The Taklamakan Desert in northern China,
a constantly shifting landscape of sand.
WIND WHISTLES
Temperatures that swing from -20
to more than 40 degrees centigrade...
..and, most critically, almost entirely without rain.
Yet, here on the dunes...
..a Euphrates poplar tree.
And it's not alone.
Some of these trees have lived here for 1,000 years.
They have exceptionally long roots with which to collect water,
and what is more, those roots are connected to neighbouring trees,
so that if one strikes water,
others can share it.
In every desert across the planet,
plants have found ways to not only survive,
but flourish.
This is the Gran Desierto of Mexico and the United States.
These dunes may appear to be totally barren.
In fact, they are full of life.
In the sand beneath my feet
there are seeds of many different kinds.
In fact, you could say that the dune itself is one great seed bank,
and when it rains, it bursts into life.
WIND WHISTLES
THUNDER CRACKLES
But rain may come only once a decade, and even then,
the long-awaited storm may be very brief.
So seeds must respond immediately.
This is sand verbena.
It can grow from a seed to a sweetly-scented flowering plant
in just a few weeks.
Primroses and many other plants soon join the race
to flower before the sand dries.
Desert blooms like this, however, are rare.
This is the first year for 20 years.
The combination of vibrant colour
and powerful scent attracts migrating pollinators,
such as these Painted Lady butterflies,
which fly into the middle of what were, only recently, barren dunes.
Everything is rushing to complete their lives
before the moisture has gone.
Such spectacular blooms transform deserts all around the world.
From the Atacama in South America...
..to the dusty plains of southern Africa.
Rain in deserts, however, never lasts long,
and all too soon, the flowers wither and die.
But not before they've produced the next generation...
..the seeds that will now wait in the sand for the next rains.
In the Sonoran Desert of North America,
the huge saguaro cacti have a different strategy.
They store water in quantity
and can live to a great age.
But in their early years,
they are extremely vulnerable.
This little saguaro cactus is about ten-years-old.
When they're really small and growing out in the open,
there's a real chance that they may shrivel up and die.
But this one has been lucky.
It's been growing in the shade of this mesquite tree,
and it's got a very good chance of surviving to maturity.
The young saguaro is protected by the mesquite's branches.
They halve the amount of scorching sunlight reaching the cactus...
..and so, keep it cool.
And the mesquite's extremely long roots draw up water,
bringing it within reach of the young saguaro.
So the mesquite is known as a 'nurse plant',
and a very effective one it is, too.
In fact, this particular mesquite has already nurtured
seven young saguaros over the past 30 years.
As a young cactus grows,
it needs the protection of its nurse plant, not only from the heat,
but from the other hazards of desert life.
Temperatures can drop to -10 degrees overnight...
..and very occasionally...
..it even snows.
If the water stored inside a young cactus should freeze,
the cactus will die.
But the nurse plant traps a blanket of slightly warmer air around it,
just enough to keep it alive.
Eventually, saguaros outgrow their nurses,
but by that time,
they are robust enough to face the elements by themselves.
No matter how old a desert plant is,
water is always precious,
whether gathered from melting snow...
THUNDER BOOMS
..or a shower of rain.
So, cacti have developed extraordinary adaptations
that enable them to not only collect water...
..but to retain it.
Instead of leaves,
which would lose precious moisture through evaporation,
they have spines.
Each spine has a tiny pad at its base
where the water is absorbed...
..and then stored in the great swollen trunk.
A large saguaro can hold 5,000 litres of water
and is able to do so because it has another special adaptation.
The ridges on its surface are like the pleats on an accordion.
They allow the saguaro to change its shape.
After rain has fallen, the pleats expand
and the saguaro fills up its water tank.
In the dry times, it uses its water to grow,
produce flowers and, eventually, seeds.
Fully-loaded with thousands of litres of water,
this saguaro won't need to drink a single drop for another year.
But such valuable stores of water attract thieves.
Now the spine's function changes from collecting...
..to guarding.
The spines of some species are a quarter of a metre long.
Others are needle-like barbs
that grow in clusters and easily break off in the skin of any animal
that touches them.
But perhaps the most vicious cacti
belong to a group called the chollas.
This is called a teddy-bear cholla
because of the thick coating of spines on it.
But don't be deceived by the name,
there is nothing cuddly about THIS particular teddy bear.
In fact, it's the most dangerous plant in the desert,
and I wouldn't dream of putting my hand anywhere near it
without proper protection.
Brush against it...
..this can happen.
Ow!
This can happen, even with this glove on.
One of them has just gone through, I can feel it.
It's quite painful!
Look closely at the spine and you can see very clearly
why they're so dangerous.
Each is like a splinter of glass,
sharp enough to pierce flesh...
..and they're covered with backward-pointing barbs.
So getting them out, even with a pair of pliers, is quite hard.
This is not pleasant at all.
It won't come off, or without.
Oh, look at that!
It's hard to imagine a more aggressive defence than this,
and it makes both the plant and its buds virtually invulnerable.
Most animals know to keep clear.
Cholla buds grow like tiny barrels from the top of the adult plant
and then drop off.
BARKS
If the young cholla put down roots here,
it would compete with its parent for water.
Night falls...
..and this one is on the move.
A pack rat. She knows how to deal with a cholla.
She avoids the spines by gripping it at the place
where it broke off from its parent.
And she works fast.
There are pack rat hunters here.
She uses the cholla to build a spiny wall around her nest.
The flesh of the cholla supplies her with water...
..and the severed spines further reinforce the defences.
This cholla bud...
..might be next.
But one accidental nudge...
..and it escapes.
DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYS
The bud starts to put down roots.
So, the cholla, thanks to the pack rats,
finds new territory
and sets about claiming it.
Few plants deal with the problems of desert living better than cacti.
There are almost 2,000 different species of them.
They're spread across the deserts of the American West,
from Arizona, all the way to Mexico and beyond.
In South America, the ice-covered peaks of the Andes
act as a rain barrier...
..beyond which lies the world's driest desert -
the Atacama.
In the desert world, water thieves can come in many forms
to exploit even the smallest chink in a plant's defence.
One of the strangest travels within the gut
of a fruit-eating mockingbird.
These are the seeds of Tristerix,
a kind of mistletoe.
Their goal is the water inside this hedgehog cactus.
Using the spines as anchors,
the seeds start to germinate.
Each produces a long probe
with which to try and locate the cactus' skin.
For most, that's a stretch too far,
and they perish.
But for this one, the cactus' surface is within reach.
It clamps onto it with a special sucker...
..and then waits for darkness.
At night, the cactus opens its pores in order to respire.
Oxygen goes out,
carbon dioxide goes in,
and so does Tristerix.
Once within, its tissues spread throughout the body of the cactus,
sustained by the precious store of water that they find there.
Then, a year later,
it breaks through the cactus' skin...
..and bursts into flower.
Hummingbirds come to drink their nectar
and pollinate them as they do so.
And, then, to complete the cycle,
Tristerix produces hundreds of white, eye-catching seeds,
ready to be carried away by a bird
to invade another cactus.
The Karoo Desert in southern Africa.
And although it may look bare,
its rocky ground contains an unrivalled variety of plants that,
one way or another, store water in their tissues.
They belong to many different families, but as a group,
they're known as succulents.
Some are small and low and barely distinguishable
from their surroundings.
These look like little pebbles.
They resemble them so closely
that animals which might be only too glad to steal their water
just pass them by.
When rain does fall, they absorb it and quickly expand.
But even this doesn't spoil their disguise.
They just look like larger pebbles.
Nor are they green.
The cells on their top surface are transparent
and allow sunlight to pass through.
Deep within and out of sight
are the green cells where photosynthesis occurs -
the process which uses this light to make food for the plant.
When the time comes to reproduce, however,
the stone plant abandons its disguise.
And now, it blooms.
The flowers open and close every 24 hours.
So for a few dangerous days,
the plant advertises for pollinators
before returning to life as a pebble.
Some desert plants have developed a very different way
of attracting pollinators.
This is a Stapelia.
It produces what is perhaps the desert's strangest disguise.
It uses water stored in its stems
to grow buds the size of tennis balls.
The flower, once opened, is called a desert starfish.
Instead of releasing millions of loose pollen grains
as most flowers do,
the desert starfish produces them packed in five tiny sacks.
But if its strategy is successful,
just one of them will produce hundreds of seeds...
..and this depends on deception.
The flower appears to have hair...
..wrinkly skin...
..and it produces a stench like the carcass of a dead animal.
And when a carrion fly investigates...
..the flower tempts a tiny sack of pollen to its proboscis.
It isn't easy to feed with such encumbered mouthparts.
But try as it might, the fly can't get rid of it.
And it's still there when the fly leaves to try and feed
from another bogus carcass.
This time, however, when its clamped-up proboscis
slots into the flower, the pollen sack is released.
With pollination complete,
the fly is no longer needed...
..and just as well.
Some deserts can be so dry that plants must find techniques
of surviving for long periods without any water whatsoever.
One of them is to grow extremely slowly,
and few plants grow more slowly than this one -
the creosote bush.
It is inactive for most of its life
and only wakes up and grows for a brief period,
if and when there is a fall of rain.
I've seen evidence of this "grow slow" strategy for myself.
40 years ago, I came here to California's Mojave Desert
to visit one particular plant.
ARCHIVE: An individual creosote bush
tends to spread not by setting seeds
and producing a new generation,
but by sending out new stems around its base.
This plant started growing between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago.
NOW: That was in 1982.
Since then, careful measurement has shown that it has increased
its size by less than one inch.
Its ability to endure is truly extraordinary.
So efficient is creosote at collecting what little rain
falls here, that few other plants can compete with it.
As a result, over the last 12,000 years,
it's come to completely dominate this landscape.
The Chihuahuan Desert in north Mexico.
Here, one particular plant plays the waiting game so well
that it spends much of its life looking dead
and certainly not worth eating.
And it can survive like this for a decade.
This is the resurrection plant.
It's a kind of moss.
It barely has roots, and it certainly can't store much water,
but it can travel.
After a particularly long drought...
..it breaks away from its roots...
..and becomes...
..a tumbleweed.
Blowing across the desert,
it can travel a mile in a week.
With luck, it may find water.
THUNDER RUMBLES
Just a shower of rain can bring it back to life.
As its fronds soak up the water, they unfurl.
In its protected centre,
it still has green cells
which absorb both the water and sunlight
and rapidly produce the food it needs to resume its growth.
It will grow for just as long as there is moisture...
..but when that disappears...
..it closes up once more
and resumes its travels.
Here in the Canyonlands of Utah
lives a plant that has developed
a finely-balanced relationship
with the animals with which it shares this dramatic desert.
Rain does occasionally fall here
and turns dust into mud.
But that doesn't last long.
A brief window of opportunity opens.
Seeds that have been buried for years
may now be exposed to light
and come to life.
This is coyote tobacco.
In just a few weeks, it grows a metre tall
and produces dozens of flowers.
The night air becomes heavy with their fragrance.
Soon, they attract hawk moths
which sip their nectar,
and in doing so, pollinate them.
But the moths also lay their eggs on them.
Soon, the caterpillars have hatched
and are munching the leaves.
Their nibbles expose the plant's sap to the drying air.
But the tobacco plant has a defence.
The leaves under attack produce nicotine.
This chemical sedates the caterpillars
and slows them down.
And what is more, it makes them give off a particular scent...
..one that summons others
to come to the plant's aid.
Big-eyed bugs,
miniature assassins, only two millimetres long...
..and whiptail lizards.
Big or small, they make a meal of the caterpillars.
It's certainly effective...
..but there's more to this strategy than meets the eye.
When the leaf of a tobacco plant is attacked by a caterpillar,
all the rest of the leaves prepare to defend themselves.
But how does this leaf know
that that leaf there is under attack?
Well, scientists here in the United States
have specially genetically modified these tobacco plants
so that under special lighting conditions,
this microscope can show us exactly what is going on.
I'm going to attack one of the leaves of this plant
with these tweezers which, to the plant,
will seem as if it's being nibbled by a caterpillar.
Signals are being transmitted along the veins
that link the leaf to the rest of the plant.
It's rather like a very simple nervous system.
From that initial injury,
the whole of this little plant is aware that something has happened.
This signal warns each leaf of the danger,
so that it is ready to produce nicotine
the moment it's attacked.
With this defence at the ready,
the tobacco plant can continue to grow
until eventually, it produces seeds.
It's particularly important in deserts
for seeds to be distributed as widely as possible
so that some will have a chance of reaching moisture.
And deserts have an excellent agent to help them do that -
the wind.
Many seeds have adaptations to help them exploit it.
They have shell to protect the seeds within from abrasion
or wings to help them catch the air.
As the temperature rises throughout the day,
desert winds increase in strength.
Here in Arizona,
the land is regularly swept by what is known as a haboob.
It's a giant sandstorm,
but also, in effect, a seed storm.
Countless millions of them are swept up into the air.
Some seeds can travel thousands of miles on the wind...
..so that plants may eventually reach even the most isolated desert.
Some have landed on an island
in the middle of the world's largest salt flat in Bolivia.
In the Galapagos, they sprout on fields of recently-erupted lava.
They've even reached one of the most inhospitable of all sites -
the tiny island of San Pedro Martir,
a scorched, lonely rock
off the coast of Mexico.
This is the home of the giant cardon,
a species of huge cactus
that can weigh up to 12 tonnes.
They're able to thrive here because of an extraordinary partnership...
..with brown and blue-footed boobies.
The cardones here can become so broad
that they provide cooling shade for nesting birds.
As the booby chicks get older,
they repay the cardones...
..with their droppings...
..guano -
the digestive remains of vast shoals of fish.
This guano is of such strength and quantity
that most plants would be poisoned by it.
These cardones, however, have evolved the ability
to tolerate the toxins in the guano and digest the nutrients.
As a result, the cacti now grow in a dense forest
over a million strong.
But such relationships are very finely balanced
and can only too easily tip into catastrophe...
..as is now happening in northern Zimbabwe.
For six months of the year,
the savannah here is kept lush and green by daily rains.
ELEPHANTS TRUMPET
But when the rainy season is over,
it becomes as dry as any desert.
So to survive here, trees must be able to tolerate both conditions.
And these giants are adapted to do just that.
They are baobabs.
This one might be over 1,000 years old.
It survives here in part thanks to its ability
to store thousands of litres of water
within the spongy wood of its trunk.
But its battered surface is evidence
of a very finely-balanced relationship.
These huge trees
are a focus for animals of all kinds.
And they're particularly important for elephants.
In the wet season, they eat the baobab's fruit
and disperse the seeds in their dung.
Now as the dry season begins...
ELEPHANT RUMBLES
..they migrate to distant watering holes.
The baobabs have damp inner wood...
..and the elephants use it to quench their thirst on the journey.
ELEPHANT ROARS
This relationship can only work because baobabs
have a remarkable ability to heal themselves.
Between each damaging attack,
they expand their spongy wood and grow new skin.
And they've done this time and time again over centuries.
Today, however, it's harder for the baobabs to recover
as dry seasons become longer and drier due to climate change.
Not only that, but the elephants are forced to take ever more wood
from the trees in order to survive.
In some parts of Africa,
many of the largest and oldest baobabs
have fallen in the last decade.
The loss of a vital species like the baobab
strikes a blow at all life in the desert.
In these hostile lands,
few living organisms can survive without help from others.
You can find an extraordinary illustration of this
in Arizona's saguaro country.
If you wander off the beaten track here,
you may be lucky enough to find one of these.
It might look like an old boot,
but in fact, it's part of a saguaro cactus.
Almost every saguaro has one.
There's one up there.
It has been produced indirectly by woodpeckers,
which regularly dig homes for themselves in the bloated trunks
of the saguaros.
In the next six months,
the cactus heals the wound
and so creates a safe, cool, and watertight nest hole.
Its tough lining will persist for years,
even after the cactus itself has died and rotted away.
A single saguaro may hold several of these extraordinary homes.
So over its lifetime, it may provide accommodation for some 3,000 chicks
of several different species.
BIRDS SCREECH
But in the long term, the saguaro benefits,
as their lodgers repay the cactus
by pollinating its flowers...
..and dispersing its seeds.
It's relationships like these
that enable life to flourish
in some of the world's harshest landscapes.
Over millions of years,
plants have become superbly adapted
to hostile desert conditions.
But it's a very finely-balanced existence
and one that makes them uniquely vulnerable.
However, our growing understanding of the complex ways
by which desert animals and plants rely on one another
is now helping us to understand how best we can protect them.
90 years ago, a photograph was taken from this very spot
that shows a population of saguaro cactus
that was very different from what it is today.
In the last 50 years,
the population of saguaros here has greatly diminished,
not because of a direct assault on the cactus,
but because many of the shade-giving nurse trees
were harvested for firewood, leaving young saguaro to die in the sun.
Now that this relationship is understood
and the nurse trees are protected,
there are already signs that the saguaro are recovering.
Wherever there's a desert, plants have evolved to meet its challenge.
But everywhere, they need our help.
As we understand more about them
and their intimate and complex relationships...
..we will be better able to protect them and all life
in these beautiful but increasingly fragile worlds.
The most remote shoot for the deserts team
is to the island of San Pedro Martir
in the Sea of Cortez, Mexico.
They are to film the giant cacti
that have found a unique way to thrive here.
It takes 48 hours to travel the 260 miles...
..over unpleasantly choppy seas.
It's not made some of us feel very well.
I think one of us is quite seasick.
It's nothing but big blue out there,
and the island is somewhere in that direction.
Can't see it yet.
As they draw close to the island,
there's a spectacular reminder of how rich life in the sea is here.
Oh, look in front of us! Look at that for a pod!
Oh! They're everywhere!
Show us the way.
HE CHUCKLES
Meeting them here is desert scientist Ben Wilder.
It's through his research that the team first heard
about the island's peculiar residents.
I'll never forget the first time I came
to, actually, exactly where we're standing right now.
It was April of 2006,
and saw this view.
And it both settled in my heart and captivated my mind.
And so that started a process of trying to understand,
you know, what can produce this?
The secret is in the relationship between the cactus
and a type of sea bird called a booby.
All the boobies that we need to film are right up there
at the top of the island.
So, it's going to be a bit of a scramble.
The crew soon discover how harsh the conditions are here.
I'm pretty tired. It's pretty hot.
It's a great view.
There's very few places on Earth
where you're going to see this many cactus.
I mean, it's absolutely amazing.
I would say this is the only place you're going to see this.
Well, there you go, then.
Ben's research is uncovering the ingenious ways the cacti
have adapted to the conditions here.
The waters just offshore here are some of the most productive
marine waters in the world.
And so it's kind of an ideal habitat for sea birds to roost.
But when they do so, they deposit tonnes of guano.
And so those nutrients, really high in nitrogen and phosphorus,
actually are toxic to most plant species.
The cardones thrive because they're uniquely able
to process the guano and extract what they need to fuel their growth.
One of the first shots the crew need to get
is of the boobies nesting under the cacti.
The lack of predators means the birds aren't afraid of people.
It should make filming them up close a bit easier.
That's the theory.
So we've positioned this camera here to try and get a good perspective
on the chick on the nest.
It's taken quite a liking to our camera.
Let's hope he doesn't break it.
Bull's-eye.
It's pooed right on the front of the lens!
It's kind of a shot we need, but unfortunately,
my camera wasn't rolling at the time it did it.
So now, I've just got a dirty lens.
After a thorough lens clean, Ollie eventually gets the shot
to reveal the extraordinary relationship between bird and plant.
But it's not just the bird guano that influence
how the cardones grow.
They're way shorter, they're dwarfed here,
throughout the rest of their range,
they usually get in upwards of 50-60 feet.
But here, on average, they're 20-24 feet in height.
They stop growing up, and they grow out.
Ben's research suggests that they go wide here
as an adaptation to the violent winds.
Too tall, and they'd blow over.
A gusting wind isn't helping the drone crew, either.
We really need it to calm down a bit,
otherwise it's going to be impossible.
WIND GUSTS
BIRD CHIRPS
On the Sonoran mainland, where the cardon is also found,
you have on average between 50 to 150 plants per hectare.
Here on this island, you have over 2,500 plants per hectare.
A lull in the wind, and the team get the chance to reveal
the remarkable density of the cacti,
almost 20 times greater than anywhere else.
It appears that here they're doing very well.
But even this island isn't isolated
from the effects of a changing planet.
Every cactus you see there,
its body is filled with nutrients from the sea.
Given that we know that the cardones are linked to the ocean,
what happens in the oceans affects what happens to the cardon.
So a concern we have right now is that there's a lot of overfishing,
and we know there are less sea birds here than there were 20 years ago.
And we have reason to believe then that will ripple and affect
the nutrients that fuel the cardones as well.
This finely-balanced relationship is at risk,
and knowing that makes leaving the island
particularly thought provoking for the crew.
The cardones look beautiful.
I've never seen so many cactus in my life.
It's absolutely amazing.
I'm just hoping that when we leave this place,
it stays as it is, and things don't affect it that are negative.
It's an absolutely wonderful thing, and, yeah, I don't want to go.
I want to stay.
This remote cactus forest is a reminder of the adaptability
of plants that enables them to establish green worlds
almost anywhere on Earth.
Next time on The Green Planet...
..our extraordinary relationship with plants.
From those who eat...
..to those we help...
..plants are our greatest allies.
The Open University has produced a poster
that explores the vital role that plants have for our planet.
To order your free copy call...
Or go to...
..and follow the links to the Open University.