1 00:00:24,340 --> 00:00:34,580 This is made of oil. 2 00:00:34,580 --> 00:00:36,420 This is also made of oil. 3 00:00:36,420 --> 00:00:38,300 TOY PLAYS ARABIAN MUSIC 4 00:01:02,100 --> 00:01:06,060 200 million years ago, there was land here, not sea. 5 00:01:22,580 --> 00:01:24,380 200 million years ago, 6 00:01:24,380 --> 00:01:27,820 a layer of plants and animals were squashed under rocks. 7 00:01:30,380 --> 00:01:32,100 These now become oil. 8 00:01:50,180 --> 00:01:52,620 You know, humans have been on the planet for what, 9 00:01:52,620 --> 00:01:54,620 200,000, 300,000 years? 10 00:01:54,620 --> 00:01:57,260 Modern humans for 10,000 years. 11 00:01:58,300 --> 00:02:02,860 The Industrial Revolution only started in 1850 and onwards. 12 00:02:02,860 --> 00:02:05,860 And, actually, the fossil fuel-driven society 13 00:02:05,860 --> 00:02:09,300 has probably really only been 100 years at most. 14 00:02:17,380 --> 00:02:20,060 It's just a blip in the history of humankind. 15 00:02:26,740 --> 00:02:29,820 But that blip in the history of humankind, where we've completely 16 00:02:29,820 --> 00:02:32,380 locked ourselves in and completely normalised 17 00:02:32,380 --> 00:02:35,620 the huge uses of both energy and particularly fossil fuels... 18 00:02:37,780 --> 00:02:41,340 ..that period is going to have impacts for centuries 19 00:02:41,340 --> 00:02:43,060 and millennia to come. 20 00:02:54,380 --> 00:02:58,420 It can feel like you're up against something that's so massive, 21 00:02:58,420 --> 00:03:00,660 that's got the support of governments 22 00:03:00,660 --> 00:03:03,340 and people who are so much more powerful than you... 23 00:03:04,380 --> 00:03:06,540 ..that it's quite difficult sometimes 24 00:03:06,540 --> 00:03:08,820 to know what to do to change that. 25 00:03:09,820 --> 00:03:12,620 I think that's basically what eco anxiety is... 26 00:03:13,580 --> 00:03:16,380 ..being constantly worried... 27 00:03:16,380 --> 00:03:19,340 ..about whether or not you're going to have a future. 28 00:03:21,460 --> 00:03:23,540 WIND HOWLS 29 00:03:43,100 --> 00:03:47,020 Somewhere between ten and 20 billion barrels of oil are still available 30 00:03:47,020 --> 00:03:48,740 in the North Sea. 31 00:03:50,420 --> 00:03:53,140 If all of that was found and combusted, 32 00:03:53,140 --> 00:03:55,700 so that's going to be somewhere, very approximately, 33 00:03:55,700 --> 00:03:58,660 between say four and ten billion tonnes of carbon dioxide. 34 00:03:58,660 --> 00:04:01,140 That is a huge amount of carbon dioxide 35 00:04:01,140 --> 00:04:04,260 just from, remember, the North Sea, the UK's North Sea. 36 00:04:42,420 --> 00:04:46,820 Britain has been defined by the North Sea. 37 00:04:55,420 --> 00:04:59,420 In the beginning, companies from all around the world 38 00:04:59,420 --> 00:05:04,340 came and invested huge sums in the search for oil and gas. 39 00:05:21,220 --> 00:05:24,740 Nobody thought that there would be any oil in the North Sea - 40 00:05:24,740 --> 00:05:28,100 that was just way beyond the bounds of possibility. 41 00:05:40,300 --> 00:05:42,300 BOAT HORN SOUNDS 42 00:05:44,380 --> 00:05:48,420 In fact, even to a few days before BP found oil, 43 00:05:48,420 --> 00:05:51,260 the head of BP said it was an impossibility. 44 00:06:10,020 --> 00:06:13,420 And then, in October 1970, 45 00:06:13,420 --> 00:06:17,300 they found oil in, really, a massive field, 46 00:06:17,300 --> 00:06:19,300 in the Forties field, 47 00:06:19,300 --> 00:06:22,340 110 miles off to the northeast of Aberdeen. 48 00:06:22,340 --> 00:06:24,100 Liquid gold. 49 00:06:24,100 --> 00:06:27,420 Call it what you like, Britain now has oil, 50 00:06:27,420 --> 00:06:29,780 billions and billions of barrels on it 51 00:06:29,780 --> 00:06:32,860 and it has been quietly lapping at the doorstep all the time. 52 00:06:39,860 --> 00:06:43,220 I was designing and constructing offshore oil platforms 53 00:06:43,220 --> 00:06:45,220 with a team of other engineers. 54 00:06:48,820 --> 00:06:51,380 When you're flying into a rig... 55 00:06:55,380 --> 00:06:58,060 ..when you look down at these oil platforms, 56 00:06:58,060 --> 00:07:00,140 sometimes it just made me think, 57 00:07:00,140 --> 00:07:02,580 "This is amazing that we've managed to do this." 58 00:07:05,420 --> 00:07:08,900 We're drilling thousands of metres beneath the seabed 59 00:07:08,900 --> 00:07:11,340 in a really hostile part of the world. 60 00:07:16,660 --> 00:07:19,580 It was a bit like the Apollo project of the time. 61 00:07:52,860 --> 00:07:55,860 REPORTER: North Sea platforms need saturation divers. 62 00:07:55,860 --> 00:07:58,660 They are men who have to live for 30 days at a time 63 00:07:58,660 --> 00:08:01,700 at seabed pressures of 400 or 500 feet. 64 00:08:12,020 --> 00:08:13,860 Diver back in the bell. 65 00:08:20,340 --> 00:08:22,580 It was like an adventure at first. 66 00:08:23,860 --> 00:08:27,340 You got out there and just the sheer scale of it, 67 00:08:27,340 --> 00:08:29,340 you know, the enormity of... 68 00:08:29,340 --> 00:08:31,140 ..of... 69 00:08:31,140 --> 00:08:34,980 ..this island in the middle of the North Sea... 70 00:08:34,980 --> 00:08:36,780 ..with just nothing. 71 00:08:45,660 --> 00:08:49,820 I think there was this idea that we were in this new industry. 72 00:08:49,820 --> 00:08:54,060 We were developing something which had never been done before. 73 00:08:54,060 --> 00:08:56,900 And everything you did... 74 00:08:56,900 --> 00:09:00,300 ..would benefit the country, benefit the nation. 75 00:09:00,300 --> 00:09:03,060 We were the pioneers, if you like. 76 00:09:04,860 --> 00:09:07,420 You know, you were breaking new ground every time 77 00:09:07,420 --> 00:09:09,180 and new wells coming in. 78 00:09:24,380 --> 00:09:28,620 There was this idea that you had to make the most of it as well 79 00:09:28,620 --> 00:09:30,980 because it wasn't going to last long. 80 00:09:38,940 --> 00:09:43,820 Suddenly, crofters' and fishermen's sons and grandsons 81 00:09:43,820 --> 00:09:47,100 are finding stable, well-paid jobs. 82 00:09:50,540 --> 00:09:53,460 It means things like foreign holidays 83 00:09:53,460 --> 00:09:55,420 and car ownership 84 00:09:55,420 --> 00:09:59,260 and forms of consumption that are themselves oil-related. 85 00:10:17,140 --> 00:10:20,620 There was a perception that Britain's or Scotland's oil 86 00:10:20,620 --> 00:10:24,580 was being exploited for private gain. 87 00:10:30,820 --> 00:10:33,540 In 1974, there were two general elections. 88 00:10:34,660 --> 00:10:38,380 The SNP stood on a platform of saying, "This is your chance, 89 00:10:38,380 --> 00:10:43,860 "perhaps your last chance, to claim ownership of these resources." 90 00:10:45,620 --> 00:10:48,420 By some estimates, it could have made Scotland 91 00:10:48,420 --> 00:10:52,580 one of the richest economies in Europe or the world. 92 00:10:54,140 --> 00:10:56,140 There's a time coming... 93 00:10:56,140 --> 00:11:00,300 And the argument was, if Scotland didn't achieve independence, 94 00:11:00,300 --> 00:11:04,900 then the UK government was going to extract this oil 95 00:11:04,900 --> 00:11:09,180 as quickly as possible under pretty favourable terms 96 00:11:09,180 --> 00:11:11,060 for the multinationals. 97 00:11:15,900 --> 00:11:20,060 At the time, I think we owned about 60% or 70% of BP. 98 00:11:21,180 --> 00:11:23,860 We also created the British National Oil Corporation. 99 00:11:23,860 --> 00:11:28,660 But the whole Thatcher ideology of let the markets run it 100 00:11:28,660 --> 00:11:31,620 and give it over to the market, so all of that's sold. 101 00:11:32,660 --> 00:11:35,380 Compare that to virtually any country in the world, 102 00:11:35,380 --> 00:11:38,340 apart from the States, I think, who have all got nationalised 103 00:11:38,340 --> 00:11:40,420 corporations of some kind, 104 00:11:40,420 --> 00:11:43,100 but obviously the standout one is Norway - 105 00:11:43,100 --> 00:11:46,900 I say that because it's a comparative size to Scotland 106 00:11:46,900 --> 00:11:49,580 and it's probably the richest country in the world. 107 00:11:59,420 --> 00:12:04,340 The government set about dividing up the sea into blocks... 108 00:12:06,660 --> 00:12:09,380 ..and selling off the national sea 109 00:12:09,380 --> 00:12:13,860 to international companies such as BP and Shell and ExxonMobil, 110 00:12:13,860 --> 00:12:17,860 which is based in the US, and selling off to them the rights 111 00:12:17,860 --> 00:12:21,380 of drilling in the North Sea for oil and gas. 112 00:12:28,380 --> 00:12:31,100 So companies, they'll bid for certain blocks 113 00:12:31,100 --> 00:12:34,380 and then the licenses are awarded by the government 114 00:12:34,380 --> 00:12:38,340 and sometimes there will be certain commitments with those licenses. 115 00:12:38,340 --> 00:12:42,420 So you have to do X number of wells by a certain point and then, 116 00:12:42,420 --> 00:12:47,340 you know, thereafter you have to come up with development plans 117 00:12:47,340 --> 00:12:49,380 of how you're going to actually... 118 00:12:49,380 --> 00:12:51,740 ..what you're going to do with the licenses. 119 00:12:51,740 --> 00:12:55,060 So, you know, it's a fairly...fairly straightforward process. 120 00:12:58,100 --> 00:13:01,820 I think people absolutely are very concerned about climate change, 121 00:13:01,820 --> 00:13:03,860 as we are as a sector, 122 00:13:03,860 --> 00:13:06,620 but, if we kind of knee jerk one way or the other, 123 00:13:06,620 --> 00:13:09,900 I think what will happen is we will see people losing their jobs, 124 00:13:09,900 --> 00:13:13,100 we will see communities being left behind, and that's not 125 00:13:13,100 --> 00:13:16,100 what we think we should be working towards as a sector. 126 00:13:16,100 --> 00:13:18,860 And that's certainly not our aim with our... 127 00:13:18,860 --> 00:13:21,220 ..with the road map that we've put in place, 128 00:13:21,220 --> 00:13:23,420 and now with the North Sea Transition Deal 129 00:13:23,420 --> 00:13:25,660 that we've negotiated with the government. 130 00:13:26,700 --> 00:13:30,140 In 2021, the government and the oil industry set up 131 00:13:30,140 --> 00:13:32,380 the North Sea Transition Deal, 132 00:13:32,380 --> 00:13:36,860 which was basically driven by two fundamental pressures - 133 00:13:36,860 --> 00:13:41,860 falling oil prices and rising public concern about the climate. 134 00:13:46,100 --> 00:13:48,860 " 'As part of the UK's shift towards green energy, 135 00:13:48,860 --> 00:13:51,420 " 'through our landmark North Sea Transition Deal, 136 00:13:51,420 --> 00:13:54,620 " 'we are backing the decarbonisation of the oil and gas sector 137 00:13:54,620 --> 00:13:57,620 " 'to support high value jobs and safeguard the skills necessary 138 00:13:57,620 --> 00:14:00,340 " 'to develop new low carbon industries across the country,' 139 00:14:00,340 --> 00:14:02,420 "said a spokesperson." 140 00:14:02,420 --> 00:14:05,420 I mean, that doesn't really make sense 141 00:14:05,420 --> 00:14:08,300 because, I mean, they're talking about decarbonising 142 00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:10,020 the oil and gas sector. 143 00:14:10,020 --> 00:14:12,420 It's like, you can't decarbonise oil and gas. 144 00:14:12,420 --> 00:14:14,380 It's just... Yeah, I don't know. 145 00:14:14,380 --> 00:14:17,660 They're saying a lot of fancy words that really don't mean anything. 146 00:14:29,100 --> 00:14:34,380 In 2015, Parliament basically passed an amendment to the Petroleum Act 147 00:14:34,380 --> 00:14:38,620 that means that the government has a duty to maximise 148 00:14:38,620 --> 00:14:41,420 economic recovery of offshore oil and gas resources. 149 00:14:41,420 --> 00:14:45,060 I'm not paraphrasing - that's what the statute says. 150 00:14:50,380 --> 00:14:52,980 The UK's former Chancellor, Philip Hammond, 151 00:14:52,980 --> 00:14:55,860 in 2017, he said in a speech, 152 00:14:55,860 --> 00:15:00,060 "We are working with industry to extract every drop of oil and gas 153 00:15:00,060 --> 00:15:01,940 "that it is economic to extract." 154 00:15:08,180 --> 00:15:11,020 We say between ten to 20 billion barrels of oil 155 00:15:11,020 --> 00:15:14,340 are still out there for us to get after. 156 00:15:14,340 --> 00:15:16,340 Erm, and... 157 00:15:16,340 --> 00:15:18,860 And even that, you know... 158 00:15:18,860 --> 00:15:23,260 Yeah, so... Which represents a massive opportunity for us. 159 00:15:28,380 --> 00:15:31,460 Effectively, we're living inside an oil machine. 160 00:15:44,620 --> 00:15:47,660 One of the foundations of the cultures 161 00:15:47,660 --> 00:15:51,380 that have developed around oil is the assumption that energy 162 00:15:51,380 --> 00:15:55,580 will be easy to access and freely available and cheap. 163 00:16:17,140 --> 00:16:21,820 BP was very involved in helping to build a significant part 164 00:16:21,820 --> 00:16:24,380 of what we have in the North Sea today. 165 00:16:24,380 --> 00:16:28,860 The Forties field was one of the most significant fields. 166 00:16:28,860 --> 00:16:33,180 We used to operate around 22 different fields platforms 167 00:16:33,180 --> 00:16:35,820 a few years ago, now we operate about six. 168 00:16:50,660 --> 00:16:54,060 We are comfortably the largest producer... 169 00:16:54,060 --> 00:16:56,300 ..in the North Sea. 170 00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:59,900 We had a number of licences for a relatively small company. 171 00:16:59,900 --> 00:17:03,140 We then did a transformative deal with Shell, 172 00:17:03,140 --> 00:17:05,660 bought a big chunk of their UK business, 173 00:17:05,660 --> 00:17:07,820 and immediately transformed ourselves 174 00:17:07,820 --> 00:17:10,100 into a very material operator. 175 00:17:20,900 --> 00:17:25,420 And, at the moment, we're the most active driller in the North Sea, 176 00:17:25,420 --> 00:17:29,380 producing 1.6, 1.7 million barrels a day. 177 00:17:40,660 --> 00:17:45,340 We go through about 1.5 million barrels of oil a day in the UK. 178 00:17:53,140 --> 00:17:55,620 If we just take one part of the North Sea, 179 00:17:55,620 --> 00:17:57,660 the Forties pipeline system, 180 00:17:57,660 --> 00:18:01,380 it's arguably one of the largest machines in Western Europe, 181 00:18:01,380 --> 00:18:05,140 or possibly the world, and that machine constitutes 182 00:18:05,140 --> 00:18:10,940 all the platforms and all the oil wells and all the pipeline system. 183 00:18:10,940 --> 00:18:17,380 It drains oil from right over on the edge of the UK sea limit, 184 00:18:17,380 --> 00:18:20,420 or from the Brae field or the Montrose field, 185 00:18:20,420 --> 00:18:23,300 through the Forties pipeline system.... 186 00:18:26,660 --> 00:18:31,580 ..until it lands on the shore just north of Aberdeen. 187 00:18:43,340 --> 00:18:46,420 And that is one continuous system 188 00:18:46,420 --> 00:18:49,620 running all the way across the seabed... 189 00:18:50,660 --> 00:18:54,580 ..under the fields and forests and rivers. 190 00:18:56,540 --> 00:18:58,580 One piece of clockwork. 191 00:19:00,060 --> 00:19:01,780 One big machine. 192 00:19:03,100 --> 00:19:06,100 In effect, we're living with that constantly running 193 00:19:06,100 --> 00:19:10,060 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. 194 00:19:29,580 --> 00:19:33,820 Until finally it gets to the west of Edinburgh... 195 00:19:35,860 --> 00:19:38,260 ..where it comes to Grangemouth refinery, 196 00:19:38,260 --> 00:19:41,820 and it also goes to an oil terminal at a place called Hound Point. 197 00:19:52,540 --> 00:19:56,220 At Grangemouth, it's refined and it's turned into 198 00:19:56,220 --> 00:20:00,180 a whole plethora of different products. 199 00:20:00,180 --> 00:20:05,820 So petrol, aviation, fuel, diesel and even tarmac, 200 00:20:05,820 --> 00:20:07,860 it's turned into that. 201 00:20:23,500 --> 00:20:26,420 And, you know, in some ways it's a massively impressive feat 202 00:20:26,420 --> 00:20:29,900 of engineering that oil is extracted in the North Sea... 203 00:20:33,180 --> 00:20:37,140 ..and then transported by pipeline into the middle of Scotland, 204 00:20:37,140 --> 00:20:42,340 and then distributed across much of Scotland and the north of England. 205 00:20:42,340 --> 00:20:45,780 Erm... But that comes at a cost. 206 00:21:04,500 --> 00:21:07,220 I really wanted to get involved with the issues that are happening 207 00:21:07,220 --> 00:21:08,820 right around me 208 00:21:08,820 --> 00:21:11,740 because it's important that we are involved in the things that happen 209 00:21:11,740 --> 00:21:14,980 right around us, as well as the stuff that's going on globally, 210 00:21:14,980 --> 00:21:16,980 because it's all really connected. 211 00:21:22,380 --> 00:21:25,180 As a medic, I care so deeply about health 212 00:21:25,180 --> 00:21:28,420 and I think that, from this lens of health, we can actually achieve 213 00:21:28,420 --> 00:21:31,140 a climate just or a better world for all of us. 214 00:21:31,140 --> 00:21:34,660 Because when we realise that health, well, that the fossil fuel industry 215 00:21:34,660 --> 00:21:37,780 is impacting health in different ways and pollution in the air 216 00:21:37,780 --> 00:21:40,860 is impacting health, and therefore, if we stop this polluting, 217 00:21:40,860 --> 00:21:42,180 we also increase health. 218 00:21:42,180 --> 00:21:45,140 I have lived experience of this plant here. 219 00:21:45,140 --> 00:21:47,460 This plant stole my oxygen... 220 00:21:48,860 --> 00:21:51,660 ..and it made me suffocate, 221 00:21:51,660 --> 00:21:54,300 suffocate so much... 222 00:21:56,380 --> 00:22:00,260 The Mossmorran Natural Gas Liquids, NGL, plant is part of the northern 223 00:22:00,260 --> 00:22:02,900 North Sea Brent oil and gas field system and is located 224 00:22:02,900 --> 00:22:06,220 on the outskirts of Cowdenbeath, Scotland. 225 00:22:10,180 --> 00:22:13,220 There's so much flaring from this gas plant that it means 226 00:22:13,220 --> 00:22:16,860 that local people, like, can't sleep well because of how bright it is. 227 00:22:19,020 --> 00:22:22,020 In fact, the impact of Mossmorran and what's happening there and the 228 00:22:22,020 --> 00:22:24,500 impact of the North Sea oil and gas industry on our health 229 00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:27,420 and on our communities only serves to allow these things to continue 230 00:22:27,420 --> 00:22:29,300 and to continue to cause harm, 231 00:22:29,300 --> 00:22:33,100 so I think that that's why we need to draw these connections. 232 00:22:47,940 --> 00:22:51,620 There's a new oil and gas project, which is set to be licensed 233 00:22:51,620 --> 00:22:54,060 in the Cambo Field, which is in the North Sea. 234 00:22:54,060 --> 00:22:58,180 It's one of the biggest North Sea oil fields that's ever been found. 235 00:22:58,180 --> 00:23:01,260 So we're here to point out the hypocrisy of approving 236 00:23:01,260 --> 00:23:04,580 this new field just after the IEA have said that we cannot approve 237 00:23:04,580 --> 00:23:07,220 and we cannot invest in new oil and gas. 238 00:23:07,220 --> 00:23:10,100 CHANTING 239 00:23:10,100 --> 00:23:14,340 The International Energy Agency, they are very conservative, usually, 240 00:23:14,340 --> 00:23:18,620 so the fact that they're saying no new oil and gas is a very big deal. 241 00:23:18,620 --> 00:23:22,700 A lot of this new climate policy that's being put in, it feels 242 00:23:22,700 --> 00:23:25,980 very performative because a lot of the actions that are happening 243 00:23:25,980 --> 00:23:28,740 are still protecting the oil and gas industry. 244 00:23:33,460 --> 00:23:36,820 It does come into question how much we are like living in democracy. 245 00:23:39,020 --> 00:23:42,100 How much our politicians are actually representing us 246 00:23:42,100 --> 00:23:45,380 or how much they're representing big business. 247 00:23:58,220 --> 00:24:01,020 The government came out and said, "Yes, licensing will continue 248 00:24:01,020 --> 00:24:06,180 "because we do need oil and gas activity to continue in the basin 249 00:24:06,180 --> 00:24:10,420 "if we are to satisfy the demand that we know is going to continue. 250 00:24:10,420 --> 00:24:15,620 "So, you know, better to have it with your home-grown sector 251 00:24:15,620 --> 00:24:19,020 "on your doorstep, supporting the jobs, not offshoring 252 00:24:19,020 --> 00:24:22,780 "your emissions, not having to import the gap that would emerge 253 00:24:22,780 --> 00:24:25,220 "if you didn't continue to produce." 254 00:24:29,300 --> 00:24:32,340 What they wanted to make sure was that, as they go forward 255 00:24:32,340 --> 00:24:35,380 and that for every licensing round that does come up, 256 00:24:35,380 --> 00:24:38,740 that it is still in line with the Paris commitments 257 00:24:38,740 --> 00:24:41,420 and their net zero targets for 2050. 258 00:24:47,980 --> 00:24:52,460 We can point to £350 billion in taxes paid for production 259 00:24:52,460 --> 00:24:55,500 and that doesn't even take into account the associated 260 00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:58,420 supply chain taxes that are generated and the jobs 261 00:24:58,420 --> 00:24:59,940 that are generated off that. 262 00:24:59,940 --> 00:25:01,780 LOUD BANG 263 00:25:03,780 --> 00:25:09,100 By the mid 1980s, the British Exchequer was receiving a huge 264 00:25:09,100 --> 00:25:12,940 amount of cash from revenue from the North Sea... 265 00:25:15,820 --> 00:25:18,620 ..which, of course, was used to pay for everything - 266 00:25:18,620 --> 00:25:21,700 roads, schools and so on. 267 00:25:25,620 --> 00:25:28,700 In London, the global finance centre for oil 268 00:25:28,700 --> 00:25:31,620 had begun to be developed since the '50s. 269 00:25:31,620 --> 00:25:35,740 This flourished on the back of UK North Sea oil as well. 270 00:25:35,740 --> 00:25:40,580 It became an engine driving forward the UK finance sector. 271 00:25:48,380 --> 00:25:52,460 And that cash flowed into the pension system as well. 272 00:25:53,820 --> 00:25:58,100 Increasingly, UK pensions became linked to shares in BP and Shell. 273 00:25:58,100 --> 00:26:00,940 And, indeed, by the 2000s, 274 00:26:00,940 --> 00:26:05,580 about 30% of any major portfolio of pension funds 275 00:26:05,580 --> 00:26:08,380 was in these two companies combined. 276 00:26:20,340 --> 00:26:23,340 It's not just about the jobs in the industry, 277 00:26:23,340 --> 00:26:25,300 it's the spin-off of that wealth. 278 00:26:27,300 --> 00:26:30,940 People need a shop, people go out, people eat, people spend money, 279 00:26:30,940 --> 00:26:32,260 people buy things, 280 00:26:32,260 --> 00:26:34,380 that's how the cascade works. 281 00:26:47,980 --> 00:26:51,140 The market, let's say the London Stock Exchange, 282 00:26:51,140 --> 00:26:53,180 markets are considered to be amoral 283 00:26:53,180 --> 00:26:55,540 because they are, they're not a person. 284 00:26:55,540 --> 00:26:59,900 The market is a collection of thousands of activities happening 285 00:26:59,900 --> 00:27:03,300 by individual investors making decisions on behalf of other people. 286 00:27:03,300 --> 00:27:06,340 It's considered amoral because it's a machine. 287 00:27:06,340 --> 00:27:08,380 It's not an individual. 288 00:27:08,380 --> 00:27:11,060 Amoral is different to immoral, remember. 289 00:27:15,540 --> 00:27:18,260 If you're an investor, return on equity is the thing that matters - 290 00:27:18,260 --> 00:27:20,980 it tells you how profitable a business is. 291 00:27:20,980 --> 00:27:24,580 A return on equity for the fossil fuel sector 20 years ago, 292 00:27:24,580 --> 00:27:28,260 double digits, absolutely. 100%, the norm. 293 00:27:29,300 --> 00:27:35,380 Today, return on equity is struggling to get to 5% and 6%. 294 00:27:35,380 --> 00:27:38,660 Some of the fossil fuel firms, they're in what's called a 295 00:27:38,660 --> 00:27:41,100 secular decline, arguably, already. 296 00:27:41,100 --> 00:27:43,220 North Sea oil is a commodity, 297 00:27:43,220 --> 00:27:47,100 it's an asset against which an enormous amount of debt 298 00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:48,580 has been leveraged. 299 00:27:48,580 --> 00:27:52,180 And the question is, does the asset maintain its value? 300 00:27:52,180 --> 00:27:55,260 Does oil maintain its price? 301 00:27:55,260 --> 00:27:58,300 And that really matters, because if it fails 302 00:27:58,300 --> 00:28:02,300 to maintain its value then the debt leveraged against that asset 303 00:28:02,300 --> 00:28:04,260 is going to become unpayable. 304 00:28:08,900 --> 00:28:12,300 Conversely, the return on equity for offshore wind... 305 00:28:13,820 --> 00:28:15,140 ..is about 11%... 306 00:28:17,660 --> 00:28:19,620 ..onshore wind about ten 307 00:28:19,620 --> 00:28:22,500 and onshore solar about 9%. 308 00:28:24,940 --> 00:28:28,060 So you're already generating more return on equity 309 00:28:28,060 --> 00:28:31,460 from putting your capital into the renewable energy space. 310 00:28:34,700 --> 00:28:37,500 The question is, can it take as much capital as is currently 311 00:28:37,500 --> 00:28:39,380 in the fossil fuel sector? 312 00:28:41,780 --> 00:28:46,420 Those who own investments in North Sea oil have to believe 313 00:28:46,420 --> 00:28:50,420 that it will continue and maintain its value as an asset. 314 00:28:51,540 --> 00:28:55,580 And the question is, when does the value of the asset fall? 315 00:28:58,140 --> 00:29:00,460 COMPUTER BEEPS AND WHIRS 316 00:29:04,260 --> 00:29:07,060 And when the price of oil falls, 317 00:29:07,060 --> 00:29:09,580 then oil becomes a stranded asset. 318 00:29:17,420 --> 00:29:19,980 We have to reimagine the economy. 319 00:29:19,980 --> 00:29:24,780 The way we've constructed it right now means that it's incredibly 320 00:29:24,780 --> 00:29:27,260 unstable and prone to crashes. 321 00:29:42,260 --> 00:29:46,140 If you look at the London Stock Exchange 322 00:29:46,140 --> 00:29:48,580 and you look at the implied temperature change of all 323 00:29:48,580 --> 00:29:50,380 the companies that are listed there, 324 00:29:50,380 --> 00:29:52,460 particularly the oil and gas companies, 325 00:29:52,460 --> 00:29:55,740 that we have three and a half degrees of change embedded 326 00:29:55,740 --> 00:29:57,820 in the London Stock Exchange. 327 00:30:00,540 --> 00:30:03,460 It's one of the worst exchanges in the world because it's where many 328 00:30:03,460 --> 00:30:05,860 of the world's largest oil and gas companies list... 329 00:30:07,100 --> 00:30:09,220 ..which means that people's pensions, 330 00:30:09,220 --> 00:30:11,180 savings and investments in the UK 331 00:30:11,180 --> 00:30:15,340 are actually invested in financing a future that no-one wants to see, 332 00:30:15,340 --> 00:30:17,220 but no-one really realises. 333 00:30:25,180 --> 00:30:28,020 People tend to be ignorant about money because finance 334 00:30:28,020 --> 00:30:29,460 is quite complicated. 335 00:30:29,460 --> 00:30:32,700 And because it's been functioning by and large reasonably well 336 00:30:32,700 --> 00:30:35,300 for so long, there's been this paternalistic culture 337 00:30:35,300 --> 00:30:37,020 that's enabled people to just say, 338 00:30:37,020 --> 00:30:38,900 "It's OK, don't worry, it's all working." 339 00:30:38,900 --> 00:30:40,980 Whereas, actually, it's not. 340 00:30:40,980 --> 00:30:46,500 We need to now rapidly raise our collective understanding of banking, 341 00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:49,340 insurance and investment, particularly investment, 342 00:30:49,340 --> 00:30:53,940 and particularly where you own companies that are undermining 343 00:30:53,940 --> 00:30:56,980 the future that we wish to bequeath to our children. 344 00:31:16,180 --> 00:31:20,620 Angel Gurria, when he was the Secretary-General of the OECD, 345 00:31:20,620 --> 00:31:22,980 talked about carbon entanglement. 346 00:31:24,900 --> 00:31:28,300 What he meant was, when you had ministers 347 00:31:28,300 --> 00:31:31,580 from the environmental department 348 00:31:31,580 --> 00:31:36,820 coming to UN meetings and pledging to stop certain activity, 349 00:31:36,820 --> 00:31:38,660 let's say drilling... 350 00:31:42,820 --> 00:31:46,300 ..and then they would return home to find that the chancellor 351 00:31:46,300 --> 00:31:49,460 of their exchequer wasn't prepared to stop that... 352 00:31:53,660 --> 00:31:57,220 ..because the amount of revenue that the Exchequer received 353 00:31:57,220 --> 00:32:01,060 through the tax that was charged on the fossil fuel when it was sold... 354 00:32:03,300 --> 00:32:06,820 ..that that level of entanglement of economic activity meant that 355 00:32:06,820 --> 00:32:09,380 we couldn't simply stop the thing that needed to stop... 356 00:32:11,780 --> 00:32:13,580 ..because, in stopping that... 357 00:32:15,060 --> 00:32:17,180 ..all other things would stop, too. 358 00:32:31,260 --> 00:32:35,940 I think that my predictions 359 00:32:35,940 --> 00:32:40,220 beyond 2050 are difficult to make... 360 00:32:47,220 --> 00:32:50,420 ..and the reason I say this is because I don't believe 361 00:32:50,420 --> 00:32:54,220 the global economy will be functioning the way it is today 362 00:32:54,220 --> 00:32:59,660 unless we make big, big changes over the next five to ten years 363 00:32:59,660 --> 00:33:03,820 to manage the disaster that's just around the corner. 364 00:33:09,140 --> 00:33:14,420 A series of crises that will begin unfolding after mid-century 365 00:33:14,420 --> 00:33:17,380 is going to mean the end of the global economy. 366 00:33:22,980 --> 00:33:26,820 I believe that what we do over the next five years, 367 00:33:26,820 --> 00:33:30,460 and the "we" in that sentence refers to humanity, 368 00:33:30,460 --> 00:33:33,660 will determine the future of humanity for the next millennium. 369 00:33:49,140 --> 00:33:53,540 I think people will look back on this era of oil and just think 370 00:33:53,540 --> 00:33:55,540 about how ridiculous it was. 371 00:33:56,780 --> 00:33:59,180 How could you know about such a massive issue 372 00:33:59,180 --> 00:34:01,900 and still worry more about profit? 373 00:34:01,900 --> 00:34:03,780 It feels a bit surreal in a way. 374 00:34:10,780 --> 00:34:13,060 WAVES ROAR 375 00:34:22,700 --> 00:34:25,740 The whole issue of climate change became quite relevant, 376 00:34:25,740 --> 00:34:28,500 and there was a lot of discussions around that in the late '80s 377 00:34:28,500 --> 00:34:31,300 and the early '90s, and it wasn't something I knew a lot about, 378 00:34:31,300 --> 00:34:34,020 so I decided to go back to university to try and find something 379 00:34:34,020 --> 00:34:35,540 out about climate change, 380 00:34:35,540 --> 00:34:37,980 and so I decided in the end to leave the oil industry. 381 00:34:46,100 --> 00:34:49,660 When we burn oil and gas, or indeed any fossil fuel, 382 00:34:49,660 --> 00:34:51,900 it's made up of two principal elements - 383 00:34:51,900 --> 00:34:53,820 one's carbon and one's hydrogen. 384 00:34:56,420 --> 00:34:59,620 That carbon combusts with the oxygen in the atmosphere. 385 00:35:08,780 --> 00:35:12,100 And now, of course, we're burning all of this fossil fuel so rapidly. 386 00:35:13,660 --> 00:35:17,300 Remember, these are fossil fuels that were laid down by trees 387 00:35:17,300 --> 00:35:20,260 and by other plants over millions of years. 388 00:35:22,740 --> 00:35:25,460 We're taking them all out of the ground and almost overnight 389 00:35:25,460 --> 00:35:28,460 releasing all of that carbon back out into the atmosphere, 390 00:35:28,460 --> 00:35:31,140 this carbon dioxide, through the combustion in our car engines 391 00:35:31,140 --> 00:35:32,820 and our power stations. 392 00:35:55,580 --> 00:35:59,340 So very, very deliberately, as part of market ideology, 393 00:35:59,340 --> 00:36:03,660 is the idea that we can't allow democracies or governments or states 394 00:36:03,660 --> 00:36:08,420 to regulate or to manage the production and the extraction 395 00:36:08,420 --> 00:36:10,300 of finite assets - 396 00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:13,900 this has to be left to something called the invisible hand. 397 00:36:34,660 --> 00:36:39,500 And if the invisible hand decides that in a world of climate breakdown 398 00:36:39,500 --> 00:36:43,620 it's necessary to churn out more fossil fuels, then the invisible 399 00:36:43,620 --> 00:36:47,620 hand will actually disadvantage the public and governments 400 00:36:47,620 --> 00:36:50,220 and, indeed, that is what is happening now. 401 00:37:13,340 --> 00:37:17,300 Once the crude gets to a refinery like Grangemouth... 402 00:37:21,620 --> 00:37:26,260 ..it's made into lots of things like petrol, aviation fuel and tarmac. 403 00:37:26,260 --> 00:37:29,980 It's also made into this substance called naphtha, 404 00:37:29,980 --> 00:37:35,380 which is the sort of, a basis that you would use to make plastics. 405 00:37:45,780 --> 00:37:49,420 You then put it into a petrochemical plant and you make other stuff 406 00:37:49,420 --> 00:37:51,660 out of it, such as ethylene. 407 00:37:51,660 --> 00:37:55,220 And then that ethylene is made into other stuff such as PVC. 408 00:37:58,260 --> 00:38:00,340 And that is plastic as we know it. 409 00:38:11,500 --> 00:38:15,100 When you burn a gallon of petrol, it goes into the atmosphere 410 00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:18,500 pretty quickly. When you turn it into a plastic toy and that's used 411 00:38:18,500 --> 00:38:21,860 for a bit and then thrown away, it stays in a landfill 412 00:38:21,860 --> 00:38:23,940 for many hundreds of years... 413 00:38:25,460 --> 00:38:27,180 ..possibly thousands of years. 414 00:38:37,020 --> 00:38:40,180 And then there are tiny bits of plastic, microplastics, 415 00:38:40,180 --> 00:38:42,660 which are in everything. 416 00:38:42,660 --> 00:38:45,700 The water from the tap, in rivers and in seas, 417 00:38:45,700 --> 00:38:48,620 and even in our human tissues and organs 418 00:38:48,620 --> 00:38:50,980 and in the tissues of other animals. 419 00:38:55,980 --> 00:38:58,860 And all those bits of plastic at some point 420 00:38:58,860 --> 00:39:01,100 came out of an oil well. 421 00:39:09,580 --> 00:39:11,620 And it wasn't so recently. 422 00:39:11,620 --> 00:39:15,380 Plastics weren't really being used until the '60s in any major way. 423 00:39:39,060 --> 00:39:43,180 Since signing the Paris Agreement in 2016, the UK Government has given 424 00:39:43,180 --> 00:39:47,180 £4 billion of public money to North Sea oil and gas companies. 425 00:39:47,180 --> 00:39:49,900 That is a huge amount of money that should be being used for 426 00:39:49,900 --> 00:39:52,380 public good and is instead propping up these big, polluting, 427 00:39:52,380 --> 00:39:54,700 harmful companies. 428 00:39:55,860 --> 00:39:58,820 I heard about a case that was happening that was taking the 429 00:39:58,820 --> 00:40:02,620 UK Government to court around these subsidies and around the new policy 430 00:40:02,620 --> 00:40:05,980 that had been created by the Oil and Gas Authority, 431 00:40:05,980 --> 00:40:10,340 which basically allows for the promotion of oil and gas production. 432 00:40:11,900 --> 00:40:14,860 I feel like I got to a point where I was so desperate 433 00:40:14,860 --> 00:40:16,700 about - what should I do? What can I do? 434 00:40:19,380 --> 00:40:22,660 I'm taking the UK Government to court to pull the plug 435 00:40:22,660 --> 00:40:25,180 on public payments for big polluters. 436 00:40:26,500 --> 00:40:30,940 The world is moving away from an oil and gas economy 437 00:40:30,940 --> 00:40:32,660 to a lower carbon economy, 438 00:40:32,660 --> 00:40:35,900 so we, BP, intend to be part of that transition. 439 00:40:35,900 --> 00:40:40,660 So I think, if we, if we didn't make the move, we wouldn't exist. 440 00:40:41,820 --> 00:40:46,340 We will be taking carbon emissions from heavy industry 441 00:40:46,340 --> 00:40:48,460 that is based in the Teesside area 442 00:40:48,460 --> 00:40:51,220 and sequestering that in reservoirs offshore. 443 00:40:51,220 --> 00:40:54,420 We'll be using the same very similar expertise 444 00:40:54,420 --> 00:40:57,100 to what we've used with our oil and gas production 445 00:40:57,100 --> 00:41:00,340 to capture that material and inject it. 446 00:41:02,660 --> 00:41:04,980 The oil industry has traditionally been full of people 447 00:41:04,980 --> 00:41:07,060 who love solving problems. 448 00:41:08,340 --> 00:41:10,100 That's why people become engineers, 449 00:41:10,100 --> 00:41:12,540 because they want to build big things and do stuff, 450 00:41:12,540 --> 00:41:14,780 and that doesn't matter whether you're a woman or a man. 451 00:41:14,780 --> 00:41:17,740 It's that challenge in your mind that you love - 452 00:41:17,740 --> 00:41:20,100 and this is another challenge. 453 00:41:24,580 --> 00:41:29,460 In 20 years' time, I would love in the UK that we're still producing 454 00:41:29,460 --> 00:41:32,860 the same level, the same level of hydrocarbons that we're producing 455 00:41:32,860 --> 00:41:36,100 now, but with a net, with a net zero footprint. 456 00:41:36,100 --> 00:41:39,340 So we often hear this language now, particularly of net zero. 457 00:41:39,340 --> 00:41:42,580 So what really is it? We need to sort of understand what it is. 458 00:41:42,580 --> 00:41:45,420 And, actually, from a purely scientific point of view, 459 00:41:45,420 --> 00:41:46,820 it makes some sort of sense. 460 00:41:46,820 --> 00:41:50,060 The idea is that we have to get to a point where the emissions 461 00:41:50,060 --> 00:41:52,660 we put into the atmosphere are balanced by those 462 00:41:52,660 --> 00:41:54,420 that are removed from the atmosphere. 463 00:41:54,420 --> 00:41:57,540 So what we put out is balanced by what is taken back in. 464 00:41:57,540 --> 00:42:00,020 And we then give it like a year, 465 00:42:00,020 --> 00:42:02,420 so at some point in the future, always a long way away, 466 00:42:02,420 --> 00:42:04,700 so something like 2050. 467 00:42:04,700 --> 00:42:08,620 In 2050, we will have this net zero, where we'll have found a way 468 00:42:08,620 --> 00:42:11,660 to balance our emissions, which are still quite significant then, 469 00:42:11,660 --> 00:42:15,260 with sinks that absorb the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. 470 00:42:19,540 --> 00:42:24,100 We are setting up a carbon capture business of which may ultimately 471 00:42:24,100 --> 00:42:28,940 take some of the CO2 that we produce from a hydrogen process 472 00:42:28,940 --> 00:42:33,060 and then we will store that carbon in underground reservoirs, 473 00:42:33,060 --> 00:42:37,060 depleted gas fields, where we produce the hydrocarbons from there. 474 00:42:37,060 --> 00:42:40,020 We know the history, we know the structure. 475 00:42:40,020 --> 00:42:42,900 Actually, the UK could be in a really robust position 476 00:42:42,900 --> 00:42:45,940 for carbon capture with the spin-offs for potentially 477 00:42:45,940 --> 00:42:48,580 supply chain benefits, exporting some of those skills 478 00:42:48,580 --> 00:42:50,660 to other countries. 479 00:42:50,660 --> 00:42:54,460 We have very few working examples of carbon capture and storage 480 00:42:54,460 --> 00:42:55,740 on power stations. 481 00:42:55,740 --> 00:42:59,740 I've got colleagues that have been working on this for 20 years. 482 00:43:15,820 --> 00:43:20,300 There is currently no operational carbon capture and storage, CCS, 483 00:43:20,300 --> 00:43:23,060 capacity in the UK or Europe. 484 00:43:23,060 --> 00:43:26,460 All estimates are that there won't be in the next decade, 485 00:43:26,460 --> 00:43:28,860 and the next decade really matters. 486 00:43:28,860 --> 00:43:32,740 So it's absolutely no excuse to continue expanding oil and gas 487 00:43:32,740 --> 00:43:35,660 infrastructure on the assumption that we can bring down 488 00:43:35,660 --> 00:43:38,220 those emissions using that technology in the next few years. 489 00:43:38,220 --> 00:43:40,220 It's just, it's not going to happen. 490 00:43:40,220 --> 00:43:44,260 We will maintain some level of oil and gas production over time, 491 00:43:44,260 --> 00:43:48,180 but we're hugely ramping up our investments in non oil and gas 492 00:43:48,180 --> 00:43:49,980 forms of energy as well. 493 00:43:52,020 --> 00:43:56,140 We're about to get into a ScotWind leasing process. 494 00:43:56,140 --> 00:44:00,940 That, the process itself to actually acquire the leases, takes time. 495 00:44:00,940 --> 00:44:04,140 From the point at which wind leases are acquired 496 00:44:04,140 --> 00:44:06,220 to when wind farms are installed 497 00:44:06,220 --> 00:44:08,660 is normally a period of about ten years. 498 00:44:10,140 --> 00:44:12,820 We will do everything we can to compress that period 499 00:44:12,820 --> 00:44:14,540 and make it faster. 500 00:44:14,540 --> 00:44:19,460 But it's almost, just the realities of what happens is these... 501 00:44:19,460 --> 00:44:22,940 What we are talking about is changing the infrastructure 502 00:44:22,940 --> 00:44:25,740 of the world - that takes time. 503 00:44:41,380 --> 00:44:44,580 For decades, the world has been built on 504 00:44:44,580 --> 00:44:46,580 a hydrocarbon-based infrastructure. 505 00:44:48,420 --> 00:44:50,300 Maybe a good analogy would be 506 00:44:50,300 --> 00:44:54,060 it's almost like replacing all the veins in the human body. 507 00:45:06,340 --> 00:45:11,460 I guess we have an addiction to oil and gas in our society 508 00:45:11,460 --> 00:45:14,060 and that's why we need to work thoughtfully 509 00:45:14,060 --> 00:45:15,980 as to how we move forward. 510 00:45:17,220 --> 00:45:19,540 Just to stop it for the sake of stopping it 511 00:45:19,540 --> 00:45:22,540 isn't going to stop the demand that's associated with it. 512 00:45:25,740 --> 00:45:29,380 Everything we use has an oil base virtually in it. 513 00:45:35,620 --> 00:45:40,300 You know, from your shoes, the tyres on the electric car, 514 00:45:40,300 --> 00:45:44,100 or the iPhone. I think the iPhone's got about six litres of oil 515 00:45:44,100 --> 00:45:46,140 used in its manufacture. 516 00:45:46,140 --> 00:45:50,020 Your waterproof jacket, which we all need here in Scotland, 517 00:45:50,020 --> 00:45:51,900 there's hydrocarbon in it. 518 00:45:51,900 --> 00:45:54,060 You know, you're going to need it. 519 00:45:54,060 --> 00:45:58,940 So having a go at North Sea oil and gas production... 520 00:46:00,180 --> 00:46:03,660 ..in itself, I think, is unfair. 521 00:46:03,660 --> 00:46:07,500 People in the oil industry and just people in general have a go 522 00:46:07,500 --> 00:46:11,740 at environmentalists for, you know, using phones and buying shoes. 523 00:46:11,740 --> 00:46:13,460 If people think you're a hypocrite, 524 00:46:13,460 --> 00:46:15,860 they're not going to listen to what you have to say 525 00:46:15,860 --> 00:46:18,980 and, I mean, that is exactly what the fossil fuel industry wants. 526 00:46:18,980 --> 00:46:22,580 It takes the pressure off of them and onto everyday people 527 00:46:22,580 --> 00:46:26,420 whose individual actions in the grand scheme of things 528 00:46:26,420 --> 00:46:31,860 is tiny compared to the actions of massive fossil fuel corporations. 529 00:46:31,860 --> 00:46:35,580 We need to start talking about this as a systemic problem 530 00:46:35,580 --> 00:46:37,500 and not as an individual problem. 531 00:46:40,540 --> 00:46:44,100 There's no real consumer choice around the fact that we live in 532 00:46:44,100 --> 00:46:46,780 an energy infrastructure that means we have to use oil and gas 533 00:46:46,780 --> 00:46:49,780 currently because other alternatives are not being promoted. 534 00:46:56,980 --> 00:47:07,180 This is not made of oil. 535 00:47:07,180 --> 00:47:11,300 I think we've been hearing that the oil and gas company 536 00:47:11,300 --> 00:47:15,300 is the answer to our future energy needs for decades 537 00:47:15,300 --> 00:47:19,620 and the fact is that their investment in renewable energy 538 00:47:19,620 --> 00:47:24,900 is a vanishingly small proportion of their overall investment. 539 00:47:24,900 --> 00:47:27,580 The Oil and Gas Authority, if you open up their website 540 00:47:27,580 --> 00:47:30,060 or indeed go to their Twitter account, that's what they say, 541 00:47:30,060 --> 00:47:33,860 "We're there to maximise oil and gas production," and they help 542 00:47:33,860 --> 00:47:35,380 the government meet its net zero. 543 00:47:35,380 --> 00:47:39,100 That demonstrates to me absolutely clearly how net zero 544 00:47:39,100 --> 00:47:42,740 is basically a front for an incrementally greenwashed 545 00:47:42,740 --> 00:47:44,540 business as usual. 546 00:47:44,540 --> 00:47:46,420 It delays any real action. 547 00:47:46,420 --> 00:47:50,340 It relies on technologies that are either highly speculative 548 00:47:50,340 --> 00:47:53,180 or in only very small pilot schemes at the moment to remove 549 00:47:53,180 --> 00:47:56,740 carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, hundreds of billions of tonnes 550 00:47:56,740 --> 00:47:59,660 of carbon dioxide, not small quantities, out in the future. 551 00:47:59,660 --> 00:48:01,620 And when I say "we're" going to remove it, 552 00:48:01,620 --> 00:48:04,140 not us, our children and our children's children. 553 00:48:05,660 --> 00:48:07,620 BIRD CRIES 554 00:48:17,340 --> 00:48:20,220 There are several parts of Fort William that are threatened 555 00:48:20,220 --> 00:48:23,140 with flooding, and this will include the main roads 556 00:48:23,140 --> 00:48:26,660 and the main rail lines between Fort William and Glasgow... 557 00:48:28,100 --> 00:48:31,460 ..and that means that there's going to be a transport problem 558 00:48:31,460 --> 00:48:35,380 in the future, and food supplies might cut out at some point. 559 00:48:45,340 --> 00:48:47,980 In 50 years' time, if nothing changes, 560 00:48:47,980 --> 00:48:50,700 the water levels could rise to 40 centimetres. 561 00:48:53,100 --> 00:48:57,860 Already this winter, it flooded right up to where I'm sitting 562 00:48:57,860 --> 00:49:00,100 and the road had to be closed. 563 00:49:02,060 --> 00:49:05,260 If the road up to the high school could be closed, 564 00:49:05,260 --> 00:49:07,620 how could the children get to school? 565 00:49:25,740 --> 00:49:30,020 Well, in 50 years' time, I'm worried that there won't be the same type 566 00:49:30,020 --> 00:49:34,300 of wildlife as there is right now because of climate change. 567 00:49:34,300 --> 00:49:36,220 Ullapool's like a fishing village, 568 00:49:36,220 --> 00:49:39,100 so then, if the smaller fish die out, 569 00:49:39,100 --> 00:49:42,060 then the bigger fish won't have anything to eat, 570 00:49:42,060 --> 00:49:45,500 and that's kind of like the same as puffins 571 00:49:45,500 --> 00:49:48,300 that live around the coastal areas of Scotland. 572 00:49:49,980 --> 00:49:52,980 They could be affected by climate change, if the temperature rises 573 00:49:52,980 --> 00:49:54,420 and the sea levels rise, 574 00:49:54,420 --> 00:49:57,500 because then that would make the smaller fish swim away 575 00:49:57,500 --> 00:50:00,820 to places that are cooler or further north. 576 00:50:00,820 --> 00:50:05,740 Puffins will die of starvation if they don't sort something out soon. 577 00:50:19,180 --> 00:50:21,540 This bridge could be completely underwater. 578 00:50:22,820 --> 00:50:26,140 The SEC behind us, where they're holding COP26, 579 00:50:26,140 --> 00:50:28,300 that's going to be completely destroyed. 580 00:50:29,660 --> 00:50:32,380 There are so many things happening in the world right now that... 581 00:50:33,980 --> 00:50:36,300 ..I'm honestly not sure I could face 582 00:50:36,300 --> 00:50:38,900 bringing even like a child into the world. 583 00:50:44,980 --> 00:50:47,220 If we don't make the change now, we never will. 584 00:50:49,740 --> 00:50:52,340 It's actually so much closer than a lot of us are actually 585 00:50:52,340 --> 00:50:54,500 willing to believe... 586 00:50:54,500 --> 00:50:57,060 ..and that's quite terrifying. 587 00:51:06,900 --> 00:51:09,860 Adults have made their life choices. They've got their career 588 00:51:09,860 --> 00:51:13,020 and they've, you know, sometimes they have a family, 589 00:51:13,020 --> 00:51:16,860 they have a house, and it's not going to impact their lives 590 00:51:16,860 --> 00:51:20,220 in the same way it will impact us because, you know, 591 00:51:20,220 --> 00:51:23,060 what career am I going to have based off of this 592 00:51:23,060 --> 00:51:24,780 and where am I going to live? 593 00:51:26,220 --> 00:51:28,980 And what food am I going to be able to eat? 594 00:51:37,460 --> 00:51:41,180 DUCK QUACKS 595 00:51:42,300 --> 00:51:45,580 We're going to have several metres of sea level rise already locked in 596 00:51:45,580 --> 00:51:47,540 and, since Edinburgh is on the coast, 597 00:51:47,540 --> 00:51:51,540 that poses a pretty severe threat to lots of areas around here. 598 00:51:51,540 --> 00:51:53,540 Everything would be under water, 599 00:51:53,540 --> 00:51:57,780 the Ocean Terminal mall, the pub at the end of the road over there, 600 00:51:57,780 --> 00:51:59,340 everything. 601 00:51:59,340 --> 00:52:01,900 It's not even that far in the future, 602 00:52:01,900 --> 00:52:04,940 like, I'll maybe just be starting retirement. 603 00:52:04,940 --> 00:52:07,780 Even if we feel like it's in the distant future, 604 00:52:07,780 --> 00:52:11,860 areas I go all the time will not be, they won't even exist any more. 605 00:52:27,340 --> 00:52:30,820 THEY CHANT: BP, Shell, take your oil and go to hell. 606 00:52:30,820 --> 00:52:35,500 ExxonMobil, BP, Shell, take your oil and go to hell. 607 00:52:35,500 --> 00:52:38,620 ExxonMobil, BP, Shell, take your oil... 608 00:52:42,620 --> 00:52:46,940 The things I am most worried about is the future 609 00:52:46,940 --> 00:52:49,100 for children aged 15, 610 00:52:49,100 --> 00:52:51,500 children aged three, four, five. 611 00:52:59,220 --> 00:53:02,940 They will presumably expect to be alive by the end of the century. 612 00:53:05,140 --> 00:53:09,740 And, at the moment, that is really not looking like the sort of place 613 00:53:09,740 --> 00:53:11,380 you'd like to live in. 614 00:53:18,300 --> 00:53:21,340 So what we are seeing is a major disturbance 615 00:53:21,340 --> 00:53:23,660 in the global weather system, 616 00:53:23,660 --> 00:53:28,900 but much more serious is what is happening to that ice on Greenland. 617 00:53:28,900 --> 00:53:32,020 As the ice melts, it enters the ocean 618 00:53:32,020 --> 00:53:36,340 and there's enough ice there that, when it's all melted, 619 00:53:36,340 --> 00:53:41,020 sea levels globally will rise by an average of 7.5 metres, 620 00:53:41,020 --> 00:53:42,660 24 feet... 621 00:53:43,980 --> 00:53:48,460 ..and we will not recognise the world when that has happened. 622 00:53:54,260 --> 00:53:58,980 And, quite frankly, I believe this is already happening 623 00:53:58,980 --> 00:54:04,300 towards that final level of 24 feet sea level rise. 624 00:54:05,340 --> 00:54:07,660 WATER ROARS 625 00:54:17,820 --> 00:54:21,820 The Paris Agreement says that 1.5 degrees should be our aim 626 00:54:21,820 --> 00:54:26,940 and the fact that we're heading much more rapidly towards 3.5 degrees 627 00:54:26,940 --> 00:54:30,100 should be a grave concern for everybody. 628 00:54:31,420 --> 00:54:33,540 SHOUTING 629 00:54:41,340 --> 00:54:44,980 My family is still mostly in Bangladesh 630 00:54:44,980 --> 00:54:49,420 and I see it as, I guess in my case, 631 00:54:49,420 --> 00:54:54,060 a very personal example of the deep injustice 632 00:54:54,060 --> 00:54:57,140 at the heart of the climate crisis. 633 00:55:03,460 --> 00:55:07,620 As a country, it's done so little historically to contribute 634 00:55:07,620 --> 00:55:10,940 to the amount of carbon that's in the atmosphere 635 00:55:10,940 --> 00:55:14,140 and it's done so little to cause the climate crisis, 636 00:55:14,140 --> 00:55:18,260 and yet people there will be bearing the impact, already are 637 00:55:18,260 --> 00:55:21,820 overwhelmingly living with the impacts 638 00:55:21,820 --> 00:55:24,100 that we're currently experiencing of climate change. 639 00:55:31,980 --> 00:55:35,260 A half a metre sea level rise by 2050, 640 00:55:35,260 --> 00:55:39,060 we will see the... Everyone knows Bangladesh, 641 00:55:39,060 --> 00:55:41,700 two thirds of the country under water. 642 00:55:46,020 --> 00:55:48,460 It's expected that tens of millions... 643 00:55:48,460 --> 00:55:50,820 I think one estimate is that 30 million people 644 00:55:50,820 --> 00:55:53,820 will have to emigrate 645 00:55:53,820 --> 00:55:58,140 as a result of the impacts of climate change. 646 00:55:58,140 --> 00:56:01,940 Vietnam, 90% of the country under water, sea water 647 00:56:01,940 --> 00:56:05,500 at least once a year by 2050, in 30 years' time. 648 00:56:10,180 --> 00:56:13,540 The Mekong Delta region is the biggest series 649 00:56:13,540 --> 00:56:16,060 of rice paddy fields in the world. 650 00:56:16,060 --> 00:56:19,900 By the time we get to mid-century, rice production will collapse. 651 00:56:22,180 --> 00:56:26,340 At 3.5 degrees, roughly 74% of the world's population 652 00:56:26,340 --> 00:56:28,700 cannot live where they do today 653 00:56:28,700 --> 00:56:32,900 because the midday summer air temperature will be too hot 654 00:56:32,900 --> 00:56:35,460 for the body to be able to function. 655 00:56:35,460 --> 00:56:37,940 The body's inner organs will start to collapse. 656 00:56:40,780 --> 00:56:44,020 We are looking, by mid-century, 657 00:56:44,020 --> 00:56:47,940 possibly at 100 million climate refugees 658 00:56:47,940 --> 00:56:51,580 from that part of the world, possibly 200, 300 million... 659 00:56:52,660 --> 00:56:55,140 ..and that'll be happening around the world. 660 00:57:04,180 --> 00:57:09,460 We have to defossilise the global economy as quickly as we can. 661 00:58:53,740 --> 00:58:56,500 PLANE ROARS PAST 662 00:59:53,460 --> 00:59:55,980 CHANTING 663 01:00:07,380 --> 01:00:10,180 In my view, there are many reasons to be deeply critical 664 01:00:10,180 --> 01:00:11,940 of the whole COP process. 665 01:00:14,020 --> 01:00:18,500 The most dangerous voice there was that from the fossil fuel industry 666 01:00:18,500 --> 01:00:23,740 and, remember, that industry is not always a private sector voice - 667 01:00:23,740 --> 01:00:26,260 it's often the voice of the governments. 668 01:00:33,180 --> 01:00:36,900 A lot of the oil companies are owned by the governments, 669 01:00:36,900 --> 01:00:40,380 so the governments themselves are in effect the oil companies 670 01:00:40,380 --> 01:00:42,380 in many parts of the world. 671 01:00:46,620 --> 01:00:51,220 So whilst tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of protesters 672 01:00:51,220 --> 01:00:53,780 and civil society activists and wider society 673 01:00:53,780 --> 01:00:55,340 is kept at arm's reach... 674 01:01:01,100 --> 01:01:05,460 ..the fossil fuel lobbyists are right in there with the negotiators 675 01:01:05,460 --> 01:01:07,820 before COP and during COP. 676 01:01:07,820 --> 01:01:10,340 They're in the governments. They're part of the governments. 677 01:01:10,340 --> 01:01:13,060 They're part of the DNA of the COP. 678 01:01:15,860 --> 01:01:18,740 And then we stand back saying, "Oh, look, there's hardly anything 679 01:01:18,740 --> 01:01:21,980 "about the fossil fuel industry and how we have to rapidly faze it out 680 01:01:21,980 --> 01:01:24,700 "within the agreements that come out of these COPS." 681 01:01:24,700 --> 01:01:26,620 And Glasgow, again, was just the same. 682 01:01:32,340 --> 01:01:35,220 They're in and out of the ministries far more than, 683 01:01:35,220 --> 01:01:37,700 I think there's some evidence that suggests nine or ten times 684 01:01:37,700 --> 01:01:40,660 more often than you get people from the renewables coming in there, 685 01:01:40,660 --> 01:01:43,460 and they've been doing this again for decade after decade. 686 01:02:10,540 --> 01:02:14,580 The fact is that, if we were about to be hit by a meteorite, 687 01:02:14,580 --> 01:02:17,900 if the country was about to be hit by a meteorite, 688 01:02:17,900 --> 01:02:21,740 the government would do everything possible to prevent 689 01:02:21,740 --> 01:02:23,740 that happening immediately. 690 01:02:23,740 --> 01:02:27,740 It wouldn't say, "Oh, let's wait for the private sector to come up 691 01:02:27,740 --> 01:02:31,660 "with a plan and a managed transition 692 01:02:31,660 --> 01:02:34,020 "before the moment of impact." 693 01:02:34,020 --> 01:02:36,540 Right? We can't afford to do that. 694 01:02:36,540 --> 01:02:42,140 The urgency of the climate crisis is not entirely unlike 695 01:02:42,140 --> 01:02:45,900 the threat we would face if we were to be hit by a meteorite. 696 01:02:45,900 --> 01:02:51,980 And, therefore, we cannot rely on self-serving capital gains-making 697 01:02:51,980 --> 01:02:55,620 shareholders in oil companies for that transition. 698 01:03:57,860 --> 01:04:00,620 METALLIC CLANKING 699 01:04:03,900 --> 01:04:06,500 We need to decommission properly. 700 01:04:06,500 --> 01:04:10,100 There are certain obligations that we're under 701 01:04:10,100 --> 01:04:14,900 and as a sector we want to make sure that we do tidy up after ourselves. 702 01:04:14,900 --> 01:04:18,300 So we decommission, we do it safely, we do it efficiently, 703 01:04:18,300 --> 01:04:23,340 we do it cost-effectively, and we do it with an environmental...head on. 704 01:04:29,340 --> 01:04:31,340 The industry is liable for all the costs 705 01:04:31,340 --> 01:04:33,220 associated with decommissioning. 706 01:04:38,660 --> 01:04:43,100 The way that the tax regime works in this country for oil and gas 707 01:04:43,100 --> 01:04:48,340 companies is that they can claim costs that they incur 708 01:04:48,340 --> 01:04:52,060 from decommissioning oil and gas assets, which is another way 709 01:04:52,060 --> 01:04:55,740 of saying cleaning up the mess that they've created. 710 01:04:55,740 --> 01:04:59,980 You know, it's disassembling rigs, making sure that there isn't a whole 711 01:04:59,980 --> 01:05:02,900 lot of toxic sludge left behind, the sort of clean-up 712 01:05:02,900 --> 01:05:06,020 that all polluting industries have to do 713 01:05:06,020 --> 01:05:08,500 when they exit from that industry. 714 01:05:08,500 --> 01:05:12,580 But if you're an oil and gas company, the UK taxpayer 715 01:05:12,580 --> 01:05:16,780 pays about 50% of the costs of decommissioning. 716 01:05:25,620 --> 01:05:29,780 All companies in the sector benefit from that tax regime 717 01:05:29,780 --> 01:05:32,220 and it means that, whether they're a British company 718 01:05:32,220 --> 01:05:36,420 or a foreign company, they are not making a contribution 719 01:05:36,420 --> 01:05:42,180 to the British economy in terms of the money that they contribute 720 01:05:42,180 --> 01:05:46,060 to the public purse, and they are benefiting from taxpayer dollars. 721 01:05:57,380 --> 01:06:01,060 The UK's Office of National Accounts has estimated 722 01:06:01,060 --> 01:06:05,100 that over the next few decades we are on the hook 723 01:06:05,100 --> 01:06:08,220 for £18 billion in decommissioning costs. 724 01:06:12,100 --> 01:06:16,060 It's the kind of arrangement that no other industry benefits from. 725 01:06:26,540 --> 01:06:30,100 We need to transition. We need to get the manufacturing site onshore. 726 01:06:32,180 --> 01:06:33,700 For decommissioning oil and gas, 727 01:06:33,700 --> 01:06:38,420 we could recycle the steel and we could build jackets for turbines. 728 01:06:38,420 --> 01:06:40,500 We could build the turbines. 729 01:06:50,260 --> 01:06:52,860 Right now, the future of North Sea oil 730 01:06:52,860 --> 01:06:55,460 is in the hands of the investment houses. 731 01:06:58,380 --> 01:07:02,820 As the oil and gas depletes in the UK now, 732 01:07:02,820 --> 01:07:06,660 the majors aren't making enough quick enough, 733 01:07:06,660 --> 01:07:09,540 and as their assets get older they've got to spend more money 734 01:07:09,540 --> 01:07:12,420 on them and they don't want to be doing that either. 735 01:07:14,740 --> 01:07:16,740 So what we've got now are... 736 01:07:18,060 --> 01:07:21,020 ..investment houses looking to make a quick buck. 737 01:07:22,620 --> 01:07:25,540 As we move forward with the whole climate debate, 738 01:07:25,540 --> 01:07:29,460 you're going to see these investment houses 739 01:07:29,460 --> 01:07:34,260 being exposed and attacked for continuing to invest in oil and gas. 740 01:07:41,460 --> 01:07:46,700 These investment houses are going to think twice and a lot of them 741 01:07:46,700 --> 01:07:48,780 are just going to pull the plug. 742 01:07:48,780 --> 01:07:50,340 And if they pull the plug... 743 01:07:51,540 --> 01:07:53,660 ..that ends operations here. 744 01:07:57,860 --> 01:07:59,580 That shuts it down. 745 01:08:06,220 --> 01:08:08,620 Oil and gas workers now are very worried 746 01:08:08,620 --> 01:08:10,900 about what the future holds for them. 747 01:08:14,820 --> 01:08:20,660 The technology, the ability, the core skills, the infrastructure, 748 01:08:20,660 --> 01:08:24,020 the supply chain companies, they're all here. 749 01:08:24,020 --> 01:08:25,820 They can all deliver 750 01:08:25,820 --> 01:08:30,140 on what we need to do in the renewable sector, 751 01:08:30,140 --> 01:08:33,620 whether it's carbon capture, whether it's hydrogen production. 752 01:08:35,380 --> 01:08:36,900 We can do it all... 753 01:08:38,260 --> 01:08:39,500 ..given the chance. 754 01:08:46,820 --> 01:08:48,700 You see, the big oil companies, 755 01:08:48,700 --> 01:08:51,700 they're now beginning to sell up and move away... 756 01:08:53,660 --> 01:08:58,220 ..and in their place come a whole range of much smaller companies. 757 01:08:58,220 --> 01:09:02,820 So those are private equity companies who are owned by 758 01:09:02,820 --> 01:09:06,940 private individuals based in, say, for example, Switzerland 759 01:09:06,940 --> 01:09:08,980 or the USA or Russia. 760 01:09:10,020 --> 01:09:13,500 And then also state-owned companies, 761 01:09:13,500 --> 01:09:16,580 such as Malaysia, Abu Dhabi, 762 01:09:16,580 --> 01:09:19,940 but also China and Iran. 763 01:09:19,940 --> 01:09:23,180 The Chinese National Offshore Oil Company 764 01:09:23,180 --> 01:09:26,460 has three major oil fields in the North Sea - 765 01:09:26,460 --> 01:09:29,180 Telford and Golden Eagle and Buzzard. 766 01:09:29,180 --> 01:09:34,140 Buzzard is the highest producing oilfield in the UK North Sea, 767 01:09:34,140 --> 01:09:38,580 so China has an increasingly important role to play 768 01:09:38,580 --> 01:09:41,020 in the future of this area 769 01:09:41,020 --> 01:09:45,300 and that's an important thing when we think about how much control 770 01:09:45,300 --> 01:09:50,660 do we as British citizens have over the future of the North Sea. 771 01:09:52,460 --> 01:09:55,060 If, say, for example, people in Scotland say, "We don't want 772 01:09:55,060 --> 01:09:59,900 "that oil exploited because of climate change or whatever," 773 01:09:59,900 --> 01:10:04,460 then the UK would have to compensate 774 01:10:04,460 --> 01:10:08,700 the Chinese National Oil Company, and effectively the Chinese state, 775 01:10:08,700 --> 01:10:11,940 for tearing up the contract that it's made with it... 776 01:10:13,420 --> 01:10:18,900 ..which means that it is more and more removed from government control 777 01:10:18,900 --> 01:10:22,260 and democratic control and public scrutiny. 778 01:10:29,180 --> 01:10:31,620 DISTANT HORN BLARES 779 01:10:36,260 --> 01:10:41,900 About two thirds of the oil that we produce is being exported 780 01:10:41,900 --> 01:10:46,500 to countries such as China and the US, 781 01:10:46,500 --> 01:10:50,300 and not used to be refined here, on the UK mainland... 782 01:10:51,660 --> 01:10:55,420 ..which undermines the argument that this is important 783 01:10:55,420 --> 01:10:57,020 for UK energy security. 784 01:10:57,020 --> 01:10:59,500 WAVES ROAR 785 01:11:09,420 --> 01:11:11,860 I think we'll look back on this era as the good old days 786 01:11:11,860 --> 01:11:15,540 before everything goes insane, and we can't even stop it any more. 787 01:11:15,540 --> 01:11:18,260 And I think there is going to be a lot of resentment from future 788 01:11:18,260 --> 01:11:20,460 generations because we really are at the last point 789 01:11:20,460 --> 01:11:22,140 where we can change things. 790 01:11:22,140 --> 01:11:24,380 And if we don't, I don't think the future generations 791 01:11:24,380 --> 01:11:26,380 are ever really going to be able to forgive us. 792 01:11:26,380 --> 01:11:28,420 Yeah, they're going to blame us 793 01:11:28,420 --> 01:11:31,140 and we're not even the ones in control here. 794 01:11:39,780 --> 01:11:44,260 We have been consistently wrong about the scale at which renewables 795 01:11:44,260 --> 01:11:45,740 have become competitive. 796 01:11:45,740 --> 01:11:49,060 The price of solar has dropped by 80% in the last decade. 797 01:11:49,060 --> 01:11:51,580 Nobody, including the world's leading energy forecasters, 798 01:11:51,580 --> 01:11:53,380 saw that coming. 799 01:11:56,580 --> 01:12:01,580 So to continue to lock in our dependency on oil and gas, 800 01:12:01,580 --> 01:12:05,180 because we think that in 30 years' time we might still need it 801 01:12:05,180 --> 01:12:06,740 is a huge mistake. 802 01:12:35,540 --> 01:12:39,460 Compared with digging deep beneath the North Sea to produce this, 803 01:12:39,460 --> 01:12:42,700 you know, quite challenging material... 804 01:12:45,700 --> 01:12:48,940 ..to then pipe it day after day, year after year, 805 01:12:48,940 --> 01:12:52,860 decade after decade, the huge refineries that then convert this 806 01:12:52,860 --> 01:12:56,260 black goo into all sorts of amazing products, one way or another, 807 01:12:56,260 --> 01:12:59,100 that we've managed to do that is incredible. 808 01:13:02,580 --> 01:13:06,620 And then you look at the renewable industry now that's developing - 809 01:13:06,620 --> 01:13:09,420 it looks so much simpler than this oil industry 810 01:13:09,420 --> 01:13:11,780 that we've completely normalised. 811 01:13:13,380 --> 01:13:16,020 And I look at the skills that we have offshore, 812 01:13:16,020 --> 01:13:18,460 that degree of sort of, you know, engineering 813 01:13:18,460 --> 01:13:20,100 understanding and so forth, 814 01:13:20,100 --> 01:13:22,700 you think, if we applied that to the renewables, 815 01:13:22,700 --> 01:13:24,500 we could deliver a renewable 816 01:13:24,500 --> 01:13:29,220 renaissance, or a new renewable conversion from fossil fuels, 817 01:13:29,220 --> 01:13:33,220 far more quickly than we ever built with the fossil fuel industry. 818 01:14:14,060 --> 01:14:17,700 We need every institution of finance, be they insurers 819 01:14:17,700 --> 01:14:22,260 or fund managers or banks, the OECD, the World Bank, the IMF, 820 01:14:22,260 --> 01:14:26,060 we all need to work collectively to make sure that we rebase global 821 01:14:26,060 --> 01:14:29,860 economic growth so that it's no longer powered by fossil fuels. 822 01:14:34,980 --> 01:14:38,420 If we don't deliver that, then civilisation itself is at risk. 823 01:14:41,060 --> 01:14:44,060 I know that sounds hyperbolic, but it is a fact. 824 01:14:46,900 --> 01:14:49,020 PLANE ENGINES ROAR 825 01:14:57,700 --> 01:15:00,300 Oil was discovered in 1859 - 826 01:15:00,300 --> 01:15:05,980 at that time, there were about 800 whaling vessels in the world... 827 01:15:07,060 --> 01:15:11,340 ..and that was how we powered lights in cities - whale oil. 828 01:15:16,060 --> 01:15:21,100 About ten years later, half of that whaling fleet was worthless 829 01:15:21,100 --> 01:15:24,260 because nobody needed the whales any more. 830 01:15:24,260 --> 01:15:25,980 It's going to take a lot longer, 831 01:15:25,980 --> 01:15:30,700 but the rigs of today can be equated to the whaling vessels 832 01:15:30,700 --> 01:15:32,580 of 150 years ago. 833 01:15:44,060 --> 01:15:46,100 This period of burning the fossil fuels, 834 01:15:46,100 --> 01:15:49,980 of really taking what has been millions and millions of years 835 01:15:49,980 --> 01:15:53,980 of laying down the carbon through natural processes 836 01:15:53,980 --> 01:15:57,180 and suddenly releasing it, virtually overnight, 837 01:15:57,180 --> 01:15:59,660 but that's a very short timeframe. 838 01:15:59,660 --> 01:16:03,740 So to assume that we can't live as humans without fossil fuels 839 01:16:03,740 --> 01:16:06,660 completely misunderstands that we have done so in the past... 840 01:16:09,220 --> 01:16:11,460 ..and that we will have to in the future. 841 01:16:27,100 --> 01:16:32,900 We're embedded in the physical realm of the oil machine, 842 01:16:32,900 --> 01:16:36,660 but we're also embedded in the emotional world of that. 843 01:16:42,980 --> 01:16:45,980 It makes the way we think and it makes the way we feel. 844 01:17:02,500 --> 01:17:05,980 The difficulties of getting out of oil 845 01:17:05,980 --> 01:17:10,860 is that it feels like life is going to be more deprived... 846 01:17:12,900 --> 01:17:15,420 ..and we're frightened of that. 847 01:17:38,380 --> 01:17:43,340 Our desires are often made possible by a level of energy consumption. 848 01:18:02,180 --> 01:18:05,100 WATER GURGLES 849 01:18:10,660 --> 01:18:12,460 We've been in the phase of oil. 850 01:18:15,220 --> 01:18:17,380 We have to go beyond it. 851 01:18:23,740 --> 01:18:26,380 We have to find a way out the other side of it. 852 01:18:30,940 --> 01:18:34,060 That will lead us to learning new ways of being.