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Britain may be an insignificant
little rock in the North Atlantic,

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but for centuries, the island
we call home was coveted

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by foreign powers, making fear of
invasion a fact of life.

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From north to south, east to west,

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2,000 years of threats
have left their mark.

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In this series, we'll seek out
these reminders -

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from weaponry and castles
to warships -

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00:00:32,080 --> 00:00:35,360
as we tell the story
of a centuries-long obsession

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with attack from overseas.

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From my headquarters here
at Walmer Castle,

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I'll be exploring how a thirst
for power, both here and abroad,

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led to some of the most turbulent
periods in British history...

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Who were the Normans? And why does
he want to invade England?

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..and getting my hands on some truly
extraordinary artefacts.

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Oh! And this is the original?

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Engineer Professor Danielle George
and historian Dr Onyeka Nubia

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will be travelling the UK in search
of the physical evidence

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that tells of a
centuries-long struggle...

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For me as an engineer,
it's functional,

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it looks like it's built to last.

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..and experiencing how those
foreign threats

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impacted the lives
of ordinary people.

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Walking in here,
I think I would be overawed.

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I'm Professor Alice Roberts,

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and this is the story
of Fortress Britain.

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CHURCHILL: We shall defend our
island, whatever the cost may be.

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With every year that passes,

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the Second World War recedes
further into history,

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passing out of living memory,

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and perhaps we started to take
peace in Europe for granted.

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But recent events have shown us
just how fragile it is.

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And looking back,
just over 80 years ago,

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people in Britain,
including my own grandparents,

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faced a very real threat
of invasion.

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By spring 1940, Hitler's forces
were pushing into northern France,

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and British troops were in retreat.

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People in Britain were really scared
at this stage.

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CROWD CHANTS

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In this episode, we'll examine
Britain's emergency plans

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to withstand what felt
like an imminent Nazi invasion -

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from the construction of vast
blockades on British soil...

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Basically, you're turning villages,
towns into fortresses

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on key parts of the road network.

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..to civilians training as
undercover assassins,

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and a radical change in attitude

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towards the role of women
in wartime...

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So these are extraordinarily
courageous women.

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They're warned they probably
will last around six weeks

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until they're captured,
tortured and probably killed.

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..all while the Nazis occupied
and built camps

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on some British territories.

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But before we explore Britain's
survival plan

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and examine the scars left behind,

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we need to understand how we found
ourselves facing

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the threat of invasion
in the first place.

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Joining me at my castle base
is Dr Sarah-Louise Miller,

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who's studied the British
wartime experience in detail.

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Sarah, we arrive at this moment
in history

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where there were German
troops assembled

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on the other side of the
English Channel waiting to invade.

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How has it got to that point?

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After the First World War
and the Treaty of Versailles,

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the Germans are not happy.

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They are feeling the pain
of the treaty.

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And then when Adolf Hitler comes
to power,

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there is someone voicing
how they feel.

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So he's got this righteous anger
or he's expressing righteous anger

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that a lot of people are feeling,
but then actually translating

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that into a plan to expand,
to invade other countries.

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Absolutely, and it's not secret.

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CROWD CHANTS

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And then when it happens,
it happens fast.

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Very fast. Blitzkrieg -
"lightning war".

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It's this incredibly
effective tactic.

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Hit other countries so hard
and so fast

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that they don't
know what's happened.

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The invasion of Poland obviously
kicks off the Second World War,

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and he doesn't stop. He goes
for Denmark, Norway,

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Belgium, Luxembourg, and then
ultimately, in May 1940, France.

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So then this brings us to a point

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where Britain is involved
in the war.

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We've got troops over fighting
on the Continent,

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but we have to retreat. Yes.

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They're forced back to the beaches
at Dunkirk

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and ultimately trapped there.

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Britain had hit rock-bottom,

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with hundreds of thousands
of troops stranded.

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And while Operation Dynamo saw
330,000 men rescued...

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..much of their military equipment
was left behind.

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And we can see that here. Look at
all those vehicles,

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all those jeeps lined up.

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And this is how they managed
to board some of the vessels

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that had come to pick them up.

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You can see they've used
the vehicles here

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to make effectively a pontoon.
Oh, right.

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So if you imagine... Yeah.

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That's it. Those vehicles
are abandoned on the beach.

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They're gone. They're left behind,
along with the piles of guns

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and anti-aircraft artillery.

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It's really devastating to the Army
to lose all of this equipment.

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To fight an enemy that is
blitzkrieg-ing across a continent,

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you need weapons.
And also, what about the next stage?

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Because there's now the concern
that Hitler is going to continue.

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A very real concern.

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Hitler isn't quiet about
what he's planning

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and he actually issues...
He issues a directive.

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It's Directive 16.

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And he actually says, "As England,
in spite of the hopelessness

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"of her military position,
has so far shown herself unwilling

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"to come to any compromise, I have
decided to begin to prepare for

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"and, if necessary, to carry out
an invasion of England,

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"and, if necessary, the island
will be occupied."

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Ah...

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Hitler had a clear aim.

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Dr Onyeka Nubia is at Churchill's
War Rooms in central London,

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where historian Guy Walters
can reveal his plan

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in alarming detail.

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ONYEKA: Hello, Guy.
Hi, good to meet you.

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So, what have we got here?
What is this map of?

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This is the map that the man who sat
in this room, Winston Churchill,

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would have really wanted
to have seen.

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This is an actual German wartime map

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that shows how the Nazis
want to invade Britain.

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Right. So these scribbles on the map

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are authentic scribbles
done by a German officer?

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Yeah. And actually, they really
are scribbles

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when you look at the map closely.

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But it's of a very serious matter.

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This is a deeply serious matter

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because it's showing
huge German units massing

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in the north of France and Belgium,
ready to hop into boats

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and land on the Kent Coast.

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Do they have a name for it?

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The name for the plan was
Seelowe - Operation Sea Lion.

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So what is the plan?

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The plan, at its most simple,
comes in three phases.

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Phase one, send the German Air Force
over the Channel

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and destroy the Royal Air Force.

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That's phase one. You've got
to have air superiority.

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It means the British can't
attack you.

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Phase two, make sure
that the Royal Navy,

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the biggest navy in the world,
can't hamper your attacking force.

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So somehow you've got to either
distract the Royal Navy,

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get them fighting somewhere else,

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or mine the Channel,

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and make sure that the Royal Navy
can't get to your invasion force.

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If you succeed in phase one and two,
then you launch phase three,

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and that is to put your army
and your troops on barges,

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send them across the Channel and,
you know, obliterate the British.

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And part of phase three is also
to send paratroopers over,

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shock troops to try and take
installations and other key targets.

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And obviously, what's the target?
Right. Top left - London.

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I see. And that's where they're
ultimately wanting to get.

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If this is the plan,
when is it going to happen?

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Well, the most likely date
for Operation Sea Lion to go

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into place is late September 1940.

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So this operation, were people
in Britain feeling

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that this was going to happen?

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People in Britain were really scared
at this stage.

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They knew that Hitler was turning
his attention across the Channel.

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This could be one of the greatest
military triumphs

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of all human history.

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Seeing that map shows me that there
were detailed plans

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about the invasion of Britain.

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This was not a conspiracy theory
or a paranoid fantasy.

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There were people on both sides

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that expected Britain
to be invaded by Germany.

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In the late summer of 1940,
Hitler's plan became clear.

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After demolishing
British air defences,

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his troops would land on
the southern coast of England

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and push north to London.

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Britain had to turn itself
into a fortress to survive.

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Professor Danielle George is in
Guildford looking for physical

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evidence of our rush
to defend ourselves.

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DANIELLE: When I got wind of
some hidden, large-scale

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defensive architecture from
World War II, I got really excited

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and all manner of intimidating
locations flashed through my mind.

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Where I didn't expect to end up

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was the car park
of a leisure centre.

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But apparently somewhere around here
is a bloke

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who's going to shed some
light on the whole thing.

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That bloke is archaeologist
Ben Robinson.

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Well, this is it.

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Oh, wow. Look at this. Yeah.
It's amazing, isn't it?

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Look at this! All the way up
as well.

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Yeah, yeah. What is it?

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These are about stopping tanks.

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The Government's seen what's
happened on the Continent -

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tanks in their blitzkrieg war have
just marched across,

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trundled across France
in high order.

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And they fully expected those same
tanks to be here in weeks

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in the summer of 1940. Yeah.

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What's this on the top?

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Well, this is angle iron, and there
would have been a stake up here,

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00:11:10,360 --> 00:11:13,200
barbed wire, strands strung along.

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00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:16,520
Maybe you could put explosives
on that barbed wire. Right.

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And any German tanks sweeping
through towards Guildford

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would come across this and,
"Ah, we've got a problem.

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"We've got to try and dismantle
these. We've got to try

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00:11:25,320 --> 00:11:27,520
and get round them. We've got to
try and get over them."

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And in that moment of indecision,
you can attack them.

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00:11:30,320 --> 00:11:31,840
And there are positions up here.

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00:11:31,880 --> 00:11:33,920
There are gun pits,
there are weapons pits.

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So as soon as any troops get out,
start dismantling the barbed wire,

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trying to cut it, as soon as
bulldozer tanks start coming along,

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00:11:40,520 --> 00:11:42,400
they're like...
IMITATES GUNFIRE

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00:11:42,440 --> 00:11:44,320
Right. You know, you're taking
them out.

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And so you've got a really
formidable obstacle here.

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00:11:51,640 --> 00:11:55,040
Blocks like this, less than
30 miles from central London,

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were an essential part of the
General Headquarters or GHQ Line.

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00:12:01,440 --> 00:12:04,120
This was an enormous chain of
physical barriers

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00:12:04,160 --> 00:12:05,920
designed to slow
the enemy's approach

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00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:08,840
if they'd already breached
the coastal defences.

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00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:15,560
They basically expected the tanks
to be coming up from the south coast

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00:12:15,600 --> 00:12:19,200
using the main roads, so they put
roadblocks on the main roads,

216
00:12:19,240 --> 00:12:21,640
but they expected them
to smash through those.

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00:12:21,680 --> 00:12:26,400
Basically, you're turning villages,
towns into fortresses

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00:12:26,440 --> 00:12:28,880
on key parts of the road network.
Wow.

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00:12:33,400 --> 00:12:37,040
And the GHQ Line wasn't
just a network of barriers.

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There were thousands
of armed posts too.

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00:12:44,360 --> 00:12:47,040
Ah. Now, this, I do recognise, Ben.
This is a pillbox, right?

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00:12:47,080 --> 00:12:49,880
Yeah. Pillbox or block houses,
as they were called.

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It's a position for
light machine guns, for rifles.

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You can see these slots here.

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That's where the rifles and machine
guns would have been poking out.

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00:12:57,800 --> 00:12:59,880
Right. It's a wonderful piece
of engineering.

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00:12:59,920 --> 00:13:01,960
You just pour the concrete
in really quickly.

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00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:03,840
They were running out of steel
for reinforcing,

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00:13:03,880 --> 00:13:06,760
so they would chuck in bed springs,
any old junk they could get hold of.

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Really? Concrete roof goes
on the top,

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00:13:09,360 --> 00:13:13,080
and there you've got a fort
in a matter of, really, hours.

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00:13:13,120 --> 00:13:15,840
I don't know if we're allowed, but
shall we try and sneak and get
inside?

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00:13:15,880 --> 00:13:18,120
Let's have a sneak, yeah.
Yeah? Yeah, yeah. Brilliant.

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00:13:22,280 --> 00:13:24,160
Oh, coming in.
Oh, it's a squeeze!

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00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:26,040
SHE CHUCKLES

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00:13:26,080 --> 00:13:29,000
It is... It's tiny in here, Ben!
It's a little bit cramped, isn't it?

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Very cramped, yeah. Yeah.
Oh, my goodness.

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00:13:31,480 --> 00:13:33,240
But these aren't built for comfort.

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00:13:33,280 --> 00:13:35,520
Yeah. It's utterly functional,
isn't it? These are forts.

240
00:13:35,560 --> 00:13:37,640
There's no room for bunks.
It's not a barracks.

241
00:13:37,680 --> 00:13:39,800
This is you come in here
in an emergency

242
00:13:39,840 --> 00:13:41,880
and start manning these positions,

243
00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:43,840
looking out of the lookholes here,

244
00:13:43,880 --> 00:13:46,680
you know, see if you can see
any movement of the enemy. Yeah.

245
00:13:46,720 --> 00:13:48,960
And they've got platforms here.

246
00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:52,200
This is for light machine guns,
rifles to rest on.

247
00:13:52,240 --> 00:13:54,120
And you're looking out of those
narrow slits,

248
00:13:54,160 --> 00:13:57,200
any sign of movement,
anything rustling in the grass

249
00:13:57,240 --> 00:14:01,200
on the other side of the river bank
there, and you're on high alert.

250
00:14:01,240 --> 00:14:04,440
It's utterly functional.
It's stark.

251
00:14:04,480 --> 00:14:07,160
It's kind of grim. It's grim.
That's exactly what I was thinking.

252
00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:09,440
It's just grim.

253
00:14:09,480 --> 00:14:13,080
EXPLOSION
GUNFIRE

254
00:14:13,120 --> 00:14:14,960
So, Ben, we've seen the amazing
tank traps.

255
00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:18,240
We're in this really
amazing pillbox.

256
00:14:18,280 --> 00:14:19,560
The scale of construction...

257
00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:22,320
Just give me an idea about the scale
we're talking about here.

258
00:14:22,360 --> 00:14:25,920
Well, this GHQ Line stretched all
the way from the Bristol Channel,

259
00:14:25,960 --> 00:14:29,760
south of London, east of London,
up through Essex, Cambridgeshire,

260
00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,080
and it was intended to go
all the way to Edinburgh

261
00:14:32,120 --> 00:14:33,560
when they stopped it. Wow.

262
00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:39,160
So, as constructed, over 400 miles,
nearly 500 miles of defences.

263
00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:42,760
I mean, pillboxes, you're talking
over 20,000 of these.

264
00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:45,560
Around 6,000 remain.

265
00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:48,360
So this construction is
just massive.

266
00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:50,440
This is a massive programme. Yeah.

267
00:14:50,480 --> 00:14:54,000
We've never seen a construction
effort so quick like this before.

268
00:14:54,040 --> 00:14:57,480
Like this, yeah. It was a real
emergency measure. Yeah.

269
00:15:02,200 --> 00:15:05,600
ALICE: We may have a created
a physical infrastructure
to defend ourselves,

270
00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:09,400
but with many troops abroad,
Britain needed manpower.

271
00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:13,400
On the 14th of May 1940,

272
00:15:13,440 --> 00:15:17,040
Anthony Eden, then Secretary
of State for War, called out

273
00:15:17,080 --> 00:15:20,600
for volunteers
in a radio announcement.

274
00:15:20,640 --> 00:15:25,240
Since the war began, the Government
has received countless inquiries

275
00:15:25,280 --> 00:15:28,240
from all over the Kingdom,
from men of all ages

276
00:15:28,280 --> 00:15:30,600
who are, for one reason or another,

277
00:15:30,640 --> 00:15:33,400
not at present engaged
in military service.

278
00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:39,400
We want large numbers of such men in
Great Britain to come forward now.

279
00:15:39,440 --> 00:15:43,040
The name of the new force
which is now to be raised

280
00:15:43,080 --> 00:15:45,600
will be the Local Defence Volunteer.

281
00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:48,560
So the Local Defence Volunteers -

282
00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:51,240
is this what then becomes later
known as the Home Guard?

283
00:15:51,280 --> 00:15:53,680
It is, yes. Later, in July,
it's renamed,

284
00:15:53,720 --> 00:15:56,760
and by that point there's
1.5 million men serving

285
00:15:56,800 --> 00:15:58,720
in what becomes the Home Guard.
Really?

286
00:15:58,760 --> 00:16:00,120
So who are these people

287
00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:02,640
and have they had any military
training up until that point?

288
00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:05,960
So you've got the younger side who
are not old enough to join up yet,

289
00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:08,320
so they're going to have
very little experience. Yeah.

290
00:16:08,360 --> 00:16:09,880
And then you've got the older guys,

291
00:16:09,920 --> 00:16:11,920
who are coming in from
World War I experience

292
00:16:11,960 --> 00:16:15,280
with hand-to-hand combat training,
some weapons training. Yeah.

293
00:16:15,320 --> 00:16:17,640
And they do quite
a good job, actually.

294
00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:21,840
with the kind of dregs of technology
and weaponry.

295
00:16:21,880 --> 00:16:25,880
And presumably, you've got regular
Army training up

296
00:16:25,920 --> 00:16:28,080
the Home Guard as well?

297
00:16:28,120 --> 00:16:30,760
To some extent. I think a lot
of the responsibility fell

298
00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:33,920
on the older Home Guard
kind of World War I vets

299
00:16:33,960 --> 00:16:36,440
and it's a case of learning what you
can learn

300
00:16:36,480 --> 00:16:38,640
from the people who are capable
of teaching it

301
00:16:38,680 --> 00:16:41,880
while you are, you know, holding
down a full-time job

302
00:16:41,920 --> 00:16:43,800
and probably dealing with a family.

303
00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:45,720
And we've got this fantastic
literature here,

304
00:16:45,760 --> 00:16:48,920
these tiny little manuals -
The Home Guard Pocket Manual. Yeah.

305
00:16:48,960 --> 00:16:51,480
Everything you need to know.

306
00:16:51,520 --> 00:16:52,920
This is quite interesting too.

307
00:16:52,960 --> 00:16:54,400
Aircraft Identification.

308
00:16:54,440 --> 00:16:57,000
It says, "Friend or foe?"

309
00:16:57,040 --> 00:17:01,080
So even just being able to recognise
if it's a German aircraft

310
00:17:01,120 --> 00:17:04,440
or one of our own overhead
is quite important.

311
00:17:04,480 --> 00:17:06,480
So, you know, you can't defend if
you don't know

312
00:17:06,520 --> 00:17:08,800
what you're looking for
as the enemy.

313
00:17:10,960 --> 00:17:14,760
The Home Guard volunteers, who were
being partly trained by pamphlets,

314
00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:16,760
would be the last line of defence

315
00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:19,520
should the RAF fail
and Germany invade.

316
00:17:22,040 --> 00:17:25,120
And they'd be expected to do
whatever was possible

317
00:17:25,160 --> 00:17:26,800
to halt the enemy.

318
00:17:28,360 --> 00:17:32,280
This is the famous anti-tank
sticky bomb.

319
00:17:32,320 --> 00:17:35,000
And the idea is that this is filled

320
00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:38,080
with a kind of compound
of nitroglycerin

321
00:17:38,120 --> 00:17:41,240
and additives to stabilise it,
because it's notoriously unstable.

322
00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:46,800
Yeah. And then it's covered
in an adhesive.

323
00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:51,360
It is very sticky, hence the name
"sticky bomb".

324
00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:55,040
And what you would do with this is
you would stick it to something,

325
00:17:55,080 --> 00:17:59,840
to a tank, preferably, which means
you have to get up close to a tank.

326
00:17:59,880 --> 00:18:02,440
Yeah, yeah. So, I mean,
these weapons really are

327
00:18:02,480 --> 00:18:06,240
about anticipating German tanks
rolling on to British soil... Yeah,

328
00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:09,560
that's the thinking. ..and the Home
Guard being there as our defence.

329
00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:12,200
Yes. Yeah. You are in the face of
the enemy

330
00:18:12,240 --> 00:18:13,800
if you have to stick this to a tank.

331
00:18:13,840 --> 00:18:17,000
A tank is going to be rolling
through Britain at that point. Yeah.

332
00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:24,960
With the latest military equipment
reserved for the main army,

333
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:27,800
the Government had little choice
but to issue the Home Guard

334
00:18:27,840 --> 00:18:29,680
with outdated weaponry.

335
00:18:33,680 --> 00:18:36,640
Danielle is on her way to learn
about a staple

336
00:18:36,680 --> 00:18:39,840
of the Home Guard's arsenal,
the Lewis machinegun.

337
00:18:41,640 --> 00:18:45,680
Historic firearms expert David Maine
is going to reveal the basics

338
00:18:45,720 --> 00:18:48,880
of what's essentially
a military hand-me-down.

339
00:18:48,920 --> 00:18:51,080
DANIELLE: Hi, David.
Hi, Danielle. How are you?

340
00:18:51,120 --> 00:18:53,800
Thanks for joining us on this very
blustery afternoon, isn't it?

341
00:18:53,840 --> 00:18:57,160
It looks a bit more Peaky Blinders
than World War II, shall we say?

342
00:18:57,200 --> 00:19:00,520
Well, that's because it was
developed pre World War I...

343
00:19:00,560 --> 00:19:04,360
Oh, right. ..by an American
inventor, Isaac Newton Lewis,

344
00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:07,000
who couldn't sell it
to the Americans,

345
00:19:07,040 --> 00:19:10,880
but he managed to get it
into production in the UK.

346
00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:13,120
It came into British service
in 1915.

347
00:19:15,360 --> 00:19:16,800
During the First World War,

348
00:19:16,840 --> 00:19:19,120
the air-cooled Lewis gun
was cutting edge

349
00:19:19,160 --> 00:19:21,840
and replaced the water-cooled
Vickers gun.

350
00:19:21,880 --> 00:19:25,640
But by the start of World War II,
newer weapons like the Bren,

351
00:19:25,680 --> 00:19:28,320
made the Lewis look heavy
and unreliable.

352
00:19:30,680 --> 00:19:32,640
Some of the guys had used
it in the First World War,

353
00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:35,200
but they hadn't trained
on this in 20 years.

354
00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:37,120
Some of the training manuals
were paper thin.

355
00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:38,760
There was not much information.

356
00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:41,560
A lot of guys actually bought
their own little training pamphlets

357
00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:43,960
you could buy for a shilling
or two and six

358
00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:46,520
and they more or less
trained themselves. Wow.

359
00:19:46,560 --> 00:19:50,640
I want some idea of the position
the Home Guard found themselves in,

360
00:19:50,680 --> 00:19:55,560
so David has agreed to let me fire
this 13kg machinegun.

361
00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:58,640
So, in there? Yes. That's it,
place it into your shoulder.

362
00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:00,400
OK. So I'm going to flip
the sights up

363
00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:02,080
so you can see through the sights.

364
00:20:02,120 --> 00:20:05,960
Like many Home Guard volunteers,
I've never touched a gun before,

365
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:09,560
but unlike many of them,
I've got expert help.

366
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:11,320
OK, short bursts.

367
00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:20,240
Despite holding the trigger,
the gun is stopping.

368
00:20:20,280 --> 00:20:22,160
Nothing, David.

369
00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:23,920
Again. See if it'll go.

370
00:20:26,760 --> 00:20:30,800
The magazine is sticking
in the cold, damp conditions.

371
00:20:30,840 --> 00:20:32,800
It'll warm up. It'll go in a minute.

372
00:20:34,160 --> 00:20:36,600
It's also unwieldy
and tricky to aim

373
00:20:36,640 --> 00:20:39,160
thanks to the kickback
when it does fire.

374
00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:43,880
That's good. A little bit higher
next time. Yeah.

375
00:20:51,240 --> 00:20:53,480
SHE MOUTHS

376
00:20:53,520 --> 00:20:55,200
That's amazing.

377
00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:01,320
When it does work properly,

378
00:21:01,360 --> 00:21:05,000
firing the Lewis gun
is a visceral experience.

379
00:21:05,040 --> 00:21:08,360
But knowing they were training
with unreliable weapons like this

380
00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:11,720
must have been terrifying for the
thousands of inexperienced members

381
00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:13,920
of the Home Guard.

382
00:21:13,960 --> 00:21:16,800
I've essentially been having a bit
of fun on the firing range.

383
00:21:16,840 --> 00:21:20,040
But after their training, the
volunteers would have been fully

384
00:21:20,080 --> 00:21:24,200
expecting to use outdated weapons
against an invading army.

385
00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:39,880
A German land invasion
was looking inevitable.

386
00:21:39,920 --> 00:21:41,920
England was being fortified.

387
00:21:43,800 --> 00:21:47,880
And Anthony Eden's call to arms
has led to a Home Guard,

388
00:21:47,920 --> 00:21:49,480
now over a million strong.

389
00:21:50,760 --> 00:21:55,760
Ordinary men in ordinary professions
would be tasked with resisting

390
00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:57,720
the Nazi advance.

391
00:21:57,760 --> 00:22:03,040
Some civilians though would be
expected to go much, much further.

392
00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:06,360
Onyeka is in rural Wiltshire
learning about what would

393
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:09,600
have become a key force
in England's defence.

394
00:22:11,280 --> 00:22:14,440
A dark shadow had descended
across Western Europe.

395
00:22:14,480 --> 00:22:18,800
The fear was that Britain
would be next and the Home Guard

396
00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:22,040
would be unable to hold
the front line.

397
00:22:22,080 --> 00:22:26,440
So the British Government started
training a new type of elite soldier

398
00:22:26,480 --> 00:22:28,800
here on the Coleshill estate.

399
00:22:28,840 --> 00:22:30,840
By the summer of 1940,

400
00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:35,720
these top secret fighters formed
auxiliary units and they had bases

401
00:22:35,760 --> 00:22:37,040
around the country.

402
00:22:37,080 --> 00:22:41,000
Andy Chatterton is a member of the
Coleshill Auxiliary Research Team

403
00:22:41,040 --> 00:22:43,520
and a Second World War historian.

404
00:22:44,560 --> 00:22:46,400
Andy, great to see you. And you.

405
00:22:46,440 --> 00:22:48,920
So what were the auxiliary units?

406
00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:53,120
So the auxiliary units are made
up of men in reserved occupations.

407
00:22:53,160 --> 00:22:55,320
Sorry, what are reserved
occupations?

408
00:22:55,360 --> 00:22:59,240
So reserved occupations are jobs
which means you couldn't get called

409
00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:00,560
up to the regular forces.

410
00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:04,280
So farmers producing food,
miners, gamekeepers, people

411
00:23:04,320 --> 00:23:07,000
who knew their local surroundings
intimately, people like that.

412
00:23:07,040 --> 00:23:09,840
So if the Germans occupied
this country,

413
00:23:09,880 --> 00:23:12,000
what would their role be?

414
00:23:12,040 --> 00:23:14,640
So they're just an anti
invasion force, these guys.

415
00:23:14,680 --> 00:23:17,880
So they would disappear
and they would come out at night

416
00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:20,200
and their role is to slow
down the invading force.

417
00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:22,280
And they would they would blow
up ammo and fuel dumps.

418
00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:24,440
They would destroy trains,
go into airfields

419
00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:26,360
and destroy Luftwaffe planes.

420
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:28,040
This isn't a long-term resistance.

421
00:23:28,080 --> 00:23:30,040
They had enough rations
for two weeks.

422
00:23:30,080 --> 00:23:32,600
This was essentially a suicide
mission. So they're James Bond.

423
00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:34,160
They're like country James Bond,

424
00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:36,200
they're like farmer James Bond,
yeah. Wow.

425
00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:38,600
Really highly secret and hugely
ruthless.

426
00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:41,280
You've mentioned that their
operations are mostly at night.

427
00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:42,960
What would they be doing
during the day?

428
00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:44,680
Let me show you. Come this way.

429
00:23:47,440 --> 00:23:51,000
The auxiliary units were so secret
that the Home Guard

430
00:23:51,040 --> 00:23:52,800
didn't know they existed.

431
00:23:54,200 --> 00:23:56,600
So believe it or not, we are here.

432
00:24:03,600 --> 00:24:06,680
The soldiers couldn't even
tell their families

433
00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:08,160
about their mission.

434
00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:10,840
After you. OK.

435
00:24:10,880 --> 00:24:14,040
Like Orpheus descending
into the underworld.

436
00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:24,360
Wow. It's fantastic.

437
00:24:25,840 --> 00:24:29,520
So this is where the auxiliary units
would have been during the day.

438
00:24:29,560 --> 00:24:32,880
This is their operational base,
their secret underground bunker.

439
00:24:32,920 --> 00:24:35,400
So how many people
would be living here?

440
00:24:35,440 --> 00:24:38,440
So each patrol generally
is six to eight men.

441
00:24:38,480 --> 00:24:41,400
And once they were down here, once
they disappeared, there's no

442
00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:44,720
outside instruction from anyone
else, they were that highly trained.

443
00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:49,400
So is this almost like a group
of spies or like a cell structure?

444
00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:51,520
Yeah, that's exactly it.
And I think the Germans

445
00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:53,640
would have described them
as a terrorist cell.

446
00:24:53,680 --> 00:24:57,000
There might be another one five to
six miles away, but they would have

447
00:24:57,040 --> 00:24:59,160
no idea who was in that patrol
or where it was.

448
00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:02,280
So very separated
terrorist cell networks.

449
00:25:02,320 --> 00:25:03,480
Right.

450
00:25:03,520 --> 00:25:09,920
Over 500 operational bases just
like this had been created by 1944.

451
00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:15,240
And in total, 3,500 soldiers
received specialist training

452
00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:18,720
in sabotage,
close combat and assassination.

453
00:25:20,280 --> 00:25:23,400
And what kind of tools did
they have at their disposal to carry

454
00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:24,680
out their activities?

455
00:25:24,720 --> 00:25:26,680
So the key for the auxiliary
units is that they were

456
00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:28,040
incredibly well armed.

457
00:25:29,160 --> 00:25:32,440
And here's a really good
example of a Smith & Wesson.

458
00:25:32,480 --> 00:25:34,000
And these aren't just for officers.

459
00:25:34,040 --> 00:25:36,080
This is for every single
member of the auxiliary units

460
00:25:36,120 --> 00:25:38,120
all over the country.

461
00:25:38,160 --> 00:25:40,880
But actually, that's no
good to them.

462
00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:44,320
What they need is silent weapons,
because what they need to do is get

463
00:25:44,360 --> 00:25:46,880
rid of the sentry that's guarding
the thing they need to blow up.

464
00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:49,600
And if they shoot them, that's going
to give away their position

465
00:25:49,640 --> 00:25:52,000
immediately. So they used weapons
like these,

466
00:25:52,040 --> 00:25:53,640
the Fairbairn-Sykes knife. OK.

467
00:25:53,680 --> 00:25:55,760
Why is it called the
Fairbairn-Sykes knife?

468
00:25:55,800 --> 00:25:58,400
It's named after two chaps,
Fairbairn and Sykes,

469
00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:01,680
who were policemen in China.

470
00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:05,680
And they then came back over
and trained the auxiliary units,

471
00:26:05,720 --> 00:26:10,040
but also the commandos in silent
fighting, in dagger use.

472
00:26:10,080 --> 00:26:13,080
And exactly what you don't expect
from the British Army in 1940.

473
00:26:13,120 --> 00:26:16,440
What you're saying here
is rewriting our ideas

474
00:26:16,480 --> 00:26:21,120
about the Second World War - silent
assassins quietly doing their work.

475
00:26:21,160 --> 00:26:23,840
It's a completely different picture.

476
00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:27,200
And Coleshill has a special
place in this history.

477
00:26:27,240 --> 00:26:28,560
Yes, so Coleshill was integral.

478
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:30,920
So Coleshill was the was
the headquarters, but also

479
00:26:30,960 --> 00:26:33,600
the training centre. They would
train in bunkers like this to learn

480
00:26:33,640 --> 00:26:35,920
what it was like to live underground
for periods of time.

481
00:26:35,960 --> 00:26:37,880
And they would come
from all over the country.

482
00:26:37,920 --> 00:26:41,080
They'd get a letter saying you need
to come to Highworth post office.

483
00:26:41,120 --> 00:26:45,000
A post office? A post office where
they would meet the postmistress,

484
00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,480
Mabel Stranks, apparently
quite a miserable character.

485
00:26:48,520 --> 00:26:50,320
You would then have to give
a password to her.

486
00:26:50,360 --> 00:26:53,240
She would phone up Coleshill House
and then Coleshill would send

487
00:26:53,280 --> 00:26:56,160
a truck round and they would drive a
convoluted route back to Coleshill.

488
00:26:56,200 --> 00:26:58,880
So when you arrived, you have no
idea where you are.

489
00:26:58,920 --> 00:27:00,040
Absolutely no idea.

490
00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:04,080
So Mrs Mabel Stranks was literally
the guardian. The gatekeeper.

491
00:27:04,120 --> 00:27:07,480
Yeah, the gatekeeper of
this regiment. Of this unit.

492
00:27:07,520 --> 00:27:09,720
Yeah, absolutely. Fantastic.

493
00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:12,760
Andy, it's been fascinating
and it's been revelatory.

494
00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:15,880
I've got one question -
how do I get out?

495
00:27:15,920 --> 00:27:18,760
The same way as if
a German grenade had come

496
00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:21,560
down the chute - there's an
escape tunnel down there. That way?

497
00:27:21,600 --> 00:27:22,640
Right.

498
00:27:22,680 --> 00:27:26,040
ALICE: Britain was preparing itself
and the elite training the auxiliary

499
00:27:26,080 --> 00:27:29,000
units received led many
to join the Special Forces

500
00:27:29,040 --> 00:27:32,440
after the war had finished.
Male soldiers and volunteers

501
00:27:32,480 --> 00:27:35,560
like the Home Guard and auxiliary
units were vital

502
00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:36,960
in defending Britain.

503
00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:40,360
But the country needed
more than just MANpower.

504
00:27:44,240 --> 00:27:48,280
Sarah, we've talked a lot
about men's role during the war,

505
00:27:48,320 --> 00:27:50,680
but of course, women had a role
to play as well.

506
00:27:50,720 --> 00:27:53,200
And we're familiar with women
working in factories.

507
00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:55,160
But what about military roles?

508
00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:58,520
As the war continued, more and more
men were needed to fight overseas

509
00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:01,000
in combat roles, which meant
there were more and more roles

510
00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:03,200
for women to take up at home.

511
00:28:03,240 --> 00:28:06,400
I presume that even at this point,
they're going to be fighting pretty

512
00:28:06,440 --> 00:28:09,560
entrenched stereotypes. Constantly.

513
00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:14,520
We have a very clear example
of that in a kind of news report

514
00:28:14,560 --> 00:28:16,280
on the Women's Home Defence Corps.

515
00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:18,080
If you wanted to play that.
OK.

516
00:28:26,560 --> 00:28:29,360
The weaker sex?
The weaker sex.

517
00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:33,920
Members of women's
home defence are being shown

518
00:28:33,960 --> 00:28:36,040
just how to deal with unwanted
visitors.

519
00:28:36,080 --> 00:28:39,480
First they practise
on each other. That's easy.

520
00:28:39,520 --> 00:28:41,520
That's easy!

521
00:28:41,560 --> 00:28:43,720
Looks just like peacetime,
doesn't it?

522
00:28:45,960 --> 00:28:49,040
But as they get more proficient,
the big moment arrives when perhaps

523
00:28:49,080 --> 00:28:52,800
for the first time in their lives,
they start pushing men around.

524
00:28:52,840 --> 00:28:54,200
Yes, I did say perhaps.

525
00:28:55,360 --> 00:28:57,440
And even if invasion never comes,

526
00:28:57,480 --> 00:29:01,160
well, there's a time and place
for everything.

527
00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:02,360
You beast.

528
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:10,040
It's quite extraordinary.
That's... That's not a spoof.

529
00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:12,000
No. That was real?
Yeah.

530
00:29:12,040 --> 00:29:14,960
The idea of the weaker sex
is a very real idea.

531
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:17,040
Yeah. Yeah.

532
00:29:17,080 --> 00:29:21,440
Despite the hang-ups of some men,
women went on to play vital roles

533
00:29:21,480 --> 00:29:25,320
in specialist female units, such
as the Women's Auxiliary Air Force,

534
00:29:25,360 --> 00:29:28,720
and worked alongside men
in intelligence units.

535
00:29:29,800 --> 00:29:33,840
One of those units is the Special
Operations Executive.

536
00:29:33,880 --> 00:29:36,000
So what kind of work would
they have been doing?

537
00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:39,880
So the SOE is tasked with setting
Europe ablaze.

538
00:29:39,920 --> 00:29:42,200
That's what Churchill says
set Europe ablaze.

539
00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:44,080
Blowing up sections of railway,

540
00:29:44,120 --> 00:29:48,720
communications, transport to aid
Allied operations and inhibit German

541
00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:52,120
ones, and also to collect
information and send

542
00:29:52,160 --> 00:29:53,680
that back to Britain.

543
00:29:53,720 --> 00:29:57,040
So these are extraordinarily
courageous women.

544
00:29:57,080 --> 00:29:59,880
They are, they're told how dangerous
it is when they go into it

545
00:29:59,920 --> 00:30:02,960
and they're warned they probably
will last around six weeks

546
00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:05,960
until they're captured,
tortured and probably killed.

547
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:11,000
And one example of someone
who agreed to those terms is a young

548
00:30:11,040 --> 00:30:13,320
woman called Noor Inayat Khan.

549
00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:16,000
This striking young lady here.

550
00:30:16,040 --> 00:30:18,400
So what do we know about her story?

551
00:30:18,440 --> 00:30:22,280
Noor has an interesting story. She's
technically an Indian princess.

552
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:24,280
She's related to a sultan.

553
00:30:24,320 --> 00:30:29,200
And her father is a pacifist Sufi
preacher, a Muslim preacher,

554
00:30:29,240 --> 00:30:32,680
which makes her an unlikely
choice as an SOE agent.

555
00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:37,560
Her training isn't actually complete
when she's sent into occupied France

556
00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:42,120
by plane in 1943, and she's able
to feed information back

557
00:30:42,160 --> 00:30:43,920
to the British from occupied Paris.

558
00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:45,720
I mean, if she's fine doing that,

559
00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:47,600
that's it. Yeah.

560
00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:49,200
And what happens?

561
00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:51,040
She is a target.

562
00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:56,600
So the Gestapo, they know she exists
and they offer a hefty bounty

563
00:30:56,640 --> 00:30:57,960
to anyone that turns her in.

564
00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:01,560
And unfortunately, someone
does for money.

565
00:31:01,600 --> 00:31:05,760
Noor met with a very unpleasant end
at the hands of the Gestapo.

566
00:31:05,800 --> 00:31:09,760
She was tortured for information
for quite a long time.

567
00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:11,120
She was resistant.

568
00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:13,080
She did not cooperate.

569
00:31:13,120 --> 00:31:15,680
And actually, in a post-war
war crimes report, one

570
00:31:15,720 --> 00:31:19,320
of the commandants of the camp said
it didn't matter what we did to her,

571
00:31:19,360 --> 00:31:20,800
she would not speak.

572
00:31:20,840 --> 00:31:24,400
And then ultimately in Dachau camp,

573
00:31:24,440 --> 00:31:27,920
she was beaten very, very badly one

574
00:31:27,960 --> 00:31:31,080
night and then shot in the back
of the head.

575
00:31:32,120 --> 00:31:36,760
I mean, it just, it's such
an astonishing story.

576
00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:39,640
What an amazing, an amazing
young woman.

577
00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:42,680
It's an example of just
what women can do.

578
00:31:50,240 --> 00:31:54,320
The bravery shown by the men
and women of Britain was admirable,

579
00:31:54,360 --> 00:31:57,720
but the enemy they were preparing
to face was formidable.

580
00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:04,880
Danielle's in the Channel Islands,
where this was more frighteningly

581
00:32:04,920 --> 00:32:07,800
apparent than anywhere else
in the country.

582
00:32:12,040 --> 00:32:15,160
DANIELLE: The vast majority of Brits
who lived through the war will have

583
00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:17,960
referred to what would have happened
if Nazi forces had invaded

584
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:21,040
mainland Britain. But here
in the Channel Islands,

585
00:32:21,080 --> 00:32:24,120
they talk about WHEN
the Germans came.

586
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:31,040
On the 30th of June 1940,
while the British mainland

587
00:32:31,080 --> 00:32:34,520
was being fortified to fend
off attack,

588
00:32:34,560 --> 00:32:37,480
the Nazis invaded and occupied
the Channel Islands,

589
00:32:37,520 --> 00:32:39,720
having conquered nearby France.

590
00:32:41,600 --> 00:32:44,120
It was a devastating moment
for the British residents here

591
00:32:44,160 --> 00:32:46,920
that would see them live
under a Nazi regime

592
00:32:46,960 --> 00:32:48,520
for almost five years.

593
00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:54,080
Hitler fortified the islands and use
them as a key part of a wider

594
00:32:54,120 --> 00:32:58,280
defence line stretching
from Spain to Norway.

595
00:32:58,320 --> 00:33:02,480
The physical evidence of
this still stands today,

596
00:33:02,520 --> 00:33:05,280
with structures like the
19th-century Fort Hommet, which

597
00:33:05,320 --> 00:33:10,200
Hitler reinforced, the imposing
Prevote Observation Tower

598
00:33:10,240 --> 00:33:15,000
and the mighty gun
emplacement at the Batterie Dollman.

599
00:33:15,040 --> 00:33:18,760
This is a picture of an alternative
reality that could have been so

600
00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:21,640
easily repeated on the
British mainland.

601
00:33:23,840 --> 00:33:27,520
Nowhere is the scale of Hitler's
impact more obvious than here.

602
00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:33,600
An underground network of tunnels
created mainly to store some

603
00:33:33,640 --> 00:33:38,280
of the vehicles, munitions and fuel
brought to the island by the Nazis.

604
00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:48,200
Pierre Renier is from Festung
Guernsey, an organisation set up

605
00:33:48,240 --> 00:33:51,440
to protect Guernsey's
occupation heritage.

606
00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:54,680
So, Pierre, this looks amazing.

607
00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:56,280
But where the hell am I?

608
00:33:56,320 --> 00:33:58,760
You're in a massive tunnel complex.

609
00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:01,480
75,000 square feet covering

610
00:34:01,520 --> 00:34:05,320
7,500 square metres
of floor space.

611
00:34:05,360 --> 00:34:06,720
Wow. It's huge.

612
00:34:06,760 --> 00:34:09,360
That is massive. That's incredible.
How far down are we?

613
00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:13,160
You can be anywhere from ten
to 30 metres underground. Wow.

614
00:34:16,920 --> 00:34:19,880
At its peak, there were 7,500 people

615
00:34:19,920 --> 00:34:23,440
just in Guernsey
to do construction work. Wow.

616
00:34:25,480 --> 00:34:29,360
The tunnels were built by
Organisation Todt, a paramilitary

617
00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:34,120
alliance of some 1,000 construction
companies that oversaw a vast array

618
00:34:34,160 --> 00:34:35,880
of Nazi projects.

619
00:34:35,920 --> 00:34:39,960
They use contracted workers,
conscripted civilians and forced

620
00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:42,680
labour that included prisoners
of war.

621
00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:47,600
Construction continued
24 hours a day.

622
00:34:53,360 --> 00:34:56,880
These tunnels are vast and I'm
hugely impressed as an engineer.

623
00:34:56,920 --> 00:34:59,280
But what were they
actually used for?

624
00:34:59,320 --> 00:35:02,600
So you've got two tunnel
systems that are linked here.

625
00:35:02,640 --> 00:35:06,240
You've got tunnel number seven,
which was originally intended

626
00:35:06,280 --> 00:35:11,720
as a regimental infantry bomb-proof
quarters, and then later

627
00:35:11,760 --> 00:35:14,880
on as the tunnel system
is being expanded,

628
00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:18,800
this was also underground storage
for machine gun companies

629
00:35:18,840 --> 00:35:21,320
and associated equipment.

630
00:35:21,360 --> 00:35:23,520
I mean, we can see behind you here.
What is it?

631
00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:26,760
Is it a dormitory or a hospital
or...? It looks a bit bleak.

632
00:35:26,800 --> 00:35:31,200
The area behind me, this is part
of a hospital complex,

633
00:35:31,240 --> 00:35:36,280
so they have to install ventilation
system in the event of a gas attack.

634
00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:38,400
They have to install heating.

635
00:35:38,440 --> 00:35:42,280
So it would be a bombproof,
secure storage for people.

636
00:35:45,120 --> 00:35:49,360
This network of multipurpose tunnels
formed just one part of Hitler's

637
00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:53,360
so-called Atlantic Wall
defences. The Atlantic Wall,

638
00:35:53,400 --> 00:35:57,600
this was a fortification structure
that Hitler wanted built all the way

639
00:35:57,640 --> 00:36:01,320
from the Spanish border
up to the north, the Arctic Circle

640
00:36:01,360 --> 00:36:05,640
in Norway, and even extended
round to the border with Russia.

641
00:36:05,680 --> 00:36:11,040
So it's a line that was in excess of
1,500 miles long, and it was meant

642
00:36:11,080 --> 00:36:14,960
to be an impenetrable system
of bunkers to stop anyone

643
00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:18,680
from invading from the
Western allies, from Britain

644
00:36:18,720 --> 00:36:19,920
or from America.

645
00:36:19,960 --> 00:36:23,720
So this is part of Hitler's
defence? Yes.

646
00:36:23,760 --> 00:36:27,320
The islands were being fortified
from very early on.

647
00:36:27,360 --> 00:36:30,920
It's almost described as
Hitler's island madness.

648
00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:34,720
Even the German high command
could not believe how much attention

649
00:36:34,760 --> 00:36:37,720
Hitler was expending
on the Channel Islands.

650
00:36:37,760 --> 00:36:41,600
But to him, here's a piece
of British territory that's owned

651
00:36:41,640 --> 00:36:43,000
by the Third Reich.

652
00:36:44,440 --> 00:36:48,160
This is a disturbing reminder that,
for some British residents,

653
00:36:48,200 --> 00:36:52,480
Hitler had already arrived,
and he had an immediate impact

654
00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:55,240
on the lives of every single
resident.

655
00:37:06,440 --> 00:37:10,960
Hitler's planned invasion led
to a Herculean national effort

656
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:16,040
to create an infrastructure
that would thwart the Nazi advance.

657
00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:19,160
For British citizens living
in the Channel Islands, though,

658
00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:24,000
there was no time to prepare,
and for five years they lived

659
00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:25,640
under German occupation.

660
00:37:32,360 --> 00:37:35,920
The residents here endured a life
where newspapers and radio

661
00:37:35,960 --> 00:37:37,640
broadcasts were censored,

662
00:37:37,680 --> 00:37:40,800
German troops enforced
strict curfews,

663
00:37:40,840 --> 00:37:45,520
and towards the end of the war, many
islanders experienced food shortages

664
00:37:45,560 --> 00:37:48,640
as the Nazis couldn't provide
enough supplies.

665
00:37:48,680 --> 00:37:53,680
Danielle's on the trail of a rare
first-hand account of these times.

666
00:37:53,720 --> 00:37:56,880
DANIELLE: As the years tick by,
there are fewer and fewer people

667
00:37:56,920 --> 00:37:58,720
alive who lived through the
Second World War.

668
00:37:58,760 --> 00:38:01,960
But here on Guernsey, there's
a guy who remembers life

669
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:05,080
under German occupation.
His name is Roy Burton.

670
00:38:05,120 --> 00:38:09,960
He's 92 and apparently as sharp as a
tack, and he's agreed to meet me

671
00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:11,160
for a chat.

672
00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:16,720
During occupation, many children
were evacuated, but ten-year-old Roy

673
00:38:16,760 --> 00:38:20,880
was ill and stayed on the island
with his parents.

674
00:38:20,920 --> 00:38:24,480
I'm desperate to learn how
occupation shaped Roy's childhood

675
00:38:24,520 --> 00:38:28,240
and get a picture of the human
cost of Nazi control.

676
00:38:29,520 --> 00:38:32,360
Hi, Roy. Good to see you.

677
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:36,360
I'm really interested in what it was
like for you growing up in German

678
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:37,680
occupation. Yeah.

679
00:38:37,720 --> 00:38:42,040
When you went to school,
did you learn in German?

680
00:38:42,080 --> 00:38:44,640
When we come 11,

681
00:38:44,680 --> 00:38:46,480
it was compulsory to learn German.

682
00:38:46,520 --> 00:38:49,800
It was? Yeah.
So you had to learn in German?

683
00:38:49,840 --> 00:38:52,960
Yeah. Read and write it.
Did you? Yeah.

684
00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:55,240
And I could read and write
it better than English.

685
00:38:55,280 --> 00:38:57,880
Could you? Yeah.
And do you still know it now?

686
00:38:57,920 --> 00:38:59,800
Like if you, if you open
that can you...?

687
00:38:59,840 --> 00:39:02,680
Well, some words I can read
but I'm not good enough to read

688
00:39:02,720 --> 00:39:04,160
the whole thing any more.

689
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:06,280
Yeah. It's gone, you know.

690
00:39:06,320 --> 00:39:10,280
And what about this? This is your
identity card, in German as well.

691
00:39:10,320 --> 00:39:12,320
Yeah.
Wow. OK.

692
00:39:12,360 --> 00:39:15,640
Up till the time you were 14,
you didn't need a card.

693
00:39:15,680 --> 00:39:17,520
But when you come 14,
you had to do it.

694
00:39:17,560 --> 00:39:20,360
So that's you at 14.
Yeah, 14.

695
00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:23,120
Wow. OK. And I see some other
things in here.

696
00:39:23,160 --> 00:39:27,120
So this is money. This is
German money. But that's not

697
00:39:27,160 --> 00:39:28,760
real proper German money.

698
00:39:28,800 --> 00:39:31,920
That's occupation money
that I saved.

699
00:39:31,960 --> 00:39:34,240
So what could you buy
for like one mark?

700
00:39:34,280 --> 00:39:38,000
Well, with the one mark, I actually
bought this little radio.

701
00:39:38,040 --> 00:39:41,160
Oh, right. OK.
Yeah. So this is a radio?

702
00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:44,600
Yeah. A crystal radio.
A crystal radio.

703
00:39:44,640 --> 00:39:46,880
And what did you listen
to on the radio? BBC.

704
00:39:46,920 --> 00:39:49,280
So you were trying to get
what was happening during the war,

705
00:39:49,320 --> 00:39:52,720
the news. Yeah. We had that
I suppose for about a month,

706
00:39:52,760 --> 00:39:57,280
and then the man that brought it to
me, he come again with this one.

707
00:39:57,320 --> 00:40:01,440
And this one, we could get
three stations on this one.

708
00:40:01,480 --> 00:40:04,360
Under the regime, access
to stations that weren't

709
00:40:04,400 --> 00:40:06,120
censored was prohibited,

710
00:40:06,160 --> 00:40:09,240
so there was a black market
for radios that could access

711
00:40:09,280 --> 00:40:11,840
uncensored broadcasts
from the British mainland.

712
00:40:13,320 --> 00:40:14,600
And what about this?

713
00:40:14,640 --> 00:40:17,480
I'm intrigued as to the story
behind this clock.

714
00:40:17,520 --> 00:40:21,240
Well, this clock was given
to us by this soldier in here.

715
00:40:21,280 --> 00:40:23,120
In here?

716
00:40:23,160 --> 00:40:27,200
There, this one, Franz Werner
his name is.

717
00:40:27,240 --> 00:40:29,760
This one here?
That one there. That's me

718
00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:31,640
and that's my brother, Leonard.

719
00:40:31,680 --> 00:40:35,520
Franz gave it to my parents when he
was being deported back to France.

720
00:40:35,560 --> 00:40:38,000
Right. Why did he give it to your
parents, as a present?

721
00:40:38,040 --> 00:40:43,360
Well, because he'd come to our house
when he was off duty and chatted

722
00:40:43,400 --> 00:40:46,080
with my people, made friends with
us. Right.

723
00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:47,640
So you made friends?

724
00:40:47,680 --> 00:40:50,440
Oh, yeah. With German soldiers.
Yes.

725
00:40:50,480 --> 00:40:56,480
We had one, two, three, four, five,
six actual German soldier friends.

726
00:40:56,520 --> 00:40:58,760
Wow. Was that, was that normal?

727
00:40:58,800 --> 00:41:00,600
Did that happen often? Oh, yes.

728
00:41:00,640 --> 00:41:02,800
Especially with the young ladies.

729
00:41:05,280 --> 00:41:06,560
Thank you so much, Roy.

730
00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:09,040
It's been an absolute pleasure
to talk to you and thank you

731
00:41:09,080 --> 00:41:11,920
for sharing these as well. You're
welcome. It's been so lovely.

732
00:41:11,960 --> 00:41:13,080
Thank you.

733
00:41:15,280 --> 00:41:18,240
The occupation of the Channel
Islands left indelible marks

734
00:41:18,280 --> 00:41:22,880
on the landscape, robbed the entire
population of their freedom and many

735
00:41:22,920 --> 00:41:25,320
experienced food shortages.

736
00:41:25,360 --> 00:41:29,880
But Roy's childhood account reveals
another legacy, a reminder that even

737
00:41:29,920 --> 00:41:33,320
within an evil regime,
some humanity can remain.

738
00:41:36,280 --> 00:41:39,280
Sadly, any trace of humanity
would have been absent

739
00:41:39,320 --> 00:41:41,160
were I'm heading to next.

740
00:41:43,520 --> 00:41:47,480
On nearby Alderney are the remnants
of the only Nazi concentration camp

741
00:41:47,520 --> 00:41:49,080
built on British soil.

742
00:41:50,760 --> 00:41:53,720
Author and island resident
Colin Partridge has studied

743
00:41:53,760 --> 00:41:55,120
its brutal history.

744
00:41:56,520 --> 00:41:59,280
So Colin, I'm struggling
to process this.

745
00:41:59,320 --> 00:42:01,880
I mean, that sign says
German concentration camp.

746
00:42:01,920 --> 00:42:04,280
Tell me what was happening here.

747
00:42:04,320 --> 00:42:09,880
In 1941, Hitler decided, after
giving up his attempt to invade

748
00:42:09,920 --> 00:42:13,480
England, that the islands
needed fortifying to be held

749
00:42:13,520 --> 00:42:16,640
against any possible British
counterattack.

750
00:42:16,680 --> 00:42:20,000
And in order to build those
fortifications, it was necessary

751
00:42:20,040 --> 00:42:23,120
to bring a large labour
force to the islands.

752
00:42:23,160 --> 00:42:28,920
So here in Alderney we had four
labour camps originally,

753
00:42:28,960 --> 00:42:33,600
and this was one of them,
which in March 1943 was taken

754
00:42:33,640 --> 00:42:38,440
over by the SAS as an outstation of
the Neuengamme concentration camp

755
00:42:38,480 --> 00:42:39,760
in Germany.

756
00:42:44,600 --> 00:42:47,640
Neuengamme and its satellite camps
in north-west Germany

757
00:42:47,680 --> 00:42:50,080
housed more than 100,000
prisoners...

758
00:42:52,440 --> 00:42:54,200
..of whom 40,000 died.

759
00:42:55,800 --> 00:43:00,080
Lager Sylt was run under
the same brutal regime by an

760
00:43:00,120 --> 00:43:03,040
SS officer who reported
to Heinrich Himmler.

761
00:43:04,600 --> 00:43:08,000
So how many men would have been
at this concentration camp?

762
00:43:08,040 --> 00:43:10,080
A thousand set out from Germany.

763
00:43:10,120 --> 00:43:13,800
Wow. But by the time they came
here,

764
00:43:13,840 --> 00:43:17,200
we'd already lost 50, 56,

765
00:43:17,240 --> 00:43:20,160
who had successfully escaped,
and those who'd been recaptured

766
00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:22,240
had been executed.

767
00:43:22,280 --> 00:43:27,680
And then once they were in situ,
it was found that the camp was not

768
00:43:27,720 --> 00:43:30,360
large enough to take that
number of prisoners.

769
00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:35,360
So some of the prisoners had to
sleep out of doors overnight. Wow.

770
00:43:35,400 --> 00:43:39,440
In the first three or four months,
there were quite a number of deaths.

771
00:43:39,480 --> 00:43:42,800
The eyewitness accounts
are pretty frightening.

772
00:43:44,280 --> 00:43:48,640
It's impossible to imagine
the horrors that took place here.

773
00:43:48,680 --> 00:43:52,520
And it's chilling to realise
that camps like Lager Sylt

774
00:43:52,560 --> 00:43:56,120
could very easily have been built
on the British mainland.

775
00:44:06,280 --> 00:44:10,400
So Germany occupied the Channel
Islands but never invaded

776
00:44:10,440 --> 00:44:11,480
the rest of Britain.

777
00:44:11,520 --> 00:44:14,120
Do you think that invasion
could have happened?

778
00:44:14,160 --> 00:44:18,400
Absolutely. It was very, very
real, very serious.

779
00:44:18,440 --> 00:44:21,000
And we only have to look
at the physical landscape

780
00:44:21,040 --> 00:44:24,640
of this country today to see
that it's not a far-off battlefield.

781
00:44:24,680 --> 00:44:25,760
It's your back garden.

782
00:44:25,800 --> 00:44:28,560
It's when you open your front door
every morning, when you go to bed,

783
00:44:28,600 --> 00:44:33,680
constant risk of life changing
like it did in the Channel Islands

784
00:44:33,720 --> 00:44:37,400
in every single way with an invasion
force coming and taking control

785
00:44:37,440 --> 00:44:39,120
of the country.

786
00:44:39,160 --> 00:44:43,600
How important was air superiority
in terms of making sure

787
00:44:43,640 --> 00:44:45,400
that invasion didn't happen?

788
00:44:45,440 --> 00:44:46,880
Absolutely integral.

789
00:44:46,920 --> 00:44:51,200
Hitler knew that if the invasion
was to go ahead, he needed

790
00:44:51,240 --> 00:44:53,480
total air superiority.

791
00:44:53,520 --> 00:44:56,680
So winning that Battle of Britain
in the air was, was crucial.

792
00:44:56,720 --> 00:44:59,960
And we almost focus on that,
on that tip of the spear.

793
00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:04,640
But behind that, you've got
this almost hidden, forgotten army.

794
00:45:04,680 --> 00:45:06,840
I think it's very easy to do that.

795
00:45:06,880 --> 00:45:11,720
But we do have a hidden army behind
them of thousands of people.

796
00:45:11,760 --> 00:45:14,240
We have pilots from the Commonwealth
joining the British men

797
00:45:14,280 --> 00:45:15,560
in the Air Force.

798
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:19,680
And then we have men and women
behind the scenes doing everything

799
00:45:19,720 --> 00:45:23,960
from developing cutting edge
scientific equipment like coastal

800
00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:28,560
radar stations to women actually
manning those stations.

801
00:45:28,600 --> 00:45:30,360
It's a huge national effort.

802
00:45:30,400 --> 00:45:32,840
And in fact, it's not just national.
It goes beyond that.

803
00:45:32,880 --> 00:45:34,840
It's an international,

804
00:45:34,880 --> 00:45:38,520
very big, very impressive,
very sophisticated effort, yeah.

805
00:45:40,440 --> 00:45:45,040
This international effort ensured
the tireless preparation to defend

806
00:45:45,080 --> 00:45:49,320
the British mainland against
Operation Sea Lion was never tested.

807
00:45:51,320 --> 00:45:55,680
But the marks are still with us
and the danger quickly evolved.

808
00:45:57,280 --> 00:46:02,320
The invasion never came, but the war
would rage on for another five

809
00:46:02,360 --> 00:46:07,000
catastrophic years, and the threat
to the British people continued

810
00:46:07,040 --> 00:46:12,320
as Hitler brought terror
to our ports, factories and cities

811
00:46:12,360 --> 00:46:13,840
during the Blitz.

812
00:46:13,880 --> 00:46:16,160
But that's a story for another day.

813
00:46:17,320 --> 00:46:20,320
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