1 00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:34,760 SNUFFLING 2 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:41,800 Sauraha, Nepal. 3 00:00:43,760 --> 00:00:46,320 SNUFFLES AND GRUNTS 4 00:00:52,280 --> 00:00:54,040 HORN BEEPS 5 00:00:56,280 --> 00:00:58,500 DOG WHIMPERS 6 00:00:58,500 --> 00:01:03,040 This rhino is not lost. 7 00:01:07,300 --> 00:01:10,480 He is on his way to find food. 8 00:01:14,500 --> 00:01:19,480 To get it, he must travel through a new and alien world. 9 00:01:28,300 --> 00:01:30,920 This rhino in his lifetime 10 00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:35,560 has seen more changes than any of his previous generations. 11 00:01:41,760 --> 00:01:43,160 Across the globe, 12 00:01:43,160 --> 00:01:46,720 animals of all kinds are now contending 13 00:01:46,720 --> 00:01:49,200 with one newly dominant species... 14 00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:52,240 ..us. 15 00:01:52,240 --> 00:01:54,000 HORN BEEPS, SIREN WAILS 16 00:01:59,960 --> 00:02:03,960 Like so many wild creatures, he's had to learn 17 00:02:03,960 --> 00:02:08,160 how to live in the human world. 18 00:02:23,720 --> 00:02:25,280 Some animals 19 00:02:25,280 --> 00:02:27,480 have changed their behaviour 20 00:02:27,480 --> 00:02:30,880 to make the most out of living amongst us. 21 00:02:34,840 --> 00:02:39,200 These long-tailed macaques live in Bali. 22 00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:52,680 They have developed new interests 23 00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:55,680 brought by human visitors. 24 00:03:04,520 --> 00:03:08,480 Every morning, the troop heads for a building 25 00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:11,440 in the centre of their territory. 26 00:03:22,520 --> 00:03:24,920 Uluwatu Temple. 27 00:03:24,920 --> 00:03:26,760 MACAQUES SCREECH 28 00:03:28,480 --> 00:03:32,080 Tourists come here every day - in crowds. 29 00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:39,680 So the temple grounds are full of opportunities... 30 00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:43,840 ..if you know where to look. 31 00:04:10,680 --> 00:04:12,760 WOMAN GASPS 32 00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:15,720 There is a constant supply of hats... 33 00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:18,320 ..and sunglasses. 34 00:04:22,840 --> 00:04:26,640 And if you've mastered the element of surprise... 35 00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:31,280 ..it's easy to get them. 36 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:47,360 But this harvest is not for eating. 37 00:04:47,360 --> 00:04:51,160 It's for bargaining. 38 00:04:58,640 --> 00:05:00,960 Seems like a fair trade. 39 00:05:06,280 --> 00:05:09,720 But there are greater rewards to be had 40 00:05:09,720 --> 00:05:12,720 for those who know how to get them. 41 00:05:14,400 --> 00:05:16,160 CAMERA SHUTTERS CLICK 42 00:05:18,400 --> 00:05:22,200 And this old male appears to be doing... 43 00:05:23,480 --> 00:05:25,000 ..very well. 44 00:05:31,040 --> 00:05:34,240 He and the other elders in this troop 45 00:05:34,240 --> 00:05:38,560 have both experience and knowledge. 46 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:48,520 They've been working the temple for over ten years, 47 00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:51,120 and now concentrate on the big stuff... 48 00:05:56,960 --> 00:06:01,440 ..things that human beings just can't do without. 49 00:06:05,240 --> 00:06:06,960 WOMAN GASPS 50 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:12,560 No-one wants to walk home with just one shoe. 51 00:06:12,560 --> 00:06:14,120 WOMAN GASPS 52 00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:21,640 And these old boys can't wait 53 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:25,320 to get their hands on the latest tech. 54 00:06:34,560 --> 00:06:36,600 SHE EXCLAIMS 55 00:06:42,960 --> 00:06:47,160 They've worked out that we simply can't survive 56 00:06:47,160 --> 00:06:49,400 without our phones... 57 00:06:52,240 --> 00:06:54,960 ..or our wallets. 58 00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:04,360 WOMAN EXCLAIMS 59 00:07:05,920 --> 00:07:07,920 MACAQUE SCREECHES 60 00:07:13,520 --> 00:07:15,280 WOMAN GASPS 61 00:07:15,280 --> 00:07:17,480 The older males understand 62 00:07:17,480 --> 00:07:20,280 something the youngsters have yet to learn... 63 00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:26,440 ..the art of the deal. 64 00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:31,280 A banana? 65 00:07:33,320 --> 00:07:34,880 How dare you! 66 00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:36,680 MACAQUE SCREECHES 67 00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:39,680 A bar of chocolate? 68 00:07:39,680 --> 00:07:41,120 That's better. 69 00:07:44,920 --> 00:07:49,120 The real skill is in the negotiations. 70 00:07:53,560 --> 00:07:58,320 The macaques are playing us at our own game. 71 00:08:01,320 --> 00:08:02,800 They demand... 72 00:08:04,280 --> 00:08:06,120 ..whatever they want. 73 00:08:17,480 --> 00:08:22,720 Humanity has spread to every corner of the globe. 74 00:08:26,280 --> 00:08:29,120 We have become a force of nature. 75 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:42,400 We have altered 80% of the land's surface. 76 00:08:49,720 --> 00:08:54,080 Eight billion people now live on this planet... 77 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:57,760 ..and we are changing the world around us 78 00:08:57,760 --> 00:08:59,080 at such speed... 79 00:09:02,200 --> 00:09:07,040 ..that, for animals, the challenge is to keep up. 80 00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:13,000 New York City. 81 00:09:17,640 --> 00:09:20,000 Ants. 82 00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:23,280 This particular species is thought to have arrived here 83 00:09:23,280 --> 00:09:25,760 with the first European settlers. 84 00:09:28,480 --> 00:09:32,280 They are now known as pavement ants 85 00:09:32,280 --> 00:09:37,200 because they live almost exclusively in our towns and cities. 86 00:09:47,920 --> 00:09:52,640 And they're thriving because of junk food. 87 00:09:54,400 --> 00:09:56,760 And here on Broadway Avenue, 88 00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:58,680 there's a lot of it. 89 00:10:00,760 --> 00:10:04,920 This is what every pavement ant desires. 90 00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:10,760 And to get it... 91 00:10:12,680 --> 00:10:16,200 ..the ants use the city's thousands of miles 92 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:17,800 of underground tunnels. 93 00:10:26,640 --> 00:10:29,960 This scout is closing in on its target. 94 00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:35,760 But the animals with which they share the pavement 95 00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:38,720 are 40 million times their weight... 96 00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:40,560 FOOTSTEPS STOMP 97 00:10:42,320 --> 00:10:45,760 ..so it's best to stay in the cracks. 98 00:10:54,120 --> 00:10:56,120 Jackpot! 99 00:10:56,120 --> 00:10:58,080 A meat mountain. 100 00:10:59,200 --> 00:11:02,960 This is too big a job for just one ant. 101 00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:07,560 This worker is female, 102 00:11:07,560 --> 00:11:10,440 as they are in all ant colonies, 103 00:11:10,440 --> 00:11:15,320 and she leaves a trail of pheromones to mark a path. 104 00:11:18,920 --> 00:11:21,960 She communicates with every sister she meets 105 00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:25,280 as she returns to the nest, 106 00:11:25,280 --> 00:11:28,440 and news on the street spreads fast. 107 00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:43,760 This ultra-processed meat 108 00:11:43,760 --> 00:11:46,360 is very different from their original food. 109 00:11:48,280 --> 00:11:52,440 But their digestive system is the key to their success. 110 00:11:53,760 --> 00:11:56,000 It's able to keep up with the way 111 00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:59,040 humans constantly change their diet. 112 00:12:02,360 --> 00:12:06,080 Nowadays, the vast majority of what they eat 113 00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:08,280 comes from human food. 114 00:12:15,200 --> 00:12:17,680 On Broadway alone, 115 00:12:17,680 --> 00:12:20,400 pavement ants eat the equivalent 116 00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:25,080 of a staggering 60,000 hot dogs every year. 117 00:12:28,360 --> 00:12:31,120 The calories in a single hot dog 118 00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:32,760 could fuel the growth 119 00:12:32,760 --> 00:12:35,400 of the entire ant colony for a month... 120 00:12:36,440 --> 00:12:39,880 ..if only they can get it back to the nest. 121 00:12:53,560 --> 00:12:58,120 But this slow work makes them vulnerable. 122 00:12:58,120 --> 00:12:59,480 PIGEON COOS 123 00:13:03,080 --> 00:13:07,240 They aren't the only ones partial to fast food. 124 00:13:10,320 --> 00:13:12,920 It's a race to get their prize home. 125 00:13:19,160 --> 00:13:20,760 There may be losses... 126 00:13:22,920 --> 00:13:26,640 ..but the colony as a whole will now thrive. 127 00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:34,520 In fact, pavement ants are so successful here 128 00:13:34,520 --> 00:13:38,080 that they outnumber human New Yorkers 1,000 to 1. 129 00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:39,920 PIGEONS COO 130 00:13:43,160 --> 00:13:48,120 But success in the human world can be harder to achieve 131 00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:52,040 if your reputation precedes you. 132 00:14:02,360 --> 00:14:03,960 Here in India, 133 00:14:03,960 --> 00:14:08,160 this cobra is heading directly for a village. 134 00:14:11,280 --> 00:14:15,960 It has detected the scent of prey. 135 00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:20,200 Nearly two metres long, 136 00:14:20,200 --> 00:14:23,360 it has enough venom in a single bite 137 00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:25,440 to kill ten people. 138 00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:42,440 Snake bites are responsible 139 00:14:42,440 --> 00:14:45,560 for nearly 60,000 deaths a year 140 00:14:45,560 --> 00:14:47,360 in India alone. 141 00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:58,240 They travel so silently 142 00:14:58,240 --> 00:15:01,720 that their presence is often undetected. 143 00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:15,520 And when they are hunting... 144 00:15:16,840 --> 00:15:19,320 ..there is no place they won't go. 145 00:15:40,240 --> 00:15:41,640 A toad. 146 00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:21,560 Each tip of its forked tongue 147 00:16:21,560 --> 00:16:24,680 collects chemical signals from the prey 148 00:16:24,680 --> 00:16:27,440 and helps to reveal its position. 149 00:16:32,840 --> 00:16:34,560 But up close... 150 00:16:34,560 --> 00:16:35,840 COBRA HISSES 151 00:16:35,840 --> 00:16:38,120 ..the snake relies on movement 152 00:16:38,120 --> 00:16:41,240 to precisely locate its prey. 153 00:16:48,960 --> 00:16:52,040 The toad must pick its moment to escape. 154 00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:16,960 Every time it touches the ground... 155 00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:21,560 ..the toad leaves behind a scent. 156 00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:34,120 It can hide... 157 00:17:35,680 --> 00:17:38,880 ..but the trail will lead the snake to it. 158 00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:19,360 These cobras don't just hunt here. 159 00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:21,280 They live here. 160 00:18:23,920 --> 00:18:27,960 They have found a home where the Hindu villagers revere them 161 00:18:27,960 --> 00:18:31,240 and consider them to be demigods. 162 00:18:34,080 --> 00:18:38,600 Remarkably, scientists believe that this tolerance 163 00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:41,320 has led to a change in the snakes' behaviour. 164 00:18:44,040 --> 00:18:46,840 They move more slowly 165 00:18:46,840 --> 00:18:49,600 and are less likely to strike if disturbed. 166 00:18:53,120 --> 00:18:55,960 One of the most feared animals on the planet 167 00:18:55,960 --> 00:18:59,640 has found a place where they are accepted 168 00:18:59,640 --> 00:19:02,480 and can coexist with human beings. 169 00:19:10,240 --> 00:19:13,600 But for many animals living in the human world, 170 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:17,400 it pays to keep a low profile. 171 00:19:22,360 --> 00:19:24,840 Here in Melbourne, Australia, 172 00:19:24,840 --> 00:19:28,280 one creature has perfected the art of camouflage. 173 00:19:35,960 --> 00:19:38,080 A frogmouth chick. 174 00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:43,280 Its father helps to hide it during the day. 175 00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:49,840 CHICK SQUAWKS 176 00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:53,560 They are nocturnal birds, 177 00:19:53,560 --> 00:19:56,200 and as day turns to night, 178 00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:59,040 its parents come out of the shadows 179 00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:02,680 to reap the rewards of urban living. 180 00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:08,000 The city lights create 181 00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:10,640 excellent conditions for hunting. 182 00:20:12,120 --> 00:20:13,880 Every night in the city 183 00:20:13,880 --> 00:20:16,840 is as bright as when there is a full moon. 184 00:20:21,440 --> 00:20:23,600 BIRD SQUAWKS 185 00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:28,800 So city frogmouths often... 186 00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:32,160 ..have their mouths full. 187 00:20:36,640 --> 00:20:41,840 He's growing fast, and today he just won't sit still. 188 00:20:44,120 --> 00:20:45,920 DOG BARKS 189 00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:48,480 And now he has revealed his presence. 190 00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:53,960 The first rule of frogmouth behaviour is 191 00:20:53,960 --> 00:20:56,680 don't move in the day. 192 00:20:56,680 --> 00:21:00,320 But this is the one time in a frogmouth's life 193 00:21:00,320 --> 00:21:04,680 when the urge to fly simply cannot be suppressed. 194 00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:06,520 DOG PANTS 195 00:21:06,520 --> 00:21:09,000 BEAK CLICKS, DOG BARKS 196 00:21:12,680 --> 00:21:18,200 But he's not ready to leave home just yet. 197 00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:24,800 Come night-time... 198 00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:28,000 ..he's hungry again. 199 00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:39,280 He is wide awake... 200 00:21:41,120 --> 00:21:44,840 ..and wants to take off where he left off. 201 00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:53,560 But he's getting unwanted attention, 202 00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:58,520 and this time his parent is not nearby to protect him. 203 00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:04,720 Humans bring pets, 204 00:22:04,720 --> 00:22:10,240 and cats in Australia kill a million birds a day. 205 00:22:27,040 --> 00:22:29,960 COLLAR BELL TINKLES 206 00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:56,560 His first proper flight. 207 00:23:01,160 --> 00:23:04,560 But unless he can find a safe place to roost, 208 00:23:04,560 --> 00:23:06,680 he is still in peril. 209 00:23:15,840 --> 00:23:17,360 Made it. 210 00:23:20,040 --> 00:23:24,160 But if he is to survive in the city, like the adults, 211 00:23:24,160 --> 00:23:27,400 he'll have to learn how to blend in. 212 00:23:41,040 --> 00:23:44,520 Some animals are so bold 213 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:47,200 that they don't even try to hide. 214 00:23:49,960 --> 00:23:55,400 To see a large predator in the built-up world is a rare sight. 215 00:23:58,040 --> 00:24:02,120 And here in Lake Tahoe, in North America, 216 00:24:02,120 --> 00:24:06,280 these black bears are particularly big... 217 00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:12,240 ..and they're heading right to the centre of town. 218 00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:13,720 BEAR CHOMPS 219 00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:16,440 Winter is approaching, 220 00:24:16,440 --> 00:24:19,360 and these bears need to put on as much weight as possible 221 00:24:19,360 --> 00:24:21,440 before the snow arrives. 222 00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:27,680 This is a great place to gorge. 223 00:24:32,880 --> 00:24:34,280 HORN BLARES 224 00:24:34,280 --> 00:24:36,280 It's now bear country. 225 00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:39,360 FENCE CREAKS 226 00:24:39,360 --> 00:24:41,840 Why struggle for a meal... 227 00:24:44,160 --> 00:24:46,240 ..when you can cross the street... 228 00:24:47,520 --> 00:24:49,280 ..for a takeaway? 229 00:24:56,160 --> 00:24:58,520 There's so much food here 230 00:24:58,520 --> 00:25:01,680 that some of the bears are 50% heavier 231 00:25:01,680 --> 00:25:03,520 than their country cousins. 232 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:10,360 But why stop here? 233 00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:15,640 Some bears just want to dine in. 234 00:25:19,960 --> 00:25:21,800 WOMAN GASPS 235 00:25:22,960 --> 00:25:28,320 A lucky few are able to get an easy meal from the human world. 236 00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:34,520 But when WE venture to the natural world in search of food... 237 00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:39,080 ..the harvest is on a different scale. 238 00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:42,440 In just four decades, 239 00:25:42,440 --> 00:25:46,880 fishing reduced fish populations by half... 240 00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:52,240 ..and created great problems for the ocean predators 241 00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:54,880 that once had such food to themselves. 242 00:25:57,080 --> 00:25:59,480 SHIP'S HORN BLOWS 243 00:26:02,680 --> 00:26:04,960 Off the coast of Vancouver Island, 244 00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:08,080 humpback whales inhabit waters 245 00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:11,000 where herring have been overfished. 246 00:26:15,920 --> 00:26:20,920 Humpbacks, however, are renowned for their ingenuity. 247 00:26:22,920 --> 00:26:27,320 12 years ago, an adult male called Conger 248 00:26:27,320 --> 00:26:30,840 adopted a totally new way of feeding. 249 00:26:32,160 --> 00:26:35,360 When the density of fish in the water is low, 250 00:26:35,360 --> 00:26:37,880 and birds are diving to catch them... 251 00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:42,040 ..the humpback opens its mouth 252 00:26:42,040 --> 00:26:46,080 and creates a space that the fish mistake for shelter. 253 00:26:53,240 --> 00:26:55,120 The fish swim in... 254 00:26:58,120 --> 00:27:01,240 ..and the trap is closed. 255 00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:11,800 Conger was the first humpback whale to be seen doing this. 256 00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:19,680 Now 30 whales in the area use this same technique. 257 00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:28,880 The population of humpbacks here is growing, 258 00:27:28,880 --> 00:27:31,400 and you might think that this would 259 00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:34,080 reduce fish stocks even more, 260 00:27:34,080 --> 00:27:36,880 but something surprising is thought to be happening. 261 00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:42,720 These tiny phytoplankton are the basis of the food chain 262 00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:46,360 and need a vital ingredient to grow. 263 00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:49,800 Iron. 264 00:27:57,560 --> 00:28:00,720 Whale faeces are rich in iron... 265 00:28:02,160 --> 00:28:06,760 ..and great whales produce it in enormous quantities... 266 00:28:08,280 --> 00:28:13,760 ..so the phytoplankton flourishes, and herring feed on it. 267 00:28:16,520 --> 00:28:18,960 Whale faeces, in fact, 268 00:28:18,960 --> 00:28:22,560 are helping to restore the whole ecosystem. 269 00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:28,480 The herring attract seabirds, 270 00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:32,000 diving birds attack them from beneath, 271 00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:35,760 and gulls and shearwaters dive on them from above. 272 00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:41,640 Even bald eagles benefit from this rich feast. 273 00:29:20,280 --> 00:29:23,840 Astonishingly, even though Conger and all the other whales 274 00:29:23,840 --> 00:29:26,560 are feasting on fish, 275 00:29:26,560 --> 00:29:31,240 their role in fertilising the ocean is so influential 276 00:29:31,240 --> 00:29:35,360 that herring numbers here are actually predicted to increase. 277 00:29:42,560 --> 00:29:46,840 And the role they play in rejuvenating the environment... 278 00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:56,800 ..is having an even greater impact on the human world. 279 00:30:05,640 --> 00:30:08,680 The flourishing plankton also collects carbon 280 00:30:08,680 --> 00:30:11,000 from the atmosphere, just as trees do... 281 00:30:13,520 --> 00:30:17,360 ..so much so that each great whale 282 00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:22,480 has the same impact as a forest of 30,000 trees. 283 00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:33,040 Our great whales were once hunted... 284 00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:38,320 ..and if they return to their pre-whaling numbers, 285 00:30:38,320 --> 00:30:42,000 it's estimated that this would be equivalent to planting 286 00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:45,480 over 30 billion trees. 287 00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:03,960 Whales are now being recognised as benefiting humanity. 288 00:31:08,360 --> 00:31:11,200 But for most large animals, 289 00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:15,440 competition with humans brings conflict. 290 00:31:17,480 --> 00:31:21,800 This six-tonne African bull elephant is in his prime. 291 00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:23,720 ELEPHANT GRUNTS 292 00:31:25,720 --> 00:31:29,040 To stand the best chance of winning fights for females, 293 00:31:29,040 --> 00:31:30,960 he needs to be big. 294 00:31:32,920 --> 00:31:37,280 He can smell highly nutritious food is near. 295 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:49,080 But crossing the boundary to reach it 296 00:31:49,080 --> 00:31:51,520 is a dangerous journey. 297 00:31:57,480 --> 00:32:00,920 He must wait for the cover of darkness. 298 00:32:06,080 --> 00:32:08,160 FIRE CRACKLES 299 00:32:10,560 --> 00:32:16,280 These Kenyan farmers are preparing for the night ahead. 300 00:32:18,440 --> 00:32:21,680 They have had to guard their crops every night 301 00:32:21,680 --> 00:32:23,280 for the last two months. 302 00:32:26,120 --> 00:32:29,760 With only two days until harvest, 303 00:32:29,760 --> 00:32:32,960 this is a critical time. 304 00:32:39,720 --> 00:32:41,240 MAN SHOUTS 305 00:32:41,240 --> 00:32:42,760 In a single night, 306 00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:46,040 a bull elephant can destroy the entire crops 307 00:32:46,040 --> 00:32:47,880 produced by ten farmers. 308 00:32:47,880 --> 00:32:49,840 SHOUTING 309 00:32:49,840 --> 00:32:51,800 ELEPHANT ROARS 310 00:32:56,360 --> 00:32:57,800 MAN SHOUTS 311 00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:07,320 But he's taking a huge risk. 312 00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:08,600 ELEPHANT ROARS 313 00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:10,760 SHOUTING 314 00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:23,640 ELEPHANT SCREECHES 315 00:33:23,640 --> 00:33:26,040 SHOUTING 316 00:33:26,040 --> 00:33:27,560 ELEPHANT ROARS 317 00:33:31,160 --> 00:33:33,480 ELEPHANT TRUMPETS 318 00:33:37,480 --> 00:33:38,960 ELEPHANT ROARS 319 00:33:42,680 --> 00:33:44,040 ELEPHANT ROARS 320 00:33:44,040 --> 00:33:46,400 He's twice the height of a man... 321 00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:48,880 ELEPHANT ROARS 322 00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:50,920 ..and he won't back down easily. 323 00:33:50,920 --> 00:33:52,640 SHOUTING 324 00:33:55,200 --> 00:34:00,120 This human-wildlife conflict happens night after night. 325 00:34:02,640 --> 00:34:05,560 And each year, it takes the lives 326 00:34:05,560 --> 00:34:10,440 of up to 200 elephants and 20 people in Kenya alone. 327 00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:13,840 LOW RUMBLING 328 00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:17,080 This standoff is potentially lethal. 329 00:34:19,920 --> 00:34:22,320 The farmers have had to call for help 330 00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:25,400 from a team of highly experienced rangers. 331 00:34:42,480 --> 00:34:43,880 Although they're armed, 332 00:34:43,880 --> 00:34:47,280 their task is to drive the elephant out of the field 333 00:34:47,280 --> 00:34:48,800 without harming it. 334 00:34:51,920 --> 00:34:54,320 But the bull is determined... 335 00:34:54,320 --> 00:34:56,280 ELEPHANT TRUMPETS 336 00:34:56,280 --> 00:34:58,080 ..to hold ground. 337 00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:03,040 LOW RUMBLING 338 00:35:03,040 --> 00:35:06,240 The rangers will have to get closer... 339 00:35:06,240 --> 00:35:08,240 ELEPHANT ROARS 340 00:35:08,240 --> 00:35:09,720 ..on foot. 341 00:35:11,240 --> 00:35:13,360 ELEPHANT GROWLS 342 00:35:20,360 --> 00:35:22,080 LOW RUMBLING 343 00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:29,480 The rangers have to resort... FIRECRACKER BANGS 344 00:35:29,480 --> 00:35:32,800 ELEPHANT GROWLS ..to firecrackers. 345 00:35:35,480 --> 00:35:38,280 FIRECRACKER BANGS, ELEPHANT ROARS 346 00:35:46,120 --> 00:35:47,880 ELEPHANT GROWLS 347 00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:53,840 The bull is driven from this field... 348 00:35:53,840 --> 00:35:55,160 ELEPHANT GROWLS 349 00:35:55,160 --> 00:35:57,920 ..and retreats deep into the bush. 350 00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:09,320 Fortunately for this bull, 351 00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:12,800 the battle has been resolved peacefully. 352 00:36:12,800 --> 00:36:16,840 And efforts like these are seeing fewer elephants killed, 353 00:36:16,840 --> 00:36:21,240 and their population in Kenya is starting to rise again. 354 00:36:22,800 --> 00:36:25,040 But conflict with wildlife 355 00:36:25,040 --> 00:36:27,800 is now occurring on a far greater scale 356 00:36:27,800 --> 00:36:29,040 as a consequence 357 00:36:29,040 --> 00:36:31,840 of the way we are changing the world's climate. 358 00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:37,280 Some arid regions 359 00:36:37,280 --> 00:36:40,920 are now experiencing unusually high rainfall. 360 00:36:45,640 --> 00:36:48,160 And that is good for growing crops 361 00:36:48,160 --> 00:36:50,280 here in northeastern Africa. 362 00:36:52,720 --> 00:36:55,640 But it's also the perfect conditions 363 00:36:55,640 --> 00:36:58,240 for one particular insect. 364 00:37:13,320 --> 00:37:15,600 Desert locusts. 365 00:37:19,160 --> 00:37:22,600 They're normally solitary creatures, 366 00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:25,440 but emerging from the sand in great numbers 367 00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:28,200 triggers a dramatic physical change. 368 00:37:35,840 --> 00:37:37,920 They turn a vivid yellow 369 00:37:37,920 --> 00:37:40,040 and become highly social. 370 00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:45,840 Together, they are an unstoppable army. 371 00:37:47,160 --> 00:37:51,760 On foot, they can cover a mile a day. 372 00:37:57,600 --> 00:38:00,680 But they can only go so far in this way. 373 00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:08,680 They need to find height. 374 00:38:19,640 --> 00:38:24,120 Up here, they begin their final transformation. 375 00:38:31,720 --> 00:38:34,360 Normally, it takes an individual insect 376 00:38:34,360 --> 00:38:37,560 at least a month to become a winged adult... 377 00:38:39,160 --> 00:38:42,920 ..but in their social form, their development speeds up. 378 00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:50,480 SQUELCHING 379 00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:02,960 Now all they need is for their wings to harden. 380 00:39:14,560 --> 00:39:18,960 Once airborne, they can travel 60 miles in a day. 381 00:39:39,880 --> 00:39:44,280 Swarms merge and they become a plague. 382 00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:52,520 This one contains billions of individuals, 383 00:39:52,520 --> 00:39:54,800 and eats as much in a day 384 00:39:54,800 --> 00:39:58,320 as the entire population of Germany. 385 00:40:25,360 --> 00:40:28,480 Today in northeastern Africa, 386 00:40:28,480 --> 00:40:31,840 as a consequence of climate change... 387 00:40:32,840 --> 00:40:35,400 ..devastating surges of locusts 388 00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:37,760 are becoming more frequent. 389 00:40:48,360 --> 00:40:52,560 Two worlds are colliding. 390 00:41:00,840 --> 00:41:05,840 Unintentionally, humanity has created exactly the conditions 391 00:41:05,840 --> 00:41:10,280 that cause this species to explode in numbers. 392 00:41:35,720 --> 00:41:38,440 But another group of animals has seen 393 00:41:38,440 --> 00:41:40,920 an even more dramatic rise 394 00:41:40,920 --> 00:41:43,720 as a consequence of OUR actions. 395 00:41:47,720 --> 00:41:50,880 We have increased the numbers of a few species 396 00:41:50,880 --> 00:41:52,920 almost astronomically. 397 00:41:52,920 --> 00:41:54,680 CHICKS CHEEP 398 00:41:54,680 --> 00:41:56,200 By weight, 399 00:41:56,200 --> 00:42:00,120 70% of the world's birds are now chickens 400 00:42:00,120 --> 00:42:02,800 or other domesticated fowl. 401 00:42:13,480 --> 00:42:18,360 We rear 70 billion farm animals each year... 402 00:42:18,360 --> 00:42:19,960 PIG GRUNTS 403 00:42:19,960 --> 00:42:22,720 ..and every one of them needs feeding. 404 00:42:24,040 --> 00:42:26,040 Producing the food 405 00:42:26,040 --> 00:42:29,280 for such numbers of domesticated animals 406 00:42:29,280 --> 00:42:33,000 is having a profound impact on the natural world. 407 00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:34,920 CHICKENS CLUCK 408 00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:43,640 The Amazon rainforest - 409 00:42:43,640 --> 00:42:46,520 twice the size of India. 410 00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:50,360 It's so rich, 411 00:42:50,360 --> 00:42:55,000 it contains one in every ten species on the planet. 412 00:42:56,160 --> 00:43:00,840 And it's home to this sloth and her ten-month-old baby. 413 00:43:08,000 --> 00:43:11,680 He was born into an environment 414 00:43:11,680 --> 00:43:14,760 virtually untouched by humanity. 415 00:43:19,440 --> 00:43:21,480 CHAINSAW BUZZES 416 00:43:23,480 --> 00:43:28,880 But now human beings are claiming even this space. 417 00:43:56,560 --> 00:44:00,600 Year after year, we clear over two million hectares 418 00:44:00,600 --> 00:44:02,480 of the Amazon forest - 419 00:44:02,480 --> 00:44:05,960 an area the size of Wales. 420 00:44:12,760 --> 00:44:15,200 And we use nearly all of it 421 00:44:15,200 --> 00:44:17,680 to make more space for cattle... 422 00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:22,840 ..and to grow soya to feed our livestock. 423 00:44:27,560 --> 00:44:31,720 Today, habitat destruction is the biggest problem 424 00:44:31,720 --> 00:44:35,280 we have created for wildlife around the world. 425 00:44:37,920 --> 00:44:40,080 BRANCHES RUSTLE 426 00:44:41,400 --> 00:44:44,720 This porcupine has survived the fire... 427 00:44:47,880 --> 00:44:49,880 ..and is being rescued. 428 00:44:58,680 --> 00:45:03,360 It's being relocated to pristine forests. 429 00:45:08,880 --> 00:45:11,640 This will be its new home. 430 00:45:19,520 --> 00:45:21,840 Only a fortunate few animals 431 00:45:21,840 --> 00:45:25,240 are being given such a second chance. 432 00:45:47,920 --> 00:45:52,040 A healthy natural world is not only vital for wildlife.... 433 00:45:53,240 --> 00:45:57,120 ..but for our own very existence. 434 00:46:02,080 --> 00:46:06,840 Somehow we must find ways to redress the balance. 435 00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:18,680 Currently, the vast majority of agricultural land, 436 00:46:18,680 --> 00:46:20,880 more than 75%, 437 00:46:20,880 --> 00:46:23,600 is used to raise livestock, 438 00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:26,160 and this is very inefficient. 439 00:46:30,040 --> 00:46:31,960 There are solutions. 440 00:46:33,760 --> 00:46:36,640 One is considering what we eat. 441 00:46:46,200 --> 00:46:49,520 If we shift away from eating meat and dairy 442 00:46:49,520 --> 00:46:52,680 and move towards a plant-based diet, 443 00:46:52,680 --> 00:46:57,400 then the sun's energy goes directly into growing our food. 444 00:47:04,720 --> 00:47:07,240 And because that's so much more efficient, 445 00:47:07,240 --> 00:47:10,800 we could still produce enough to feed us, 446 00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:14,560 but do so using a quarter of the land. 447 00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:23,200 This could free up an area the size of the United States, 448 00:47:23,200 --> 00:47:28,720 China, the European Union and Australia combined... 449 00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:36,120 ..space that could then be given back to nature. 450 00:47:41,640 --> 00:47:44,200 And human innovations may be able 451 00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:46,920 to do even more for wildlife. 452 00:47:49,960 --> 00:47:54,480 High-tech farms now grow plants vertically, 453 00:47:54,480 --> 00:47:59,760 yielding up to 350 times the food grown in the same area. 454 00:48:04,000 --> 00:48:07,360 This is one of many solutions we already have, 455 00:48:07,360 --> 00:48:10,600 and others are surely on the horizon. 456 00:48:23,200 --> 00:48:26,480 To find ways to protect all life on Earth 457 00:48:26,480 --> 00:48:31,520 means reimagining how we live on this planet in the future. 458 00:48:31,520 --> 00:48:33,440 Human ingenuity, 459 00:48:33,440 --> 00:48:36,840 our extraordinary ability to find solutions, 460 00:48:36,840 --> 00:48:40,200 gives me hope that we can. 461 00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:42,520 It will be the major challenge 462 00:48:42,520 --> 00:48:45,480 for this generation and the next. 463 00:49:12,280 --> 00:49:14,080 To film the impact 464 00:49:14,080 --> 00:49:16,160 that fires are having on the Amazon, 465 00:49:16,160 --> 00:49:17,520 the Planet Earth III team 466 00:49:17,520 --> 00:49:21,160 joined a local volunteer fire brigade. 467 00:49:23,320 --> 00:49:25,560 The fire brigade are responding to a patch 468 00:49:25,560 --> 00:49:28,080 of primary rainforest that is burning. 469 00:49:28,080 --> 00:49:29,800 It's been burning for two days now. 470 00:49:29,800 --> 00:49:32,520 It's difficult to know what we're going to see. 471 00:49:35,160 --> 00:49:38,080 The fires are mainly lit illegally... 472 00:49:39,680 --> 00:49:42,000 ..to clear space for cattle. 473 00:49:49,480 --> 00:49:51,880 TRANSLATION: 474 00:49:58,840 --> 00:50:01,920 Battling fires is dangerous work. 475 00:50:01,920 --> 00:50:06,000 But the firefighters face them every day. 476 00:50:07,480 --> 00:50:09,520 For the wildlife film crew, 477 00:50:09,520 --> 00:50:12,480 this is a totally new experience. 478 00:50:13,520 --> 00:50:17,440 And these fires can be unpredictable. 479 00:50:17,440 --> 00:50:19,760 Neil, don't spend long in there. 480 00:50:22,680 --> 00:50:24,800 TRANSLATION: 481 00:50:41,360 --> 00:50:42,600 Oh! 482 00:50:44,440 --> 00:50:46,080 TRANSLATION: 483 00:50:52,880 --> 00:50:55,680 With the ground team retreating, 484 00:50:55,680 --> 00:50:59,720 the safest way to carry on filming is with the drone. 485 00:51:26,600 --> 00:51:29,600 Have we lost the drone? I think Abi has seen it. 486 00:51:29,600 --> 00:51:30,880 Abi is on her way. 487 00:51:30,880 --> 00:51:33,600 Can you confirm you're on your way to the drone, Abi? 488 00:51:36,640 --> 00:51:38,560 TRANSLATION: 489 00:51:40,800 --> 00:51:42,240 MAN SHOUTS 490 00:51:44,480 --> 00:51:47,000 ABI: 491 00:51:52,320 --> 00:51:55,640 The drone is damaged beyond repair. 492 00:51:57,040 --> 00:51:58,680 Don't worry about it. I mean it. 493 00:51:58,680 --> 00:52:01,200 Don't worry about it. It's absolutely fine. 494 00:52:01,200 --> 00:52:02,880 It's not OK. It is. It's OK. 495 00:52:02,880 --> 00:52:04,600 It's equipment. We've got a spare. 496 00:52:04,600 --> 00:52:07,200 The main thing is, we're all safe. No-one's hurt. 497 00:52:09,880 --> 00:52:11,800 The team regroup... 498 00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:16,200 ..and decide to move away from the heart of the fire 499 00:52:16,200 --> 00:52:18,400 to its fringes 500 00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:21,440 to look for animals caught up in the flames. 501 00:52:23,680 --> 00:52:26,880 There's been reports of a monkey in the trees, so... 502 00:52:28,240 --> 00:52:29,200 Ah! 503 00:52:29,200 --> 00:52:31,560 THEY SPEAK PORTUGUESE 504 00:52:31,560 --> 00:52:33,760 The problem is, there's fires all the way along here, 505 00:52:33,760 --> 00:52:36,240 as well as all along here, so... 506 00:52:36,240 --> 00:52:38,400 It's hard to know what all this wildlife is going to do 507 00:52:38,400 --> 00:52:40,640 when their home is burnt up like this. 508 00:52:42,600 --> 00:52:46,600 I don't know what it's like for these rainforest animals 509 00:52:46,600 --> 00:52:48,080 to be experiencing a fire. 510 00:52:48,080 --> 00:52:50,000 It's horrific for me, so... 511 00:52:51,160 --> 00:52:53,680 ..I don't know what it is for them. 512 00:52:57,240 --> 00:53:00,280 The fires burn into the night. 513 00:53:12,280 --> 00:53:14,400 The following day, 514 00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:17,320 the crew accompany the firefighters 515 00:53:17,320 --> 00:53:21,080 in the search for animals in the aftermath. 516 00:53:22,560 --> 00:53:25,280 Oh, my God, there are flames all inside of it. 517 00:53:25,280 --> 00:53:26,920 Little termite... 518 00:53:28,440 --> 00:53:30,560 Oh, my God! 519 00:53:32,320 --> 00:53:36,240 Remarkably, some animals have survived. 520 00:53:45,000 --> 00:53:47,280 TRANSLATION: 521 00:54:33,640 --> 00:54:35,520 Clearing land for farming 522 00:54:35,520 --> 00:54:37,960 is not a problem unique to the Amazon. 523 00:54:40,040 --> 00:54:43,880 Agriculture now takes up half of the habitable land 524 00:54:43,880 --> 00:54:45,760 on the planet. 525 00:54:47,640 --> 00:54:50,560 To produce food with less impact on the natural world 526 00:54:50,560 --> 00:54:53,400 requires new approaches. 527 00:54:54,680 --> 00:54:58,600 And that led the wildlife film crew to a farm 528 00:54:58,600 --> 00:55:00,760 in a warehouse. 529 00:55:05,280 --> 00:55:07,080 We're in the middle of the city! 530 00:55:07,080 --> 00:55:09,360 I can't believe so much food 531 00:55:09,360 --> 00:55:11,840 being grown in such a small space! 532 00:55:14,680 --> 00:55:19,160 Here in Los Angeles, 6,000 miles from the Amazon, 533 00:55:19,160 --> 00:55:22,760 this farm is part of a burgeoning food revolution. 534 00:55:24,280 --> 00:55:27,600 This is the most productive farm in the world, 535 00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:30,360 and it's our goal to reduce the amount of land and resources 536 00:55:30,360 --> 00:55:32,760 necessary to grow down to the bare minimum. 537 00:55:32,760 --> 00:55:35,120 It took a while to understand that, for nature, 538 00:55:35,120 --> 00:55:37,240 agricultural use of land 539 00:55:37,240 --> 00:55:40,920 was the primary, like, destructive behaviour of humanity. 540 00:55:40,920 --> 00:55:44,120 As we expand this means of growing, 541 00:55:44,120 --> 00:55:47,320 I'm very hopeful that this approach can ultimately 542 00:55:47,320 --> 00:55:49,520 give a lot of land back to nature 543 00:55:49,520 --> 00:55:52,280 and allow that biodiversity to re-establish and flourish. 544 00:55:54,640 --> 00:55:58,080 Not only does this farm use less space... 545 00:55:59,240 --> 00:56:03,440 ..but it also uses 90% less water, 546 00:56:03,440 --> 00:56:05,840 no pesticides, 547 00:56:05,840 --> 00:56:08,240 and cuts food miles. 548 00:56:10,960 --> 00:56:13,960 It does feel like a really good start. 549 00:56:13,960 --> 00:56:20,120 Ideas like this can reduce our footprint on the planet, 550 00:56:20,120 --> 00:56:24,840 giving the natural world a chance to bounce back. 551 00:56:34,160 --> 00:56:35,960 Next time, 552 00:56:35,960 --> 00:56:39,880 the heroes on the frontline saving wildlife. 553 00:56:42,480 --> 00:56:45,320 They're exploring remote jungles... 554 00:56:47,160 --> 00:56:50,440 ..working undercover to catch criminals... 555 00:56:52,000 --> 00:56:55,320 ..and leading endangered creatures to safety. 556 00:56:58,400 --> 00:57:02,560 Habitat Explorer brings animals and their habitats to life. 557 00:57:02,560 --> 00:57:06,120 Explore this free interactive and make origami animals. 558 00:57:06,120 --> 00:57:10,320 Go to... 559 00:57:10,320 --> 00:57:12,520 ..and follow the links to the Open University. 560 00:57:12,520 --> 00:57:15,840 Or to order a free printed version, visit the website 561 00:57:15,840 --> 00:57:18,480 or call the number on the screen.