1 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:10,080 I'm a long way north, 2 00:00:10,080 --> 00:00:14,000 about as far north as people live on planet Earth. 3 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,880 This is the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard. 4 00:00:17,880 --> 00:00:19,680 I'm travelling south from here 5 00:00:19,680 --> 00:00:23,760 around one of the most beautiful and interesting regions of the world - 6 00:00:23,760 --> 00:00:25,840 Scandinavia. 7 00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:28,920 On the rugged edge of Europe 8 00:00:28,920 --> 00:00:31,520 I'm visiting five Nordic countries... 9 00:00:31,520 --> 00:00:33,080 Incredible, it's incredible. 10 00:00:33,080 --> 00:00:37,080 ..travelling through glorious forests and spectacular fjords. 11 00:00:37,080 --> 00:00:39,960 I think Norway has a solid claim 12 00:00:39,960 --> 00:00:42,840 to be the most beautiful country in the world. 13 00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:44,240 I mean, look at it! 14 00:00:45,880 --> 00:00:47,880 Wow. Dogs pulling a car. 15 00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:52,320 It's more than half a million square miles of extremes. 16 00:00:52,320 --> 00:00:55,440 This is low, Bent, this is low. - This is my life. 17 00:00:56,520 --> 00:00:58,840 - Someone's holding on to me, yeah? 18 00:01:01,080 --> 00:01:02,840 - Now breathe, breathe. 19 00:01:02,840 --> 00:01:04,520 - Off we go. 20 00:01:04,520 --> 00:01:06,480 - I'm hoping to understand how they've built 21 00:01:06,480 --> 00:01:08,280 some of the happiest societies on the planet... 22 00:01:08,280 --> 00:01:09,680 Hey, guys. - Morning. 23 00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:10,880 - Good morning. 24 00:01:12,080 --> 00:01:14,400 And who have we got here? Wha...? 25 00:01:14,400 --> 00:01:15,920 - Hello! 26 00:01:15,920 --> 00:01:17,920 - Welcome, welcome. 27 00:01:17,920 --> 00:01:22,360 - This is the most traditional Danish lunch I have seen. - Yes. 28 00:01:22,360 --> 00:01:25,400 - ..and why they now feel they're in the firing line. 29 00:01:25,400 --> 00:01:29,520 SantaPark is a nuclear bunker? - Yes, very much so. 30 00:01:30,720 --> 00:01:33,320 - They are preparing to defend Finland. 31 00:01:33,320 --> 00:01:35,480 - GUNFIRE 32 00:01:36,600 --> 00:01:37,960 Bloody hell. 33 00:01:38,960 --> 00:01:42,760 You're wearing these in urban Sweden? - Yes. 34 00:01:44,120 --> 00:01:46,600 - There's another side to Scandinavia. 35 00:01:46,600 --> 00:01:47,840 - Ready to fire. 36 00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:49,680 - LOUD BANG 37 00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:06,240 I'm travelling through the Scandi countries 38 00:02:06,240 --> 00:02:08,760 of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, 39 00:02:08,760 --> 00:02:11,040 and adding in the wider Nordic family, as well - 40 00:02:11,040 --> 00:02:12,800 Finland and Iceland. 41 00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:17,800 I'm starting here off the Svalbard archipelago, 42 00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:20,480 the most northerly outpost of Norway. 43 00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:23,760 - Do you see it? 44 00:02:23,760 --> 00:02:25,200 - I do, you know. 45 00:02:25,200 --> 00:02:26,960 Frida, what is it? 46 00:02:26,960 --> 00:02:28,480 So it's a blue fox 47 00:02:28,480 --> 00:02:31,160 A blue fox? - Yeah. 48 00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:34,000 It's a genetic mutation in the polar foxes 49 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:35,520 and it's actually really rare. 50 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:38,400 It's more rare to see a blue fox than to see a polar bear. 51 00:02:40,160 --> 00:02:42,240 - Look at it bouncing along. 52 00:02:42,240 --> 00:02:43,680 - Yeah! 53 00:02:43,680 --> 00:02:46,680 - You're smiling, as well. - Yeah, super nice! 54 00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:50,640 - Frida Schatvet left behind life as a nurse in mainland Norway 55 00:02:50,640 --> 00:02:53,840 to explore and protect the natural wonders of Svalbard 56 00:02:53,840 --> 00:02:56,480 on this scientific research boat. 57 00:02:56,480 --> 00:02:58,440 How often have you seen a blue fox? 58 00:02:58,440 --> 00:03:00,560 - Seen it three times, four times. 59 00:03:00,560 --> 00:03:01,800 - Three, in how many years? 60 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:05,720 - I've been here almost eight years. - Whoa! 61 00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:07,360 We are very lucky. 62 00:03:07,360 --> 00:03:10,720 You can clearly see the fox bolting up the hill 63 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:12,760 just above three reindeer. 64 00:03:12,760 --> 00:03:15,400 - There's loads more reindeer in the hillside. 65 00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:21,680 - Scandinavians first came here in numbers to hunt reindeer and seals 66 00:03:21,680 --> 00:03:24,800 for their meat and skin, and even polar bears for their fur. 67 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:29,840 Most of all, they came to plunder the riches of the ocean. 68 00:03:30,960 --> 00:03:33,040 Whale! Whale, straight ahead. 69 00:03:36,800 --> 00:03:43,040 It was whales that first drew settlers here in the 1600s. 70 00:03:43,040 --> 00:03:46,320 There was a huge population of whales around Svalbard, 71 00:03:46,320 --> 00:03:49,160 and in one of the first great oil rushes, 72 00:03:49,160 --> 00:03:51,800 the whales were hunted for their oil 73 00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:55,160 to use in soaps and as a fuel in lamps. 74 00:03:55,160 --> 00:03:58,040 Thousands of whales were slaughtered. 75 00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:02,640 The fin whale is one of the largest animals ever. 76 00:04:02,640 --> 00:04:04,440 Unfortunately for the species, 77 00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:07,320 each can yield more than 1,000 gallons of whale oil - 78 00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:09,640 enough to fuel thousands of old lamps. 79 00:04:09,640 --> 00:04:12,160 Quick performance and then it's gone. 80 00:04:16,120 --> 00:04:18,040 Hence the hunting. 81 00:04:18,040 --> 00:04:21,960 But hunting bans were put in place on Svalbard from the 1950s. 82 00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:25,520 Numbers of polar bears and marine mammals, including whales, 83 00:04:25,520 --> 00:04:28,440 have increased dramatically over the decades. 84 00:04:28,440 --> 00:04:31,800 It's proved a simple but successful strategy. 85 00:04:31,800 --> 00:04:35,440 Turns out, one of the best ways to conserve endangered animals 86 00:04:35,440 --> 00:04:37,840 is just to stop killing them. 87 00:04:43,720 --> 00:04:45,880 As an outpost of Scandinavia, 88 00:04:45,880 --> 00:04:48,400 Svalbard is a long way north, 89 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:51,000 roughly halfway between the Norwegian mainland 90 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:52,360 and the North Pole. 91 00:04:52,360 --> 00:04:55,200 The temperature up here can drop to minus 30. 92 00:04:55,200 --> 00:04:58,960 There are no trees, hardly anything grows here. 93 00:04:58,960 --> 00:05:00,920 But there are people. 94 00:05:00,920 --> 00:05:04,880 Scientists, biologists, researchers and tourism industry workers, 95 00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:07,880 a couple of thousand hardy souls call this place home. 96 00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:11,920 So, this is the settlement of Longyearbyen. 97 00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:15,160 It is the most northerly town in the world 98 00:05:15,160 --> 00:05:17,640 with more than 1,000 inhabitants. 99 00:05:19,840 --> 00:05:21,000 It's a little bit late now, 100 00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:23,320 but in the morning Frida's going to show me around. 101 00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:38,640 This is very Svalbard, I think. 102 00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:41,720 - Yeah. - Not a car park, but a Ski-Doo park. 103 00:05:41,720 --> 00:05:44,160 - Yeah. Everyone has a snowmobile. 104 00:05:44,160 --> 00:05:47,120 - When you moved here, what were some of the big surprises? 105 00:05:47,120 --> 00:05:49,720 - It is a very tight-knit community. 106 00:05:49,720 --> 00:05:52,520 I mean, we have a hospital on the island, but it's very tiny, 107 00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:54,760 and you don't want to take a risk with newborn babies. 108 00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:58,000 So, all the pregnant women, they get shipped down to the mainland, 109 00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:01,640 Norway, to give birth almost four weeks before. 110 00:06:01,640 --> 00:06:04,840 - Right. - And, I mean, you can't really control where you die, 111 00:06:04,840 --> 00:06:09,240 but you can't be buried here even if you wanted to. 112 00:06:09,240 --> 00:06:12,120 - You can't be buried here? - Not at all, no. 113 00:06:12,120 --> 00:06:13,840 - Oh, because...? 114 00:06:13,840 --> 00:06:17,160 - Yeah, because the permafrost won't decompose your body. 115 00:06:17,160 --> 00:06:21,680 So, we've seen now, over time, as well, that a lot of the whalers, 116 00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:25,080 officials that have been buried many years ago, 117 00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:28,960 their caskets and bodies are just being pushed up... - Oh, my goodness. 118 00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:30,520 - ..by the permafrost. 119 00:06:30,520 --> 00:06:32,680 - Lovely. 120 00:06:32,680 --> 00:06:35,680 You can't be born here and you can't be buried either - 121 00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:37,880 and life in between is spent in the freezer zone. 122 00:06:37,880 --> 00:06:39,880 So, what keeps people here? 123 00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:43,080 It's raw, rugged, and there's adventure 124 00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:47,280 and the Norwegians also sweeten the deal with low tax rates and no VAT. 125 00:06:47,280 --> 00:06:48,680 That's got to help. 126 00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:51,680 Wow, dogs pulling a car. 127 00:06:51,680 --> 00:06:53,080 They're training? 128 00:06:56,000 --> 00:06:57,200 Svalbard! 129 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:03,080 Norway has wanted to keep a viable community here. 130 00:07:03,080 --> 00:07:06,040 It's keen to maintain a strong presence. 131 00:07:07,320 --> 00:07:12,440 For decades, one of the main reasons that people were on Svalbard 132 00:07:12,440 --> 00:07:13,920 was mining. 133 00:07:15,120 --> 00:07:20,040 And this is one of the last coal mines on Svalbard. 134 00:07:22,840 --> 00:07:26,800 Coal from here fuelled the power station which generates electricity, 135 00:07:26,800 --> 00:07:29,800 and it also helped create a strong local community 136 00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:31,360 of workers and families. 137 00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:33,960 SPEAKS NORWEGIAN 138 00:07:36,560 --> 00:07:40,240 Bent Jakobsen and hundreds of other miners have done the tough work - 139 00:07:40,240 --> 00:07:42,760 yet not for much longer. 140 00:07:42,760 --> 00:07:44,080 - We're going to get in the car. 141 00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:46,240 You'll see, we're going to drive down on the low seam. 142 00:07:48,360 --> 00:07:50,640 - How deep in the mountain are we now? 143 00:07:50,640 --> 00:07:53,480 - We are 6km inside the mountain 144 00:07:53,480 --> 00:07:57,360 and we have 350m of mountains over our heads now. 145 00:07:57,360 --> 00:07:58,800 - Flippin' heck. 146 00:07:58,800 --> 00:08:00,920 - OK, let's go. 147 00:08:00,920 --> 00:08:02,640 Take a seat. - All right. 148 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:09,360 - There is only one rule when we're driving. 149 00:08:09,360 --> 00:08:12,400 As long as you keep your head lower than the bar, you're fine. 150 00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:15,720 - I was just planning on keeping my head lower than you! 151 00:08:15,720 --> 00:08:17,920 - A fun thing, when I have people in the mine, 152 00:08:17,920 --> 00:08:21,080 they start up here and then they're like this. - Right. 153 00:08:21,080 --> 00:08:23,120 OK. About here. - You will know when we get in there. 154 00:08:23,120 --> 00:08:24,680 - All right, all right. 155 00:08:24,680 --> 00:08:26,760 I'm taking it seriously. 156 00:08:26,760 --> 00:08:29,360 - BELL DINGS - Good. I'll ring the bell. 157 00:08:37,480 --> 00:08:39,520 Bloody hell, Bent, this is low, isn't it? 158 00:08:39,520 --> 00:08:42,480 - No, this is quite high, actually. - Really? - Yes. 159 00:08:45,680 --> 00:08:48,160 It's going to get lower, so keep your head down. 160 00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:53,760 - OK, now it's low. - Like, this is low. - This is low, Bent, this is low. 161 00:08:55,440 --> 00:08:57,440 - The thing when you start working here, 162 00:08:57,440 --> 00:09:00,600 either you love it or you hate it. There's nothing in between. 163 00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:02,840 - And you loved it right from the beginning? 164 00:09:02,840 --> 00:09:04,600 - This is my life. 165 00:09:14,560 --> 00:09:16,640 - Oh, goodness, we're right at the end. 166 00:09:16,640 --> 00:09:19,320 - If you step out on the right side, I'll show you something. - OK. 167 00:09:21,080 --> 00:09:23,240 - This is actually like a mining tunnel. 168 00:09:24,440 --> 00:09:26,480 Actually, here you see the coal seam. 169 00:09:28,880 --> 00:09:31,520 Grab a hand of coal if you want. 170 00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:37,080 - This is the compressed value 171 00:09:37,080 --> 00:09:41,080 of sunlight and plants, 172 00:09:41,080 --> 00:09:43,240 flowers, trees, 173 00:09:43,240 --> 00:09:45,080 has been your life, Bent. 174 00:09:45,080 --> 00:09:46,480 - Yes, it has. 175 00:09:46,480 --> 00:09:49,400 - For so long. - Yeah. 176 00:09:49,400 --> 00:09:51,120 But soon coming to an end. 177 00:09:52,640 --> 00:09:55,440 - How do you feel about that? - Yeah, of course it's sad. 178 00:09:55,440 --> 00:09:59,200 It's a long, proud tradition of miners, 179 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:01,960 or mining that's going to be gone. 180 00:10:01,960 --> 00:10:03,800 - And the reason? 181 00:10:03,800 --> 00:10:06,960 - First of all, we don't have actually enough good quality coal, 182 00:10:06,960 --> 00:10:11,880 that's one thing. And another one is the green shift is here also. 183 00:10:11,880 --> 00:10:17,480 So, mining is not, or should I say, not very popular any more. 184 00:10:17,480 --> 00:10:20,440 - And so ends a tradition of mining 185 00:10:20,440 --> 00:10:24,200 not just for you or your family, but for this community. 186 00:10:24,200 --> 00:10:29,840 - Yeah, we are 70 guys, that's out of work or out of a job. 187 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:31,760 Yeah, we're done. So... 188 00:10:32,800 --> 00:10:35,320 - What will you do? - I have no idea. 189 00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:36,600 We'll see. 190 00:10:36,600 --> 00:10:39,080 I'll probably get a job somewhere. 191 00:10:39,080 --> 00:10:42,720 - The mine closure is tough for Bent, and Svalbard. 192 00:10:42,720 --> 00:10:45,320 Despite a growing tourism industry, 193 00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:47,640 fewer people here are permanent residents - 194 00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:49,280 and that's not great news for Norway, 195 00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:52,080 which is desperate to maintain control over Svalbard, 196 00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:55,080 because as the Arctic warms and melts, 197 00:10:55,080 --> 00:10:58,480 Svalbard's situated in a globally strategic position, 198 00:10:58,480 --> 00:11:00,960 on an increasingly important shipping lane 199 00:11:00,960 --> 00:11:04,280 with huge mineral resources and fishing in the ocean around. 200 00:11:04,280 --> 00:11:07,200 Other countries want a slice, including Russia. 201 00:11:07,200 --> 00:11:12,360 Under international agreements, Norway is in charge of Svalbard 202 00:11:12,360 --> 00:11:16,120 but it has to share Svalbard with other countries. 203 00:11:16,120 --> 00:11:18,200 That can lead to tensions. 204 00:11:18,200 --> 00:11:20,120 I'm off to meet the neighbours. 205 00:11:22,360 --> 00:11:25,360 Russians have been coming to Svalbard for centuries, 206 00:11:25,360 --> 00:11:27,440 hunting furs originally. 207 00:11:27,440 --> 00:11:32,280 In 1920, a treaty was signed in Paris giving Svalbard to Norway, 208 00:11:32,280 --> 00:11:35,840 but Russians are among those allowed to travel here without visas 209 00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:37,520 and to settle here. 210 00:11:37,520 --> 00:11:39,240 There are whole Russian towns. 211 00:11:39,240 --> 00:11:41,720 I have to say, I'm feeling quite apprehensive 212 00:11:41,720 --> 00:11:44,840 about going to this community. 213 00:11:44,840 --> 00:11:47,000 It's called Barentsburg. 214 00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:49,800 This is a Russian outpost, 215 00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:52,040 a Russian base, 216 00:11:52,040 --> 00:11:55,520 a settlement up here in the very far north. 217 00:11:57,120 --> 00:12:01,240 There were relations between the Russian settlement 218 00:12:01,240 --> 00:12:03,960 and the main Norwegian community here. 219 00:12:05,240 --> 00:12:08,280 And then Russia invaded Ukraine 220 00:12:08,280 --> 00:12:11,680 and relationships here have got decidedly frosty. 221 00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:19,080 Russia recently downgraded Norway as a country from unfriendly 222 00:12:19,080 --> 00:12:21,960 to very unfriendly. 223 00:12:21,960 --> 00:12:25,720 Russia is THE dominant power in the Arctic. 224 00:12:25,720 --> 00:12:28,720 President Putin has claimed as it melts, natural resources 225 00:12:28,720 --> 00:12:31,960 like oil and gas, worth trillions, will become available 226 00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:34,760 so Russia's been upgrading its naval forces 227 00:12:34,760 --> 00:12:37,640 and building bases across the Arctic. 228 00:12:37,640 --> 00:12:39,560 All right, just need to work out what's going on 229 00:12:39,560 --> 00:12:41,600 and what we can film, and then... 230 00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:44,720 ..hopefully, we can get a sense of the place. 231 00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:53,720 They're flying the bloody Soviet flag here. 232 00:12:53,720 --> 00:12:55,440 That's astonishing. 233 00:13:02,080 --> 00:13:05,240 There's a coal mine on the Russian side too, 234 00:13:05,240 --> 00:13:09,080 owned by the state-owned mining company which also controls 235 00:13:09,080 --> 00:13:10,640 almost everything else in the town. 236 00:13:11,760 --> 00:13:15,160 I headed for the mining company HQ where the general director 237 00:13:15,160 --> 00:13:17,000 had agreed to meet me. 238 00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:19,880 Or so I thought. 239 00:13:19,880 --> 00:13:23,280 Hi. Darea? - Daria. - Daria, Simon. 240 00:13:23,280 --> 00:13:26,440 - Now we're going to have a short meeting with general director. 241 00:13:26,440 --> 00:13:28,840 - OK. All right. - Welcome. 242 00:13:28,840 --> 00:13:32,120 - It turned out the general director had had a change of heart. 243 00:13:32,120 --> 00:13:35,600 - And I think it's better to leave the equipment outside the office 244 00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:38,920 because he doesn't want that you can... 245 00:13:38,920 --> 00:13:41,760 - He doesn't want to be filmed? 246 00:13:43,640 --> 00:13:45,280 Well, that was weird. 247 00:13:45,280 --> 00:13:47,800 It was a sort of slightly farcical situation. 248 00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:51,480 If you're going to design a Russian bureaucrat 249 00:13:51,480 --> 00:13:53,560 who's living in the middle of nowhere, it would be him. 250 00:13:53,560 --> 00:13:55,720 Big office, big table, 251 00:13:55,720 --> 00:13:59,360 very starched, white ironed shirt and a tie, 252 00:13:59,360 --> 00:14:02,920 photograph of President Putin there, looked very stern. 253 00:14:02,920 --> 00:14:05,200 Basically, he won't talk to us and he's palmed us off 254 00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:06,920 to a young interpreter. 255 00:14:06,920 --> 00:14:08,760 At least she's going to show us around. 256 00:14:10,280 --> 00:14:13,000 I felt a bit guilty Daria had been lumbered with us - 257 00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:15,240 but it turned out it wasn't her first rodeo. 258 00:14:15,240 --> 00:14:17,400 She took me straight to the number one tourist site. 259 00:14:17,400 --> 00:14:19,720 - Well, usually... 260 00:14:19,720 --> 00:14:21,680 ..journalists stop here and... 261 00:14:22,840 --> 00:14:24,880 ..make the interview on this spot. 262 00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:30,120 - We've got a statue of Lenin here. - Mm. 263 00:14:30,120 --> 00:14:32,800 - Still standing. - Still standing. 264 00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:36,400 - Looking around, and we can very clearly see 265 00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:42,400 Russia is definitely back here and there is a sizeable community. 266 00:14:42,400 --> 00:14:46,080 What is the plan? What is the future for Barentsburg? 267 00:14:46,080 --> 00:14:48,480 - For sure, we will continue coal mining 268 00:14:48,480 --> 00:14:50,720 and develop tourism. 269 00:14:50,720 --> 00:14:56,280 So we're trying to make this place as attractive as possible 270 00:14:56,280 --> 00:14:59,080 - LOUD ENGINE RUMBLES for tourists. 271 00:14:59,080 --> 00:15:03,120 So, the tourism boycott and Western sanctions, 272 00:15:03,120 --> 00:15:06,040 the plan is not to shut this place down, 273 00:15:06,040 --> 00:15:07,600 you are actually expanding it 274 00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:10,360 and you are hoping more people will come. 275 00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:12,120 - Mm. Yeah, that's true. 276 00:15:12,120 --> 00:15:15,200 A lot of people are romantics, you know, 277 00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:18,640 who come here - or adventurous, 278 00:15:18,640 --> 00:15:20,880 because they want to travel around the world, 279 00:15:20,880 --> 00:15:23,360 see as many places as possible. 280 00:15:25,280 --> 00:15:29,000 - What's he saying? - He says some rude words. 281 00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:30,920 Just don't pay attention. 282 00:15:30,920 --> 00:15:32,760 I don't think that they are locals. 283 00:15:32,760 --> 00:15:35,800 I have never seen them here before. 284 00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:38,400 - Hmm, well, I've heard worse. 285 00:15:38,400 --> 00:15:42,280 Like Norway, the Kremlin wants Russians to settle here 286 00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:44,680 and they've stumped-up for spanking new facilities 287 00:15:44,680 --> 00:15:46,040 to act as encouragement. 288 00:15:46,040 --> 00:15:48,120 - This is our swimming pool. 289 00:15:48,120 --> 00:15:50,520 - Oh, my good lord. 290 00:15:50,520 --> 00:15:52,200 It is not cheap. 291 00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:54,560 It costs a lot of money to do this, doesn't it? 292 00:15:54,560 --> 00:15:57,080 - Yeah. But it is free for locals. 293 00:15:57,080 --> 00:15:58,760 We swim here for free. 294 00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:02,280 - Despite sanctions, some suggest Russia still makes 295 00:16:02,280 --> 00:16:05,840 half a billion pounds a day in oil and gas exports. 296 00:16:05,840 --> 00:16:09,240 They've got money and have plans for more investment in Svalbard, 297 00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:13,160 including a science complex involving China and Iran. 298 00:16:13,160 --> 00:16:17,160 Meanwhile, the Russian Navy plies the seas around Svalbard, 299 00:16:17,160 --> 00:16:20,240 and the Kremlin now questions how Norway runs the islands. 300 00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:23,760 It's good vodka. 301 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:26,480 Russia has also been accused of sabotaging 302 00:16:26,480 --> 00:16:30,760 critical undersea internet cables here and right around Scandinavia. 303 00:16:36,840 --> 00:16:40,360 There's lots going on here that feels like it's out of the pages 304 00:16:40,360 --> 00:16:43,200 of a Cold War spy thriller. 305 00:16:43,200 --> 00:16:46,960 One of the communication cables linking Svalbard 306 00:16:46,960 --> 00:16:50,600 to the outside world was cut not long ago. 307 00:16:50,600 --> 00:16:54,920 And the prime suspect is a Russian fishing trawler 308 00:16:54,920 --> 00:16:58,800 that was tracked going backwards and forwards over the cable 309 00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:01,920 that runs under the sea about 100 times. 310 00:17:03,240 --> 00:17:07,880 It feels like there is a bit of a scramble for the far north, 311 00:17:07,880 --> 00:17:10,800 for the mineral wealth that is up here. 312 00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:15,640 But also, just to have this land as real estate, really, 313 00:17:15,640 --> 00:17:20,200 because controlling it means you can control access 314 00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:22,600 to the North Atlantic. 315 00:17:22,600 --> 00:17:25,160 And for Russia's naval fleet, 316 00:17:25,160 --> 00:17:29,640 they need to come round the top of Scandinavia 317 00:17:29,640 --> 00:17:32,440 to get into the North Atlantic. 318 00:17:32,440 --> 00:17:35,120 They need to come pretty close to Svalbard. 319 00:17:35,120 --> 00:17:39,560 Remember, Russia is just across the border from Scandinavia, 320 00:17:39,560 --> 00:17:44,000 and many Scandinavians really feel that presence. 321 00:17:45,800 --> 00:17:48,600 Russia has denied allegations of interference. 322 00:17:51,640 --> 00:17:53,680 It was time to leave Svalbard. 323 00:17:59,320 --> 00:18:01,960 In mid-winter, I travelled to Lapland 324 00:18:01,960 --> 00:18:04,440 in the northernmost region of Finland. 325 00:18:04,440 --> 00:18:07,200 It's one of the wildest areas of Europe. 326 00:18:16,960 --> 00:18:19,960 It looks utterly ethereal 327 00:18:19,960 --> 00:18:22,240 in the early morning light. 328 00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:25,240 Incredible. Incredible. 329 00:18:26,960 --> 00:18:29,400 I was heading towards the edge of Europe - 330 00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:32,480 Finland's historically bloody border with Russia, 331 00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:35,320 Europe's longest at more than 800 miles. 332 00:18:35,320 --> 00:18:39,520 It was brutally cold, minus 30 centigrade. 333 00:18:39,520 --> 00:18:42,680 The moisture in my nose is freezing up. 334 00:18:42,680 --> 00:18:45,880 This is a very tough time of year 335 00:18:45,880 --> 00:18:48,360 in a very tough part of the world. 336 00:18:48,360 --> 00:18:51,160 The cold, the bitter cold, 337 00:18:51,160 --> 00:18:54,920 it seeps through every gap and crevice in your clothing. 338 00:18:56,280 --> 00:18:58,120 I've lost my guide, I can't see him ahead. 339 00:18:58,120 --> 00:18:59,840 I'd better speed up. 340 00:19:01,160 --> 00:19:05,400 A history of war looms over this magical frozen wilderness. 341 00:19:05,400 --> 00:19:09,160 Time and again, Finland has been invaded from the east. 342 00:19:09,160 --> 00:19:12,960 Under Russian Tsar Peter the Great, horrific atrocities 343 00:19:12,960 --> 00:19:16,120 committed against the Finns became known as the Great Wrath. 344 00:19:16,120 --> 00:19:18,800 During World War II, the Soviet Red Army invaded, 345 00:19:18,800 --> 00:19:22,320 and Finland sided with Germany. 346 00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:25,040 In the Cold War that followed the country became neutral, 347 00:19:25,040 --> 00:19:28,120 always nervously watching the Russian bear next door. 348 00:19:28,120 --> 00:19:29,400 Oh! 349 00:19:29,400 --> 00:19:32,720 - OK, Simon, this is as far as we can go. 350 00:19:32,720 --> 00:19:36,960 The Russia border is just right over there, 150 metres. 351 00:19:36,960 --> 00:19:39,000 - It's just there. - Yes, just there, 352 00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:41,960 and there's nothing between us and the border. 353 00:19:41,960 --> 00:19:46,400 - Since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, 354 00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:48,160 tensions have ramped up. 355 00:19:48,160 --> 00:19:50,080 There's a sign up here. 356 00:19:58,360 --> 00:19:59,760 Border Zone. 357 00:20:01,040 --> 00:20:03,160 There's no fence. 358 00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:06,040 but it's very definitely a border now - 359 00:20:06,040 --> 00:20:09,160 a closed border, as well, 360 00:20:09,160 --> 00:20:10,960 for many months. 361 00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:16,400 Opinion polls in Finland show that more than 80% of Finns 362 00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:21,080 fear and think that Russia poses a military threat to the country. 363 00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:26,000 The Finns say Russia has weaponised this border 364 00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:29,240 by bussing hundreds of migrants and refugees here 365 00:20:29,240 --> 00:20:33,280 and encouraging them to cross, in an attempt to destabilise Finland. 366 00:20:33,280 --> 00:20:35,400 The border's now permanently shut. 367 00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:37,080 The gates closed. 368 00:20:38,640 --> 00:20:42,440 Even in magical Lapland, thoughts and fears about future conflict 369 00:20:42,440 --> 00:20:43,760 are never that far way. 370 00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:48,440 As I found when I travelled west. 371 00:20:57,120 --> 00:20:59,160 PEOPLE LAUGH AND CHEER 372 00:20:59,160 --> 00:21:00,720 This is very strange. 373 00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:02,560 It's not Christmas, 374 00:21:02,560 --> 00:21:06,560 but it is here, 365 days of the year. 375 00:21:08,680 --> 00:21:11,880 They now make huge amounts of money here in Lapland 376 00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:15,960 and attract hundreds of thousands of tourists every single year 377 00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:20,520 by branding Lapland as the real home of Father Christmas - 378 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:23,360 despite the fact that we are hundreds of miles away here 379 00:21:23,360 --> 00:21:26,480 from the North Pole, which is where I rather stupidly thought 380 00:21:26,480 --> 00:21:28,160 Father Christmas actually lives. 381 00:21:29,480 --> 00:21:31,880 This is called Santa's Village. 382 00:21:31,880 --> 00:21:35,920 There's been fierce competition from towns in Sweden, Norway, Greenland 383 00:21:35,920 --> 00:21:38,520 and Alaska to be seen as the authentic home 384 00:21:38,520 --> 00:21:41,240 of Santa Claus - Father Christmas. 385 00:21:41,240 --> 00:21:45,280 But it's here, Rovaniemi in Finland, that seems to be the winner. 386 00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:47,560 Billions have been invested here, 387 00:21:47,560 --> 00:21:49,800 and tourists now come from around the world. 388 00:21:52,480 --> 00:21:58,040 Yeah, it is pretty damn impressive, really, 389 00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:03,600 that the Finns have built this luxury tourism economy here 390 00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:07,920 in a very hostile, extreme environment. 391 00:22:07,920 --> 00:22:10,320 At the end of the Second World War, 392 00:22:10,320 --> 00:22:12,960 large parts of their towns and cities 393 00:22:12,960 --> 00:22:15,240 were reduced to ash and rubble, 394 00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:17,040 and they were really poor, 395 00:22:17,040 --> 00:22:20,040 and they have built one of the most extraordinary countries 396 00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:21,880 on planet Earth. 397 00:22:31,480 --> 00:22:35,040 Dozens of Santa-themed resorts and attractions 398 00:22:35,040 --> 00:22:37,240 have sprung up around Rovaniemi. 399 00:22:37,240 --> 00:22:40,080 This one's called Santa Claus Secret Forest, 400 00:22:40,080 --> 00:22:43,320 set up by local businessman Ilkka Lankinen. 401 00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:49,640 Ilkka? - Yes. 402 00:22:49,640 --> 00:22:51,960 - Ilkka, hello. - Hello, hello, good morning. 403 00:22:51,960 --> 00:22:55,000 - Simon Reeve. - Good morning. - Is it possible to come in? - Yeah. 404 00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:59,160 Hey, good morning, good morning. Welcome, welcome. - Good morning. 405 00:22:59,160 --> 00:23:00,960 What brought you to Lapland? 406 00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:02,800 - I came here to study forestry, 407 00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:06,320 and forestry is still quite big here in Finland and Lapland. 408 00:23:06,320 --> 00:23:09,720 - Forestry is a massive industry in Finland, isn't it? 409 00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:15,400 - It is. - I read that you have 13,000 trees per person. 410 00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:19,720 - Yes, but travel and tourism industry is larger than the forest industry - 411 00:23:19,720 --> 00:23:22,080 and that's something that people don't many times realise, 412 00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:25,120 but this is much larger than the forest industry. - Wow. 413 00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:30,000 You've really managed to turn Lapland into... 414 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:34,480 ..some would see it as the ultimate Christmas experience, really. 415 00:23:34,480 --> 00:23:37,320 - Yes, we are creating the best Christmas experiences in the world. 416 00:23:37,320 --> 00:23:39,960 - And what have we got here? Wha...? 417 00:23:39,960 --> 00:23:41,680 - Hello! 418 00:23:41,680 --> 00:23:43,320 - Welcome, welcome. 419 00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:46,640 Oh, yes! - Oh, yes! - Oh, yes! Are you all right? 420 00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:48,040 - I think so. - Oh! 421 00:23:48,040 --> 00:23:49,640 - I'm surprised to see you. 422 00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:52,440 - Why? You didn't expect elves in the forest? 423 00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:54,760 - No, I didn't expect elves in the forest. 424 00:23:54,760 --> 00:23:56,160 How stupid of me! 425 00:23:56,160 --> 00:24:01,880 - Right here, we are in front of one of our toy factories. 426 00:24:01,880 --> 00:24:05,920 - Go. He's got a sharp knife, just in case. 427 00:24:05,920 --> 00:24:08,600 This is what I would have imagined. 428 00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:10,120 - Ah! - Yes. 429 00:24:10,120 --> 00:24:12,320 - Santa's toy factory to be. 430 00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:14,000 - Yes. 431 00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:16,120 Come, we go this way. - We'll go this way quickly. 432 00:24:16,120 --> 00:24:18,360 - Hello. - What an honour to see you here. 433 00:24:18,360 --> 00:24:20,760 - It's nice and warm here. 434 00:24:20,760 --> 00:24:22,320 - It's definitely nice and warm. 435 00:24:22,320 --> 00:24:25,800 There is a significant risk of us overheating in here, Ilkka. 436 00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:27,640 - Well, it's not that hot. 437 00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:30,560 And, you know, besides, you can always take a step outside, 438 00:24:30,560 --> 00:24:33,480 and then I think that problem would disappear quite quickly. 439 00:24:33,480 --> 00:24:35,200 - You are so right. 440 00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:36,680 - Since you are here in Lapland, 441 00:24:36,680 --> 00:24:40,360 maybe we should give you a little reminder of our meeting. 442 00:24:40,360 --> 00:24:43,480 So, here's a little remin... - Thank you very much. 443 00:24:43,480 --> 00:24:46,080 - This is our fluffiest reindeer that they'll be able to make here. 444 00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:50,280 - This is, this is indeed a very fluffy reindeer. - Yes. 445 00:24:50,280 --> 00:24:53,480 - Thank you very much indeed. - You're very welcome. 446 00:24:57,320 --> 00:24:58,640 - Oh, wow. 447 00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:00,680 Ilkka's stuck with the theme. 448 00:25:00,680 --> 00:25:04,200 He also owns SantaPark, an underground shopping centre 449 00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:07,280 where visitors from around the world can meet Father Christmas 450 00:25:07,280 --> 00:25:09,920 and his army of little helpers. 451 00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:11,960 But there's a little bit more to this grotto 452 00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:13,960 than reindeer and Christmas stockings. 453 00:25:13,960 --> 00:25:16,840 - Going to show you something that I normally won't share, 454 00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:18,840 but let's have a quick peek. 455 00:25:21,520 --> 00:25:23,360 - Literally behind the sign. 456 00:25:28,040 --> 00:25:32,200 - So now we are actually entering for the restricted kind of space. 457 00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:34,080 I mean, if you look at the doors. 458 00:25:34,080 --> 00:25:37,640 - Oh, my goodness, look at the size of that beast! 459 00:25:37,640 --> 00:25:39,960 - And it's made from 50mm steel - 460 00:25:39,960 --> 00:25:42,360 and this is the first set of doors. 461 00:25:42,360 --> 00:25:43,960 - This is... 462 00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:46,080 This is a bunker? - Yes. 463 00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:50,200 Nothing, no missile or anything can penetrate this. 464 00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:54,160 - SantaPark is also a nuclear bunker? 465 00:25:54,160 --> 00:25:55,680 - Yes, very much so. 466 00:25:57,200 --> 00:25:58,920 - Oh, my good lordy. 467 00:25:59,880 --> 00:26:03,040 So how far do the tunnels extend? 468 00:26:03,040 --> 00:26:04,600 - About 400 metres. 469 00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:08,200 And we have several sets of tunnels, because in the case of emergency, 470 00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:11,800 you have to get in the people, you have to get in all the supplies 471 00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:15,280 and everything. So you can drive a semi-truck inside here. 472 00:26:15,280 --> 00:26:16,960 - An articulated lorry? 473 00:26:16,960 --> 00:26:18,960 - Yes, yes. - My goodness. 474 00:26:18,960 --> 00:26:21,280 How many people can you house here? 475 00:26:21,280 --> 00:26:23,640 - Over 3,000. 3,400. 476 00:26:23,640 --> 00:26:27,280 - So, you have, presumably, the kit, equipment, 477 00:26:27,280 --> 00:26:30,520 bedding, food and stores here for that. 478 00:26:30,520 --> 00:26:33,280 - Bedding, toilets, dry toilets. 479 00:26:33,280 --> 00:26:35,440 We have our own water supplies, 480 00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:36,960 we have our own waste supplies. 481 00:26:36,960 --> 00:26:39,200 And Finns are always prepared, 482 00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:41,400 because we must have a shelter for all the Finns - 483 00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:42,960 but Finns are also very creative 484 00:26:42,960 --> 00:26:46,000 because if we would not have SantaPark here, then the city people 485 00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:48,760 will pay for the heating and electricity and everything. 486 00:26:48,760 --> 00:26:52,000 So, we have utilised all the shelters for swimming pools, 487 00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:56,320 tennis, swimming centres, tennis places, inside tracks. 488 00:26:56,320 --> 00:26:59,760 And this happened to be the Christmas Santa's home cavern. 489 00:26:59,760 --> 00:27:03,080 - So go to a swimming pool in Finland 490 00:27:03,080 --> 00:27:05,800 and you may well actually be inside... 491 00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:08,240 - A shelter. - A shelter... - A public shelter, yes. 492 00:27:08,240 --> 00:27:10,080 - ..from a nuclear war. - Yes, yes. 493 00:27:10,080 --> 00:27:13,880 - Across Finland, there are more than 50,000 bunkers 494 00:27:13,880 --> 00:27:17,480 to shelter almost the entire population of more than five million 495 00:27:17,480 --> 00:27:19,080 in the event of war. 496 00:27:19,080 --> 00:27:20,440 - We're not going to go any further. 497 00:27:20,440 --> 00:27:24,200 - This is another exit, entrance to the bunker? - Yes, yes. 498 00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:28,640 - DOOR SLAMS 499 00:27:32,440 --> 00:27:35,400 Like a huge number of Finns of all backgrounds, 500 00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:38,800 Ilkka's also an army reservist, an officer. 501 00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:40,840 He trains at a local rifle range. 502 00:27:41,880 --> 00:27:45,680 - So, we're going to take a big, big boy. 503 00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:48,120 - OK, right. 504 00:27:49,520 --> 00:27:51,040 So, what have you got in here? 505 00:27:51,040 --> 00:27:54,160 - This is what we call long distance rifle. 506 00:27:54,160 --> 00:27:57,440 - There are hundreds of shooting ranges across Finland, 507 00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:01,320 and for national defence the government's opening 300 more. 508 00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:04,120 Finns have one of the highest rates of gun ownership, 509 00:28:04,120 --> 00:28:06,880 after countries like the US and Yemen. 510 00:28:06,880 --> 00:28:07,960 Morning. 511 00:28:07,960 --> 00:28:10,840 - Good morning. - Good morning. - This is Janne. - Janne. 512 00:28:10,840 --> 00:28:13,520 - Janne, Simon. Lovely to see you. - Hello. - Hello. 513 00:28:13,520 --> 00:28:17,880 Yanne is a university lecturer and also an army reservist. 514 00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:22,960 It's the sheer number of reservists in the Finnish Armed Forces 515 00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:27,000 that make their military huge in terms of numbers. 516 00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:28,640 They have a military - 517 00:28:28,640 --> 00:28:31,960 total military, combined, including reserves - 518 00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:34,720 of nearly 900,000. 519 00:28:34,720 --> 00:28:38,280 That's five times the size of the UK's Armed Forces 520 00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:40,760 of around 180,000, 521 00:28:40,760 --> 00:28:44,160 even though the UK's population is 12 times larger than Finland's. 522 00:28:44,160 --> 00:28:45,800 LOUD GUNSHOT 523 00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:49,720 It's almost like a piece of artillery. 524 00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:51,160 Very powerful. 525 00:28:51,160 --> 00:28:52,840 LOUD GUNSHOT 526 00:28:57,200 --> 00:28:59,920 I think what really surprises me 527 00:28:59,920 --> 00:29:04,600 about your armed reserve is just the scale of it. 528 00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:07,480 - Some might call Finland the Sparta of the North. 529 00:29:07,480 --> 00:29:10,840 I think the model is that the civil society defends itself, 530 00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:13,200 not outsourcing it. 531 00:29:13,200 --> 00:29:16,600 So, everyone's responsible for the society. 532 00:29:16,600 --> 00:29:20,280 - And you've got the Finnish flag and you've got the Freedom Flag as well. 533 00:29:20,280 --> 00:29:25,000 - Yeah. And when I talked about the society taking responsibility 534 00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:29,840 of defending itself, I think that covers all of your values. 535 00:29:29,840 --> 00:29:34,320 So, for example, if one of these things is part of your values, 536 00:29:34,320 --> 00:29:36,800 if you're not ready to defend them, even with violence, 537 00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:38,640 do you really believe in them? 538 00:29:38,640 --> 00:29:41,440 Are they values or are they just opinions? 539 00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:46,120 - You're saying if you believe in the values of the Freedom Flag, 540 00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:48,600 then you need to be willing to defend those. 541 00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:50,080 - Yeah, exactly. 542 00:29:50,080 --> 00:29:52,480 - And that is a possibility. 543 00:29:53,760 --> 00:29:55,280 - Unfortunately so, yeah. 544 00:29:57,400 --> 00:29:59,560 - RAPID GUNFIRE 545 00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:09,760 It might seem unthinkable elsewhere in Western Europe, 546 00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:12,360 but they fear war here. 547 00:30:12,360 --> 00:30:14,440 It's happened before, 548 00:30:14,440 --> 00:30:17,920 and, as a result, Finland is a highly militarised country. 549 00:30:17,920 --> 00:30:19,360 There's conscription. 550 00:30:19,360 --> 00:30:21,640 Each year, more than 20,000 young men and women 551 00:30:21,640 --> 00:30:23,280 head off for military training. 552 00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:27,080 I'm really quite moved by this. 553 00:30:28,240 --> 00:30:31,600 Just seeing these youngsters marching across. 554 00:30:32,760 --> 00:30:34,360 People's sons. 555 00:30:34,360 --> 00:30:36,440 People's daughters. 556 00:30:36,440 --> 00:30:40,280 National Service is compulsory for men, voluntary for women. 557 00:30:40,280 --> 00:30:43,040 When it's finished they join the reserves and are liable 558 00:30:43,040 --> 00:30:46,520 to be called up for refresher training until the age of 50. 559 00:30:46,520 --> 00:30:48,920 It's a doctrine of total defence. 560 00:30:48,920 --> 00:30:51,080 Under the Finnish constitution, 561 00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:54,240 all citizens have a duty to defend the nation. 562 00:30:54,240 --> 00:30:57,560 This is total belief in the country, 563 00:30:57,560 --> 00:31:00,640 trust in the state. 564 00:31:00,640 --> 00:31:02,920 Trust that the state will do the right thing 565 00:31:02,920 --> 00:31:06,640 and the state will, through its people, protect everyone. 566 00:31:08,160 --> 00:31:13,040 Surveys have shown 80% of Finns support compulsory National Service. 567 00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:18,720 SIMON CHUCKLES 568 00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:20,560 It is quite something to see. 569 00:31:22,080 --> 00:31:26,280 I've come to see the Jaeger Brigade, an elite Arctic warfare unit. 570 00:31:26,280 --> 00:31:28,840 They're in charge of training green young conscripts 571 00:31:28,840 --> 00:31:30,200 in cold weather combat. 572 00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:33,160 INSTRUCTS IN FINNISH 573 00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:36,800 Youngsters leave behind 574 00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:40,120 often comfortable, warm lives in cities and towns 575 00:31:40,120 --> 00:31:42,960 to be turned into soldiers. 576 00:31:42,960 --> 00:31:45,760 GUNFIRE 577 00:31:49,080 --> 00:31:51,160 Are you happy with that? 578 00:31:51,160 --> 00:31:53,600 - Well, it was the first time. 579 00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:56,640 I'm not happy for every individual. 580 00:31:56,640 --> 00:32:01,880 But anyway, they are doing what they should do at the moment, yeah. 581 00:32:01,880 --> 00:32:05,360 - So this is their first time shooting from skis? 582 00:32:05,360 --> 00:32:06,720 - Yeah, I think so. 583 00:32:06,720 --> 00:32:09,800 At least it looked like it was. - Right. 584 00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:12,200 But they're also, they're less familiar with skis 585 00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:14,520 and they're more familiar with central heating. 586 00:32:14,520 --> 00:32:17,360 - Yeah, yeah, yeah. And telephones and so on. 587 00:32:17,360 --> 00:32:18,560 - Yeah! - Yeah. 588 00:32:18,560 --> 00:32:21,440 Well, they are preparing to defend Finland. 589 00:32:21,440 --> 00:32:23,960 That is the purpose for the whole thing. 590 00:32:25,040 --> 00:32:28,400 - In opinion polls, more than 80% of all Finns 591 00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:30,840 say they'd defend their country. 592 00:32:30,840 --> 00:32:34,960 In a similar poll of Brits, it was only 35%. 593 00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:42,000 What is it about Finland that means you feel such a part of the country 594 00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:44,920 that you are willing to defend it in that way? 595 00:32:44,920 --> 00:32:49,400 - We all love Finland, even if it's cold, even if it's dark. 596 00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:53,160 - It feels like it's our obligation to defend the country. 597 00:32:53,160 --> 00:32:56,840 In my opinion, the greatest country in the world 598 00:32:56,840 --> 00:32:58,200 and something to defend. 599 00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:01,200 I mean, we have a very good standard of living, 600 00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:03,800 best education, and we are wealthy 601 00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:08,080 and we have gotten everything we ever could ask for from Finland. 602 00:33:08,080 --> 00:33:11,000 So it's only right that we defend it. 603 00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:13,560 - After the invasion of Ukraine, 604 00:33:13,560 --> 00:33:17,320 Finland and neighbouring Sweden have joined the NATO military alliance, 605 00:33:17,320 --> 00:33:19,840 as protection from the Russian threat. 606 00:33:19,840 --> 00:33:22,680 But the Finns are their own force to be reckoned with. 607 00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:26,520 Apart from a massive army, they have the largest artillery force 608 00:33:26,520 --> 00:33:30,400 in Western Europe - hundreds of huge howitzers. 609 00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:33,920 But they also bring something less easy to rate and measure - 610 00:33:33,920 --> 00:33:36,320 passion, patriotism and knowledge. 611 00:33:36,320 --> 00:33:39,440 What they're teaching the conscripts here 612 00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:41,600 isn't just how to be a soldier, 613 00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:43,440 it's how to survive 614 00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:46,680 in these extremely harsh conditions. 615 00:33:48,440 --> 00:33:51,880 The Jaeger Brigade teach Arctic warfare to soldiers 616 00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:55,080 from other NATO countries, including the UK and US. 617 00:34:06,480 --> 00:34:08,240 Bloody hell. 618 00:34:08,240 --> 00:34:12,560 - Students are learning how to rescue themselves 619 00:34:12,560 --> 00:34:15,480 in case if they go through the weak ice. 620 00:34:15,480 --> 00:34:17,400 - INSTRUCTOR SPEAKS FINNISH 621 00:34:20,840 --> 00:34:24,640 Tell us about this word, this Finnish word, "sisu". 622 00:34:24,640 --> 00:34:27,720 - Sisu. - What does it mean? 623 00:34:27,720 --> 00:34:30,840 - Ah, I guess it's sort of a... 624 00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:34,400 ..some kind of a Finnish version of some kind of grit. 625 00:34:34,400 --> 00:34:36,920 - Grit. - Grit, or something like that. 626 00:34:36,920 --> 00:34:39,160 That's probably the closest English word. 627 00:34:39,160 --> 00:34:40,760 - Guts. - Guts, yes. 628 00:34:40,760 --> 00:34:44,080 - It's a big thing in Finland and it's something you try to cultivate? 629 00:34:44,080 --> 00:34:45,760 - Yeah. Yeah. 630 00:34:45,760 --> 00:34:47,040 This is one example. 631 00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:48,400 - Yeah. - This is sisu. 632 00:34:49,560 --> 00:34:52,400 - This is proper sisu. - Yeah, yeah. 633 00:34:55,120 --> 00:34:57,520 - They're pretty quiet when they go in. 634 00:34:57,520 --> 00:34:59,120 They're doing well. 635 00:34:59,120 --> 00:35:02,000 - Screaming doesn't help. - Screaming doesn't...! 636 00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:03,640 SIMON LAUGHS 637 00:35:09,560 --> 00:35:11,920 Maybe we all need a bit of extra sisu. 638 00:35:14,520 --> 00:35:15,760 Oh, my God. 639 00:35:17,040 --> 00:35:20,320 Little bit of me is keen to test myself. 640 00:35:20,320 --> 00:35:23,240 And a lot of me is definitely not. 641 00:35:25,960 --> 00:35:29,160 - Last time we met, you were smiling. 642 00:35:30,960 --> 00:35:32,760 Do I see you smiling again? 643 00:35:32,760 --> 00:35:34,520 - Well, sort of. 644 00:35:34,520 --> 00:35:37,480 - Of course, because this is absolutely great fun. 645 00:35:37,480 --> 00:35:40,000 - Yeah, that's exactly the phrase I would use. 646 00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:42,400 - Put this on one shoulder. - Oh, my God. 647 00:35:45,360 --> 00:35:47,160 - OK, are you ready? 648 00:35:47,160 --> 00:35:49,120 - Somebody's holding on to me, yeah? 649 00:35:49,120 --> 00:35:52,120 - Are you ready? - Ah, yeah, I think so. 650 00:35:52,120 --> 00:35:54,000 - You can go. - Is anyone ever? 651 00:35:56,240 --> 00:35:57,640 Oh, my God. 652 00:35:59,680 --> 00:36:01,520 - Now breathe, breathe. 653 00:36:01,520 --> 00:36:03,200 Good. 654 00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:05,160 Bring your backpack here. 655 00:36:05,160 --> 00:36:07,560 - SIMON BREATHES DEEPLY 656 00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:10,040 - Yes, like that. 657 00:36:10,040 --> 00:36:12,120 Get your skis. - Oh, my God. 658 00:36:12,120 --> 00:36:13,400 - Both skis. 659 00:36:13,400 --> 00:36:16,000 - Ah, it's really sharp. 660 00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:17,360 - Take your pole. 661 00:36:17,360 --> 00:36:20,080 Now, use your arms, use your legs. 662 00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:23,840 Exactly like that. 663 00:36:23,840 --> 00:36:25,360 Almost there. 664 00:36:26,880 --> 00:36:29,040 Keep moving, keep crawling. 665 00:36:29,040 --> 00:36:30,400 Little bit more. 666 00:36:31,360 --> 00:36:33,160 Remove the rope. 667 00:36:35,240 --> 00:36:37,200 Good job, good job. - Thank you, guys. 668 00:36:38,320 --> 00:36:40,000 Oh! - All right, Simon? 669 00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:42,160 - Now, get warm. - Yeah. - OK. 670 00:36:45,240 --> 00:36:48,360 The Finns, they're a little bit bonkers 671 00:36:48,360 --> 00:36:50,200 but they really believe in this sisu. 672 00:36:50,200 --> 00:36:52,240 And you know what? They start them young. 673 00:37:02,120 --> 00:37:06,000 Patriotism and a whopping army aren't what most of us associate 674 00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:08,000 with Scandinavia and the wider region. 675 00:37:09,440 --> 00:37:12,200 Just like its Scandi neighbours, Finland also cherishes 676 00:37:12,200 --> 00:37:15,000 liberal values like gender equality, gay rights 677 00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:16,760 and a generous welfare state. 678 00:37:18,040 --> 00:37:21,560 As a country, it scores near the top for wealth, health and happiness. 679 00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:27,440 And they start encouraging all those Nordic values, 680 00:37:27,440 --> 00:37:30,600 plus a dose of sisu, even in their toddlers. 681 00:37:32,040 --> 00:37:34,880 They've very kindly let us come and see a Finnish school. 682 00:37:36,440 --> 00:37:39,120 It is minus 18 Centigrade. 683 00:37:39,120 --> 00:37:40,880 CHILDREN: - Good morning. 684 00:37:40,880 --> 00:37:42,840 Welcome to Salla. 685 00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:44,760 - Hello to you. Look, a lovely wave. 686 00:37:44,760 --> 00:37:46,160 Hello, hello, hello! 687 00:37:46,160 --> 00:37:48,680 - They're asking if you are coming with us to the forest? 688 00:37:48,680 --> 00:37:50,240 - Yes! 689 00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:55,240 These three- to six-year-olds are off out to forest school - 690 00:37:55,240 --> 00:37:57,200 hours outside. 691 00:37:57,200 --> 00:37:59,440 The head teacher, Josefiina Marola, 692 00:37:59,440 --> 00:38:01,880 only takes them inside when the temperature drops below 693 00:38:01,880 --> 00:38:03,920 minus 30 degrees. 694 00:38:03,920 --> 00:38:05,560 They're different in Finland. 695 00:38:07,200 --> 00:38:10,640 It is a little surprising to me to see... 696 00:38:10,640 --> 00:38:14,120 ..really, really young children going off in these conditions. 697 00:38:14,120 --> 00:38:18,080 But...they have just a different mentality in Finland. 698 00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:22,920 - It's a matter of wearing enough layers. 699 00:38:22,920 --> 00:38:25,120 It's not really cold, like, right now. 700 00:38:26,160 --> 00:38:28,320 - No, I've got about 47 layers on. 701 00:38:28,320 --> 00:38:31,200 If you can go to that sort of level, then, yeah. - But you can... 702 00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:34,400 - You can be OK. - ..put 47 layers on, and you will be fine. - Yes. 703 00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:35,920 CHILDREN SHRIEK 704 00:38:35,920 --> 00:38:38,880 Formal education here doesn't start until kids are seven. 705 00:38:38,880 --> 00:38:40,960 Before that they're playing. 706 00:38:40,960 --> 00:38:44,000 In Finland, it's all about the great outdoors, 707 00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:48,120 about getting mucky and not endless worrying about health and safety. 708 00:38:48,120 --> 00:38:52,960 What are the advantages of raising children this way? 709 00:38:52,960 --> 00:38:54,800 - They don't get sick. 710 00:38:54,800 --> 00:38:57,320 They sleep well. 711 00:38:57,320 --> 00:39:00,640 They learn things more naturally. They have more space. 712 00:39:01,880 --> 00:39:03,760 - Do the kids get colds a lot? 713 00:39:03,760 --> 00:39:06,320 - No, hardly ever. - Right. 714 00:39:06,320 --> 00:39:07,680 - No. 715 00:39:07,680 --> 00:39:10,680 Their immune system is just really good. 716 00:39:10,680 --> 00:39:13,560 They don't get colds or get sick at all. 717 00:39:13,560 --> 00:39:16,640 I mean, it's minus 20 and something, but, yeah. 718 00:39:16,640 --> 00:39:20,560 And what I think is like the most important thing about going 719 00:39:20,560 --> 00:39:24,360 to school and growing up is that they get along together. 720 00:39:24,360 --> 00:39:28,600 Their social skills are just like, great, I think. 721 00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:32,480 When they're in the forest they just naturally, like, help each other, 722 00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:35,280 and no-one gets left behind. 723 00:39:35,280 --> 00:39:36,880 I don't know why it happens. 724 00:39:36,880 --> 00:39:42,000 Maybe it's just the forest is such, like, a calming place. 725 00:39:44,560 --> 00:39:47,160 - CHILDREN CHATTER 726 00:39:47,160 --> 00:39:50,160 Forest schools boost children's immune systems. 727 00:39:50,160 --> 00:39:52,640 Finnish scientists claim contact with nature, 728 00:39:52,640 --> 00:39:55,400 with mud and friendly bacteria, 729 00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:57,600 prevents autoimmune diseases and allergies. 730 00:39:59,080 --> 00:40:00,880 Teachers here don't mollycoddle. 731 00:40:00,880 --> 00:40:04,480 They keep watch, but children are allowed to take risks. 732 00:40:04,480 --> 00:40:08,440 Yes, even leaping off anti-tank defences left from the war. 733 00:40:08,440 --> 00:40:11,520 - When we know the children well 734 00:40:11,520 --> 00:40:14,240 and we know the whole family and stuff, 735 00:40:14,240 --> 00:40:18,240 it's easy to, you know, build a trust. 736 00:40:18,240 --> 00:40:19,880 I think education overall 737 00:40:19,880 --> 00:40:23,480 just is like a really, really respected thing in Finland. 738 00:40:23,480 --> 00:40:27,880 - So, respect and trust are two key words that leap out at me there. 739 00:40:27,880 --> 00:40:29,480 - Well, yeah definitely. 740 00:40:29,480 --> 00:40:34,000 Yeah, and they don't really question the things we do here. 741 00:40:35,480 --> 00:40:38,480 And if the teacher says it's OK to be outside, then it is. 742 00:40:39,760 --> 00:40:43,640 - What a difference with the UK, where teachers too often face parents 743 00:40:43,640 --> 00:40:45,320 who don't trust or respect them. 744 00:40:45,320 --> 00:40:48,200 Here there were no complaints from the hardy youngsters 745 00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:49,800 or at school pick-up time. 746 00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:53,720 You're happy for Josefiina to take your precious son 747 00:40:53,720 --> 00:40:58,440 into the forest when it is minus 18 up there? 748 00:40:58,440 --> 00:41:01,240 - Yes, because I know my son will survive. 749 00:41:01,240 --> 00:41:02,960 - THEY LAUGH 750 00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:06,600 You have a lot of respect for education 751 00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:09,680 and educators, for teachers. 752 00:41:09,680 --> 00:41:10,880 - Yes. 753 00:41:10,880 --> 00:41:13,560 - You trust them. - Yes, very much. 754 00:41:15,200 --> 00:41:18,520 - Well, this has been fascinating, mind-blowing even. 755 00:41:18,520 --> 00:41:20,840 I'm hearing a lot about trust. 756 00:41:20,840 --> 00:41:23,840 And trust is something I'm really interested in. 757 00:41:23,840 --> 00:41:27,280 People in Scandinavia and the Nordic countries have much higher levels 758 00:41:27,280 --> 00:41:31,520 of trust in their institutions, their governments and each other. 759 00:41:31,520 --> 00:41:34,080 As this journey goes on I'm really keen to learn the role 760 00:41:34,080 --> 00:41:38,840 that trust plays in making Scandinavia such a success. 761 00:41:48,600 --> 00:41:51,760 I headed west through Lapland's vast forests 762 00:41:51,760 --> 00:41:54,520 and crossed the border into Sweden. 763 00:41:55,720 --> 00:41:59,880 Lapland is a region of 150,000 square miles 764 00:41:59,880 --> 00:42:02,280 across northern Finland, Sweden, Norway 765 00:42:02,280 --> 00:42:04,680 and even a small bit of Russia. 766 00:42:04,680 --> 00:42:07,320 During winter it's buried under snow, 767 00:42:07,320 --> 00:42:10,480 but Lapland's still a major provider of resources. 768 00:42:10,480 --> 00:42:13,600 Swedes chop and plant millions of trees up here 769 00:42:13,600 --> 00:42:15,720 for all that flat-pack furniture. 770 00:42:15,720 --> 00:42:18,440 Lapland's also important for green energy. 771 00:42:18,440 --> 00:42:22,920 Hydroelectric power provides 40% of Sweden's electricity, 772 00:42:22,920 --> 00:42:26,360 but requires power lines and railways crisscrossing Lapland. 773 00:42:28,720 --> 00:42:32,840 During the 20th century, Europe often outsourced 774 00:42:32,840 --> 00:42:38,440 its extraction of fossil fuels and heavy industry as well to... 775 00:42:39,520 --> 00:42:42,360 ..poorer, less developed parts of the world. 776 00:42:42,360 --> 00:42:46,880 But during what's being described as the green transition now 777 00:42:46,880 --> 00:42:52,640 to renewable energy, there will be a need for a huge number of mines, 778 00:42:52,640 --> 00:42:56,480 solar farms, wind turbines, wind farms, 779 00:42:56,480 --> 00:43:01,720 and that will cause problems with other people, with other groups. 780 00:43:02,880 --> 00:43:05,400 Lapland's home to the Sami people. 781 00:43:05,400 --> 00:43:07,960 They've lived here for thousands of years - 782 00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:10,000 long before modern countries - 783 00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:11,880 with their own language and culture, 784 00:43:11,880 --> 00:43:14,920 for many, inextricably linked to the reindeer. 785 00:43:14,920 --> 00:43:18,280 I'm meeting a reindeer herder called Mikael. 786 00:43:19,360 --> 00:43:21,560 I've got a pin on a map 787 00:43:21,560 --> 00:43:23,920 where we've got to meet him in the middle of nowhere. 788 00:43:25,280 --> 00:43:29,120 Once nomadic, the Sami are now mostly settled. 789 00:43:29,120 --> 00:43:31,560 They still keep and herd reindeer. 790 00:43:31,560 --> 00:43:34,840 Sami elder Mikael Kuhmunen makes his living out here. 791 00:43:36,360 --> 00:43:38,800 Mikael. - Hello. - Hi, Mikael, Simon. 792 00:43:38,800 --> 00:43:41,160 - Mikael. Very lovely to see you 793 00:43:41,160 --> 00:43:42,320 The same. 794 00:43:42,320 --> 00:43:44,760 - Hello, lads. Good morning. - Hello. 795 00:43:44,760 --> 00:43:46,160 - SIMON LAUGHS 796 00:43:46,160 --> 00:43:47,560 So... 797 00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:49,560 ..where are the reindeer? 798 00:43:49,560 --> 00:43:51,240 - They are up there. 799 00:43:51,240 --> 00:43:52,640 - Right, OK. 800 00:43:52,640 --> 00:43:55,680 - We're going to move the reindeers away from there, 801 00:43:55,680 --> 00:43:57,480 take them down to the road and then... 802 00:43:57,480 --> 00:43:58,760 - ENGINE TURNS OVER 803 00:43:58,760 --> 00:44:01,400 - ..the reindeers will probably follow the road. 804 00:44:03,560 --> 00:44:07,040 - And how many - how many reindeer do you have? 805 00:44:07,040 --> 00:44:08,680 - That's a funny question. 806 00:44:08,680 --> 00:44:11,120 You don't ask anyone how many reindeers they have. - Oh... 807 00:44:11,120 --> 00:44:14,240 - It's quite... - It's not polite. - It's not polite. 808 00:44:14,240 --> 00:44:17,320 It's like asking you how much money you have in the bank. - Right. 809 00:44:17,320 --> 00:44:21,280 - It's the same question. But I have reindeers so I can survive. 810 00:44:21,280 --> 00:44:23,040 - SIMON CHUCKLES 811 00:44:25,480 --> 00:44:27,920 - We're going to make a snowmobile track here so... 812 00:44:27,920 --> 00:44:30,360 I'm quite lazy, I let the sons do the job. 813 00:44:30,360 --> 00:44:32,280 - SIMON LAUGHS 814 00:44:32,280 --> 00:44:36,080 - Reindeers, they should not be too long in the same place. 815 00:44:36,080 --> 00:44:40,120 That's why we herd the reindeers, move them from one place to another. 816 00:44:40,120 --> 00:44:43,240 - Right. - So they don't destroy the grazing area. 817 00:44:43,240 --> 00:44:45,840 - So they'll move in search of food, 818 00:44:45,840 --> 00:44:50,120 but that can obviously split them up and move them apart too far 819 00:44:50,120 --> 00:44:53,640 and also presumably expose them to danger as well. 820 00:44:53,640 --> 00:44:56,800 - Yes, a couple of years ago we had about 50 reindeers, 821 00:44:56,800 --> 00:44:59,960 they went out on the railway and they were hit by a train. 822 00:44:59,960 --> 00:45:01,840 It was nothing left of them. 823 00:45:01,840 --> 00:45:05,280 - 50 reindeer were killed... - By one train. - By one train. 824 00:45:05,280 --> 00:45:06,760 Oh, my goodness. 825 00:45:06,760 --> 00:45:08,280 - So then we learned the lesson. 826 00:45:08,280 --> 00:45:11,800 We are very afraid of the train, of the railroads. 827 00:45:12,840 --> 00:45:13,960 - How do you avoid that? 828 00:45:15,080 --> 00:45:18,000 - We can't. We can only take away the reindeers from the danger. 829 00:45:25,280 --> 00:45:29,400 This is something that has made our lives more easy. 830 00:45:29,400 --> 00:45:31,240 - Mm. 831 00:45:31,240 --> 00:45:36,680 - We are experts to adapt ourselves, and every new thing, we take it. 832 00:45:36,680 --> 00:45:39,720 OK, now we go up in the air. 833 00:45:39,720 --> 00:45:41,480 - DRONE WHIRS 834 00:45:42,960 --> 00:45:46,000 Reindeer used to roam wherever they liked. 835 00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:48,280 Now, there are dangers everywhere. 836 00:45:49,280 --> 00:45:53,200 Mikael and his sons, Aslat and Nils, are worried about a small group 837 00:45:53,200 --> 00:45:55,840 from their herd that have strayed too close to railway tracks. 838 00:45:55,840 --> 00:45:57,600 We need to find them. 839 00:45:58,840 --> 00:46:00,800 So there's the reindeer. - Yes. 840 00:46:00,800 --> 00:46:02,600 Then I put the GPS spot on it. 841 00:46:02,600 --> 00:46:06,360 So now I see on the map, and then I can show my sons where they are. 842 00:46:06,360 --> 00:46:07,760 - Clever, clever. 843 00:46:11,560 --> 00:46:13,640 SNOWMOBILE STARTS 844 00:46:13,640 --> 00:46:15,720 So, we're heading out to look for the reindeer. 845 00:46:18,480 --> 00:46:21,680 Reindeer are tough, yet they still need looking after. 846 00:46:21,680 --> 00:46:24,400 They're crucial to the ecosystem in Lapland, 847 00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:27,760 but forests rich in lichen, the reindeers' favourite food, 848 00:46:27,760 --> 00:46:30,920 have declined by 71% in Sweden. 849 00:46:34,440 --> 00:46:37,800 OK, so the reindeer, there's reindeer just ahead of us, 850 00:46:37,800 --> 00:46:43,080 and they're being corralled by the lads and by our Ski-Doos, 851 00:46:43,080 --> 00:46:45,160 and hopefully they're moving in the right direction. 852 00:46:46,920 --> 00:46:48,640 OK, they've got them into the open 853 00:46:48,640 --> 00:46:52,880 and they're now... Ooh! ..moving them towards the road. 854 00:46:58,240 --> 00:47:01,040 We gently guided them away from the train tracks... 855 00:47:02,200 --> 00:47:04,480 ..but roads, tracks, industry, people - 856 00:47:04,480 --> 00:47:07,320 it's all disrupting reindeer behaviour and migration. 857 00:47:08,760 --> 00:47:13,680 Even new green industries up here pose threats to wildlife 858 00:47:13,680 --> 00:47:16,240 and the livelihoods of Sami herders. 859 00:47:22,080 --> 00:47:24,160 That's it, they've reached the road. 860 00:47:28,680 --> 00:47:30,240 And so have we. 861 00:47:35,440 --> 00:47:37,880 SNOWMOBILE ENGINE PUTTERS OUT 862 00:47:37,880 --> 00:47:41,160 What are they doing, Mikael? - They are eating salt. 863 00:47:41,160 --> 00:47:44,360 Yesterday, it was ice on the road so they put salt on. 864 00:47:44,360 --> 00:47:46,840 Now they... - They love it. - They love it. 865 00:47:46,840 --> 00:47:49,840 - Of course, like a salt lick almost. 866 00:47:49,840 --> 00:47:51,160 - Yes. 867 00:47:51,160 --> 00:47:54,720 When they once find the salt, they will always come back. 868 00:47:54,720 --> 00:47:56,040 It's like a drug. 869 00:47:56,040 --> 00:47:58,200 - And they're drawn to the road to eat it, 870 00:47:58,200 --> 00:48:01,400 and that presumably results in collisions. - Yes. 871 00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:04,680 Most of the people that are driving car they say that reindeer, 872 00:48:04,680 --> 00:48:08,000 it is the most stupid animal on the earth. 873 00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:09,040 - Right! 874 00:48:09,040 --> 00:48:11,720 - Because they stand on the salt 875 00:48:11,720 --> 00:48:14,640 just waiting to get hit by a car. 876 00:48:15,760 --> 00:48:19,040 - So that affects...that affects their migration, their movement, 877 00:48:19,040 --> 00:48:22,120 your ability to herd them? - Yes, it does. 878 00:48:22,120 --> 00:48:26,680 We are already so affected by everything you can imagine. 879 00:48:26,680 --> 00:48:28,320 We have the railroad, 880 00:48:28,320 --> 00:48:30,880 we have the hydropower dam 881 00:48:30,880 --> 00:48:33,480 just 15km away from here, 882 00:48:33,480 --> 00:48:34,880 power lines. 883 00:48:34,880 --> 00:48:38,800 - How do the power lines affect you and the reindeer? 884 00:48:38,800 --> 00:48:40,960 - They stopped before the power line. 885 00:48:40,960 --> 00:48:43,720 There's something that we don't see, 886 00:48:43,720 --> 00:48:45,520 something is scaring them. 887 00:48:45,520 --> 00:48:47,760 They avoid the power lines. 888 00:48:47,760 --> 00:48:49,720 We don't need no more, erm... 889 00:48:50,960 --> 00:48:52,760 ..more things that affect us. 890 00:48:52,760 --> 00:48:57,000 - It's so difficult, isn't it, because obviously people will say 891 00:48:57,000 --> 00:49:01,000 that Lapland needs development, it needs jobs? 892 00:49:01,000 --> 00:49:05,840 But, understandably, you see your way of life being threatened. 893 00:49:05,840 --> 00:49:07,880 - I see it that way, yes. 894 00:49:07,880 --> 00:49:12,440 It's like... It's like a lifestyle that's slowly fading away. 895 00:49:12,440 --> 00:49:15,360 - The major threat here's climate change. 896 00:49:15,360 --> 00:49:17,640 The Arctic's heating nearly four times faster 897 00:49:17,640 --> 00:49:18,800 than the rest of the planet. 898 00:49:18,800 --> 00:49:20,800 It's simply not as cold as it is normally. 899 00:49:20,800 --> 00:49:25,200 - This kind of snow, it's usually in the springtime. 900 00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:28,000 Now we're in the middle of the winter, 901 00:49:28,000 --> 00:49:29,920 it should be 30, 30 minus. 902 00:49:29,920 --> 00:49:32,800 - Should it really? - Yes, but now it's almost 10. 903 00:49:32,800 --> 00:49:39,680 - So you're caught, really, in a terrible Catch-22, I sense, 904 00:49:39,680 --> 00:49:43,440 where on the one hand you're seeing climate change... 905 00:49:43,440 --> 00:49:47,400 - I have seen it for almost 20 years now. 906 00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:51,480 - ..and on the other hand, you're threatened by the industry 907 00:49:51,480 --> 00:49:55,560 that is being developed to try and help prevent 908 00:49:55,560 --> 00:49:59,160 or at least mitigate the climate change that we're all threatened by. 909 00:50:00,520 --> 00:50:02,320 A rock and a hard place. 910 00:50:03,440 --> 00:50:05,880 - The ones who get sacrificed, it's us, 911 00:50:05,880 --> 00:50:08,680 we, the reindeers, the reindeer herders, the Sami people. 912 00:50:08,680 --> 00:50:10,960 The thing I wonder why, 913 00:50:10,960 --> 00:50:13,760 why do you have to destroy the planet to save it? 914 00:50:13,760 --> 00:50:17,080 It doesn't make sense to me. - Mm. 915 00:50:19,520 --> 00:50:21,160 ENGINES TURN OVER 916 00:50:33,000 --> 00:50:36,000 Not far from where Mikael herds his reindeer 917 00:50:36,000 --> 00:50:39,000 is the small Swedish mining town of Kiruna. 918 00:50:40,120 --> 00:50:42,120 Legend says, in the mid 1600s, 919 00:50:42,120 --> 00:50:47,160 a farmer, hunting squirrels, found a strange heavy black rock here. 920 00:50:47,160 --> 00:50:48,880 Turned out it was iron ore. 921 00:50:48,880 --> 00:50:54,000 Kiruna's grown up around what's now a vast underground iron ore mine, 922 00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:55,760 the biggest in the world. 923 00:50:55,760 --> 00:50:58,240 All the mining and tunnelling underground has, of course, 924 00:50:58,240 --> 00:50:59,960 turned to land here, this area, 925 00:50:59,960 --> 00:51:02,000 into Swiss cheese, 926 00:51:02,000 --> 00:51:05,760 and it's destabilised many of the buildings here, 927 00:51:05,760 --> 00:51:09,240 and as a result, a number of them have got to be destroyed, 928 00:51:09,240 --> 00:51:13,280 and a large part of the town here has got to be moved. 929 00:51:16,160 --> 00:51:19,520 So some of the buildings here, they're actually just relocating. 930 00:51:19,520 --> 00:51:22,760 This huge old church, for example, they're going to jack that up 931 00:51:22,760 --> 00:51:25,640 and then later this year, they're going to move it to a new 932 00:51:25,640 --> 00:51:28,400 location at the very stately pace of half a mile an hour. 933 00:51:29,960 --> 00:51:34,200 Much of Kiruna's being moved so they can keep digging underground, 934 00:51:34,200 --> 00:51:38,160 because, for Sweden, and for Europe, the mine is vital. 935 00:51:40,000 --> 00:51:42,880 Geologist Laura Lauri works for LKAB, 936 00:51:42,880 --> 00:51:45,640 the state-owned Swedish mining company. 937 00:51:45,640 --> 00:51:49,320 They've extracted more than two billion tons of iron ore 938 00:51:49,320 --> 00:51:50,480 from this mine alone. 939 00:51:51,520 --> 00:51:54,880 By one reckoning, that's equivalent to the top third of Mount Everest. 940 00:51:54,880 --> 00:51:56,400 We headed in. 941 00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:58,120 - Here you see the mine entrance. 942 00:51:59,640 --> 00:52:04,000 So, this is the largest underground iron ore mine in the world. 943 00:52:04,000 --> 00:52:07,960 It's about 80% of what we use in Europe. 944 00:52:07,960 --> 00:52:13,240 - 80% of Europe's iron ore comes from...comes from here? - Yeah. 945 00:52:13,240 --> 00:52:17,600 I guess that if you have products that have been produced in Europe 946 00:52:17,600 --> 00:52:22,320 that contain steel, then it mostly comes from here. 947 00:52:23,360 --> 00:52:28,840 - Well, this is very definitely not like the mine in Svalbard. 948 00:52:28,840 --> 00:52:31,240 - So we will just park the car here. - All right. 949 00:52:32,840 --> 00:52:35,120 We were nearly a mile underground, 950 00:52:35,120 --> 00:52:39,480 a subterranean world of huge tunnels, offices, 951 00:52:39,480 --> 00:52:42,560 a staff canteen, coffee machines, 952 00:52:42,560 --> 00:52:44,160 even pot plants. 953 00:52:46,560 --> 00:52:49,360 Hiya. Hello, hello, hello. 954 00:52:49,360 --> 00:52:52,440 It's one of the most high-tech mines in the world 955 00:52:52,440 --> 00:52:55,240 and Emil is a very modern sort of miner. 956 00:52:56,840 --> 00:52:58,560 Hello. - Hello. 957 00:52:58,560 --> 00:52:59,800 - What are you doing? 958 00:52:59,800 --> 00:53:01,600 - I'm remote operating. 959 00:53:01,600 --> 00:53:03,400 I have my cameras on the machine. 960 00:53:03,400 --> 00:53:04,520 - Yeah. 961 00:53:04,520 --> 00:53:07,960 - And I also have rock breaker to break the larger boulders. 962 00:53:07,960 --> 00:53:09,320 - Oh, my goodness. 963 00:53:10,600 --> 00:53:13,360 - So now I just press the button and now it's going to dump the bucket. 964 00:53:13,360 --> 00:53:15,800 - Well, what's going on? It's driving itself. - Yeah. 965 00:53:15,800 --> 00:53:17,720 It's driving itself, it's autonomously. 966 00:53:17,720 --> 00:53:19,880 So, I'm always going to the ore pass, 967 00:53:19,880 --> 00:53:22,200 and it dumps the rock down the ore pass. 968 00:53:22,200 --> 00:53:26,480 - Right. - And then it returns to the drift where I fill the bucket. 969 00:53:26,480 --> 00:53:30,360 - So this is a very new style mining, isn't it? 970 00:53:30,360 --> 00:53:33,800 Where are the hard calluses on your hands? No. 971 00:53:33,800 --> 00:53:35,440 - No. - Where is your pick and shovel? 972 00:53:35,440 --> 00:53:36,760 - No pick and shovel here. 973 00:53:36,760 --> 00:53:38,040 - Now you have a joystick! 974 00:53:38,040 --> 00:53:40,720 - Yeah, a joystick and an Xbox control. 975 00:53:40,720 --> 00:53:44,600 - Now, we mustn't film this, because all the youngsters watching, 976 00:53:44,600 --> 00:53:47,240 who are playing on their consoles will say, 977 00:53:47,240 --> 00:53:50,280 "Look, Mum and Dad, this is why I need to be gaming, 978 00:53:50,280 --> 00:53:53,160 "so I can work in a Swedish mine." - Exactly. 979 00:53:54,360 --> 00:53:56,080 So now I shake the bucket. - Look. 980 00:53:56,080 --> 00:53:59,440 No, you're not. - Yeah. - Go on, give the bucket a little shake. 981 00:53:59,440 --> 00:54:00,920 Oh, my goodness. 982 00:54:00,920 --> 00:54:03,680 You seem very happy with your job. - Yeah. Yeah, I love my job. 983 00:54:03,680 --> 00:54:04,920 This is very fun. 984 00:54:05,920 --> 00:54:10,880 - Miles underground, machines do most of the dangerous and grubby work. 985 00:54:10,880 --> 00:54:13,720 Machines bring the iron ore to the surface - 986 00:54:13,720 --> 00:54:17,440 and if something goes wrong, there's someone, or something, 987 00:54:17,440 --> 00:54:19,640 who goes to investigate. 988 00:54:19,640 --> 00:54:21,520 This looks like a kennel. 989 00:54:21,520 --> 00:54:23,240 - It does look like a kennel. 990 00:54:40,720 --> 00:54:42,080 Whoa! 991 00:54:46,120 --> 00:54:47,520 - Oh, my goodness. 992 00:54:56,320 --> 00:54:58,120 The robot reconnaissance dog 993 00:54:58,120 --> 00:55:01,320 can be sent into the most dangerous parts of the mine. 994 00:55:01,320 --> 00:55:03,000 I was a little bit taken aback. 995 00:55:03,000 --> 00:55:06,760 That was my first time, anywhere on the planet, 996 00:55:06,760 --> 00:55:12,920 I've encountered a moving robotic creature, as it were. 997 00:55:12,920 --> 00:55:14,520 What can Spot do? 998 00:55:14,520 --> 00:55:17,760 - After the blasting, it checks if something has happened, 999 00:55:17,760 --> 00:55:20,000 if there has been any rock falls. 1000 00:55:20,000 --> 00:55:22,960 - This is, like, the future of mining here, isn't it? - Yes. 1001 00:55:22,960 --> 00:55:25,760 - Taking humans... not out of the equation, 1002 00:55:25,760 --> 00:55:27,160 but out of the danger zone. 1003 00:55:27,160 --> 00:55:29,160 - Out of the danger, yes. Yeah. 1004 00:55:36,520 --> 00:55:38,160 - Come on, you've got to see this. 1005 00:55:38,160 --> 00:55:39,200 Look. 1006 00:55:40,640 --> 00:55:41,840 I'll bring it out. 1007 00:55:44,400 --> 00:55:48,000 They really have put dog treats in here. 1008 00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:49,240 HE LAUGHS 1009 00:55:50,240 --> 00:55:54,000 The miners and their machines are still exploring underground here, 1010 00:55:54,000 --> 00:55:57,600 hunting for more iron deep beneath the snows of Lapland. 1011 00:55:57,600 --> 00:56:00,680 But a couple of years ago they made a startling discovery 1012 00:56:00,680 --> 00:56:03,400 which could be a game-changer for the whole of Europe, 1013 00:56:03,400 --> 00:56:05,720 and for the future of green technology. 1014 00:56:06,880 --> 00:56:09,000 - Under this forested area, here, 1015 00:56:09,000 --> 00:56:13,280 we have another iron ore body which contains quite a lot of iron, 1016 00:56:13,280 --> 00:56:16,280 phosphorus and also rare earth elements. 1017 00:56:17,400 --> 00:56:19,400 - Rare earth elements. 1018 00:56:19,400 --> 00:56:22,640 - Most used ones are, for instance are neodymium and praseodymium, 1019 00:56:22,640 --> 00:56:27,040 that are used for example for wind turbines and battery technology. 1020 00:56:27,040 --> 00:56:29,160 - There's 17 rare earth minerals, 1021 00:56:29,160 --> 00:56:32,200 including samarium, europium and scandium. 1022 00:56:32,200 --> 00:56:34,600 They're critical for next-generation tech. 1023 00:56:34,600 --> 00:56:37,960 What coal was to the 19th century, and oil to the 20th, 1024 00:56:37,960 --> 00:56:40,840 rare earth elements could be to the 21st. 1025 00:56:40,840 --> 00:56:43,400 - So, I've got a couple of pieces of drill core 1026 00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:47,120 and there's quite a lot of those pink and whitish minerals here - 1027 00:56:47,120 --> 00:56:48,880 and that's the mineral apatite, 1028 00:56:48,880 --> 00:56:51,600 the phosphorus mineral that contains also the rare earths. 1029 00:56:51,600 --> 00:56:54,360 We have numbers that show that this deposit, 1030 00:56:54,360 --> 00:56:56,320 it's almost one billion tons of ore. 1031 00:56:56,320 --> 00:56:58,680 - That's billion with a B? 1032 00:56:58,680 --> 00:57:01,520 - Yeah, one billion tons of ore. 1033 00:57:01,520 --> 00:57:03,640 - Here, these are the fundamentals 1034 00:57:03,640 --> 00:57:06,680 of...potentially of Europe's future economy. 1035 00:57:06,680 --> 00:57:08,080 - It's really true. 1036 00:57:08,080 --> 00:57:11,760 And this only strengthens the importance of this region. 1037 00:57:13,000 --> 00:57:15,280 - This is geopolitics, right here. 1038 00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:19,800 The great powers are now scrambling to secure rare earth minerals. 1039 00:57:21,080 --> 00:57:23,080 China currently has most of them. 1040 00:57:23,080 --> 00:57:25,600 Europe doesn't produce any. 1041 00:57:25,600 --> 00:57:28,480 This mine could change that. 1042 00:57:28,480 --> 00:57:31,280 The environment here will be affected - 1043 00:57:31,280 --> 00:57:32,680 perhaps we don't have a choice - 1044 00:57:32,680 --> 00:57:35,920 but it's a consequence we shouldn't ignore. 1045 00:57:35,920 --> 00:57:38,920 You can see a train down here, taking out iron ore. 1046 00:57:41,280 --> 00:57:44,360 What's happening here is really important. 1047 00:57:44,360 --> 00:57:48,040 Europe is going to need these rare earth minerals and metals 1048 00:57:48,040 --> 00:57:51,840 if we are going to transition to a cleaner, greener future - 1049 00:57:51,840 --> 00:57:54,120 but there are costs. 1050 00:58:03,280 --> 00:58:05,800 Next time, I'm in western Scandinavia... 1051 00:58:05,800 --> 00:58:07,120 Orca! 1052 00:58:07,120 --> 00:58:09,160 ..exploring the fjords of Norway... 1053 00:58:10,200 --> 00:58:13,280 ..and further west, the volcanoes of Iceland. 1054 00:58:13,280 --> 00:58:14,920 Need to get out of here. 1055 00:58:51,740 --> 00:58:54,040 I'm on the rugged edge of Europe, 1056 00:58:54,040 --> 00:58:56,360 visiting five Nordic countries. 1057 00:58:56,360 --> 00:58:57,960 Incredible. It's incredible. 1058 00:58:57,960 --> 00:59:00,400 Travelling through glorious forests 1059 00:59:00,400 --> 00:59:02,000 and spectacular fjords. 1060 00:59:02,000 --> 00:59:04,960 I think Norway has a solid claim 1061 00:59:04,960 --> 00:59:07,840 to be the most beautiful country in the world. 1062 00:59:07,840 --> 00:59:09,400 I mean, look at it! 1063 00:59:11,000 --> 00:59:13,200 Wow. Dogs pulling a car. 1064 00:59:13,200 --> 00:59:17,000 It's more than half a million square miles of extremes. 1065 00:59:17,000 --> 00:59:19,200 This is low, Bent. This is low. 1066 00:59:19,200 --> 00:59:20,360 - This is my life. 1067 00:59:21,400 --> 00:59:22,800 - Somebody's holding on to me, yeah?! 1068 00:59:26,000 --> 00:59:28,000 - Now breathe, breathe. 1069 00:59:28,000 --> 00:59:29,320 - Off we go. 1070 00:59:29,320 --> 00:59:31,200 - I'm hoping to understand how they built 1071 00:59:31,200 --> 00:59:33,640 some of the happiest societies on the planet... 1072 00:59:33,640 --> 00:59:35,000 Hey, guys. - Morning. 1073 00:59:35,000 --> 00:59:36,640 LAUGHTER - Good morning. 1074 00:59:36,640 --> 00:59:38,120 And who have we got here? 1075 00:59:38,120 --> 00:59:39,320 What...? 1076 00:59:39,320 --> 00:59:42,760 - Hello! - Welcome, welcome! LAUGHTER 1077 00:59:42,760 --> 00:59:47,280 - This is the most traditional Danish lunch I have seen. - Yes. 1078 00:59:47,280 --> 00:59:50,200 - ..and why they now feel they're in the firing line. 1079 00:59:50,200 --> 00:59:53,280 Santa Park is also a nuclear bunker? 1080 00:59:53,280 --> 00:59:54,400 - Yes. Very much so. 1081 00:59:55,720 --> 00:59:58,200 - They are preparing to defend Finland. 1082 00:59:58,200 --> 01:00:00,400 - GUNFIRE 1083 01:00:01,920 --> 01:00:03,120 Bloody hell. 1084 01:00:04,200 --> 01:00:07,120 You're wearing these in urban Sweden? 1085 01:00:07,120 --> 01:00:08,640 - Yes. 1086 01:00:08,640 --> 01:00:11,520 - There's another side to Scandinavia. 1087 01:00:11,520 --> 01:00:12,840 - Ready to fire? 1088 01:00:33,200 --> 01:00:36,360 - On this second leg of my Scandinavian journey, 1089 01:00:36,360 --> 01:00:38,800 I'm travelling from the west coast of Norway 1090 01:00:38,800 --> 01:00:42,600 across the North Atlantic to the volcanic island of Iceland. 1091 01:00:43,840 --> 01:00:46,680 Norway's shoreline is gouged and carved 1092 01:00:46,680 --> 01:00:49,200 by spectacular fjords and islands - 1093 01:00:49,200 --> 01:00:51,680 almost a quarter of a million islands - 1094 01:00:51,680 --> 01:00:54,120 along the longest coast in Europe. 1095 01:00:54,120 --> 01:00:55,800 Second longest in the world. 1096 01:00:57,280 --> 01:00:59,880 Rex is checking out the coastline here. 1097 01:00:59,880 --> 01:01:01,600 It is fairly astonishing. 1098 01:01:01,600 --> 01:01:06,440 Norway does have an almost excessively rugged, 1099 01:01:06,440 --> 01:01:09,080 jagged, fragmented coastline. 1100 01:01:09,080 --> 01:01:11,920 Since the time of the Vikings, 1101 01:01:11,920 --> 01:01:14,520 when they weren't out doing a spot of pillaging, 1102 01:01:14,520 --> 01:01:17,560 people here have fished and farmed their sheep. 1103 01:01:21,320 --> 01:01:24,520 For Roy and Inger Oksnes, this is home. 1104 01:01:24,520 --> 01:01:27,840 They're taking me to a small island where they keep their family flock. 1105 01:01:27,840 --> 01:01:29,360 Let's go. Are you ready to go? 1106 01:01:30,880 --> 01:01:32,720 - After you. - All right. 1107 01:01:32,720 --> 01:01:35,920 Well, I think the dog is going to be doing most of the work 1108 01:01:35,920 --> 01:01:37,480 ROY WHISTLES 1109 01:01:37,480 --> 01:01:38,800 Hey, look, there they are. 1110 01:01:40,080 --> 01:01:41,360 ROY WHISTLES 1111 01:01:41,360 --> 01:01:43,880 I sense Rex wants to round up the sheep. 1112 01:01:43,880 --> 01:01:45,160 Tell us what to do, Roy. 1113 01:01:53,200 --> 01:01:55,640 ROY WHISTLES 1114 01:01:55,640 --> 01:01:57,280 Er, they're making a break! 1115 01:01:57,280 --> 01:01:59,360 ROY SHOUTS 1116 01:01:59,360 --> 01:02:00,880 Ah-ah-ah! 1117 01:02:02,960 --> 01:02:05,400 There's a breakaway flock over there. 1118 01:02:05,400 --> 01:02:07,720 Another flock over here. 1119 01:02:07,720 --> 01:02:10,760 I mean, they do say a flock of sheep comes with a flock of problems. 1120 01:02:13,680 --> 01:02:16,200 - So, Simon, did you get the speed? Heating up? 1121 01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:18,760 - I'm warming up Roy, I am. - You're warming up? 1122 01:02:18,760 --> 01:02:20,920 - It gets the blood flowing, that's for sure. 1123 01:02:20,920 --> 01:02:23,200 - You feel the blood flowing, blood flowing, very good. 1124 01:02:23,200 --> 01:02:25,800 - You love it, don't you? I can tell! 1125 01:02:25,800 --> 01:02:28,000 - Yes, and we get some exercise out of it. 1126 01:02:29,320 --> 01:02:31,400 - Mush! Mush! Mush! 1127 01:02:31,400 --> 01:02:35,640 Roy's family have farmed these remote islands for generations. 1128 01:02:35,640 --> 01:02:37,720 Each year, when summer arrives, 1129 01:02:37,720 --> 01:02:40,680 it's shearing time for Roy and his burly lads - 1130 01:02:40,680 --> 01:02:41,920 or rather for the sheep. 1131 01:02:41,920 --> 01:02:43,200 There we go. 1132 01:02:45,200 --> 01:02:47,080 - Well done, guys. - And they're in. 1133 01:02:48,520 --> 01:02:51,560 After Vikings here put down their battle axes, 1134 01:02:51,560 --> 01:02:55,760 Norway spent centuries as almost a rural backwater of Scandinavia. 1135 01:02:55,760 --> 01:02:58,200 Only around 3% of the land is farmable. 1136 01:02:58,200 --> 01:03:00,440 The sea up here is harsh and dangerous. 1137 01:03:00,440 --> 01:03:01,960 Many struggled. 1138 01:03:01,960 --> 01:03:06,160 What was life like here for your parents, your grandparents? 1139 01:03:29,440 --> 01:03:32,800 Other Scandis viewed Norwegians as country bumpkins. 1140 01:03:32,800 --> 01:03:34,360 They were the butt of jokes. 1141 01:03:34,360 --> 01:03:36,800 - 50ml... 1142 01:03:36,800 --> 01:03:40,440 - Then, 50 years ago, everything changed 1143 01:03:40,440 --> 01:03:44,680 when the Norwegians hit the national equivalent of a Vegas jackpot. 1144 01:03:51,040 --> 01:03:54,040 So, it's 9:30 on a Wednesday, 1145 01:03:54,040 --> 01:03:55,680 and Roy is off to work. 1146 01:03:57,080 --> 01:03:59,520 So, this is where you work? 1147 01:03:59,520 --> 01:04:03,280 - Yes. I work on the other side of the plant. 1148 01:04:03,280 --> 01:04:05,360 - Look at the size of this. 1149 01:04:12,520 --> 01:04:16,400 This tangled eruption of pipes and chimneys is Mongstad... 1150 01:04:17,840 --> 01:04:21,040 ..home to Norway's biggest oil and gas refinery. 1151 01:04:21,040 --> 01:04:24,000 Roy is one of more than 1,000 people working here. 1152 01:04:26,560 --> 01:04:27,680 You wear it well. 1153 01:04:27,680 --> 01:04:30,040 Ah, it's the belt, isn't it? 1154 01:04:30,040 --> 01:04:33,000 Roy's family farm is now just a sideline. 1155 01:04:33,000 --> 01:04:35,200 During the week, he works for Equinor, 1156 01:04:35,200 --> 01:04:38,360 Norway's largely state-owned oil and gas company. 1157 01:04:38,360 --> 01:04:40,840 He belongs to a lucky generation of Norwegians 1158 01:04:40,840 --> 01:04:43,920 gifted one of history's biggest Christmas presents. 1159 01:04:43,920 --> 01:04:44,960 All right. 1160 01:04:46,080 --> 01:04:50,320 It was the night before Christmas Eve, 1969. 1161 01:04:50,320 --> 01:04:53,480 Norway discovered oil in the North Sea. 1162 01:04:53,480 --> 01:04:54,840 It was their last attempt. 1163 01:04:54,840 --> 01:04:56,040 They were about to give up. 1164 01:04:56,040 --> 01:05:00,680 What they found became the largest oil field ever discovered at sea 1165 01:05:00,680 --> 01:05:02,720 anywhere in the world. 1166 01:05:02,720 --> 01:05:04,400 Oh, my God. 1167 01:05:06,280 --> 01:05:10,920 So, this is a tanker coming in empty or full? 1168 01:05:10,920 --> 01:05:14,720 - This is an empty tanker coming in for loading crude. 1169 01:05:16,520 --> 01:05:22,240 - It's like a four-storey metal wall just moving in front. 1170 01:05:23,440 --> 01:05:24,680 It's colossal. 1171 01:05:25,840 --> 01:05:29,480 - Little bit away from the mooring lines. 1172 01:05:30,840 --> 01:05:32,200 - Over the last 50 years, 1173 01:05:32,200 --> 01:05:34,720 this small nation of farmers and fisherman 1174 01:05:34,720 --> 01:05:38,320 has sucked out trillions of pounds' worth of oil and gas 1175 01:05:38,320 --> 01:05:40,000 from under the North Sea. 1176 01:05:40,000 --> 01:05:44,040 They pump more of the stuff per head than even Saudi Arabia. 1177 01:05:44,040 --> 01:05:48,080 You live quite a double life, Roy. 1178 01:05:49,640 --> 01:05:53,640 - Ja... - One moment, you're with your sheep and the next... 1179 01:06:08,120 --> 01:06:09,640 Have we got enough? - Ja. 1180 01:06:09,640 --> 01:06:11,960 - I'm going to really mess this up, aren't I? 1181 01:06:11,960 --> 01:06:13,600 - I don't think so. 1182 01:06:13,600 --> 01:06:15,800 - In front of these burly bloody Norwegians. 1183 01:06:17,200 --> 01:06:19,200 Good afternoon. 1184 01:06:19,200 --> 01:06:20,760 Say when, sir. 1185 01:06:20,760 --> 01:06:22,200 - Whenever you're ready. - Yeah. 1186 01:06:23,360 --> 01:06:25,200 - Thank you. - He's got it. 1187 01:06:25,200 --> 01:06:26,480 - Yep. - Look at that. 1188 01:06:27,480 --> 01:06:29,280 The job is done. 1189 01:06:29,280 --> 01:06:31,640 - So now you can start to work in the oil business. 1190 01:06:34,040 --> 01:06:36,200 - They're loading this tanker with enough oil 1191 01:06:36,200 --> 01:06:39,200 to fuel more than one million cars with petrol - 1192 01:06:39,200 --> 01:06:41,000 all of it for export. 1193 01:06:41,000 --> 01:06:42,440 But at home, at least, 1194 01:06:42,440 --> 01:06:45,760 Norway's enthusiastically adopted green energy. 1195 01:06:45,760 --> 01:06:47,880 They have the highest number of electric cars 1196 01:06:47,880 --> 01:06:49,200 per head in the world - 1197 01:06:49,200 --> 01:06:51,560 and most of them have ditched their gas boilers 1198 01:06:51,560 --> 01:06:53,200 for electric heat pumps. 1199 01:06:53,200 --> 01:06:55,360 Just a little bit of a contradiction. 1200 01:06:55,360 --> 01:07:00,640 Hardly any of this oil is actually used here in Norway. 1201 01:07:02,120 --> 01:07:06,200 Norway sources almost all of its electricity 1202 01:07:06,200 --> 01:07:10,400 from cleaner, greener hydroelectric power - 1203 01:07:10,400 --> 01:07:17,040 thus absolving itself of any sort of direct consumer guilt. 1204 01:07:17,040 --> 01:07:21,600 They're a little bit like a drug pusher, really, 1205 01:07:21,600 --> 01:07:23,640 who refuses to use their own product. 1206 01:07:25,080 --> 01:07:28,680 But they will very happily sell it to almost anyone else. 1207 01:07:30,600 --> 01:07:32,200 With sanctions on Russia, 1208 01:07:32,200 --> 01:07:36,200 Norway's now the biggest supplier of gas to the UK and Germany. 1209 01:07:36,200 --> 01:07:39,560 It's a trade that has helped to make the 5.5 million Norwegians 1210 01:07:39,560 --> 01:07:41,760 among the richest people on the planet. 1211 01:07:44,960 --> 01:07:48,920 An hour down the coast is Bergen, an oil boom town, 1212 01:07:48,920 --> 01:07:50,520 but not like any I've ever seen. 1213 01:07:58,440 --> 01:08:02,120 It really looks like Diagon Alley from Harry Potter. 1214 01:08:03,160 --> 01:08:08,000 If you were expecting oil bling like Abu Dhabi or Houston, 1215 01:08:08,000 --> 01:08:09,760 or somewhere like that, think again. 1216 01:08:09,760 --> 01:08:14,200 Here, they spent a lot of their oil money restoring old Bergen. 1217 01:08:14,200 --> 01:08:15,680 Lovingly restoring it. 1218 01:08:15,680 --> 01:08:18,240 It's all very understated Scandinavian. 1219 01:08:21,440 --> 01:08:23,720 Of course, in many countries, discovering oil 1220 01:08:23,720 --> 01:08:27,360 doesn't always bring benefits for the people, the masses. 1221 01:08:27,360 --> 01:08:29,840 Often it fuels corruption, and even war - 1222 01:08:29,840 --> 01:08:33,680 or a pampered elite just fritter away the oil billions. 1223 01:08:33,680 --> 01:08:36,600 But to their credit, at least here even ordinary Norwegians 1224 01:08:36,600 --> 01:08:39,000 have shared in the oil bonanza. 1225 01:08:39,000 --> 01:08:40,200 Alf? - Yes! 1226 01:08:40,200 --> 01:08:41,960 - Hello, Alf. - Hello. 1227 01:08:41,960 --> 01:08:43,080 - I'm Simon. 1228 01:08:43,080 --> 01:08:44,560 - Hello, Simon. - It's lovely to see you. 1229 01:08:44,560 --> 01:08:45,960 I've got a slightly fractured finger, 1230 01:08:45,960 --> 01:08:47,000 so I'll go with that one. - Ja. 1231 01:08:47,000 --> 01:08:48,200 - Hello. - Welcome here. 1232 01:08:48,200 --> 01:08:50,200 - Thank you very much. Carolina? - Hello, Simon. 1233 01:08:50,200 --> 01:08:52,200 - Hi, Carolina. Simon. Yes, hello. 1234 01:08:52,200 --> 01:08:54,360 - Nice to meet you. - Nice to meet you, too. 1235 01:08:54,360 --> 01:08:55,840 - Well, come on board. - Yes. 1236 01:08:55,840 --> 01:08:57,360 - All right. Thank you. 1237 01:08:57,360 --> 01:09:01,160 Alf Roald Saetre and Carolina Saetre are local entrepreneurs. 1238 01:09:01,160 --> 01:09:04,200 Ah, straight into the cabin. - Yes. - Straight in. 1239 01:09:04,200 --> 01:09:06,240 - I definitely should not be here. 1240 01:09:08,880 --> 01:09:11,440 The lives of Norwegians - all of them - 1241 01:09:11,440 --> 01:09:13,240 have been transformed by oil. 1242 01:09:14,720 --> 01:09:18,360 Alf comes from a humble background - his family were oyster farmers - 1243 01:09:18,360 --> 01:09:20,920 and he's still obsessed with seafood. 1244 01:09:20,920 --> 01:09:22,960 Locals have given him a nickname. 1245 01:09:22,960 --> 01:09:25,880 Oyster Dundee, named after Crocodile Dundee? 1246 01:09:25,880 --> 01:09:28,360 - Yeah. But I've been working with oysters. 1247 01:09:28,360 --> 01:09:31,720 I still have a big knife also. - You have a big knife? - Yeah, yeah. 1248 01:09:31,720 --> 01:09:33,320 - I'm sure you do. - Yeah. 1249 01:09:35,120 --> 01:09:37,600 - Back in the 1970s, Alf started working 1250 01:09:37,600 --> 01:09:41,080 on some of the first oil rigs out on the Norwegian side 1251 01:09:41,080 --> 01:09:42,480 of the North Sea. 1252 01:09:44,640 --> 01:09:48,640 So you were a trained submarine pilot? 1253 01:09:48,640 --> 01:09:50,720 - Yes. - You trained in Edinburgh, 1254 01:09:50,720 --> 01:09:53,200 and that was to pilot the submersibles 1255 01:09:53,200 --> 01:09:56,200 that were servicing the oil rigs? - Servicing. 1256 01:09:56,200 --> 01:10:00,200 Yeah, and bringing divers down in the local submarines. 1257 01:10:00,200 --> 01:10:03,200 So we did various jobs for the oil industry. 1258 01:10:03,200 --> 01:10:08,280 - So you were there really during the birth of Norway's oil industry? 1259 01:10:08,280 --> 01:10:10,680 - Yes, we were pioneers. 1260 01:10:10,680 --> 01:10:13,040 It was a great time, actually. 1261 01:10:13,040 --> 01:10:14,440 Yeah, I really loved it. 1262 01:10:17,840 --> 01:10:20,560 - What's sort of the coldest temperature you would dive in? 1263 01:10:20,560 --> 01:10:22,280 - Around four degrees here. 1264 01:10:22,280 --> 01:10:23,960 - That's pretty dam chilly. 1265 01:10:23,960 --> 01:10:27,200 - This neoprene isolates quite a lot. 1266 01:10:27,200 --> 01:10:30,440 - Yeah. And good blood as well? 1267 01:10:30,440 --> 01:10:33,000 Good Viking spirit? - Yeah, Viking blood, you know? 1268 01:10:33,000 --> 01:10:35,120 - LAUGHTER 1269 01:10:35,120 --> 01:10:38,320 Now aged 72, these days Oyster Dundee 1270 01:10:38,320 --> 01:10:39,840 dives down for shellfish. 1271 01:10:42,960 --> 01:10:46,520 - OK. - Well, good luck and stay safe. 1272 01:10:46,520 --> 01:10:47,920 - Yeah. 1273 01:10:54,000 --> 01:10:55,760 - Are you happy with him diving? 1274 01:10:55,760 --> 01:10:58,560 - Oh... - Oh, you're making a face. 1275 01:10:58,560 --> 01:11:00,200 - It makes me nervous a little bit. 1276 01:11:05,040 --> 01:11:07,640 - Hello! - Hey, how was that? 1277 01:11:07,640 --> 01:11:09,000 - That was very nice. 1278 01:11:09,000 --> 01:11:10,200 "Very nice." - SIMON LAUGHS 1279 01:11:10,200 --> 01:11:11,320 Good. 1280 01:11:11,320 --> 01:11:13,880 - You can pull it up. 1281 01:11:13,880 --> 01:11:15,680 - Pull it up? All right. - Yeah. 1282 01:11:15,680 --> 01:11:16,960 See what we got. 1283 01:11:16,960 --> 01:11:18,560 - Oh, right. Quite the catch. 1284 01:11:20,200 --> 01:11:22,040 Wow! 1285 01:11:22,040 --> 01:11:24,000 There we are. - There we are. Back. 1286 01:11:24,000 --> 01:11:25,200 Really nice. 1287 01:11:25,200 --> 01:11:26,520 - Excellent. 1288 01:11:28,480 --> 01:11:30,640 - I got some really big ones. 1289 01:11:30,640 --> 01:11:33,840 So I go in with the knife and cut it. 1290 01:11:33,840 --> 01:11:36,000 And... 1291 01:11:36,000 --> 01:11:37,760 - It just pops open. - Yeah. 1292 01:11:37,760 --> 01:11:40,000 Normally they throw the gills away, 1293 01:11:40,000 --> 01:11:42,440 but actually there's a lot of taste in it. 1294 01:11:42,440 --> 01:11:44,240 So you can eat it, yeah. 1295 01:11:47,080 --> 01:11:49,000 And it's so good to eat, you know? 1296 01:11:49,000 --> 01:11:51,320 - But this bit of the scallop is the best, no? 1297 01:11:51,320 --> 01:11:52,680 - Yeah. - Thank you. 1298 01:11:52,680 --> 01:11:55,760 - When you eat the scallop, this is the muscle itself. 1299 01:11:57,600 --> 01:12:01,400 Mm! You can feel it works! 1300 01:12:01,400 --> 01:12:03,480 - Well, I'm admiring what it does for you. 1301 01:12:03,480 --> 01:12:04,680 - Yeah. 1302 01:12:04,680 --> 01:12:06,200 This is very healthy food. 1303 01:12:06,200 --> 01:12:09,800 And my father, he ate this all his life, 1304 01:12:09,800 --> 01:12:10,920 every day, 1305 01:12:10,920 --> 01:12:13,720 and he got so old that we had to kill him. 1306 01:12:13,720 --> 01:12:15,880 - LAUGHTER 1307 01:12:15,880 --> 01:12:17,920 Actually, why am I laughing at that?! 1308 01:12:17,920 --> 01:12:19,360 A shocking story. 1309 01:12:20,600 --> 01:12:22,960 - So it's so very, very, very healthy. 1310 01:12:24,200 --> 01:12:27,200 - This is the other problem in the sea now, isn't it? 1311 01:12:27,200 --> 01:12:29,200 - Ja. - Little bits of plastic floating around. 1312 01:12:29,200 --> 01:12:31,600 - I hate plastic in the water. - Oh, you're going in? 1313 01:12:31,600 --> 01:12:32,680 - Wahey! 1314 01:12:32,680 --> 01:12:34,280 - LAUGHTER 1315 01:12:35,640 --> 01:12:37,640 Well done, Alf! Well done! 1316 01:12:37,640 --> 01:12:40,600 That is how people should respond to it. 1317 01:12:40,600 --> 01:12:41,840 Well done. 1318 01:12:44,080 --> 01:12:45,640 Like many other Norwegians, 1319 01:12:45,640 --> 01:12:48,320 Alf earned decent money in the oil industry. 1320 01:12:48,320 --> 01:12:52,000 He invested his earnings and became a successful businessman. 1321 01:12:52,000 --> 01:12:53,480 Where are we going now, Alf? 1322 01:12:53,480 --> 01:12:58,480 - We are heading towards the little tiny island that nobody lives on. 1323 01:12:58,480 --> 01:13:02,200 It's only a restaurant, Cornelius restaurant. 1324 01:13:02,200 --> 01:13:03,760 - And this is your restaurant? 1325 01:13:03,760 --> 01:13:06,840 - Yes, it's my restaurant. 1326 01:13:06,840 --> 01:13:08,000 - OK. 1327 01:13:09,400 --> 01:13:11,800 Alf named his restaurant Cornelius 1328 01:13:11,800 --> 01:13:15,200 after his oyster-farming grandfather. 1329 01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:18,120 - Hello! - Hello, hello! 1330 01:13:18,120 --> 01:13:19,960 - Come along and have a look. - All right. 1331 01:13:22,200 --> 01:13:24,480 - There you see running water. - Yeah. 1332 01:13:24,480 --> 01:13:28,200 - So I keep my scallops and stuff... - Nice and fresh. 1333 01:13:28,200 --> 01:13:30,640 - It's nice, huh? - Yeah. 1334 01:13:30,640 --> 01:13:33,760 This is where you can see how well-off Norwegians are. 1335 01:13:33,760 --> 01:13:36,680 Private ferries often bring more than 200 guests a night. 1336 01:13:36,680 --> 01:13:37,960 - So you heard about me? 1337 01:13:37,960 --> 01:13:40,080 - Yes. - I told her. I told her. 1338 01:13:40,080 --> 01:13:41,880 - OK. - Very sexy guy out there. 1339 01:13:41,880 --> 01:13:43,720 - LAUGHTER 1340 01:13:44,840 --> 01:13:47,640 Diners can pay more than £150 a head - 1341 01:13:47,640 --> 01:13:51,000 and that's without wine from Alf's walk-in cellar. 1342 01:13:51,000 --> 01:13:53,640 What's the most expensive bottle of wine you've got here? 1343 01:13:53,640 --> 01:13:55,040 - This is the most expensive one. 1344 01:13:55,040 --> 01:13:57,200 It's actually £8,000. 1345 01:13:57,200 --> 01:13:59,480 - £8,000 bottle of wine! 1346 01:14:01,200 --> 01:14:05,840 There's few signs here of a cost-of-living crisis in Norway. 1347 01:14:05,840 --> 01:14:07,200 - Oi, oi, oi! 1348 01:14:07,200 --> 01:14:08,320 - What is this? Thank you. 1349 01:14:08,320 --> 01:14:11,240 - This is our bisque crab soup. - Ja. 1350 01:14:11,240 --> 01:14:13,800 - And this is the smoked salmon. 1351 01:14:13,800 --> 01:14:15,280 - Oh, that looks very special. 1352 01:14:15,280 --> 01:14:17,080 - Enjoy. - Thank you. 1353 01:14:19,400 --> 01:14:22,520 When you were a lad growing up, 1354 01:14:22,520 --> 01:14:26,560 this was not the Norwegian reality, was it? 1355 01:14:26,560 --> 01:14:32,680 - No, my mother, she knitted my clothes. 1356 01:14:32,680 --> 01:14:35,000 So it was... We didn't have any money 1357 01:14:35,000 --> 01:14:37,880 to spend on luxury things. 1358 01:14:37,880 --> 01:14:39,400 - And now look! 1359 01:14:39,400 --> 01:14:42,200 - And now look, yeah. It's quite a change. 1360 01:14:42,200 --> 01:14:44,640 So I think about it more or less every day, actually. 1361 01:14:44,640 --> 01:14:45,920 - What, your good luck? 1362 01:14:45,920 --> 01:14:51,000 - Yes, how lucky we are that we have been born here. 1363 01:14:51,000 --> 01:14:53,800 - To be born Norwegian - 1364 01:14:53,800 --> 01:14:56,200 that's winning a lottery, really, isn't it? 1365 01:14:56,200 --> 01:14:58,520 - It feels like it. Yeah. 1366 01:15:06,920 --> 01:15:08,560 - I think we're just in time. 1367 01:15:11,240 --> 01:15:12,520 Hiya. 1368 01:15:13,680 --> 01:15:14,960 I think this is right. 1369 01:15:18,960 --> 01:15:22,760 I was taking the overnight train to Norway's capital city, Oslo. 1370 01:15:24,080 --> 01:15:27,200 So, let's have a look at this. 1371 01:15:29,760 --> 01:15:30,960 Ooh! 1372 01:15:32,000 --> 01:15:35,200 It's a bit sort of prison-cell chic - 1373 01:15:35,200 --> 01:15:37,400 but not bad. 1374 01:15:50,800 --> 01:15:53,000 Didn't sleep too badly. 1375 01:15:53,000 --> 01:15:56,240 It's a little bit like being rocked in a cradle. 1376 01:16:01,880 --> 01:16:05,440 For many years, Norway had the second highest GDP 1377 01:16:05,440 --> 01:16:09,200 per capita in Europe - after tiny Luxembourg. 1378 01:16:09,200 --> 01:16:11,200 And all that money wasn't splashed out 1379 01:16:11,200 --> 01:16:13,360 on Lamborghinis and Prada handbags. 1380 01:16:13,360 --> 01:16:14,760 It went on wages, 1381 01:16:14,760 --> 01:16:16,280 state spending, 1382 01:16:16,280 --> 01:16:19,480 and into just about the biggest pot of dosh on the planet. 1383 01:16:22,040 --> 01:16:25,480 In the 1990s, Norway took the decision to save and invest 1384 01:16:25,480 --> 01:16:27,960 a huge chunk of their earnings from oil and gas 1385 01:16:27,960 --> 01:16:29,600 for the future. 1386 01:16:29,600 --> 01:16:32,200 They set up a giant national savings account - 1387 01:16:32,200 --> 01:16:34,360 a sovereign wealth fund, as they're called. 1388 01:16:34,360 --> 01:16:37,000 It's now the single largest in the world. 1389 01:16:37,000 --> 01:16:38,960 So here we are. 1390 01:16:38,960 --> 01:16:43,200 This looks just like any other corporate office, doesn't it? 1391 01:16:44,200 --> 01:16:48,560 But this is definitely not some paper wholesalers in Slough. 1392 01:16:48,560 --> 01:16:50,800 What goes on in here affects the lives 1393 01:16:50,800 --> 01:16:53,200 of millions of people around the world. 1394 01:16:53,200 --> 01:16:56,880 This is the headquarters of Norway's sovereign wealth fund. 1395 01:16:59,720 --> 01:17:02,480 The fund is a financial colossus. 1396 01:17:02,480 --> 01:17:06,400 It's one of the largest single stores of wealth ever assembled. 1397 01:17:06,400 --> 01:17:08,120 Maybe the biggest. 1398 01:17:08,120 --> 01:17:10,360 The fund owns global infrastructure, 1399 01:17:10,360 --> 01:17:13,400 ports, airports, chunks of major world cities, 1400 01:17:13,400 --> 01:17:18,280 and roughly 1.5% of all the stocks and shares listed 1401 01:17:18,280 --> 01:17:19,720 in the entire world. 1402 01:17:19,720 --> 01:17:20,880 Thank you. 1403 01:17:20,880 --> 01:17:25,840 The fund is worth the equivalent of nearly 25,000 tons of gold. 1404 01:17:25,840 --> 01:17:28,120 Look, online, there's a website 1405 01:17:28,120 --> 01:17:32,240 which shows the actual market value of the fund in real time. 1406 01:17:33,320 --> 01:17:35,800 It is a staggering sum. 1407 01:17:35,800 --> 01:17:37,640 So this is in Norwegian kroner, 1408 01:17:37,640 --> 01:17:44,040 but in pounds it's more than £1.2 trillion. 1409 01:17:44,040 --> 01:17:47,080 That is an almost unimaginable figure. 1410 01:17:48,120 --> 01:17:50,040 For me, the best way of understanding 1411 01:17:50,040 --> 01:17:52,200 how much a trillion is, 1412 01:17:52,200 --> 01:17:54,560 is to convert it into seconds. 1413 01:17:54,560 --> 01:17:57,440 So, rather than thinking of it in pounds, 1414 01:17:57,440 --> 01:17:59,120 think of it in seconds. 1415 01:17:59,120 --> 01:18:03,400 A million seconds is almost 12 days ago. 1416 01:18:03,400 --> 01:18:07,720 A billion seconds is more than 31 years ago. 1417 01:18:07,720 --> 01:18:13,920 But a trillion seconds is more than 31,000 years ago. 1418 01:18:13,920 --> 01:18:17,240 A trillion is a huge figure. 1419 01:18:18,280 --> 01:18:19,760 All right. Thank you. 1420 01:18:19,760 --> 01:18:22,200 I'd come to see the fund's chief of staff, 1421 01:18:22,200 --> 01:18:23,400 Trond Grande. 1422 01:18:23,400 --> 01:18:25,360 Trond? Hello, Simon Reeve. 1423 01:18:25,360 --> 01:18:27,200 Nice to see you. - Nice to meet you. 1424 01:18:27,200 --> 01:18:29,080 - I know you're very busy. - Absolutely. 1425 01:18:29,080 --> 01:18:30,600 - Can we come in? - Of course. 1426 01:18:30,600 --> 01:18:32,200 - Oh, fantastic. 1427 01:18:32,200 --> 01:18:34,000 And you've got a book here. 1428 01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:35,680 What is this? Pressure. 1429 01:18:35,680 --> 01:18:37,640 - Pressure. - "Lessons from the..." 1430 01:18:37,640 --> 01:18:39,560 - "..Psychology of Penalty Shoots." 1431 01:18:39,560 --> 01:18:43,840 - You're a man who deals with pressure that most of us cannot comprehend. 1432 01:18:43,840 --> 01:18:46,000 - Yes, but I think we all do, right? 1433 01:18:46,000 --> 01:18:49,200 And the point he tried make was, you know, 1434 01:18:49,200 --> 01:18:51,200 how can you prepare for the pressure? 1435 01:18:51,200 --> 01:18:53,200 - This is a colossal store of wealth. 1436 01:18:53,200 --> 01:18:55,320 - Of course, it's just a staggering amount of money. 1437 01:18:55,320 --> 01:18:57,320 But I mean, honestly, for us, 1438 01:18:57,320 --> 01:19:00,200 it's just another kind of three more zeros 1439 01:19:00,200 --> 01:19:02,720 or six more zeros, or nine more zeros. Right? 1440 01:19:02,720 --> 01:19:06,600 You become slightly kind of blind to the size of it. 1441 01:19:06,600 --> 01:19:07,760 - Mm. 1442 01:19:07,760 --> 01:19:11,200 The Norwegians spend less from the fund each year 1443 01:19:11,200 --> 01:19:13,000 than the amount it's increased by. 1444 01:19:13,000 --> 01:19:14,720 So it's just grown and grown. 1445 01:19:14,720 --> 01:19:16,800 So sensible and Scandinavian. 1446 01:19:16,800 --> 01:19:21,200 Can you imagine how good you have to be at delaying gratification 1447 01:19:21,200 --> 01:19:25,080 and thinking long-term when you've got an ice cream store 1448 01:19:25,080 --> 01:19:27,200 right outside your office? 1449 01:19:27,200 --> 01:19:29,800 How on earth do you cope with that?! 1450 01:19:29,800 --> 01:19:31,880 That is a source of temptation. 1451 01:19:31,880 --> 01:19:33,360 - It is. 1452 01:19:33,360 --> 01:19:35,080 - I think this says a lot about you. 1453 01:19:35,080 --> 01:19:36,640 - About restraint? - Yes! 1454 01:19:36,640 --> 01:19:39,240 - Well, we have to fill it quite often, right? 1455 01:19:39,240 --> 01:19:40,440 Some people tend... - Yeah. 1456 01:19:40,440 --> 01:19:42,680 - Especially now during summer. 1457 01:19:42,680 --> 01:19:46,200 Late afternoon, grab an ice cream and stay outside. 1458 01:19:46,200 --> 01:19:48,200 - Yeah, but look at your washboard stomach there. 1459 01:19:48,200 --> 01:19:51,200 You're clearly not eating all of these, are you? 1460 01:19:51,200 --> 01:19:53,920 - I'm leaving it to everybody else to eat, yeah. 1461 01:19:53,920 --> 01:19:56,200 - Look, this cannot... Trond, I'm sorry. 1462 01:19:56,200 --> 01:19:58,200 - Yeah. - I've just seen another... 1463 01:19:58,200 --> 01:20:00,640 This is brilliant. - This is... Yeah. 1464 01:20:00,640 --> 01:20:02,720 - Is this how decisions are taken? 1465 01:20:02,720 --> 01:20:04,680 Look at this. - Yeah. 1466 01:20:04,680 --> 01:20:07,160 - So, it has buy... 1467 01:20:07,160 --> 01:20:09,760 ..sell, hold... 1468 01:20:09,760 --> 01:20:11,240 ..or panic. 1469 01:20:11,240 --> 01:20:12,640 LAUGHTER 1470 01:20:12,640 --> 01:20:14,920 This is a decision-making cube... 1471 01:20:14,920 --> 01:20:16,840 - Absolutely essential to what we do, yeah. 1472 01:20:16,840 --> 01:20:19,000 - ..for anyone who trades in stocks and shares. 1473 01:20:19,000 --> 01:20:20,400 Look, what's it going to come up as? 1474 01:20:20,400 --> 01:20:21,920 - Panic. - Panic?! - Panic. 1475 01:20:21,920 --> 01:20:23,360 - LAUGHTER 1476 01:20:23,360 --> 01:20:24,840 Thank you very much. 1477 01:20:24,840 --> 01:20:26,920 So, who's actually rolling the dice here? 1478 01:20:28,960 --> 01:20:30,080 Where are we going now? 1479 01:20:30,080 --> 01:20:31,600 - Now we're going to the trading floor. 1480 01:20:31,600 --> 01:20:33,800 Oh, sorry. - OK. - Please. 1481 01:20:33,800 --> 01:20:36,960 So, this is essentially where the action happens. 1482 01:20:36,960 --> 01:20:38,200 - What's going on here? 1483 01:20:38,200 --> 01:20:39,480 Can you tell us anything? 1484 01:20:39,480 --> 01:20:40,960 What are you doing? 1485 01:20:40,960 --> 01:20:42,720 - Yeah, today is month end. 1486 01:20:42,720 --> 01:20:46,680 So, then, we have fundings or defundings. 1487 01:20:46,680 --> 01:20:48,200 - Which means buying and selling? 1488 01:20:48,200 --> 01:20:49,280 - Yes. - A lot. 1489 01:20:49,280 --> 01:20:51,480 - A lot. - Yes. 1490 01:20:51,480 --> 01:20:52,720 - Define a lot. 1491 01:20:54,000 --> 01:20:58,880 - Yeah, right now it's 2.5 billion dollars. 1492 01:20:58,880 --> 01:21:01,560 LAUGHTER - You look remarkably calm... 1493 01:21:01,560 --> 01:21:04,080 ..for somebody involved in such activity, 1494 01:21:04,080 --> 01:21:05,280 fuelled by Coca-Cola. 1495 01:21:05,280 --> 01:21:08,280 - I've done many times before. - Of course you have. 1496 01:21:08,280 --> 01:21:11,960 - We have a good system, so I know it's taken care of. 1497 01:21:11,960 --> 01:21:15,800 - Most Norwegian oil and gas wealth goes to the state. 1498 01:21:15,800 --> 01:21:18,880 Their fund is now large enough to support Norway's schools, 1499 01:21:18,880 --> 01:21:22,440 welfare and hospitals for generations to come. 1500 01:21:22,440 --> 01:21:25,200 Historically, Britain extracted more oil and gas 1501 01:21:25,200 --> 01:21:26,960 from its North Sea drilling area, 1502 01:21:26,960 --> 01:21:29,680 but much of the revenue went to companies. 1503 01:21:29,680 --> 01:21:33,040 Some argue it boosted our economy, others that we squandered it. 1504 01:21:33,040 --> 01:21:36,920 Either way, we never set money aside like the Norwegians. 1505 01:21:36,920 --> 01:21:41,640 As a Brit, I am left thinking what might have been. 1506 01:21:42,800 --> 01:21:44,080 It's lunchtime. 1507 01:21:44,080 --> 01:21:46,360 - Yeah. Need to grab something to eat. 1508 01:21:47,880 --> 01:21:50,200 - I feel a bit weird being out here with you. 1509 01:21:51,200 --> 01:21:53,640 I feel like... "This is Trond! 1510 01:21:53,640 --> 01:21:55,760 "This is Trond!" 1511 01:21:55,760 --> 01:21:57,080 - I'm not famous. 1512 01:21:57,080 --> 01:21:59,840 - But...almost, why not? 1513 01:21:59,840 --> 01:22:01,480 Because you hold... 1514 01:22:01,480 --> 01:22:06,080 Through the fund, you hold the future of everybody here. 1515 01:22:06,080 --> 01:22:07,640 Y-You... 1516 01:22:07,640 --> 01:22:09,600 It is true? - Yeah. 1517 01:22:09,600 --> 01:22:13,200 - The billions they've earned from oil and gas has given Norwegians 1518 01:22:13,200 --> 01:22:15,200 one of the world's highest standards of living... 1519 01:22:15,200 --> 01:22:16,520 After you. 1520 01:22:16,520 --> 01:22:19,080 ..but, of course, pumping out all those fossil fuels 1521 01:22:19,080 --> 01:22:21,320 has contributed hugely to climate change. 1522 01:22:21,320 --> 01:22:22,680 What are you going to have? 1523 01:22:22,680 --> 01:22:25,200 I would love the prawn... 1524 01:22:25,200 --> 01:22:27,000 Shrimp sandwich, please. 1525 01:22:27,000 --> 01:22:29,800 So, do they make up for that with their Wealth Fund? 1526 01:22:29,800 --> 01:22:31,680 They do follow some ethical rules - 1527 01:22:31,680 --> 01:22:34,200 avoiding dodgy regimes and big tobacco - 1528 01:22:34,200 --> 01:22:36,720 but mostly it's run for pure profit. 1529 01:22:36,720 --> 01:22:40,320 Ultimately, the Norwegian government controls the fund, 1530 01:22:40,320 --> 01:22:43,200 and has instructed Trond to invest up to just 2% 1531 01:22:43,200 --> 01:22:44,720 in renewable energy. 1532 01:22:44,720 --> 01:22:45,840 Why so small? 1533 01:22:45,840 --> 01:22:47,280 - Well, it could be up to 2%. 1534 01:22:47,280 --> 01:22:48,760 - Mm. 1535 01:22:48,760 --> 01:22:50,600 - And we are now at 1... 1536 01:22:50,600 --> 01:22:52,080 Sorry, 0.2%. 1537 01:22:52,080 --> 01:22:56,360 Something like that. So there's a long way to go. 1538 01:22:56,360 --> 01:22:58,920 - So, you've got a tiny percentage of the fund at the moment 1539 01:22:58,920 --> 01:23:00,200 invested in... - At the moment. 1540 01:23:00,200 --> 01:23:02,480 - ..renewables, in sustainables. - Yeah, yeah. 1541 01:23:02,480 --> 01:23:04,400 - I suppose my worry, as an outsider, 1542 01:23:04,400 --> 01:23:07,560 looking at this incredible fund that you've built, 1543 01:23:07,560 --> 01:23:10,560 is still its investments... 1544 01:23:10,560 --> 01:23:14,560 I don't feel like it's aggressive enough as a national fund. - Mm. 1545 01:23:14,560 --> 01:23:17,640 - Aggressively investing in the future, 1546 01:23:17,640 --> 01:23:19,600 in renewables, 1547 01:23:19,600 --> 01:23:21,360 in green cement, 1548 01:23:21,360 --> 01:23:24,120 in developing green steel, for example, 1549 01:23:24,120 --> 01:23:26,280 which Norway could create. 1550 01:23:26,280 --> 01:23:28,680 There must be people saying, 1551 01:23:28,680 --> 01:23:31,640 "Trond and the fund should be investing more in such and such." 1552 01:23:31,640 --> 01:23:34,440 - No, absolutely. All the time. - A lot of pressure? - Yeah. 1553 01:23:34,440 --> 01:23:37,520 We're trying to keep this fund as apolitical 1554 01:23:37,520 --> 01:23:39,960 as possible in Norway. - Mm. 1555 01:23:39,960 --> 01:23:45,360 - So all we do is with a financial return in mind. 1556 01:23:45,360 --> 01:23:47,600 - Not for ethical reasons? - No. 1557 01:23:47,600 --> 01:23:51,520 But it wouldn't be right for us, as the managers of the fund, 1558 01:23:51,520 --> 01:23:53,320 under the mandate that we're given, 1559 01:23:53,320 --> 01:23:55,600 to do anything else than what we're told to do. 1560 01:23:55,600 --> 01:23:57,680 So that aggressiveness, 1561 01:23:57,680 --> 01:24:01,200 aggressiveness or change of direction or pressure, 1562 01:24:01,200 --> 01:24:04,240 needs to come from the ultimate owners of the fund. 1563 01:24:05,280 --> 01:24:07,200 - Norway. - Norway. The people. 1564 01:24:07,200 --> 01:24:08,960 Yeah. No, absolutely. Absolutely. 1565 01:24:10,000 --> 01:24:14,200 - And there's not overwhelming pressure here to change direction. 1566 01:24:14,200 --> 01:24:17,280 Norwegian politicians say they extract oil more cleanly 1567 01:24:17,280 --> 01:24:18,560 than other countries, 1568 01:24:18,560 --> 01:24:21,720 and their fossil fuels allow Europe to reduce reliance on states 1569 01:24:21,720 --> 01:24:23,960 like Russia and Saudi Arabia. 1570 01:24:23,960 --> 01:24:28,320 Critics say Norway's too dependent on the fossil fuel economy, 1571 01:24:28,320 --> 01:24:30,640 that Norwegians are sitting rather too happily 1572 01:24:30,640 --> 01:24:32,320 on their pile of oil money, 1573 01:24:32,320 --> 01:24:35,200 are becoming less entrepreneurial than other Scandis 1574 01:24:35,200 --> 01:24:39,360 and aren't really facing-up to their national role in climate change. 1575 01:24:39,360 --> 01:24:41,920 So not everyone here supports the oil economy 1576 01:24:41,920 --> 01:24:43,960 and the policies behind it. 1577 01:24:43,960 --> 01:24:47,840 I met up with musician and campaigner Bente Lorentzen. 1578 01:24:47,840 --> 01:24:53,400 - I think the oil industry has done a very, very good job 1579 01:24:53,400 --> 01:24:57,760 in sort of selling a story to the Norwegian people 1580 01:24:57,760 --> 01:25:00,440 about the oil adventure 1581 01:25:00,440 --> 01:25:04,200 and how it suddenly turned our entire society 1582 01:25:04,200 --> 01:25:06,320 into a very wealthy one. 1583 01:25:06,320 --> 01:25:11,600 But there's a huge part of the story that's left out. 1584 01:25:11,600 --> 01:25:14,320 - Which is? - Obviously a big part of the story that's left out 1585 01:25:14,320 --> 01:25:16,840 is the environmental impact. 1586 01:25:16,840 --> 01:25:20,480 - Bente was taking me to her home village in northern Norway, 1587 01:25:20,480 --> 01:25:23,560 where she's been fighting a battle against the oil industry. 1588 01:25:27,080 --> 01:25:31,200 It was a journey of around 700 miles by rail and sea, 1589 01:25:31,200 --> 01:25:33,360 into the Arctic Circle 1590 01:25:33,360 --> 01:25:35,680 and up to a remote corner of the country. 1591 01:25:37,480 --> 01:25:39,080 Bente grew up here, 1592 01:25:39,080 --> 01:25:41,560 in the idyllic fishing village of Henningsvaer. 1593 01:25:42,960 --> 01:25:44,760 Permission to come on. - Hi! 1594 01:25:44,760 --> 01:25:47,200 - She arranged for her old friend, Captain Havard, 1595 01:25:47,200 --> 01:25:48,880 to take us out in his fishing boat. 1596 01:25:53,000 --> 01:25:54,480 - OK. - Hi. 1597 01:25:54,480 --> 01:25:56,760 Thank you. I'm looking forward to this. 1598 01:26:02,360 --> 01:26:04,200 Oh, come on! 1599 01:26:04,200 --> 01:26:05,920 Ha! 1600 01:26:05,920 --> 01:26:08,920 I think Norway has a solid claim 1601 01:26:08,920 --> 01:26:12,040 to be the most beautiful country in the world. 1602 01:26:12,040 --> 01:26:13,920 I mean, look at it! 1603 01:26:13,920 --> 01:26:16,360 I do not say that lightly, 1604 01:26:16,360 --> 01:26:18,680 but this really does it for me. 1605 01:26:18,680 --> 01:26:20,600 Everywhere I'm looking in the distance, 1606 01:26:20,600 --> 01:26:23,200 there are the misty mountains. 1607 01:26:23,200 --> 01:26:24,600 It gets me here. 1608 01:26:29,320 --> 01:26:31,600 On the edge of the Arctic Ocean, 1609 01:26:31,600 --> 01:26:36,360 this is one of the world's most important fish spawning areas. 1610 01:26:36,360 --> 01:26:39,640 The Lofoten Islands attract spectacular wildlife - 1611 01:26:39,640 --> 01:26:42,760 including orcas, sperm whales, seals, otters, 1612 01:26:42,760 --> 01:26:45,000 kittiwakes and puffins. 1613 01:26:45,000 --> 01:26:48,640 Havard decided introductions were in order with some of the locals. 1614 01:27:00,480 --> 01:27:02,240 - Ah, it's coming. - It's coming. 1615 01:27:03,640 --> 01:27:06,040 No! 1616 01:27:06,040 --> 01:27:07,680 Wow! - What?! 1617 01:27:10,920 --> 01:27:12,200 - Incoming! 1618 01:27:13,480 --> 01:27:15,400 - Oh, wow! - Oh, my gosh! 1619 01:27:19,560 --> 01:27:23,040 I really felt that in my heart. 1620 01:27:24,520 --> 01:27:26,480 Boom! And it's off! 1621 01:27:26,480 --> 01:27:27,640 - Yeah. 1622 01:27:27,640 --> 01:27:29,560 To feed the kids. 1623 01:27:29,560 --> 01:27:30,960 - To feed the kids. - Yeah. 1624 01:27:35,520 --> 01:27:38,280 They call this a particularly vulnerable 1625 01:27:38,280 --> 01:27:40,120 and valuable area. 1626 01:27:40,120 --> 01:27:44,200 Because if you look at the Lofoten Islands as a whole... - Yeah. 1627 01:27:44,200 --> 01:27:50,560 - ..it's kind of like a small arm sticking into the deep ocean. 1628 01:27:50,560 --> 01:27:57,360 And it creates this magnificent gathering of plankton and food 1629 01:27:57,360 --> 01:28:00,640 for the seabirds and the fish, 1630 01:28:00,640 --> 01:28:03,200 which again attracts whales. 1631 01:28:03,200 --> 01:28:05,200 Some of the whales that we have here, 1632 01:28:05,200 --> 01:28:07,440 they swim from the west coast of Africa 1633 01:28:07,440 --> 01:28:11,800 to come right here to get their favourite food. 1634 01:28:11,800 --> 01:28:16,560 - That's quite a privilege and responsibility, isn't it? 1635 01:28:16,560 --> 01:28:17,720 - Yeah. 1636 01:28:17,720 --> 01:28:20,800 - Given that the Norwegians have already earned a few bob 1637 01:28:20,800 --> 01:28:22,720 from the fossil fuel industry, 1638 01:28:22,720 --> 01:28:24,760 you might think they'd try to keep the Lofotens, 1639 01:28:24,760 --> 01:28:28,640 home to some of Europe's largest seabird colonies, pristine. 1640 01:28:28,640 --> 01:28:30,320 But no. 1641 01:28:30,320 --> 01:28:32,200 - For years and years and years, 1642 01:28:32,200 --> 01:28:37,200 they tried to open this area for exploration 1643 01:28:37,200 --> 01:28:39,560 and oil and gas activity. 1644 01:28:39,560 --> 01:28:42,200 This area in particular, 1645 01:28:42,200 --> 01:28:45,000 we're talking of a concentration of wildlife 1646 01:28:45,000 --> 01:28:47,600 that's unique in the world. 1647 01:28:47,600 --> 01:28:51,440 If an oil spill would happen in this area, 1648 01:28:51,440 --> 01:28:56,960 it would take less than 24 hours for the oil to reach shore. 1649 01:28:56,960 --> 01:29:00,080 - So you're talking about the risk of disruption 1650 01:29:00,080 --> 01:29:02,560 as they explore for oil, 1651 01:29:02,560 --> 01:29:06,200 and potentially destruction if something goes wrong? 1652 01:29:06,200 --> 01:29:10,200 - Yeah. - Which, of course, it has done numerous times around the world. 1653 01:29:10,200 --> 01:29:11,600 - Yeah. 1654 01:29:11,600 --> 01:29:14,880 - There could be up to three billion barrels of oil 1655 01:29:14,880 --> 01:29:16,440 under the seabed here - 1656 01:29:16,440 --> 01:29:19,200 and, of course, oil-dependent economies want to buy that, 1657 01:29:19,200 --> 01:29:22,000 to run cars and generate electricity, 1658 01:29:22,000 --> 01:29:24,800 but a group of locals said no. 1659 01:29:24,800 --> 01:29:28,960 Bente helped found the People's Action for an Oil-free Lofoten, 1660 01:29:28,960 --> 01:29:30,640 a grass-roots group. 1661 01:29:30,640 --> 01:29:32,880 More than 7,000 people joined. 1662 01:29:32,880 --> 01:29:36,200 Bente was one of the leaders of a campaign 1663 01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:40,560 to stop the oil and gas industry coming to these islands. 1664 01:29:40,560 --> 01:29:43,560 And what's incredible is they won. 1665 01:29:45,800 --> 01:29:47,800 Drilling's been stopped here, 1666 01:29:47,800 --> 01:29:51,440 but Norway's still one of the top global oil and gas producers, 1667 01:29:51,440 --> 01:29:55,000 pumping out almost two million barrels of oil every day. 1668 01:29:56,600 --> 01:29:59,600 Well, campaigners here won that battle, 1669 01:29:59,600 --> 01:30:03,720 but Norway been described as the most aggressive 1670 01:30:03,720 --> 01:30:06,200 explorer for new oil and gas fields in Europe. 1671 01:30:06,200 --> 01:30:11,520 It's awarded hundreds of exploration licenses over the last decade - 1672 01:30:11,520 --> 01:30:12,920 and just earlier this year, 1673 01:30:12,920 --> 01:30:16,040 Norway became the first country in the world 1674 01:30:16,040 --> 01:30:20,360 to allow commercial mining of the seabed, 1675 01:30:20,360 --> 01:30:23,200 even though campaigners and experts have warned 1676 01:30:23,200 --> 01:30:26,520 that could be catastrophic for marine life. 1677 01:30:36,280 --> 01:30:39,360 One day, Norway's oil will run out, 1678 01:30:39,360 --> 01:30:41,800 but they do have another great resource - 1679 01:30:41,800 --> 01:30:43,440 the sea. 1680 01:30:49,120 --> 01:30:50,320 Orca! 1681 01:30:53,040 --> 01:30:54,360 Oh, my God! 1682 01:30:56,160 --> 01:30:57,440 Right in front of us! 1683 01:30:59,720 --> 01:31:01,880 I have never been so close! 1684 01:31:01,880 --> 01:31:03,960 One, two, three, four, five. 1685 01:31:03,960 --> 01:31:05,360 Six maybe. 1686 01:31:05,360 --> 01:31:06,680 Seven! 1687 01:31:10,000 --> 01:31:13,320 They came up, they had a play, and they went back down. 1688 01:31:14,800 --> 01:31:17,200 Norway is second only to Canada 1689 01:31:17,200 --> 01:31:19,680 for the longest coastline on the planet. 1690 01:31:19,680 --> 01:31:22,200 So, for centuries, the Norwegians have used 1691 01:31:22,200 --> 01:31:23,720 the bounty of the ocean. 1692 01:31:23,720 --> 01:31:26,360 The deep, cold waters off the coast of Norway 1693 01:31:26,360 --> 01:31:30,200 have always offered amazing fishing. 1694 01:31:30,200 --> 01:31:33,200 But the small communities along the coast, 1695 01:31:33,200 --> 01:31:38,240 over decades, transformed themselves from fishermen to fish farmers. 1696 01:31:39,840 --> 01:31:41,520 Dotted along Norway's coast 1697 01:31:41,520 --> 01:31:45,200 and through many of its fjords are now huge fish pens, 1698 01:31:45,200 --> 01:31:47,200 collectively holding - in particular - 1699 01:31:47,200 --> 01:31:50,720 hundreds of millions of farmed Atlantic salmon. 1700 01:31:50,720 --> 01:31:54,200 Norway now produces half of all the world's farmed salmon. 1701 01:31:54,200 --> 01:31:55,600 It's a huge business, 1702 01:31:55,600 --> 01:31:58,560 worth almost £10 billion a year. 1703 01:31:58,560 --> 01:32:01,200 The industry's come in for serious criticism - 1704 01:32:01,200 --> 01:32:03,000 especially about pollution. 1705 01:32:03,000 --> 01:32:05,760 In places, the concentration of fish poo 1706 01:32:05,760 --> 01:32:07,640 and chemicals used to treat the salmon 1707 01:32:07,640 --> 01:32:10,200 have been devastating for the environment. 1708 01:32:10,200 --> 01:32:12,480 It's a type of factory farming. 1709 01:32:12,480 --> 01:32:15,880 And now they've supersized their operations. 1710 01:32:28,840 --> 01:32:31,200 This is Havfarm 1. 1711 01:32:34,200 --> 01:32:37,160 The world's largest offshore fish farm. 1712 01:32:39,880 --> 01:32:42,920 Oh, my goodness. 1713 01:32:42,920 --> 01:32:45,840 Inge, it's absolutely enormous! 1714 01:32:45,840 --> 01:32:47,760 - Yes. - Look at the length of this! 1715 01:32:47,760 --> 01:32:51,200 - It's 385 metres. 1716 01:32:51,200 --> 01:32:54,960 It's 35,000 tonnes of steel. 1717 01:32:54,960 --> 01:32:58,720 And the depth is 50 metres depth. 1718 01:32:58,720 --> 01:33:01,200 - Nearly as long as an aircraft carrier. 1719 01:33:01,200 --> 01:33:03,880 - I think it's 50, 60 metres longer 1720 01:33:03,880 --> 01:33:06,600 than the biggest aircraft carrier, actually. 1721 01:33:07,800 --> 01:33:10,560 - Inge Berg is a billionaire - 1722 01:33:10,560 --> 01:33:13,400 one of the godfathers of Norwegian fish farming. 1723 01:33:14,440 --> 01:33:16,120 He had this built in China. 1724 01:33:16,120 --> 01:33:18,840 It's thought to be the largest structure ever transported 1725 01:33:18,840 --> 01:33:20,720 on a heavy lift vessel. 1726 01:33:20,720 --> 01:33:22,760 Inge claims it's improved or resolved 1727 01:33:22,760 --> 01:33:25,920 many of the problems with the fish farm industry. 1728 01:33:25,920 --> 01:33:29,640 - When it's bad weather, it's not so easy - like this today. 1729 01:33:29,640 --> 01:33:30,840 - Yeah, I can imagine. 1730 01:33:35,640 --> 01:33:38,560 - Six cages like this. 1731 01:33:38,560 --> 01:33:42,200 - And I can see some of the fish jumping here. - Yeah. 1732 01:33:42,200 --> 01:33:44,360 - How many fish have you got here? 1733 01:33:44,360 --> 01:33:51,000 - Today, I think there are 2.2 million in total. 1734 01:33:51,000 --> 01:33:53,720 - 2.2 million fish?! 1735 01:33:53,720 --> 01:33:55,200 - In total, yeah. 1736 01:33:55,200 --> 01:33:56,920 In the whole... Yeah. 1737 01:33:56,920 --> 01:33:58,640 - That is staggering. 1738 01:33:59,920 --> 01:34:02,400 Why didn't you want to be in a fjord? 1739 01:34:02,400 --> 01:34:04,200 Why did you want to be offshore? 1740 01:34:04,200 --> 01:34:09,640 - In the fjord, it's become more controversial to be there. 1741 01:34:09,640 --> 01:34:11,960 Here, you see, there is nothing around us, 1742 01:34:11,960 --> 01:34:16,200 so we don't see any environmental footprint 1743 01:34:16,200 --> 01:34:17,640 of this production so far. 1744 01:34:19,720 --> 01:34:22,880 - Inge says, by positioning this out at sea, 1745 01:34:22,880 --> 01:34:26,520 the tons of poo from the fish will be diluted and washed away - 1746 01:34:26,520 --> 01:34:28,960 rather than settling on the floor of a fjord, 1747 01:34:28,960 --> 01:34:33,200 damaging the marine environment and wild salmon populations. 1748 01:34:33,200 --> 01:34:35,880 Apparently it's time for feeding. 1749 01:34:35,880 --> 01:34:38,360 Just a handful of people work here. 1750 01:34:38,360 --> 01:34:41,960 Feeding and pretty much everything is automated and high-tech. 1751 01:34:41,960 --> 01:34:44,680 Instead of using chemicals to tackle another problem 1752 01:34:44,680 --> 01:34:46,920 with farmed salmon, they use lasers. 1753 01:34:48,680 --> 01:34:52,040 So, this is called a Stingray. - Yeah. 1754 01:34:52,040 --> 01:34:56,200 - And this is to combat a major problem 1755 01:34:56,200 --> 01:34:58,400 that farmed salmon have, isn't it? 1756 01:34:58,400 --> 01:35:02,600 Which is that they get lice - salmon lice - on them? - Yeah. 1757 01:35:02,600 --> 01:35:05,920 We are using this to remove the salmon lice. 1758 01:35:05,920 --> 01:35:10,240 - How much does a laser unit to zap salmon lice cost? 1759 01:35:10,240 --> 01:35:11,760 - Very expensive. 1760 01:35:11,760 --> 01:35:13,320 - LAUGHTER 1761 01:35:14,400 --> 01:35:15,800 Yeah, I can imagine. 1762 01:35:17,320 --> 01:35:22,680 It's thought 90% of the planet's wild fish stocks are over-fished. 1763 01:35:22,680 --> 01:35:24,640 Over the last century, life in our oceans 1764 01:35:24,640 --> 01:35:27,200 has taken an absolute hammering. 1765 01:35:27,200 --> 01:35:30,480 The fish farm industry claims it's better for our oceans 1766 01:35:30,480 --> 01:35:33,600 if we eat farmed fish rather than wild fish. 1767 01:35:33,600 --> 01:35:36,480 The industry's grown dramatically, massively. 1768 01:35:36,480 --> 01:35:38,880 More than half of all fish and shellfish 1769 01:35:38,880 --> 01:35:41,480 consumed by humans is now farmed. 1770 01:35:42,920 --> 01:35:46,760 We headed back to land to see where they zap salmon lice with lasers. 1771 01:35:48,200 --> 01:35:50,840 - So, here we have the operation centre. 1772 01:35:54,080 --> 01:35:56,040 - Goodness me. 1773 01:35:56,040 --> 01:35:58,320 - We are measuring everything 1774 01:35:58,320 --> 01:36:01,200 and we are having control of the water quality 1775 01:36:01,200 --> 01:36:03,200 and temperature and everything. 1776 01:36:03,200 --> 01:36:07,880 - And I can see on the screen here - there's a zap, basically. 1777 01:36:07,880 --> 01:36:09,680 - Yes, the red one is the pulses. 1778 01:36:09,680 --> 01:36:12,200 - Right. - It's detecting the lice on the fish 1779 01:36:12,200 --> 01:36:13,480 and shooting it. 1780 01:36:13,480 --> 01:36:16,320 - Does it dislodge the lice? Or it kills the lice? 1781 01:36:16,320 --> 01:36:17,760 - It kills it. 1782 01:36:17,760 --> 01:36:18,920 Grills it. 1783 01:36:18,920 --> 01:36:20,200 - Grills it. - Yes. 1784 01:36:20,200 --> 01:36:23,200 - Inge claims this is one of the most efficient methods 1785 01:36:23,200 --> 01:36:24,840 of meat production - 1786 01:36:24,840 --> 01:36:26,680 with low inputs of feed. 1787 01:36:26,680 --> 01:36:32,040 How does the conversion of feed to fish compare with other... 1788 01:36:32,040 --> 01:36:33,720 - Yeah, you can see here. - ..farm products? 1789 01:36:33,720 --> 01:36:37,720 - We are one kilo feed to produce one kilo fish. 1790 01:36:37,720 --> 01:36:39,200 When you see a chicken, 1791 01:36:39,200 --> 01:36:43,000 it's close to two kilo feed to produce one kilo of chicken. 1792 01:36:43,000 --> 01:36:46,360 And I think pork is close to three kilo feed 1793 01:36:46,360 --> 01:36:48,080 to produce one kilo pork. 1794 01:36:49,560 --> 01:36:52,200 - To balance sustainability with feeding 1795 01:36:52,200 --> 01:36:54,760 all the people who want to eat animal protein, 1796 01:36:54,760 --> 01:36:56,680 that ratio matters. 1797 01:36:56,680 --> 01:36:58,480 All right, I'm ready to go in. 1798 01:37:03,400 --> 01:37:05,720 The salmon are killed by electrocution 1799 01:37:05,720 --> 01:37:07,080 and then processed. 1800 01:37:08,960 --> 01:37:12,240 This is mechanical fish gutting. 1801 01:37:15,600 --> 01:37:17,680 I think I'm going to have nightmares about this. 1802 01:37:20,560 --> 01:37:23,040 I feel torn seeing this. 1803 01:37:24,320 --> 01:37:26,560 I may well have eaten salmon 1804 01:37:26,560 --> 01:37:29,080 that's come through this factory. 1805 01:37:29,080 --> 01:37:35,360 It's definitely a better form of industrial fish production 1806 01:37:35,360 --> 01:37:37,200 than in may other fish farms. 1807 01:37:38,600 --> 01:37:41,160 But I find it quite hard to witness 1808 01:37:41,160 --> 01:37:45,520 this sort of industrialisation of farming, of fishing. 1809 01:37:45,520 --> 01:37:47,000 It's hard to stomach. 1810 01:37:47,000 --> 01:37:51,200 The industry argues that, done as cleanly and humanely as possible, 1811 01:37:51,200 --> 01:37:54,480 fish farming can help protect wild stocks of fish 1812 01:37:54,480 --> 01:37:56,600 from being further decimated. 1813 01:37:56,600 --> 01:37:59,440 But all forms of fish farming are controversial 1814 01:37:59,440 --> 01:38:01,640 for welfare and environmental reasons. 1815 01:38:01,640 --> 01:38:05,040 The long-term impact of this new factory is not yet known. 1816 01:38:17,760 --> 01:38:19,200 In midsummer, 1817 01:38:19,200 --> 01:38:21,520 in the far north of Scandinavia, 1818 01:38:21,520 --> 01:38:23,720 the days are endless. 1819 01:38:23,720 --> 01:38:25,640 Oh, this is weird. 1820 01:38:25,640 --> 01:38:31,120 So, it's now nearly 11:20 on a Sunday night... 1821 01:38:33,080 --> 01:38:34,840 ..and the sun is out. 1822 01:38:34,840 --> 01:38:37,120 Because this is the land of the midnight sun. 1823 01:38:39,680 --> 01:38:43,760 And I've got to tell you, it's a bit odd. 1824 01:38:43,760 --> 01:38:45,240 It's doing my head in. 1825 01:38:46,880 --> 01:38:49,200 Even with the sun up at night, 1826 01:38:49,200 --> 01:38:52,680 Scandinavia still feels familiar for a Brit. 1827 01:38:52,680 --> 01:38:54,640 Then I was driving into a small town, 1828 01:38:54,640 --> 01:38:56,400 heading towards a bed for the night, 1829 01:38:56,400 --> 01:38:57,760 when I spotted something that I think 1830 01:38:57,760 --> 01:38:59,520 illustrates a key difference. 1831 01:38:59,520 --> 01:39:01,200 Oh, my goodness. 1832 01:39:01,200 --> 01:39:02,680 Oh, we've got to see this. 1833 01:39:04,200 --> 01:39:05,760 Look at this! 1834 01:39:05,760 --> 01:39:10,840 All of these flowers have been left out here overnight. 1835 01:39:10,840 --> 01:39:14,680 It's actually even more astonishing. 1836 01:39:14,680 --> 01:39:16,560 So, this is... 1837 01:39:16,560 --> 01:39:18,480 This is like an honesty shop. 1838 01:39:19,680 --> 01:39:23,800 They've just left all of this open 1839 01:39:23,800 --> 01:39:29,360 and are trusting people to pay using a QR code here, 1840 01:39:29,360 --> 01:39:32,880 or you can give this code on an app 1841 01:39:32,880 --> 01:39:34,960 to buy what's here. 1842 01:39:34,960 --> 01:39:36,520 They've just left this! 1843 01:39:36,520 --> 01:39:41,000 Flowers, chocolates, vases. 1844 01:39:41,000 --> 01:39:42,680 SIMON GASPS 1845 01:39:42,680 --> 01:39:44,920 Alcohol-free, but still. 1846 01:39:47,760 --> 01:39:50,200 As a Brit, I was immediately thinking how, 1847 01:39:50,200 --> 01:39:51,600 in most towns elsewhere, 1848 01:39:51,600 --> 01:39:53,880 this place would be robbed or vandalised. 1849 01:39:53,880 --> 01:39:55,720 But Scandinavia is special. 1850 01:39:56,680 --> 01:39:59,280 There's stock out here and in there 1851 01:39:59,280 --> 01:40:01,680 worth thousands of pounds. 1852 01:40:01,680 --> 01:40:04,880 This for me, I think, is one of the greatest, 1853 01:40:04,880 --> 01:40:07,080 clearest examples I've seen 1854 01:40:07,080 --> 01:40:12,200 of something that is central to the success of modern Scandinavia, 1855 01:40:12,200 --> 01:40:13,520 and that is trust. 1856 01:40:14,640 --> 01:40:17,200 They have trust in their community, 1857 01:40:17,200 --> 01:40:19,000 in their government to a large extent, 1858 01:40:19,000 --> 01:40:20,600 and in each other. 1859 01:40:20,600 --> 01:40:22,200 But they've got it. 1860 01:40:22,200 --> 01:40:23,520 And I think we've lost it. 1861 01:40:28,400 --> 01:40:30,640 It was time for me to leave Norway 1862 01:40:30,640 --> 01:40:32,840 and its spectacular Lofoten Islands. 1863 01:40:44,200 --> 01:40:46,720 I travelled across the North Atlantic 1864 01:40:46,720 --> 01:40:49,240 to visit another branch of the Scandi family. 1865 01:40:59,200 --> 01:41:03,040 Iceland is a volcanic outcrop of fire and ice - 1866 01:41:03,040 --> 01:41:04,920 not even the size of England. 1867 01:41:04,920 --> 01:41:07,960 And with a tiny population - about the same as Leicester. 1868 01:41:10,880 --> 01:41:14,200 Geographically, this isn't strictly part of Scandinavia, 1869 01:41:14,200 --> 01:41:15,640 but the links are strong. 1870 01:41:17,600 --> 01:41:19,200 Genetically speaking, 1871 01:41:19,200 --> 01:41:22,400 Iceland is definitely Scandinavian. 1872 01:41:22,400 --> 01:41:26,720 It was largely created by, let's be honest, 1873 01:41:26,720 --> 01:41:28,680 outlaws from western Norway - 1874 01:41:28,680 --> 01:41:31,240 and they still speak a version of Old Norse. 1875 01:41:32,280 --> 01:41:33,560 - So I'm an outlaw now? 1876 01:41:33,560 --> 01:41:36,200 - Yeah, are people going to take offence at that? 1877 01:41:36,200 --> 01:41:39,000 - SIMON LAUGHS - No, we're partially insane. 1878 01:41:39,000 --> 01:41:44,800 - Cross the Atlantic and then live on a volcanic island with no food. 1879 01:41:46,080 --> 01:41:50,240 - Yes, that doesn't sound like the wisest move by your ancestors. 1880 01:41:54,200 --> 01:41:58,560 Helga Torfadottir is going to be my guide in Iceland, 1881 01:41:58,560 --> 01:42:00,880 a place quite unlike anywhere I've ever been. 1882 01:42:02,920 --> 01:42:05,520 So, what is...? What is this? 1883 01:42:05,520 --> 01:42:09,120 - This is the newest addition to Iceland. 1884 01:42:09,120 --> 01:42:12,720 - This is all new lava flow around us? - Yeah. 1885 01:42:12,720 --> 01:42:13,920 Yeah. - Wow. 1886 01:42:15,040 --> 01:42:17,520 - It's been raining, but the lava's still hot. 1887 01:42:17,520 --> 01:42:20,400 So, when the water hits the lava flow, 1888 01:42:20,400 --> 01:42:23,200 it just turns into steam. 1889 01:42:23,200 --> 01:42:25,360 - Can we stop just up here? Is that possible? 1890 01:42:29,400 --> 01:42:32,040 That is an astonishing sight. 1891 01:42:33,200 --> 01:42:36,680 As well as being one of those partially insane Icelanders, 1892 01:42:36,680 --> 01:42:39,200 Helga's a volcanologist. 1893 01:42:39,200 --> 01:42:40,600 So this is your world? 1894 01:42:40,600 --> 01:42:42,280 - This is my world. 1895 01:42:42,280 --> 01:42:46,200 And my playground, actually - my office. 1896 01:42:46,200 --> 01:42:49,680 - I think, for most of us on the planet, 1897 01:42:49,680 --> 01:42:54,840 we take stability... really, for granted. 1898 01:42:55,760 --> 01:42:57,640 But not here. 1899 01:42:57,640 --> 01:43:01,000 - Well, we have to live with it and work with it somehow. 1900 01:43:01,000 --> 01:43:03,200 Like, nature is in charge 1901 01:43:03,200 --> 01:43:06,600 and we just learn as we go, I guess. 1902 01:43:16,920 --> 01:43:19,920 - This cooling lava's from the Sundhnukur volcano - 1903 01:43:19,920 --> 01:43:23,080 a fissure eruption destroying everything in its path. 1904 01:43:24,760 --> 01:43:28,280 - We're going to go into the town of Grindavik. 1905 01:43:28,280 --> 01:43:30,200 - Is it safe to go in there? 1906 01:43:30,200 --> 01:43:33,880 - Well, not really. 1907 01:43:33,880 --> 01:43:37,240 The future of Grindavik is a bit unsure. 1908 01:43:40,200 --> 01:43:43,200 - More than 3,000 people living in Grindavik 1909 01:43:43,200 --> 01:43:45,640 were evacuated before the volcano erupted. 1910 01:43:47,200 --> 01:43:49,600 - Oh, do not want to drive here. 1911 01:43:52,760 --> 01:43:57,200 - Earthquakes from the eruption opened up deep chasms beneath the town. 1912 01:43:57,200 --> 01:43:59,840 - The town is sort of, like, masking a little bit 1913 01:43:59,840 --> 01:44:03,200 what you should be seeing naturally below. 1914 01:44:03,200 --> 01:44:05,200 - Right. 1915 01:44:05,200 --> 01:44:06,880 It's not just Grindavik. 1916 01:44:08,040 --> 01:44:11,040 Even the area around the capital city, Reykjavik, 1917 01:44:11,040 --> 01:44:14,600 is under threat from nearby volcanoes and earthquakes. 1918 01:44:16,000 --> 01:44:18,520 - The whole island is a volcanic island 1919 01:44:18,520 --> 01:44:20,920 and there's threats everywhere, 1920 01:44:20,920 --> 01:44:22,480 depending on how you look at it. 1921 01:44:22,480 --> 01:44:24,720 Our kind of motto in life here in Iceland 1922 01:44:24,720 --> 01:44:26,000 is "thetta reddast" - 1923 01:44:26,000 --> 01:44:30,040 which means it will work itself out somehow. 1924 01:44:30,040 --> 01:44:32,960 But people also think, 1925 01:44:32,960 --> 01:44:34,880 "Well, not in my lifetime. 1926 01:44:34,880 --> 01:44:38,200 "Of course we're not going to have a catastrophe in my lifetime." 1927 01:44:38,200 --> 01:44:44,360 - Mm. - But it has to land on someone's lifetime, and we are that lifetime. 1928 01:44:46,400 --> 01:44:50,400 - Iceland's volcanoes aren't just a threat to people who live here. 1929 01:44:50,400 --> 01:44:52,560 In 2010, you might remember, 1930 01:44:52,560 --> 01:44:55,560 an ash cloud from an eruption drifted across Europe, 1931 01:44:55,560 --> 01:44:58,640 shut down airspace and grounded thousands of flights - 1932 01:44:58,640 --> 01:45:02,680 the largest air-traffic shut-down since World War II. 1933 01:45:02,680 --> 01:45:05,520 Yet, in historical terms, that was just a baby. 1934 01:45:05,520 --> 01:45:07,440 So we just stopped by the side of this track 1935 01:45:07,440 --> 01:45:12,320 to have a look at this colossal lava field here. 1936 01:45:12,320 --> 01:45:14,840 So, this is the lava 1937 01:45:14,840 --> 01:45:19,760 from one of the largest eruptions in recorded history. 1938 01:45:19,760 --> 01:45:23,720 The Laki eruption of the early 1780s. 1939 01:45:23,720 --> 01:45:25,560 So, under here, there is stone... 1940 01:45:26,680 --> 01:45:28,360 ..from lava, basically, 1941 01:45:28,360 --> 01:45:32,800 and then on top of that has grown quite a delicate moss. 1942 01:45:32,800 --> 01:45:37,200 That was an eruption that had enormous consequences 1943 01:45:37,200 --> 01:45:41,040 for Iceland, but also for the world as well. 1944 01:45:41,040 --> 01:45:46,200 So much debris was spewed out during the eruption, 1945 01:45:46,200 --> 01:45:49,520 into the atmosphere, that there was a haze 1946 01:45:49,520 --> 01:45:53,200 that could be seen in the sky from Europe 1947 01:45:53,200 --> 01:45:55,000 to China and Japan. 1948 01:45:55,000 --> 01:45:57,800 It affected crop harvests. 1949 01:45:57,800 --> 01:46:01,400 It caused changes to weather systems. 1950 01:46:01,400 --> 01:46:06,480 It's even thought to have created poor harvests in Europe 1951 01:46:06,480 --> 01:46:09,000 which led quite directly 1952 01:46:09,000 --> 01:46:10,600 to the hunger and the famine 1953 01:46:10,600 --> 01:46:15,320 which was one of the main drivers behind the French Revolution. 1954 01:46:15,320 --> 01:46:19,400 So don't imagine that events that happen far away 1955 01:46:19,400 --> 01:46:22,240 can't have extraordinary consequences. 1956 01:46:24,200 --> 01:46:27,200 So, big questions for volcanologists like Helga 1957 01:46:27,200 --> 01:46:28,600 are which one's next? 1958 01:46:28,600 --> 01:46:29,960 And how bad could it be? 1959 01:46:32,200 --> 01:46:34,480 To find out, she took me off-road. 1960 01:46:40,040 --> 01:46:45,800 We headed up onto Myrdalsjokull - one of Iceland's 269 glaciers. 1961 01:46:48,200 --> 01:46:51,120 It is so stark up here. 1962 01:46:51,120 --> 01:46:55,400 Life is reduced down to such basic elements. 1963 01:46:56,400 --> 01:46:57,680 Black and white. 1964 01:46:59,600 --> 01:47:02,480 Glaciers cover around 10% of Iceland. 1965 01:47:04,040 --> 01:47:07,680 Due to climate change, many glaciers have retreated exceptionally fast 1966 01:47:07,680 --> 01:47:09,640 over the last two decades. 1967 01:47:09,640 --> 01:47:11,960 It's feared they could lose half their volume 1968 01:47:11,960 --> 01:47:13,200 by the end of the century. 1969 01:47:15,360 --> 01:47:21,480 We're taking it pretty slowly just because this is a fragile surface. 1970 01:47:22,960 --> 01:47:25,200 There are crevasses - 1971 01:47:25,200 --> 01:47:27,240 and we do not want to fall into one. 1972 01:47:34,040 --> 01:47:36,520 We're now really up on top of the glacier. 1973 01:47:37,720 --> 01:47:40,480 You feel quite exposed up here. 1974 01:47:49,440 --> 01:47:51,240 No, I did not see a crevasse! 1975 01:47:54,600 --> 01:47:57,440 This glacier ice cap is enormous - 1976 01:47:57,440 --> 01:47:59,600 200 square miles, 1977 01:47:59,600 --> 01:48:02,440 with an average depth of 200m thick. 1978 01:48:04,280 --> 01:48:08,480 But what's happening below the ice is what Helga wanted to show me. 1979 01:48:14,320 --> 01:48:16,600 So, just recently here... 1980 01:48:18,200 --> 01:48:20,320 ..they made quite an amazing discovery. 1981 01:48:22,280 --> 01:48:23,720 An ice cave! 1982 01:48:26,960 --> 01:48:29,200 - Continue forwards. 1983 01:48:29,200 --> 01:48:32,440 - Underneath millions of tons of ice, 1984 01:48:32,440 --> 01:48:36,440 this cave shows what lies further beneath our feet. 1985 01:48:36,440 --> 01:48:37,800 What are you seeing there? - This is... 1986 01:48:40,560 --> 01:48:41,960 ..ash. 1987 01:48:41,960 --> 01:48:43,200 - Ash? 1988 01:48:45,040 --> 01:48:48,200 From a volcanic eruption? 1989 01:48:48,200 --> 01:48:51,600 - Yes, from a volcanic eruption 1990 01:48:51,600 --> 01:48:53,880 from Katla volcano, 1991 01:48:53,880 --> 01:48:56,840 which is just below us here. 1992 01:48:56,840 --> 01:48:59,720 - There's a volcano, what, underneath us? 1993 01:48:59,720 --> 01:49:01,400 Over there? Where? 1994 01:49:01,400 --> 01:49:05,480 - Basically underneath us, yes. We're within Katla now. 1995 01:49:05,480 --> 01:49:07,480 - Which has erupted before? 1996 01:49:07,480 --> 01:49:10,880 - Last eruption was in 1918. 1997 01:49:10,880 --> 01:49:12,600 That was a big explosive eruption. 1998 01:49:12,600 --> 01:49:15,560 And this is the ash from that. 1999 01:49:15,560 --> 01:49:19,080 - So, this ice contains secrets, then? 2000 01:49:19,080 --> 01:49:20,280 - A lot of secrets. 2001 01:49:21,440 --> 01:49:24,480 - Above us, the glacier's like a heavy lid 2002 01:49:24,480 --> 01:49:27,040 sitting on a pressure cooker below us - 2003 01:49:27,040 --> 01:49:29,200 the whopping Katla volcano. 2004 01:49:32,520 --> 01:49:35,040 - The rate we're melting the glacier, 2005 01:49:35,040 --> 01:49:38,440 it will release the pressure on Katla. 2006 01:49:38,440 --> 01:49:41,560 And if Katla has a shallow magma store 2007 01:49:41,560 --> 01:49:44,880 that technically is ready to erupt, 2008 01:49:44,880 --> 01:49:48,200 you just need to set it off by a little pressure release - 2009 01:49:48,200 --> 01:49:51,640 similar to opening a soda bottle, you see the bubbles rise, 2010 01:49:51,640 --> 01:49:54,200 that you're relieving pressure from the soda. 2011 01:49:54,200 --> 01:49:56,520 That's a very similar thing here. 2012 01:49:56,520 --> 01:49:58,400 - Just so I understand it - 2013 01:49:58,400 --> 01:50:02,800 this glacier is almost like a giant ice cap... 2014 01:50:02,800 --> 01:50:06,200 - Yes. - ..on top of the Katla volcano? 2015 01:50:06,200 --> 01:50:09,360 And its enormous weight - 2016 01:50:09,360 --> 01:50:12,200 billions of tons of frozen water - 2017 01:50:12,200 --> 01:50:15,800 that compresses the tectonic plate, no less, underneath it. - The crust. 2018 01:50:15,800 --> 01:50:18,200 - The crust of planet Earth. - Yeah. 2019 01:50:18,200 --> 01:50:19,760 - As that melts away, 2020 01:50:19,760 --> 01:50:25,800 it makes a volcanic eruption more likely and more powerful? 2021 01:50:25,800 --> 01:50:28,720 - More likely - not necessarily more powerful. 2022 01:50:28,720 --> 01:50:30,480 It's a rapid melting, 2023 01:50:30,480 --> 01:50:34,640 which then results in a rapid movement of the crust. 2024 01:50:36,840 --> 01:50:39,440 I don't think we should spend any more time here. - After you. 2025 01:50:39,440 --> 01:50:40,640 - Thanks. 2026 01:50:47,200 --> 01:50:48,600 - Need to get out of here. 2027 01:50:51,040 --> 01:50:54,560 So, Helga's not happy with us being through here 2028 01:50:54,560 --> 01:50:59,080 because it's sunny outside 2029 01:50:59,080 --> 01:51:01,680 and that can mean there's an increased melt... 2030 01:51:02,800 --> 01:51:06,840 ..and as a result, you can get a flash flood 2031 01:51:06,840 --> 01:51:08,200 coming through these caves, 2032 01:51:08,200 --> 01:51:11,240 and obviously that could be disastrous. 2033 01:51:17,200 --> 01:51:20,040 All right, well, we made it out here. 2034 01:51:20,040 --> 01:51:21,440 It's a little bit safer here, 2035 01:51:21,440 --> 01:51:24,800 but still not guaranteed safety. 2036 01:51:26,880 --> 01:51:29,960 The Katla volcano beneath us is huge, 2037 01:51:29,960 --> 01:51:33,280 with a caldera roughly the size of Paris. 2038 01:51:35,400 --> 01:51:38,440 This has really surprised me. 2039 01:51:38,440 --> 01:51:40,480 The melting of Earth's glaciers 2040 01:51:40,480 --> 01:51:44,320 can seem like a very distant story and problem - 2041 01:51:44,320 --> 01:51:46,640 but here we have a situation where climate change 2042 01:51:46,640 --> 01:51:50,840 is melting a glacier that could then unleash destructive forces 2043 01:51:50,840 --> 01:51:55,480 that could directly impact on tens or hundreds of millions 2044 01:51:55,480 --> 01:51:57,720 of people around the world. 2045 01:52:00,200 --> 01:52:03,400 Katla's next eruption could be catastrophic, 2046 01:52:03,400 --> 01:52:06,920 pumping out a vast ash cloud high into the atmosphere, 2047 01:52:06,920 --> 01:52:08,720 polluting air with volcanic gasses, 2048 01:52:08,720 --> 01:52:10,200 grounding flights 2049 01:52:10,200 --> 01:52:13,680 and destroying harvests across Europe and North America. 2050 01:52:13,680 --> 01:52:17,520 Scientists expect the heat to flash-melt the ice cap above, 2051 01:52:17,520 --> 01:52:20,680 discharging flood waters at a greater flow rate 2052 01:52:20,680 --> 01:52:22,760 than that of the Amazon River. 2053 01:52:27,800 --> 01:52:30,200 Living on a pressure cooker isn't all bad 2054 01:52:30,200 --> 01:52:32,040 for the people of Iceland. 2055 01:52:32,040 --> 01:52:35,200 They've tapped the unstable geology and magma below ground 2056 01:52:35,200 --> 01:52:39,200 to help provide masses of heat for homes and power. 2057 01:52:39,200 --> 01:52:42,040 Iceland's a renewable energy superpower, 2058 01:52:42,040 --> 01:52:43,720 generating so much electricity 2059 01:52:43,720 --> 01:52:47,680 they've set-up aluminium smelters and host data centres - 2060 01:52:47,680 --> 01:52:49,440 which probably store some of your photos 2061 01:52:49,440 --> 01:52:51,240 in those mysterious clouds. 2062 01:52:54,200 --> 01:52:56,200 And now they're using renewable power 2063 01:52:56,200 --> 01:52:59,760 to remove some of the carbon dioxide, CO2, 2064 01:52:59,760 --> 01:53:01,960 we've all been pumping into the atmosphere - 2065 01:53:01,960 --> 01:53:03,720 a major cause of climate change. 2066 01:53:03,720 --> 01:53:05,640 Oh, my goodness! - Yeah. 2067 01:53:05,640 --> 01:53:06,880 - Wow. 2068 01:53:06,880 --> 01:53:11,040 Bergur Sigfusson is a geologist for a firm called Carbfix. 2069 01:53:11,040 --> 01:53:14,400 They're into what's called carbon capture. 2070 01:53:14,400 --> 01:53:17,200 So, Bergur, what is this? 2071 01:53:17,200 --> 01:53:19,920 - These are the collector containers. 2072 01:53:19,920 --> 01:53:24,760 They are sucking air into these containers. 2073 01:53:24,760 --> 01:53:27,520 Inside them, they have a filter 2074 01:53:27,520 --> 01:53:31,200 that selectively binds CO2 from the air. 2075 01:53:31,200 --> 01:53:33,200 And then what comes out of the filter 2076 01:53:33,200 --> 01:53:36,400 is just air without CO2. 2077 01:53:36,400 --> 01:53:39,560 - Since the Industrial Revolution, 2078 01:53:39,560 --> 01:53:43,520 we've been burning fossil fuels, coal, 2079 01:53:43,520 --> 01:53:45,400 cutting down our forests, 2080 01:53:45,400 --> 01:53:48,560 we've been pumping carbon dioxide 2081 01:53:48,560 --> 01:53:51,000 into the atmosphere, haven't we? - Yeah, yeah. 2082 01:53:51,000 --> 01:53:53,000 - What's being done here is essentially 2083 01:53:53,000 --> 01:53:57,640 sucking the carbon out of the air? - Yes. 2084 01:53:57,640 --> 01:54:01,320 What comes out here is essentially air 2085 01:54:01,320 --> 01:54:05,520 with pre-industrial CO2 concentrations. 2086 01:54:05,520 --> 01:54:10,440 - So we're breathing some of the purest air on the planet? 2087 01:54:10,440 --> 01:54:12,840 - Yeah, this is something that the Earth hasn't seen 2088 01:54:12,840 --> 01:54:14,800 for a few hundred years. 2089 01:54:17,200 --> 01:54:19,200 - I'm filling my lungs. - Yeah. 2090 01:54:20,640 --> 01:54:23,200 But then... - It does taste good. 2091 01:54:23,200 --> 01:54:24,880 - Doesn't it? - It does. 2092 01:54:26,840 --> 01:54:30,760 There's concern about whether carbon capture is remotely viable, 2093 01:54:30,760 --> 01:54:34,960 or that it might become a convenient excuse to carry on polluting - 2094 01:54:34,960 --> 01:54:36,480 but there's a lot of money in it. 2095 01:54:36,480 --> 01:54:39,080 Companies and countries are trying to make it work. 2096 01:54:40,760 --> 01:54:43,080 - Voila. - Voila, yeah. 2097 01:54:43,080 --> 01:54:45,200 Here, they think they've cracked one of the major problems 2098 01:54:45,200 --> 01:54:46,680 with carbon capture - 2099 01:54:46,680 --> 01:54:49,920 where to safely store the carbon dioxide, or CO2. 2100 01:54:49,920 --> 01:54:51,440 What have we got here? 2101 01:54:51,440 --> 01:54:53,080 LAUGHTER 2102 01:54:53,080 --> 01:54:58,200 - So, earlier, the CO2 was captured from the air. 2103 01:54:58,200 --> 01:55:01,840 The CO2 was then compressed into a column, 2104 01:55:01,840 --> 01:55:04,000 and the CO2 was dissolved in water. 2105 01:55:04,000 --> 01:55:08,520 So, we have like a machine that creates soda stream. 2106 01:55:08,520 --> 01:55:10,200 Just like the soda stream you drink. 2107 01:55:10,200 --> 01:55:11,840 - Yeah, so fizzy water. 2108 01:55:11,840 --> 01:55:15,720 - Fizzy water. Three times more CO2 2109 01:55:15,720 --> 01:55:18,680 than in the fizzy water that you buy in the supermarket. 2110 01:55:18,680 --> 01:55:22,520 - Right. - And this steel pipe here... - BERGUR KNOCKS 2111 01:55:22,520 --> 01:55:25,680 - ..it goes all the way down to 350 metres. 2112 01:55:25,680 --> 01:55:29,560 And here we see an example of basalt. 2113 01:55:29,560 --> 01:55:30,880 - Let's see this. So this... 2114 01:55:30,880 --> 01:55:32,200 Can I hold it? 2115 01:55:32,200 --> 01:55:35,520 When you look at it, it looks like Swiss cheese, doesn't it? - Yes. 2116 01:55:35,520 --> 01:55:38,640 And then the water goes into these bubbles, 2117 01:55:38,640 --> 01:55:42,840 into the formation, and then you end up with something similar to this. 2118 01:55:42,840 --> 01:55:45,280 - Wow! - So, here, these white specks here. 2119 01:55:45,280 --> 01:55:47,920 - Yes? - This is carbonate. 2120 01:55:47,920 --> 01:55:51,000 And this is what will happen with time. 2121 01:55:51,000 --> 01:55:54,000 - This is the real magic, I think, isn't it? 2122 01:55:54,000 --> 01:55:58,560 You're turning fizzy water into rock. 2123 01:55:58,560 --> 01:56:01,520 - Yes. We are doing this in many locations 2124 01:56:01,520 --> 01:56:03,280 with very good success, 2125 01:56:03,280 --> 01:56:06,200 and this is what we're going to continue to do. 2126 01:56:06,200 --> 01:56:08,480 Make more white rocks. 2127 01:56:08,480 --> 01:56:10,200 - LAUGHTER 2128 01:56:10,200 --> 01:56:14,680 By 2030, carbon capture firms hope - optimistically - 2129 01:56:14,680 --> 01:56:19,080 to be removing perhaps a few hundred million tons of CO2 per year. 2130 01:56:19,080 --> 01:56:21,560 It's promising, but let's be realistic. 2131 01:56:21,560 --> 01:56:24,840 That's still less than 1% of today's emissions. 2132 01:56:25,960 --> 01:56:28,200 I think this is great. I do. 2133 01:56:28,200 --> 01:56:31,000 But this is still really small scale. 2134 01:56:31,000 --> 01:56:35,360 This is like trying to bail out the Titanic with a teaspoon. 2135 01:56:40,280 --> 01:56:44,800 We have to reduce and stop burning fossil fuels 2136 01:56:44,800 --> 01:56:48,000 that our lives and industrialised economies 2137 01:56:48,000 --> 01:56:50,840 have depended upon now for generations. 2138 01:56:50,840 --> 01:56:53,000 It's tough, but we can do it! 2139 01:57:03,200 --> 01:57:07,200 Next time, on the final leg of my journey... 2140 01:57:07,200 --> 01:57:08,800 Splash down! 2141 01:57:08,800 --> 01:57:10,200 - Off we go! 2142 01:57:10,200 --> 01:57:12,040 - ..I'm in Sweden and Denmark... 2143 01:57:13,200 --> 01:57:14,680 Oh, my goodness! Look at that! 2144 01:57:14,680 --> 01:57:16,080 Pretty raunchy. 2145 01:57:17,200 --> 01:57:20,000 ..discovering another side of Scandinavia. 2146 01:57:20,000 --> 01:57:23,040 You're wearing these in urban Sweden? 2147 01:57:23,040 --> 01:57:24,240 - Yes. 2148 01:57:59,700 --> 01:58:01,760 I'm on the rugged edge of Europe. 2149 01:58:01,760 --> 01:58:03,920 Visiting five Nordic countries. 2150 01:58:03,920 --> 01:58:06,120 It's incredible, it's incredible. 2151 01:58:06,120 --> 01:58:08,520 Travelling through glorious forests... 2152 01:58:08,520 --> 01:58:10,000 ..and spectacular fjords. 2153 01:58:10,000 --> 01:58:12,560 I think Norway has a solid claim 2154 01:58:12,560 --> 01:58:15,520 to be the most beautiful country in the world. 2155 01:58:15,520 --> 01:58:16,920 I mean, look at it! 2156 01:58:18,800 --> 01:58:21,040 Wow, dogs pulling a car! 2157 01:58:21,040 --> 01:58:24,760 It's more than half a million square miles of extremes. 2158 01:58:24,760 --> 01:58:27,080 This is low, this is low! 2159 01:58:27,080 --> 01:58:28,960 - This is my life. 2160 01:58:28,960 --> 01:58:30,920 - Somebody's holding on to me, yeah? 2161 01:58:33,440 --> 01:58:35,880 - Now breathe, breathe. 2162 01:58:35,880 --> 01:58:37,080 - Off we go. 2163 01:58:37,080 --> 01:58:38,440 - I'm hoping to understand 2164 01:58:38,440 --> 01:58:41,080 how they've built some of the happiest societies on the planet. 2165 01:58:41,080 --> 01:58:42,440 Hey, guys! - Morning. 2166 01:58:42,440 --> 01:58:44,000 - Good morning! 2167 01:58:44,000 --> 01:58:46,280 And who have we got here? 2168 01:58:46,280 --> 01:58:48,480 What...? 2169 01:58:48,480 --> 01:58:50,520 LAUGHTER 2170 01:58:50,520 --> 01:58:55,160 This is the most traditional Danish lunch I have seen. - Yes. 2171 01:58:55,160 --> 01:58:56,640 - And why they now feel 2172 01:58:56,640 --> 01:58:58,400 they're in the firing line. 2173 01:58:58,400 --> 01:59:02,080 SantaPark is also a nuclear bunker? - Yes, very much so. 2174 01:59:03,720 --> 01:59:06,400 - They are preparing to defend Finland. 2175 01:59:06,400 --> 01:59:08,160 - GUNFIRE 2176 01:59:09,560 --> 01:59:11,840 Bloody hell. 2177 01:59:11,840 --> 01:59:15,640 You're wearing these in urban Sweden? - Yes. 2178 01:59:17,160 --> 01:59:20,080 - There's another side to Scandinavia. 2179 01:59:20,080 --> 01:59:21,360 - Ready to fire! 2180 01:59:21,360 --> 01:59:23,080 - ECHOING BLAST 2181 01:59:33,440 --> 01:59:36,680 On this final leg of my Scandinavian journey, 2182 01:59:36,680 --> 01:59:39,440 I'm travelling from southern Sweden into Denmark. 2183 01:59:43,040 --> 01:59:48,040 Two thirds of Sweden is covered in trees, nearly 90 billion of them, 2184 01:59:48,040 --> 01:59:51,040 and a population of just over ten million people. 2185 01:59:53,120 --> 01:59:55,800 Swedes love a cabin in the woods. 2186 01:59:55,800 --> 01:59:57,240 Not bad, eh? 2187 02:00:01,640 --> 02:00:08,080 I think, more than anywhere, Sweden really defines Scandinavia. 2188 02:00:08,080 --> 02:00:12,000 Tradition, modern design, gender equality, 2189 02:00:12,000 --> 02:00:14,280 ABBA, and flat-pack furniture. 2190 02:00:15,920 --> 02:00:19,080 Half of Swedes have access to a holiday home like a simple 2191 02:00:19,080 --> 02:00:22,440 cabin by a lake or deep in the forest. 2192 02:00:22,440 --> 02:00:23,720 Nothing fancy. 2193 02:00:23,720 --> 02:00:26,160 Just somewhere wholesome to get away. 2194 02:00:26,160 --> 02:00:28,640 Where they can eat their meatballs, light some candles, 2195 02:00:28,640 --> 02:00:30,360 and get nude in a sauna. 2196 02:00:30,360 --> 02:00:31,960 So Swedish. 2197 02:00:31,960 --> 02:00:34,920 What do you mean I'm going for cliches? 2198 02:00:34,920 --> 02:00:37,040 MUSIC: SOS by ABBA 2199 02:00:37,040 --> 02:00:38,360 - # So when you're near me 2200 02:00:38,360 --> 02:00:40,320 # Darling, can't you hear me? 2201 02:00:40,320 --> 02:00:41,640 # SOS. # 2202 02:00:41,640 --> 02:00:44,520 - For a generation, Swedes have done incredibly well. 2203 02:00:44,520 --> 02:00:46,120 - # The love you gave me 2204 02:00:46,120 --> 02:00:47,920 # Nothing else can save me 2205 02:00:47,920 --> 02:00:49,920 # SOS. # 2206 02:00:49,920 --> 02:00:52,840 - They've excelled in rankings of the healthiest, wealthiest, 2207 02:00:52,840 --> 02:00:55,000 happiest people on Earth. 2208 02:00:55,000 --> 02:00:58,160 In many ways, since the 1960s, Sweden has been the 2209 02:00:58,160 --> 02:01:00,800 poster child for Scandi success. 2210 02:01:00,800 --> 02:01:04,880 And those famous Scandinavian liberal values. 2211 02:01:04,880 --> 02:01:07,480 But of course, that's not the whole story. 2212 02:01:07,480 --> 02:01:09,040 All right, here we are. 2213 02:01:09,040 --> 02:01:12,440 - # How can I carry on? # 2214 02:01:12,440 --> 02:01:13,720 - Ready to fire! 2215 02:01:17,640 --> 02:01:20,600 - Those lovely liberal Swedes are also one of the world's 2216 02:01:20,600 --> 02:01:22,720 leading arms exporters. 2217 02:01:22,720 --> 02:01:24,920 COMMANDS IN SWEDISH 2218 02:01:24,920 --> 02:01:26,840 ECHOING BLAST 2219 02:01:33,200 --> 02:01:34,440 Bloody hell. 2220 02:01:34,440 --> 02:01:36,200 ALARMS BLARE 2221 02:01:36,200 --> 02:01:38,480 There are car alarms going off down there. 2222 02:01:38,480 --> 02:01:40,920 That is much more than a shock. 2223 02:01:40,920 --> 02:01:45,400 It's through your whole body, and in the entire area. 2224 02:01:45,400 --> 02:01:47,240 It's, it's slightly seismic. 2225 02:01:48,720 --> 02:01:52,640 Swedish arms company Bofors has a 40-square-mile weapons 2226 02:01:52,640 --> 02:01:56,440 testing facility, one of the largest in Europe. 2227 02:01:58,520 --> 02:02:01,800 The neutral Swedes avoided - some would say dodged - 2228 02:02:01,800 --> 02:02:04,160 fighting in both World Wars. 2229 02:02:04,160 --> 02:02:07,560 But they now make and export more weapons per head of population 2230 02:02:07,560 --> 02:02:10,080 than any country other than Russia and Israel. 2231 02:02:10,080 --> 02:02:13,320 - Five, four, three, two, one. 2232 02:02:13,320 --> 02:02:14,960 Fire! 2233 02:02:14,960 --> 02:02:16,200 - BLAST 2234 02:02:17,480 --> 02:02:20,760 They're conducting hundreds and hundreds of tests here every 2235 02:02:20,760 --> 02:02:25,680 year now, as the Swedish military and Scandinavia enters a new era. 2236 02:02:27,000 --> 02:02:30,840 Many Scandinavians used to think they live in a safe neighbourhood. 2237 02:02:30,840 --> 02:02:34,720 But after Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022, everything changed. 2238 02:02:36,000 --> 02:02:40,560 Many now think it poses a direct threat to Scandinavia as well. 2239 02:02:40,560 --> 02:02:44,080 Sweden abandoned neutrality, joined the NATO military alliance, 2240 02:02:44,080 --> 02:02:46,440 and ramped up weapons production even more. 2241 02:02:47,840 --> 02:02:51,680 For Colonel Stefan Krol, business at the Bofors test centre is booming. 2242 02:02:53,000 --> 02:02:56,960 - The defence industry all over Europe goes full speed ahead now. 2243 02:02:56,960 --> 02:03:00,240 They're building new factories, building new production lines, 2244 02:03:00,240 --> 02:03:02,680 going 24/7. 2245 02:03:02,680 --> 02:03:06,480 And it's all due to the war in Europe, ongoing. 2246 02:03:06,480 --> 02:03:09,840 - There's almost been a handbrake turn 2247 02:03:09,840 --> 02:03:12,920 and funding has increased dramatically. 2248 02:03:12,920 --> 02:03:17,880 - Yes, in a way, it's dramatic and it's a, it's a change of mindset. 2249 02:03:19,920 --> 02:03:24,600 The threat levels have risen and it's a huge demand of ammunition 2250 02:03:24,600 --> 02:03:29,000 right now that hasn't been there since the Second World War. 2251 02:03:29,000 --> 02:03:31,000 - Wartime production mode? 2252 02:03:31,000 --> 02:03:32,200 Is that what we're seeing? 2253 02:03:32,200 --> 02:03:33,800 - In some way, yes. 2254 02:03:35,560 --> 02:03:40,040 - The Swedes were neutral for decades and decades. 2255 02:03:40,040 --> 02:03:41,280 And as a result, 2256 02:03:41,280 --> 02:03:44,520 they didn't feel like they could rely on anyone for their defence. 2257 02:03:44,520 --> 02:03:47,680 They built up their own defence industry. 2258 02:03:47,680 --> 02:03:51,320 There is really no other country of comparable size, of comparable 2259 02:03:51,320 --> 02:03:56,280 population that can produce its own fighter jets and submarines. 2260 02:03:57,480 --> 02:03:59,440 They can do that in Sweden. 2261 02:04:04,720 --> 02:04:06,440 The Swedes make some of the 2262 02:04:06,440 --> 02:04:09,240 most advanced weapons systems in the world. 2263 02:04:09,240 --> 02:04:13,080 In one naval exercise, a stealthy Swedish submarine even sank 2264 02:04:13,080 --> 02:04:15,080 a US aircraft carrier. 2265 02:04:15,080 --> 02:04:16,600 This is gorgeous. 2266 02:04:18,960 --> 02:04:22,600 There's much about this region we don't always recognise. 2267 02:04:22,600 --> 02:04:25,520 As I saw in Finland, there's a steeliness. 2268 02:04:25,520 --> 02:04:28,320 They're also practical, competent and innovative. 2269 02:04:29,720 --> 02:04:32,240 I headed to Stockholm, the capital, to find 2270 02:04:32,240 --> 02:04:34,240 out more about what makes them tick. 2271 02:04:37,560 --> 02:04:41,560 So, I'm travelling into the centre of Stockholm. 2272 02:04:41,560 --> 02:04:43,480 And I'm getting a lift. 2273 02:04:43,480 --> 02:04:45,400 Hello, Maria. 2274 02:04:45,400 --> 02:04:47,880 - Welcome. - Is it OK to come on? - Yes. - Thank you. 2275 02:04:47,880 --> 02:04:49,440 It's not just a handshake, but... 2276 02:04:49,440 --> 02:04:53,200 Yeah. Oh...! Perfect. - OK. - Thank you! 2277 02:04:55,880 --> 02:04:57,400 This isn't just a fast boat. 2278 02:04:58,760 --> 02:05:00,560 It's a boat that flies. 2279 02:05:04,440 --> 02:05:07,840 This beauty's the Candela electric hydrofoil. 2280 02:05:07,840 --> 02:05:10,760 I'm sure you'll see it in a Bond film at some point. 2281 02:05:10,760 --> 02:05:13,840 It is so smooth as to be quite unnerving. 2282 02:05:16,040 --> 02:05:18,360 You don't really realise the speed that you're doing 2283 02:05:18,360 --> 02:05:20,160 until you look around. 2284 02:05:21,600 --> 02:05:24,760 This battery-powered boat leaves virtually no wake 2285 02:05:24,760 --> 02:05:27,480 and uses a fraction of the energy of other speedboats. 2286 02:05:28,640 --> 02:05:31,600 They're also hoping to use the technology for local ferries. 2287 02:05:32,920 --> 02:05:36,520 A speedboat like this can be yours for just a few 100,000... 2288 02:05:39,320 --> 02:05:41,240 Splashdown. 2289 02:05:41,240 --> 02:05:45,080 We've just landed - right in the middle of Stockholm. 2290 02:05:45,080 --> 02:05:46,640 This is the way to arrive. 2291 02:05:48,160 --> 02:05:51,200 I might insist on this in the future. 2292 02:05:51,200 --> 02:05:52,760 Thank you so much, Maria. 2293 02:05:52,760 --> 02:05:54,480 - Thank you. - Thank you very much indeed. 2294 02:05:54,480 --> 02:05:56,120 What an amazing way to arrive. 2295 02:06:02,840 --> 02:06:04,120 Wah! 2296 02:06:06,000 --> 02:06:07,560 Central Stockholm. 2297 02:06:07,560 --> 02:06:08,760 Thank you, Maria. 2298 02:06:10,080 --> 02:06:12,840 Stockholm's often described as the most beautiful 2299 02:06:12,840 --> 02:06:15,960 city in Scandinavia - admittedly mainly by Swedes. 2300 02:06:15,960 --> 02:06:18,960 Like much of Scandinavia, it's well-kept, charming, 2301 02:06:18,960 --> 02:06:21,280 with functioning public transport. 2302 02:06:21,280 --> 02:06:22,800 Bit boring? 2303 02:06:22,800 --> 02:06:25,160 Locals certainly seem very content. 2304 02:06:25,160 --> 02:06:28,040 Sweden and its neighbours always top the international 2305 02:06:28,040 --> 02:06:29,760 league tables for happiness. 2306 02:06:29,760 --> 02:06:31,400 So how on earth do they do it? 2307 02:06:31,400 --> 02:06:33,320 I wanted someone to explain, 2308 02:06:33,320 --> 02:06:36,680 so I headed to meet a man described as looking like a hipster Jesus. 2309 02:06:36,680 --> 02:06:38,640 - Hey, Simon, right? 2310 02:06:38,640 --> 02:06:40,000 - Micael Dahlen 2311 02:06:40,000 --> 02:06:43,000 is a professor at the renowned Stockholm School of Economics 2312 02:06:43,000 --> 02:06:45,040 So, big question - 2313 02:06:45,040 --> 02:06:47,920 what is, it's been called the Nordic model. 2314 02:06:47,920 --> 02:06:51,920 - Yeah. - The Scandinavian way of running an economy. 2315 02:06:51,920 --> 02:06:53,680 How would you explain that? 2316 02:06:53,680 --> 02:06:58,480 - Well, I think I'd use two words - welfare economy. 2317 02:06:58,480 --> 02:07:02,400 We want everybody to have equal opportunity. 2318 02:07:02,400 --> 02:07:05,520 We have free health care, free education, 2319 02:07:05,520 --> 02:07:07,640 free virtually everything. 2320 02:07:08,800 --> 02:07:12,760 But we also want everybody to contribute. 2321 02:07:12,760 --> 02:07:14,360 We're all in it together. 2322 02:07:14,360 --> 02:07:16,240 - This is key. 2323 02:07:16,240 --> 02:07:19,880 You get a lot as a Swede, and welfare benefits are generous. 2324 02:07:19,880 --> 02:07:22,720 But, people are also expected to play their part. 2325 02:07:22,720 --> 02:07:24,480 - Please mind the brakes. 2326 02:07:24,480 --> 02:07:26,120 - Please mind the brakes, OK. 2327 02:07:26,120 --> 02:07:27,920 The public are expected to work 2328 02:07:27,920 --> 02:07:31,120 and pay their taxes - to be productive members of society. 2329 02:07:31,120 --> 02:07:33,160 Not stay on benefits. 2330 02:07:33,160 --> 02:07:34,800 - Off we go. 2331 02:07:34,800 --> 02:07:37,720 - Micael's a professor of Economics and Wellbeing, Welfare 2332 02:07:37,720 --> 02:07:39,040 and Happiness. 2333 02:07:39,040 --> 02:07:41,480 He's ranked number two in the world in his field. 2334 02:07:41,480 --> 02:07:44,640 And he wanted to show me how Swedes are all in it together... 2335 02:07:44,640 --> 02:07:46,920 Tell me about your tattoos, by the way. 2336 02:07:46,920 --> 02:07:50,720 You've got some pretty distinctive markings. 2337 02:07:50,720 --> 02:07:53,560 - Yeah, those are all notes to self. 2338 02:07:53,560 --> 02:07:55,920 If I get 70%, it's not perfect. 2339 02:07:55,920 --> 02:07:58,480 It's never the best. But it's, 2340 02:07:58,480 --> 02:08:01,880 it's good enough. - Do something to 70%? 2341 02:08:01,880 --> 02:08:05,480 - You never give 100% cos then you will burn out. 2342 02:08:05,480 --> 02:08:09,000 You'll have performance anxiety that everything needs to be perfect. 2343 02:08:09,000 --> 02:08:11,040 - What is the eight signifying? 2344 02:08:11,040 --> 02:08:15,320 - So, the eight is the number of seconds I need to give myself 2345 02:08:15,320 --> 02:08:17,520 before I react to something. 2346 02:08:17,520 --> 02:08:20,080 I did the maths and eight is enough. 2347 02:08:20,080 --> 02:08:22,240 - You did the maths? - I always do the maths. 2348 02:08:22,240 --> 02:08:24,320 I can't help myself. - You're an economics professor! 2349 02:08:24,320 --> 02:08:27,040 - Exactly. - Of course you did the maths. 2350 02:08:27,040 --> 02:08:30,240 Well, the traffic lights have changed. - Oh, wonderful. 2351 02:08:30,240 --> 02:08:31,600 - There you go - 2352 02:08:31,600 --> 02:08:34,120 Micael says give it 70%. 2353 02:08:34,120 --> 02:08:36,920 Economics is a hot topic here in Scandinavia, 2354 02:08:36,920 --> 02:08:40,360 partly because tax rates are among the highest in the world. 2355 02:08:40,360 --> 02:08:41,680 - You're doing beautifully. 2356 02:08:41,680 --> 02:08:43,320 - Yeah, I've got a foot down a lot. 2357 02:08:43,320 --> 02:08:46,520 But their disposable income - after they've paid taxes - 2358 02:08:46,520 --> 02:08:50,800 is actually really high because so much here is free - universities, 2359 02:08:50,800 --> 02:08:54,640 health care, some elderly care, and especially childcare. 2360 02:08:54,640 --> 02:08:58,520 By all accounts, this is a pretty good place to raise a child. 2361 02:08:58,520 --> 02:09:00,280 What's going on here? 2362 02:09:02,240 --> 02:09:04,760 - I'd say this is a dads' group. 2363 02:09:04,760 --> 02:09:07,600 Enjoying their coffee. Latte papas. 2364 02:09:07,600 --> 02:09:09,920 - Latte papas. - Hey, guys. 2365 02:09:09,920 --> 02:09:12,280 - Good morning. - Good morning. 2366 02:09:12,280 --> 02:09:14,160 - It's a toddlers' group. 2367 02:09:14,160 --> 02:09:16,640 And you all look very calm. 2368 02:09:16,640 --> 02:09:19,240 How much paternity leave do you get in Sweden? 2369 02:09:19,240 --> 02:09:21,280 - 480 days. 2370 02:09:21,280 --> 02:09:24,040 - 480 days? - Yeah. 2371 02:09:24,040 --> 02:09:29,400 - And is that total parental leave or that's paternity leave for dads? 2372 02:09:29,400 --> 02:09:31,640 - Total for both. - Total for both. - Yeah. 2373 02:09:31,640 --> 02:09:35,040 - And who pays the paternity leave? 2374 02:09:35,040 --> 02:09:39,360 - Well, the government. - Taxes. - Or taxes! - Yeah. We all do. 2375 02:09:39,360 --> 02:09:41,520 - I'm coming in, if that's OK. 2376 02:09:42,680 --> 02:09:44,160 I'll move slowly. 2377 02:09:46,000 --> 02:09:51,080 I feel this is not just accepted - it's enjoyed. 2378 02:09:51,080 --> 02:09:52,680 It's part of life. 2379 02:09:52,680 --> 02:09:55,480 Would you agree? Do you know this? 2380 02:09:55,480 --> 02:09:59,040 - I've been home for six months, but I can't see it affect me 2381 02:09:59,040 --> 02:10:01,200 negatively in any in any way. 2382 02:10:01,200 --> 02:10:03,080 It's natural. 2383 02:10:03,080 --> 02:10:07,040 - But it's also tactical by society, isn't it? 2384 02:10:07,040 --> 02:10:11,160 Because it's ensuring that women not just continue to provide 2385 02:10:11,160 --> 02:10:15,920 economically for the family, but also for the state as well. 2386 02:10:15,920 --> 02:10:19,680 - It would be super wasteful to take all the moms 2387 02:10:19,680 --> 02:10:22,640 that are super smart - we don't want to put them 2388 02:10:22,640 --> 02:10:28,400 off the market - they contribute so much to our economy and welfare. 2389 02:10:28,400 --> 02:10:31,040 - And of course, this being Sweden, I think 2390 02:10:31,040 --> 02:10:34,880 women take up a greater percentage of degrees than men, as well. 2391 02:10:34,880 --> 02:10:37,360 So they're the better-educated section of the workforce. 2392 02:10:37,360 --> 02:10:39,600 - Exactly. - So, if you do the maths 2393 02:10:39,600 --> 02:10:44,280 and I love doing the maths, for every month that a dad takes 2394 02:10:44,280 --> 02:10:50,440 paternal leave, the average increase in salary for the mother increases. 2395 02:10:50,440 --> 02:10:54,000 So, it's, it's pure mathematics and economics. 2396 02:10:54,000 --> 02:10:55,480 It's good for everyone. 2397 02:10:59,160 --> 02:11:03,120 - Almost as one, the dads have said, 2398 02:11:03,120 --> 02:11:05,360 "It's nap time. 2399 02:11:05,360 --> 02:11:07,080 "We've got to go." 2400 02:11:07,080 --> 02:11:09,400 They've got a schedule and they know what it is. 2401 02:11:10,520 --> 02:11:13,920 It's easy to start thinking everything's perfect here. 2402 02:11:13,920 --> 02:11:15,720 Of course it isn't. 2403 02:11:15,720 --> 02:11:19,040 Sweden has problems familiar in other Western countries - 2404 02:11:19,040 --> 02:11:23,000 an ageing population, faltering economic growth, 2405 02:11:23,000 --> 02:11:26,360 and beneath the surface, this country has some more-dramatic, 2406 02:11:26,360 --> 02:11:28,200 troubling fault lines. 2407 02:11:33,240 --> 02:11:35,880 I travelled south to the city of Malmo. 2408 02:11:39,600 --> 02:11:42,200 Just check, is this it? 2409 02:11:45,000 --> 02:11:48,640 John? - I suppose it's the BBC... 2410 02:11:48,640 --> 02:11:50,600 - I'm Simon. - Welcome, Simon. 2411 02:11:50,600 --> 02:11:53,040 - Nice to see you. 2412 02:11:53,040 --> 02:11:55,600 John Wallender runs an elite police unit. 2413 02:12:03,160 --> 02:12:04,720 Bloody hell, John 2414 02:12:04,720 --> 02:12:07,440 - This is our armed vehicle 2415 02:12:07,440 --> 02:12:11,560 and basically we use it in high-risk tasks. 2416 02:12:12,880 --> 02:12:18,120 This is the first police edition of this vehicle in the world. 2417 02:12:19,160 --> 02:12:21,640 Some military units use it as well. 2418 02:12:22,640 --> 02:12:25,080 - That is quite the beast. - Absolutely. 2419 02:12:26,280 --> 02:12:28,000 - The Swedish police are arming-up 2420 02:12:28,000 --> 02:12:30,640 to confront an extraordinary crimewave. 2421 02:12:33,400 --> 02:12:35,720 What's been happening here is completely staggering. 2422 02:12:35,720 --> 02:12:39,360 There have been hundreds of shootings. 2423 02:12:39,360 --> 02:12:42,960 Hand grenades have been thrown into buildings. 2424 02:12:42,960 --> 02:12:46,200 It's been described as low-intensity conflict. 2425 02:12:47,880 --> 02:12:50,520 The Prime Minister here has said Sweden has never known 2426 02:12:50,520 --> 02:12:52,080 anything like this. 2427 02:12:53,160 --> 02:12:56,920 Roughly ten years ago, violent crime began to rise. 2428 02:12:56,920 --> 02:12:58,360 Dramatically. 2429 02:12:58,360 --> 02:13:01,520 Deadly shootings among drug gangs, largely run by people 2430 02:13:01,520 --> 02:13:05,400 from immigrant backgrounds, have since more than tripled. 2431 02:13:05,400 --> 02:13:09,760 The gun murder rate in Stockholm is now roughly 30 times that of London. 2432 02:13:09,760 --> 02:13:13,320 Sweden has the highest gun-crime death rate in Europe, 2433 02:13:13,320 --> 02:13:15,720 after Montenegro and Albania. 2434 02:13:15,720 --> 02:13:17,880 And it's not just guns. 2435 02:13:17,880 --> 02:13:20,400 Here's a bit of a clue to what this squad does. 2436 02:13:21,960 --> 02:13:25,000 John is the head of one of Sweden's three bomb squads. 2437 02:13:25,000 --> 02:13:26,160 - Welcome. 2438 02:13:27,080 --> 02:13:28,560 - Oh, my God. 2439 02:13:28,560 --> 02:13:32,600 - We have gathered a whole lot of things during our missions. 2440 02:13:32,600 --> 02:13:34,040 This is what we're dealing with. 2441 02:13:34,040 --> 02:13:35,560 - You've got grenades here. 2442 02:13:35,560 --> 02:13:42,120 - The hand grenades are being used in the criminal conflicts. 2443 02:13:42,120 --> 02:13:46,520 It's absolutely lethal. - It's an astonishing situation. - Yeah. 2444 02:13:46,520 --> 02:13:49,720 And most of the hand grenades being thrown are being thrown by very 2445 02:13:49,720 --> 02:13:52,600 young boys and girls. 2446 02:13:52,600 --> 02:13:54,280 - What sort of age is very young? 2447 02:13:54,280 --> 02:13:55,920 - We're talking high school age. 2448 02:13:55,920 --> 02:13:58,760 14, 15 years old. 2449 02:13:58,760 --> 02:14:00,600 - Seriously? - Yeah. 2450 02:14:00,600 --> 02:14:04,560 Being used by the older criminals, giving them 2451 02:14:04,560 --> 02:14:08,640 assignments to, "OK, throw this grenade on this site." 2452 02:14:08,640 --> 02:14:10,600 - That is quite staggering. 2453 02:14:10,600 --> 02:14:12,720 - It's totally non-acceptable. 2454 02:14:12,720 --> 02:14:14,800 - Kids throwing hand grenades? 2455 02:14:14,800 --> 02:14:16,120 - Yeah. 2456 02:14:16,120 --> 02:14:21,360 Somewhere around 2018, we experienced a rapidly 2457 02:14:21,360 --> 02:14:25,360 increasing numbers of home-made bombs, hand grenades and so on. 2458 02:14:25,360 --> 02:14:30,000 Those were mostly home-made bombs, IEDs. 2459 02:14:30,000 --> 02:14:32,480 - IEDs, improvised explosive devices. 2460 02:14:32,480 --> 02:14:38,120 - Yeah. - This is a phrase we only normally hear about war zones. 2461 02:14:38,120 --> 02:14:39,160 - Yeah, I know. 2462 02:14:39,160 --> 02:14:41,200 - But this is what you're encountering. 2463 02:14:41,200 --> 02:14:42,720 - Yeah, absolutely. 2464 02:14:42,720 --> 02:14:47,000 This is one of the typical Thermos bombs. 2465 02:14:47,000 --> 02:14:48,560 - It's a Thermos flask? 2466 02:14:48,560 --> 02:14:50,600 - Yeah, just a common Thermos flask. 2467 02:14:50,600 --> 02:14:54,680 The criminals have stuffed them with dynamite. 2468 02:14:54,680 --> 02:14:57,400 And then you have a very potent IED. 2469 02:14:57,400 --> 02:15:00,600 - Gangs are using this in Sweden? 2470 02:15:00,600 --> 02:15:03,560 - Yeah. Around 100 a year. 2471 02:15:03,560 --> 02:15:04,800 In criminal context. 2472 02:15:04,800 --> 02:15:07,760 - A year?! - Yeah, a year. 2473 02:15:07,760 --> 02:15:10,840 Being used in urban areas where people are living. 2474 02:15:10,840 --> 02:15:13,200 - Two a week? - Yeah. 2475 02:15:13,200 --> 02:15:15,600 - That's astonishing. 2476 02:15:15,600 --> 02:15:19,320 Gang warfare has exploded here - fuelled by the rise in cocaine 2477 02:15:19,320 --> 02:15:22,120 use in Sweden and across Europe. 2478 02:15:22,120 --> 02:15:24,960 Gangs have taken advantage of liberal policies that 2479 02:15:24,960 --> 02:15:28,280 children shouldn't be arrested, and actively recruited them. 2480 02:15:28,280 --> 02:15:32,120 Police say there's now around 1,200 child foot soldiers, bombers, 2481 02:15:32,120 --> 02:15:36,160 and even contract killers in their early teens, working for the gangs. 2482 02:15:36,160 --> 02:15:37,760 So, they're giving me 2483 02:15:37,760 --> 02:15:41,400 a little bit of a sense of what it is to be in the squad. 2484 02:15:44,920 --> 02:15:47,520 The situation is out of control. 2485 02:15:47,520 --> 02:15:50,440 Bomb units can get four call outs a day. 2486 02:15:50,440 --> 02:15:51,920 - Now, let's go for the jacket. 2487 02:15:56,960 --> 02:15:58,680 - Oh, my God. 2488 02:15:58,680 --> 02:15:59,960 There's more? 2489 02:15:59,960 --> 02:16:02,840 - Front panel as well. - OK. 2490 02:16:02,840 --> 02:16:04,360 - There you go. 2491 02:16:04,360 --> 02:16:05,560 - FAN WHIRS 2492 02:16:07,360 --> 02:16:09,200 A fan has just started up? 2493 02:16:09,200 --> 02:16:11,960 - Yes. - It has built-in fans? 2494 02:16:11,960 --> 02:16:14,320 - It has built-in fans, a cooling system. 2495 02:16:18,400 --> 02:16:20,360 - So the hands are clear? 2496 02:16:20,360 --> 02:16:22,880 - The hands are the most unprotected. 2497 02:16:22,880 --> 02:16:25,120 If anything explodes, you'll live, 2498 02:16:25,120 --> 02:16:26,920 but you might lose your hands. 2499 02:16:26,920 --> 02:16:29,040 You need the feeling in your hands. 2500 02:16:29,040 --> 02:16:31,080 That's why we don't use gloves. 2501 02:16:31,080 --> 02:16:37,400 - Your guys are wearing these into situations in urban Sweden. 2502 02:16:37,400 --> 02:16:39,000 - Yes. 2503 02:16:39,000 --> 02:16:40,760 - INDISTINCT 2504 02:16:41,800 --> 02:16:45,800 Overall, many crime rates here are around the European average... 2505 02:16:48,960 --> 02:16:50,760 How on earth do you guys do this? 2506 02:16:51,960 --> 02:16:54,480 ..but exploitation of children in crime 2507 02:16:54,480 --> 02:16:58,000 and gangland bombings, are among the worst in the developed world. 2508 02:16:59,400 --> 02:17:04,640 Not long after I visited, Sweden recorded 30 bombings in one month! 2509 02:17:04,640 --> 02:17:09,200 I mean, it feels like a situation Sweden has still not got 2510 02:17:09,200 --> 02:17:11,360 full control of. 2511 02:17:11,360 --> 02:17:16,040 - No, I think ten years ago, no-one of us could foresee that coming. 2512 02:17:16,040 --> 02:17:18,200 But today, it's our reality. 2513 02:17:19,760 --> 02:17:22,440 - How on earth has Sweden got to this? 2514 02:17:22,440 --> 02:17:24,440 SIREN WAILS 2515 02:17:24,440 --> 02:17:29,040 The land of ABBA is now top of all Western countries for IED bombings. 2516 02:17:33,920 --> 02:17:37,640 The rise in violence follows an increase in immigration. 2517 02:17:37,640 --> 02:17:40,760 Most of the perpetrators, as well as the victims, 2518 02:17:40,760 --> 02:17:42,960 come from immigrant communities. 2519 02:17:42,960 --> 02:17:46,720 It's caused many Swedes to question long-cherished liberal ideals. 2520 02:17:49,440 --> 02:17:52,400 Back in Stockholm, I arranged to meet someone who's witnessed 2521 02:17:52,400 --> 02:17:54,680 the violence first-hand. 2522 02:17:54,680 --> 02:17:56,600 There she is. 2523 02:17:56,600 --> 02:17:59,000 - Hello! - Hi, Faysa! 2524 02:17:59,000 --> 02:18:01,040 Do you want to come round? 2525 02:18:01,040 --> 02:18:04,120 26-year-old Faysa Idle is a poet who's written about her 2526 02:18:04,120 --> 02:18:07,600 life growing up in Sweden in a tricky neighbourhood. 2527 02:18:07,600 --> 02:18:10,080 Nice to meet you, too. Simon Reeve, hello. 2528 02:18:10,080 --> 02:18:11,280 - Hello. 2529 02:18:11,280 --> 02:18:14,120 - So, we're in the centre of Stockholm. 2530 02:18:14,120 --> 02:18:17,680 Does this feel like your Stockholm, your city? 2531 02:18:17,680 --> 02:18:19,640 - No, it doesn't. 2532 02:18:19,640 --> 02:18:21,360 It doesn't feel like home. 2533 02:18:21,360 --> 02:18:23,640 - So how do you feel when you come here? 2534 02:18:23,640 --> 02:18:25,080 - As a tourist. 2535 02:18:25,080 --> 02:18:28,600 - Really? An outsider? 2536 02:18:28,600 --> 02:18:30,560 - Yes. - That's not good. 2537 02:18:30,560 --> 02:18:32,080 - No, it's not. 2538 02:18:32,080 --> 02:18:33,800 That's why I write about it in, like, 2539 02:18:33,800 --> 02:18:36,520 it's two different countries in one country. 2540 02:18:36,520 --> 02:18:38,800 Like, this Sweden, and our Sweden. 2541 02:18:40,400 --> 02:18:42,680 - Faysa was born and raised here. 2542 02:18:42,680 --> 02:18:45,920 Her family were refugees from Somalia 31 years ago. 2543 02:18:47,000 --> 02:18:51,080 In recent decades, Swedes welcomed refugees from world conflicts. 2544 02:18:51,080 --> 02:18:54,240 More than 100,000 from the wars in the Balkans, and hundreds 2545 02:18:54,240 --> 02:18:59,040 of thousands from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, many young men. 2546 02:19:00,720 --> 02:19:03,680 Asylum immigration into Sweden has been roughly four times 2547 02:19:03,680 --> 02:19:06,360 the rate in other Western European countries. 2548 02:19:07,440 --> 02:19:11,280 Housing's been provided - but often far from city centres, 2549 02:19:11,280 --> 02:19:13,440 in estates where up to 90% of 2550 02:19:13,440 --> 02:19:15,880 residents are now from immigrant backgrounds. 2551 02:19:17,040 --> 02:19:19,440 So this is Rinkeby... - Yes. - ..and Tensta? 2552 02:19:19,440 --> 02:19:20,600 - Yes. 2553 02:19:20,600 --> 02:19:23,920 - Two areas of suburban Stockholm. 2554 02:19:25,720 --> 02:19:31,160 Locals long complained these estates are cut-off, hemmed-in by motorways. 2555 02:19:31,160 --> 02:19:32,520 They have high unemployment 2556 02:19:32,520 --> 02:19:35,240 and they've been engulfed in gang warfare. 2557 02:19:35,240 --> 02:19:36,800 - Let's go, Simon. 2558 02:19:36,800 --> 02:19:38,800 I grew up in this area. 2559 02:19:38,800 --> 02:19:40,800 I used to go to school. - Right. 2560 02:19:40,800 --> 02:19:42,280 - That's over there. 2561 02:19:42,280 --> 02:19:45,960 And especially this place. 2562 02:19:45,960 --> 02:19:49,000 We always come here to smoke cigarettes. 2563 02:19:49,000 --> 02:19:54,400 - What would you say are the main problems that your generation 2564 02:19:54,400 --> 02:19:56,760 faced growing up here? 2565 02:19:56,760 --> 02:19:58,280 - Poverty. 2566 02:19:58,280 --> 02:20:04,880 And our way to becoming a rich person is through crimes. 2567 02:20:04,880 --> 02:20:07,680 For us, that way was the only way. 2568 02:20:07,680 --> 02:20:11,000 So I think most of us don't want to do these crimes, 2569 02:20:11,000 --> 02:20:13,400 but we want to have the money. - Yeah. 2570 02:20:13,400 --> 02:20:16,000 - Most of them, if you ask them, why are you killing? 2571 02:20:16,000 --> 02:20:18,160 They will tell you it's for the money they, cos... 2572 02:20:18,160 --> 02:20:20,280 It's only for the money, to... 2573 02:20:20,280 --> 02:20:23,000 - And when you say killing, you really mean that? 2574 02:20:23,000 --> 02:20:24,680 - Yeah, I really mean it. 2575 02:20:24,680 --> 02:20:26,440 It's a part of life. 2576 02:20:26,440 --> 02:20:29,080 It's actually a daily routine. 2577 02:20:29,080 --> 02:20:33,520 Like, I know murderers and I know the victims. 2578 02:20:36,960 --> 02:20:39,320 - This is the important place. 2579 02:20:39,320 --> 02:20:41,240 - Yes. 2580 02:20:41,240 --> 02:20:42,520 - SHE LAUGHS 2581 02:20:43,800 --> 02:20:46,240 It's like she's been waiting for you. 2582 02:20:46,240 --> 02:20:47,280 - Hey! 2583 02:20:47,280 --> 02:20:49,720 - Faysa took me to meet her friend Lotta. 2584 02:20:55,080 --> 02:20:58,800 - I come here and I have a lot of stress and Lotta here, 2585 02:20:58,800 --> 02:21:00,840 she's like a therapist, you know? 2586 02:21:00,840 --> 02:21:02,720 So I speak to her about things. 2587 02:21:02,720 --> 02:21:05,200 And so it's not just a salon, you know? 2588 02:21:05,200 --> 02:21:06,600 - Total... 2589 02:21:06,600 --> 02:21:08,120 - You release your feelings as well. 2590 02:21:08,120 --> 02:21:10,360 - ..heart of the community. - Yes. 2591 02:21:10,360 --> 02:21:14,840 - It's quite difficult to comprehend what's been happening 2592 02:21:14,840 --> 02:21:18,640 here in Stockholm, but in Sweden... 2593 02:21:18,640 --> 02:21:22,520 ..over the last ten, just under ten years, really, isn't it, 2594 02:21:22,520 --> 02:21:26,640 there's been a huge increase in the number of children who have 2595 02:21:26,640 --> 02:21:32,320 been joining gangs, who've been sucked into gang life? 2596 02:21:32,320 --> 02:21:35,360 Can you give us a sense of what's happened? 2597 02:21:35,360 --> 02:21:40,320 - When I was 15 years old, I lost my best friend at this gang war 2598 02:21:40,320 --> 02:21:43,840 that has been happening for ten years, for a decade. 2599 02:21:43,840 --> 02:21:47,560 And when Sweden didn't see it as a problem. 2600 02:21:47,560 --> 02:21:51,080 I see it as a crisis, you know, I see it as a very big crisis. 2601 02:21:51,080 --> 02:21:52,560 Like, they were so young. 2602 02:21:52,560 --> 02:21:55,720 Two people died. - That is absolutely a crisis. 2603 02:21:55,720 --> 02:21:57,520 That's terrible situation. 2604 02:21:57,520 --> 02:21:59,920 - These two people that died, the young people that died, 2605 02:21:59,920 --> 02:22:02,240 were two black people from the suburbs. 2606 02:22:02,240 --> 02:22:04,400 - So, Sweden, as a country, didn't recognise... - No. 2607 02:22:04,400 --> 02:22:07,200 - ..there was a crisis? - Maybe it was - 2608 02:22:07,200 --> 02:22:10,760 "Yeah, but this is not really a Swedish issue." 2609 02:22:10,760 --> 02:22:12,560 - Right. 2610 02:22:12,560 --> 02:22:14,800 - "So, it will not come to our places." 2611 02:22:14,800 --> 02:22:16,400 - "To our homes. We're safe." 2612 02:22:16,400 --> 02:22:18,760 - "So that's why we can wait on it." 2613 02:22:18,760 --> 02:22:23,320 And that has been like - it feels like a betrayal for us because... 2614 02:22:23,320 --> 02:22:25,360 - We've been living like this for years. 2615 02:22:25,360 --> 02:22:26,760 - Because you are Sweden. - Yeah. 2616 02:22:26,760 --> 02:22:28,360 - You are born in Sweden, right? - Yes. 2617 02:22:28,360 --> 02:22:30,560 - I'm born in Sweden. - I lost all my friends. 2618 02:22:30,560 --> 02:22:32,520 Like, I lost all my neighbours, you know? 2619 02:22:32,520 --> 02:22:35,320 But for them, it's like just the statistics of numbers. 2620 02:22:35,320 --> 02:22:37,760 - It has affected everybody. - Mm. 2621 02:22:37,760 --> 02:22:39,200 - Everybody is affected. 2622 02:22:39,200 --> 02:22:41,680 You know why? Because it's not a racial thing. 2623 02:22:41,680 --> 02:22:43,200 It's a human problem. 2624 02:22:43,200 --> 02:22:44,560 - Yeah, but the first, 2625 02:22:44,560 --> 02:22:46,800 but the first thing is they need to see us as humans. 2626 02:22:46,800 --> 02:22:48,320 - Yeah. 2627 02:22:48,320 --> 02:22:49,720 - Start with that. 2628 02:22:49,720 --> 02:22:51,520 - Start with that. Give me a hug. 2629 02:22:52,760 --> 02:22:55,680 Mwah. - Mwah. 2630 02:22:55,680 --> 02:22:58,400 - Thank you. - Yeah, thank you, too. 2631 02:22:58,400 --> 02:23:01,920 - Not everyone who feels excluded or ignored joins a gang. 2632 02:23:01,920 --> 02:23:05,160 Most migrants here live blameless lives, contributing to the 2633 02:23:05,160 --> 02:23:06,920 country that took them in. 2634 02:23:06,920 --> 02:23:10,120 There's debate here about why crime has exploded, but there's no 2635 02:23:10,120 --> 02:23:12,840 disputing huge numbers of migrant children have been 2636 02:23:12,840 --> 02:23:17,080 caught up in the drug wars - Faysa's lost friends and close family. 2637 02:23:18,440 --> 02:23:20,680 Is this an area you would come to when you were younger? 2638 02:23:20,680 --> 02:23:22,040 - Yes. 2639 02:23:23,360 --> 02:23:25,240 But I haven't been here 2640 02:23:25,240 --> 02:23:28,080 since 2018, 2641 02:23:28,080 --> 02:23:31,600 because my brother was found dead here. 2642 02:23:33,480 --> 02:23:36,360 - Do you feel able to tell us what happened? 2643 02:23:37,520 --> 02:23:42,840 - When I saw him that day laying in some white. 2644 02:23:42,840 --> 02:23:45,160 What is it called when you bury...? 2645 02:23:46,480 --> 02:23:47,800 - In a body bag? 2646 02:23:47,800 --> 02:23:49,640 - Yes, in a body bag. 2647 02:23:49,640 --> 02:23:51,640 In a body bag. 2648 02:23:51,640 --> 02:23:53,880 So I haven't been here since this. 2649 02:23:55,280 --> 02:23:56,720 Erm... 2650 02:23:59,520 --> 02:24:01,160 - You haven't been back? 2651 02:24:01,160 --> 02:24:02,640 - No, I haven't. 2652 02:24:02,640 --> 02:24:04,240 We're so many of us. 2653 02:24:04,240 --> 02:24:07,080 Like, I don't understand why he was the one. 2654 02:24:07,080 --> 02:24:10,000 Now he has four kids asking where there dad is, 2655 02:24:10,000 --> 02:24:15,440 and they cannot understand how their father, that is a taxi driver 2656 02:24:15,440 --> 02:24:17,920 studying to become a doctor... 2657 02:24:17,920 --> 02:24:21,120 You know, like I have done some things in my life... 2658 02:24:21,120 --> 02:24:24,520 Like, I wish they could take me, like, they didn't need to take him. 2659 02:24:27,200 --> 02:24:28,760 - I'm so sorry, Faysa. 2660 02:24:28,760 --> 02:24:30,120 SHE MOUTHS 2661 02:24:31,840 --> 02:24:35,800 Faysa's brother was one of many victims of drug violence. 2662 02:24:35,800 --> 02:24:38,640 Another of her brothers, a gang leader, is in prison. 2663 02:24:39,800 --> 02:24:42,560 Swedish police say there are more than 60,000 active or 2664 02:24:42,560 --> 02:24:44,240 connected gang members. 2665 02:24:45,640 --> 02:24:49,480 Many argue poverty's the main driver of crime in violence hot spots. 2666 02:24:49,480 --> 02:24:52,680 And the unemployment rate here for people born abroad is certainly 2667 02:24:52,680 --> 02:24:56,720 shocking - four times higher than for people born in Sweden, 2668 02:24:56,720 --> 02:24:59,080 the worst gap in the developed world. 2669 02:24:59,080 --> 02:25:01,600 But politicians from the right, 2670 02:25:01,600 --> 02:25:03,640 and even many liberal Swedes, 2671 02:25:03,640 --> 02:25:06,440 now place blame for the crimewave squarely on 2672 02:25:06,440 --> 02:25:08,000 mass immigration from what they've 2673 02:25:08,000 --> 02:25:10,760 called "culturally distant countries". 2674 02:25:14,160 --> 02:25:16,760 Faysa wanted me to meet her mother, Nasteho, 2675 02:25:16,760 --> 02:25:19,560 who was given asylum in Sweden more than 30 years ago. 2676 02:25:22,560 --> 02:25:24,720 Thank you so much, Mum. 2677 02:25:24,720 --> 02:25:27,160 Can you remember a point, Mum, 2678 02:25:27,160 --> 02:25:32,440 a time when you realised things were starting to go sour? 2679 02:25:40,720 --> 02:25:44,320 So do you remember going to the authorities in some way? 2680 02:25:47,840 --> 02:25:52,720 - It's so hard being a mum in this environment, cos you feel so much, 2681 02:25:52,720 --> 02:25:54,240 and it's so draining. 2682 02:26:20,440 --> 02:26:22,160 I am born in Sweden. 2683 02:26:22,160 --> 02:26:23,880 I've never been to Somalia in my life. 2684 02:26:53,440 --> 02:26:55,040 She's putting the blame on us, 2685 02:26:55,040 --> 02:26:57,680 like, "You guys should know better, like, 2686 02:26:57,680 --> 02:26:59,400 "you're not in your own country." 2687 02:27:06,240 --> 02:27:10,240 - Hundreds of thousands of migrants, asylum seekers, 2688 02:27:10,240 --> 02:27:14,080 and refugees have come to Sweden and to Scandinavia. 2689 02:27:14,080 --> 02:27:17,560 And I think there's been something of a sense here 2690 02:27:17,560 --> 02:27:20,040 and across the region that almost 2691 02:27:20,040 --> 02:27:24,400 just by being here people would become Scandinavian 2692 02:27:24,400 --> 02:27:28,960 and would enjoy the benefits of life as a Scandinavian. 2693 02:27:30,240 --> 02:27:32,440 But that is clearly not the case. 2694 02:27:32,440 --> 02:27:36,280 Now, we can debate whether there's been a failure to integrate, 2695 02:27:36,280 --> 02:27:40,320 but there has definitely been a failure of integration. 2696 02:27:40,320 --> 02:27:43,600 And the consequences are now being felt. 2697 02:27:52,680 --> 02:27:57,320 I left Sweden and headed south, across the Baltic Sea... 2698 02:27:59,840 --> 02:28:02,920 I'm just coming up to the bridge now, which takes me from Sweden 2699 02:28:02,920 --> 02:28:07,240 into Denmark, the last country on my journey around Scandinavia. 2700 02:28:07,240 --> 02:28:11,880 For full transparency, I should tell you my wife is half Danish, 2701 02:28:11,880 --> 02:28:16,880 and I've been to Denmark many times to see the family there. 2702 02:28:16,880 --> 02:28:21,360 It's a country that I feel I know pretty well 2703 02:28:21,360 --> 02:28:23,920 and one that I really love. 2704 02:28:29,000 --> 02:28:32,280 The Oresund road and rail crossing is something of an engineering 2705 02:28:32,280 --> 02:28:34,640 marvel - it's still the longest 2706 02:28:34,640 --> 02:28:38,560 cable-stayed, combined road and rail bridge - in the world, 2707 02:28:38,560 --> 02:28:40,240 for any bridge-spotters watching. 2708 02:28:40,240 --> 02:28:42,280 Built on time and to budget. 2709 02:28:45,240 --> 02:28:48,720 And it's crucial - because it helps link Sweden and the 2710 02:28:48,720 --> 02:28:52,200 Scandinavian Peninsula to Denmark, and the rest of Western Europe. 2711 02:28:56,800 --> 02:28:59,360 Denmark's the smallest country in Scandinavia - 2712 02:28:59,360 --> 02:29:01,520 but punches above its weight. 2713 02:29:01,520 --> 02:29:04,880 Danish companies control 15% of the world's shipping containers - 2714 02:29:04,880 --> 02:29:08,880 they're huge exporters of industrially-farmed bacon; 2715 02:29:08,880 --> 02:29:11,160 and the Danish firm that makes the weight-loss drug Ozempic is 2716 02:29:11,160 --> 02:29:14,120 now one of the biggest pharmaceutical 2717 02:29:14,120 --> 02:29:15,800 companies on Earth. 2718 02:29:15,800 --> 02:29:18,120 The Danes are a straightforward bunch. 2719 02:29:18,120 --> 02:29:20,200 Practical. Unshockable. 2720 02:29:20,200 --> 02:29:21,720 Oh, my goodness, look at that. 2721 02:29:21,720 --> 02:29:22,920 Pretty raunchy! 2722 02:29:24,440 --> 02:29:26,960 That's the thing about the Scandis. 2723 02:29:26,960 --> 02:29:32,200 They can have this super neat, perfectly formed little community, 2724 02:29:32,200 --> 02:29:36,200 and a couple copulating in the main square! 2725 02:29:36,200 --> 02:29:39,720 They'd be like, "Stop making a fuss, Simon. 2726 02:29:39,720 --> 02:29:43,600 "It's just a lovely statue showing the beautiful act of love." 2727 02:29:48,440 --> 02:29:52,760 I've reached the west coast of Denmark, next to the sea. 2728 02:29:52,760 --> 02:29:54,640 And the wind blows strong here. 2729 02:29:55,640 --> 02:29:57,000 A lot of wind turbines. 2730 02:29:58,280 --> 02:30:01,280 Denmark is a global leader in wind energy. 2731 02:30:01,280 --> 02:30:04,000 It generates around 60% of their electricity, 2732 02:30:04,000 --> 02:30:07,000 and they export the technology around the world. 2733 02:30:07,000 --> 02:30:09,480 Many of Britain's offshore wind farms are built 2734 02:30:09,480 --> 02:30:11,800 and operated by Danish companies. 2735 02:30:11,800 --> 02:30:14,800 Let's go and take a closer look. 2736 02:30:14,800 --> 02:30:17,840 The company that built this huge wind turbine allowed me to go up it 2737 02:30:17,840 --> 02:30:20,240 while it was stopped for maintenance. 2738 02:30:20,240 --> 02:30:22,120 This at the moment, 2739 02:30:22,120 --> 02:30:27,920 holds the title for being the most powerful wind turbine in the world. 2740 02:30:29,720 --> 02:30:32,480 And that means it's also one the biggest and tallest. 2741 02:30:32,480 --> 02:30:35,200 From the ground to the top tip of a blade, 2742 02:30:35,200 --> 02:30:39,040 this wind turbine is almost as tall as the Eiffel Tower. 2743 02:30:39,040 --> 02:30:40,520 Oh, my good Lord. 2744 02:30:40,520 --> 02:30:42,480 Not ideal for those with vertigo! 2745 02:30:46,840 --> 02:30:48,120 Oh, my! 2746 02:30:51,360 --> 02:30:54,160 Oh, my good... I really can't. 2747 02:30:54,160 --> 02:30:55,760 Oh, I must...! 2748 02:30:55,760 --> 02:30:57,320 Oh, my...! 2749 02:30:59,360 --> 02:31:01,160 This is utterly epic. 2750 02:31:11,120 --> 02:31:13,840 To give you a sense of how big this turbine is, 2751 02:31:13,840 --> 02:31:15,520 look at these ones over here. 2752 02:31:15,520 --> 02:31:17,880 These turbines, they are not baby turbines, 2753 02:31:17,880 --> 02:31:20,600 those are normal wind turbines and we're looking down on them. 2754 02:31:22,280 --> 02:31:27,560 This single wind turbine powers around 20,000 homes. 2755 02:31:30,040 --> 02:31:31,720 20,000! 2756 02:31:33,560 --> 02:31:35,240 There was, apparently, 2757 02:31:35,240 --> 02:31:39,160 not a single planning objection from locals to this massive turbine. 2758 02:31:39,160 --> 02:31:42,600 Yes, of course I'm pleased to be on the ground! 2759 02:31:43,800 --> 02:31:47,280 Contrast that with the UK, where we can't erect a shed without 2760 02:31:47,280 --> 02:31:50,400 complaints escalating to the Supreme Court. 2761 02:31:50,400 --> 02:31:53,560 Because here locals were involved - Danes pioneered community 2762 02:31:53,560 --> 02:31:56,400 groups that OWN many turbines and wind farms. 2763 02:31:57,680 --> 02:31:59,800 Danish universities, governments, 2764 02:31:59,800 --> 02:32:02,800 and firms have worked together to develop wind tech. 2765 02:32:02,800 --> 02:32:05,440 People trust scientists and politicians, 2766 02:32:05,440 --> 02:32:08,080 so there's fewer objections and delays. 2767 02:32:08,080 --> 02:32:09,400 Right, we're here. 2768 02:32:10,800 --> 02:32:12,040 And right now, 2769 02:32:12,040 --> 02:32:15,200 the Danes are at the cutting edge, taking wind power up a notch more. 2770 02:32:15,200 --> 02:32:16,720 Knock, knock. 2771 02:32:16,720 --> 02:32:18,760 I went to see a Danish inventor - 2772 02:32:18,760 --> 02:32:21,480 one of the original wind turbine designers. 2773 02:32:21,480 --> 02:32:23,200 His name's Henrik Stiesdal. 2774 02:32:23,200 --> 02:32:25,400 Henrik? - Hi, there. Yes. 2775 02:32:25,400 --> 02:32:27,880 - We're meeting you in your secret lab? 2776 02:32:27,880 --> 02:32:29,520 - Yes. 2777 02:32:29,520 --> 02:32:32,160 You need to close your eyes when we speak here. 2778 02:32:32,160 --> 02:32:34,600 - Oh, do you? You've got the glasses on. 2779 02:32:34,600 --> 02:32:37,040 - You need the glasses. - I need glasses as well? 2780 02:32:37,040 --> 02:32:38,960 - Yes. - OK, I'll get them on. 2781 02:32:38,960 --> 02:32:41,600 - Yes. - Is that because things go boom here? 2782 02:32:41,600 --> 02:32:43,200 HE CHUCKLES 2783 02:32:43,200 --> 02:32:46,000 - That's the price of being, having fun in the lab. 2784 02:32:46,000 --> 02:32:48,000 Yes. Yes. Yes. 2785 02:32:49,200 --> 02:32:50,520 And we need to... 2786 02:32:50,520 --> 02:32:53,200 - We're with somebody really special here. 2787 02:32:53,200 --> 02:32:58,080 Just recently, he jointly won an award that is often 2788 02:32:58,080 --> 02:33:01,760 described as being the equivalent of a Nobel Prize for engineering. 2789 02:33:03,400 --> 02:33:05,960 Henrik is obsessed with clean energy. 2790 02:33:05,960 --> 02:33:09,320 In his lab he's searching for one of the holy grails - how to use 2791 02:33:09,320 --> 02:33:13,920 electricity from wind to make hydrogen - a clean fuel with 2792 02:33:13,920 --> 02:33:16,440 enough oomph to power planes, ships and lorries. 2793 02:33:18,800 --> 02:33:22,320 But he's also still inventing wind turbines - new, and bigger. 2794 02:33:24,600 --> 02:33:28,360 So, this is just one section for a mast. 2795 02:33:28,360 --> 02:33:30,120 - For a small wind turbine. 2796 02:33:30,120 --> 02:33:32,600 - A small one? - A small one. 2797 02:33:32,600 --> 02:33:35,400 - Henrik jokes his only real qualification is as a 2798 02:33:35,400 --> 02:33:38,520 ski instructor - he didn't finish university. 2799 02:33:38,520 --> 02:33:40,520 But in the 1970s, Henrik designed 2800 02:33:40,520 --> 02:33:43,520 one of the first modern wind turbines. 2801 02:33:43,520 --> 02:33:46,480 His inventions have since led to about a thousand patents. 2802 02:33:46,480 --> 02:33:50,080 He was in charge of setting up the world's very first offshore 2803 02:33:50,080 --> 02:33:51,680 wind farm. 2804 02:33:51,680 --> 02:33:53,720 - These are for offshore turbines 2805 02:33:53,720 --> 02:33:56,160 and they are much bigger than onshore turbines. 2806 02:33:58,040 --> 02:34:01,880 These are some of the largest sections that are built here. 2807 02:34:01,880 --> 02:34:05,560 - Out at sea, the wind blows stronger and more consistently. 2808 02:34:05,560 --> 02:34:08,360 With current technology, offshore wind farms need to 2809 02:34:08,360 --> 02:34:09,840 be in shallow water. 2810 02:34:09,840 --> 02:34:13,120 That limits where we can put them, and how much power we can generate. 2811 02:34:13,120 --> 02:34:15,440 It's a problem Henrik's trying to solve. 2812 02:34:18,920 --> 02:34:21,840 - In very large parts of the world, you can't do offshore wind 2813 02:34:21,840 --> 02:34:24,160 because the water gets to be too deep. 2814 02:34:24,160 --> 02:34:26,200 Too deep means more than 60m. 2815 02:34:26,200 --> 02:34:29,320 We want to become really global, we need to have structures that 2816 02:34:29,320 --> 02:34:34,200 can float so that you can go to much deeper waters. 2817 02:34:34,200 --> 02:34:36,760 And that's what we are working on here in this company. 2818 02:34:36,760 --> 02:34:39,160 - Floating wind turbines? - Yes. 2819 02:34:39,160 --> 02:34:42,360 We can produce ten times the power needs of the world with 2820 02:34:42,360 --> 02:34:44,760 a floating offshore wind. 2821 02:34:44,760 --> 02:34:46,360 Even if we had no solar, 2822 02:34:46,360 --> 02:34:49,200 no land-based wind, no nuclear, no nothing. 2823 02:34:49,200 --> 02:34:51,360 The resource is just huge. 2824 02:34:51,360 --> 02:34:53,480 - Henrik, ten times? 2825 02:34:53,480 --> 02:34:55,960 Ten times? - Yes. 2826 02:34:55,960 --> 02:35:00,760 So, these are parts that make up a floating offshore 2827 02:35:00,760 --> 02:35:02,240 wind tower foundation. 2828 02:35:02,240 --> 02:35:05,480 What we have here is this centre column. 2829 02:35:05,480 --> 02:35:07,760 - This is the floating structure... - Yes. 2830 02:35:07,760 --> 02:35:11,360 - ..on which a wind turbine would sit? - Yes. 2831 02:35:11,360 --> 02:35:14,120 I don't think we'll put them all on, but here goes one, 2832 02:35:14,120 --> 02:35:16,320 for instance, that will fit there. 2833 02:35:16,320 --> 02:35:21,280 - So, this - you've just swiftly created using your LEGO, as it 2834 02:35:21,280 --> 02:35:24,000 were, appropriately. 2835 02:35:24,000 --> 02:35:27,880 So, what of that, is this? 2836 02:35:27,880 --> 02:35:31,760 - So the upper part here from that little line there, 2837 02:35:31,760 --> 02:35:34,560 the LEGO brick is this one here. 2838 02:35:38,000 --> 02:35:39,800 - But look at the size of this. 2839 02:35:41,280 --> 02:35:45,800 This piece here in this structure is just this?! 2840 02:35:45,800 --> 02:35:48,080 - Yes. - Henrik, you think big? 2841 02:35:48,080 --> 02:35:50,200 - But our problem is big. 2842 02:35:50,200 --> 02:35:53,000 It needs a scale. 2843 02:35:53,000 --> 02:35:56,280 - How confident are you this will work? 2844 02:35:56,280 --> 02:35:57,800 - Oh, we are very confident. 2845 02:35:57,800 --> 02:36:00,240 It would be the biggest factory-made pieces of equipment 2846 02:36:00,240 --> 02:36:01,600 in the world, I think. 2847 02:36:01,600 --> 02:36:04,920 - There must be lots of competition to create this. 2848 02:36:04,920 --> 02:36:11,680 - Yeah, but in actual fact, the goal of our company is not money-making. 2849 02:36:11,680 --> 02:36:15,680 The goal of our company is impact on the fight against climate change. 2850 02:36:15,680 --> 02:36:18,320 We hope that can be an inspiration for the world, 2851 02:36:18,320 --> 02:36:19,720 so to speak. 2852 02:36:21,080 --> 02:36:24,600 - Wind power has limitations, and critics, but around the world 2853 02:36:24,600 --> 02:36:27,920 it's already revolutionised the way we generate electricity. 2854 02:36:29,240 --> 02:36:32,840 The Danes have profited by innovating, and working together. 2855 02:36:32,840 --> 02:36:34,280 They're leading the way. 2856 02:36:37,200 --> 02:36:39,120 I need to get a ferry. 2857 02:36:39,120 --> 02:36:45,080 I'm heading towards the end of my journey through Scandinavia 2858 02:36:45,080 --> 02:36:49,160 and I'm struck by the feeling, more than ever, 2859 02:36:49,160 --> 02:36:54,560 how much of our news, our media, and our culture 2860 02:36:54,560 --> 02:36:58,360 focuses, in the UK, on what's going on in the United States. 2861 02:36:59,880 --> 02:37:03,520 We have much more in common, in so many ways, 2862 02:37:03,520 --> 02:37:06,240 with this part of the world, than the USA. 2863 02:37:08,000 --> 02:37:13,800 I don't think we know enough about the Scandis and Scandinavia, 2864 02:37:13,800 --> 02:37:16,760 but things are going on here that really matter. 2865 02:37:28,960 --> 02:37:33,160 My last stop was the Danish capital - Copenhagen. 2866 02:37:33,160 --> 02:37:36,320 Even by the standards of Scandinavia, Denmark stands out. 2867 02:37:37,480 --> 02:37:41,720 Danes top global surveys of happiness and life satisfaction. 2868 02:37:41,720 --> 02:37:45,640 They pay high taxes but get generous welfare, free health care, 2869 02:37:45,640 --> 02:37:48,120 subsidised childcare, free education, 2870 02:37:48,120 --> 02:37:50,280 including free university. 2871 02:37:50,280 --> 02:37:53,760 They're wealthy, one of the most equal societies on Earth. 2872 02:37:53,760 --> 02:37:55,400 What's the secret? 2873 02:37:55,400 --> 02:38:00,040 As I walked the pleasant streets of Copenhagen, I came across a clue. 2874 02:38:00,040 --> 02:38:01,640 Sh, come on... 2875 02:38:01,640 --> 02:38:03,680 Look, that is a little toddler 2876 02:38:03,680 --> 02:38:06,800 having a sleep outside, in a pram, 2877 02:38:06,800 --> 02:38:10,240 in a public area with lots of flats around. 2878 02:38:11,680 --> 02:38:15,040 Hiya. - Hello. - Have you just left your child out to have a little nap? 2879 02:38:15,040 --> 02:38:16,360 - Yeah. 2880 02:38:16,360 --> 02:38:19,800 - It's a bit unusual, what you've just done, from our perspective. 2881 02:38:19,800 --> 02:38:22,920 - Yeah, well I live right in there, so I leave her there to sleep, 2882 02:38:22,920 --> 02:38:25,760 and then I can hear her, we have a little monitor, 2883 02:38:25,760 --> 02:38:27,800 so when she wakes up, I just go out. 2884 02:38:27,800 --> 02:38:31,560 - I think a Danish mother in New York, was leaving her child outside, 2885 02:38:31,560 --> 02:38:34,080 she was arrested, wasn't she? - She was arrested. 2886 02:38:34,080 --> 02:38:36,520 - That suggests - only do that in Denmark. 2887 02:38:36,520 --> 02:38:37,920 - Probably a good idea, yeah. 2888 02:38:37,920 --> 02:38:40,440 - You're a more-trusting people, aren't you? 2889 02:38:40,440 --> 02:38:44,120 - I think if you give people trust, they will also show you that they 2890 02:38:44,120 --> 02:38:46,240 are worthy of trust, right, in a way? 2891 02:38:46,240 --> 02:38:48,680 Have a good day. - All right, thank you. - No worries. 2892 02:38:48,680 --> 02:38:51,120 - Public trust is still so high here, 2893 02:38:51,120 --> 02:38:53,480 a toddler can be left napping in fresh air. 2894 02:38:54,840 --> 02:38:58,280 Nearly 90% of Danes have a high level of trust in others. 2895 02:38:59,520 --> 02:39:01,480 Trust isn't just nice. 2896 02:39:01,480 --> 02:39:03,120 It's critical. 2897 02:39:03,120 --> 02:39:06,120 Trust equals less corruption and crime, more investment, 2898 02:39:06,120 --> 02:39:07,800 collaboration, productivity. 2899 02:39:09,160 --> 02:39:12,080 Academics have put a value on trust - some think trust 2900 02:39:12,080 --> 02:39:15,040 accounts for 25% of Danish wealth! 2901 02:39:16,520 --> 02:39:21,200 I do think trust is the secret sauce, 2902 02:39:21,200 --> 02:39:26,000 the glue that hold Scandinavia, and Scandinavians together, 2903 02:39:26,000 --> 02:39:30,080 and makes this one of the most successful parts of the planet ever. 2904 02:39:31,320 --> 02:39:33,200 So, how do you build trust? 2905 02:39:33,200 --> 02:39:36,680 Well, in Denmark one way's through joining a club. 2906 02:39:36,680 --> 02:39:40,320 For football, volunteering, activism, art, anything. 2907 02:39:40,320 --> 02:39:43,680 Many are helped and subsidised by the government. 2908 02:39:43,680 --> 02:39:46,360 90% of Danes are members of clubs. 2909 02:39:46,360 --> 02:39:48,440 On average, they join nearly three each. 2910 02:39:48,440 --> 02:39:50,360 CHORUS ENDS 2911 02:39:52,880 --> 02:39:55,360 Choirs are hugely popular. 2912 02:39:55,360 --> 02:39:57,160 Phie Ambo helped found this one. 2913 02:39:57,160 --> 02:39:58,960 So, you are not a church choir? 2914 02:39:58,960 --> 02:40:00,680 - We're not at all a church choir. 2915 02:40:00,680 --> 02:40:05,320 We are actually a choir that works against the fossil fuel industry. 2916 02:40:05,320 --> 02:40:07,080 - Through song? - Through song. 2917 02:40:07,080 --> 02:40:09,080 - Through your voices. - Through our voices. 2918 02:40:09,080 --> 02:40:12,040 - And through gathering together? - Yeah, yeah. 2919 02:40:12,040 --> 02:40:17,600 - Danes are brilliant at joining and starting clubs and associations. 2920 02:40:17,600 --> 02:40:20,400 - That's why it's so important to gather 2921 02:40:20,400 --> 02:40:23,640 and make communities that can work together. 2922 02:40:23,640 --> 02:40:25,520 - SPEAKS DANISH 2923 02:40:26,600 --> 02:40:28,040 This is key. 2924 02:40:28,040 --> 02:40:29,840 Danes belong to more groups, 2925 02:40:29,840 --> 02:40:32,800 clubs and unions than any other nationality. 2926 02:40:32,800 --> 02:40:36,240 That helps build trust, happiness, and social cohesion. 2927 02:40:36,240 --> 02:40:38,840 WHISPERS: I've got the words on my phone. 2928 02:40:41,240 --> 02:40:43,120 THEY HUM 2929 02:41:31,760 --> 02:41:33,720 LAUGHTER AND CHEERING 2930 02:41:37,560 --> 02:41:41,360 But it would be wrong to think there are no problems in Denmark. 2931 02:41:41,360 --> 02:41:44,560 All this social cohesion means outsiders can sometimes feel 2932 02:41:44,560 --> 02:41:48,520 unwelcome - if you don't conform here, it can feel uncomfortable. 2933 02:41:57,560 --> 02:41:59,840 Just like in Sweden, here in Denmark, 2934 02:41:59,840 --> 02:42:02,440 there have been issues, I think it's fair to say, 2935 02:42:02,440 --> 02:42:06,040 and controversy surrounding migration and immigration. 2936 02:42:06,040 --> 02:42:09,640 But the government here has been tackling it very differently. 2937 02:42:09,640 --> 02:42:13,080 I met up with Mohammed Aslam, cab driver and campaigner. 2938 02:42:14,600 --> 02:42:17,240 Mohammed? - Hello. I'm Simon 2939 02:42:17,240 --> 02:42:19,200 Hello, Simon. - Very nice to see you. 2940 02:42:19,200 --> 02:42:20,520 - Same here. 2941 02:42:20,520 --> 02:42:22,600 - Mohammed speaks English but prefers Danish. 2942 02:42:54,280 --> 02:42:56,240 You must be a very proud father. 2943 02:42:56,240 --> 02:42:58,640 - I am. I am! 2944 02:42:58,640 --> 02:43:04,880 But still we are not accepted as an equal in the country. 2945 02:43:06,360 --> 02:43:10,120 - Partly in response to the crimewave in Sweden and terrorism here, 2946 02:43:10,120 --> 02:43:13,560 Denmark's taken a really tough line on integration. 2947 02:43:13,560 --> 02:43:16,320 Not just encouraging it, but pushing it. 2948 02:43:16,320 --> 02:43:18,800 Islamic full-face coverings are banned. 2949 02:43:18,800 --> 02:43:20,240 The Government even 2950 02:43:20,240 --> 02:43:22,360 introduced what was called a "ghetto law" - 2951 02:43:22,360 --> 02:43:25,240 aimed at preventing neighbourhoods being dominated by so-called 2952 02:43:25,240 --> 02:43:28,720 "non-Western" immigrants, along with high crime and unemployment. 2953 02:43:28,720 --> 02:43:31,760 Let's get out. - Yes. - Go and have a look. 2954 02:43:31,760 --> 02:43:35,320 One designated ghetto was the multicultural neighbourhood 2955 02:43:35,320 --> 02:43:38,720 Mjolnerparken, where Mohammed raised his family. 2956 02:43:38,720 --> 02:43:43,800 What's particularly extraordinary, unusual, extreme 2957 02:43:43,800 --> 02:43:48,640 perhaps about this law is the identification of non-Western. 2958 02:43:50,040 --> 02:43:51,600 It's basically saying that 2959 02:43:51,600 --> 02:43:54,440 if you're not from Western Europe or some of the English-speaking 2960 02:43:54,440 --> 02:43:57,360 countries - Australia, New Zealand, Canada etc, 2961 02:43:57,360 --> 02:44:00,640 then you can be classed as non-Western, 2962 02:44:00,640 --> 02:44:03,560 and the state as a result treats you differently. 2963 02:44:05,120 --> 02:44:07,040 This was classed as a ghetto 2964 02:44:07,040 --> 02:44:11,560 because more than 50% of people came from non-Western backgrounds. 2965 02:44:11,560 --> 02:44:15,560 To reduce that number, some families were actually forced to relocate. 2966 02:44:15,560 --> 02:44:17,200 Mohammed's was one of them. 2967 02:44:32,520 --> 02:44:35,480 - Yeah. - Are you OK? 2968 02:44:35,480 --> 02:44:37,440 - Mm. I'm OK. 2969 02:44:39,040 --> 02:44:42,400 - You'd rather not look at it? - Yeah. 2970 02:45:12,480 --> 02:45:16,120 - What reasons did they give you for the evictions? 2971 02:45:29,960 --> 02:45:34,000 And in many ways, non-Western means brown or black. 2972 02:45:35,280 --> 02:45:37,280 Brown, black, or Muslim. 2973 02:45:38,600 --> 02:45:42,080 That's my reading and interpretation of the law. 2974 02:45:42,080 --> 02:45:43,680 Is that yours? 2975 02:45:43,680 --> 02:45:45,560 - Exactly the same. 2976 02:45:54,920 --> 02:45:57,320 - The people were forced out of their homes. 2977 02:45:58,480 --> 02:46:02,760 The apartments, houses, homes they lived in, were sold off. 2978 02:46:02,760 --> 02:46:05,080 Many were refurbished. 2979 02:46:05,080 --> 02:46:06,480 New families have moved in. 2980 02:46:08,000 --> 02:46:11,160 It's been described as the social experiment of the century. 2981 02:46:12,280 --> 02:46:15,720 It's also been described as social policy with a bulldozer. 2982 02:46:18,480 --> 02:46:21,560 No-one's ended up homeless, but Mohammed's family, 2983 02:46:21,560 --> 02:46:24,520 and thousands more from other ghetto areas have been or will be 2984 02:46:24,520 --> 02:46:27,520 rehoused in predominantly white areas... 2985 02:46:27,520 --> 02:46:30,600 ..with the stated aim they'll become more integrated into Danish 2986 02:46:30,600 --> 02:46:34,640 society, with access to better jobs and education. 2987 02:46:34,640 --> 02:46:38,040 And people, including those from very different cultures, 2988 02:46:38,040 --> 02:46:40,080 will absorb Danish liberal values. 2989 02:46:41,600 --> 02:46:45,360 Reports identified early language skills as key to integration, 2990 02:46:45,360 --> 02:46:50,080 so non-Western parents in ghetto areas are now required to 2991 02:46:50,080 --> 02:46:53,640 send their one-year-olds to preschools to ensure they learn 2992 02:46:53,640 --> 02:46:55,800 Danish, and "traditions and values" 2993 02:46:55,800 --> 02:46:58,440 - or they lose government welfare benefits. 2994 02:46:59,440 --> 02:47:02,760 Ghettos have since been renamed "parallel societies". 2995 02:47:05,040 --> 02:47:07,280 Did your children play here? - Yeah. 2996 02:47:08,400 --> 02:47:11,080 We played together with the kids here. 2997 02:47:13,680 --> 02:47:19,480 - The Danish government, of course, will say that they were worried. 2998 02:47:19,480 --> 02:47:21,960 They are worried about integration. 2999 02:47:21,960 --> 02:47:24,880 They now talk about parallel societies, don't they? 3000 02:47:24,880 --> 02:47:29,280 Do you see that concern, that issue? 3001 02:47:45,080 --> 02:47:47,400 Some say these polices are racist. 3002 02:47:47,400 --> 02:47:50,160 Mohammed is part of a group mounting a legal challenge. 3003 02:47:51,400 --> 02:47:53,880 Others say that they're an attempt to eradicate 3004 02:47:53,880 --> 02:47:57,320 pockets of deprivation, integrate newcomers into super-successful 3005 02:47:57,320 --> 02:48:00,640 Denmark and prevent the kind of violence happening in Sweden. 3006 02:48:01,920 --> 02:48:04,840 The laws have support across much of the political spectrum here. 3007 02:48:07,440 --> 02:48:10,760 I really want to understand what's happening here. 3008 02:48:10,760 --> 02:48:13,400 I'm being allowed into the Danish Parliament. 3009 02:48:14,920 --> 02:48:17,560 MP and housing spokesman Thomas Monberg is 3010 02:48:17,560 --> 02:48:21,640 part of the governing coalition led by his Social Democratic Party 3011 02:48:21,640 --> 02:48:25,520 and including parties called the Liberals and the Moderates. 3012 02:48:25,520 --> 02:48:27,480 We've got football tops here. 3013 02:48:27,480 --> 02:48:29,360 - Yes, football over there... 3014 02:48:29,360 --> 02:48:32,040 - Is this your... This is your party? - Yes, it is. 3015 02:48:32,040 --> 02:48:34,480 - Look at - this is very nuclear family, 3016 02:48:34,480 --> 02:48:36,400 very traditional old poster here. 3017 02:48:36,400 --> 02:48:39,040 - Yes, it is. - Family values. 3018 02:48:39,040 --> 02:48:42,360 - Family values but the children have to be safe 3019 02:48:42,360 --> 02:48:44,480 and nicely home from school. 3020 02:48:44,480 --> 02:48:46,920 - It's interesting you have this in your office, 3021 02:48:46,920 --> 02:48:50,200 because your party is unusual from our perspective. 3022 02:48:50,200 --> 02:48:53,680 You're quite left-wing economically on many issues, 3023 02:48:53,680 --> 02:48:55,480 workers' rights etc. 3024 02:48:55,480 --> 02:48:57,160 - Yes. 3025 02:48:57,160 --> 02:48:59,840 - But traditional cultural values, family values as well. 3026 02:48:59,840 --> 02:49:00,880 - Yeah. 3027 02:49:04,160 --> 02:49:07,800 - So, Thomas, can you explain this ghetto law to me? 3028 02:49:09,120 --> 02:49:11,880 - We started to see some areas where there were 3029 02:49:11,880 --> 02:49:16,880 a lot of foreign people living, and the state of education was 3030 02:49:16,880 --> 02:49:20,560 lower and more and more children didn't go to school. 3031 02:49:20,560 --> 02:49:23,520 And that was something we had to do something about. 3032 02:49:23,520 --> 02:49:27,880 - But why focus on this phrase "non-Western"? 3033 02:49:27,880 --> 02:49:29,360 Why? Why that? 3034 02:49:29,360 --> 02:49:32,200 Because it sounds like it's targeted at - 3035 02:49:32,200 --> 02:49:36,240 it sounds like it's targeted mainly at Muslims, in truth. 3036 02:49:36,240 --> 02:49:37,640 - But it's not. 3037 02:49:37,640 --> 02:49:40,280 That's because of the culture we have in Denmark. 3038 02:49:40,280 --> 02:49:43,760 And that's about equality of gender. 3039 02:49:43,760 --> 02:49:48,600 That's equality of education, welfare, and all that. 3040 02:49:48,600 --> 02:49:52,040 - Are you saying that non-Western people, people outside that 3041 02:49:52,040 --> 02:49:59,720 definition, have less awareness or understanding of those core values? 3042 02:49:59,720 --> 02:50:03,760 - We can't accept that a girl growing up in society 3043 02:50:03,760 --> 02:50:08,320 in Denmark doesn't have the same rights as every other girl. 3044 02:50:08,320 --> 02:50:12,320 - So, you're saying this is an attempt to enforce 3045 02:50:12,320 --> 02:50:16,880 and impose fundamental Danish values? 3046 02:50:16,880 --> 02:50:21,200 - Yes, because we want everybody that lives here to have a good life. 3047 02:50:21,200 --> 02:50:26,280 - But what you're talking about is, is painful for some people. 3048 02:50:26,280 --> 02:50:31,600 You are literally requiring people to move out of their homes. 3049 02:50:31,600 --> 02:50:34,640 You are creating a lot of trauma for some people. 3050 02:50:34,640 --> 02:50:38,000 - I don't think you always can say trauma 3051 02:50:38,000 --> 02:50:41,840 because not many are getting evicted. 3052 02:50:41,840 --> 02:50:45,440 We have... - I've met somebody... - Yes, yes, yes. - ..who's crying. 3053 02:50:45,440 --> 02:50:48,080 - Yes, yes, yes. I know, I know. 3054 02:50:48,080 --> 02:50:55,840 If you have to have a society as ours, you have to be aware of 3055 02:50:55,840 --> 02:51:01,480 what's keep us together, than what's taking us apart. 3056 02:51:01,480 --> 02:51:04,040 And the things that could take us apart is 3057 02:51:04,040 --> 02:51:10,120 if people were living parallel to each other in restricted 3058 02:51:10,120 --> 02:51:13,800 areas where there only were people of non-Western. 3059 02:51:15,200 --> 02:51:16,880 You couldn't get any integration 3060 02:51:16,880 --> 02:51:20,120 because who should integrate those people in the Danish society? 3061 02:51:20,120 --> 02:51:25,480 You have to have Danes to integrate these people into society to, 3062 02:51:25,480 --> 02:51:29,320 to give them our values and the feelings of our values, 3063 02:51:29,320 --> 02:51:33,760 because they're universal for us, these values. 3064 02:51:33,760 --> 02:51:35,000 - THEY SPEAK DANISH 3065 02:51:36,800 --> 02:51:40,320 This is the most traditional Danish dish lunch I have seen. 3066 02:51:40,320 --> 02:51:41,720 - Yes, it is. 3067 02:51:41,720 --> 02:51:43,160 - My wife is half Danish. 3068 02:51:43,160 --> 02:51:44,600 - Oh, yeah. - So...yeah, 3069 02:51:44,600 --> 02:51:46,160 the open sandwich... 3070 02:51:46,160 --> 02:51:47,640 - Is number one. - Is number one. - Yeah. 3071 02:51:49,360 --> 02:51:53,440 - I know from personal experience Danes can be brutally honest. 3072 02:51:53,440 --> 02:51:56,040 They don't shy from tough conversations or facts. 3073 02:51:56,040 --> 02:51:57,840 Oh, my goodness. - Yes. 3074 02:51:57,840 --> 02:52:01,120 - Unlike other European states, the government here publishes 3075 02:52:01,120 --> 02:52:03,800 controversial and worrying crime statistics. 3076 02:52:03,800 --> 02:52:07,360 They revealed men from some non-Western backgrounds are as much 3077 02:52:07,360 --> 02:52:12,200 as six times more likely to commit violent crime than white Danes. 3078 02:52:12,200 --> 02:52:14,840 The facts horrified voters. 3079 02:52:14,840 --> 02:52:21,240 You release crime statistics showing the nation of origin of people 3080 02:52:21,240 --> 02:52:24,760 convicted of violent offences. 3081 02:52:24,760 --> 02:52:26,440 Why have you been doing that? 3082 02:52:26,440 --> 02:52:30,920 - That's because a lot of people were feeling this. 3083 02:52:32,160 --> 02:52:37,120 And if we want to solve ordinary people's problems, 3084 02:52:37,120 --> 02:52:41,200 then we have to know which problems there are in society. 3085 02:52:41,200 --> 02:52:44,360 And there were problem in society. 3086 02:52:44,360 --> 02:52:50,760 And these high amounts of crime rates reduces the trust or 3087 02:52:50,760 --> 02:52:54,760 breaks the trust between people living in our country. 3088 02:52:54,760 --> 02:52:57,120 And that's very, very important for us. 3089 02:52:57,120 --> 02:52:59,840 - The coalition here says by listening to the concerns of all 3090 02:52:59,840 --> 02:53:03,000 voters on immigration, they maintain trust. 3091 02:53:03,000 --> 02:53:06,720 Immigration's been reduced, integration is required. 3092 02:53:06,720 --> 02:53:09,560 Asylum's now seen as temporary rather than a route to 3093 02:53:09,560 --> 02:53:11,520 permanent settlement. 3094 02:53:11,520 --> 02:53:15,200 I think sometimes in the UK there's been this feeling that 3095 02:53:15,200 --> 02:53:18,000 people want something difficult. 3096 02:53:18,000 --> 02:53:22,760 They want less immigration into the country, for example. 3097 02:53:22,760 --> 02:53:27,200 And a lot of our politicians haven't really liked that view 3098 02:53:27,200 --> 02:53:31,760 and often they've kind of ignored what people want. 3099 02:53:31,760 --> 02:53:36,760 We've tended to believe, as a country, more in multiculturalism. 3100 02:53:36,760 --> 02:53:39,920 I sense in Denmark you don't really follow that path. 3101 02:53:39,920 --> 02:53:43,760 You believe more in, in a Danish way, in Danish values, 3102 02:53:43,760 --> 02:53:46,400 in monoculturalism almost. 3103 02:53:46,400 --> 02:53:49,360 - It depends on how you look at it, because 3104 02:53:49,360 --> 02:53:57,040 if you look on it in a culture where you can practise your own beliefs, 3105 02:53:57,040 --> 02:53:58,800 that's allowed in Denmark. 3106 02:53:58,800 --> 02:54:04,800 But you have to agree it's in here that the laws in Denmark 3107 02:54:04,800 --> 02:54:10,640 are made and it's the democracy that stands over everything else. 3108 02:54:11,960 --> 02:54:15,440 - In Denmark and Sweden, attitudes to immigration have shifted, 3109 02:54:15,440 --> 02:54:17,120 fundamentally. 3110 02:54:17,120 --> 02:54:20,720 Leaders here now talk about the financial and social costs. 3111 02:54:20,720 --> 02:54:24,280 Sweden's reduced overall net immigration to zero. 3112 02:54:24,280 --> 02:54:26,800 Denmark has the same target. 3113 02:54:26,800 --> 02:54:29,160 Fewer people are being granted asylum. 3114 02:54:29,160 --> 02:54:33,160 In fact they'll offer up to £26,000 for immigrants to return home. 3115 02:54:34,520 --> 02:54:37,120 For liberal Scandis, it's a paradigm shift. 3116 02:54:42,840 --> 02:54:46,640 I'd reached the end of my journey clear that for most people 3117 02:54:46,640 --> 02:54:50,040 the Scandi countries provide a magnificent standard of living... 3118 02:54:51,400 --> 02:54:56,560 To be born Norwegian, that's winning a lottery really, isn't it? 3119 02:54:56,560 --> 02:54:57,760 - It feels like it. 3120 02:54:58,800 --> 02:55:02,280 - But remember, in Norway wealth is largely built on the fossil fuels 3121 02:55:02,280 --> 02:55:05,360 that threaten to permanently damage our climate. 3122 02:55:05,360 --> 02:55:08,320 And even in liberal Sweden, I met indigenous people who feel 3123 02:55:08,320 --> 02:55:11,080 forgotten and excluded. 3124 02:55:11,080 --> 02:55:14,680 - It's like a lifestyle that's slowly fading away. 3125 02:55:14,680 --> 02:55:17,560 - Scandinavia has enjoyed decades of peace, 3126 02:55:17,560 --> 02:55:20,320 but across the region there's a genuine fear war may 3127 02:55:20,320 --> 02:55:23,440 be around the corner. 3128 02:55:23,440 --> 02:55:26,320 But despite threats and problems, Scandinavian 3129 02:55:26,320 --> 02:55:30,360 societies still seem to work better than anywhere else I've been. 3130 02:55:30,360 --> 02:55:32,920 You love it, don't you?! I can tell! 3131 02:55:34,080 --> 02:55:37,560 At the root of it all, people kept talking to me about trust - 3132 02:55:37,560 --> 02:55:41,520 people trust their neighbours, the state, teachers - 3133 02:55:41,520 --> 02:55:45,400 they even seem to trust politicians to take sensible decisions. 3134 02:55:45,400 --> 02:55:49,840 Look at this. I saw shops left open - where people are trusted to 3135 02:55:49,840 --> 02:55:51,240 pay for what they take away. 3136 02:55:52,800 --> 02:55:56,400 This for me, I think, is something that is central to the success of 3137 02:55:56,400 --> 02:55:59,600 modern Scandinavia, and that is trust. 3138 02:56:01,360 --> 02:56:05,800 This journey has opened my eyes to a part of the world we often overlook. 3139 02:56:05,800 --> 02:56:09,400 Perhaps the most successful human societies that have ever existed. 3140 02:56:12,000 --> 02:56:14,520 Definitely worth knowing a bit more about. 3141 02:56:14,520 --> 02:56:16,320 I've loved every second.