early morning sunshine, 600 00:40:07,920 --> 00:40:10,720 "her belly full of palm nuts 601 00:40:10,720 --> 00:40:12,280 "and suspended Flint above her, 602 00:40:12,280 --> 00:40:14,160 "grasping one of his minute wrists 603 00:40:14,160 --> 00:40:16,400 "with her large horny foot." 604 00:40:16,400 --> 00:40:21,400 "As he dangled, gently waving his free arm and kicking with his legs, 605 00:40:21,400 --> 00:40:23,760 "she reached up and tickled him 606 00:40:23,760 --> 00:40:25,760 "in his groin and his neck 607 00:40:25,760 --> 00:40:29,920 "until he opened his mouth in the play face or chimpanzee smile." 608 00:40:31,440 --> 00:40:34,840 After In The Shadow Of Man came out, 609 00:40:34,840 --> 00:40:37,600 I think it made her so famous she was 610 00:40:37,600 --> 00:40:41,560 getting stacks of fan mail every time the mail boat came. 611 00:40:42,760 --> 00:40:45,040 And I remember seeing this one particular picture in it, 612 00:40:45,040 --> 00:40:47,680 which I still have quite vividly in my mind, 613 00:40:47,680 --> 00:40:50,520 of her camp that she set up with her mother Vanne 614 00:40:50,520 --> 00:40:51,920 when she first arrived 615 00:40:51,920 --> 00:40:57,360 and I remember just thinking, now, that's where I want to live. 616 00:40:57,360 --> 00:41:00,000 That's my ideal home, 617 00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:03,160 bit of washing and a cooking pot outside 618 00:41:03,160 --> 00:41:05,800 and I thought that was just fantastic. 619 00:41:07,360 --> 00:41:09,720 It was not long after publication 620 00:41:09,720 --> 00:41:12,640 that one of the book principal characters died. 621 00:41:18,480 --> 00:41:22,280 "Although I knew that Flo had become very old indeed, 622 00:41:22,280 --> 00:41:27,760 "it was still a sad day when I found her dead body lying in the stream. 623 00:41:27,760 --> 00:41:31,640 "For me, it was like losing an old friend." 624 00:41:31,640 --> 00:41:33,360 Jane was certainly very upset 625 00:41:33,360 --> 00:41:35,880 because she had known Flo for so long 626 00:41:35,880 --> 00:41:38,920 and more than that, Flo had meant so much 627 00:41:38,920 --> 00:41:40,600 because it was the introduction 628 00:41:40,600 --> 00:41:43,760 to the Flo family that had really been the breakthrough 629 00:41:43,760 --> 00:41:47,600 in terms of getting to know individual differences so very well. 630 00:41:49,520 --> 00:41:53,440 Flo had an obituary in the Sunday Times, which I wrote. 631 00:41:53,440 --> 00:41:56,720 I think it was one of the very, very few obituaries 632 00:41:56,720 --> 00:41:59,600 to a non-human or other than human animal. 633 00:42:00,640 --> 00:42:06,760 I just wrote that, that there was this wild chimpanzee that 634 00:42:06,760 --> 00:42:10,920 I'd learned so much about and spent so many wonderful hours with 635 00:42:10,920 --> 00:42:14,000 and she taught me such a lot 636 00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:17,440 and it was sad from the point of view of what we were learning, 637 00:42:17,440 --> 00:42:21,360 but also, you know, she had her own wild individuality 638 00:42:21,360 --> 00:42:25,600 and person and that I would mourn that. 639 00:42:26,440 --> 00:42:32,680 But the sense of loss was felt most by Flo's son, Flint. 640 00:42:32,680 --> 00:42:36,760 For Flint, of course, even though he'd been, you know, mean to her, 641 00:42:36,760 --> 00:42:40,640 was desperately psychologically attached to her 642 00:42:40,640 --> 00:42:43,880 and then there was the extraordinary three weeks 643 00:42:43,880 --> 00:42:46,400 when Flint barely moved more than 644 00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:51,280 15 yards away from where her body had collapsed on the edge of the stream. 645 00:42:53,640 --> 00:42:57,920 Astonishingly, he just grew weaker and weaker and died. 646 00:42:59,720 --> 00:43:03,120 When the people doing the postmortem 647 00:43:03,120 --> 00:43:07,000 could find no particular problem with him, 648 00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:09,480 then the concept of him dying 649 00:43:09,480 --> 00:43:12,960 from a broken heart seemed really perfectly reasonable. 650 00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:18,520 Until now, Hugo's camerawork 651 00:43:18,520 --> 00:43:22,520 had captured many of the key events at Gombe, 652 00:43:22,520 --> 00:43:27,440 but the pursuit of their separate career paths led to estrangement 653 00:43:27,440 --> 00:43:30,200 and eventually divorce in 1974. 654 00:43:32,640 --> 00:43:35,760 The remote forest that Goodall once explored alone 655 00:43:35,760 --> 00:43:37,360 was now filled with young 656 00:43:37,360 --> 00:43:41,880 researchers from the universities of the United States and Europe. 657 00:43:41,880 --> 00:43:45,360 Gombe had also been made a National Park 658 00:43:45,360 --> 00:43:50,240 with the help of the man who became her second husband, Derek Bryceson. 659 00:43:50,240 --> 00:43:54,320 She was to nurse him through a long period of cancer 660 00:43:54,320 --> 00:43:56,240 before he died in 1980. 661 00:43:57,760 --> 00:44:01,120 In her absence, researchers continued to record 662 00:44:01,120 --> 00:44:03,760 the succeeding generations of Gombe chimps. 663 00:44:03,760 --> 00:44:05,040 Flo's daughter Fifi 664 00:44:05,040 --> 00:44:10,800 was to be the mother of yet more charismatic members of the F family. 665 00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:15,680 The family line is very, very plentiful. 666 00:44:15,680 --> 00:44:19,920 Fifi had nine infants. 667 00:44:19,920 --> 00:44:21,800 Only two of those died, 668 00:44:21,800 --> 00:44:28,040 so she's now got five or six completely adult offspring, 669 00:44:28,040 --> 00:44:32,440 children, grandchildren and even a couple of great-grandchildren. 670 00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:38,680 But now this community of world famous chimps 671 00:44:38,680 --> 00:44:41,680 began to reveal a more sinister side. 672 00:44:45,040 --> 00:44:49,520 Having shown themselves to be voracious hunters of other primates, 673 00:44:49,520 --> 00:44:52,360 they now began to slaughter their own kind. 674 00:44:55,120 --> 00:45:00,240 The main study community, the Kasekela community, got rather 675 00:45:00,240 --> 00:45:05,480 a lot of males, there were like 17 and normally, you know, 10 was big. 676 00:45:07,440 --> 00:45:09,920 So the community began to divide 677 00:45:09,920 --> 00:45:14,640 for whatever reason and a smaller part of it was seven males 678 00:45:14,640 --> 00:45:17,640 and four adult females moved off to the south 679 00:45:17,640 --> 00:45:21,280 and gradually kind of took over part of the range 680 00:45:21,280 --> 00:45:23,760 they all had once shared. 681 00:45:23,760 --> 00:45:29,080 And then the males of the larger Kasekela community 682 00:45:29,080 --> 00:45:32,640 began systematically invading the heart of this territory 683 00:45:32,640 --> 00:45:35,760 the southerners had carved out for themselves 684 00:45:35,760 --> 00:45:38,080 and if they found an individual, attacking 685 00:45:38,080 --> 00:45:41,760 and attacking brutally and leaving them to die of their wounds. 686 00:45:41,760 --> 00:45:45,520 They annihilated an entire community that way. 687 00:45:51,120 --> 00:45:55,080 What was fascinating about it is that they clearly show 688 00:45:55,080 --> 00:45:59,520 a differentiation between my group and the other group 689 00:45:59,520 --> 00:46:03,800 and so the split off individuals, who they knew, 690 00:46:03,800 --> 00:46:07,760 it was like a civil war, really. 691 00:46:07,760 --> 00:46:12,320 They treated them in ways that we'd never seen them treat an individual 692 00:46:12,320 --> 00:46:16,440 of their own community, ways which you see when they're hunting 693 00:46:16,440 --> 00:46:19,400 and trying to kill an adult prey animal. 694 00:46:22,320 --> 00:46:26,000 It was horrible, I mean, cupping the victim's head as he lay bleeding 695 00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:29,040 with blood pouring from his nose and drinking the blood. 696 00:46:29,040 --> 00:46:32,040 Twisting a limb to try and twist it off, 697 00:46:32,040 --> 00:46:34,400 tearing pieces of skin with their teeth. 698 00:46:34,400 --> 00:46:38,040 Never see that in a fight within a community 699 00:46:38,040 --> 00:46:41,160 and yet these were individuals they travelled with, 700 00:46:41,160 --> 00:46:43,800 fed with, played with, grown up with. 701 00:46:47,960 --> 00:46:52,160 The chimp-on-chimp violence in Gombe was a sensation. 702 00:46:52,160 --> 00:46:54,640 Some academics wanted to cover it up. 703 00:46:54,640 --> 00:46:58,080 Others said it was something peculiar to Gombe. 704 00:46:58,080 --> 00:47:00,360 They suggested that it arose from 705 00:47:00,360 --> 00:47:03,960 the artificial conditions that came with the provisioning of bananas. 706 00:47:03,960 --> 00:47:09,360 It was not a good idea to feed bananas to chimpanzees because it 707 00:47:09,360 --> 00:47:12,560 distorts things from a situation, a context, 708 00:47:12,560 --> 00:47:17,480 that you don't really have a good feeling for in the first place. 709 00:47:17,480 --> 00:47:22,240 But how, my goodness, you know, here we have for the first time, 710 00:47:22,240 --> 00:47:27,200 the opportunity for somebody to spend close time with a species 711 00:47:27,200 --> 00:47:31,680 that she and no-one else in the world is recognising 712 00:47:31,680 --> 00:47:34,360 to be astonishingly similar to humans. 713 00:47:36,360 --> 00:47:39,440 We don't know if the banana-provisioning system 714 00:47:39,440 --> 00:47:43,880 or some other feature of what Jane did in Gombe 715 00:47:43,880 --> 00:47:48,120 could have affected the pattern of the killing, 716 00:47:48,120 --> 00:47:52,480 but it is clear that it did not CREATE it. 717 00:47:52,480 --> 00:47:56,640 Chimpanzees have a propensity to kill their neighbours. 718 00:47:57,520 --> 00:48:01,320 Brutal forms of inter-communal violence have been observed among 719 00:48:01,320 --> 00:48:04,680 communities that have never been provisioned with food. 720 00:48:04,680 --> 00:48:10,320 The notion of chimpanzees being interested in the possibility 721 00:48:10,320 --> 00:48:14,360 of being able to launch brutal attacks on a neighbouring male 722 00:48:14,360 --> 00:48:17,200 is quite clearly supported by what we see in 723 00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:20,840 the community that I and my group study 724 00:48:20,840 --> 00:48:27,240 and also by the studies in a nearby community in Kibale at Ngogo. 725 00:48:27,240 --> 00:48:30,360 They've seen many brutal and killing attacks. 726 00:48:34,520 --> 00:48:37,520 At first, I didn't want to believe it. 727 00:48:37,520 --> 00:48:39,840 It went against all that I'd always thought, 728 00:48:39,840 --> 00:48:42,400 that they were like us, but nicer than us. 729 00:48:44,280 --> 00:48:49,040 But at the same time, once I accepted it, 730 00:48:49,040 --> 00:48:54,120 because of what was happening, it made them even more fascinating. 731 00:48:54,120 --> 00:48:57,520 It helped us, I think, understand ourselves a bit better, 732 00:48:57,520 --> 00:49:00,000 our evolutionary history. 733 00:49:04,360 --> 00:49:06,760 At Gombe, ferocious attacks 734 00:49:06,760 --> 00:49:11,480 on outsiders have continued spasmodically over the years. 735 00:49:11,480 --> 00:49:15,320 And recently, the most notoriously brutal, even sadistic, 736 00:49:15,320 --> 00:49:18,680 male has been Frodo, Fifi's second son. 737 00:49:18,680 --> 00:49:23,240 Here seen mortally wounding a young adolescent. 738 00:49:23,240 --> 00:49:27,120 In 2002, he brought Gombe back 739 00:49:27,120 --> 00:49:30,920 into the international spotlight by killing 740 00:49:30,920 --> 00:49:33,240 a human child. 741 00:49:36,880 --> 00:49:38,960 TRANSLATION: I was overwhelmed by the sudden attack. 742 00:49:38,960 --> 00:49:40,920 The chimpanzee started unwrapping the cloth 743 00:49:40,920 --> 00:49:43,600 I'd tied my baby to my back with 744 00:49:43,600 --> 00:49:45,960 and then ran off with my child. 745 00:49:48,320 --> 00:49:50,520 Well, I was pretty horrified, 746 00:49:50,520 --> 00:49:55,040 but it was something which we had predicted might happen. 747 00:49:55,040 --> 00:49:56,840 Frodo was a great hunter. 748 00:49:56,840 --> 00:50:00,000 Chimpanzees are known to hunt small human children, 749 00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:05,160 just as they hunt small monkeys, and it was a shock, but, as I say, 750 00:50:05,160 --> 00:50:07,960 we had actually thought it might happen and that's why 751 00:50:07,960 --> 00:50:09,160 it was so unfortunate 752 00:50:09,160 --> 00:50:13,000 that this woman felt she had to go through the park with her child, 753 00:50:13,000 --> 00:50:14,920 which she wasn't allowed to do. 754 00:50:18,040 --> 00:50:23,560 I was not particularly surprised because outside Kibale, in my own 755 00:50:23,560 --> 00:50:28,360 area, we had had a male who had killed several babies 756 00:50:28,360 --> 00:50:31,080 in the villages to eat them. 757 00:50:33,520 --> 00:50:36,800 Although Frodo's killing of a human baby stirred 758 00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:39,320 some interest in the British press, 759 00:50:39,320 --> 00:50:42,120 neither Jane Goodall nor the Tanzanian authorities 760 00:50:42,120 --> 00:50:46,240 saw any need to take any form of retribution on the chimpanzee. 761 00:50:46,240 --> 00:50:50,160 Nobody ever suggested killing Frodo, not the national parks, 762 00:50:50,160 --> 00:50:54,080 not anybody and I think even the family realised 763 00:50:54,080 --> 00:50:58,240 that although it was a tragedy, it wasn't really Frodo's fault. 764 00:51:00,440 --> 00:51:05,240 Frodo, a chimp capable of such bestial behaviour, is known 765 00:51:05,240 --> 00:51:08,720 to be gentle and playful with the young chimps in his own community. 766 00:51:10,360 --> 00:51:13,040 It seems that, as with humans, 767 00:51:13,040 --> 00:51:17,360 an individual chimpanzee can be capable of terrible savagery 768 00:51:17,360 --> 00:51:19,640 and yet, show apparent tenderness. 769 00:51:21,560 --> 00:51:25,880 What we're learning from chimpanzees is what we see in humans 770 00:51:25,880 --> 00:51:28,680 is very likely part of our biology. 771 00:51:28,680 --> 00:51:33,600 When Dostoevsky says, "In every man a demon lies hidden", 772 00:51:33,600 --> 00:51:37,560 that's what I feel about chimpanzees and the fact 773 00:51:37,560 --> 00:51:39,160 that it's our closest relative 774 00:51:39,160 --> 00:51:43,280 that is able to, on the one hand, 775 00:51:43,280 --> 00:51:45,960 have extremely well-organised, courteous, 776 00:51:45,960 --> 00:51:50,600 sensible relationships within groups and yet, at the same time is tempted, 777 00:51:50,600 --> 00:51:53,320 as it were, to impose appalling 778 00:51:53,320 --> 00:51:55,000 punishment on enemies, 779 00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:58,760 the fact that you have this amazing combination 780 00:51:58,760 --> 00:52:01,680 in our closest living relative, 781 00:52:01,680 --> 00:52:04,920 and that it appears so vividly in ourselves, 782 00:52:04,920 --> 00:52:08,520 clearly suggests that there is an underlying biology which is the same. 783 00:52:13,120 --> 00:52:17,080 Across Lake Tanganyika, in the Congo, the darker side 784 00:52:17,080 --> 00:52:21,200 of our own human nature has led to social upheaval 785 00:52:21,200 --> 00:52:24,080 and atrocities on a vast scale. 786 00:52:24,080 --> 00:52:26,360 GUNFIRE 787 00:52:26,360 --> 00:52:28,400 Protracted civil war in the Congo 788 00:52:28,400 --> 00:52:30,440 and ethnic conflict in neighbouring Burundi 789 00:52:30,440 --> 00:52:34,960 caused thousands of refugees to settle around Gombe. 790 00:52:34,960 --> 00:52:39,240 Their desperate search for food and timber, accelerated a process 791 00:52:39,240 --> 00:52:40,720 of environmental destruction 792 00:52:40,720 --> 00:52:45,320 that was already underway around the borders of the park. 793 00:52:45,320 --> 00:52:49,640 When I looked down from the plane and flew over Gombe and 794 00:52:49,640 --> 00:52:53,720 the surrounding area, I was totally horrified by the devastation. 795 00:52:53,720 --> 00:52:56,320 It seemed to me that all the trees 796 00:52:56,320 --> 00:53:00,000 had gone except those that had been planted for shade, introduced trees 797 00:53:00,000 --> 00:53:03,440 and those in the very, very steep ravines 798 00:53:03,440 --> 00:53:06,760 where even desperate farmers couldn't try to cultivate. 799 00:53:06,760 --> 00:53:10,280 The slopes in many cases were completely infertile 800 00:53:10,280 --> 00:53:16,040 and in some cases, because it was the dry season, 801 00:53:16,040 --> 00:53:18,920 it really looked as though we were flying over desert land. 802 00:53:22,960 --> 00:53:26,560 It was very clear that this was because there were more 803 00:53:26,560 --> 00:53:29,560 people living there than the land could support, 804 00:53:29,560 --> 00:53:35,200 swelled by refugees coming from Burundi and Congo 805 00:53:35,200 --> 00:53:40,000 and I realised that there was no way to save the precious chimpanzees 806 00:53:40,000 --> 00:53:42,160 while people were struggling to survive. 807 00:53:45,440 --> 00:53:50,760 It became clear that chimpanzee populations all over Africa were 808 00:53:50,760 --> 00:53:55,000 being threatened by destruction of their habitat 809 00:53:55,000 --> 00:53:57,680 as well as being hunted for their meat. 810 00:53:57,680 --> 00:54:02,640 Jane Goodall began to use her fame to campaign for conservation. 811 00:54:05,280 --> 00:54:07,800 It wasn't a question of asking myself, well, do I really 812 00:54:07,800 --> 00:54:13,200 want to give all this up and change, I just changed, just like that. 813 00:54:13,200 --> 00:54:19,400 Jane has spent the last 25 years on a non-stop global mission 814 00:54:19,400 --> 00:54:22,480 to promote conservation and animal rights. 815 00:54:22,480 --> 00:54:25,960 I've been on the road, I can't remember, forever. 816 00:54:25,960 --> 00:54:28,440 At the moment, she's travelling 817 00:54:28,440 --> 00:54:32,360 around, ooh, 275, 280 days a year, 818 00:54:32,360 --> 00:54:34,680 non-stop. 819 00:54:35,040 --> 00:54:40,160 Just in October this year, Lubbock, Los Angeles, Portland, 820 00:54:40,160 --> 00:54:45,400 Eugene, Spokane, Edmonton, Toronto, London, Kitchener, Hamilton. 821 00:54:45,400 --> 00:54:47,480 How are you? 822 00:54:47,480 --> 00:54:49,680 It's moving, it's lecturing, it's talking, but most days start 823 00:54:49,680 --> 00:54:53,000 around 6.30-7. they rarely finish before midnight or 1am. 824 00:54:53,000 --> 00:54:56,480 Oh, what a pleasure to meet you. 825 00:54:56,480 --> 00:55:00,480 I have been on the road approximately 300 days every year. 826 00:55:00,480 --> 00:55:04,240 The entire package of going into the forest, a sort of beauty 827 00:55:04,240 --> 00:55:07,280 and the beast kind of thing, 828 00:55:07,280 --> 00:55:09,880 saving up the money, being picked up by National Geographic 829 00:55:09,880 --> 00:55:13,200 and, yes, becoming a cover girl, 830 00:55:13,200 --> 00:55:16,920 that's all tied up in giving a certain mystique 831 00:55:16,920 --> 00:55:20,040 which is incredibly useful to open doors. 832 00:55:20,040 --> 00:55:22,440 And I would like to bring you 833 00:55:22,440 --> 00:55:27,360 the voice of these amazing beings with whom we share the planet 834 00:55:27,360 --> 00:55:30,600 and I would like to bring you the sound which, 835 00:55:30,600 --> 00:55:35,360 before too long, may not be heard any more in the forests of Africa, 836 00:55:35,360 --> 00:55:39,080 the sound made by contented chimpanzees 837 00:55:39,080 --> 00:55:42,200 when they've had a good day, their stomachs are full, 838 00:55:42,200 --> 00:55:44,560 they're getting ready to spend the night 839 00:55:44,560 --> 00:55:50,600 under the African stars or the moon, lying in their leafy tree top beds. 840 00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:57,880 Hoo-hooo-hooo-hooo! 841 00:55:57,880 --> 00:56:01,080 Haa! 842 00:56:01,080 --> 00:56:06,960 This sound has not been heard before in this room, I'm sure of that. 843 00:56:06,960 --> 00:56:08,840 LAUGHTER 844 00:56:12,320 --> 00:56:15,880 But it needed to be heard. 845 00:56:18,840 --> 00:56:23,880 It's a voice that is heard strongest around Gombe, the launch pad for her 846 00:56:23,880 --> 00:56:25,920 Roots & Shoots youth movement, 847 00:56:25,920 --> 00:56:28,640 promoting care for animals and the environment. 848 00:56:28,640 --> 00:56:33,240 It has spread to over 120 countries. 849 00:56:33,240 --> 00:56:37,680 The Jane Goodall Institute raises $15 million a year for Gombe, 850 00:56:37,680 --> 00:56:40,080 Tanzania and conservation in general 851 00:56:41,240 --> 00:56:44,920 and in 2002, the United Nation's Kofi Annan 852 00:56:44,920 --> 00:56:48,200 made her a UN messenger of peace. 853 00:56:48,200 --> 00:56:53,840 Yet above all, she still represents the chimpanzees. 854 00:56:53,840 --> 00:56:59,840 Chimpanzees show so many amazing commonalities with humans. 855 00:56:59,840 --> 00:57:04,600 The long-term friendly bonds between members of the family, 856 00:57:04,600 --> 00:57:08,880 the communication patterns that include kissing, embracing, 857 00:57:08,880 --> 00:57:12,680 holding hands, patting one another 858 00:57:12,680 --> 00:57:17,400 on the back, the fact that they can co-operate to solve a problem, 859 00:57:17,400 --> 00:57:20,360 they can use and even make tools. 860 00:57:20,360 --> 00:57:22,280 Of course, 861 00:57:22,280 --> 00:57:25,320 like us, they have a brutal side to their nature, 862 00:57:25,320 --> 00:57:28,320 they are capable of behaviour like a kind of primitive war, 863 00:57:28,320 --> 00:57:31,720 but they also show behaviour 864 00:57:31,720 --> 00:57:37,280 that is like our compassion and love and altruism. 865 00:57:42,400 --> 00:57:45,480 The unfolding drama of life among the chimps of Gombe 866 00:57:45,480 --> 00:57:49,840 is still the inspiration for new ground-breaking research 867 00:57:49,840 --> 00:57:53,800 and Dame Jane Goodall campaigning and fundraising 868 00:57:53,800 --> 00:57:56,080 has now begun to reverse the environmental devastation 869 00:57:56,080 --> 00:57:58,760 there and in other parts of Africa. 870 00:58:01,480 --> 00:58:05,520 It is this absolute determination to succeed against the odds 871 00:58:05,520 --> 00:58:08,320 which explains how half a century ago 872 00:58:08,320 --> 00:58:11,400 she entered a remote African forest 873 00:58:11,400 --> 00:58:15,880 and transformed our understanding of chimpanzees and ourselves. 874 00:58:22,120 --> 00:58:25,640 What do you do when you've had enough of an interview? 875 00:58:25,640 --> 00:58:28,280 Oh-ho! 876 00:58:28,280 --> 00:58:30,880 That do? Oh-oh! 877 00:58:30,880 --> 00:58:32,400 Oh-oh! 878 00:58:34,800 --> 00:58:37,280 And that means? Go away!