1
00:00:30,080 --> 00:00:31,840
FIRE CRACKLES

2
00:00:36,520 --> 00:00:37,960
DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYS

3
00:00:57,360 --> 00:01:00,480
- I am the Reverend TJ Stretch,

4
00:01:00,480 --> 00:01:04,880
attached as Padre to the formation
controlling this camp.

5
00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:08,960
This morning, we buried over 5,000 bodies.

6
00:01:08,960 --> 00:01:11,000
We don't know who they are.

7
00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:15,000
Behind me, you can see a pit which
will contain another 5,000.

8
00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:16,680
All these deaths have been caused

9
00:01:16,680 --> 00:01:20,000
because of a treatment meted out to
these poor people

10
00:01:20,000 --> 00:01:21,760
by their SS guards.

11
00:01:34,160 --> 00:01:36,120
- Things they have committed, well,

12
00:01:36,120 --> 00:01:38,320
nobody'd think they were human at all.

13
00:01:39,960 --> 00:01:42,320
We actually know now

14
00:01:42,320 --> 00:01:44,880
what has been going on in these camps.

15
00:01:44,880 --> 00:01:48,080
Erm, I know, personally, what I'm
fighting for.

16
00:02:08,920 --> 00:02:11,320
- After the Second World War,

17
00:02:11,320 --> 00:02:15,480
some of the worst war criminals in
history go to ground.

18
00:02:15,480 --> 00:02:18,120
- Hoping that, in the near future,

19
00:02:18,120 --> 00:02:20,600
their fortunes will change

20
00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:23,320
and they would be players again.

21
00:02:23,320 --> 00:02:25,760
- Many change their names,

22
00:02:25,760 --> 00:02:28,600
and the most-wanted flee to South
America.

23
00:02:29,720 --> 00:02:32,560
Others claim the Holocaust never
happened,

24
00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:35,440
or had nothing to do with them.

25
00:02:35,440 --> 00:02:38,520
Told by historians and experts,

26
00:02:38,520 --> 00:02:41,040
this is the story of the little-known
people

27
00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:44,040
searching for truth and justice.

28
00:02:44,040 --> 00:02:49,000
- Trying to confront this man who is
the murderer of her entire family.

29
00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:50,760
It's a hostile environment.

30
00:02:52,480 --> 00:02:55,240
- What kind of men are they? Are they
mad?

31
00:02:55,240 --> 00:02:56,840
They must be mad.

32
00:02:58,360 --> 00:03:01,400
- The hunt for Nazi war criminals

33
00:03:01,400 --> 00:03:05,080
is without any parallel, to my
knowledge,

34
00:03:05,080 --> 00:03:07,240
either before or since.

35
00:03:07,240 --> 00:03:10,720
- It's a hunt taking place against the
backdrop of a world

36
00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:13,560
that wants to forget and move on.

37
00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:19,520
- Justice for him was everything.

38
00:03:21,080 --> 00:03:25,240
- I'm upset that he died without being
in a cage.

39
00:03:25,240 --> 00:03:35,360
- # Amen. #

40
00:03:50,520 --> 00:03:52,280
- At the end of the war,

41
00:03:52,280 --> 00:03:56,280
Germany was in pieces.

42
00:03:56,280 --> 00:03:58,840
A smoking ruin, basically.

43
00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:06,480
The German population was defeated -

44
00:04:06,480 --> 00:04:09,840
psychologically, as well as
militarily.

45
00:04:11,680 --> 00:04:14,320
- The Allies now want to win the peace

46
00:04:14,320 --> 00:04:17,320
and help Germany rebuild and move on.

47
00:04:18,320 --> 00:04:20,800
But there's also the question -

48
00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:23,200
how to deliver justice

49
00:04:23,200 --> 00:04:26,080
for the terrible crimes that have been
committed.

50
00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:35,160
With what remains of Hitler's inner
circle now in custody,

51
00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:39,680
the Allied leaders meet outside the
ruins of Berlin.

52
00:04:41,800 --> 00:04:45,080
- At the end of the war, it was really
a problem for the Allies

53
00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:49,920
deciding what they're going to do once
they've captured Nazi leaders.

54
00:04:49,920 --> 00:04:52,800
They do find real differences.

55
00:04:56,160 --> 00:04:58,280
Churchill doesn't really want a trial
at all.

56
00:04:58,280 --> 00:05:01,080
He's quite happy if they're, you know,
identified and shot.

57
00:05:02,320 --> 00:05:04,480
Stalin, on the Soviet side, wanted
trial,

58
00:05:04,480 --> 00:05:06,760
but it's really cos they want a show
trial.

59
00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:09,400
Just put them in the court and then
shoot them.

60
00:05:09,400 --> 00:05:11,160
It's really only the Americans

61
00:05:11,160 --> 00:05:14,440
who want a conventional western-style
trial.

62
00:05:18,200 --> 00:05:21,320
- The Americans get their way

63
00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:23,840
and preparations begin.

64
00:05:23,840 --> 00:05:27,320
A special courtroom is built in
Nuremberg.

65
00:05:29,920 --> 00:05:32,520
- This is the very first time ever

66
00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:34,840
that a government of an enemy state

67
00:05:34,840 --> 00:05:37,480
has been put on trial at the end of a
war.

68
00:05:37,480 --> 00:05:38,880
It's a complete novelty.

69
00:05:38,880 --> 00:05:42,160
- CLOCK TICKS

70
00:05:43,520 --> 00:05:45,160
Hitler,

71
00:05:45,160 --> 00:05:47,000
Himmler

72
00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:50,160
and Goebbels have killed themselves.

73
00:05:51,720 --> 00:05:54,560
But in the dock will be Goering,

74
00:05:54,560 --> 00:05:56,360
Hitler's right-hand man...

75
00:05:56,360 --> 00:05:59,040
CLOCK TICKS

76
00:05:59,040 --> 00:06:00,680
..Albert Speer,

77
00:06:00,680 --> 00:06:02,480
who, among other things,

78
00:06:02,480 --> 00:06:07,120
oversaw the slave labour system that
built the V2 rockets,

79
00:06:07,120 --> 00:06:08,760
..and Ribbentrop,

80
00:06:08,760 --> 00:06:10,760
Hitler's Foreign Minister.

81
00:06:13,280 --> 00:06:17,800
In total, 22 of the highest ranking
Nazis...

82
00:06:20,680 --> 00:06:23,760
..who will face charges of war crimes,

83
00:06:23,760 --> 00:06:27,560
crimes against the peace, conspiracy,

84
00:06:27,560 --> 00:06:30,320
and crimes against humanity.

85
00:06:30,320 --> 00:06:33,520
CLOCK TICKS, CEASES

86
00:06:57,200 --> 00:07:00,480
- The whole purpose of the trial was
to put up,

87
00:07:00,480 --> 00:07:02,160
in front of public opinion,

88
00:07:02,160 --> 00:07:05,080
the terrible things that the Hitler
regime did.

89
00:07:05,080 --> 00:07:09,120
And they want to tell the world so
that the world remembers.

90
00:07:09,120 --> 00:07:11,640
- JUSTICE ROBERT H JACKSON:
- The wrongs which we seek to punish

91
00:07:11,640 --> 00:07:14,520
have been so malignant and so
devastating

92
00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:18,560
that civilisation cannot tolerate
their being ignored

93
00:07:18,560 --> 00:07:22,120
because it cannot survive their being
repeated.

94
00:07:23,840 --> 00:07:27,280
- I think for a great many of those
who had led the Third Reich,

95
00:07:27,280 --> 00:07:29,360
they think they might be punished.

96
00:07:29,360 --> 00:07:33,000
But the idea that you'll have a huge
international tribunal

97
00:07:33,000 --> 00:07:35,840
in which they're held before world
opinion,

98
00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:38,720
I think very few of them had any idea
of that.

99
00:07:38,720 --> 00:07:43,520
- The defendants are to plead guilty

100
00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:46,120
or not guilty to the charges against
them.

101
00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:50,920
Hermann Wilhelm Goring.

102
00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:58,320
- As the most senior surviving Nazi,

103
00:07:58,320 --> 00:08:01,720
Goering is first to make his plea.

104
00:08:05,040 --> 00:08:07,560
- Goring knows that everything that
he's enjoyed,

105
00:08:07,560 --> 00:08:10,040
the power he's had, everything is
lost.

106
00:08:11,440 --> 00:08:14,480
Now he's thinking to himself, you
know, "What do I do?"

107
00:08:15,680 --> 00:08:19,000
- TRANSLATION:

108
00:08:27,880 --> 00:08:30,360
- He starts off trying to make a
speech.

109
00:08:30,360 --> 00:08:33,320
"Here I am, I'm going to tell you how
it was

110
00:08:33,320 --> 00:08:35,520
"and you've got to take me seriously."

111
00:08:37,080 --> 00:08:41,680
- JUDGE:
- The defendants are not entitled to
make a statement.

112
00:08:41,680 --> 00:08:44,840
You must plead guilty or not guilty.

113
00:08:50,640 --> 00:08:52,720
- And of course he can't make a
speech,

114
00:08:52,720 --> 00:08:54,080
but he does make it clear

115
00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:56,640
that he doesn't respect the trial or
the indictment,

116
00:08:56,640 --> 00:08:58,960
and that's really what he wants to get
across.

117
00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:17,440
- All of the other defendants follow
suit.

118
00:09:19,360 --> 00:09:23,480
No-one accepts responsibility for the
crimes of the Third Reich.

119
00:09:27,080 --> 00:09:29,840
It's clear that Allied prosecutors

120
00:09:29,840 --> 00:09:32,760
have a battle to prove their guilt,

121
00:09:32,760 --> 00:09:34,480
and through them,

122
00:09:34,480 --> 00:09:37,160
the guilt of the regime they served.

123
00:09:49,320 --> 00:09:53,240
Not all high-ranking Nazis have been
captured.

124
00:09:53,240 --> 00:09:55,440
The job of tracking them down

125
00:09:55,440 --> 00:09:58,400
and finding evidence of their crimes

126
00:09:58,400 --> 00:10:00,800
falls to Allied soldiers.

127
00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:06,200
One of them is 32-year-old Captain
Victor Cross.

128
00:10:06,200 --> 00:10:10,240
Before the war, he worked in the
leather trade in Northampton.

129
00:10:12,200 --> 00:10:15,400
Now, he's head of a small field
security section

130
00:10:15,400 --> 00:10:17,400
in Allied-occupied Germany.

131
00:10:20,720 --> 00:10:23,160
- A field security section...

132
00:10:24,400 --> 00:10:26,680
..they're a bridge between

133
00:10:26,680 --> 00:10:31,000
military intelligence and civil
policing,

134
00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:35,720
and they basically go Nazi-hunting.

135
00:10:40,520 --> 00:10:42,520
The Germans were not stupid.

136
00:10:42,520 --> 00:10:44,520
They knew the game was up.

137
00:10:44,520 --> 00:10:48,000
A lot of records were destroyed.

138
00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:51,680
- But evidence is mounting

139
00:10:51,680 --> 00:10:53,600
of those crimes against humanity

140
00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:55,880
that were committed at Nazi camps.

141
00:10:57,200 --> 00:11:02,120
- Not just Belsen, Auschwitz,
Sachsenhausen, Ravensbruck -

142
00:11:02,120 --> 00:11:06,040
all these concentration camps,

143
00:11:06,040 --> 00:11:09,160
whose names still resound

144
00:11:09,160 --> 00:11:11,920
with a sinister ring, even today.

145
00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:19,160
- Allied HQ give Cross a list of
suspects to find...

146
00:11:20,400 --> 00:11:24,680
..the worst of whom are implicated in
the Nazi genocide.

147
00:11:30,200 --> 00:11:33,360
But immediately, there's a problem.

148
00:11:33,360 --> 00:11:37,440
The list has over 70,000 names.

149
00:11:39,840 --> 00:11:43,880
- The task is daunting, without doubt.

150
00:11:43,880 --> 00:11:47,120
The scale of the hunt

151
00:11:47,120 --> 00:11:50,880
for Nazi war criminals

152
00:11:50,880 --> 00:11:53,280
is without any parallel,

153
00:11:53,280 --> 00:11:55,600
either before or since.

154
00:12:02,720 --> 00:12:06,360
- On this list are men like Klaus
Barbie...

155
00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:09,120
..one of the Gestapo chiefs

156
00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:12,040
who tortured and murdered the French
Resistance.

157
00:12:13,280 --> 00:12:17,000
He's escaped from Allied custody and
changed his name.

158
00:12:18,640 --> 00:12:21,360
Adolf Eichmann, the bureaucrat

159
00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:25,000
who managed the implementation of the
Final Solution,

160
00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:27,440
is living under a new identity,

161
00:12:27,440 --> 00:12:30,480
pretending to be a chicken farmer.

162
00:12:30,480 --> 00:12:34,400
Josef Mengele, the doctor of Auschwitz

163
00:12:34,400 --> 00:12:37,400
who conducted murderous and perverted
experiments

164
00:12:37,400 --> 00:12:39,400
on men, women and children.

165
00:12:40,680 --> 00:12:44,040
He's plotting his escape to South
America.

166
00:12:46,640 --> 00:12:48,600
And Rudolf Hoss,

167
00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:50,840
the commandant of Auschwitz...

168
00:12:52,640 --> 00:12:56,840
..who personally perfected the
devastating system of mass murder

169
00:12:56,840 --> 00:12:59,320
at the largest Nazi death camp.

170
00:13:01,760 --> 00:13:06,720
He's complicit in the murders of over
1 million people.

171
00:13:13,680 --> 00:13:17,840
And it's about Hoss that Cross gets
his first lead...

172
00:13:18,920 --> 00:13:21,160
..as he finds out that Hoss's wife

173
00:13:21,160 --> 00:13:24,360
has been recognised in a sugar factory
nearby.

174
00:13:36,240 --> 00:13:38,560
- You don't know what you're going to
find...

175
00:13:40,160 --> 00:13:44,960
..and so you have to be ready for
whatever eventuality.

176
00:13:44,960 --> 00:13:47,880
He could have a riot on his hands -
who knows?

177
00:13:47,880 --> 00:13:48,960
- BANGING

178
00:14:03,160 --> 00:14:06,800
But what they don't find among the
factory workers

179
00:14:06,800 --> 00:14:10,160
is their target - Rudolf Hoss.

180
00:14:28,920 --> 00:14:32,600
But the intelligence on Hoss's wife is
good.

181
00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:35,080
She's set up home above the factory.

182
00:14:39,400 --> 00:14:42,080
There's no sign of Hoss here either.

183
00:14:45,520 --> 00:14:50,720
But they do find shocking reminders of
the family's Nazi past.

184
00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:57,280
- The British find - first, they find
jewellery

185
00:14:57,280 --> 00:14:59,440
looted from Auschwitz prisoners

186
00:14:59,440 --> 00:15:02,360
in Hedwig Hoss's squalid
accommodation.

187
00:15:04,440 --> 00:15:06,480
And they find the visitor book

188
00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:08,840
of their house in Auschwitz.

189
00:15:10,240 --> 00:15:13,960
This is a trophy she has kept with
her.

190
00:15:16,280 --> 00:15:19,400
Hedwig and the children lived together
with Rudolf Hoss

191
00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:22,600
during the Second World War at the
Auschwitz camp.

192
00:15:27,280 --> 00:15:30,680
She knows about the gas chambers,

193
00:15:30,680 --> 00:15:33,880
she knows about the mass killings,

194
00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:38,000
she is a convinced Nazi, she is a
convinced anti-Semite.

195
00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:44,080
She also believes in the idea of Nazi
patriarchy...

196
00:15:45,520 --> 00:15:50,680
..and she absolutely decides not to
tell the British

197
00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:53,520
about the whereabouts of her husband.

198
00:15:55,880 --> 00:15:58,440
She therefore lies that he is dead.

199
00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:05,440
- But Cross notices there's no
photograph of her dead husband,

200
00:16:05,440 --> 00:16:08,800
something he'd expect a widow to have.

201
00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:11,800
- You are not convinced she's telling
the truth,

202
00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:13,920
you have noticed the absence

203
00:16:13,920 --> 00:16:17,040
of a photograph of the husband and
father,

204
00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:21,440
and you think, "OK, OK, meine frau,
we'll be back.

205
00:16:21,440 --> 00:16:23,960
"We are patient, we'll be back."

206
00:16:53,040 --> 00:16:57,480
- Hedwig Hoss knows full well her
husband isn't dead.

207
00:16:57,480 --> 00:17:01,200
She was with him just days before the
total German surrender.

208
00:17:02,760 --> 00:17:04,440
- In May 1945,

209
00:17:04,440 --> 00:17:08,800
leading SS officials in charge of the
concentration camps

210
00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:11,680
fled to the pathetic last stronghold
of the Third Reich

211
00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:13,840
in Flensburg in Schleswig-Holstein.

212
00:17:16,600 --> 00:17:21,320
Here, some of the worst perpetrators
of Nazi crimes...

213
00:17:22,480 --> 00:17:25,040
..here they are all together for the
last time.

214
00:17:33,320 --> 00:17:36,240
Heinrich Himmler, the Reich leader of
the SS,

215
00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:39,800
ordered senior SS officers

216
00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:44,680
to shed the uniform and to go into
hiding.

217
00:17:47,040 --> 00:17:54,880
The SS uniform has been an insignia of
power, of pride, of dominance.

218
00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:59,360
For SS officers who have occupied
these positions of huge power

219
00:17:59,360 --> 00:18:03,360
and influence over the lives and
deaths of millions of people,

220
00:18:03,360 --> 00:18:06,440
the end of the Third Reich is like an
apocalypse.

221
00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:19,640
Now they are changing from the hunters
into being hunted.

222
00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:31,440
- Now, in an innocuous Navy uniform...

223
00:18:32,680 --> 00:18:35,800
..Hoss joins the queue to be captured.

224
00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:54,000
Following Germany's surrender,

225
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:58,160
seven-and-a-half million Armed Forces
personnel

226
00:18:58,160 --> 00:19:01,840
are held in British and American
camps.

227
00:19:17,920 --> 00:19:20,400
- The Third Reich, the SS,

228
00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:23,720
his livelihood, his ideology,

229
00:19:23,720 --> 00:19:25,400
have all crumbled.

230
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:29,120
For Hoss, there is only one thing now,

231
00:19:29,120 --> 00:19:31,200
and that is himself, that is his own
life.

232
00:19:37,920 --> 00:19:40,320
- As well as a new uniform,

233
00:19:40,320 --> 00:19:43,600
he's armed himself with fake identity
papers...

234
00:19:46,160 --> 00:19:49,440
..and his captors don't realise who
they have.

235
00:19:58,440 --> 00:20:02,720
Under his alias of Petty Officer Franz
Lang,

236
00:20:02,720 --> 00:20:04,680
Hoss is released

237
00:20:04,680 --> 00:20:07,640
after just a few weeks.

238
00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:11,720
- One of the most notorious mass
murderers of the 20th century,

239
00:20:11,720 --> 00:20:16,040
suddenly, he's a nobody with a false
identity.

240
00:20:17,280 --> 00:20:20,760
He probably thinks that he has got
away with it.

241
00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:26,040
Some war criminals simply slip through
the net.

242
00:20:46,840 --> 00:20:50,160
- Meanwhile, at Nuremberg,

243
00:20:50,160 --> 00:20:53,520
the prosecution are beginning to build
their case.

244
00:20:55,040 --> 00:20:57,320
But behind the scenes,

245
00:20:57,320 --> 00:20:58,840
there is a concern.

246
00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:03,160
One of the 22 defendants

247
00:21:03,160 --> 00:21:04,920
has killed himself.

248
00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:14,800
It's the American prison interpreter,
Gustave Gilbert,

249
00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:17,000
who has to deal with the fallout.

250
00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:29,960
- It's true then as it is now,

251
00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:33,600
that a suicide in a prison is a
disaster.

252
00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:38,280
But it's a particular disaster in
Nuremberg

253
00:21:38,280 --> 00:21:41,760
because these defendants have got to
come to trial.

254
00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:46,040
It's very important that all these
defendants are cross-examined,

255
00:21:46,040 --> 00:21:51,000
get to give their own testimony, and
are also seen to face justice.

256
00:21:53,280 --> 00:21:55,440
The commandant is clearly determined

257
00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:59,280
that nobody else escapes justice by
suicide.

258
00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:04,120
He asks Gustave Gilbert to actually
form the kinds of relationships

259
00:22:04,120 --> 00:22:06,240
with these defendants,

260
00:22:06,240 --> 00:22:10,280
such that he will be able to pick up

261
00:22:10,280 --> 00:22:12,920
whether people are making plans to
kill themselves,

262
00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:14,520
whether their mood is changing.

263
00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:18,760
- Gilbert has a PhD in psychology,

264
00:22:18,760 --> 00:22:22,480
and is given the job of prison
psychologist

265
00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:25,120
and put on the suicide watch.

266
00:22:25,120 --> 00:22:28,600
- He was a young man at the beginning
of his career

267
00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:32,560
and this job is really serious.

268
00:22:32,560 --> 00:22:34,760
He is serving the process of justice.

269
00:22:36,760 --> 00:22:40,760
I think Gilbert must feel the weight
of history on his shoulders.

270
00:22:46,240 --> 00:22:52,200
- So Gustave Gilbert is now in a
unique psychological position.

271
00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:54,720
A Jewish man from New York,

272
00:22:54,720 --> 00:22:58,960
he has the opportunity to study the
psyche of Hitler's inner circle.

273
00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:04,920
He decides to conduct his own personal
investigation.

274
00:23:14,560 --> 00:23:18,160
JUDGE:
- Prosecution for the United States
will at this time

275
00:23:18,160 --> 00:23:23,080
present a documentary film on
concentration camps.

276
00:23:24,320 --> 00:23:27,600
- Here is a way to make visible to the
defendants,

277
00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:29,520
and of course to the wider world,

278
00:23:29,520 --> 00:23:33,000
the reality of the crimes against
humanity

279
00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:35,680
of which the prisoners are indicted.

280
00:23:35,680 --> 00:23:37,840
"Here it is, this is what you did."

281
00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:12,320
It's a change moment for Goring.

282
00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:15,000
I think after that, he begins to
realise what it is

283
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:17,320
that the Allies are going to pin on
them.

284
00:24:24,120 --> 00:24:27,080
- This film is very disturbing.

285
00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:30,640
Gilbert is very concerned

286
00:24:30,640 --> 00:24:35,480
that their suicide risk might go up
with this evidence in full view.

287
00:24:39,120 --> 00:24:41,360
- Number one on his watch

288
00:24:41,360 --> 00:24:43,640
is Hermann Goring.

289
00:24:43,640 --> 00:24:46,920
- With Hitler and Goebbels both dead,

290
00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:51,120
there's no doubt that Goring really is
the most important prisoner.

291
00:24:56,280 --> 00:24:59,280
He was President of the German
parliament.

292
00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:02,240
He was Minister President of Prussia,

293
00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:04,760
he was the Commander In Chief of the
Air Force,

294
00:25:04,760 --> 00:25:07,440
he was the Head of the Four-Year Plan
and so on.

295
00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:16,720
- Meeting a high-profile defendant

296
00:25:16,720 --> 00:25:19,800
can be an occasion of tension.

297
00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:25,880
For all of us who work in prisons,

298
00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:29,920
there is a moment when you see this
person

299
00:25:29,920 --> 00:25:33,560
in a situation where the roles have
completely reversed.

300
00:25:33,560 --> 00:25:36,080
They are no longer the powerful ones.

301
00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:39,880
There's this rather ordinary person
just sitting there.

302
00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:44,720
But I think for Gilbert,

303
00:25:44,720 --> 00:25:47,520
the ordinariness slips away quite
quickly,

304
00:25:47,520 --> 00:25:49,800
because Goring doesn't hold back.

305
00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:53,120
- After the film has been shown,

306
00:25:53,120 --> 00:25:56,840
Gilbert visits him to see, really,
what Goring's reaction is.

307
00:25:56,840 --> 00:25:58,560
And Goring's reaction is, you know,

308
00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:01,880
"They showed that awful film, it
spoiled everything"...

309
00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:05,440
..which is an extraordinary reaction.

310
00:26:05,440 --> 00:26:08,400
You know, you really ought to be
saying, "My God, this was terrible.

311
00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:10,120
"How did we do that?"

312
00:26:10,120 --> 00:26:12,400
It's the point at which Goring's
already, I think,

313
00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:15,200
begun to create a kind of
psychological block.

314
00:26:16,840 --> 00:26:20,320
I think Goring just blocked it out
during the Third Reich, too.

315
00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:26,360
- In reality, Goring cannot distance
himself from it.

316
00:26:28,280 --> 00:26:30,720
He authorised anti-Semitic policies...

317
00:26:32,040 --> 00:26:34,800
..set up concentration camps in the
'30s...

318
00:26:36,040 --> 00:26:39,560
..and he was by Hitler's side during
much of the genocide.

319
00:26:45,360 --> 00:26:47,200
- From Gustave Gilbert's point of
view,

320
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:50,480
this is a massive experiment,

321
00:26:50,480 --> 00:26:55,240
this is about the minds of the Nazi
high command.

322
00:26:55,240 --> 00:26:57,080
But Gilbert has no manual.

323
00:26:57,080 --> 00:27:01,040
He has to just go it alone as best he
can,

324
00:27:01,040 --> 00:27:03,160
with the tools of the day.

325
00:27:04,720 --> 00:27:08,680
- He carries out psychological tests
on Goring,

326
00:27:08,680 --> 00:27:11,800
including ink blot and IQ tests

327
00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:13,360
that he's adapted.

328
00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:18,360
- I think what Gilbert wants to know
is what the world wants to know -

329
00:27:18,360 --> 00:27:19,800
are they mad?

330
00:27:19,800 --> 00:27:21,400
They must be mad.

331
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:26,320
Or are they just people

332
00:27:26,320 --> 00:27:29,040
who've done horrible things for
horrible motives?

333
00:27:31,040 --> 00:27:35,920
- Gilbert concludes that Goring is
highly intelligent,

334
00:27:35,920 --> 00:27:40,320
and he gets similar results for the
other Nazi defendants.

335
00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:43,560
- So, the question then remains is,

336
00:27:43,560 --> 00:27:47,360
how do apparently ordinary men,

337
00:27:47,360 --> 00:27:49,680
mentally normal men,

338
00:27:49,680 --> 00:27:56,760
carry out this kind of level of
cruelty and oppression and damage?

339
00:28:01,400 --> 00:28:03,760
- November 1945,

340
00:28:03,760 --> 00:28:05,720
and the German population

341
00:28:05,720 --> 00:28:09,240
is only just beginning to come to
terms with the truth.

342
00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:16,600
Other public trials are taking place,

343
00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:19,600
including that of the SS guards at
Belsen.

344
00:28:25,160 --> 00:28:28,160
These are former electricians,

345
00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:30,240
hairdressers,

346
00:28:30,240 --> 00:28:32,120
farmers' daughters,

347
00:28:32,120 --> 00:28:34,800
who became torturers and murderers.

348
00:28:42,880 --> 00:28:45,440
And during the trial,

349
00:28:45,440 --> 00:28:50,240
one name keeps coming up over and over
again -

350
00:28:50,240 --> 00:28:52,320
Rudolf Hoss,

351
00:28:52,320 --> 00:28:54,760
the commandant of Auschwitz.

352
00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:04,280
Victor Cross and his men

353
00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:06,640
are on the trail of the missing man.

354
00:29:10,920 --> 00:29:12,800
- They are on the ground,

355
00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:15,840
investigating, following leads,

356
00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:19,200
talking to acquaintances.

357
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:22,280
It's painstaking work,

358
00:29:22,280 --> 00:29:25,680
verging on police detective work.

359
00:29:27,760 --> 00:29:31,920
It's not some streak of lightning from
above.

360
00:29:34,680 --> 00:29:37,720
- Cross believes that Hoss is still
alive

361
00:29:37,720 --> 00:29:41,360
and has likely heard from his wife
that they're after him.

362
00:29:41,360 --> 00:29:43,480
Time is ticking.

363
00:29:46,560 --> 00:29:50,200
- You've got a very big target

364
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:53,320
with Rudolf Hoss.

365
00:29:53,320 --> 00:29:57,040
This man was evil, what he did,

366
00:29:57,040 --> 00:30:02,040
hundreds and thousands of human beings
murdered.

367
00:30:02,040 --> 00:30:05,640
Let's not dance around the bush, it's
murder.

368
00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:08,600
And you've got to keep going.

369
00:30:11,520 --> 00:30:15,480
- But over six months have passed
since Hoss went into hiding,

370
00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:19,160
and Cross still doesn't know where to
find him.

371
00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:30,960
In Nuremberg,

372
00:30:30,960 --> 00:30:34,040
the prosecution is still building its
case,

373
00:30:34,040 --> 00:30:37,920
with testimony from death camp
survivors.

374
00:30:41,120 --> 00:30:44,000
TRANSLATION:

375
00:30:57,640 --> 00:31:02,240
- In February, a woman gives gruelling
testimony in court

376
00:31:02,240 --> 00:31:04,280
and it's horrifying.

377
00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:10,040
- But even this evidence fails to
break through to the Nazi leaders.

378
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:13,800
Each has a different response.

379
00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:16,800
- Goring's very affected by it, he
takes his headphones off,

380
00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:19,720
he doesn't want to listen to it,
doesn't want to confront it.

381
00:31:20,760 --> 00:31:22,240
He talks to Gilbert,

382
00:31:22,240 --> 00:31:25,600
he makes it clear that he's heard
enough of this stuff,

383
00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:27,360
he doesn't want to hear any more.

384
00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:33,920
He is always trying to block out...

385
00:31:33,920 --> 00:31:37,520
..erm, the sharp reality of the Third
Reich.

386
00:31:38,560 --> 00:31:40,280
- Up until this point,

387
00:31:40,280 --> 00:31:42,720
Gilbert has been an observer,

388
00:31:42,720 --> 00:31:44,800
studying their psychology.

389
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:47,640
But after hearing the witness
testimony,

390
00:31:47,640 --> 00:31:49,920
he confronts Goring,

391
00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:54,160
and tries to make him acknowledge what
he has done.

392
00:31:54,160 --> 00:31:57,520
- Gilbert gets very angry with the
defendants.

393
00:31:57,520 --> 00:32:03,200
He clearly is maddened and distressed
by what he's heard.

394
00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:09,240
He wants them to accept responsibility
and show remorse,

395
00:32:09,240 --> 00:32:10,760
and they won't do it.

396
00:32:13,520 --> 00:32:16,000
- Goring refuses to respond,

397
00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:20,400
and goes on to complain that his room
is too cold.

398
00:32:23,040 --> 00:32:28,520
- My experience of working with people
who've done horrible things

399
00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:32,200
is that in order to carry out a
horrible action,

400
00:32:32,200 --> 00:32:35,800
in order to kill somebody else or be
cruel to them,

401
00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:38,400
you generally have to convince
yourself

402
00:32:38,400 --> 00:32:41,000
that you're doing something that's
justifiable.

403
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:45,600
So you kind of tell a story of
yourself that it's OK.

404
00:32:45,600 --> 00:32:49,440
Goring, in his view, is that he was
doing everything

405
00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:53,640
that was required for the greater
Germany to succeed and to triumph.

406
00:32:56,120 --> 00:32:58,440
- Goring still claims

407
00:32:58,440 --> 00:33:02,400
these horrors only took place on the
peripheries of the regime.

408
00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:08,160
He continues to deny the enormity of
what happened.

409
00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:10,240
- He's preparing for his defence.

410
00:33:10,240 --> 00:33:11,640
He's still preparing to say,

411
00:33:11,640 --> 00:33:14,120
"Terrible things that you've been
showing have all been done

412
00:33:14,120 --> 00:33:16,480
"by somebody else, a fraction of the
Third Reich."

413
00:33:16,480 --> 00:33:18,760
You know, "That is not the Third
Reich."

414
00:33:26,880 --> 00:33:29,800
- Across the prison corridor,

415
00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:31,840
in the cell opposite,

416
00:33:31,840 --> 00:33:35,520
another defendant is taking a very
different approach...

417
00:33:39,120 --> 00:33:41,040
..Albert Speer,

418
00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:45,160
Hitler's architect who controlled
slave labour camps

419
00:33:45,160 --> 00:33:48,640
and personally oversaw the expansion
of Auschwitz.

420
00:33:50,440 --> 00:33:54,400
- Speer was deeply involved in the
persecution of the Jews.

421
00:33:54,400 --> 00:33:55,520
- PRODUCTION SLATE CLAPS

422
00:33:55,520 --> 00:33:59,080
- He used concentration camp inmates

423
00:33:59,080 --> 00:34:00,680
for war production,

424
00:34:00,680 --> 00:34:05,160
so Speer knows exactly what is going
on in these camps.

425
00:34:05,160 --> 00:34:06,560
- CLOCK TICKS

426
00:34:06,560 --> 00:34:08,640
But Speer was cunning.

427
00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:12,320
He spent the last months of the war
hiding evidence.

428
00:34:14,040 --> 00:34:17,440
- When Speer pleads not guilty, he has
a big advantage

429
00:34:17,440 --> 00:34:22,320
because the prosecutors don't know

430
00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:27,440
about his close cooperation with
Himmler and the SS,

431
00:34:27,440 --> 00:34:31,360
and there is a lack of documents about
his crimes.

432
00:34:32,760 --> 00:34:40,480
Speer's strategy is to deny all
knowledge about atrocities,

433
00:34:40,480 --> 00:34:47,880
and to claim that he just had been an
architect and a technocrat.

434
00:34:47,880 --> 00:34:50,640
- CLOCK TICKS

435
00:34:50,640 --> 00:34:52,680
Speer is clever enough to realise

436
00:34:52,680 --> 00:34:55,360
that denying everything won't be
enough.

437
00:34:57,400 --> 00:34:59,160
- He's anxious.

438
00:34:59,160 --> 00:35:03,440
He's horrified by the prospect of
being hanged.

439
00:35:15,120 --> 00:35:17,560
- By March 1946,

440
00:35:17,560 --> 00:35:20,600
the Allies are fracturing.

441
00:35:20,600 --> 00:35:23,680
The Soviets are putting up the Iron
Curtain,

442
00:35:23,680 --> 00:35:26,800
dividing eastern Europe from the west.

443
00:35:27,840 --> 00:35:31,400
And while Germany wants to move on
from Nazism,

444
00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:34,120
the crimes of the concentration camps

445
00:35:34,120 --> 00:35:36,720
are only just beginning to be
punished.

446
00:35:38,400 --> 00:35:40,840
The whereabouts of Rudolf Hoss,

447
00:35:40,840 --> 00:35:43,120
the commandant of Auschwitz,

448
00:35:43,120 --> 00:35:44,720
are still unknown.

449
00:35:50,280 --> 00:35:52,800
Captain Cross, of the Field Security
Section,

450
00:35:52,800 --> 00:35:55,960
decides to arrest his wife and eldest
son.

451
00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:13,760
- Clearly, their primary lead to Hoss
was his wife.

452
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:22,000
For five days, she is asked the same
question over and over -

453
00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:23,640
"Where is your husband?"

454
00:36:23,640 --> 00:36:28,000
And the reply is, over and over, "He
is dead".

455
00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:33,160
- Despite being separated from her
children for five days,

456
00:36:33,160 --> 00:36:35,280
she holds firm.

457
00:36:35,280 --> 00:36:37,600
But Cross doesn't give up.

458
00:36:37,600 --> 00:36:41,720
- "Whilst there is a possibility this
woman is lying,

459
00:36:41,720 --> 00:36:43,800
"we will try and break her."

460
00:36:46,760 --> 00:36:48,600
- On the sixth day,

461
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:51,200
Cross ups the pressure.

462
00:36:51,200 --> 00:36:55,080
His men have commandeered a train
which now pulls up outside.

463
00:36:58,200 --> 00:37:02,920
Cross tells Hedwig that unless she
gives her husband up,

464
00:37:02,920 --> 00:37:05,440
her son will be put on the train

465
00:37:05,440 --> 00:37:07,560
and sent to Siberia.

466
00:37:32,560 --> 00:37:36,720
- Maybe he gets a shot of adrenaline
at this point.

467
00:37:43,240 --> 00:37:46,280
- She's given Cross the name of a farm
complex,

468
00:37:46,280 --> 00:37:48,440
just 70 miles away.

469
00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:54,480
- He would know those men inside out,

470
00:37:54,480 --> 00:37:58,320
cos they've been together under
stressful conditions,

471
00:37:58,320 --> 00:38:00,840
and he will know...

472
00:38:00,840 --> 00:38:05,160
..in particular, that the Jewish
soldiers

473
00:38:05,160 --> 00:38:10,560
will be thinking of the dreadful
happenings in the camps.

474
00:38:12,280 --> 00:38:16,000
They will all know what's at stake.

475
00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:17,360
- BANGING

476
00:38:18,880 --> 00:38:21,560
- Initially, Hoss thinks, "This is a
burglary".

477
00:38:21,560 --> 00:38:23,400
He feels so sure of himself,

478
00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:26,760
he feels so confident that he's beyond
reproach.

479
00:38:26,760 --> 00:38:28,360
- DOOR THUDS OPEN

480
00:38:30,880 --> 00:38:33,440
They check for a cyanide capsule

481
00:38:33,440 --> 00:38:37,240
and find a mark of an SS soldier -

482
00:38:37,240 --> 00:38:39,320
a blood group tattoo.

483
00:38:39,320 --> 00:38:43,440
But Hoss maintains he's Franz Lang.

484
00:38:43,440 --> 00:38:48,560
- Frau Hoss had given Cross the alias,

485
00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:53,160
so when Hoss uses it, "Ah."

486
00:38:53,160 --> 00:38:56,280
All falls into place. "We've got the
right man."

487
00:39:01,880 --> 00:39:05,760
Some of his soldiers turn to violence.

488
00:39:07,240 --> 00:39:12,000
Cross maybe thinks, "Yes, this bastard
needs to suffer,

489
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:14,040
"suffer here and now".

490
00:39:26,520 --> 00:39:30,840
Does he let a handful of his soldiers

491
00:39:30,840 --> 00:39:34,920
beat this man, possibly to death,

492
00:39:34,920 --> 00:39:36,680
or does he step in?

493
00:39:39,320 --> 00:39:40,800
- SOLDIER SPITS

494
00:39:47,680 --> 00:39:51,520
- I think that many of the other
officers' intervention

495
00:39:51,520 --> 00:39:54,360
brought Cross up sharply

496
00:39:54,360 --> 00:40:02,040
from indulging in illegal behaviour by
his soldiers to,

497
00:40:02,040 --> 00:40:04,040
"Right, this stops now."

498
00:40:07,440 --> 00:40:09,840
- Cross doesn't yet realise how
significant

499
00:40:09,840 --> 00:40:12,480
his intervention will prove to be.

500
00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:28,880
On the 18th of March 1946,

501
00:40:28,880 --> 00:40:33,360
Hermann Goring takes the stand and
faces cross-examination.

502
00:40:34,760 --> 00:40:36,680
- After months and months,

503
00:40:36,680 --> 00:40:41,560
he's got his chance, in front of the
world, basically.

504
00:40:41,560 --> 00:40:45,520
It's a chance for Goring, really, to
put on record

505
00:40:45,520 --> 00:40:47,600
a different view of the Third Reich

506
00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:49,960
from the view that the prosecution has
been presenting.

507
00:40:55,320 --> 00:40:57,120
- JUDGE:
- You...

508
00:40:57,120 --> 00:40:59,720
..and others

509
00:40:59,720 --> 00:41:04,960
cooperated in concentrating all
authority in the German state

510
00:41:04,960 --> 00:41:06,680
in the hands of the Fuhrer.

511
00:41:06,680 --> 00:41:08,960
- TRANSLATION:

512
00:41:19,520 --> 00:41:22,200
Finally able to make his case,

513
00:41:22,200 --> 00:41:24,360
Goring turns the accusations

514
00:41:24,360 --> 00:41:26,760
against him into a celebration

515
00:41:26,760 --> 00:41:29,680
of the Nazi domination of Europe.

516
00:41:29,680 --> 00:41:32,720
- At this point, Goring is still
defending it,

517
00:41:32,720 --> 00:41:37,120
he's still thinking that there was
much about the Third Reich,

518
00:41:37,120 --> 00:41:41,280
much about the Fuhrer, to be positive
about.

519
00:41:41,280 --> 00:41:44,760
And despite everything that's happened
so far in the trial,

520
00:41:44,760 --> 00:41:47,080
I think Goring is still hoping that

521
00:41:47,080 --> 00:41:49,880
that's the message he can somehow get
across.

522
00:41:49,880 --> 00:41:52,880
He wants to defend the reputation of
the Third Reich.

523
00:41:56,240 --> 00:41:59,440
- But just as Goring smirks in the
dock...

524
00:42:01,920 --> 00:42:04,120
..at the same time,

525
00:42:04,120 --> 00:42:07,120
Hoss is beginning to talk.

526
00:42:09,600 --> 00:42:13,720
- Hoss no longer has to live under the
alias of Franz Lang,

527
00:42:13,720 --> 00:42:16,280
he can now openly say again who he is.

528
00:42:17,560 --> 00:42:21,880
By talking about the number of
prisoners he personally killed,

529
00:42:21,880 --> 00:42:26,880
he is re-enacting his true self.

530
00:42:26,880 --> 00:42:29,800
For Hoss, this is nothing to be
ashamed of.

531
00:42:29,800 --> 00:42:33,840
This is something, in his perverted
mindset, to be proud of.

532
00:42:41,640 --> 00:42:44,960
- Unbeknownst to Hermann Goring,

533
00:42:44,960 --> 00:42:49,560
news of Hoss's confession reaches the
American prosecution team.

534
00:42:51,640 --> 00:42:53,320
CELL DOOR OPENS

535
00:43:10,520 --> 00:43:14,400
- Hoss is suddenly told, "OK, you can
have a haircut, you can shave.

536
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:16,240
"We're taking off your handcuffs.

537
00:43:16,240 --> 00:43:18,040
"Put on some cleaner clothes.

538
00:43:18,040 --> 00:43:20,600
"We are going to take you to
Nuremberg."

539
00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:25,440
- After months in obscurity,

540
00:43:25,440 --> 00:43:29,360
Hoss finds himself about to step on to
the global stage...

541
00:43:30,600 --> 00:43:33,760
..as a last-minute witness.

542
00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:50,120
TRANSLATION:

543
00:43:56,000 --> 00:44:00,200
His confession, read out for the court
and the world to hear,

544
00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:03,280
will ring out in history.

545
00:44:04,520 --> 00:44:10,000
- "I commanded Auschwitz until 1
December '43

546
00:44:10,000 --> 00:44:15,720
"and estimate that at least 2,500,000
victims

547
00:44:15,720 --> 00:44:18,960
"were executed and exterminated there

548
00:44:18,960 --> 00:44:21,800
"by gassing and burning."

549
00:44:21,800 --> 00:44:26,040
You signed that affidavit voluntarily,

550
00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:28,360
and the affidavit is true?

551
00:44:32,280 --> 00:44:36,360
- Hoss is the first senior Nazi

552
00:44:36,360 --> 00:44:40,320
who puts it on the record, "We did
it".

553
00:44:42,320 --> 00:44:46,400
- Hoss is the first to explain in
detail

554
00:44:46,400 --> 00:44:51,080
the processes of systemised mass
murder used in the death camps -

555
00:44:51,080 --> 00:44:55,360
the planning, the infrastructure, the
policy.

556
00:44:56,720 --> 00:45:01,240
- Goring, Speer and the other
defendants

557
00:45:01,240 --> 00:45:04,440
can no longer deny the truth,

558
00:45:04,440 --> 00:45:07,680
that the flagship project of Nazi
Germany

559
00:45:07,680 --> 00:45:11,800
was the mass annihilation of the Jews
of Europe.

560
00:45:14,240 --> 00:45:16,680
- Gilbert is feeling, "This is it.

561
00:45:16,680 --> 00:45:20,240
"You can't deceive yourself any more.

562
00:45:20,240 --> 00:45:23,760
"This is irrefutable evidence from one
of your own people

563
00:45:23,760 --> 00:45:27,600
"about the nuts and bolts of what you
did."

564
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:30,480
- It certainly does deflate Goring.

565
00:45:30,480 --> 00:45:34,480
He says, "After this, there's nothing
we can do".

566
00:45:34,480 --> 00:45:36,360
From this point on, really,

567
00:45:36,360 --> 00:45:39,080
Goring begins to decline.

568
00:45:40,360 --> 00:45:42,360
It's finally the nail in the coffin

569
00:45:42,360 --> 00:45:45,440
for anybody who thinks they can find a
way of defending themselves.

570
00:45:55,920 --> 00:46:00,480
- But one man is yet to take to the
stand.

571
00:46:00,480 --> 00:46:05,720
- Speer had time to rethink his
strategy

572
00:46:05,720 --> 00:46:11,000
and time to distinguish himself from
all the others.

573
00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:15,440
The Hoss statement makes it clear for
Speer

574
00:46:15,440 --> 00:46:19,840
that he has to condemn the regime as
evil.

575
00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:34,400
On the morning of his
cross-examination,

576
00:46:34,400 --> 00:46:36,880
Speer is well prepared.

577
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:44,520
For Speer, it's THE decisive moment of
his life.

578
00:46:48,120 --> 00:46:51,280
He knows exactly what he wants to say,

579
00:46:51,280 --> 00:46:55,920
he knows exactly how he wants to
present himself.

580
00:47:03,080 --> 00:47:04,360
- JUDGE:
- Name, please.

581
00:47:06,600 --> 00:47:09,000
Will you repeat this oath after me?

582
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:10,560
I swear by God...

583
00:47:12,080 --> 00:47:14,360
..that I will speak the pure truth...

584
00:47:17,120 --> 00:47:18,920
..and will withhold nothing.

585
00:47:21,920 --> 00:47:23,320
You may sit down.

586
00:47:29,920 --> 00:47:34,080
- In court, Speer is lying all the
time.

587
00:47:34,080 --> 00:47:38,520
He shows sadness and horror.

588
00:47:41,040 --> 00:47:43,720
Speer is an actor,

589
00:47:43,720 --> 00:47:45,280
a successful actor.

590
00:47:46,360 --> 00:47:51,040
- Speer has seen how denials alone
have been met by the court,

591
00:47:51,040 --> 00:47:55,160
and so he gambles on taking a
different approach.

592
00:47:55,160 --> 00:47:58,120
- Speer plays a clever game.

593
00:47:58,120 --> 00:48:03,600
He takes a general responsibility for
the regime,

594
00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:07,880
but he denies any personal guilt.

595
00:48:10,520 --> 00:48:15,400
Speer denies any knowledge of
atrocities.

596
00:48:15,400 --> 00:48:19,120
The only thing Speer admits to is

597
00:48:19,120 --> 00:48:21,200
that he should have known...

598
00:48:22,520 --> 00:48:24,520
..that he should've asked.

599
00:48:26,240 --> 00:48:28,240
In reality, he knew.

600
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:32,880
- The tribunal will now adjourn.

601
00:48:41,160 --> 00:48:44,200
- At the end of August 1946,

602
00:48:44,200 --> 00:48:46,880
after nine gruelling months,

603
00:48:46,880 --> 00:48:50,280
the hearing of evidence is at an end.

604
00:49:15,200 --> 00:49:18,240
Rudolf Hoss is flown to Poland.

605
00:49:29,200 --> 00:49:33,520
He has returned to the scene of his
crimes,

606
00:49:33,520 --> 00:49:35,880
and he will be put on trial.

607
00:49:46,640 --> 00:49:48,840
And in Nuremberg,

608
00:49:48,840 --> 00:49:50,880
the verdicts are in.

609
00:49:56,200 --> 00:49:58,960
JUDGE:
- Defendant Hermann Wilhelm Goring,

610
00:49:58,960 --> 00:50:01,920
the International Military Tribunal

611
00:50:01,920 --> 00:50:04,920
sentences you to death by hanging.

612
00:50:07,160 --> 00:50:10,840
The record discloses no excuses for
this man.

613
00:50:10,840 --> 00:50:14,800
- MUSIC: Requiem in D Minor by
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

614
00:50:18,160 --> 00:50:23,680
- Tribunal finds that Speer is not
guilty on counts one and two,

615
00:50:23,680 --> 00:50:29,320
but IS guilty under counts three and
four.

616
00:50:29,320 --> 00:50:35,080
Defendant Albert Speer, the Tribunal
sentences you to 20 years in prison.

617
00:50:37,040 --> 00:50:42,680
- Speer got away with his involvement
in Nazi crimes.

618
00:50:42,680 --> 00:50:45,560
He definitely should have hanged.

619
00:50:48,720 --> 00:50:53,400
But Speer was so clever in his
appearance,

620
00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:57,120
and they want to believe him

621
00:50:57,120 --> 00:51:02,200
and they want to believe that there is
a good Nazi,

622
00:51:02,200 --> 00:51:03,480
a noble Nazi.

623
00:51:05,160 --> 00:51:08,840
- It's a role he'll play for the rest
of his life.

624
00:51:16,320 --> 00:51:20,240
Gustave Gilbert has endured the
harrowing year-long trial

625
00:51:20,240 --> 00:51:22,360
alongside the defendants.

626
00:51:25,800 --> 00:51:27,920
- Gustave Gilbert had to sit through

627
00:51:27,920 --> 00:51:31,800
every single day of the Nuremberg
trials,

628
00:51:31,800 --> 00:51:34,040
and he's kind of burnt out.

629
00:51:35,440 --> 00:51:38,720
And there's something about weariness
and anger

630
00:51:38,720 --> 00:51:42,240
with the defendants that is a bit
overwhelming for him.

631
00:51:42,240 --> 00:51:44,920
- After the sentencing,

632
00:51:44,920 --> 00:51:47,520
Gilbert makes a request to go home.

633
00:51:48,600 --> 00:51:50,200
It's denied.

634
00:51:50,200 --> 00:51:52,880
He must see out the executions.

635
00:51:52,880 --> 00:51:55,760
- He is expected to carry out orders

636
00:51:55,760 --> 00:51:59,360
and he has to stay to do a distasteful
task.

637
00:52:10,640 --> 00:52:13,040
- Goring makes a request to the
Tribunal

638
00:52:13,040 --> 00:52:15,720
to be shot by firing squad and not
hanged.

639
00:52:15,720 --> 00:52:19,760
Goring is trying to say, "Can't you
respect me for what I am?

640
00:52:19,760 --> 00:52:22,080
"I was the Reichsmarschall of the
Third Reich.

641
00:52:22,080 --> 00:52:24,760
"I want to have a Reichsmarschall's
end.

642
00:52:24,760 --> 00:52:27,120
"I don't want to be strung up like a
common criminal."

643
00:52:30,560 --> 00:52:32,720
- It's Gilbert who's dispatched

644
00:52:32,720 --> 00:52:36,440
to give the answer to Goring's final
request.

645
00:52:36,440 --> 00:52:41,800
- I wonder if it was felt that Gilbert
was the best man for the job.

646
00:52:41,800 --> 00:52:44,840
It's possible that he volunteers for
the job.

647
00:52:44,840 --> 00:52:49,000
He's not going to see Goring alive
again, their dialogues are over.

648
00:52:49,000 --> 00:52:52,800
I wonder whether he wants to tell
Goring what he thinks of him.

649
00:53:03,200 --> 00:53:05,720
- You know, Goring really wants
Gilbert

650
00:53:05,720 --> 00:53:07,960
to say something reassuring, perhaps.

651
00:53:07,960 --> 00:53:10,480
He says, "What have you thought about
my personality?"

652
00:53:10,480 --> 00:53:13,800
and Gilbert is...is candid.

653
00:53:21,240 --> 00:53:23,160
He says, "You're a moral coward,

654
00:53:23,160 --> 00:53:25,640
"you stand aside from responsibility".

655
00:53:29,920 --> 00:53:33,440
Goring is not pleased by this
response.

656
00:53:33,440 --> 00:53:36,280
Perhaps he realises there's a germ of
truth

657
00:53:36,280 --> 00:53:38,960
in what it is that Gilbert's saying to
him.

658
00:53:38,960 --> 00:53:42,840
He has spent much of the trial trying
to evade the worst.

659
00:53:44,400 --> 00:53:46,760
- Gilbert delivers the last blow...

660
00:53:48,280 --> 00:53:53,080
..news that Goring's request for a
firing squad has been denied.

661
00:53:54,560 --> 00:53:57,040
- I wonder whether it was important

662
00:53:57,040 --> 00:54:00,880
for Gilbert to have the last word

663
00:54:00,880 --> 00:54:03,560
and to turn and walk away...

664
00:54:05,000 --> 00:54:10,360
..leaving Goring under no illusions
what Dr Gilbert thought about him.

665
00:54:14,000 --> 00:54:16,760
But Goring had no intention

666
00:54:16,760 --> 00:54:19,480
of letting other people have the last
word.

667
00:54:23,640 --> 00:54:26,800
- This must be the point at which
Goring is beginning to consider

668
00:54:26,800 --> 00:54:29,720
that there might be another way to
evade the noose.

669
00:55:01,960 --> 00:55:06,160
- The executions are due to take place
in just two hours' time...

670
00:55:13,800 --> 00:55:15,840
..but Goring's already dead.

671
00:55:17,720 --> 00:55:20,920
He's managed to get hold of a cyanide
capsule.

672
00:55:24,480 --> 00:55:26,400
- Whether it was slipped in by a guard

673
00:55:26,400 --> 00:55:29,440
or whether it was somehow hidden on
his person doesn't really matter.

674
00:55:29,440 --> 00:55:32,000
The point is that Goring decided

675
00:55:32,000 --> 00:55:34,560
he's not going to be hanged like a
common criminal,

676
00:55:34,560 --> 00:55:36,480
he's going to kill himself.

677
00:55:39,080 --> 00:55:41,400
- I suspect that Gilbert might feel

678
00:55:41,400 --> 00:55:43,840
some kind of relief that Goring is
dead,

679
00:55:43,840 --> 00:55:47,280
he might feel anger that he's escaped
the hanging.

680
00:55:48,360 --> 00:55:52,000
But he might just feel glad that
perhaps, finally,

681
00:55:52,000 --> 00:55:54,480
this chapter of his life is coming to
an end,

682
00:55:54,480 --> 00:55:57,360
that however it's happened, it's
happened.

683
00:56:00,600 --> 00:56:05,000
- Goring may have evaded the Allies'
penalty for his crimes...

684
00:56:06,280 --> 00:56:08,840
..but he's emphatically failed

685
00:56:08,840 --> 00:56:12,760
to keep his version of the Third
Reich's legacy alive.

686
00:56:16,720 --> 00:56:19,840
- By the end of the trial, what we
have is a situation where

687
00:56:19,840 --> 00:56:24,720
a extraordinary level of atrocity and
genocide

688
00:56:24,720 --> 00:56:26,320
has been exposed,

689
00:56:26,320 --> 00:56:30,120
and the Third Reich will always be
remembered

690
00:56:30,120 --> 00:56:33,520
for the sheer scale of human damage.

691
00:56:37,120 --> 00:56:39,880
- As he walks away from Nuremberg,

692
00:56:39,880 --> 00:56:44,480
Gilbert's learnt that these are
ordinarily intelligent men.

693
00:56:45,640 --> 00:56:49,720
He's learnt that they have a capacity
to deceive themselves,

694
00:56:49,720 --> 00:56:53,880
and that you can use all kinds of
nationalist discourse

695
00:56:53,880 --> 00:56:56,520
to convince yourself that you're doing
the right thing

696
00:56:56,520 --> 00:56:58,600
when you're really doing the wrong
thing.

697
00:56:58,600 --> 00:57:00,440
- DOOR CLATTERS

698
00:57:12,920 --> 00:57:15,320
- With the execution of Hoss,

699
00:57:15,320 --> 00:57:18,120
with the execution of other leading
Nazis,

700
00:57:18,120 --> 00:57:21,440
full justice has not been served,

701
00:57:21,440 --> 00:57:24,360
because the monstrosity of the Third
Reich's crimes

702
00:57:24,360 --> 00:57:28,000
was so heinous, it was so
unprecedented,

703
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:32,080
that the process of reckoning with the
Nazi past

704
00:57:32,080 --> 00:57:34,440
will probably never be complete.

705
00:57:43,560 --> 00:57:47,760
- MUSIC: Moonlight Sonata No 14 by
Ludwig van Beethoven

706
00:58:04,440 --> 00:58:07,040
The hunt continues.

707
00:58:07,040 --> 00:58:11,000
- Eichmann knows that his options have
run out.

708
00:58:11,000 --> 00:58:15,240
- Klaus Barbie was master of life and
death.

709
00:58:15,240 --> 00:58:17,960
- All of a sudden, they're realising

710
00:58:17,960 --> 00:58:21,640
that their star source is, in fact, a
monster.

711
00:58:23,360 --> 00:58:26,120
- Justice was denied.

712
01:00:36,900 --> 01:00:39,380
After the Second World War,

713
01:00:39,380 --> 01:00:43,460
some of the worst war criminals in
history go to ground.

714
01:00:43,460 --> 01:00:46,060
- Hoping that, in the near future,

715
01:00:46,060 --> 01:00:48,500
their fortunes will change

716
01:00:48,500 --> 01:00:51,620
and they would be players again.

717
01:00:51,620 --> 01:00:53,820
- Many changed their names,

718
01:00:53,820 --> 01:00:56,220
and the most-wanted flee to South America.

719
01:00:57,700 --> 01:01:00,580
Others claim the Holocaust never happened,

720
01:01:00,580 --> 01:01:02,420
or had nothing to do with them.

721
01:01:03,460 --> 01:01:06,340
Told by historians and experts,

722
01:01:06,340 --> 01:01:08,980
this is the story of the little-known
people

723
01:01:08,980 --> 01:01:11,980
searching for truth and justice.

724
01:01:11,980 --> 01:01:16,860
- Trying to confront this man who is
the murderer of her entire family.

725
01:01:16,860 --> 01:01:18,980
It's a hostile environment.

726
01:01:20,460 --> 01:01:23,300
- What kind of men are they? Are they
mad?

727
01:01:23,300 --> 01:01:25,100
They must be mad.

728
01:01:26,340 --> 01:01:29,420
- The hunt for Nazi war criminals

729
01:01:29,420 --> 01:01:31,660
is without any parallel,

730
01:01:31,660 --> 01:01:35,620
to my knowledge, either before or
since.

731
01:01:35,620 --> 01:01:38,780
- It's a hunt taking place against the
backdrop of a world

732
01:01:38,780 --> 01:01:41,660
that wants to forget and move on.

733
01:01:45,140 --> 01:01:47,500
- Justice, for him, was everything.

734
01:01:49,020 --> 01:01:53,260
- I'm upset that he died without being
in a cage.

735
01:02:13,620 --> 01:02:18,940
- In 1945, Allied troops swept across
Germany,

736
01:02:18,940 --> 01:02:22,260
bringing an end to 12 years of Nazi
rule.

737
01:02:24,820 --> 01:02:28,700
With Hitler dead and his country in
ruins,

738
01:02:28,700 --> 01:02:33,180
the surviving Nazi top brass were put
on trial in Nuremberg,

739
01:02:33,180 --> 01:02:36,980
and there, held to account for their
crimes.

740
01:02:40,540 --> 01:02:43,380
- Men, women and children

741
01:02:43,380 --> 01:02:46,100
murdered in cold blood.

742
01:02:47,180 --> 01:02:50,700
What rights has any man to mercy

743
01:02:50,700 --> 01:02:54,500
who has played a part, however
indirectly,

744
01:02:54,500 --> 01:02:56,420
in such a crime?

745
01:02:58,660 --> 01:03:01,780
- But many wanted Nazis are still on
the run.

746
01:03:02,980 --> 01:03:07,300
Among them, 39-year-old Adolf
Eichmann.

747
01:03:10,460 --> 01:03:14,940
Eichmann led the notorious Jewish
Affairs Department...

748
01:03:16,140 --> 01:03:19,660
..working under SS Commander Heinrich
Himmler,

749
01:03:19,660 --> 01:03:22,700
the architect of the Final Solution.

750
01:03:28,020 --> 01:03:30,540
Eichmann arranged the transportation

751
01:03:30,540 --> 01:03:34,020
of millions of European Jews to death
camps.

752
01:03:36,780 --> 01:03:39,300
His role was so important,

753
01:03:39,300 --> 01:03:43,220
he was repeatedly singled out at the
Nuremberg trials.

754
01:03:46,420 --> 01:03:49,860
TRANSLATION:

755
01:04:12,020 --> 01:04:15,380
- Adolf Eichmann is one of the most
terrifying Nazis.

756
01:04:19,660 --> 01:04:22,900
Eichmann encapsulates the essence of
Nazism -

757
01:04:22,900 --> 01:04:28,540
a lethal cocktail between enormous
personal ambition on the one hand,

758
01:04:28,540 --> 01:04:32,420
and a murderous ideology on the other.

759
01:04:34,380 --> 01:04:40,180
Eichmann organised, with meticulous
bureaucratic coldness,

760
01:04:40,180 --> 01:04:43,620
the murder of millions of Jews in
Europe.

761
01:04:51,740 --> 01:04:54,540
- Eichmann may be a wanted man,

762
01:04:54,540 --> 01:04:56,660
but he won't be easy to find.

763
01:05:04,980 --> 01:05:08,980
Over seven million German prisoners of
war have been taken.

764
01:05:12,780 --> 01:05:15,780
- This time, the Wehrmacht are really
beaten.

765
01:05:15,780 --> 01:05:19,340
The master race of men are stripped of
their insignias,

766
01:05:19,340 --> 01:05:21,500
de-loused, numbered.

767
01:05:21,500 --> 01:05:24,180
- The Allies face a monumental task

768
01:05:24,180 --> 01:05:28,420
in distinguishing common soldiers from
war criminals...

769
01:05:31,540 --> 01:05:35,020
..and Eichmann takes full advantage.

770
01:05:44,460 --> 01:05:47,660
- All SS men have a tattoo,

771
01:05:47,660 --> 01:05:52,140
so he burns that off because he wants
to survive.

772
01:05:54,300 --> 01:06:00,900
He is planning a future without his
identity as an SS officer

773
01:06:00,900 --> 01:06:04,660
because he knows that if caught, if
put on trial,

774
01:06:04,660 --> 01:06:08,980
he will almost certainly be executed.

775
01:06:13,740 --> 01:06:17,820
- When Eichmann is arrested and put in
a POW camp,

776
01:06:17,820 --> 01:06:20,460
he manages to hide his true identity.

777
01:06:27,860 --> 01:06:31,780
Then, with the help of former SS
colleagues,

778
01:06:31,780 --> 01:06:34,020
he obtains false papers.

779
01:06:41,140 --> 01:06:43,660
Now known as Otto Henninger,

780
01:06:43,660 --> 01:06:45,660
a forestry worker,

781
01:06:45,660 --> 01:06:47,500
he manages to escape...

782
01:06:51,380 --> 01:06:54,900
..and goes into hiding in the woods in
northern Germany.

783
01:06:58,020 --> 01:07:00,220
- Eichmann has a huge ego.

784
01:07:00,220 --> 01:07:05,660
He genuinely believes that he is
beyond reproach.

785
01:07:17,460 --> 01:07:20,820
Eichmann even starts jotting down
notes

786
01:07:20,820 --> 01:07:23,820
about his work for the SS.

787
01:07:25,540 --> 01:07:29,580
He starts collecting newspaper
clippings about himself.

788
01:07:31,860 --> 01:07:36,140
Eichmann is still a free man, living
under the radar.

789
01:07:36,140 --> 01:07:37,940
It's almost absurd.

790
01:07:39,620 --> 01:07:42,820
Like so many other Nazi perpetrators,

791
01:07:42,820 --> 01:07:47,380
he wants above all to avoid justice.

792
01:07:50,020 --> 01:07:54,980
- Eichmann is just one of thousands of
wanted Nazis who remain at large...

793
01:07:56,180 --> 01:07:58,860
..but the hunt is on to find them.

794
01:08:07,180 --> 01:08:09,060
At the end of the war,

795
01:08:09,060 --> 01:08:11,140
the Allied victors had divided Germany

796
01:08:11,140 --> 01:08:13,500
into four separate administrative
zones.

797
01:08:19,100 --> 01:08:21,700
In the American-occupied zone,

798
01:08:21,700 --> 01:08:25,300
the Counter Intelligence Corp - the
CIC -

799
01:08:25,300 --> 01:08:28,380
are tasked with finding Nazis on the
run.

800
01:08:33,700 --> 01:08:37,540
- The primary directive of the CIC

801
01:08:37,540 --> 01:08:41,540
is to root out any vestiges of the
Nazis

802
01:08:41,540 --> 01:08:44,100
and to bring those people to justice,

803
01:08:44,100 --> 01:08:45,500
holding them accountable

804
01:08:45,500 --> 01:08:48,780
for the crimes and atrocities they've
committed,

805
01:08:48,780 --> 01:08:51,180
making sure the Nazis don't rise
again.

806
01:08:54,500 --> 01:08:57,900
- Former US infantryman Robert Taylor

807
01:08:57,900 --> 01:09:01,100
has been transferred into the CIC

808
01:09:01,100 --> 01:09:03,940
to help track down wanted war
criminals.

809
01:09:07,220 --> 01:09:11,460
- Robert Taylor really has no
background in intelligence.

810
01:09:11,460 --> 01:09:15,620
He had done some small-town journalism
work.

811
01:09:15,620 --> 01:09:19,380
He's not really prepared for this
pretty significant role.

812
01:09:22,780 --> 01:09:24,500
In my experience,

813
01:09:24,500 --> 01:09:28,340
there's all kinds of moral
ambiguities,

814
01:09:28,340 --> 01:09:30,580
psychologically and emotionally,

815
01:09:30,580 --> 01:09:33,620
that are entailed in the world of
espionage.

816
01:09:34,940 --> 01:09:39,340
But Robert Taylor is kind of thrust
into this situation

817
01:09:39,340 --> 01:09:42,540
with very little training.

818
01:09:42,540 --> 01:09:44,180
It's a lot.

819
01:09:47,100 --> 01:09:49,220
- In 1947,

820
01:09:49,220 --> 01:09:53,740
the case of Nazi secret police chief
Klaus Barbie

821
01:09:53,740 --> 01:09:55,900
lands on Taylor's desk.

822
01:09:57,300 --> 01:10:01,620
Posted with the Gestapo to southern
France during the war,

823
01:10:01,620 --> 01:10:05,220
Barbie became known as the Butcher of
Lyon.

824
01:10:08,180 --> 01:10:12,540
His job was to track down suspected
communists

825
01:10:12,540 --> 01:10:15,580
and members of the French Resistance.

826
01:10:15,580 --> 01:10:18,500
- Not every Nazi perpetrator

827
01:10:18,500 --> 01:10:22,300
was a born sadist and torturer...

828
01:10:23,540 --> 01:10:27,220
..but Klaus Barbie certainly was.

829
01:10:31,100 --> 01:10:33,380
He was master of life and death.

830
01:10:33,380 --> 01:10:35,420
You know, he could wave his hand

831
01:10:35,420 --> 01:10:39,180
and decide if somebody was to live or
was to die.

832
01:10:40,980 --> 01:10:43,580
As head of the Gestapo in Lyon,

833
01:10:43,580 --> 01:10:46,420
Klaus Barbie enjoyed torturing,

834
01:10:46,420 --> 01:10:49,060
mistreating, causing pain.

835
01:10:51,740 --> 01:10:54,300
He had a whole range of techniques -

836
01:10:54,300 --> 01:10:58,540
electroshocks, boiling water, cutting
people.

837
01:11:02,540 --> 01:11:04,820
Even after 1945,

838
01:11:04,820 --> 01:11:08,300
he does not show any remorse, he
doesn't show any regret.

839
01:11:08,300 --> 01:11:11,660
He still admires Hitler, the Nazi
regime.

840
01:11:13,820 --> 01:11:16,140
- Despite Hitler's defeat,

841
01:11:16,140 --> 01:11:20,260
Barbie is looking for a way to keep
Nazism alive.

842
01:11:20,260 --> 01:11:24,660
He's being helped by a group of wanted
SS officers.

843
01:11:24,660 --> 01:11:28,420
- The CIC become aware, through their
informants,

844
01:11:28,420 --> 01:11:32,460
that Barbie has a network of former SS
personnel,

845
01:11:32,460 --> 01:11:35,220
and it's operating within the American
Zone.

846
01:11:35,220 --> 01:11:38,260
This is precisely what the Americans

847
01:11:38,260 --> 01:11:41,060
and what the CIC have been afraid of.

848
01:11:43,780 --> 01:11:46,700
- Klaus Barbie and his group are on
the run -

849
01:11:46,700 --> 01:11:49,180
stealing, blackmailing,

850
01:11:49,180 --> 01:11:52,260
but also procuring weapons.

851
01:11:53,860 --> 01:11:59,580
They are plotting resistance against
Allied occupation,

852
01:11:59,580 --> 01:12:03,300
hoping that, in the near future,

853
01:12:03,300 --> 01:12:05,780
their fortunes will change

854
01:12:05,780 --> 01:12:08,780
and they would be players again.

855
01:12:13,580 --> 01:12:17,780
- Robert Taylor and the CIC know
immediately

856
01:12:17,780 --> 01:12:20,460
that they have to gather intelligence
on this network

857
01:12:20,460 --> 01:12:22,740
and they have to be able to quash it.

858
01:12:31,780 --> 01:12:36,540
The CIC plan this highly-coordinated
swoop

859
01:12:36,540 --> 01:12:40,540
to flush out all these former Nazis
and capture them.

860
01:12:44,500 --> 01:12:46,900
They're going to unknown houses,

861
01:12:46,900 --> 01:12:48,580
knocking on doors,

862
01:12:48,580 --> 01:12:51,980
and they don't know what awaits them
on the other side.

863
01:12:54,260 --> 01:12:56,700
It's a dangerous situation,

864
01:12:56,700 --> 01:12:59,380
and failure is not an option.

865
01:12:59,380 --> 01:13:00,940
- DOOR BANGS OPEN

866
01:13:05,180 --> 01:13:06,940
MEN SHOUT

867
01:13:22,460 --> 01:13:26,100
The Americans seize 70 Nazi suspects.

868
01:13:27,580 --> 01:13:29,300
- This network is crushed...

869
01:13:30,500 --> 01:13:33,660
..but at the same time, a key leader
escapes...

870
01:13:35,460 --> 01:13:37,860
..and that leader is Klaus Barbie.

871
01:13:47,940 --> 01:13:51,660
- Klaus Barbie has just barely avoided
arrest.

872
01:13:53,340 --> 01:13:57,220
He's on his own, he has no place to
go.

873
01:13:57,220 --> 01:13:59,700
His greatest fear

874
01:13:59,700 --> 01:14:04,820
is getting caught and being executed
for his crimes,

875
01:14:04,820 --> 01:14:08,100
and that is a real possibility.

876
01:14:28,660 --> 01:14:31,820
- Then, events in the wider world

877
01:14:31,820 --> 01:14:33,980
take an ominous turn.

878
01:14:44,100 --> 01:14:46,180
Since the end of the war,

879
01:14:46,180 --> 01:14:50,540
relations between the Western Allies
and Russia have deteriorated rapidly.

880
01:14:52,140 --> 01:14:55,620
In Washington, President Truman tells
Congress

881
01:14:55,620 --> 01:14:58,540
that the world faces a new ideological
battle.

882
01:15:01,300 --> 01:15:05,020
"Communism", he says, "is now the
greatest threat".

883
01:15:07,940 --> 01:15:09,580
- At the present moment,

884
01:15:09,580 --> 01:15:14,420
nearly every nation must choose
between alternative ways of life.

885
01:15:15,540 --> 01:15:19,780
One way of life is based upon the will
of the majority.

886
01:15:19,780 --> 01:15:23,700
The second way of life relies upon
terror and oppression,

887
01:15:23,700 --> 01:15:26,580
and the suppression of personal
freedom.

888
01:15:28,220 --> 01:15:31,180
- CHEERING

889
01:15:39,700 --> 01:15:43,660
Joseph Stalin now controls much of
Eastern Europe...

890
01:15:45,540 --> 01:15:48,740
..and the Americans fear his vast
armies

891
01:15:48,740 --> 01:15:50,980
could take over the Western world.

892
01:15:53,380 --> 01:15:58,300
Battle lines are drawn for what's
being called the Cold War.

893
01:16:01,860 --> 01:16:06,140
- Now, in the early Cold War years,
things are changing very quickly.

894
01:16:09,100 --> 01:16:15,060
It's not so much arresting Nazis and
bringing them to justice,

895
01:16:15,060 --> 01:16:16,900
but fighting the communists.

896
01:16:16,900 --> 01:16:18,780
- PHONE RINGS

897
01:16:18,780 --> 01:16:24,940
- By 1947, the geopolitical landscape
has shifted quite a bit,

898
01:16:24,940 --> 01:16:29,900
and so has the mandate and the mindset
of the CIC.

899
01:16:29,900 --> 01:16:33,420
Robert Taylor's thinking, "What is the
threat on the horizon?"

900
01:16:33,420 --> 01:16:35,220
Not, "What is yesterday's threat?

901
01:16:35,220 --> 01:16:37,860
"What is today and tomorrow's threat?"

902
01:16:38,980 --> 01:16:41,300
Incredibly, the Nazis are not

903
01:16:41,300 --> 01:16:44,980
a top intelligence priority for the
Americans at this time.

904
01:16:48,980 --> 01:16:54,220
- As the West's attention shifts to
containing communism,

905
01:16:54,220 --> 01:16:58,980
the CIC take their eye off wanted
Nazis

906
01:16:58,980 --> 01:17:01,220
like Klaus Barbie.

907
01:17:07,020 --> 01:17:08,700
- He's lucky.

908
01:17:08,700 --> 01:17:12,060
He runs into a former comrade, Kurt
Merk,

909
01:17:12,060 --> 01:17:14,780
who was stationed with him in France.

910
01:17:16,180 --> 01:17:20,180
They couldn't believe the coincidence
to run into each other.

911
01:17:21,620 --> 01:17:25,780
And then, of course, they talk about
the good old times.

912
01:17:25,780 --> 01:17:29,300
Merk is clearly doing well for
himself,

913
01:17:29,300 --> 01:17:34,900
he's well-dressed and looking good and
is in good spirits,

914
01:17:34,900 --> 01:17:37,780
and Klaus Barbie is not.

915
01:17:39,300 --> 01:17:43,020
- Former German intelligence officer
Kurt Merk

916
01:17:43,020 --> 01:17:46,140
tells Barbie he may be able to help
him.

917
01:17:50,260 --> 01:17:54,300
Merk arranges to meet an unlikely
contact...

918
01:18:02,420 --> 01:18:05,620
..the CIC's Robert Taylor.

919
01:18:10,060 --> 01:18:15,860
Taylor has been paying Merk to track
down suspected communists.

920
01:18:17,620 --> 01:18:20,980
Now, Merk tells Taylor

921
01:18:20,980 --> 01:18:24,020
he's found someone of even greater
value -

922
01:18:24,020 --> 01:18:28,220
an old friend from France, Klaus
Barbie.

923
01:18:38,180 --> 01:18:41,220
- When you're an intelligence officer
on the ground,

924
01:18:41,220 --> 01:18:45,340
your mandate is to collect the best
intelligence you can.

925
01:18:45,340 --> 01:18:49,500
So, Robert Taylor's not looking at
Klaus Barbie

926
01:18:49,500 --> 01:18:52,100
as a former Nazi on our wanted list.

927
01:18:53,580 --> 01:18:56,740
He's looking at Klaus Barbie as a
potential asset.

928
01:18:59,700 --> 01:19:02,300
- Taylor could have Barbie arrested

929
01:19:02,300 --> 01:19:04,060
and tried for his crimes...

930
01:19:06,740 --> 01:19:10,500
..but instead, using Merk as an
intermediary,

931
01:19:10,500 --> 01:19:14,660
he invites the Butcher of Lyon to join
them for lunch.

932
01:19:31,780 --> 01:19:35,380
- For Klaus Barbie, it must be
nerve-racking,

933
01:19:35,380 --> 01:19:37,340
very, very stressful.

934
01:19:41,820 --> 01:19:44,140
Ultimately, he's risking a lot.

935
01:19:45,620 --> 01:19:48,660
But a life of this kind,

936
01:19:48,660 --> 01:19:50,340
always on the run,

937
01:19:50,340 --> 01:19:52,220
is not sustainable.

938
01:19:54,220 --> 01:19:59,020
- Taylor's there to make an assessment
of Barbie, to figure out,

939
01:19:59,020 --> 01:20:03,100
does this person have what we call
placement and access?

940
01:20:03,100 --> 01:20:08,060
Which is the placement and the ability
to access information

941
01:20:08,060 --> 01:20:10,460
that the US Government might want.

942
01:20:11,860 --> 01:20:14,900
- Barbie is a wanted war criminal,

943
01:20:14,900 --> 01:20:17,220
so one would expect that this meeting

944
01:20:17,220 --> 01:20:20,540
would have the form of an
interrogation,

945
01:20:20,540 --> 01:20:22,340
but it's actually not.

946
01:20:22,340 --> 01:20:24,500
It's more of a conversation.

947
01:20:26,780 --> 01:20:30,820
- It always begins with rapport, and
that might surprise people.

948
01:20:30,820 --> 01:20:33,220
They don't just get down to business.

949
01:20:34,260 --> 01:20:37,700
So some time would've been spent just
making small talk,

950
01:20:37,700 --> 01:20:41,180
maybe about Barbie's family or his
kids,

951
01:20:41,180 --> 01:20:44,860
and Taylor giving a little information
about himself.

952
01:20:44,860 --> 01:20:48,340
And that always happens before they
get down to brass tacks.

953
01:20:55,220 --> 01:20:59,380
- Taylor makes the fervent Nazi an
extraordinary offer...

954
01:21:01,780 --> 01:21:04,740
..to work as a US agent,

955
01:21:04,740 --> 01:21:08,500
hunting communists in return for his
freedom.

956
01:21:21,860 --> 01:21:24,420
- Taylor writes his thoughts after the
meeting,

957
01:21:24,420 --> 01:21:27,500
and he was impressed by Barbie as,
quote,

958
01:21:27,500 --> 01:21:31,060
"An honest man, both intellectually
and personally.

959
01:21:31,060 --> 01:21:33,460
"Absolutely without nerves or fear.

960
01:21:33,460 --> 01:21:37,180
"He is strongly anti-communist and a
Nazi idealist

961
01:21:37,180 --> 01:21:41,020
"who believes that he and his beliefs
were betrayed by the Nazis in power."

962
01:21:44,420 --> 01:21:47,700
Hearing that seems quite shocking.

963
01:21:49,100 --> 01:21:52,380
But, in the game of intelligence and
espionage,

964
01:21:52,380 --> 01:21:57,260
it's not unprecedented that the
enemy's enemy becomes my friend.

965
01:21:59,780 --> 01:22:05,420
So the CIC is probably not doing a lot
of soul-searching.

966
01:22:05,420 --> 01:22:08,860
These kind of cases happen all the
time.

967
01:22:16,420 --> 01:22:19,140
- Once he gets the offer from the CIC,

968
01:22:19,140 --> 01:22:22,500
it's pretty much a no-brainer for him.

969
01:22:27,420 --> 01:22:29,220
- CHILD GIGGLES

970
01:22:30,260 --> 01:22:32,660
- This gives Barbie the opportunity

971
01:22:32,660 --> 01:22:36,220
to have a normal life with his family
again,

972
01:22:36,220 --> 01:22:39,620
finally, after years of separation...

973
01:22:41,140 --> 01:22:44,260
..constantly on the run and in hiding.

974
01:22:53,220 --> 01:22:56,740
- The Americans find Barbie a new home

975
01:22:56,740 --> 01:23:00,220
and offer him a generous monthly
salary.

976
01:23:12,820 --> 01:23:16,500
- Klaus Barbie's back in the game,
he's fighting communists again.

977
01:23:22,220 --> 01:23:25,300
- Within two years of Barbie's
recruitment,

978
01:23:25,300 --> 01:23:29,540
Germany becomes a front line in the
deepening Cold War.

979
01:23:30,580 --> 01:23:32,500
In 1949,

980
01:23:32,500 --> 01:23:34,660
the four Allied occupied zones

981
01:23:34,660 --> 01:23:37,980
are reshaped into two new countries -

982
01:23:37,980 --> 01:23:40,540
a democratic West Germany

983
01:23:40,540 --> 01:23:42,900
and a Soviet-controlled East.

984
01:23:47,380 --> 01:23:51,340
NEWSREEL:
- East zone Germans stage a so-called
spontaneous demonstration.

985
01:23:51,340 --> 01:23:54,340
On the Nazis' old stamping ground,
Unter den Linden,

986
01:23:54,340 --> 01:23:57,300
Berliners see a show that rivals
Hitler's best.

987
01:24:06,860 --> 01:24:08,460
- In East Berlin,

988
01:24:08,460 --> 01:24:11,420
the Russians mark the birth of a new
nation

989
01:24:11,420 --> 01:24:13,540
with a choreographed parade.

990
01:24:14,900 --> 01:24:16,700
For Klaus Barbie,

991
01:24:16,700 --> 01:24:18,860
the looming communist threat

992
01:24:18,860 --> 01:24:21,300
means more guaranteed work.

993
01:24:22,820 --> 01:24:25,020
But his fellow war criminal,

994
01:24:25,020 --> 01:24:27,940
SS Officer Adolf Eichmann,

995
01:24:27,940 --> 01:24:31,100
has no role to play in this new world.

996
01:24:31,100 --> 01:24:34,380
His crimes are so well-known by now,

997
01:24:34,380 --> 01:24:36,660
that no side will touch him.

998
01:24:47,500 --> 01:24:50,100
Eichmann remains in hiding,

999
01:24:50,100 --> 01:24:53,860
still living in the remote West German
countryside

1000
01:24:53,860 --> 01:24:55,620
as Otto Henninger.

1001
01:24:57,660 --> 01:25:01,540
- Eichmann experienced a huge fall
from power.

1002
01:25:02,940 --> 01:25:06,580
He starts working on a chicken farm.

1003
01:25:14,020 --> 01:25:16,260
How pathetic does that sound,

1004
01:25:16,260 --> 01:25:19,700
one of the chief architects of the
Holocaust

1005
01:25:19,700 --> 01:25:22,260
working on a chicken farm?

1006
01:25:25,060 --> 01:25:29,020
Eichmann's situation has become
untenable for him.

1007
01:25:31,620 --> 01:25:36,420
So he starts planning a future outside
of Germany.

1008
01:25:45,020 --> 01:25:49,540
- Eichmann intends to cross the border
into neighbouring Austria,

1009
01:25:49,540 --> 01:25:52,820
where he hopes to find help from Nazi
sympathisers.

1010
01:25:54,620 --> 01:25:57,540
Before he leaves West Germany,

1011
01:25:57,540 --> 01:26:01,260
he burns all his papers and cuttings,

1012
01:26:01,260 --> 01:26:03,380
erasing his trail.

1013
01:26:10,020 --> 01:26:14,340
- He's fed up with the idea that he
has to live under the radar,

1014
01:26:14,340 --> 01:26:17,660
he wants to live under his real
identity

1015
01:26:17,660 --> 01:26:20,100
and he wants to tell everyone in the
world

1016
01:26:20,100 --> 01:26:24,220
what great achievements he has made
during the Second World War.

1017
01:26:25,540 --> 01:26:28,820
He still believes that he has done
nothing wrong.

1018
01:26:28,820 --> 01:26:31,340
- But what Eichmann doesn't know

1019
01:26:31,340 --> 01:26:36,540
is there's one man who refuses to
forget his crimes.

1020
01:26:50,700 --> 01:26:55,620
Lawyer Fritz Bauer is a German-born
Jew.

1021
01:26:55,620 --> 01:26:59,420
He spent time in a concentration camp
in the '30s,

1022
01:26:59,420 --> 01:27:01,980
before fleeing to neutral Sweden.

1023
01:27:05,900 --> 01:27:08,180
Now, in 1949,

1024
01:27:08,180 --> 01:27:12,780
Bauer's returning home on a very
personal mission.

1025
01:27:12,780 --> 01:27:17,820
- Fritz Bauer wants to confront German
society with its past.

1026
01:27:17,820 --> 01:27:20,020
There was a fire burning in him.

1027
01:27:24,500 --> 01:27:29,580
The downfall of the Nazis was not a
magic cure to anti-Semitism.

1028
01:27:31,260 --> 01:27:34,140
Being Jewish makes him an outsider.

1029
01:27:36,860 --> 01:27:41,140
He is likely to ask some uncomfortable
questions...

1030
01:27:42,780 --> 01:27:44,860
..which nobody wants to hear.

1031
01:27:45,860 --> 01:27:50,380
- Fritz Bauer wants former Nazis like
Eichmann

1032
01:27:50,380 --> 01:27:53,940
to be held accountable for their
crimes,

1033
01:27:53,940 --> 01:27:56,620
but he's going to have to act alone.

1034
01:27:56,620 --> 01:27:58,420
When he looks around him,

1035
01:27:58,420 --> 01:28:02,660
he sees that more than half of the
judges he works alongside

1036
01:28:02,660 --> 01:28:06,060
were themselves members of the Nazi
Party.

1037
01:28:06,060 --> 01:28:07,740
- Fritz Bauer once said,

1038
01:28:07,740 --> 01:28:11,460
"As soon as I'm out of my office, I'm
in enemy territory,"

1039
01:28:11,460 --> 01:28:14,420
and that literally referred to the
building he was in.

1040
01:28:16,460 --> 01:28:19,980
The spirit of the Nazis was still very
present.

1041
01:28:22,340 --> 01:28:26,340
- TRANSLATION:

1042
01:28:40,580 --> 01:28:44,540
- Nobody cares to talk about the
things they did,

1043
01:28:44,540 --> 01:28:47,500
and he's angry, he's angry that many
people

1044
01:28:47,500 --> 01:28:51,660
don't seem to want to learn any
lessons from the past.

1045
01:28:56,900 --> 01:28:59,820
What message are you sending to the
survivors,

1046
01:28:59,820 --> 01:29:02,900
the few survivors that are coming back
to Germany,

1047
01:29:02,900 --> 01:29:04,540
like Fritz Bauer?

1048
01:29:06,220 --> 01:29:09,660
The message to them is, "You still
don't count,

1049
01:29:09,660 --> 01:29:11,900
"we still don't care for you."

1050
01:29:28,020 --> 01:29:31,420
- TRANSLATION:

1051
01:29:49,900 --> 01:29:52,740
Fritz Bauer's crusade to hunt Nazis

1052
01:29:52,740 --> 01:29:55,180
earns him few friends.

1053
01:29:56,940 --> 01:30:00,700
- He receives a huge amount of mail,

1054
01:30:00,700 --> 01:30:03,180
full of hate, full of outrage.

1055
01:30:08,140 --> 01:30:10,820
People saying, "Go back to where you
belong."

1056
01:30:14,980 --> 01:30:17,100
To some degree, it emboldens him,

1057
01:30:17,100 --> 01:30:19,340
it shows him he's going in the right
direction

1058
01:30:19,340 --> 01:30:22,740
and he is hitting on the right notes.

1059
01:30:25,100 --> 01:30:28,580
And on the other hand, it means he has
to be very careful.

1060
01:30:36,940 --> 01:30:40,900
- While Fritz Bauer begins his
campaign for justice,

1061
01:30:40,900 --> 01:30:46,380
US agent Klaus Barbie is feeling
untouchable.

1062
01:30:46,380 --> 01:30:48,460
- The Cold War is heating up,

1063
01:30:48,460 --> 01:30:51,220
and so, in a very short period of
time,

1064
01:30:51,220 --> 01:30:54,740
he had a large number of sources

1065
01:30:54,740 --> 01:30:59,340
informing Americans about communist
activities.

1066
01:31:02,140 --> 01:31:06,700
He gives them names and addresses and
contact information,

1067
01:31:06,700 --> 01:31:10,540
so his American handlers are happy
with him.

1068
01:31:12,540 --> 01:31:17,140
- But then, Barbie's reputation as the
Butcher of Lyon

1069
01:31:17,140 --> 01:31:19,260
catches up with him.

1070
01:31:19,260 --> 01:31:24,460
The French want to question him about
the torture and murder in 1943

1071
01:31:24,460 --> 01:31:28,660
of their wartime Resistance hero, Jean
Moulin.

1072
01:31:28,660 --> 01:31:30,660
- Everybody talks about Jean Moulin

1073
01:31:30,660 --> 01:31:33,460
as a national hero in France, as an
icon.

1074
01:31:33,460 --> 01:31:35,580
Every child knows about him,

1075
01:31:35,580 --> 01:31:37,780
and Klaus Barbie is one of the people

1076
01:31:37,780 --> 01:31:40,180
who murdered their national hero.

1077
01:31:42,060 --> 01:31:45,940
- When the French authorities demand
to interrogate Barbie,

1078
01:31:45,940 --> 01:31:50,580
the Americans have no choice but to
give him up for questioning.

1079
01:31:50,580 --> 01:31:54,740
But the CIC do so on their own terms.

1080
01:31:55,780 --> 01:32:01,540
- Barbie sees that the American
officer clearly has his back

1081
01:32:01,540 --> 01:32:03,860
and is shielding him.

1082
01:32:09,380 --> 01:32:12,220
He was kind of looking down on the
French

1083
01:32:12,220 --> 01:32:15,780
and belittling them almost, like,
"What do you want?

1084
01:32:15,780 --> 01:32:19,300
"I work for the Americans, right, you
cannot touch me."

1085
01:32:25,100 --> 01:32:27,020
- With the CIC's help,

1086
01:32:27,020 --> 01:32:29,780
Barbie is off the hook - again.

1087
01:32:30,820 --> 01:32:34,900
- One of the reasons I got out of
intelligence is because

1088
01:32:34,900 --> 01:32:37,220
I think it's very easy

1089
01:32:37,220 --> 01:32:42,060
to lose sight of your own moral
parameters

1090
01:32:42,060 --> 01:32:46,100
and for your moral compass to go quite
askew,

1091
01:32:46,100 --> 01:32:49,100
without you even realising it, before
it's too late.

1092
01:32:51,620 --> 01:32:54,740
And I think in this case,

1093
01:32:54,740 --> 01:32:59,020
what is appalling is that the CIC is
putting the interests

1094
01:32:59,020 --> 01:33:01,380
and safety of Klaus Barbie

1095
01:33:01,380 --> 01:33:05,740
above any kind of measure of
retribution or justice

1096
01:33:05,740 --> 01:33:07,460
for Barbie's victims.

1097
01:33:09,700 --> 01:33:13,300
- The list of crimes of Klaus Barbie
is very long.

1098
01:33:13,300 --> 01:33:19,100
He's probably most notorious for the
deportation of 44 Jewish children

1099
01:33:19,100 --> 01:33:22,100
from an orphanage near Lyon.

1100
01:33:22,100 --> 01:33:27,300
The youngest child was four years old
and the oldest 17.

1101
01:33:27,300 --> 01:33:31,020
Those children were arrested on his
order

1102
01:33:31,020 --> 01:33:33,340
and then murdered in Auschwitz.

1103
01:33:35,340 --> 01:33:37,740
- When a French newspaper breaks a
story

1104
01:33:37,740 --> 01:33:39,700
about Barbie's criminal past...

1105
01:33:41,100 --> 01:33:43,940
..the Americans are forced to act.

1106
01:33:46,740 --> 01:33:51,500
- This puts the CIC in an extremely
uncomfortable position,

1107
01:33:51,500 --> 01:33:54,460
because all of a sudden, they're
realising

1108
01:33:54,460 --> 01:33:58,420
that their star source is in fact a
monster.

1109
01:34:03,060 --> 01:34:06,700
It's at this point where I think we
can safely say

1110
01:34:06,700 --> 01:34:11,820
that the CIC is operating way outside
of its moral parameters.

1111
01:34:11,820 --> 01:34:13,340
- PHONE RINGS

1112
01:34:19,500 --> 01:34:22,020
- They decide that

1113
01:34:22,020 --> 01:34:25,740
the best thing to do is to make Barbie
disappear.

1114
01:34:37,060 --> 01:34:39,900
- In March 1951,

1115
01:34:39,900 --> 01:34:43,860
CIC agents accompany Barbie and his
young family

1116
01:34:43,860 --> 01:34:47,340
onto a train heading to Italy.

1117
01:34:50,940 --> 01:34:53,980
- It's not an option just to kill him
off,

1118
01:34:53,980 --> 01:34:56,500
and if we go killing our foreign
agents

1119
01:34:56,500 --> 01:34:59,380
or turning them over to the
authorities,

1120
01:34:59,380 --> 01:35:02,300
nobody's ever going to come work for
us in the future.

1121
01:35:05,660 --> 01:35:07,940
- Armed with false papers,

1122
01:35:07,940 --> 01:35:10,140
Klaus Barbie and his family

1123
01:35:10,140 --> 01:35:14,580
travel along a secret escape route -
the Ratline -

1124
01:35:14,580 --> 01:35:18,260
used to smuggle wanted Nazis out of
danger.

1125
01:35:24,820 --> 01:35:26,860
Using the Ratline,

1126
01:35:26,860 --> 01:35:28,940
they travel out of Germany,

1127
01:35:28,940 --> 01:35:31,180
through the Austrian Alps

1128
01:35:31,180 --> 01:35:34,100
to the Mediterranean port of Genoa.

1129
01:35:42,540 --> 01:35:46,100
In Genoa, the CIC put Barbie in touch

1130
01:35:46,100 --> 01:35:49,420
with a Vatican priest called Father
Draganovic.

1131
01:35:51,660 --> 01:35:55,780
They pay him to secure a safe passage
for Barbie

1132
01:35:55,780 --> 01:35:58,580
out of Europe altogether.

1133
01:35:58,580 --> 01:36:03,620
- Draganovic is a hard-core fascist
and anti-communist.

1134
01:36:08,660 --> 01:36:14,180
In his headquarters, he has war
criminals who are hiding as priests.

1135
01:36:16,300 --> 01:36:19,020
They're using code names,

1136
01:36:19,020 --> 01:36:22,100
they're using secret hideouts.

1137
01:36:26,860 --> 01:36:30,340
It all sounds very much like a James
Bond movie,

1138
01:36:30,340 --> 01:36:32,340
but it was real.

1139
01:36:35,140 --> 01:36:39,500
- Draganovic tells Barbie he's already
helped many wanted war criminals

1140
01:36:39,500 --> 01:36:41,380
flee to South America...

1141
01:36:43,500 --> 01:36:49,100
..in the hope that the Nazis may one
day return and rise again.

1142
01:36:52,500 --> 01:36:55,340
- Draganovic is not an exception.

1143
01:36:57,180 --> 01:37:02,980
There are many Catholic priests like
him helping a whole wave of Nazis

1144
01:37:02,980 --> 01:37:06,860
to leave the continent and start a new
life overseas.

1145
01:37:11,620 --> 01:37:13,940
- BOAT HORN BLOWS

1146
01:37:16,860 --> 01:37:18,580
Three weeks later,

1147
01:37:18,580 --> 01:37:23,020
Barbie and his family arrive safely at
the end of the Ratline,

1148
01:37:23,020 --> 01:37:25,700
7,000 miles away

1149
01:37:25,700 --> 01:37:29,220
in the Argentinian capital, Buenos
Aires.

1150
01:37:33,060 --> 01:37:34,740
In South America,

1151
01:37:34,740 --> 01:37:38,780
even the most notorious Nazis can find
refuge,

1152
01:37:38,780 --> 01:37:43,380
as sympathetic right-wing dictators
turn a blind eye to their crimes.

1153
01:37:45,100 --> 01:37:47,860
- Klaus Barbie is not the only one.

1154
01:37:47,860 --> 01:37:53,300
Thousands of Nazi perpetrators were
able to escape through the Ratline.

1155
01:37:53,300 --> 01:37:56,460
There is something really wrong here,

1156
01:37:56,460 --> 01:37:59,300
that justice was denied,

1157
01:37:59,300 --> 01:38:02,020
and the victims deserve justice.

1158
01:38:15,660 --> 01:38:18,020
- As Barbie makes his escape,

1159
01:38:18,020 --> 01:38:20,620
in the German town of Landsberg,

1160
01:38:20,620 --> 01:38:23,340
thousands of protesters demand
clemency

1161
01:38:23,340 --> 01:38:26,580
for Nazi war criminals held in the
local prison.

1162
01:38:30,340 --> 01:38:34,740
21 death sentences are overturned

1163
01:38:34,740 --> 01:38:39,580
and many other Nazi prisoners are
released early,

1164
01:38:39,580 --> 01:38:43,340
including members of an SS
extermination squad.

1165
01:38:44,820 --> 01:38:48,060
NEWSREEL:
- Convicted at Nuremberg, they now
walk out free men,

1166
01:38:48,060 --> 01:38:50,020
granted a reprieve.

1167
01:38:50,020 --> 01:38:52,300
They are greeted like heroes.

1168
01:38:54,940 --> 01:38:58,940
- The war has only been over for six
years,

1169
01:38:58,940 --> 01:39:03,500
but already, attitudes to Nazi crimes
are relaxing.

1170
01:39:05,260 --> 01:39:06,940
- In the 1950s,

1171
01:39:06,940 --> 01:39:09,740
Germany is a country that is starting
to prosper.

1172
01:39:09,740 --> 01:39:13,260
- People are very happy to look to the
future,

1173
01:39:13,260 --> 01:39:17,140
and they don't really feel a need to
look in the past.

1174
01:39:17,140 --> 01:39:20,580
People are willing to forget and to
forgive themselves.

1175
01:39:26,820 --> 01:39:32,140
- Lawyer Fritz Bauer pushes back
against this collective amnesia.

1176
01:39:32,140 --> 01:39:36,500
He's still determined to bring Nazi
Adolf Eichmann to justice.

1177
01:39:46,340 --> 01:39:48,500
In 1957,

1178
01:39:48,500 --> 01:39:52,980
he receives a letter from the Nazi
safe haven of Argentina.

1179
01:39:54,540 --> 01:39:58,940
But this letter isn't full of the
usual violent threats.

1180
01:40:04,300 --> 01:40:06,500
- Fritz Bauer had, for a number of
years,

1181
01:40:06,500 --> 01:40:11,260
been trying to find out where Adolf
Eichmann had escaped to

1182
01:40:11,260 --> 01:40:12,900
and where he was living.

1183
01:40:20,260 --> 01:40:21,820
But when he opens the letter,

1184
01:40:21,820 --> 01:40:24,220
he's surprised to find a message

1185
01:40:24,220 --> 01:40:27,060
from a German Jew living in Argentina,

1186
01:40:27,060 --> 01:40:29,260
called Lothar Hermann,

1187
01:40:29,260 --> 01:40:32,340
who tells him that Adolf Eichmann

1188
01:40:32,340 --> 01:40:36,020
is living under a false name in
Argentina

1189
01:40:36,020 --> 01:40:38,380
with his wife and his children.

1190
01:40:41,780 --> 01:40:44,260
To Fritz Bauer,

1191
01:40:44,260 --> 01:40:47,340
this was incredibly valuable
information.

1192
01:40:49,180 --> 01:40:51,980
And it's served to him on a platter.

1193
01:40:54,100 --> 01:40:58,260
- Bauer is reluctant to share his
tip-off with his colleagues.

1194
01:41:00,020 --> 01:41:03,620
He still can't trust anyone working
around him.

1195
01:41:07,260 --> 01:41:09,700
- Fritz Bauer realises

1196
01:41:09,700 --> 01:41:14,740
there are too many people in the
police, in the prosecution,

1197
01:41:14,740 --> 01:41:20,820
who would want to tip off Eichmann and
to allow him to escape.

1198
01:41:20,820 --> 01:41:22,660
Who could he turn to?

1199
01:41:24,460 --> 01:41:27,540
So, it's only Fritz Bauer

1200
01:41:27,540 --> 01:41:29,900
who is interested in catching Adolf
Eichmann

1201
01:41:29,900 --> 01:41:31,500
and putting him on trial.

1202
01:41:33,700 --> 01:41:37,500
In this situation, he takes matters
into his own hands

1203
01:41:37,500 --> 01:41:40,860
to seek contact with the Israelis.

1204
01:41:40,860 --> 01:41:45,420
- MUSIC: Zo Ahava by A Uzan & Philippe
Guez

1205
01:41:46,820 --> 01:41:48,700
In 1959,

1206
01:41:48,700 --> 01:41:52,580
Bauer travels to the newly created
state of Israel.

1207
01:41:54,020 --> 01:41:57,500
There, he makes contact with Isser
Harel,

1208
01:41:57,500 --> 01:41:59,380
the chief of Mossad,

1209
01:41:59,380 --> 01:42:02,220
the Israeli intelligence agency.

1210
01:42:03,940 --> 01:42:07,780
- Catching a Nazi, it's not a priority
in the Mossad.

1211
01:42:13,340 --> 01:42:15,380
The priority for the Mossad

1212
01:42:15,380 --> 01:42:17,780
is to find information

1213
01:42:17,780 --> 01:42:22,260
about the Arab states that surround
Israel

1214
01:42:22,260 --> 01:42:25,660
and that want to destroy the young
country.

1215
01:42:28,860 --> 01:42:32,300
- Fritz Bauer's very disappointed with
Mossad.

1216
01:42:32,300 --> 01:42:35,300
It turns out they're very hesitant and
very careful.

1217
01:42:36,700 --> 01:42:40,180
It's kind of reverse of what one would
expect -

1218
01:42:40,180 --> 01:42:44,100
this elderly German man with a tie and
suit

1219
01:42:44,100 --> 01:42:47,500
and these young Israeli secret agents,

1220
01:42:47,500 --> 01:42:51,260
and he's the one who's telling them to
be more aggressive.

1221
01:42:53,260 --> 01:42:56,340
- To persuade Mossad to take on the
case,

1222
01:42:56,340 --> 01:43:00,220
Bauer gives Harel an ultimatum -

1223
01:43:00,220 --> 01:43:02,500
if Mossad doesn't act,

1224
01:43:02,500 --> 01:43:04,300
he'll go to the press,

1225
01:43:04,300 --> 01:43:08,460
and then their chance to catch
Eichmann by surprise will be lost.

1226
01:43:11,460 --> 01:43:13,860
- His gamble is successful.

1227
01:43:13,860 --> 01:43:17,340
The head of Mossad promises to give it
a shot,

1228
01:43:17,340 --> 01:43:20,740
and to see whether they can catch
Eichmann.

1229
01:43:20,740 --> 01:43:23,340
- PHONE RINGS

1230
01:43:26,460 --> 01:43:28,700
With his government's backing,

1231
01:43:28,700 --> 01:43:33,460
Harel agrees to bring Eichmann back to
Israel to stand trial.

1232
01:43:35,460 --> 01:43:38,100
But he knows the scale of the
challenge.

1233
01:43:40,220 --> 01:43:44,540
There is no extradition treaty between
Israel and Argentina,

1234
01:43:44,540 --> 01:43:49,940
so Eichmann must be kidnapped and
secretly smuggled back alive,

1235
01:43:49,940 --> 01:43:53,180
without the Argentinian authorities
finding out.

1236
01:44:00,540 --> 01:44:04,820
- This is a very rare and very
important operation.

1237
01:44:04,820 --> 01:44:09,660
To smuggle him alive to Israel is
very, very complicated.

1238
01:44:13,700 --> 01:44:17,500
Isser Harel needs to think about all
the small details.

1239
01:44:20,020 --> 01:44:23,340
There is plan A, there is plan B,
there is plan C.

1240
01:44:24,380 --> 01:44:26,500
There is no place for failure here.

1241
01:44:27,540 --> 01:44:30,380
24/7, he's dreaming about it.

1242
01:44:31,780 --> 01:44:35,060
But the big failure can be that this
is the wrong guy.

1243
01:44:42,100 --> 01:44:45,780
- Isser Harel sends Mossad agents to
Buenos Aires.

1244
01:44:47,420 --> 01:44:50,700
They confirm Eichmann is living there,

1245
01:44:50,700 --> 01:44:53,700
under the pseudonym Riccardo Klement,

1246
01:44:53,700 --> 01:44:57,380
and he's working in a Mercedes car
factory.

1247
01:45:01,740 --> 01:45:05,420
GOESCHEL:
- The Mossad agents start observing
Eichmann,

1248
01:45:05,420 --> 01:45:09,100
they start following him to and from
work,

1249
01:45:09,100 --> 01:45:10,980
and his family home.

1250
01:45:12,780 --> 01:45:15,820
Eichmann is living with impunity.

1251
01:45:15,820 --> 01:45:18,340
He is not afraid of anything.

1252
01:45:18,340 --> 01:45:20,060
- CAMERA CLICKS

1253
01:45:20,060 --> 01:45:23,380
- He even allows people to take his
photograph.

1254
01:45:24,940 --> 01:45:26,580
- CAMERA CLICKS

1255
01:45:26,580 --> 01:45:31,260
- He really feels safe from Allied
prosecution.

1256
01:45:31,260 --> 01:45:32,980
- CAMERA CLICKS

1257
01:45:49,540 --> 01:45:52,620
Wednesday evening, 7:30.

1258
01:45:54,380 --> 01:45:57,820
Adolf Eichmann is on his way home by
bus.

1259
01:46:07,660 --> 01:46:10,220
Parked near his usual stop

1260
01:46:10,220 --> 01:46:12,460
are four Mossad agents,

1261
01:46:12,460 --> 01:46:15,100
pretending their car has broken down.

1262
01:46:17,860 --> 01:46:20,220
Their chief, Isser Harel,

1263
01:46:20,220 --> 01:46:22,660
waits in a nearby cafe.

1264
01:46:24,300 --> 01:46:26,900
AVRAHAM:
- He don't have any connection with
them -

1265
01:46:26,900 --> 01:46:29,340
no telephone, nothing.

1266
01:46:29,340 --> 01:46:32,620
He just need to wait and pray.

1267
01:46:35,420 --> 01:46:38,580
Even if you are not religious, you
need to pray sometimes.

1268
01:47:14,100 --> 01:47:19,220
One of the agents approaches him and
say, "Momentito, senor."

1269
01:47:19,220 --> 01:47:21,180
It means, "Excuse me."

1270
01:47:27,940 --> 01:47:31,460
This is a very dangerous moment in the
operation

1271
01:47:31,460 --> 01:47:33,460
because his wife and kids at home,

1272
01:47:33,460 --> 01:47:36,420
and it was isolated area, very quiet,

1273
01:47:36,420 --> 01:47:39,180
so if you scream, they can hear you.

1274
01:47:44,620 --> 01:47:49,540
- Surprisingly, Eichmann doesn't try
to fight back.

1275
01:47:49,540 --> 01:47:52,140
He is resigned to his fate.

1276
01:47:58,020 --> 01:48:02,180
He is now a prisoner of the Israeli
Government.

1277
01:48:11,300 --> 01:48:15,820
Eichmann knows that his options have
run out.

1278
01:48:24,780 --> 01:48:28,020
- Isser Harel was shocked when he saw
Adolf Eichmann.

1279
01:48:30,100 --> 01:48:32,700
He ask himself, "This is Adolf
Eichmann,

1280
01:48:32,700 --> 01:48:35,900
"the Nazi, the head of the Jewish
Department,

1281
01:48:35,900 --> 01:48:39,260
"the one that was the architect of the
killing machine?"

1282
01:48:41,300 --> 01:48:44,020
This short guy,

1283
01:48:44,020 --> 01:48:46,260
this grey man,

1284
01:48:46,260 --> 01:48:48,300
this miserable runt.

1285
01:49:03,500 --> 01:49:08,700
- As Mossad secretly fly Eichmann back
to Israel to stand trial,

1286
01:49:08,700 --> 01:49:13,700
lawyer Fritz Bauer meets an Israeli
diplomat in Frankfurt.

1287
01:49:15,180 --> 01:49:18,300
- The first thing that the contact
says is, "We've got him."

1288
01:49:20,780 --> 01:49:24,060
Fritz Bauer finds out before the world
finds out.

1289
01:49:25,180 --> 01:49:28,660
He has this sweet moment of triumph.

1290
01:49:30,340 --> 01:49:33,940
- But Bauer's part in the operation
can never be known.

1291
01:49:35,220 --> 01:49:39,180
By aiding and abetting the Israelis to
kidnap a German national...

1292
01:49:40,620 --> 01:49:42,700
..Bauer's broken the law.

1293
01:49:45,500 --> 01:49:50,460
- Fritz Bauer had the courage to put
his career at risk,

1294
01:49:50,460 --> 01:49:52,900
maybe even his personal freedom.

1295
01:49:56,300 --> 01:49:58,740
He had the courage to say no,

1296
01:49:58,740 --> 01:50:01,420
courage not to go along with everybody
else,

1297
01:50:01,420 --> 01:50:04,420
not to choose the comfortable road.

1298
01:50:07,700 --> 01:50:11,220
But he has to take this secret into
his grave.

1299
01:50:11,220 --> 01:50:15,380
He will never be able to receive
applause openly,

1300
01:50:15,380 --> 01:50:17,700
and others will take the credit.

1301
01:50:22,540 --> 01:50:25,420
- TRANSLATION:

1302
01:50:40,340 --> 01:50:42,540
CAMERA CLICKS

1303
01:50:43,700 --> 01:50:46,100
NEWSREEL:
- Here in Israel, Adolf Eichmann faces

1304
01:50:46,100 --> 01:50:48,740
probably the most appalling list of
charges

1305
01:50:48,740 --> 01:50:51,740
ever to be levelled against a single
human being.

1306
01:50:55,820 --> 01:51:00,660
The Israelis are trying to place
before the conscience of the world

1307
01:51:00,660 --> 01:51:06,260
the full facts of how the Nazis tried
literally to exterminate

1308
01:51:06,260 --> 01:51:09,220
millions of the Jewish people in
Europe.

1309
01:51:11,380 --> 01:51:16,260
- The Eichmann trial is televised
across the globe.

1310
01:51:19,780 --> 01:51:24,500
This is the first time a major Nazi
war criminal

1311
01:51:24,500 --> 01:51:29,100
is put on trial by the state of
Israel.

1312
01:51:33,060 --> 01:51:35,140
That is a huge moment.

1313
01:51:38,180 --> 01:51:41,660
Eichmann knows he will face justice.

1314
01:51:51,300 --> 01:51:53,740
- NEWSREEL:
- The accused, together with others,

1315
01:51:53,740 --> 01:51:56,900
during the period 1939 to 1945,

1316
01:51:56,900 --> 01:51:59,460
caused the killing of millions of Jews

1317
01:51:59,460 --> 01:52:01,980
in his capacity as the person
responsible

1318
01:52:01,980 --> 01:52:04,580
for the execution of the Nazi plan

1319
01:52:04,580 --> 01:52:07,460
for the physical extermination of the
Jews,

1320
01:52:07,460 --> 01:52:10,340
known as the Final Solution of the
Jewish problem.

1321
01:52:15,180 --> 01:52:19,180
- The list of charges against Eichmann
is so long,

1322
01:52:19,180 --> 01:52:22,740
it takes the judges over an hour to
read them out.

1323
01:52:28,860 --> 01:52:31,780
TRANSLATION:

1324
01:52:36,940 --> 01:52:41,020
GOESCHEL:
- Eichmann claims that he is innocent.

1325
01:52:41,020 --> 01:52:45,220
He presents himself as a bureaucrat

1326
01:52:45,220 --> 01:52:48,980
who simply followed orders.

1327
01:52:51,740 --> 01:52:54,060
But over and over again,

1328
01:52:54,060 --> 01:52:56,500
he cannot hide his real identity.

1329
01:53:52,580 --> 01:53:54,660
- Israel, at the time,

1330
01:53:54,660 --> 01:53:58,140
is suffering from an inability

1331
01:53:58,140 --> 01:54:00,940
to speak about the unspeakable crimes.

1332
01:54:09,700 --> 01:54:14,100
And when finally Eichmann is put on
trial in Jerusalem,

1333
01:54:14,100 --> 01:54:17,620
the victims have their voices heard,

1334
01:54:17,620 --> 01:54:20,220
people see that they're not alone,

1335
01:54:20,220 --> 01:54:24,940
see that they can get respect and
understanding and empathy

1336
01:54:24,940 --> 01:54:26,540
for what they went through.

1337
01:54:27,820 --> 01:54:31,700
There's a great value in having a
trial as a therapeutic moment,

1338
01:54:31,700 --> 01:54:33,500
as a cathartic moment.

1339
01:54:34,660 --> 01:54:36,620
- Two months into the trial,

1340
01:54:36,620 --> 01:54:39,540
the court is shown footage of the
Holocaust...

1341
01:54:40,900 --> 01:54:44,220
..including the silent images shot by
the Nazis themselves

1342
01:54:44,220 --> 01:54:47,700
in the Netherlands in 1944,

1343
01:54:47,700 --> 01:54:50,740
of trains taking men, women and
children

1344
01:54:50,740 --> 01:54:53,180
to Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp.

1345
01:54:56,700 --> 01:54:58,860
A system of genocide

1346
01:54:58,860 --> 01:55:01,420
overseen by Eichmann himself.

1347
01:55:13,940 --> 01:55:18,180
MAN SPEAKS FRENCH

1348
01:55:18,180 --> 01:55:19,820
NEWSREEL:
- This is Patrick Smith

1349
01:55:19,820 --> 01:55:22,340
calling Radio Newsreel from Jerusalem.

1350
01:55:24,660 --> 01:55:28,180
- Eight months after he first entered
the court,

1351
01:55:28,180 --> 01:55:31,980
Eichmann prepares for judgment.

1352
01:55:31,980 --> 01:55:36,620
- Eichmann heard his verdict, standing
stiffly to attention.

1353
01:55:36,620 --> 01:55:40,700
"The court convicts you of crimes
against the Jewish people,

1354
01:55:40,700 --> 01:55:44,060
"crimes against humanity and of war
crimes."

1355
01:55:46,860 --> 01:55:49,940
- Eichmann is found guilty on all
counts.

1356
01:55:49,940 --> 01:55:52,180
He's sentenced to death.

1357
01:56:11,540 --> 01:56:13,500
Before his execution,

1358
01:56:13,500 --> 01:56:16,020
the Israeli authorities give Eichmann

1359
01:56:16,020 --> 01:56:18,220
the chance to meet a priest.

1360
01:56:19,660 --> 01:56:23,540
The priest asks Eichmann whether he
repents.

1361
01:56:23,540 --> 01:56:25,620
Eichmann says, "No."

1362
01:56:27,140 --> 01:56:30,460
And then he is led to the gallows.

1363
01:56:33,500 --> 01:56:38,220
- NEWSREEL:
- Eichmann was brought to justice and
sentenced and executed

1364
01:56:38,220 --> 01:56:41,900
by survivors of the very people he
sought to exterminate.

1365
01:56:44,140 --> 01:56:48,180
"He saw the backs of our dead," writes
one paper.

1366
01:56:48,180 --> 01:56:51,060
"He met us face-to-face."

1367
01:57:00,580 --> 01:57:02,980
- His father isn't dead.

1368
01:57:02,980 --> 01:57:06,780
He was accused of these terrible
crimes.

1369
01:57:06,780 --> 01:57:11,940
- This destroys her world, the way she
has seen it until that moment.

1370
01:57:11,940 --> 01:57:13,540
- For Klaus Barbie,

1371
01:57:13,540 --> 01:57:18,140
one of his worst fears is now coming
true.

1372
01:57:18,140 --> 01:57:23,580
- Speer wants to dominate the
interpretation of the Third Reich.

1373
01:58:00,080 --> 01:58:02,120
APPLAUSE

1374
01:58:06,600 --> 01:58:09,320
West Germany is now a prosperous
democracy.

1375
01:58:10,440 --> 01:58:12,720
Kurt Kiesinger is the Chancellor.

1376
01:58:15,320 --> 01:58:18,360
He is speaking at his party's annual
conference.

1377
01:58:21,520 --> 01:58:24,720
But 29-year-old Beate Klarsfeld

1378
01:58:24,720 --> 01:58:27,840
has discovered a dark secret about
Kiesinger...

1379
01:58:28,880 --> 01:58:31,160
..and she wants to tell the world.

1380
01:58:31,160 --> 01:58:33,800
- When she finally obtains a press
card

1381
01:58:33,800 --> 01:58:38,040
and is standing in the main hall
pressing a notebook to her body,

1382
01:58:38,040 --> 01:58:39,760
pretending she's a journalist,

1383
01:58:39,760 --> 01:58:42,560
she is extremely nervous, extremely
tense.

1384
01:58:42,560 --> 01:58:44,840
She knows how risky this is.

1385
01:58:48,120 --> 01:58:50,960
She approaches Kiesinger from
behind...

1386
01:58:53,800 --> 01:58:58,160
..and she slaps him into the face,
shouting, "Nazi! Nazi!"

1387
01:59:11,800 --> 01:59:14,440
- Kiesinger is one of many former
Nazis

1388
01:59:14,440 --> 01:59:17,120
who have returned to positions of
power in Germany.

1389
01:59:18,400 --> 01:59:20,400
- The fact that a former Nazi

1390
01:59:20,400 --> 01:59:23,320
can become Head of State of Western
Germany

1391
01:59:23,320 --> 01:59:28,480
is absolutely inacceptable and
scandalous to Beate.

1392
01:59:28,480 --> 01:59:32,600
She's doing this to wake up the German
population.

1393
01:59:32,600 --> 01:59:36,400
It's a warning sign that the younger
people

1394
01:59:36,400 --> 01:59:38,480
are not accepting this any more.

1395
01:59:39,680 --> 01:59:42,040
- MUSIC: Lacrimosa from Mozart's
Requiem in D minor

1396
01:59:45,400 --> 01:59:47,960
After the Second World War,

1397
01:59:47,960 --> 01:59:51,920
some of the worst war criminals in
history go to ground.

1398
01:59:51,920 --> 01:59:57,240
- Hoping that in the near future,
their fortunes will change

1399
01:59:57,240 --> 02:00:00,280
and they would be players again.

1400
02:00:00,280 --> 02:00:02,280
- Many change their names.

1401
02:00:02,280 --> 02:00:05,080
And the most wanted flee to South
America.

1402
02:00:06,200 --> 02:00:09,160
Others claim the Holocaust never
happened

1403
02:00:09,160 --> 02:00:12,040
or had nothing to do with them.

1404
02:00:12,040 --> 02:00:14,880
Told by historians and experts,

1405
02:00:14,880 --> 02:00:17,720
this is the story of the little-known
people

1406
02:00:17,720 --> 02:00:20,720
searching for truth and justice.

1407
02:00:20,720 --> 02:00:25,640
- Trying to confront this man who is
the murderer of her entire family.

1408
02:00:25,640 --> 02:00:27,280
It's a hostile environment.

1409
02:00:28,760 --> 02:00:31,920
- What kind of men are they? Are they
mad?

1410
02:00:31,920 --> 02:00:33,480
They must be mad.

1411
02:00:34,800 --> 02:00:40,240
- The hunt for Nazi war criminals is
without any parallel,

1412
02:00:40,240 --> 02:00:44,280
to my knowledge, either before or
since.

1413
02:00:44,280 --> 02:00:47,240
- It's a hunt taking place against the
backdrop of a world

1414
02:00:47,240 --> 02:00:49,960
that wants to forget and move on.

1415
02:00:53,720 --> 02:00:56,120
- Justice for him was everything.

1416
02:00:57,560 --> 02:01:01,800
- I'm upset that he died without being
in a cage.

1417
02:01:20,920 --> 02:01:25,640
- By the 1960s, the Second World War
is a distant memory.

1418
02:01:27,200 --> 02:01:30,760
Official Nazi hunting ended over a
decade ago.

1419
02:01:35,240 --> 02:01:38,000
But there are a handful of people
still determined

1420
02:01:38,000 --> 02:01:41,960
to bring the thousands of Nazi war
criminals still at large to justice.

1421
02:01:44,400 --> 02:01:48,920
They've tracked down an anonymous Nazi
bureaucrat - Adolf Eichmann...

1422
02:01:52,080 --> 02:01:55,280
..the man who organised the Final
Solution.

1423
02:01:55,280 --> 02:01:58,440
- Adolf Eichmann faces the most
appalling list of charges

1424
02:01:58,440 --> 02:02:01,240
ever to be levelled against a single
human being.

1425
02:02:02,800 --> 02:02:05,840
- Eichmann is found guilty and
executed.

1426
02:02:10,080 --> 02:02:12,160
As news of his fate spreads...

1427
02:02:13,840 --> 02:02:16,760
..it sends a signal to the murderers
and torturers

1428
02:02:16,760 --> 02:02:19,520
who have been leading ordinary lives
ever since.

1429
02:02:21,320 --> 02:02:23,440
They might not be safe after all.

1430
02:02:28,040 --> 02:02:29,960
One of them is Josef Mengele...

1431
02:02:32,440 --> 02:02:36,800
..former SS officer and physician at
the largest Nazi death camp,

1432
02:02:36,800 --> 02:02:38,320
Auschwitz-Birkenau.

1433
02:02:44,080 --> 02:02:48,320
- He wasn't somebody in World War II
that anybody who was at the top

1434
02:02:48,320 --> 02:02:50,960
of the Third Reich would have ever
heard of.

1435
02:02:50,960 --> 02:02:55,960
The only people that knew him were the
survivors of Auschwitz.

1436
02:02:55,960 --> 02:03:00,280
For them, he was the most important
highest ranking Nazi of them all.

1437
02:03:02,080 --> 02:03:05,760
And he thought that he could, in
Auschwitz,

1438
02:03:05,760 --> 02:03:08,800
use the people who were being sent
there to die

1439
02:03:08,800 --> 02:03:11,560
as experiments to advance the cause

1440
02:03:11,560 --> 02:03:14,960
of this sort of Nazi racial science
and eugenics

1441
02:03:14,960 --> 02:03:19,600
that had just exploded since the time
Hitler came to power in '33.

1442
02:03:19,600 --> 02:03:22,720
And why is it that Mengele stands out?

1443
02:03:22,720 --> 02:03:28,080
Not just because he did so much, but
because of who he did it on.

1444
02:03:34,800 --> 02:03:36,640
He did it on children.

1445
02:03:36,640 --> 02:03:40,760
Most of his experiment victims were
twins.

1446
02:03:43,400 --> 02:03:47,560
One twin is the control, one twin is
the experiment.

1447
02:03:47,560 --> 02:03:50,640
Over a period of time, he does a
series of experiments.

1448
02:03:50,640 --> 02:03:53,640
Some of them involved trying to turn
eyes into blue eyes.

1449
02:03:53,640 --> 02:03:55,280
There's a wall of eyes,

1450
02:03:55,280 --> 02:03:58,440
a wall of eyes that are pinned to a
bulletin board.

1451
02:04:02,680 --> 02:04:08,280
His barbarity becomes more unchained
and worse the longer he's there.

1452
02:04:19,840 --> 02:04:22,600
- For over a decade, Mengele has been
living

1453
02:04:22,600 --> 02:04:24,920
in the right-wing military
dictatorships

1454
02:04:24,920 --> 02:04:27,720
of Argentina and Paraguay,

1455
02:04:27,720 --> 02:04:31,120
where thousands of former Nazis
escaped to after the war.

1456
02:04:32,400 --> 02:04:35,120
- Going to the finest cafes in Buenos
Aires,

1457
02:04:35,120 --> 02:04:38,120
hanging out with architects, talking
about German music,

1458
02:04:38,120 --> 02:04:42,240
taking skiing vacations in Bariloche
up in the mountains.

1459
02:04:42,240 --> 02:04:47,240
The kidnapping of Eichmann, his trial
and his execution

1460
02:04:47,240 --> 02:04:51,080
puts into Mengele the foundations for
paranoia.

1461
02:04:51,080 --> 02:04:55,520
For the first time since the end of
World War II,

1462
02:04:55,520 --> 02:04:58,720
the man who was responsible for
sending hundreds of thousands

1463
02:04:58,720 --> 02:05:01,920
to their death, and experimented on
thousands of children

1464
02:05:01,920 --> 02:05:05,200
in ways that are absolutely gruesome
and horrendous, is afraid.

1465
02:05:06,840 --> 02:05:10,880
- Mengele feels he has no option but
to flee his comfortable city life.

1466
02:05:12,120 --> 02:05:15,160
- Being in the phone book, having a
medical supply business -

1467
02:05:15,160 --> 02:05:17,440
poof, out, finished.

1468
02:05:17,440 --> 02:05:19,120
Now you're the fugitive.

1469
02:05:36,840 --> 02:05:41,200
- Back in Germany, there could be a
more serious threat to Mengele

1470
02:05:41,200 --> 02:05:43,840
from within his own family.

1471
02:05:43,840 --> 02:05:49,040
His son, Rolf, has been growing up
unaware of his father's existence.

1472
02:05:54,720 --> 02:05:57,720
- So, Rolf Mengele in 1960, 16 years
of age,

1473
02:05:57,720 --> 02:06:00,240
is a pretty typical 16-year-old.

1474
02:06:00,240 --> 02:06:02,080
He's not burdened by any sense of
history,

1475
02:06:02,080 --> 02:06:04,240
or family legacy, or World War II.

1476
02:06:04,240 --> 02:06:07,840
He believes his own father died a war
hero on the Eastern front.

1477
02:06:07,840 --> 02:06:09,600
That's all he needs to know.

1478
02:06:11,560 --> 02:06:13,560
- Now Rolf's 16,

1479
02:06:13,560 --> 02:06:17,360
his family decide it's time to come
clean about his father.

1480
02:06:20,680 --> 02:06:25,680
- He is called in and what he
learns...

1481
02:06:25,680 --> 02:06:28,840
..in a discussion with his family,

1482
02:06:28,840 --> 02:06:30,680
from the people that he trusts the
most,

1483
02:06:30,680 --> 02:06:33,200
the people that he views as having
raised him,

1484
02:06:33,200 --> 02:06:38,720
is that they have had this terrible
lie about his life.

1485
02:06:47,200 --> 02:06:49,760
His father isn't dead.

1486
02:06:49,760 --> 02:06:51,280
He's still alive.

1487
02:06:51,280 --> 02:06:54,000
He's not in Germany, he's in South
America.

1488
02:06:54,000 --> 02:06:56,200
And not only was he alive,

1489
02:06:56,200 --> 02:06:59,920
he was accused of these terrible
crimes in the war.

1490
02:07:03,240 --> 02:07:06,680
You want to turn an adolescent's world
upside down?

1491
02:07:06,680 --> 02:07:08,400
Have it be Rolf Mengele.

1492
02:07:27,400 --> 02:07:30,840
- As the children of the Third Reich
come of age,

1493
02:07:30,840 --> 02:07:33,840
many start to ask questions about
their country's past.

1494
02:07:37,840 --> 02:07:41,680
21-year-old Beate Kunzel has just
moved from Berlin

1495
02:07:41,680 --> 02:07:43,760
to start a new life in Paris.

1496
02:07:46,040 --> 02:07:50,880
- It's a beautiful city, so different
from the monotony of Berlin.

1497
02:07:52,600 --> 02:07:54,480
When Beate arrives in Paris,

1498
02:07:54,480 --> 02:07:57,720
she feels a huge sense of liberation
and relief.

1499
02:08:00,400 --> 02:08:03,760
- Beate soon falls in love with a
young Parisian

1500
02:08:03,760 --> 02:08:05,720
called Serge Klarsfeld.

1501
02:08:07,520 --> 02:08:10,720
- Serge tells Beate that he's Jewish

1502
02:08:10,720 --> 02:08:14,800
and that his father was deported to
Auschwitz and murdered there.

1503
02:08:25,120 --> 02:08:27,720
He's the one who tells her for the
first time

1504
02:08:27,720 --> 02:08:30,640
about the extermination of Jewish
people.

1505
02:08:30,640 --> 02:08:33,320
And that turns her world upside down.

1506
02:08:36,800 --> 02:08:39,800
Beate is shocked, she's surprised,
she's moved,

1507
02:08:39,800 --> 02:08:42,760
but her first reaction is to hold
back.

1508
02:08:44,080 --> 02:08:46,680
She has rarely heard a good word about
the Jews

1509
02:08:46,680 --> 02:08:50,080
and she was told to be suspicious of
Jewish people.

1510
02:08:55,000 --> 02:08:58,560
- Beate was just six years old when
the war ended.

1511
02:09:00,080 --> 02:09:04,240
- Beate remembers that time full of
confusion,

1512
02:09:04,240 --> 02:09:08,600
full of despair, bitterness, hunger,
poverty.

1513
02:09:12,200 --> 02:09:15,600
She played in the ruins of Berlin,

1514
02:09:15,600 --> 02:09:19,600
but she didn't really understand what
happened during the Nazi years.

1515
02:09:21,200 --> 02:09:25,320
Nobody talked about the extermination
of the Jewish people.

1516
02:09:25,320 --> 02:09:26,800
If she would have asked questions,

1517
02:09:26,800 --> 02:09:29,680
she probably wouldn't have gotten any
responses.

1518
02:09:32,600 --> 02:09:37,360
The more Serge tells her about the
brutal reality of Nazism,

1519
02:09:37,360 --> 02:09:40,600
and the more she understands what had
happened

1520
02:09:40,600 --> 02:09:43,320
to millions of Jews during that time,

1521
02:09:43,320 --> 02:09:47,280
it destroys her world the way she has
seen it until that moment.

1522
02:09:51,120 --> 02:09:54,440
Learning from Serge and his tragic
family story

1523
02:09:54,440 --> 02:09:59,600
changes the way Beate thinks about
being German and about Germany.

1524
02:10:01,200 --> 02:10:05,760
I feel very close to Beate in a sense
that when I, as a German,

1525
02:10:05,760 --> 02:10:08,760
got married to my Jewish husband,
Pascal,

1526
02:10:08,760 --> 02:10:11,760
and learned about his tragic family
story,

1527
02:10:11,760 --> 02:10:15,160
it shaped my way of how I feel of
being German

1528
02:10:15,160 --> 02:10:18,960
and it made me a German of conscience
and awareness.

1529
02:10:25,960 --> 02:10:29,840
- Five years later, Beate is married
to Serge.

1530
02:10:31,200 --> 02:10:35,000
Haunted by the fact that it was her
people who murdered his father,

1531
02:10:35,000 --> 02:10:39,320
she wants to right the wrongs of her
country's past.

1532
02:10:39,320 --> 02:10:43,600
- Beate's story is a classic
coming-of-age story.

1533
02:10:43,600 --> 02:10:47,200
As soon as she breaks free and chooses
her own way,

1534
02:10:47,200 --> 02:10:49,680
she wakes up, she can blossom,

1535
02:10:49,680 --> 02:10:54,280
and she discovers who she really is
and what she is capable of doing.

1536
02:10:56,600 --> 02:11:00,720
She finds, in those years, her true
calling,

1537
02:11:00,720 --> 02:11:04,480
pursuing justice on behalf of millions
of victims

1538
02:11:04,480 --> 02:11:06,000
of the Holocaust.

1539
02:11:08,920 --> 02:11:12,000
She doesn't really have much time on
her hands,

1540
02:11:12,000 --> 02:11:16,400
but still every minute she and Serge
have,

1541
02:11:16,400 --> 02:11:20,200
they dedicate to collect and compile
all the information

1542
02:11:20,200 --> 02:11:22,880
of former Nazis and victims they can.

1543
02:11:24,120 --> 02:11:26,560
Considering where her life begins...

1544
02:11:28,200 --> 02:11:31,120
..her transformation is even more
remarkable.

1545
02:11:33,920 --> 02:11:37,760
- Beate focuses on Nazis who were
active in occupied France

1546
02:11:37,760 --> 02:11:40,400
when Serge's father was deported to
Auschwitz.

1547
02:11:42,760 --> 02:11:48,240
One of the worst of them is former SS
officer Klaus Barbie.

1548
02:11:50,080 --> 02:11:53,200
In 1942, aged 29,

1549
02:11:53,200 --> 02:11:57,200
he became a Nazi Secret Police Chief
in Southern France.

1550
02:11:57,200 --> 02:11:59,880
He was known as the Butcher of Lyon

1551
02:11:59,880 --> 02:12:02,960
because of his reputation for extreme
cruelty.

1552
02:12:06,320 --> 02:12:09,200
- He was responsible for the arrest

1553
02:12:09,200 --> 02:12:13,240
of thousands of Jews hiding in France

1554
02:12:13,240 --> 02:12:17,880
and resistance fighters, torturing
them, killing them.

1555
02:12:17,880 --> 02:12:24,640
He seems to have taken great joy out
of causing pain to his victims.

1556
02:12:25,680 --> 02:12:30,080
- But Barbie is most notorious for
sending 44 French children

1557
02:12:30,080 --> 02:12:32,440
to their deaths at Auschwitz.

1558
02:12:33,800 --> 02:12:37,160
After the war, to avoid capture,

1559
02:12:37,160 --> 02:12:41,200
he secretly worked as an informant for
American intelligence,

1560
02:12:41,200 --> 02:12:43,560
as the Cold War began to escalate.

1561
02:12:45,040 --> 02:12:47,480
Then, in 1951,

1562
02:12:47,480 --> 02:12:51,360
his reputation as a torturer and
murderer caught up with him

1563
02:12:51,360 --> 02:12:56,280
and he was forced to flee Europe via
the Nazi Ratline for Bolivia.

1564
02:12:58,680 --> 02:13:02,720
He's been living here for 15 years
under the alias Klaus Altmann.

1565
02:13:04,760 --> 02:13:09,360
- He has a network of Nazi comrades he
can rely on.

1566
02:13:09,360 --> 02:13:13,200
He can be very social, he can be very
charming.

1567
02:13:13,200 --> 02:13:17,320
Having beers, talking about Germany,
Europe, the good old times,

1568
02:13:17,320 --> 02:13:19,280
is something that he enjoys to do.

1569
02:13:19,280 --> 02:13:22,720
But while doing that, he also doesn't
hold back sometimes

1570
02:13:22,720 --> 02:13:24,280
of his views.

1571
02:13:24,280 --> 02:13:27,560
He makes pretty clear he still admires
Hitler,

1572
02:13:27,560 --> 02:13:32,720
the Nazi regime, that he is an
anti-Semite, he hates the Jews.

1573
02:13:34,360 --> 02:13:37,920
- It's not just fellow Germans that
Barbie's in cahoots with.

1574
02:13:39,200 --> 02:13:42,880
His anti-Communist views and knowledge
of torture techniques

1575
02:13:42,880 --> 02:13:45,640
make him useful to the right-wing
military dictatorship

1576
02:13:45,640 --> 02:13:46,920
here in Bolivia.

1577
02:13:55,640 --> 02:14:00,440
- He's back into the game in Bolivia
in the 1960s.

1578
02:14:00,440 --> 02:14:05,120
He was very much attracted to their
ideology...

1579
02:14:06,800 --> 02:14:11,680
..the world of the military, spies and
terrorism

1580
02:14:11,680 --> 02:14:17,160
and intelligence and double agents and
coup d'etats.

1581
02:14:17,160 --> 02:14:21,600
All of that reminded him of the past
years of his life

1582
02:14:21,600 --> 02:14:25,600
where he had the most power and had
this career.

1583
02:14:25,600 --> 02:14:27,760
He could have stayed away, but he
didn't.

1584
02:14:33,440 --> 02:14:36,840
- Beate gathers evidence about
Barbie's crimes.

1585
02:14:36,840 --> 02:14:39,000
She lobbies the French government

1586
02:14:39,000 --> 02:14:41,840
to help her track him down and bring
him to justice.

1587
02:15:02,880 --> 02:15:06,400
Beate's challenge is that in the
1960s,

1588
02:15:06,400 --> 02:15:08,120
the German economy is booming.

1589
02:15:09,600 --> 02:15:12,040
People's lives are on the up,

1590
02:15:12,040 --> 02:15:15,960
so the last thing on their minds is
bringing old Nazis to justice.

1591
02:15:20,160 --> 02:15:24,920
- In those years, Beate is the moral
conscience of Europe.

1592
02:15:24,920 --> 02:15:29,120
She has this internal conviction.

1593
02:15:29,120 --> 02:15:31,920
In that way, she is absolutely unique.

1594
02:15:31,920 --> 02:15:35,320
Some older Germans think she is just
very annoying,

1595
02:15:35,320 --> 02:15:38,120
a young woman who was a child during
the war,

1596
02:15:38,120 --> 02:15:42,320
who doesn't know much, who just makes
a lot of noise.

1597
02:15:42,320 --> 02:15:45,600
But she is relentless and she's
unstoppable.

1598
02:15:57,280 --> 02:16:00,280
- And Beate is right to be concerned.

1599
02:16:04,080 --> 02:16:07,800
One high-ranking Nazi is about to be
released

1600
02:16:07,800 --> 02:16:09,960
from a 20-year prison sentence.

1601
02:16:18,480 --> 02:16:21,840
At one minute to midnight, Albert
Speer,

1602
02:16:21,840 --> 02:16:25,080
Hitler's once close friend and
Armaments Minister,

1603
02:16:25,080 --> 02:16:27,400
appears in a top-of-the-range
Mercedes.

1604
02:16:29,000 --> 02:16:31,040
CHEERING AND APPLAUSE

1605
02:16:51,880 --> 02:16:52,920
- Yeah.

1606
02:16:55,640 --> 02:16:59,000
A pop star, a rock star is leaving
prison.

1607
02:17:01,280 --> 02:17:03,680
- Speer escaped the noose at Nuremberg

1608
02:17:03,680 --> 02:17:05,880
after playing a clever game in court.

1609
02:17:07,440 --> 02:17:12,200
- Speer was deeply involved in the
persecution of the Jews.

1610
02:17:12,200 --> 02:17:15,160
In close cooperation with Himmler,

1611
02:17:15,160 --> 02:17:21,280
he prepared the deportation of Berlin
Jews to concentration camps.

1612
02:17:21,280 --> 02:17:23,400
He definitely should have hanged.

1613
02:17:25,480 --> 02:17:30,680
He's happy that he has survived
Spandau

1614
02:17:30,680 --> 02:17:34,360
and that, now, he can look into the
future.

1615
02:17:57,680 --> 02:17:59,720
- Now, I am no linguist, you see,

1616
02:17:59,720 --> 02:18:03,240
but I can tell you that I am quite
glad to be outside here.

1617
02:18:05,520 --> 02:18:06,880
Ja, danke schon.

1618
02:18:08,720 --> 02:18:12,840
- Speer sees an opportunity to
capitalise on his celebrity status.

1619
02:18:14,400 --> 02:18:17,880
Whilst in prison, he's been writing
his memoirs.

1620
02:18:22,160 --> 02:18:26,880
Shortly after his release, he has
lunch with a publisher.

1621
02:18:26,880 --> 02:18:31,240
- He knows that the public is eager to
hear from him,

1622
02:18:31,240 --> 02:18:35,640
what he has to say about Hitler,
because he was so close.

1623
02:18:35,640 --> 02:18:38,360
And the difference between him

1624
02:18:38,360 --> 02:18:41,640
and the other members of Hitler's
inner circle

1625
02:18:41,640 --> 02:18:44,560
is that he is ready to talk.

1626
02:18:46,920 --> 02:18:53,560
He wants to dominate the
interpretation of the Third Reich.

1627
02:18:54,840 --> 02:18:59,440
- Speer has every reason to think he
will regain his former status.

1628
02:19:04,840 --> 02:19:09,400
Against a backdrop of collective
amnesia in West Germany,

1629
02:19:09,400 --> 02:19:13,160
former Nazis are doing very well for
themselves.

1630
02:19:14,440 --> 02:19:19,600
In the 1960s, they make up over half
the country's lawyers and judges,

1631
02:19:19,600 --> 02:19:24,680
a third of Members of Parliament and
half of all civil servants.

1632
02:19:27,200 --> 02:19:29,200
Right at the top of the tree

1633
02:19:29,200 --> 02:19:33,160
is the new German Chancellor, Kurt
Kiesinger,

1634
02:19:33,160 --> 02:19:34,960
a former high-ranking Nazi

1635
02:19:34,960 --> 02:19:37,880
who disseminated anti-Semitic
propaganda.

1636
02:19:48,760 --> 02:19:51,520
Any hope of changing this old world
order

1637
02:19:51,520 --> 02:19:53,760
now rests with a new generation.

1638
02:19:54,880 --> 02:20:00,760
In 1968, students around the world
protest against state militaries,

1639
02:20:00,760 --> 02:20:03,200
bureaucracy and civil injustice.

1640
02:20:05,040 --> 02:20:06,640
Young people everywhere

1641
02:20:06,640 --> 02:20:09,480
are challenging the status quo of
their parents.

1642
02:20:13,920 --> 02:20:19,040
For young Germans, this is more
complicated than for most,

1643
02:20:19,040 --> 02:20:22,880
particularly if you are Rolf Mengele.

1644
02:20:22,880 --> 02:20:25,840
- You could be in the new German
generation and move forward

1645
02:20:25,840 --> 02:20:29,200
and be worried about the issues that
were driving students' movements.

1646
02:20:29,200 --> 02:20:32,200
But if your father was a wanted war
criminal,

1647
02:20:32,200 --> 02:20:36,280
that was hanging in the back of your
mind constantly during this period.

1648
02:20:38,600 --> 02:20:40,520
So, to be Mengele's son

1649
02:20:40,520 --> 02:20:45,320
was the worst possible child to be of
a Nazi, in Rolf's view.

1650
02:20:45,320 --> 02:20:47,400
And he carried that with him.

1651
02:20:47,400 --> 02:20:52,360
Then it became more of an anchor
around his neck.

1652
02:21:10,120 --> 02:21:14,800
- Josef Mengele is now living in rural
isolation in Brazil,

1653
02:21:14,800 --> 02:21:18,280
oblivious to the new ideas taking hold
in the wider world.

1654
02:21:24,800 --> 02:21:27,080
- He's now stuck pretty much on this
farm.

1655
02:21:27,080 --> 02:21:29,480
He doesn't go into town, he doesn't go
shopping,

1656
02:21:29,480 --> 02:21:32,000
he doesn't decide to meet other
people.

1657
02:21:33,440 --> 02:21:35,800
When he does venture a little bit away
from the farmhouse,

1658
02:21:35,800 --> 02:21:39,400
he makes sure that he has this pack of
stray dogs with him.

1659
02:21:41,880 --> 02:21:46,080
This was a period in which he had had
his world pulled out from under him,

1660
02:21:46,080 --> 02:21:50,240
afraid he was going to be caught,
executed and humiliated.

1661
02:21:53,720 --> 02:21:58,160
- Feeling isolated, Mengele decides to
reach out to his son.

1662
02:22:10,280 --> 02:22:13,240
- I believe that Rolf would have
preferred

1663
02:22:13,240 --> 02:22:15,080
that his father did not write to him.

1664
02:22:16,600 --> 02:22:18,840
I believe that Rolf would have been
quite relieved

1665
02:22:18,840 --> 02:22:23,000
if he got the news, somebody said,
"Your father's dead."

1666
02:22:24,240 --> 02:22:27,240
- The letters force Rolf to confront
the real possibility

1667
02:22:27,240 --> 02:22:29,160
of turning his father in.

1668
02:22:30,600 --> 02:22:34,760
- His father is on the run longer than
any other,

1669
02:22:34,760 --> 02:22:39,360
and he knows his father's alive and
where he is

1670
02:22:39,360 --> 02:22:41,080
and is in communication with him.

1671
02:22:43,400 --> 02:22:47,000
Rolf must resolve for himself this
moral quandary -

1672
02:22:47,000 --> 02:22:51,640
"What did my father do?", and how much
responsibility he had.

1673
02:22:53,120 --> 02:22:56,360
He can't find that out by writing
letters to him.

1674
02:22:56,360 --> 02:22:59,560
He must travel to South America and
confront his father.

1675
02:23:09,080 --> 02:23:12,520
- Three years after his release from
prison,

1676
02:23:12,520 --> 02:23:16,560
Speer's much-awaited memoir - Inside
the Third Reich -

1677
02:23:16,560 --> 02:23:18,480
is published.

1678
02:23:18,480 --> 02:23:22,680
As the surviving member of Hitler's
close inner circle,

1679
02:23:22,680 --> 02:23:26,800
this could be his chance to tell the
truth about the Nazi regime.

1680
02:23:30,480 --> 02:23:38,360
- Speer depicts Hitler as the big,
huge, god-like Fuhrer...

1681
02:23:39,760 --> 02:23:44,960
..and all others are kind of
manipulated.

1682
02:23:48,800 --> 02:23:54,240
Speer appears in his memoirs as a
victim, a victim of Hitler,

1683
02:23:54,240 --> 02:23:59,200
who just wanted to be an architect,
who was innocent,

1684
02:23:59,200 --> 02:24:04,440
a young, ambitious man who - by chance
-

1685
02:24:04,440 --> 02:24:07,440
met the dictator.

1686
02:24:07,440 --> 02:24:11,280
- Rather than speaking truthfully for
the sake of history,

1687
02:24:11,280 --> 02:24:14,880
Speer speaks for the sake of himself.

1688
02:24:14,880 --> 02:24:18,760
It's the same strategy he used to save
himself from execution

1689
02:24:18,760 --> 02:24:22,000
at the Nuremberg trials 25 years ago.

1690
02:24:23,640 --> 02:24:26,680
- Speer plays a clever game.

1691
02:24:26,680 --> 02:24:31,560
In his memoirs, Speer appears as a
witness.

1692
02:24:31,560 --> 02:24:33,840
He is not a perpetrator.

1693
02:24:33,840 --> 02:24:37,960
He admits a general responsibility for
the regime,

1694
02:24:37,960 --> 02:24:43,400
but he denies any personal guilt

1695
02:24:43,400 --> 02:24:47,720
for the atrocities committed by the
Nazis.

1696
02:24:49,240 --> 02:24:53,840
He knows perfectly well that he's
lying.

1697
02:24:55,840 --> 02:24:58,880
- Speer makes countless public
appearances.

1698
02:25:00,560 --> 02:25:04,160
- I thought that you are prepared to
admit that you knew about Auschwitz.

1699
02:25:04,160 --> 02:25:06,960
- Well, erm...
- You didn't pursue your enquiries

1700
02:25:06,960 --> 02:25:09,440
to discover the dimensions of what was
happening.
- No, no...

1701
02:25:09,440 --> 02:25:11,280
- But surely you knew about Auschwitz
and...

1702
02:25:11,280 --> 02:25:13,520
- No, that's not, it's not... I didn't
write that.

1703
02:25:13,520 --> 02:25:15,680
You know that the Final Solution was a
secret

1704
02:25:15,680 --> 02:25:18,520
and it was a secret to me too.

1705
02:25:18,520 --> 02:25:20,880
- There are still many, many problems,

1706
02:25:20,880 --> 02:25:24,760
many problems of trying to comprehend,
trying to understand.

1707
02:25:24,760 --> 02:25:26,920
I wouldn't want to say, for myself,

1708
02:25:26,920 --> 02:25:29,920
that you cleared up all of those
problems today.

1709
02:25:29,920 --> 02:25:35,400
- Well, to me, nowadays, it's
incomprehensible too.

1710
02:25:35,400 --> 02:25:42,960
But I was thinking as a specialist and
not thinking as a human being.

1711
02:25:42,960 --> 02:25:47,040
And it was so specialised in my job as
an architect, as I was,

1712
02:25:47,040 --> 02:25:55,040
that I forgot that humanity is the
most important part of life.

1713
02:25:59,680 --> 02:26:02,480
- But is your life a tranquil life
now?

1714
02:26:02,480 --> 02:26:07,240
Or are you haunted by recollections
all the time?

1715
02:26:07,240 --> 02:26:10,720
- I think I got rid of what happened
by writing this book.

1716
02:26:10,720 --> 02:26:15,280
This happens often and I'm not haunted
at all.

1717
02:26:16,920 --> 02:26:24,480
- His legend works because he eases
the conscience of the Germans.

1718
02:26:24,480 --> 02:26:31,360
He provides an exonerating story - an
alibi -

1719
02:26:31,360 --> 02:26:33,280
for all Germans.

1720
02:26:34,480 --> 02:26:38,840
"If Speer had not known,

1721
02:26:38,840 --> 02:26:42,920
"how could we have known about the
atrocities?"

1722
02:26:47,120 --> 02:26:51,360
Speer is their symbol, they believe
him.

1723
02:26:51,360 --> 02:26:53,680
His book is their Bible.

1724
02:26:55,440 --> 02:26:58,400
- Inside the Third Reich becomes an
instant bestseller...

1725
02:27:00,520 --> 02:27:02,640
..and within a year, Speer has earned

1726
02:27:02,640 --> 02:27:05,320
almost a million Deutschmarks in
royalties.

1727
02:27:07,680 --> 02:27:09,520
He becomes a wealthy man again.

1728
02:27:15,160 --> 02:27:17,160
MAN SPEAKS GERMAN

1729
02:27:22,720 --> 02:27:24,720
On the other side of the world,

1730
02:27:24,720 --> 02:27:28,160
another prominent Nazi is about to hit
the headlines.

1731
02:27:28,160 --> 02:27:30,200
THEY SPEAK GERMAN

1732
02:27:32,360 --> 02:27:38,120
Beate Klarsfeld has tracked down a
Klaus Altmann living in La Paz,

1733
02:27:38,120 --> 02:27:44,640
whom she strongly suspects is Klaus
Barbie, the Butcher of Lyon.

1734
02:27:44,640 --> 02:27:46,680
UNTRANSLATED

1735
02:27:49,600 --> 02:27:52,080
After being approached by a
journalist,

1736
02:27:52,080 --> 02:27:55,000
Altmann is now giving an interview.

1737
02:27:55,000 --> 02:27:57,560
- Maybe he was so convinced of himself

1738
02:27:57,560 --> 02:28:01,920
that giving an interview to kind of
push forward,

1739
02:28:01,920 --> 02:28:05,080
go into counterattack and telling the
world,

1740
02:28:05,080 --> 02:28:07,480
"No, you're wrong, I'm telling you
honestly here,

1741
02:28:07,480 --> 02:28:11,440
"I'm not hiding, I'm not this person,
I'm not Klaus Barbie."

1742
02:28:13,080 --> 02:28:18,760
Maybe he was under the illusion that
this strategy would work.

1743
02:28:30,240 --> 02:28:33,600
And so the French journalist starts
asking questions

1744
02:28:33,600 --> 02:28:36,520
and they continue their conversation
in German.

1745
02:29:07,360 --> 02:29:10,400
But then a very clever trick by the
French journalist is

1746
02:29:10,400 --> 02:29:12,600
in the middle of the German
conversation,

1747
02:29:12,600 --> 02:29:16,680
he asked Altmann - Barbie - a question
in French.

1748
02:29:19,000 --> 02:29:22,280
And Altmann - Barbie -

1749
02:29:22,280 --> 02:29:25,680
understands the question perfectly
well and responds.

1750
02:29:33,760 --> 02:29:35,680
It is not proof,

1751
02:29:35,680 --> 02:29:41,800
but it is an indication that this
Altmann is lying.

1752
02:29:45,680 --> 02:29:47,720
- This is sensational.

1753
02:29:47,720 --> 02:29:52,880
Showing that he understands French
means that this is Klaus Barbie,

1754
02:29:52,880 --> 02:29:55,000
this is not Klaus Altmann.

1755
02:29:55,000 --> 02:29:57,240
This is the Butcher of Lyon,

1756
02:29:57,240 --> 02:30:01,320
one of the most horrible, atrocious
war criminals.

1757
02:30:01,320 --> 02:30:03,920
And now she knows where he is,

1758
02:30:03,920 --> 02:30:07,800
and she knows also that she needs to
use this momentum

1759
02:30:07,800 --> 02:30:12,000
to get as much international publicity
as she can,

1760
02:30:12,000 --> 02:30:14,960
to increase the pressure on both the
Bolivian

1761
02:30:14,960 --> 02:30:17,680
and the French governments to
extradite him,

1762
02:30:17,680 --> 02:30:20,880
so that he can finally be tried and
brought to justice.

1763
02:30:24,040 --> 02:30:27,560
- Days later, Beate flies to La Paz.

1764
02:30:37,760 --> 02:30:41,600
Accompanying her is Ita Halaunbrenner.

1765
02:30:41,600 --> 02:30:44,160
Barbie murdered her husband during the
war...

1766
02:30:45,880 --> 02:30:48,920
..and her two young daughters were
among the 44 children

1767
02:30:48,920 --> 02:30:51,120
Barbie sent to die at Auschwitz.

1768
02:30:52,920 --> 02:30:57,080
- Bringing one of Barbie's victims to
Bolivia

1769
02:30:57,080 --> 02:31:00,160
and let her tell her own life story

1770
02:31:00,160 --> 02:31:07,120
and the tremendous, horrible losses
she suffered under Barbie is...

1771
02:31:07,120 --> 02:31:09,480
It's the most effective thing she can
do.

1772
02:31:09,480 --> 02:31:11,400
Let the victim talk.

1773
02:31:15,040 --> 02:31:17,280
Going to Bolivia is very risky.

1774
02:31:17,280 --> 02:31:19,680
It's a hostile environment.

1775
02:31:19,680 --> 02:31:23,840
This country is a right-wing military
dictatorship.

1776
02:31:23,840 --> 02:31:27,440
But, of course, Beate being Beate, she
does whatever she wants.

1777
02:31:27,440 --> 02:31:29,280
She is not scared by that.

1778
02:31:32,240 --> 02:31:38,000
- Unsurprisingly, Barbie refuses to
meet Beate and Ita,

1779
02:31:38,000 --> 02:31:41,920
so they chain themselves to a bench
outside his office.

1780
02:31:44,640 --> 02:31:46,680
TELEPHONE RINGS

1781
02:31:51,160 --> 02:31:56,440
- Klaus Barbie is used to spies and
intelligence

1782
02:31:56,440 --> 02:32:02,040
and blackmail and double agents and
betrayal.

1783
02:32:02,040 --> 02:32:04,360
And then he is confronting now

1784
02:32:04,360 --> 02:32:08,240
an opponent which totally don't fit
the bill.

1785
02:32:11,520 --> 02:32:14,320
They are morally upright people.

1786
02:32:14,320 --> 02:32:17,800
They're standing for a good cause.
They have no hidden agenda.

1787
02:32:17,800 --> 02:32:20,400
It must have been very confusing to
him.

1788
02:32:22,120 --> 02:32:25,400
- When Beate is asked what those
chains mean,

1789
02:32:25,400 --> 02:32:29,360
she says, "Those are the chains that
link Bolivia to Nazism."

1790
02:32:30,880 --> 02:32:34,120
The police arrive, confiscate the
signs,

1791
02:32:34,120 --> 02:32:36,920
but that doesn't stop Beate and Ita.

1792
02:32:36,920 --> 02:32:41,800
They remain on the bench, calling for
Barbie's extradition.

1793
02:32:45,080 --> 02:32:49,680
- Beate realises her attempts to
capture Barbie are futile

1794
02:32:49,680 --> 02:32:54,200
when a government official tells her
Bolivia is a protected asylum

1795
02:32:54,200 --> 02:32:57,720
and those who take refuge there are
sacrosanct.

1796
02:32:59,520 --> 02:33:03,480
Within days, Beate is arrested and
deported back to France.

1797
02:33:34,760 --> 02:33:38,520
The Butcher of Lyon is safe for now.

1798
02:33:38,520 --> 02:33:41,160
But the publicity generated around
Beate's visit

1799
02:33:41,160 --> 02:33:44,240
has exposed his crimes to the world

1800
02:33:44,240 --> 02:33:46,320
and he decides he needs to retaliate.

1801
02:34:04,800 --> 02:34:07,280
Mirna Murillo is one of the
journalists

1802
02:34:07,280 --> 02:34:10,880
who reported on Barbie's crimes in the
wake of Beate's visit.

1803
02:35:19,440 --> 02:35:24,520
- So, listening to her testimony, it
almost feels like time travelling.

1804
02:35:24,520 --> 02:35:25,760
Nothing has changed.

1805
02:35:25,760 --> 02:35:28,760
We are back into Lyon at the Gestapo
headquarters.

1806
02:35:28,760 --> 02:35:32,080
You know, Klaus Barbie sneaking in and
looking at her...

1807
02:35:34,320 --> 02:35:38,240
..it almost seems like he wants to
send out a signal,

1808
02:35:38,240 --> 02:35:41,440
that he is in charge, that he can pull
this off,

1809
02:35:41,440 --> 02:35:45,080
that this can happen to anyone who
tries to get after him.

1810
02:36:06,960 --> 02:36:11,600
- Rolf Mengele has finally decided to
travel to South America

1811
02:36:11,600 --> 02:36:14,960
to confront his father, Josef Mengele,

1812
02:36:14,960 --> 02:36:17,600
about the crimes he committed at
Auschwitz.

1813
02:36:18,800 --> 02:36:24,240
- What he hopes he will hear is his
father to say,

1814
02:36:24,240 --> 02:36:27,800
"Auschwitz, that was really a terrible
place.

1815
02:36:27,800 --> 02:36:32,040
"I hated it. I never wanted to be
there, but I had to.

1816
02:36:32,040 --> 02:36:33,520
"I couldn't leave.

1817
02:36:33,520 --> 02:36:37,000
"And I've been tortured by it and I
wake up at nights

1818
02:36:37,000 --> 02:36:40,480
"and it's a nightmare for me and I
don't know what to do."

1819
02:37:09,440 --> 02:37:13,080
Rolf's approach is not to be
confrontational at the start.

1820
02:37:15,720 --> 02:37:20,600
Josef is the one who takes the issue
of Auschwitz.

1821
02:37:22,360 --> 02:37:24,960
At first, he says, "I was ordered to
do that.

1822
02:37:24,960 --> 02:37:28,120
"They were my orders. I didn't invent
Auschwitz."

1823
02:37:28,120 --> 02:37:31,520
Yes, he's just a functionary, he's a
cog in the big machine.

1824
02:37:33,520 --> 02:37:36,040
Rolf lets that go on for quite a while

1825
02:37:36,040 --> 02:37:40,000
before he then turns the tables

1826
02:37:40,000 --> 02:37:43,920
into becoming the cross-examining
attorney and pushing his father.

1827
02:37:43,920 --> 02:37:46,560
Then, "If you felt like that, why
didn't you do this?

1828
02:37:46,560 --> 02:37:48,520
"Why didn't you turn yourself in?

1829
02:37:48,520 --> 02:37:51,320
"Why don't you go ahead and tell the
world what happened?"

1830
02:37:52,600 --> 02:37:56,680
And at that moment, there is a
breaking point.

1831
02:38:00,400 --> 02:38:03,040
The real ideologue comes out, the real
Nazi comes out,

1832
02:38:03,040 --> 02:38:06,840
the real eugenics scientist who
thought that he was at the forefront

1833
02:38:06,840 --> 02:38:09,240
of engineering a master race -

1834
02:38:09,240 --> 02:38:14,600
"Those children, who are now adults,
who describe the experiments

1835
02:38:14,600 --> 02:38:17,960
"and for which I am wanted would have
been dead

1836
02:38:17,960 --> 02:38:21,360
"if I hadn't pulled them aside and
saved their lives."

1837
02:38:24,800 --> 02:38:27,800
And in his warped vision of the world,

1838
02:38:27,800 --> 02:38:29,720
he should be thanked for that.

1839
02:38:36,520 --> 02:38:40,640
He is captured in this World War II
nationalist,

1840
02:38:40,640 --> 02:38:46,480
socialist ideology and medical
quackery about superior races

1841
02:38:46,480 --> 02:38:50,640
and he cannot come out of it, because
to do so would be to shatter

1842
02:38:50,640 --> 02:38:55,920
his carefully thought of defence as to
why he's not a monster.

1843
02:38:55,920 --> 02:38:58,240
He's not going to admit it in front of
his son,

1844
02:38:58,240 --> 02:39:00,280
he can't come close to admitting it.

1845
02:39:02,360 --> 02:39:04,720
And Rolf understands that.

1846
02:39:06,880 --> 02:39:08,080
It's clear as a bell.

1847
02:39:09,280 --> 02:39:11,760
He's learned all he needs to know

1848
02:39:11,760 --> 02:39:14,600
about his unrepentant, war criminal
father.

1849
02:39:30,200 --> 02:39:34,480
- Rolf is now key to facilitating the
wheels of justice.

1850
02:39:36,200 --> 02:39:37,920
- What is most important after the
visit

1851
02:39:37,920 --> 02:39:39,440
is what Rolf decides not to do.

1852
02:39:40,520 --> 02:39:43,800
I'd like Rolf to storm out of the
house and get on a plane

1853
02:39:43,800 --> 02:39:46,840
and fly back to Germany and say, "You
are a criminal",

1854
02:39:46,840 --> 02:39:48,160
and call up the police.

1855
02:39:48,160 --> 02:39:51,080
Of course that's what I would like.
But he doesn't do that.

1856
02:39:52,640 --> 02:39:57,640
He now knows that if his father is put
on trial,

1857
02:39:57,640 --> 02:40:01,000
it's a disaster for the family,

1858
02:40:01,000 --> 02:40:06,440
because his father is not going to
say, "I'm sorry, I plead guilty,"

1859
02:40:06,440 --> 02:40:10,000
and it's going to be humiliating and
personally destructive

1860
02:40:10,000 --> 02:40:13,080
for anybody connected to Josef
Mengele.

1861
02:40:16,440 --> 02:40:18,200
I absolutely criticise him.

1862
02:40:18,200 --> 02:40:20,600
You had a duty to the victims.

1863
02:40:20,600 --> 02:40:22,960
He could have done things differently.

1864
02:40:38,720 --> 02:40:44,640
- In 1978, after decades of denial
about the crimes of the Nazis,

1865
02:40:44,640 --> 02:40:48,520
a big budget TV drama series, The
Holocaust,

1866
02:40:48,520 --> 02:40:53,760
is broadcast in the US and a year
later in Germany.

1867
02:40:53,760 --> 02:40:59,040
- Holocaust research started really
seriously out in the 1960s.

1868
02:40:59,040 --> 02:41:01,840
It started with academics at
universities.

1869
02:41:01,840 --> 02:41:04,920
But that didn't reach a wider audience
at first.

1870
02:41:06,600 --> 02:41:09,320
- When the Holocaust television series
runs,

1871
02:41:09,320 --> 02:41:12,320
it is as if a light switch turns on in
Germany

1872
02:41:12,320 --> 02:41:16,040
and in other countries about the
crimes of World War II.

1873
02:41:16,040 --> 02:41:19,480
This television event brings it home
into everybody's living room.

1874
02:41:19,480 --> 02:41:24,440
They were able to see it, they talked
about it, it's high rated.

1875
02:41:24,440 --> 02:41:30,520
- The Holocaust mini-series changed
how the Germans viewed themselves.

1876
02:41:30,520 --> 02:41:32,360
The series is like a mirror.

1877
02:41:32,360 --> 02:41:33,520
For many of them,

1878
02:41:33,520 --> 02:41:36,560
this is the first time - even if it is
fictitious -

1879
02:41:36,560 --> 02:41:39,160
to see what happened in the gas
chambers

1880
02:41:39,160 --> 02:41:41,240
and in the concentration camps.

1881
02:41:41,240 --> 02:41:44,240
It is a unique way of showing Germans

1882
02:41:44,240 --> 02:41:46,680
what they inflicted on Jewish people.

1883
02:41:46,680 --> 02:41:48,720
- CHANTING

1884
02:41:51,320 --> 02:41:55,760
In this era of public awakening about
Germany's dark past,

1885
02:41:55,760 --> 02:42:01,000
Josef Mengele features in popular
culture as the ultimate bogeyman.

1886
02:42:02,040 --> 02:42:05,920
- He now becomes the focus of all of
the attention of Nazi hunters.

1887
02:42:05,920 --> 02:42:09,360
He becomes the Angel of Death, the
fugitive still missing.

1888
02:42:11,200 --> 02:42:15,280
In 1976, there was a movie, Marathon
Man,

1889
02:42:15,280 --> 02:42:17,920
based upon a character that looks like
Mengele.

1890
02:42:17,920 --> 02:42:19,800
The year after that, there's a movie
made,

1891
02:42:19,800 --> 02:42:22,040
Boys from Brazil, in which he's named.

1892
02:42:25,440 --> 02:42:28,280
- But his son Rolf continues to stay
silent

1893
02:42:28,280 --> 02:42:30,400
about his father's whereabouts.

1894
02:42:37,160 --> 02:42:40,640
Then Rolf gets a visit from one of his
father's contacts.

1895
02:42:45,000 --> 02:42:50,200
Josef Mengele has drowned after
suffering a stroke

1896
02:42:50,200 --> 02:42:52,640
while swimming off the coast of
Brazil.

1897
02:42:56,000 --> 02:43:00,640
- When Rolf first got the news about
his father's death in 1979,

1898
02:43:00,640 --> 02:43:03,480
it was a tremendous relief -

1899
02:43:03,480 --> 02:43:06,560
because Josef Mengele, his father, was
an obligation,

1900
02:43:06,560 --> 02:43:09,800
was a burden that he had to think
about in the back of his mind.

1901
02:43:09,800 --> 02:43:14,280
Much better that resolution than a
trial.

1902
02:43:16,960 --> 02:43:22,240
He's then faced with a much lower bar
to pass the moral,

1903
02:43:22,240 --> 02:43:25,240
you know, test of doing the right
thing -

1904
02:43:25,240 --> 02:43:28,560
stop the hunt for his father,

1905
02:43:28,560 --> 02:43:31,400
so that the people who were his
victims at Auschwitz

1906
02:43:31,400 --> 02:43:33,240
don't keep looking for this ghost.

1907
02:43:35,080 --> 02:43:36,600
If he wasn't going to turn him in,

1908
02:43:36,600 --> 02:43:38,800
which would have been the dream
scenario,

1909
02:43:38,800 --> 02:43:41,920
then at the very least to have told us
he was dead.

1910
02:43:50,280 --> 02:43:53,040
- It's not until six years later,

1911
02:43:53,040 --> 02:43:55,160
when the New York Times breaks a story

1912
02:43:55,160 --> 02:43:59,200
that Mengele's remains have been
discovered in Brazil,

1913
02:43:59,200 --> 02:44:03,560
that the hunt for the Angel of Death
comes to an end.

1914
02:44:07,600 --> 02:44:13,240
- I'm upset that he died without being
in a cage.

1915
02:44:13,240 --> 02:44:16,960
Having Mengele, who had blood on his
hands,

1916
02:44:16,960 --> 02:44:20,760
who was in the heart of the Final
Solution at Auschwitz,

1917
02:44:20,760 --> 02:44:22,720
testifying in a trial

1918
02:44:22,720 --> 02:44:24,920
would have been remarkably important
for history.

1919
02:44:24,920 --> 02:44:26,800
We're robbed of that. He got away.

1920
02:44:38,120 --> 02:44:41,360
- Closer to home, Albert Speer is
being interviewed

1921
02:44:41,360 --> 02:44:45,000
about his architecture for a BBC
documentary.

1922
02:44:46,760 --> 02:44:51,680
- Hitler's hobby was architecture, and
it was difficult to change his,

1923
02:44:51,680 --> 02:44:53,720
erm, his designs...

1924
02:44:55,760 --> 02:44:57,120
..without offending him.

1925
02:44:58,120 --> 02:45:00,400
- At the end of his life,

1926
02:45:00,400 --> 02:45:05,880
Speer still likes to be a celebrity
and he does interviews.

1927
02:45:06,960 --> 02:45:09,800
But at the same time,

1928
02:45:09,800 --> 02:45:16,040
Speer is annoyed by talking always
about the past.

1929
02:45:16,040 --> 02:45:19,080
He wants to have a present again.

1930
02:45:19,080 --> 02:45:23,280
He flees Germany, he flees his own
myth.

1931
02:45:25,800 --> 02:45:31,880
Speer has a relationship with a German
woman living in London.

1932
02:45:33,320 --> 02:45:37,640
When he's in England, he's kind of
unknown.

1933
02:45:41,280 --> 02:45:47,560
After the interview, he met his
girlfriend in a hotel in London

1934
02:45:47,560 --> 02:45:51,920
and he suffered a stroke and he died
on that same day.

1935
02:45:55,760 --> 02:46:02,120
He prolonged the war and he was
responsible for millions of deaths.

1936
02:46:03,360 --> 02:46:09,800
He is a perpetrator, but at the same
time, he got away with everything.

1937
02:46:11,200 --> 02:46:15,120
Speer's legacy is not his
architecture...

1938
02:46:16,200 --> 02:46:18,800
..but his Nazi past.

1939
02:46:24,000 --> 02:46:28,920
- Beate Klarsfeld now has to find the
Nazis still out there

1940
02:46:28,920 --> 02:46:30,560
before it's too late.

1941
02:47:04,120 --> 02:47:08,520
After almost two decades of struggling
for justice,

1942
02:47:08,520 --> 02:47:11,000
Beate and her husband, Serge,

1943
02:47:11,000 --> 02:47:14,440
are among the most prolific Nazi
hunters in the world.

1944
02:47:14,440 --> 02:47:17,160
- The Klarsfelds are well known
throughout Europe

1945
02:47:17,160 --> 02:47:20,760
for their very interesting home
movies.

1946
02:47:20,760 --> 02:47:23,840
- It was very easy to find Herbert
Hagen,

1947
02:47:23,840 --> 02:47:28,600
and Beate jumped immediately to the
car and I told him,

1948
02:47:28,600 --> 02:47:30,560
"Are you the same Mr Hagen

1949
02:47:30,560 --> 02:47:34,680
"who was one of the highest leaders of
the Gestapo in France?"

1950
02:47:35,720 --> 02:47:38,760
- As a result of their direct action,

1951
02:47:38,760 --> 02:47:43,600
former SS officer Herbert Hagen is
brought to trial for his role

1952
02:47:43,600 --> 02:47:47,600
in the deportation of 73,000 Jews to
Auschwitz...

1953
02:47:50,920 --> 02:47:53,880
..as is another of their targets, Kurt
Lischka...

1954
02:47:55,280 --> 02:47:58,600
..who they had even attempted to
kidnap in the 1970s.

1955
02:48:00,120 --> 02:48:04,520
And Chancellor Kurt Kiesinger is voted
out of power

1956
02:48:04,520 --> 02:48:09,000
a year after Beate revealed his Nazi
past with a slap.

1957
02:48:11,520 --> 02:48:16,760
But the Nazi at the top of Beate's
case file, Klaus Barbie,

1958
02:48:16,760 --> 02:48:19,200
continues to elude her...

1959
02:48:19,200 --> 02:48:21,040
..until the 1980s.

1960
02:48:23,160 --> 02:48:25,200
CHANTING

1961
02:48:33,760 --> 02:48:36,560
In Bolivia, a new left-leaning

1962
02:48:36,560 --> 02:48:40,640
democratically elected government
takes power.

1963
02:48:40,640 --> 02:48:42,680
CHANTING

1964
02:48:44,000 --> 02:48:47,240
- The new government declares to come
to a conclusion

1965
02:48:47,240 --> 02:48:50,120
and to deal with Klaus Altmann, Klaus
Barbie.

1966
02:48:52,200 --> 02:48:55,040
He cannot rely on the political
establishment

1967
02:48:55,040 --> 02:48:58,000
and the protection any more of the
military

1968
02:48:58,000 --> 02:49:01,080
that he could rely on for so many
years now.

1969
02:49:02,560 --> 02:49:05,760
The new government, from his point of
view, is the enemy.

1970
02:49:06,880 --> 02:49:09,760
And also, the times have changed.
We're now in the '80s.

1971
02:49:09,760 --> 02:49:12,800
The world understands much more what
happened,

1972
02:49:12,800 --> 02:49:17,280
the nature of the Nazi regime, the
nature of its crimes

1973
02:49:17,280 --> 02:49:20,360
and also the role of Klaus Barbie in
it.

1974
02:49:20,360 --> 02:49:23,600
So, it does not look very good for
him.

1975
02:49:23,600 --> 02:49:26,640
His days in Bolivia are numbered.

1976
02:49:26,640 --> 02:49:28,680
- WOMAN SPEAKS GERMAN

1977
02:49:30,680 --> 02:49:34,080
- Beate knows now this is her moment,

1978
02:49:34,080 --> 02:49:39,400
this is the time she's been waiting
for for over ten years,

1979
02:49:39,400 --> 02:49:42,440
and she immediately jumps into action.

1980
02:49:42,440 --> 02:49:46,800
She knows she only has a very small
window of opportunity,

1981
02:49:46,800 --> 02:49:48,800
maybe just a few days.

1982
02:49:48,800 --> 02:49:52,800
She simultaneously negotiates with the
Bolivian government

1983
02:49:52,800 --> 02:49:55,240
and the French government.

1984
02:49:55,240 --> 02:49:58,560
Her biggest priority now is to make
sure

1985
02:49:58,560 --> 02:50:02,960
that if he gets extradited that he's
not being sent to Germany,

1986
02:50:02,960 --> 02:50:06,200
where the sentence could be much less
than in France.

1987
02:50:08,560 --> 02:50:11,440
This could be potentially the biggest
victory

1988
02:50:11,440 --> 02:50:13,600
of her lifelong fight.

1989
02:50:16,920 --> 02:50:20,680
- Under Bolivian law, Barbie can only
be arrested

1990
02:50:20,680 --> 02:50:24,840
and extradited for a crime he's
committed in Bolivia.

1991
02:50:24,840 --> 02:50:28,280
But the authorities are already one
step ahead.

1992
02:50:29,680 --> 02:50:32,840
They discover that Barbie has an
unpaid business debt.

1993
02:51:02,480 --> 02:51:06,520
On the 4th of February 1983,

1994
02:51:06,520 --> 02:51:09,000
the Butcher of Lyon is finally forced

1995
02:51:09,000 --> 02:51:12,080
to leave his South American safe
haven.

1996
02:51:12,080 --> 02:51:14,120
- One of his first fears...

1997
02:51:16,600 --> 02:51:18,520
..is now coming true -

1998
02:51:18,520 --> 02:51:21,320
that he is being handed over to the
French.

1999
02:51:21,320 --> 02:51:25,040
He wanted to avoid this by all means
possible.

2000
02:51:26,120 --> 02:51:29,480
To be forced to return to the scene of
the crime,

2001
02:51:29,480 --> 02:51:32,400
this is the worst possible outcome.

2002
02:51:34,320 --> 02:51:38,640
He is not the strong, self-confident
Klaus Barbie

2003
02:51:38,640 --> 02:51:41,000
that can survive everything.

2004
02:51:41,000 --> 02:51:43,360
He is really a broken man from that
point on

2005
02:51:43,360 --> 02:51:45,880
and his will seems to be broken.

2006
02:51:49,240 --> 02:51:55,160
I think this is the surrender that he
avoided in May 1945.

2007
02:51:55,160 --> 02:51:56,880
This is his personal surrender.

2008
02:52:44,040 --> 02:52:46,840
- On arrival in France,

2009
02:52:46,840 --> 02:52:49,800
Barbie is taken to Montluc jail in
Lyon,

2010
02:52:49,800 --> 02:52:54,200
where he personally tortured so many
of his victims 40 years ago.

2011
02:52:56,320 --> 02:52:58,760
Here he remains until his trial.

2012
02:53:43,160 --> 02:53:45,680
- She is the engine behind all this.

2013
02:53:47,520 --> 02:53:52,160
There can't be any justice for the
murder of 6 million people,

2014
02:53:52,160 --> 02:53:58,480
but what those trials can bring is
some redemption to the many victims.

2015
02:54:07,680 --> 02:54:13,120
She also knows this is just a
milestone and her fight continues

2016
02:54:13,120 --> 02:54:17,640
as long as others are still free and unpunished.