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The relationship between plants
and humans is extraordinary.

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We've been adapting to each other

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for as long as we've been on the planet.

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We rely upon plants for almost everything.

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The air we breathe, the water
we drink, the food we eat,

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much of the clothes we wear,

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in some parts of the world,
the very buildings in which we live.

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But that relationship is now
changing.

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How it changes next will shape
the future of our green planet.

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Some plants have the ability
to live alongside us...

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..even when we make it extremely
difficult for them to do so.

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This is Piccadilly Circus
in the heart of London.

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It would be difficult to imagine
a more hostile place for a plant.

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And yet, even here, plants
will find a way.

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Plants like this may seem
to follow us wherever we go.

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We call them, perhaps
a little unkindly,

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weeds.

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In fact, these plants are pioneers,

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the ones that are most able to take
advantage of new habitats,

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even very harsh ones.

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This wall is at least 100 years old.

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It's like a sheer cliff face with no
sign of soil,

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and yet this ivy-leaved toadflax
thrives here.

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How?

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The plant grows towards the light
with its flowers facing outwards

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to attract pollinators.

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But once they've succeeded in doing
that

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and the seed pods start
to develop,

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its behaviour changes.

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For now, the pods turn and grow away
from the light,

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seeking the darkest place they can
find.

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A crevice, perhaps,
like this one.

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It's all the toadflax needs.

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It can now germinate and start
to produce a new plant.

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Other pioneers have
a different strategy.

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They instead distribute their seeds
far and wide in great numbers.

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Sow thistles are masters
of this trick.

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Each of its seeds is equipped
with a tiny downy parachute,

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which will catch the slightest
breeze.

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And they can travel extraordinary
distances.

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They can rise a mile high in the sky

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and reach places hundreds of miles
away from the parent plant.

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The seeds only need to find
the tiniest chink

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and they can take hold.

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We barely notice many of
these plant invaders.

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But here in the heart of Hong Kong,

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strangler fig seeds that landed
on a stone wall generations ago,

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have spread their flexible
branching roots far and wide.

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They can be anchored so firmly

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that they become a part
of the city's architecture.

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This is perhaps the ultimate weed.

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But there are places where the
extraordinary abilities of fig trees

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have created a very different
relationship with human beings.

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Meghalaya in north-east India,

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a high altitude plateau riven
by dizzyingly steep valleys.

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It's home to the Khasi people...

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..who've learned how to use the
remarkable properties of fig trees

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to help them live
in such difficult country.

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As in Hong Kong, the tree's
numerous roots anchor it firmly,

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here to steep mountainsides.

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These roots can grow up to
2.5cm a day.

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They are unusually strong,

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flexible, and can develop
into a multitude of shapes.

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The Khasi persuade them
to provide them with stairs.

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The monsoon season brings
a seemingly insurmountable challenge

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for Khasi communities.

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This is the wettest place
in the world.

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Nearly 30cm
of rain can fall in a day.

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Rivers become lethal torrents,

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dividing communities
from each other.

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This is when the relationship
between fig trees and the Khasi

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becomes most important.

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They deliberately plant fig trees
near the rivers.

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When they're mature enough to have
developed many hanging roots,

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Shining Star Kongthaw begins
working with them.

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He guides the roots through bamboo
tubes

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that are pointed
towards the opposite river bank.

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These strands will combine
as they grow, sharing nutrients

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and resources and becoming stronger
than a lone strand could ever be.

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As the years pass, the growing roots
become a living bridge.

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As they grow, they become ever
stronger and more stable.

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This unusual relationship has
allowed the people here to thrive

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in an otherwise challenging
landscape.

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But there are plants that have found
a deeper partnership with us,

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and in doing so, have changed
landscapes across the globe.

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It began over 10,000 years ago,

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with plants that we found especially
good to eat.

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At first, this relationship
created challenges of its own.

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Many of the ancestral grasses,

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like these wild oats from Israel,

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have a trick to ensure
that their seeds are planted

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in the perfect place.

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Each seed head, at the top, carries
two long bristles called awns,

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and when a seed drops to the ground,

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these awns do
something truly extraordinary...

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..they walk.

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The awns twist as they dry out
during the day,

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and then when they get wet...

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..they untwist.

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Tiny hairs grip on to the ground,

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keeping the individual moving
forward.

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In this way, the seeds work
their way along the ground

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until eventually they find a rock
to hide under

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or a crack to drill in to.

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This adaptation is useful
for the plant,

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but not for us.

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It's hard to collect seeds
when they drop off and walk away.

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So our ancestors selected plants
whose seeds don't drop off,

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don't have legs

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and don't bury themselves out of
reach.

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They also selected those individuals
which put their energy

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into developing much larger seeds.

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Close relationships like this
have developed all over the world,

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producing the plants
that are now our crops.

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This may seem a poor deal
from the point of view of plants,

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but not so.

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We eat their seeds,

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but in return, we cherish
and cultivate them,

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and now they are widespread
and far more abundant

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than their wild ancestors.

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You might call this a bargain
between ourselves and plants,

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and over the years, it's proved
extraordinarily powerful.

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In the beginning, the bargain
operated on a small scale.

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Plant, tend and harvest by hand
in small patches.

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Over time, these plants produced
more food,

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increasingly efficiently...

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..and the partnerships became
more exclusive.

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We started doing more and more for a
small number of chosen species.

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These few persuaded us
to eliminate their competitors,

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cure their diseases,

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poison their enemies,

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and keep them well-watered,

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even when other
species faced drought.

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Fewer and fewer plant species,

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like soy, wheat and rice,

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now occupy more and more land.

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And so now whole landscapes
are dominated

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by a single species of plant.

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A monoculture.

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This is the Central Valley
of California,

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the biggest orchard in the world.

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A million acres of just one
type of tree,

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almonds.

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Each flower, if it's fertilised
by pollen

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from a different almond tree,

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will produce an almond nut.

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The flowers, patterns and scent
have evolved to attract insects

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and bribe them to do that job
for them.

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The pollen doesn't have to move far,

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it just needs to reach
a neighbouring tree.

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There are about 20,000 flowers
on each tree...

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..and 140 million trees.

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That is billions of flowers
all calling out at once.

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But here, the beauty of the blossom
is wasted.

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To make way
for these almond trees,

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the land was,
in effect, wiped clean.

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Countless wild species of plants
and animals were removed,

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including, critically,
pollinators.

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So now the flowers need
help, and lots of it.

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ENGINE REVS

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MACHINERY WHIRS

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LOUD BUZZING

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40 billion honeybees...

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..trucked in from all over
the United States.

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The orchard is only in bloom
for a few weeks,

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so the almonds need
the bees to get to work immediately.

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Each bee can visit thousands
of blossoms a day.

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And while they take most
of the pollen they collect back

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to the hive, they also drop
some pollen at each stop.

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And, so, with luck,

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the flowers
are all eventually fertilised.

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Day after day,
the process is repeated.

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Flower after flower.

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Tree after tree.

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By the time the petals fall,

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2.5 trillion flowers
have been successfully pollinated

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and will now grow in to
2.5 trillion almonds.

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This type of intensive,
streamlined agriculture

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produces amazingly high yields.

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But monocultures are fragile.

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While they can function effectively
when conditions remain stable,

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it only takes a small change
to create catastrophe.

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Lodgepole pine,

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a very valuable timber tree grown
extensively in western Canada.

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Millions of acres of the same
species,

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all the same age
and the same size.

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For centuries, lodgepole forests
have lived in a natural balance

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with their enemies,

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including this one,

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the mountain pine beetle.

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In summer, female beetles start
hunting for a suitable nursery

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in which to lay their eggs.

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The ideal site is a mature lodgepole
pine

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with bark thick enough to feed
a female's brood

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and, critically, to protect
them from the bitter cold

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of the coming winter.

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Once under the bark, she tunnels
upwards...

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00:22:39,980 --> 00:22:42,180
..laying her eggs as she goes.

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00:22:47,020 --> 00:22:51,540
A single female beetle can lay
100 eggs in a season.

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When the larvae hatch,

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they grow by feeding on the inside
of the bark.

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00:23:14,860 --> 00:23:19,340
As they do, they damage the channels
that transport water and nutrients

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between the roots and needles.

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00:23:35,180 --> 00:23:37,820
For centuries, the freezing
northern winters

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killed the majority of larvae,

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00:23:39,860 --> 00:23:42,700
so tree and beetle remained
in balance.

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00:23:44,220 --> 00:23:48,380
But now, with the climate changing,
the winters aren't cold enough

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00:23:48,380 --> 00:23:50,620
to control the beetle numbers.

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00:23:53,780 --> 00:23:58,820
Needles turning red are a sure sign
that the trees are dying.

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The beetle plague spreads
like wildfire across a landscape

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00:24:11,380 --> 00:24:15,620
covered by a monoculture
of similarly vulnerable trees.

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00:24:19,020 --> 00:24:22,140
Since the first mass outbreak 40
years ago,

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00:24:22,140 --> 00:24:25,780
trillions of trees in North America
have been killed

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00:24:25,780 --> 00:24:27,980
by the mountain pine beetle.

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00:24:33,940 --> 00:24:38,180
Loss of plant diversity makes
any habitat more vulnerable

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00:24:38,180 --> 00:24:39,900
to changing conditions.

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00:24:42,340 --> 00:24:44,980
Now, with climate changing so fast,

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00:24:44,980 --> 00:24:49,140
we are losing plant diversity
just when we need it the most.

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00:24:51,660 --> 00:24:56,340
Two out of five plants are now
facing extinction.

220
00:24:58,020 --> 00:25:04,300
Of course, the loss of any one
species is in itself a tragedy,

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but such a loss erodes the stability
of a whole ecosystem,

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00:25:10,420 --> 00:25:13,940
and that should be of great concern
for all of us.

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00:25:17,980 --> 00:25:23,980
We need an insurance policy,
a hedge against extinction.

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00:25:27,260 --> 00:25:30,340
This is
Kew's Millennium Seed Bank.

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00:25:33,420 --> 00:25:38,700
Packets of seeds arrive
here from all over the world.

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00:25:38,700 --> 00:25:42,980
These are from a relative
of the yucca plant,

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which grows in central Mexico on the
slopes of volcanoes,

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and nowhere else.

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00:25:52,940 --> 00:25:57,820
Most of the seeds are from plants
that are threatened.

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Some indeed, have gone extinct
since their seeds arrived here.

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00:26:02,300 --> 00:26:06,500
But here, at least,
those seeds are safe.

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00:26:09,220 --> 00:26:13,140
When they arrive, they're processed

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00:26:13,140 --> 00:26:16,100
and sealed in to airtight jars.

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00:26:18,540 --> 00:26:22,980
Seeds are then brought underground
to be stored in a vault,

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00:26:22,980 --> 00:26:26,220
like this one, at -20C.

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00:26:32,540 --> 00:26:35,620
Since the bank was founded,

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00:26:35,620 --> 00:26:39,940
two billion seeds from 40,000
different species

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00:26:39,940 --> 00:26:42,900
have been brought and stored here.

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00:26:51,300 --> 00:26:56,180
Because a seed contains everything
it needs to start a new plant,

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00:26:56,180 --> 00:27:01,180
each and every one of them
represents a little grain of hope...

241
00:27:16,220 --> 00:27:20,900
..hope that one day we will make
it possible for the seeds

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00:27:20,900 --> 00:27:24,140
of these rarities to grow
in the wild once again.

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00:27:29,460 --> 00:27:33,900
The seed bank certainly gives us
options when a species becomes rare

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00:27:33,900 --> 00:27:36,380
or even extinct.

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00:27:42,020 --> 00:27:45,020
But around the world, people are
trying ways to keep

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00:27:45,020 --> 00:27:48,900
natural plant populations healthy
where they should be,

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00:27:48,900 --> 00:27:50,740
in the wild.

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00:27:59,860 --> 00:28:01,660
Hawaii.

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00:28:04,940 --> 00:28:07,980
90% of the plant species here

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00:28:07,980 --> 00:28:10,860
are found nowhere else
in the world.

251
00:28:15,940 --> 00:28:21,140
Many are threatened by a plant
invader called Miconia.

252
00:28:25,100 --> 00:28:30,140
It was brought to the island of Maui
in the '70s as an ornamental plant.

253
00:28:31,340 --> 00:28:33,020
In its native Mexico,

254
00:28:33,020 --> 00:28:36,460
it grows in balance with a rich
variety of predators,

255
00:28:36,460 --> 00:28:38,260
competitors and diseases.

256
00:28:45,620 --> 00:28:49,220
It grows taller than most
native Hawaiian vegetation,

257
00:28:49,220 --> 00:28:51,500
and little can grow beneath it.

258
00:29:01,180 --> 00:29:04,860
On the island of Maui, with nothing
to keep it in check,

259
00:29:04,860 --> 00:29:07,300
it creates a stifling monoculture.

260
00:29:10,540 --> 00:29:13,340
Miconia, it would appear,

261
00:29:13,340 --> 00:29:15,660
is doing very well for itself.

262
00:29:19,540 --> 00:29:22,380
But today it's under attack.

263
00:29:28,780 --> 00:29:33,900
On level ground, a single dedicated
team can keep Miconia in check.

264
00:29:42,100 --> 00:29:46,100
But unfortunately, this plant
can spread to places impossible

265
00:29:46,100 --> 00:29:48,140
for people to reach on foot.

266
00:29:54,620 --> 00:30:00,060
Just one plant can produce
around ten million seeds a year,

267
00:30:00,060 --> 00:30:02,780
enough to cover this entire
landscape.

268
00:30:05,820 --> 00:30:08,660
With so much at stake, the team
have come up

269
00:30:08,660 --> 00:30:11,300
with an extraordinary plan.

270
00:30:55,820 --> 00:31:00,660
It's too dangerous to land here,

271
00:31:00,660 --> 00:31:03,100
but they don't need to.

272
00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:14,260
A marksman with great skill
can shoot the Miconia

273
00:31:14,260 --> 00:31:18,540
with paint balls full of herbicide.

274
00:31:22,260 --> 00:31:25,460
A perfect shot is one that hits
the stem,

275
00:31:25,460 --> 00:31:29,620
so ensuring that the herbicide
spreads throughout the plant.

276
00:31:42,900 --> 00:31:45,980
The method is so precise

277
00:31:45,980 --> 00:31:48,740
that with careful flying and
accurate aim,

278
00:31:48,740 --> 00:31:53,500
they can kill the intruders without
damaging any wild plants.

279
00:32:25,620 --> 00:32:29,980
Destroying alien invaders
is not the only way to help

280
00:32:29,980 --> 00:32:31,660
the native plants here.

281
00:32:39,780 --> 00:32:44,180
This is Waikamoi Preserve, the
last surviving fragment

282
00:32:44,180 --> 00:32:47,740
of a high-altitude Hawaiian
rainforest,

283
00:32:47,740 --> 00:32:51,140
and home to one
of the world's rarest plants.

284
00:32:54,460 --> 00:32:56,020
Holokea.

285
00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:02,940
There are only 57 fully-grown
individuals left in the wild.

286
00:33:07,620 --> 00:33:11,060
Their peculiar flowers evolved
to suit the beak

287
00:33:11,060 --> 00:33:13,900
of a bird found only in Hawaii,

288
00:33:13,900 --> 00:33:15,260
the 'i'iwi.

289
00:33:17,980 --> 00:33:20,700
The bird is now so rare itself
that, today,

290
00:33:20,700 --> 00:33:24,300
these partners seldom, if ever,
meet.

291
00:33:26,500 --> 00:33:31,980
So the chances of holokea getting
pollinated are very slim.

292
00:33:33,540 --> 00:33:37,900
But a strange new partnership
might just save it.

293
00:33:39,100 --> 00:33:46,620
I look at losing a plant as flying
in a plane and taking a screw out

294
00:33:46,620 --> 00:33:51,260
and, yeah, the plane will fly and
you might be able to take a couple

295
00:33:51,260 --> 00:33:53,340
of screws out and keep flying,

296
00:33:53,340 --> 00:33:56,180
but eventually you're going to
crash.

297
00:34:07,100 --> 00:34:13,420
Hank knows where to find every
one of the last 57 plants,

298
00:34:13,420 --> 00:34:17,500
and he returns every year
to act as their pollinator.

299
00:34:18,940 --> 00:34:25,020
We have to step in and play that
role as pollinator or matchmaker.

300
00:34:34,100 --> 00:34:37,500
Hank collects the pollen
from the male flower

301
00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:41,460
and dusts it onto a female flower
of a different plant.

302
00:34:44,300 --> 00:34:47,140
He's currently their life support,

303
00:34:47,140 --> 00:34:50,820
but his goal is for holokea
to thrive without him.

304
00:34:52,100 --> 00:34:58,140
So, before he leaves, he plays the
call of the 'i'iwi bird.

305
00:34:58,140 --> 00:35:03,580
'I'IWI BIRD CALLS

306
00:35:11,300 --> 00:35:14,740
Hank hopes the sound will attract
the living birds,

307
00:35:14,740 --> 00:35:19,060
and if they come, that they will
reconnect with the last holokea

308
00:35:19,060 --> 00:35:22,900
and rekindle their vital
relationship.

309
00:35:34,300 --> 00:35:40,140
I believe all species are important

310
00:35:40,140 --> 00:35:43,780
and I believe we have a duty to act.

311
00:35:49,940 --> 00:35:54,460
We need to act,
not only in the wild places,

312
00:35:54,460 --> 00:35:57,420
but even in those where we live

313
00:35:57,420 --> 00:35:59,540
and where we farm.

314
00:36:04,980 --> 00:36:06,580
Like much of the world,

315
00:36:06,580 --> 00:36:10,020
Kenya is losing thousands of native
trees annually.

316
00:36:10,020 --> 00:36:13,460
Ones that local people rely
on for so much,

317
00:36:13,460 --> 00:36:15,420
especially fuel.

318
00:36:18,820 --> 00:36:22,820
But here, people have come
up with an ingenious way to reverse

319
00:36:22,820 --> 00:36:25,660
some of that loss around them.

320
00:36:33,820 --> 00:36:36,860
At a factory in the outskirts
of Nairobi,

321
00:36:36,860 --> 00:36:40,900
workers collect and sort
waste charcoal dust.

322
00:36:45,980 --> 00:36:52,060
Seeds of carefully selected native
trees are mixed with the dust.

323
00:36:55,140 --> 00:36:59,580
This carbon coat will protect
the seeds from hungry animals

324
00:36:59,580 --> 00:37:01,620
until the rains arrive.

325
00:37:11,300 --> 00:37:13,820
These are seed balls.

326
00:37:28,220 --> 00:37:30,660
In the village of Kibwezi,

327
00:37:30,660 --> 00:37:33,620
acacia trees are becoming scarce,

328
00:37:33,620 --> 00:37:37,580
cut down by previous generations
to make charcoal.

329
00:37:58,780 --> 00:38:04,780
But the students at this school make
forest restoration child's play.

330
00:38:23,060 --> 00:38:25,900
The nutrients in the dissolving
char dust

331
00:38:25,900 --> 00:38:28,740
will give each little seed
a good start.

332
00:38:35,420 --> 00:38:38,900
If only a handful of these seeds
grow into a tree,

333
00:38:38,900 --> 00:38:42,140
the effort has been well worth it.

334
00:38:42,140 --> 00:38:48,060
Every mature acacia tree can itself
produce thousands of seeds a year.

335
00:38:52,700 --> 00:38:57,940
13 million seed balls have been
distributed in Kenya alone...

336
00:39:01,580 --> 00:39:04,700
..and the methods
by which they're dispersed...

337
00:39:07,780 --> 00:39:10,180
..are ever more inventive,

338
00:39:10,180 --> 00:39:11,420
to say the least.

339
00:39:25,580 --> 00:39:29,300
This technique is being repeated
around the globe.

340
00:39:29,300 --> 00:39:30,980
Seed-ball-making workshop.

341
00:39:32,980 --> 00:39:37,260
People are choosing seeds of local
native plants,

342
00:39:37,260 --> 00:39:40,460
giving them a little initial help

343
00:39:40,460 --> 00:39:43,900
and bringing some wild plants back
into the world around them.

344
00:39:49,540 --> 00:39:54,300
But is it possible, even in our most
extreme monocultures,

345
00:39:54,300 --> 00:39:58,380
to invite a bit of wildness in

346
00:39:58,380 --> 00:40:02,260
and, with it,
a bit of resilience?

347
00:40:05,300 --> 00:40:10,180
I have two different kinds
of forage growing in my orchard.

348
00:40:10,180 --> 00:40:15,700
The yellow that you see behind me
is a variety of different mustards.

349
00:40:15,700 --> 00:40:17,460
And then after the bloom,

350
00:40:17,460 --> 00:40:20,060
we're going to see
some clover blossom.

351
00:40:22,340 --> 00:40:25,980
This mix of plants means
the bees can feed

352
00:40:25,980 --> 00:40:30,460
before and after the brief
almond bloom.

353
00:40:30,460 --> 00:40:34,900
And they also get a more balanced,
healthier diet.

354
00:40:34,900 --> 00:40:39,020
In the meantime, it's going
to provide habitat for all sorts

355
00:40:39,020 --> 00:40:42,020
of insects and the bees, and
probably some rabbits.

356
00:40:43,820 --> 00:40:48,700
It's a step towards establishing
a better, more stable system.

357
00:40:50,340 --> 00:40:52,340
It's about finding balance.

358
00:40:52,340 --> 00:40:53,980
That's what we're trying to do here.

359
00:40:53,980 --> 00:40:55,460
Find a balance.

360
00:40:59,300 --> 00:41:04,940
Can humanity globally find
a new balance between wild plants

361
00:41:04,940 --> 00:41:07,180
and those we have domesticated?

362
00:41:11,100 --> 00:41:15,060
Around half the usable land on Earth
is taken up by agriculture.

363
00:41:16,500 --> 00:41:18,780
Do we really need that much?

364
00:41:19,980 --> 00:41:22,100
Maybe not.

365
00:41:23,260 --> 00:41:30,540
It's a remarkable fact, but around
80% of all cultivated land

366
00:41:30,540 --> 00:41:35,340
is used for raising livestock
for us to eat.

367
00:41:37,500 --> 00:41:41,580
Raising animals can be a sustainable
way to create food,

368
00:41:41,580 --> 00:41:45,180
but in many places, plants can
produce the same amount

369
00:41:45,180 --> 00:41:49,340
of protein on a fraction
of the land that animals need.

370
00:41:52,860 --> 00:41:56,300
What could it mean for wild plants
if the global balance

371
00:41:56,300 --> 00:41:59,300
between plant-eating
and meat-eating shifted?

372
00:42:02,060 --> 00:42:06,340
It may sound odd, but the more
plants we eat,

373
00:42:06,340 --> 00:42:10,780
the more space there
will be for wild plants.

374
00:42:14,140 --> 00:42:19,380
Remarkably, it's possible to restock
even highly degraded land

375
00:42:19,380 --> 00:42:20,700
with wild plants.

376
00:42:27,620 --> 00:42:32,580
In Brazil, the needs of cattle
ranching drive most deforestation.

377
00:42:39,780 --> 00:42:43,900
30 years ago, the owners of one
former cattle ranch

378
00:42:43,900 --> 00:42:48,060
wanted to restore their land
to the Atlantic rainforest

379
00:42:48,060 --> 00:42:50,380
that once covered it.

380
00:42:52,260 --> 00:42:54,860
They had no idea
if it could be done...

381
00:42:56,260 --> 00:42:58,980
..the land was so bare and eroded.

382
00:43:01,620 --> 00:43:03,900
But they were determined to try.

383
00:43:06,020 --> 00:43:09,980
First, they cleared the introduced
African cattle grasses,

384
00:43:09,980 --> 00:43:13,340
invasive plants that outcompete most
of the native plants.

385
00:43:21,700 --> 00:43:25,740
The grasses were replaced
by seedlings grown from seeds

386
00:43:25,740 --> 00:43:29,340
gathered in nearby remnants
of Atlantic rainforest.

387
00:43:38,340 --> 00:43:42,140
The Earth Institute,
or Instituto Terra,

388
00:43:42,140 --> 00:43:44,140
as the ranch is known now,

389
00:43:44,140 --> 00:43:48,940
was encouraged by early success
and expanded its scope and ambition.

390
00:44:07,180 --> 00:44:12,140
In five years, trees covered
the land again,

391
00:44:12,140 --> 00:44:14,060
and within ten,

392
00:44:14,060 --> 00:44:16,500
it was clear something remarkable
was happening.

393
00:44:37,460 --> 00:44:42,660
When rain falls, it now no longer
simply runs off the land,

394
00:44:42,660 --> 00:44:44,140
leaving it parched.

395
00:44:48,220 --> 00:44:51,020
Instead, it clings to the plants,

396
00:44:51,020 --> 00:44:53,500
to every root, stem and leaf...

397
00:44:55,340 --> 00:44:58,780
..and then slowly filters
to the forest floor.

398
00:45:01,860 --> 00:45:06,260
..and, so, previously dry streams
burst into life

399
00:45:06,260 --> 00:45:08,580
for the first time in decades.

400
00:45:14,140 --> 00:45:17,460
The Institute never introduced
animals or plants

401
00:45:17,460 --> 00:45:18,980
other than the trees.

402
00:45:25,180 --> 00:45:27,620
The animals came back on their own.

403
00:45:30,260 --> 00:45:32,900
Small ones came first.

404
00:45:49,700 --> 00:45:52,380
And then, very recently,

405
00:45:52,380 --> 00:45:56,460
camera traps left in the forest
captured images

406
00:45:56,460 --> 00:45:59,100
beyond the hopes of everyone
involved.

407
00:46:03,060 --> 00:46:06,020
A maned wolf,

408
00:46:06,020 --> 00:46:11,020
an animal that is being driven from
its native habitat by deforestation,

409
00:46:11,020 --> 00:46:14,300
drawn to its favourite plant,

410
00:46:14,300 --> 00:46:16,940
the wolf fruit tree.

411
00:46:20,220 --> 00:46:21,620
Not only that...

412
00:46:21,620 --> 00:46:24,700
YAPS

413
00:46:26,900 --> 00:46:29,140
..a puma...

414
00:46:31,820 --> 00:46:33,420
..with cubs!

415
00:46:42,580 --> 00:46:47,660
The arrival of these precious top
predators and their young

416
00:46:47,660 --> 00:46:52,100
shows what can happen when we make
space for wild plants.

417
00:46:57,980 --> 00:47:00,060
We have, for centuries,

418
00:47:00,060 --> 00:47:04,700
robbed wild plants of the space and
time they need to thrive.

419
00:47:06,780 --> 00:47:10,980
That has certainly
not been to their benefit.

420
00:47:12,100 --> 00:47:15,900
Nor, ultimately, is it to ours.

421
00:47:20,660 --> 00:47:25,020
Our relationship with plants
has changed throughout history,

422
00:47:25,020 --> 00:47:27,540
and now it must change again.

423
00:47:27,540 --> 00:47:30,740
Whether it's what we eat
and cultivate

424
00:47:30,740 --> 00:47:33,060
or whether
it's what we like,

425
00:47:33,060 --> 00:47:38,620
we must now work with plants
and make the world a little greener,

426
00:47:38,620 --> 00:47:40,060
a little wilder.

427
00:47:48,380 --> 00:47:53,100
If we do this, our future
will be healthier

428
00:47:53,100 --> 00:47:55,740
and safer

429
00:47:55,740 --> 00:47:59,020
and, in my experience, at any rate,
happier.

430
00:47:59,020 --> 00:48:01,100
Plants are, after all,

431
00:48:01,100 --> 00:48:04,380
our most ancient allies,
and, together,

432
00:48:04,380 --> 00:48:07,060
we can make this an
even greener planet.

433
00:48:21,460 --> 00:48:23,620
Throughout the Human episode,

434
00:48:23,620 --> 00:48:25,740
the Green Planet crew sought

435
00:48:25,740 --> 00:48:29,580
to capture the lives of plants
confronted with the human world.

436
00:48:31,420 --> 00:48:34,860
But they also heard the stories
of people deeply connected

437
00:48:34,860 --> 00:48:36,900
to the plants around them...

438
00:48:40,020 --> 00:48:44,140
..such as those at the front line of
the battle to save Hawaii's native

439
00:48:44,140 --> 00:48:47,540
endangered plants
from invasive species.

440
00:48:48,940 --> 00:48:50,980
If we don't get a handle on
Miconia,

441
00:48:50,980 --> 00:48:55,620
we could lose everything that makes
Hawaii special and unique.

442
00:48:57,780 --> 00:49:01,100
But before the Green Planet
team could start work,

443
00:49:01,100 --> 00:49:05,380
they had to undertake some
rigorous preparation.

444
00:49:05,380 --> 00:49:08,020
We're going into somewhere
that has very...

445
00:49:08,020 --> 00:49:09,660
It's a very sensitive ecosystem.

446
00:49:09,660 --> 00:49:12,340
They're trying to protect
it from invasives.

447
00:49:12,340 --> 00:49:16,140
Filming in a place so ravaged
by invasive species

448
00:49:16,140 --> 00:49:19,780
meant they had to be 100% sure
that they were not spreading

449
00:49:19,780 --> 00:49:23,820
any non-native stowaways themselves.

450
00:49:23,820 --> 00:49:27,580
They had to scrub and disinfect
every item of equipment.

451
00:49:31,380 --> 00:49:34,700
With kit clean, the team first
focus on filming

452
00:49:34,700 --> 00:49:36,660
the rare holokea plant...

453
00:49:41,100 --> 00:49:43,740
..accessible only on foot.

454
00:49:49,940 --> 00:49:55,460
There are a few pristine areas
like this left in Hawaii,

455
00:49:55,460 --> 00:50:00,820
only 40% of the land still has
native vegetation,

456
00:50:00,820 --> 00:50:05,500
most of it wiped out by invasive
species like Miconia.

457
00:50:10,980 --> 00:50:16,060
Next on the list was to film
the team waging war on Miconia,

458
00:50:16,060 --> 00:50:18,660
known locally as the purple plague.

459
00:50:20,740 --> 00:50:22,940
For crew member Aja,

460
00:50:22,940 --> 00:50:25,020
the work is not just a physical
battle

461
00:50:25,020 --> 00:50:28,020
against this invasive species,

462
00:50:28,020 --> 00:50:30,260
it's deeply personal.

463
00:50:30,260 --> 00:50:32,100
I've been to the pristine areas,

464
00:50:32,100 --> 00:50:35,180
so I know what it looks like
and feels like,

465
00:50:35,180 --> 00:50:37,180
you know, to be in the presence

466
00:50:37,180 --> 00:50:40,620
of all that mana and spirituality.

467
00:50:44,500 --> 00:50:46,340
Those aren't just plants.

468
00:50:48,140 --> 00:50:51,060
Those are ancestors' spirits,
you know?

469
00:50:51,060 --> 00:50:55,060
Controlling these invasive
plants is a relentless job,

470
00:50:55,060 --> 00:50:59,380
and Aja is not just doing this for
native Hawaiian ecosystems,

471
00:50:59,380 --> 00:51:02,580
but also to protect her ancestral
relationship

472
00:51:02,580 --> 00:51:04,620
to this fragile landscape.

473
00:51:05,820 --> 00:51:08,260
So, going through this, it feels
good to hack 'em

474
00:51:08,260 --> 00:51:09,500
and pull them out and be like,

475
00:51:09,500 --> 00:51:11,140
"Yeah, OK, take that!" You know?

476
00:51:11,140 --> 00:51:14,180
We can sort of fight back.

477
00:51:14,180 --> 00:51:19,860
Aja's fierce passion to protect
these native forests is evident,

478
00:51:19,860 --> 00:51:22,700
but the purple plague has spread
to places

479
00:51:22,700 --> 00:51:24,740
Aja could never reach on foot.

480
00:51:26,980 --> 00:51:30,260
Taking to the sky is the only way to
reach the front line

481
00:51:30,260 --> 00:51:32,420
of this battleground.

482
00:51:34,580 --> 00:51:38,340
With only enough fuel to stay
airborne for two hours,

483
00:51:38,340 --> 00:51:42,380
the window for capturing this aerial
battle is uncomfortably small.

484
00:51:44,220 --> 00:51:47,660
We have one day of doing
the heli operations.

485
00:51:47,660 --> 00:51:49,700
The weather could completely mess us
up

486
00:51:49,700 --> 00:51:51,980
if we get a system that comes in,

487
00:51:51,980 --> 00:51:56,340
heli to heli is always dangerous and
difficult.

488
00:51:56,340 --> 00:51:59,860
This flight is not just tense
for Liz,

489
00:51:59,860 --> 00:52:02,300
for plant sniper Brooke Mahnken,

490
00:52:02,300 --> 00:52:05,340
these short flights represent his
only opportunity

491
00:52:05,340 --> 00:52:07,540
to hold back the invasion.

492
00:52:07,540 --> 00:52:11,980
Miconia left unchecked
can be terribly damaging.

493
00:52:11,980 --> 00:52:14,620
The potential for one seeding plant,

494
00:52:14,620 --> 00:52:17,020
if it were to get far away
from the population,

495
00:52:17,020 --> 00:52:19,780
reach maturity and put seeds out,

496
00:52:19,780 --> 00:52:22,820
then it's starting a whole
new infestation.

497
00:52:22,820 --> 00:52:25,620
And once it occupies that entire
area,

498
00:52:25,620 --> 00:52:27,980
then it's completely wiped it out.

499
00:52:31,780 --> 00:52:36,180
The helicopter is really important
because you can fly in extreme

500
00:52:36,180 --> 00:52:39,060
terrain with these, like,
1,000ft cliffs

501
00:52:39,060 --> 00:52:40,700
and find Miconia that...

502
00:52:40,700 --> 00:52:43,980
There would be no other way to get
to these plants.

503
00:52:45,340 --> 00:52:48,860
The Miconia team are used
to the aerial challenges

504
00:52:48,860 --> 00:52:51,660
of this battle, but for producer
Liz,

505
00:52:51,660 --> 00:52:54,300
the pre-fight talk from the
helicopter pilot

506
00:52:54,300 --> 00:52:56,900
brings home the lengths
that this team go to

507
00:52:56,900 --> 00:52:59,060
in order to complete their work.

508
00:52:59,060 --> 00:53:01,420
So, you're just going to be
in the back here

509
00:53:01,420 --> 00:53:03,500
and it's a hurricane in the
back seat,

510
00:53:03,500 --> 00:53:06,300
literally a hurricane,
so nothing loose,

511
00:53:06,300 --> 00:53:09,260
you don't want to put an arm
ahead, a leg or a hand out

512
00:53:09,260 --> 00:53:11,140
cos it's going to blow behind
you

513
00:53:11,140 --> 00:53:13,300
and you don't want to stick your
head out

514
00:53:13,300 --> 00:53:15,620
because if the headset comes off,

515
00:53:15,620 --> 00:53:19,460
then it's into the tail rotor
and then it's bye-bye, Maui.

516
00:53:19,460 --> 00:53:21,380
Pre-flight checks completed,

517
00:53:21,380 --> 00:53:24,180
the clock is now ticking to get
into the air.

518
00:53:28,220 --> 00:53:30,260
This matters so much
to everyone here.

519
00:53:30,260 --> 00:53:32,820
I definitely feel the pressure
to get this right.

520
00:53:39,940 --> 00:53:42,620
INDISTINCT SPEECH

521
00:53:50,780 --> 00:53:53,380
To get within shooting distance
of the plants,

522
00:53:53,380 --> 00:53:56,740
the helicopter pilot must carefully
manoeuvre in

523
00:53:56,740 --> 00:53:59,260
to one of the area's deepest
canyons.

524
00:54:00,940 --> 00:54:03,180
See the light-coloured rock?
Yep.

525
00:54:03,180 --> 00:54:05,580
Follow that up, to the right.

526
00:54:05,580 --> 00:54:07,940
You see it?

527
00:54:07,940 --> 00:54:10,140
The target is in sight.

528
00:54:10,140 --> 00:54:11,380
Oh, yeah. There it is.

529
00:54:14,900 --> 00:54:18,180
OK, I'm live and ready.

530
00:54:18,180 --> 00:54:21,060
With high winds gusting up from the
waterfall,

531
00:54:21,060 --> 00:54:23,980
getting into position is tricky
enough in one helicopter,

532
00:54:23,980 --> 00:54:25,380
let alone two.

533
00:54:26,740 --> 00:54:29,900
To give Brooke the best chance
of hitting the Miconia,

534
00:54:29,900 --> 00:54:33,620
the pilot must get him within 20
metres of the plant

535
00:54:33,620 --> 00:54:35,540
and ideally at eye-level.

536
00:54:35,540 --> 00:54:38,900
Any missed shot threatens to become
friendly fire,

537
00:54:38,900 --> 00:54:42,180
harming the species he aims to
protect.

538
00:54:42,180 --> 00:54:44,020
Ready? Yeah.
Here we go.

539
00:54:47,180 --> 00:54:49,500
Brooke must strike the stem
of the plant

540
00:54:49,500 --> 00:54:52,660
to have the best
chance of completely killing it.

541
00:54:54,740 --> 00:54:57,580
Whoa! My God, nice fire!

542
00:55:05,380 --> 00:55:08,380
Yeah, worked really, really well.
Thanks, guys.

543
00:55:09,540 --> 00:55:13,340
This has been a successful
mission for both teams.

544
00:55:13,340 --> 00:55:16,340
The pilot's skills and Brooke's
sharp shooting

545
00:55:16,340 --> 00:55:18,740
has saved another patch
of forest,

546
00:55:18,740 --> 00:55:21,340
and Liz is relieved that she has
the shots

547
00:55:21,340 --> 00:55:24,060
she needs to do the story
justice.

548
00:55:24,060 --> 00:55:26,860
It's over. It's over.

549
00:55:26,860 --> 00:55:29,140
It just looked amazing.

550
00:55:29,140 --> 00:55:31,300
Yeah, it looks good.

551
00:55:31,300 --> 00:55:33,380
It looks good.

552
00:55:33,380 --> 00:55:36,820
For Brooke and Aja, however, their
work doesn't stop.

553
00:55:36,820 --> 00:55:40,660
Just holding back the tide of
invasive species in Hawaii

554
00:55:40,660 --> 00:55:43,740
is more than a lifetime's
work.

555
00:55:43,740 --> 00:55:46,740
But Aja believes that her fight
is worthwhile.

556
00:55:46,740 --> 00:55:49,940
Everything we do is for the next
generation,

557
00:55:49,940 --> 00:55:51,980
just like our ancestors and kupuna.

558
00:55:51,980 --> 00:55:56,260
It wasn't for them,
it was for the next generation.

559
00:55:56,260 --> 00:55:59,540
And just to have my kids go
into areas, like, where they can see

560
00:55:59,540 --> 00:56:01,340
there are still natives,

561
00:56:01,340 --> 00:56:06,020
where we don't have to go through
all this invasive vegetation.

562
00:56:10,740 --> 00:56:13,940
You know, it's not just my
responsibility,

563
00:56:13,940 --> 00:56:15,980
it's everyone's responsibility.

564
00:56:19,340 --> 00:56:22,100
You know, the Earth takes care
of us, so we have to do the same,

565
00:56:22,100 --> 00:56:24,660
we can't just let it go by.

566
00:56:28,180 --> 00:56:30,340
We've got to take care, too.

567
00:56:38,220 --> 00:56:41,620
The Open University had produced
a poster

568
00:56:41,620 --> 00:56:46,260
that explores the vital role
that plants have for our planet.

569
00:56:46,260 --> 00:56:52,460
To order your
free copy, call...

570
00:56:52,460 --> 00:56:55,140
or go to...

571
00:56:57,860 --> 00:56:59,500
..and follow
the links

572
00:56:59,500 --> 00:57:00,660
to the Open University.