1 00:01:07,120 --> 00:01:08,100 You know, in physics, 2 00:01:08,100 --> 00:01:11,440 we believe that everything around us can be made comprehensible. 3 00:01:13,220 --> 00:01:17,140 It's a job that can easily set you apart from other people. 4 00:01:17,140 --> 00:01:18,660 There's no restriction on thought. 5 00:01:25,860 --> 00:01:30,240 I think I have a quite pictorial view of physics. 6 00:01:30,240 --> 00:01:33,400 For me, particles are colourful. For me, an electron is red. 7 00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:36,640 I don't know why. Don't ask me why. An electron is red. 8 00:01:36,640 --> 00:01:39,480 A photon, of course, is yellow, because of light. 9 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:41,120 A proton is brown. 10 00:01:41,120 --> 00:01:44,320 My perception or reality, you know, I go deep inside, 11 00:01:44,320 --> 00:01:46,820 so I eat my spaghetti and I think of the quarks 12 00:01:46,820 --> 00:01:48,640 that are inside the spaghetti. It's true. 13 00:01:50,080 --> 00:01:51,400 You will say I'm crazy! 14 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:57,560 I am a physicist, but I love music and been studying music. 15 00:01:57,560 --> 00:02:00,800 Music and physics are part of the same thing. 16 00:02:00,800 --> 00:02:03,560 You know, human curiosity, human creativity, 17 00:02:03,560 --> 00:02:07,700 the wish of exploring or understanding 18 00:02:07,700 --> 00:02:11,120 how things work at the most fundamental level, 19 00:02:11,120 --> 00:02:15,000 and what really touches me in science, like in music, 20 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:19,220 is this complexity built upon simplicity. 21 00:02:22,300 --> 00:02:26,360 In music, you have very complex and rich symphonies. 22 00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:28,060 Think about Beethoven, Mahler. 23 00:02:29,160 --> 00:02:32,680 But actually, they are built up on the combination of seven notes. 24 00:02:32,680 --> 00:02:37,460 And likewise, nature is extremely beautiful and extremely complex, 25 00:02:37,460 --> 00:02:39,560 but actually, the most fundamental level 26 00:02:39,560 --> 00:02:41,840 is made of just three particles. 27 00:02:52,740 --> 00:02:55,960 I always wanted to understand, what are we made out of? 28 00:02:57,360 --> 00:03:00,480 I need to know, how are things connected, 29 00:03:00,480 --> 00:03:02,680 how does one depend on the other? 30 00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:15,360 It is the most powerful, 31 00:03:15,360 --> 00:03:19,820 most complex machine ever built by mankind. 32 00:03:21,900 --> 00:03:27,000 To try to understand why we can exist at all. 33 00:04:02,680 --> 00:04:08,240 When I was young, I wanted to understand the logic of nature... 34 00:04:12,080 --> 00:04:18,000 ..the fundamental laws which allows us to exist. 35 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:19,740 HE CHUCKLES 36 00:04:21,240 --> 00:04:25,500 We need these laws for our existence. 37 00:04:25,500 --> 00:04:32,520 The trouble is that these laws can be used for peace and for war. 38 00:04:39,160 --> 00:04:42,980 ARCHIVE: Now I am become death, destroyer of worlds. 39 00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:49,660 ARCHIVE: Dr Oppenheimer, you and many like you 40 00:04:49,660 --> 00:04:53,800 who brought the bomb into being still seem to suffer, may I say, 41 00:04:53,800 --> 00:04:56,640 from a bad conscience about it. 42 00:04:56,640 --> 00:04:58,180 Is that true, sir? 43 00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:02,160 I do think it has left a mark 44 00:05:02,160 --> 00:05:04,420 on many of those 45 00:05:04,420 --> 00:05:07,180 who are responsibly engaged. 46 00:05:07,180 --> 00:05:10,620 This is not the natural business of a scientist. 47 00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:15,680 After the first few minutes of elation, 48 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:20,520 I realised what had happened to the world. 49 00:05:20,520 --> 00:05:25,020 A great thing, I felt, was to eliminate this. 50 00:05:25,020 --> 00:05:29,600 We have to explain to the governments 51 00:05:29,600 --> 00:05:34,540 that what we want to do is never to be associated with 52 00:05:34,540 --> 00:05:38,840 the use of these laws for war. 53 00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:50,800 Today, CERN is a truly global laboratory 54 00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:55,140 with a community of more than 17,000 people 55 00:05:55,140 --> 00:05:57,760 across more than 110 nationalities. 56 00:05:57,760 --> 00:06:04,140 An incredible melting pot of languages, cultures, traditions. 57 00:06:04,140 --> 00:06:08,800 But in a world where conflict between countries, 58 00:06:08,800 --> 00:06:12,980 religions and cultures sadly persist, 59 00:06:12,980 --> 00:06:18,360 this is a truly precious gift which cannot be taken for granted. 60 00:06:20,880 --> 00:06:24,400 We now have autocrats ruling the largest nations on Earth 61 00:06:24,400 --> 00:06:26,600 in ways we thought belonged to history. 62 00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:29,240 Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine 63 00:06:29,240 --> 00:06:30,480 by land, air and sea... 64 00:06:30,480 --> 00:06:33,920 CERN has announced that it will end cooperation 65 00:06:33,920 --> 00:06:38,000 with up to 500 scientists from Russian institutions. 66 00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:46,060 The last world war had been so terrible, 67 00:06:46,060 --> 00:06:50,960 I thought it would be unimaginable that a new war would start again. 68 00:06:50,960 --> 00:06:53,960 Humanity should have learnt the lesson. 69 00:06:53,960 --> 00:06:57,920 Here at CERN, several thousand scientists, 70 00:06:57,920 --> 00:07:01,340 coming from different social, political systems, 71 00:07:01,340 --> 00:07:03,120 having different religions, 72 00:07:03,120 --> 00:07:05,360 having completely different mentalities, 73 00:07:05,360 --> 00:07:07,780 work together very peacefully, 74 00:07:07,780 --> 00:07:10,420 and I might say so, also very successfully. 75 00:07:15,640 --> 00:07:17,120 INTERVIEWER: How many years ago was it 76 00:07:17,120 --> 00:07:19,540 that you stepped down as Director-General? 77 00:07:19,540 --> 00:07:22,420 It's a long time ago. Wait... 1990. 78 00:07:22,420 --> 00:07:24,940 Wow! And you're still coming in?! 79 00:07:24,940 --> 00:07:26,440 HE CHUCKLES 80 00:07:26,440 --> 00:07:29,920 When I became 100 years old, some people asked me, 81 00:07:29,920 --> 00:07:32,560 "What do you do to become so old?" 82 00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:34,820 I said, there are two things. 83 00:07:34,820 --> 00:07:39,080 Always stay active and always be curious. 84 00:07:42,480 --> 00:07:44,880 The third council decided that we have to stop 85 00:07:44,880 --> 00:07:48,160 almost all co-operation with Russia now. 86 00:07:48,160 --> 00:07:50,000 It's a pity. 87 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,040 I think it was more or less the first time that, 88 00:07:53,040 --> 00:07:54,640 in the 70 years of CERN, 89 00:07:54,640 --> 00:07:58,540 that politics determined, essentially, a council decision. 90 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:11,160 So, this week, there was Council Week at CERN. 91 00:08:11,160 --> 00:08:14,600 So it means the representative of our member states 92 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:17,680 got together for decisions and discussions. 93 00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:23,760 The contracts with Belarus and with Russia already have been suspended. 94 00:08:23,760 --> 00:08:27,800 However, there is still this laboratory in Russia 95 00:08:27,800 --> 00:08:30,200 which is a bit similar to what we have at CERN, 96 00:08:30,200 --> 00:08:34,580 and the collaboration with them dates back to '67, 97 00:08:34,580 --> 00:08:38,680 so it's a really long-standing partner. 98 00:08:38,680 --> 00:08:42,080 Here at CERN, we have Israelis working together with Palestinians, 99 00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:43,780 Indians with Pakistani, 100 00:08:43,780 --> 00:08:49,860 so science, and fundamental science, gives you a kind of basis 101 00:08:49,860 --> 00:08:52,500 where people, independent of their religion, 102 00:08:52,500 --> 00:08:56,240 independent of their political system where they grew up in, 103 00:08:56,240 --> 00:08:58,460 can collaborate and can communicate, 104 00:08:58,460 --> 00:09:00,940 and I think that's something important to keep. 105 00:09:00,940 --> 00:09:04,220 That was what CERN is for - science for peace. 106 00:09:11,560 --> 00:09:15,940 I remember when I first came to CERN, I was here visiting 107 00:09:15,940 --> 00:09:19,460 because I was thinking about moving here, and I wasn't sure. 108 00:09:21,760 --> 00:09:23,960 One of my mentors at the university 109 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:26,480 arranged to see the Atlas detector, 110 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:28,340 and it was the best thing 111 00:09:28,340 --> 00:09:29,520 anyone ever did for me, 112 00:09:29,520 --> 00:09:34,700 because when you see it, it was like... It was love. 113 00:09:48,040 --> 00:09:51,840 You know, it's just this beautiful detector with 114 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:55,340 the precision of it, the size of it, 115 00:09:55,340 --> 00:10:00,320 the amount of human effort and passion 116 00:10:00,320 --> 00:10:02,880 that went into building every single little part. 117 00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:04,900 I just wanted to be a part of that. 118 00:10:06,880 --> 00:10:09,080 I got to build this, help build this. There are, 119 00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:11,960 you know, thousands of people involved in this construction, 120 00:10:11,960 --> 00:10:15,160 and I really got to help with that, those teams putting it all together. 121 00:10:16,340 --> 00:10:18,320 There was a common goal that we all had, 122 00:10:18,320 --> 00:10:21,000 so it gave a special spirit to the whole thing. 123 00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:24,520 There was this chance to unlock 124 00:10:24,520 --> 00:10:26,680 something very deep about nature itself. 125 00:10:32,400 --> 00:10:37,260 2008 was really the first time we switched on our camera, Atlas, 126 00:10:37,260 --> 00:10:39,120 and took the first data, 127 00:10:39,120 --> 00:10:40,740 but the room was crowded at that time, no? 128 00:10:40,740 --> 00:10:44,040 So everybody who contributed was in that room. 129 00:10:44,040 --> 00:10:47,360 The preparation of this experiment took decades. 130 00:10:53,400 --> 00:10:56,000 We now believe that all the matter that we now see 131 00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:59,560 in the universe was made during the first fraction 132 00:10:59,560 --> 00:11:03,240 of a fraction of a fraction of a second of the age of the universe. 133 00:11:03,240 --> 00:11:08,680 In fact, it's something like 10 to the -35 seconds. 134 00:11:08,680 --> 00:11:10,780 That means a 1 135 00:11:10,780 --> 00:11:14,640 with 34 zeros before it. 136 00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:16,620 An extremely small time. 137 00:11:18,080 --> 00:11:23,360 The zero particle and all the other elementary particles have masses. 138 00:11:23,360 --> 00:11:26,600 They weigh something. Now, why is that? 139 00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:32,120 We believe that comes about from a particle called the Higgs boson. 140 00:11:32,120 --> 00:11:35,120 Peter Higgs proposed the existence 141 00:11:35,120 --> 00:11:38,120 of the Higgs boson in 1964. 142 00:11:38,120 --> 00:11:41,760 I would compare it to a Roman arch. 143 00:11:41,760 --> 00:11:45,720 So you've got this beautiful semi-circular arch, 144 00:11:45,720 --> 00:11:48,320 and at the top, there is a capstone, 145 00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:51,760 and if that capstone were not there, the arch would collapse. 146 00:11:53,040 --> 00:11:56,160 With my colleagues, we basically sat down and said, 147 00:11:56,160 --> 00:12:00,120 "OK, we don't know what the mass of the Higgs boson might be," 148 00:12:00,120 --> 00:12:02,520 but for different masses, 149 00:12:02,520 --> 00:12:06,000 we could figure out the way in which it would show up in an experiment. 150 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:09,160 Some experiments of that type were being done at CERN. 151 00:12:09,160 --> 00:12:11,320 But we really thought it was going to be heavier 152 00:12:11,320 --> 00:12:16,460 and could only be found at a higher-energy accelerator. 153 00:12:16,460 --> 00:12:19,260 MACHINE BLEEPS 154 00:12:20,560 --> 00:12:23,520 The protons are in the machine. 155 00:12:26,480 --> 00:12:27,940 We're ready at this end. 156 00:12:31,420 --> 00:12:33,200 We're now in the countdown. 157 00:12:33,200 --> 00:12:35,200 Changez l'orbite. 158 00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:36,440 Next pulse. 159 00:12:49,580 --> 00:12:51,980 See, what happens in the sort of experiments that are done here - 160 00:12:51,980 --> 00:12:54,720 well, actually sort of underground, in some sense - 161 00:12:54,720 --> 00:12:58,060 what's being done down there 162 00:12:58,060 --> 00:13:00,940 is a sort of recreation of the first seconds of the Big Bang. 163 00:13:08,760 --> 00:13:11,680 You are about 100 metres underground 164 00:13:11,680 --> 00:13:15,000 at the absolute best experiment on Earth. 165 00:13:16,060 --> 00:13:20,120 The LHC pipe runs through the centre, 166 00:13:20,120 --> 00:13:22,700 and protons come in from either direction. 167 00:13:22,700 --> 00:13:24,640 If we're lucky, and if they hit 168 00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:27,400 really like a big, strong head-on collision, 169 00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:30,240 we can create all sorts of cool stuff. 170 00:13:30,240 --> 00:13:32,960 Potentially something we have never seen before. 171 00:13:37,740 --> 00:13:39,280 It's very nice here in the control room, 172 00:13:39,280 --> 00:13:40,660 because you can see in real time 173 00:13:40,660 --> 00:13:43,420 all these collisions and particles, 174 00:13:43,420 --> 00:13:45,940 the shower coming out of it, 175 00:13:45,940 --> 00:13:48,160 and sometimes, yeah, it's really overwhelming, 176 00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:51,560 and actually, it's also bothering me 177 00:13:51,560 --> 00:13:55,780 thinking about all the things that they will discover in the future 178 00:13:55,780 --> 00:13:57,440 and that maybe I will never know. 179 00:14:01,740 --> 00:14:06,440 Everybody's trying to write history, in a way. It's our ambition. 180 00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:09,000 You know, the man of the caverns 181 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:12,520 was writing pictures of cows on the wall, right? 182 00:14:12,520 --> 00:14:15,600 So that 3,000 years later, you walk in there and say, 183 00:14:15,600 --> 00:14:18,120 "My God, look at that! There's a human being there." 184 00:14:18,120 --> 00:14:23,960 Now, we're not trying... painting ghosts on walls of caves. 185 00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:27,200 We're trying to do much more sophisticated things. 186 00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:28,820 And when it's all done and over, 187 00:14:28,820 --> 00:14:31,180 what do you think we... 20th-century civilisation 188 00:14:31,180 --> 00:14:32,800 have left behind? 189 00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:35,680 I mean, my opinion is they will care. 190 00:14:35,680 --> 00:14:36,940 They will respect us. 191 00:14:38,320 --> 00:14:41,200 And will respect us on the basis of the understanding we have. 192 00:14:56,360 --> 00:14:58,780 When I arrived here at CERN, you know, 193 00:14:58,780 --> 00:15:03,080 I was this student, very much lacking in confidence, 194 00:15:03,080 --> 00:15:06,160 looking around at what's happening here, 195 00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:08,880 and I did not feel that I fit in here. 196 00:15:08,880 --> 00:15:11,160 I felt like an impostor. 197 00:15:11,160 --> 00:15:13,780 It was like another planet! 198 00:15:13,780 --> 00:15:17,920 First of all, because there were literally no Indians here at CERN. 199 00:15:19,820 --> 00:15:21,000 It was incredible. 200 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:24,040 I can tell you that even the smell of coffee was alien to me. 201 00:15:27,440 --> 00:15:32,320 Coming from India, a woman, working in the laboratory, you know, 202 00:15:32,320 --> 00:15:36,880 with Europeans and with Americans and all that, it was not easy. 203 00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:39,760 The confidence is today, the smiles are today, 204 00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:44,760 but I have had endless sleepless nights, years on end. 205 00:15:53,320 --> 00:15:56,640 This human endeavour is mind-boggling. 206 00:16:11,880 --> 00:16:15,240 When you were presented with the plans for the LHC, 207 00:16:15,240 --> 00:16:17,480 the engineering challenge is 208 00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:19,740 absolutely enormous. 209 00:16:19,740 --> 00:16:21,720 Well, I wasn't presented with the plans. 210 00:16:21,720 --> 00:16:23,120 I made the plans! 211 00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:24,760 HE LAUGHS 212 00:16:27,400 --> 00:16:29,760 I came to CERN in '69. 213 00:16:31,620 --> 00:16:33,480 Antiprotons now. 214 00:16:33,480 --> 00:16:35,320 What is it, 55 years now? 215 00:16:35,320 --> 00:16:38,480 Practically. HE LAUGHS 216 00:16:38,480 --> 00:16:40,140 55 of the 70! 217 00:16:41,840 --> 00:16:45,320 But this is home now, after all this time. 218 00:16:45,320 --> 00:16:48,840 I took over the project in '93, prepared it for approval. 219 00:16:48,840 --> 00:16:52,620 Took until the end of 1994 to get approved. 220 00:16:58,340 --> 00:17:00,480 NEWS ARCHIVE: The project could provide answers 221 00:17:00,480 --> 00:17:02,080 to the nature of the universe. 222 00:17:02,080 --> 00:17:04,700 The machine, called the Large Hadron Collider, 223 00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:08,720 will aim to recreate the conditions at the time of the Big Bang. 224 00:17:10,260 --> 00:17:11,960 The tunnel was there already. 225 00:17:11,960 --> 00:17:14,000 We took it over from a previous machine. 226 00:17:16,700 --> 00:17:21,980 There is a pit where the big magnets can be lowered into the tunnel 227 00:17:21,980 --> 00:17:23,920 onto a transport vehicle, 228 00:17:23,920 --> 00:17:26,760 and then that gives us access to the LHC ring. 229 00:17:33,940 --> 00:17:36,480 This is really the biggest 230 00:17:36,480 --> 00:17:40,540 and most complex scientific project ever undertaken. 231 00:17:40,540 --> 00:17:43,220 The whole 27km circumference 232 00:17:43,220 --> 00:17:46,740 is aligned to better than a tenth of a millimetre. 233 00:17:48,600 --> 00:17:53,040 Very, very, very tiny movements will affect our data. 234 00:17:53,040 --> 00:17:58,660 The moon, for example, also affects the LHC. 235 00:17:58,660 --> 00:18:00,680 WAVES SPLASH 236 00:18:04,920 --> 00:18:10,220 It's the kind of a breathing that goes on. Like the tides, you know? 237 00:18:12,040 --> 00:18:15,880 And we need to track everything. Think of gravity, 238 00:18:15,880 --> 00:18:20,320 that every time there is a movement of a piece of matter 239 00:18:20,320 --> 00:18:24,480 around the Earth, that actually translates into 240 00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:27,680 a very, very, very tiny movement 241 00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:29,920 which can be reflected in the measurements 242 00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:32,880 at the scale at which we do the measurements, you know? 243 00:18:32,880 --> 00:18:34,620 We are looking for a particle 244 00:18:34,620 --> 00:18:37,820 that has a lifetime of 10 to the -22 seconds. 245 00:18:40,020 --> 00:18:45,160 And within that, if there is a movement, you're lost. 246 00:18:48,880 --> 00:18:50,600 So the idea behind the collision is, 247 00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:54,280 you're just getting a huge amount of energy into, you know, 248 00:18:54,280 --> 00:18:58,340 a single spot, and then you can produce something very massive. 249 00:18:58,340 --> 00:19:00,560 And so by studying these collisions, 250 00:19:00,560 --> 00:19:03,600 we understand this very microscopic world, 251 00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:06,600 and then that helps us understand how we evolve 252 00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:10,540 from a microscopic world to the macroscopic, 253 00:19:10,540 --> 00:19:13,900 to galaxies, superclusters of galaxies. 254 00:19:13,900 --> 00:19:15,240 It's all intertwined. 255 00:19:15,240 --> 00:19:17,840 We can't understand that without understanding this. 256 00:19:45,880 --> 00:19:47,440 BELL CLANGS 257 00:19:49,780 --> 00:19:52,100 Hello! Welcome! 258 00:19:52,100 --> 00:19:53,800 INTERVIEWER: Hello! 259 00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:58,620 All the best. Nice to welcome you here in my home! Please, come in. 260 00:19:58,620 --> 00:19:59,960 Thank you so much! 261 00:20:03,720 --> 00:20:07,900 Do you still play the piano? Yes, a little bit, yes, a little bit. 262 00:20:07,900 --> 00:20:11,360 I like music beside physics very much. 263 00:20:11,360 --> 00:20:14,000 HE PLAYS 264 00:20:20,240 --> 00:20:23,440 I am a very old man now. I have the advantage 265 00:20:23,440 --> 00:20:29,080 that I've seen now practically 100 years of European history. 266 00:20:29,080 --> 00:20:32,160 During the last war, I was a soldier. 267 00:20:32,160 --> 00:20:35,520 I was fighting against Russia and the British. 268 00:20:43,220 --> 00:20:47,280 In fact, I was by chance also at Dresden when it was bombed, 269 00:20:47,280 --> 00:20:49,700 so I've seen it. Fortunately, I survived. 270 00:20:53,040 --> 00:20:55,780 So I know what real war means. 271 00:20:55,780 --> 00:20:59,200 We have 10,000 people who were killed in one night. 272 00:21:01,220 --> 00:21:03,640 All that, of course, is nightmare. 273 00:21:06,320 --> 00:21:07,900 When war was ended, 274 00:21:07,900 --> 00:21:12,000 I was taken prisoner by the British troops, near Hamburg. 275 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:16,140 At that time, imagine there was practically no radio. 276 00:21:16,140 --> 00:21:19,180 There were just a few local newspapers. 277 00:21:19,180 --> 00:21:21,520 There was no television, nothing. 278 00:21:21,520 --> 00:21:24,940 So I learnt about the bombs rather late, 279 00:21:24,940 --> 00:21:26,400 more or less by chance. 280 00:21:42,160 --> 00:21:44,040 ARCHIVE: It is an atomic bomb. 281 00:21:45,680 --> 00:21:49,740 It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. 282 00:22:08,920 --> 00:22:11,040 EXPLOSION 283 00:22:13,260 --> 00:22:15,320 EXPLOSION 284 00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:19,300 EXPLOSION 285 00:22:28,500 --> 00:22:30,800 I knew many other people 286 00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:33,520 who were involved in the development of these bombs. 287 00:22:37,420 --> 00:22:39,440 In Germany, it was Heisenberg. 288 00:22:45,440 --> 00:22:47,360 And it was never quite clear 289 00:22:47,360 --> 00:22:50,600 whether the nuclear chain reaction would work. 290 00:22:50,600 --> 00:22:52,580 I knew Heisenberg quite well. 291 00:22:52,580 --> 00:22:56,120 He was surprised that a bomb had worked, 292 00:22:56,120 --> 00:22:59,720 because he had calculated the detailed cross-section, 293 00:22:59,720 --> 00:23:01,260 and he'd made a mistake. 294 00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:04,900 Simply incredible, because Heisenberg said, 295 00:23:04,900 --> 00:23:06,840 "Look, it can't have worked"! 296 00:23:06,840 --> 00:23:08,640 And they told him, "Yes, but it worked," 297 00:23:08,640 --> 00:23:11,960 so he sat down and found out, yes, he had made a mistake! 298 00:23:16,820 --> 00:23:21,120 HARRY TRUMAN: A short time ago, an American airplane dropped 299 00:23:21,120 --> 00:23:26,040 one bomb on Hiroshima and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy. 300 00:23:26,040 --> 00:23:32,000 That bomb has more power than 20,000 tons of TNT. 301 00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:36,720 The force from which the sun draws its power has been loosed 302 00:23:36,720 --> 00:23:40,780 against those who brought war to the Far East. 303 00:23:40,780 --> 00:23:44,600 We have spent more than $2 billion 304 00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:49,500 on the greatest scientific gamble in history, and we have won. 305 00:23:55,220 --> 00:23:56,880 What has been done 306 00:23:56,880 --> 00:24:01,580 is the greatest achievement of organised science in history. 307 00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:15,760 OPPENHEIMER: I think when you play a meaningful part 308 00:24:15,760 --> 00:24:19,960 in bringing about the death of over 100,000 people 309 00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:22,340 and the injury of a comparable number, 310 00:24:22,340 --> 00:24:25,380 you naturally... 311 00:24:27,940 --> 00:24:31,580 ..don't think of that as... with ease. 312 00:24:31,580 --> 00:24:34,780 We had known the sin of pride. 313 00:24:34,780 --> 00:24:38,520 We had turned to effect, 314 00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:41,440 in what proved to be a major way, 315 00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:43,220 the course of man's history. 316 00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:57,240 ARCHIVE, IN FRENCH: 317 00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:17,160 It is an idea which is, to some extent, unimaginable today. 318 00:25:17,160 --> 00:25:20,160 Shortly after the Second World War, 319 00:25:20,160 --> 00:25:24,280 a handful of visionary scientists 320 00:25:24,280 --> 00:25:28,500 and a handful of visionary diplomats 321 00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:32,280 getting together from all the continents 322 00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:36,160 and saying, "OK, we have to do something 323 00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:38,800 "to get Europe out of the ruins." 324 00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:42,280 It took only a few years to create CERN. 325 00:25:43,860 --> 00:25:48,120 This is amazing. I cannot imagine something like this today. 326 00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:55,780 ARCHIVE: The council of CERN is made up of delegates 327 00:25:55,780 --> 00:25:57,440 from the 13 member states. 328 00:25:58,700 --> 00:26:02,400 The purpose of the European Organization for Nuclear Research 329 00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:05,560 is to further collaboration in scientific research 330 00:26:05,560 --> 00:26:07,420 of a purely fundamental nature. 331 00:26:09,840 --> 00:26:12,480 IN FRENCH: 332 00:26:26,920 --> 00:26:31,580 Looking at these people together - Oppenheimer, Heisenberg... 333 00:26:32,880 --> 00:26:38,320 ..who worked beforehand on different sides within the war, 334 00:26:38,320 --> 00:26:41,280 but they ignored the political difference, 335 00:26:41,280 --> 00:26:44,360 and they were just concentrating on science. 336 00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:52,920 ARCHIVE: An atomic war would end this civilisation, 337 00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:56,760 and would end any science and so on. 338 00:26:58,420 --> 00:27:02,080 Mankind has to learn to control itself, 339 00:27:02,080 --> 00:27:07,140 because it now has within its power to destroy itself very cheaply. 340 00:27:11,680 --> 00:27:14,080 We brought the people together. 341 00:27:14,080 --> 00:27:17,960 We wrote a convention which clearly states, 342 00:27:17,960 --> 00:27:20,160 "peaceful application only". 343 00:27:27,320 --> 00:27:32,400 "The Organization shall provide for collaboration among European states 344 00:27:32,400 --> 00:27:34,020 "in nuclear research 345 00:27:34,020 --> 00:27:37,460 "of a pure scientific and fundamental character." 346 00:27:41,720 --> 00:27:45,160 When we work, we don't think of making 347 00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:49,220 military applications. 348 00:27:52,140 --> 00:27:54,720 The responsibilities of the scientist 349 00:27:54,720 --> 00:27:59,400 is that new technologies are used in the proper way. 350 00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:04,780 Every technology can be used for the good of humanity 351 00:28:04,780 --> 00:28:06,520 or against humanity. 352 00:28:06,520 --> 00:28:09,880 I mean, typewriter can be used for war, 353 00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:12,000 or can be used for peaceful poetry. 354 00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:28,820 I grew up in an industrial part of the United States, 355 00:28:28,820 --> 00:28:31,900 in western Pennsylvania, where everybody's grandfather and father 356 00:28:31,900 --> 00:28:34,140 worked in the steel mills, 357 00:28:34,140 --> 00:28:37,460 and they told us when we were kids that if we didn't study hard, 358 00:28:37,460 --> 00:28:39,840 we'd end up in the factory like they were. 359 00:28:39,840 --> 00:28:42,440 And I totally failed, you can see! 360 00:28:52,340 --> 00:28:54,040 We have Metallica, 361 00:28:54,040 --> 00:28:58,540 Muse, Roger Waters, 362 00:28:58,540 --> 00:29:00,680 Jack White, Pixies. 363 00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:02,320 The bar is pretty high. 364 00:29:02,320 --> 00:29:04,500 It's not just for any rock stars. 365 00:29:05,680 --> 00:29:07,340 There'll be more, I hope! 366 00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:12,000 The science fiction question is, 367 00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:17,600 do we have enough antimatter to be dangerous, or to power a starship? 368 00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:21,760 And the answer is, even though this is the best and only machine 369 00:29:21,760 --> 00:29:25,740 to create this antihydrogen atom, we kind of suck. 370 00:29:25,740 --> 00:29:29,440 It's never going to be a danger to anybody. 371 00:29:29,440 --> 00:29:32,560 It would take longer than the age of the universe 372 00:29:32,560 --> 00:29:36,980 to accumulate just 1g of antimatter. 373 00:29:36,980 --> 00:29:40,780 But that 1g of antimatter could put a space shuttle into orbit. 374 00:29:40,780 --> 00:29:45,480 Right? That's a cataclysmic amount of antimatter to lose all at once. 375 00:29:45,480 --> 00:29:46,780 We simply... 376 00:29:46,780 --> 00:29:49,620 I wouldn't want to be anywhere near that, let's put it that way. 377 00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:12,760 CERN in the early '90s, I found an extremely exciting atmosphere. 378 00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:16,020 Those were the years where we were developing 379 00:30:16,020 --> 00:30:17,840 the Large Hadron Collider. 380 00:30:19,340 --> 00:30:24,000 Atlas is the biggest experiment ever built in particle physics. 381 00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,720 We are all pushed by the same spirit 382 00:30:27,720 --> 00:30:30,680 and by the same awareness of being very close 383 00:30:30,680 --> 00:30:32,680 to discover something big. 384 00:30:35,640 --> 00:30:37,700 In addition to the fundamental science, 385 00:30:37,700 --> 00:30:40,340 which might have interesting applications, 386 00:30:40,340 --> 00:30:42,760 there are the technologies which you develop 387 00:30:42,760 --> 00:30:45,080 in order to make the research possible, 388 00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:49,700 and the World Wide Web is one example of that. 389 00:30:49,700 --> 00:30:54,280 This is a technology which was developed in order for scientists 390 00:30:54,280 --> 00:30:57,240 to be able to collaborate around the world, and of course, 391 00:30:57,240 --> 00:31:00,800 it's completely revolutionised the way that humans interact. 392 00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:21,360 So, what's the web? 393 00:31:21,360 --> 00:31:24,800 It used to be difficult to explain what the web would be like. 394 00:31:24,800 --> 00:31:28,380 Now it's difficult to explain why it was difficult. 395 00:31:31,140 --> 00:31:34,660 But back in the 1980s, at CERN, it was an exciting place to be. 396 00:31:34,660 --> 00:31:38,720 Lots and lots of information systems on different computers, 397 00:31:38,720 --> 00:31:40,820 on different networks, all incompatible. 398 00:31:40,820 --> 00:31:44,800 So the idea was that one should be able to communicate 399 00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:46,180 by sharing information. 400 00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:52,900 How many of you have actually never experienced the World Wide Web? 401 00:31:52,900 --> 00:31:54,800 I see one hand. 402 00:31:54,800 --> 00:31:58,140 Two, three, four, five, 403 00:31:58,140 --> 00:32:01,100 six, seven... No, come on! 404 00:32:01,100 --> 00:32:02,960 HE LAUGHS 405 00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:07,820 What was it that made the Web click 406 00:32:07,820 --> 00:32:13,900 as the universal hypertext on a computer network? 407 00:32:13,900 --> 00:32:18,160 It is the URL, and that is Tim's fundamental contribution. 408 00:32:19,660 --> 00:32:24,160 We sat under the big tree in the CERN cafeteria one evening 409 00:32:24,160 --> 00:32:28,780 with a beer, and then I said, "We need a catchy title for it," 410 00:32:28,780 --> 00:32:32,880 and suddenly Tim said, "Well, what about World Wide Web?" 411 00:32:32,880 --> 00:32:37,060 I said, "Yeah. That's great. It's a bit long!" 412 00:32:38,440 --> 00:32:40,660 I liked its name, the World Wide Web, 413 00:32:40,660 --> 00:32:43,020 which was unpronounceable to French people! 414 00:32:43,020 --> 00:32:46,780 That's why most French people didn't like it! So... 415 00:32:49,660 --> 00:32:52,700 I don't think we've even seen the tip of the iceberg. 416 00:32:52,700 --> 00:32:57,940 I think the potential of what the internet is going to do to society, 417 00:32:57,940 --> 00:33:01,180 both good and bad, is unimaginable. 418 00:33:02,680 --> 00:33:05,360 I think we're actually on the cusp of something 419 00:33:05,360 --> 00:33:07,820 exhilarating and terrifying. 420 00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:12,320 It's just a tool, though, isn't it? No, it's not. No. 421 00:33:12,320 --> 00:33:15,320 No, it's an alien life form. What do you think...? 422 00:33:15,320 --> 00:33:18,880 I mean, when you think, then, about... Is there life on Mars? 423 00:33:18,880 --> 00:33:20,840 Yes, it's just landed here! 424 00:33:25,180 --> 00:33:26,520 # Wah-ooh 425 00:33:26,520 --> 00:33:29,960 # You never spend your nights with me 426 00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:33,880 # And you don't go out with other girls either 427 00:33:33,880 --> 00:33:35,120 # Wah-wah-wah-wah 428 00:33:35,120 --> 00:33:37,820 # You only love your Collider... # 429 00:33:39,560 --> 00:33:41,880 "You never spend your nights with me. 430 00:33:41,880 --> 00:33:44,120 "You don't go out with other girls either. 431 00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:46,540 "You only love your Collider." 432 00:33:46,540 --> 00:33:50,320 Tim Berners-Lee and our group of friends 433 00:33:50,320 --> 00:33:52,700 were part of a theatre company. 434 00:33:52,700 --> 00:33:56,320 We used web pages for the clubs 435 00:33:56,320 --> 00:34:01,740 and for work, and, I mean, 436 00:34:01,740 --> 00:34:03,440 I did think it was a brilliant thing. 437 00:34:04,580 --> 00:34:08,400 When this Cernettes picture got published, 438 00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:11,960 it ended up being the first picture of a band, an artist, 439 00:34:11,960 --> 00:34:16,060 of something social on the web which was not mere physics. 440 00:34:16,060 --> 00:34:17,480 # Wah-wah-wah-wah 441 00:34:17,480 --> 00:34:20,040 # You only love your Collider 442 00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:21,640 # Da-ooh... # 443 00:34:21,640 --> 00:34:25,020 I think that CERN realised fairly early on 444 00:34:25,020 --> 00:34:29,120 that the World Wide Web was not something that it could manage. 445 00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:34,180 ARCHIVE: The most ambitious attempt ever to recreate conditions 446 00:34:34,180 --> 00:34:35,760 at the beginning of the universe 447 00:34:35,760 --> 00:34:37,620 is launched this morning in Switzerland. 448 00:34:38,840 --> 00:34:41,840 "Catastrophic," claims Prof Otto Roessler, 449 00:34:41,840 --> 00:34:44,520 who went to court to stop the experiment, 450 00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:47,800 warning the Earth could be eaten inside out. 451 00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:51,440 How many months or years it takes to eat the whole Earth 452 00:34:51,440 --> 00:34:53,200 cannot be predicted at the moment. 453 00:34:54,520 --> 00:34:57,360 This might be my last broadcast, 454 00:34:57,360 --> 00:34:59,920 because tomorrow may be the end of the Earth. 455 00:34:59,920 --> 00:35:01,820 HE CHUCKLES They've got these things 456 00:35:01,820 --> 00:35:04,300 moving around at the speed of light, then BAM! 457 00:35:05,520 --> 00:35:08,600 That story was very beneficial for us, 458 00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:12,640 because it attracted a lot of interest and attention 459 00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:15,760 by the public, the media, which was not there before. 460 00:35:16,740 --> 00:35:19,300 Normally, we would not publish a switch-on day. 461 00:35:19,300 --> 00:35:23,560 We never did that before. We were forced into it, effectively. 462 00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:29,440 So we had to pick a day and then go flat-out to make it. 463 00:35:30,980 --> 00:35:33,600 ARCHIVE: We are actually inside the control room 464 00:35:33,600 --> 00:35:36,120 for what is genuinely the biggest experiment 465 00:35:36,120 --> 00:35:37,700 ever undertaken by mankind. 466 00:35:38,920 --> 00:35:40,260 Nobody was more surprised than me 467 00:35:40,260 --> 00:35:42,520 when I came in at six o'clock in the morning 468 00:35:42,520 --> 00:35:45,280 and saw these huge satellite dishes 469 00:35:45,280 --> 00:35:47,760 and big lorries full of mobile studios 470 00:35:47,760 --> 00:35:49,260 and God-knows-what there. 471 00:35:49,260 --> 00:35:52,460 They were under enormous pressure. We would normally not accept that. 472 00:35:53,520 --> 00:35:55,700 Don't forget that it made Google. 473 00:35:55,700 --> 00:35:58,700 The Google logo was the LHC that day. 474 00:36:01,060 --> 00:36:03,680 I didn't really know how much in the spotlight I was. 475 00:36:03,680 --> 00:36:05,200 I was doing a running commentary 476 00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:07,140 on what we were doing from step to step. 477 00:36:07,140 --> 00:36:09,200 Let's get started, everybody. 478 00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:10,920 Now comes the day of reckoning. 479 00:36:10,920 --> 00:36:14,280 Little did I know that my wife was watching it at home! 480 00:36:14,280 --> 00:36:15,920 HE LAUGHS 481 00:36:15,920 --> 00:36:19,660 ARCHIVE: There are innumerable things that could go wrong. 482 00:36:19,660 --> 00:36:22,300 This has never been done before. 483 00:36:22,300 --> 00:36:26,240 I did not sleep that night before, because I kept thinking... 484 00:36:26,240 --> 00:36:28,620 I had this list in my brain - 485 00:36:28,620 --> 00:36:30,200 did we check that, did we check this? 486 00:36:30,200 --> 00:36:31,540 What about the voltage? 487 00:36:31,540 --> 00:36:34,900 You know, everything that could have gone wrong, 488 00:36:34,900 --> 00:36:36,840 I was sure it was going to go wrong. 489 00:36:36,840 --> 00:36:40,820 ARCHIVE: Everybody is staring at a series of screens above us, 490 00:36:40,820 --> 00:36:43,960 and the tension, you could cut with a laser beam. 491 00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:52,540 OK, the next cycle, we will inject the beam into the LHC. 492 00:36:52,540 --> 00:36:54,160 Now we go into new territory. 493 00:36:56,160 --> 00:36:58,960 OK. Let's go. 494 00:36:58,960 --> 00:37:02,480 Five, four, three, 495 00:37:02,480 --> 00:37:06,160 two, one... Zero. 496 00:37:06,160 --> 00:37:07,740 Nothing. MACHINE BEEPS 497 00:37:07,740 --> 00:37:10,260 CHEERING AND APPLAUSE 498 00:37:12,240 --> 00:37:13,300 Wow! 499 00:37:21,120 --> 00:37:22,900 Wow, last night, it was like waking up constantly, 500 00:37:22,900 --> 00:37:24,160 thinking, "Did we set that right?! 501 00:37:24,160 --> 00:37:26,760 "What about...?! Did we...?!" Oh, my gosh! 502 00:37:26,760 --> 00:37:32,280 Physics has that kind of garage feel to it. It's not production. 503 00:37:32,280 --> 00:37:33,680 You know, it involves a lot of tweaks. 504 00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:36,800 It involves a lot of hacking. I mean, we're hackers in the end. 505 00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:38,120 We fix things, they don't work, 506 00:37:38,120 --> 00:37:40,020 we tweak them, they don't work, then tweak them... 507 00:37:42,120 --> 00:37:45,940 Fundamental research is a lot of getting it wrong 508 00:37:45,940 --> 00:37:47,600 until you get it right. 509 00:37:47,600 --> 00:37:51,880 But fortunately, we got it right on the first try! Never happens! 510 00:37:53,120 --> 00:37:57,800 That was a day, really, you know, a big emotion, 511 00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:01,260 when you see the thing, 512 00:38:01,260 --> 00:38:04,700 on which you have been working for years, 513 00:38:04,700 --> 00:38:07,340 together with thousands of colleagues 514 00:38:07,340 --> 00:38:10,100 from all over the world, become real. 515 00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:15,400 And I said, "Wow, here we are! We managed. We did it." 516 00:38:16,700 --> 00:38:18,600 It may have looked easy to you, 517 00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:20,760 but I can assure you it was only made to look easy 518 00:38:20,760 --> 00:38:23,880 because of the quality of the equipment, 519 00:38:23,880 --> 00:38:26,080 the quality of the software, and above all, 520 00:38:26,080 --> 00:38:28,500 the quality of the people who have built this machine 521 00:38:28,500 --> 00:38:30,440 and will operate it in the future. 522 00:38:44,440 --> 00:38:47,400 MACHINE BEEPS 523 00:38:49,380 --> 00:38:52,180 MUFFLED SPEECH 524 00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:56,400 I got a call, so I went straight over to the control room, 525 00:38:56,400 --> 00:38:58,500 and all of the screens were red. 526 00:38:58,500 --> 00:39:00,040 Red's a bad colour! 527 00:39:05,240 --> 00:39:08,680 What we thought it was at the time was that they had lost the helium 528 00:39:08,680 --> 00:39:11,120 and that it would take us two months to recover. 529 00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:15,280 I mean, at that point, we were just, like, days from data, and, 530 00:39:15,280 --> 00:39:18,360 "Aargh! We've got to lose two more months because of the helium!" 531 00:39:20,080 --> 00:39:23,440 I think it only settled later that we were talking about a year. 532 00:39:25,260 --> 00:39:30,480 It took a long time to recover, emotionally, from it. 533 00:39:38,920 --> 00:39:42,000 Took about 50 magnets with it, 534 00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:45,120 in one sector, that we had to replace. 535 00:39:47,720 --> 00:39:50,160 Fortunately, we had all the spares. 536 00:39:50,160 --> 00:39:53,520 It was just picking ourselves up, 537 00:39:53,520 --> 00:39:56,880 rolling up our sleeves yet again and getting on with the job. 538 00:40:00,440 --> 00:40:03,280 Clearly, I was frustrated, 539 00:40:03,280 --> 00:40:09,920 but that was 24 years after first thinking about 540 00:40:09,920 --> 00:40:12,480 the physics that you could do with the LHC, 541 00:40:12,480 --> 00:40:15,800 so if it was going to take another year or two, you know, that's OK. 542 00:40:22,260 --> 00:40:27,320 So I am a Palestinian from Hebron, the West Bank. 543 00:40:27,320 --> 00:40:29,640 Part of this job is... It's international. 544 00:40:29,640 --> 00:40:31,860 We work physics and for physics, 545 00:40:31,860 --> 00:40:34,220 and we have to collaborate with all people, 546 00:40:34,220 --> 00:40:36,120 regardless of their background. 547 00:40:37,180 --> 00:40:38,520 Hello, friends! 548 00:40:38,520 --> 00:40:41,120 THEY GREET ONE ANOTHER 549 00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:44,200 I don't care what you believe. 550 00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:48,560 Our goal is to understand the building blocks of matter, 551 00:40:48,560 --> 00:40:51,600 the fundamental interactions in nature. 552 00:40:51,600 --> 00:40:55,220 I am a Muslim, and I believe the God Almighty, 553 00:40:55,220 --> 00:41:00,080 and I believe there is a beginning of the universe. 554 00:41:00,080 --> 00:41:03,200 And my goal is not to contradict the God, 555 00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:07,660 but to discover the laws of God, the laws that govern nature. 556 00:41:07,660 --> 00:41:09,880 So it's... 557 00:41:09,880 --> 00:41:13,020 My belief, my physics works are side-by-side. 558 00:41:13,020 --> 00:41:14,400 There is no contradiction. 559 00:41:16,060 --> 00:41:19,420 Is my belief consistent with my research? 560 00:41:19,420 --> 00:41:22,100 Up to now, yes. There is no contradiction. 561 00:41:24,560 --> 00:41:29,280 There are so many unanswered questions. 562 00:41:29,280 --> 00:41:31,060 If we really do want to understand 563 00:41:31,060 --> 00:41:33,400 why the universe is the way it is, 564 00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:35,520 we need to understand 565 00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:37,620 what the pieces are that make it up, 566 00:41:37,620 --> 00:41:39,720 and how those pieces fit together. 567 00:41:41,440 --> 00:41:43,180 The pieces that we know about, 568 00:41:43,180 --> 00:41:46,620 is that all of them or are there more pieces? 569 00:41:48,480 --> 00:41:50,520 When they were building a part of this, 570 00:41:50,520 --> 00:41:54,720 they needed some really, really high-purity brass, 571 00:41:54,720 --> 00:41:58,960 which was expensive and difficult to get hold of, 572 00:41:58,960 --> 00:42:03,480 but some of the Russian colleagues realised that they had 573 00:42:03,480 --> 00:42:06,440 loads of World War II shell casings 574 00:42:06,440 --> 00:42:10,340 made out of exactly the right quality brass necessary, 575 00:42:10,340 --> 00:42:15,520 and so over a million World War II shell casings were collected, 576 00:42:15,520 --> 00:42:20,720 melted down and turned into our calorimeter, right in here. 577 00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:30,800 CERN was one of the holes in the Iron Curtain 578 00:42:30,800 --> 00:42:32,760 during the Cold War, 579 00:42:32,760 --> 00:42:35,960 because all the people from the other side of the Iron Curtain 580 00:42:35,960 --> 00:42:39,400 could come to CERN, and vice versa. 581 00:42:49,300 --> 00:42:51,840 CERN is the only organisation 582 00:42:51,840 --> 00:42:54,720 which had in its foundation the double role 583 00:42:54,720 --> 00:43:00,520 to promote science and improve the relations between countries. 584 00:43:01,700 --> 00:43:03,200 ARCHIVE: The moment is at hand. 585 00:43:03,200 --> 00:43:04,920 President Reagan now is at a lakeside mansion 586 00:43:04,920 --> 00:43:07,300 about eight miles north of Geneva, 587 00:43:07,300 --> 00:43:09,800 and it is there that the president will meet this morning 588 00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:12,200 with Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union, 589 00:43:12,200 --> 00:43:13,960 the first meeting between the leaders of 590 00:43:13,960 --> 00:43:16,500 the two most powerful forces in the history of civilisation 591 00:43:16,500 --> 00:43:17,960 in more than six years now. 592 00:43:26,760 --> 00:43:30,600 CAMERA SHUTTERS CLICK 593 00:43:30,600 --> 00:43:32,560 Then it was like a journal of CERN. 594 00:43:32,560 --> 00:43:36,240 I got a call from the head of the American delegation 595 00:43:36,240 --> 00:43:38,040 to prepare the discussion. 596 00:43:38,040 --> 00:43:44,640 We said, "Look, we need a place which is respected by both sides, 597 00:43:44,640 --> 00:43:48,880 "where we can freely and informally discuss the problems." 598 00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:53,920 So we invited a small group, both from the Russians and Americans, 599 00:43:53,920 --> 00:43:55,140 to dinner at CERN. 600 00:43:56,880 --> 00:44:00,940 And after their first toast, I left them alone, I said goodbye. 601 00:44:02,120 --> 00:44:05,000 REAGAN: I called for a fresh start, and we made that start. 602 00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:07,620 I can't claim that we had a meeting of the minds 603 00:44:07,620 --> 00:44:10,860 on such fundamentals as ideology or national purpose, 604 00:44:10,860 --> 00:44:15,840 but we understand each other better, and that's a key to peace. 605 00:44:15,840 --> 00:44:17,240 APPLAUSE 606 00:44:17,240 --> 00:44:19,180 I think if, in the end, 607 00:44:19,180 --> 00:44:22,620 Gorbachev could sign the first disarmament agreement, 608 00:44:22,620 --> 00:44:26,680 it was, I believe, with the help of the physicists. 609 00:44:53,440 --> 00:44:56,800 The Large Hadron Collider is a machine for the world, 610 00:44:56,800 --> 00:44:59,440 because it's the only machine of that type. 611 00:44:59,440 --> 00:45:01,900 It brings the world forward, 612 00:45:01,900 --> 00:45:03,680 and it can only work 613 00:45:03,680 --> 00:45:06,000 because the whole world is involved. 614 00:45:13,860 --> 00:45:18,000 We could not immediately start with the highest possible energy 615 00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:20,400 for which the LHC was designed, 616 00:45:20,400 --> 00:45:23,000 so we decided to go on very slowly, 617 00:45:23,000 --> 00:45:27,760 but we reached the highest energy ever with an accelerator on Earth. 618 00:45:27,760 --> 00:45:29,840 It's a bit like an explorer, 619 00:45:29,840 --> 00:45:34,140 because I see something which nobody else had seen before. 620 00:45:34,140 --> 00:45:35,360 It's brilliant. 621 00:45:42,400 --> 00:45:45,720 40 million pictures per second of these conditions, 622 00:45:45,720 --> 00:45:48,400 roughly 150 million channels, yeah? 623 00:45:48,400 --> 00:45:50,400 And it's a three-dimensional picture. 624 00:45:55,180 --> 00:45:58,740 Of course, then we were in a rush to find the Higgs particle. 625 00:45:58,740 --> 00:46:01,180 I mean, that was what we wanted to see. 626 00:46:03,080 --> 00:46:06,640 What's left to fill the gap between theory and experiment? 627 00:46:06,640 --> 00:46:08,800 That's the Higgs boson contribution. 628 00:46:11,240 --> 00:46:14,520 For particle physicists, discovering the Higgs boson, 629 00:46:14,520 --> 00:46:18,980 this would be like... landing on the moon. 630 00:46:22,380 --> 00:46:26,080 It's not just a particle, it's not just a thing that gets produced. 631 00:46:26,080 --> 00:46:30,880 It is a clue to one of the most fundamental concepts 632 00:46:30,880 --> 00:46:32,840 of our lives and worlds, 633 00:46:32,840 --> 00:46:35,120 which is, how do we get mass? 634 00:46:42,000 --> 00:46:44,160 It was sort of, bam, bam, bam. 635 00:46:44,160 --> 00:46:45,920 We were working along, we were doing everything, 636 00:46:45,920 --> 00:46:48,980 calibrating the detector, and then suddenly there was something there. 637 00:46:48,980 --> 00:46:51,120 I mean, and we thought, "OK, God, is this the Higgs?" 638 00:46:51,120 --> 00:46:52,420 You know, "Could this be it?" 639 00:46:52,420 --> 00:46:54,640 Of course, there was this excitement that we knew that... 640 00:46:54,640 --> 00:46:56,000 But it happened so fast. 641 00:47:01,420 --> 00:47:04,580 You check and recheck, and then you see suddenly 642 00:47:04,580 --> 00:47:08,080 this peak or this number of pictures 643 00:47:08,080 --> 00:47:10,580 indicating something interesting growing. 644 00:47:11,720 --> 00:47:15,120 People were working days and nights, looking at the data. 645 00:47:17,160 --> 00:47:20,400 There was something special going on. 646 00:47:24,920 --> 00:47:28,820 We decided, "OK, we will have a seminar," 647 00:47:28,820 --> 00:47:31,100 but we didn't know yet - 648 00:47:31,100 --> 00:47:34,260 is it a discovery or is it close to a discovery? 649 00:47:45,680 --> 00:47:48,840 Today, we hear two presentations from the two experiments 650 00:47:48,840 --> 00:47:52,700 at Las Encinas, on the update on a search for a certain particle. 651 00:47:55,460 --> 00:47:59,040 We have a magic limit in particle physics. 652 00:47:59,040 --> 00:48:02,080 When we cross this threshold of evidence, 653 00:48:02,080 --> 00:48:04,220 then you can call it a discovery. 654 00:48:04,220 --> 00:48:08,400 We needed to cross this threshold in both experiments, 655 00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:11,000 because a cross-check is absolutely vital. 656 00:48:12,320 --> 00:48:14,840 There were many, many people who had made the history of CERN - 657 00:48:14,840 --> 00:48:17,960 the previous Director-General, Peter Rees was there, 658 00:48:17,960 --> 00:48:19,060 Francois Englert... 659 00:48:20,720 --> 00:48:23,760 The day of the announcement was really kind of... 660 00:48:23,760 --> 00:48:25,620 Not only was the world learning about it 661 00:48:25,620 --> 00:48:28,740 but also half the community was learning about the other half. 662 00:48:28,740 --> 00:48:31,100 ..so this distribution is extremely clean, 663 00:48:31,100 --> 00:48:35,760 except one big spike here, in this region here. 664 00:48:40,380 --> 00:48:42,980 So, zooming in this region... 665 00:48:42,980 --> 00:48:45,720 APPLAUSE 666 00:48:45,720 --> 00:48:49,020 CHEERING 667 00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:55,540 We have observed a new particle consistent with the Higgs boson. 668 00:48:55,540 --> 00:49:00,280 Thank you. As a layman, I would now say, I think we have it. 669 00:49:01,740 --> 00:49:04,580 Do you agree? CHEERING, APPLAUSE CONTINUES 670 00:49:11,280 --> 00:49:15,400 Maybe one more round of applause to all the guys... 671 00:49:16,580 --> 00:49:20,560 ..supported the whole project for more than 25 years here. 672 00:49:20,560 --> 00:49:22,020 All of them, OK? 673 00:49:22,020 --> 00:49:24,600 CHEERING AND APPLAUSE 674 00:49:26,680 --> 00:49:31,460 When you take a step back and look at what we achieved, it was huge. 675 00:49:34,620 --> 00:49:36,440 APPLAUSE DROWNS SPEECH 676 00:49:36,440 --> 00:49:39,280 CHEERING 677 00:49:43,780 --> 00:49:47,000 The elementary particles wouldn't have a mass. 678 00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:50,720 They would fly through the universe with the speed of light. 679 00:49:50,720 --> 00:49:53,080 No chance to form composite matter. 680 00:49:53,080 --> 00:49:57,560 No chance to form us, no chance to form the Earth. 681 00:49:57,560 --> 00:50:00,800 And now we found the explanation. We found it! 682 00:50:02,040 --> 00:50:03,920 It... 683 00:50:03,920 --> 00:50:06,160 Great moment! Yeah? 684 00:50:22,900 --> 00:50:25,900 I have to say, I was pretty emotional. 685 00:50:27,800 --> 00:50:31,180 Not quite sure whether I had tears in my eyes. 686 00:50:31,180 --> 00:50:32,840 Peter Higgs certainly did. 687 00:50:32,840 --> 00:50:36,760 So this was 48 years after 688 00:50:36,760 --> 00:50:39,400 they had proposed their theory. 689 00:50:40,420 --> 00:50:44,240 Well, I would like to add my congratulations to everybody 690 00:50:44,240 --> 00:50:45,920 involved in this tremendous achievement. 691 00:50:45,920 --> 00:50:51,080 For me, it's really an incredible thing 692 00:50:51,080 --> 00:50:52,900 that it's happened in my lifetime. 693 00:51:28,820 --> 00:51:30,600 Just at the moment where you say, 694 00:51:30,600 --> 00:51:33,880 "OK, that was worth all my work, 695 00:51:33,880 --> 00:51:36,880 "this moment, this day," and basically you... 696 00:51:36,880 --> 00:51:40,180 ..then stop working. After that seminar, we just celebrated. 697 00:51:40,180 --> 00:51:43,620 It was a day full of champagne and beer. Perfect! 698 00:51:48,520 --> 00:51:51,920 I think the one good thing that I had going for me 699 00:51:51,920 --> 00:51:55,300 when I started this was that I was naive 700 00:51:55,300 --> 00:51:58,140 and never realised the mountain that we had to climb 701 00:51:58,140 --> 00:52:01,660 to actually, you know, succeed. 702 00:52:06,920 --> 00:52:10,420 You look at the experimental teams that discovered the Higgs boson. 703 00:52:10,420 --> 00:52:15,160 They include Russians and Americans, 704 00:52:15,160 --> 00:52:19,500 they include Chinese and Europeans, 705 00:52:19,500 --> 00:52:22,660 they include Indians and Pakistanis, 706 00:52:22,660 --> 00:52:26,240 they include Israelis and Palestinians. 707 00:52:28,700 --> 00:52:33,840 This is an endeavour which I think really unifies the human race. 708 00:52:38,480 --> 00:52:40,620 The situation is complex today. 709 00:52:40,620 --> 00:52:44,000 The war in Ukraine does have an impact. 710 00:52:44,000 --> 00:52:49,180 Last year, the CERN Council decided to terminate the collaboration 711 00:52:49,180 --> 00:52:51,280 with some Russian institutes. 712 00:52:55,220 --> 00:52:58,780 So, there is one institute based in Russia 713 00:52:58,780 --> 00:53:00,400 that we are still working with. 714 00:53:02,160 --> 00:53:06,080 Now the CERN Council must decide whether it wants to keep that 715 00:53:06,080 --> 00:53:09,880 long-standing collaboration going, or whether it wants to cut all ties. 716 00:53:13,180 --> 00:53:15,880 Sanctioning Russia and Belarus, 717 00:53:15,880 --> 00:53:19,700 yeah, that contradicts the CERN foundation. 718 00:53:19,700 --> 00:53:23,960 So CERN was established after the Second World War 719 00:53:23,960 --> 00:53:26,720 on the ash of Europe, 1954. 720 00:53:28,340 --> 00:53:33,960 In the 1950s, '60s, '70s, at the height of the Cold War, world war, 721 00:53:33,960 --> 00:53:38,160 Americans, Germans, Western Europe, Russians, Soviets, work together. 722 00:53:38,160 --> 00:53:40,500 So, what has changed? Why don't you keep that? 723 00:53:44,800 --> 00:53:47,520 You cannot generalise to all the people. 724 00:53:47,520 --> 00:53:50,800 You cannot generalise to all Russian or Ukrainian 725 00:53:50,800 --> 00:53:54,120 the decision of a few people in the governments, maybe. 726 00:53:56,800 --> 00:53:59,360 I know these people, they are against war, 727 00:53:59,360 --> 00:54:02,920 and they are paying for something that is not their fault. 728 00:54:08,880 --> 00:54:10,700 So I'm really curious now to see 729 00:54:10,700 --> 00:54:14,280 whether Fabiola somehow has sent something. 730 00:54:14,280 --> 00:54:16,460 There is something. I'll wait. 731 00:54:16,460 --> 00:54:18,560 "An important item on the review in council..." 732 00:54:19,660 --> 00:54:22,420 "..has the council decided not to terminate the agreement." 733 00:54:22,420 --> 00:54:26,720 That's good! I'm very happy to read 734 00:54:26,720 --> 00:54:31,180 that CERN remains in its tradition. 735 00:54:31,180 --> 00:54:32,280 Very good. 736 00:54:33,400 --> 00:54:36,120 If the council had not taken that decision 737 00:54:36,120 --> 00:54:38,440 and decided to terminate the agreement, 738 00:54:38,440 --> 00:54:40,660 that would have been the end of any relation 739 00:54:40,660 --> 00:54:42,760 with the Russian Federation. 740 00:54:46,220 --> 00:54:48,040 This is really the nerve centre. 741 00:54:48,040 --> 00:54:50,520 This is where everything happens, you know? 742 00:54:50,520 --> 00:54:54,520 How can we make sure that we continue being the number one lab? 743 00:54:54,520 --> 00:54:59,080 So it's projecting CERN, you know, in decades away from today. 744 00:55:01,420 --> 00:55:04,540 This is why we are doing this feasibility study. 745 00:55:04,540 --> 00:55:06,320 You know, should we have 746 00:55:06,320 --> 00:55:09,520 a super-super-duper-large accelerator, 747 00:55:09,520 --> 00:55:13,060 it's going to be three times the size of the current LHC. 748 00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:18,440 What is dark matter? 749 00:55:18,440 --> 00:55:20,560 That's the question I am looking for. 750 00:55:20,560 --> 00:55:24,000 We know it's there and it must be there in an enormous amount, 751 00:55:24,000 --> 00:55:29,520 about four times more of this than the visible mass of the universe. 752 00:55:50,920 --> 00:55:53,880 GROUND CONTROL: ..zero. And lift-off for the final launch... 753 00:56:47,520 --> 00:56:49,580 It's the mystery of life, 754 00:56:49,580 --> 00:56:54,480 and we have to accept that there are things that are much bigger, 755 00:56:54,480 --> 00:57:00,600 much more complex than our brain and our imagination can capture. 756 00:57:11,920 --> 00:57:16,500 We are made of sub-nuclear universe. 757 00:57:16,500 --> 00:57:19,740 We are pieces of the sub-nuclear universe. 758 00:57:19,740 --> 00:57:25,500 Believe it or not, it's the real origin of existence. 759 00:57:28,860 --> 00:57:30,240 HE CHUCKLES 760 00:57:37,700 --> 00:57:41,080 Do you sometimes want to wake up 761 00:57:41,080 --> 00:57:44,720 to the singularity we once were? 762 00:57:48,160 --> 00:57:52,300 For every atom belonging to me as good 763 00:57:52,300 --> 00:57:54,040 Belongs to you. 764 00:57:56,360 --> 00:58:01,060 When earth was sky, and animal was energy, 765 00:58:01,060 --> 00:58:08,840 and rock was liquid and stars were space and space was not. 766 00:58:11,800 --> 00:58:14,920 Only a tiny dot 767 00:58:14,920 --> 00:58:21,360 brimming with is is is. 768 00:58:23,080 --> 00:58:28,340 All. Everything. Home.