1 00:00:49,569 --> 00:00:55,146 Washington July 13, 1945. My darling Barbara. 2 00:00:55,170 --> 00:00:57,786 Unless there's an unforeseen foul up now 3 00:00:57,810 --> 00:01:01,227 this will be my last letter for a few days. 4 00:01:01,251 --> 00:01:04,026 That damn trip is finally coming up. 5 00:01:04,050 --> 00:01:07,866 Bud has been made project supervisor for the procurement program. 6 00:01:07,890 --> 00:01:12,850 He's on his way over with Bob Parrish and another cutter. 7 00:01:13,490 --> 00:01:19,866 We'll hit about 10 major cities and cover all Bavaria and Southern Germany. 8 00:01:19,890 --> 00:01:25,009 We may even sneak into the French and British zones. 9 00:01:25,170 --> 00:01:31,370 Sometimes I think this job is a few sizes too big for me. 10 00:01:39,490 --> 00:01:43,386 The war was over and a new era in international law was 11 00:01:43,410 --> 00:01:48,905 about to begin. The victorious allies held a series of top-level meetings concerning the 12 00:01:48,929 --> 00:01:52,905 prosecution of war crimes committed by Nazi Germany. 13 00:01:52,929 --> 00:01:57,466 In the summer of 1945 they decided to set up a special court 14 00:01:57,490 --> 00:02:02,969 The International Military Tribunal in the city of Nuremberg. 15 00:02:03,089 --> 00:02:06,746 Further meetings were held in London to determine how this unprecedented and 16 00:02:06,770 --> 00:02:10,130 landmark trial would function. 17 00:02:12,290 --> 00:02:16,346 Meanwhile on the other side of the Atlantic, two young brothers from the U.S 18 00:02:16,370 --> 00:02:19,946 military would soon be embarking on an adventure that would leave a lasting 19 00:02:19,970 --> 00:02:22,186 impression on their lives. 20 00:02:22,210 --> 00:02:26,586 The youngest Stuart Schulberg was only 23 years old at the time 21 00:02:26,610 --> 00:02:29,946 He wrote almost daily to his wife. 22 00:02:29,970 --> 00:02:34,266 His brother navy lieutenant Bud Shulberg was 31. 23 00:02:34,290 --> 00:02:38,826 They were assigned a very special mission to track down and compile film and 24 00:02:38,850 --> 00:02:41,947 photographic records of German war crimes. 25 00:02:41,971 --> 00:02:45,866 The footage would be used as evidence against 24 high-ranking representatives 26 00:02:45,890 --> 00:02:49,546 of the Nazi regime for the upcoming Tribunal. 27 00:02:49,570 --> 00:02:52,906 They were entrusted with the task by none other than hollywood director 28 00:02:52,930 --> 00:02:55,226 John Ford now in charge of a film unit for 29 00:02:55,250 --> 00:02:59,065 the OSS, U.S. military intelligence agency. 30 00:02:59,089 --> 00:03:04,026 As the summer of 1945 began the brothers had just three months to gather evidence 31 00:03:04,050 --> 00:03:08,586 of unparalleled crimes against humanity in the process building the foundations 32 00:03:08,610 --> 00:03:13,226 of our collective memory of this infamous period in history. 33 00:03:13,250 --> 00:03:17,306 While the material that was presented in Nuremberg is famous today, the mission 34 00:03:17,330 --> 00:03:21,145 itself is barely known to the public. 35 00:03:21,169 --> 00:03:24,346 During our research we came across this footage 36 00:03:24,370 --> 00:03:27,866 the sole images of the Shulberg mission known to exist. 37 00:03:27,890 --> 00:03:30,986 In the middle is Stewart the younger of the two brothers. 38 00:03:31,010 --> 00:03:39,449 It's the first time his daughter Sandra has seen the pictures. This is an extraordinary find 39 00:03:41,649 --> 00:03:45,546 I've only seen photographs of my father 40 00:03:45,570 --> 00:03:51,809 when he was a young man. I've never seen motion pictures of my father. 41 00:03:52,289 --> 00:03:56,690 It's so incredible to see this. 42 00:03:57,649 --> 00:04:01,307 I get emotional when I think about how young 43 00:04:01,331 --> 00:04:03,625 Stuart was. He was the youngest member of 44 00:04:03,649 --> 00:04:10,506 the OSS film team how shocking it must have been to be 45 00:04:10,530 --> 00:04:15,866 seeing these atrocity images over and over again. They had to manipulate this 46 00:04:15,890 --> 00:04:18,025 material they had to watch it 47 00:04:18,049 --> 00:04:24,106 you know hundreds of times and yet I'm also struck by their their innocence 48 00:04:24,130 --> 00:04:27,066 their their their belief that they were 49 00:04:27,090 --> 00:04:30,426 doing something very important 50 00:04:30,450 --> 00:04:32,266 and we found further material and 51 00:04:32,290 --> 00:04:35,706 information to help in the reconstruction of the mission. 52 00:04:35,730 --> 00:04:40,186 Most notably a lecture given towards the end of his life by Bud Shulberg 53 00:04:40,210 --> 00:04:45,226 who after the war went on to become an oscar-winning Hollywood screenwriter. 54 00:04:45,250 --> 00:04:49,386 He relived key moments of this exceptional journey into world history. 55 00:04:49,410 --> 00:04:54,346 I had no idea what I was getting into and we started 56 00:04:54,370 --> 00:04:59,546 we first started uh getting all the Fox movie tone newsreels 57 00:04:59,570 --> 00:05:03,865 which actually were German films with with them 58 00:05:03,889 --> 00:05:08,426 with the our the American narrations 59 00:05:08,450 --> 00:05:11,305 I mean we ran that in New York City 60 00:05:11,329 --> 00:05:14,290 day and night day and night 61 00:05:15,329 --> 00:05:17,226 to lull the fears of the little neutrals 62 00:05:17,250 --> 00:05:19,226 propaganda minister after two weeks of 63 00:05:19,250 --> 00:05:23,865 intensive work in a studio, the brothers selected around 30 hours of footage 64 00:05:23,889 --> 00:05:27,626 before analyzing and indexing the material. 65 00:05:27,650 --> 00:05:32,106 This initial selection features film of the first book burnings by the Nazis 66 00:05:32,130 --> 00:05:38,650 as well as a notorious 1935 speech by Hermann Goering in Nuremberg. 67 00:05:50,130 --> 00:05:53,226 First tribe was set for September 15 and 68 00:05:53,250 --> 00:05:59,386 General Bill Donovan who was the head of OSS. Donovan said would you 69 00:05:59,410 --> 00:06:03,387 he dropped a bombshell on us and said by the way 70 00:06:03,411 --> 00:06:08,025 none of that what you did in New York on the Fox movie tone 71 00:06:08,049 --> 00:06:11,226 will be acceptable the trip the 72 00:06:11,250 --> 00:06:13,546 They're being very strict about this. 73 00:06:13,570 --> 00:06:15,145 They don't want to say that film came 74 00:06:15,169 --> 00:06:19,386 from the United States and they and and the um 75 00:06:19,410 --> 00:06:22,426 if you found the defense counsel will knock it out 76 00:06:22,450 --> 00:06:25,730 they could say we tampered with the 77 00:06:27,690 --> 00:06:30,025 film since they were not permitted to 78 00:06:30,049 --> 00:06:32,266 use footage from back home. The brothers 79 00:06:32,290 --> 00:06:36,025 had no choice but to go to Germany in search of the original material used in 80 00:06:36,049 --> 00:06:42,210 American newsreel reports. They found a country in ruins 81 00:06:42,609 --> 00:06:45,145 Nuremberg once an iconic manifestation 82 00:06:45,169 --> 00:06:50,449 and platform of Nazi power was now a ghost town. 83 00:06:51,010 --> 00:06:56,906 The palace of justice though damaged would be the setting for the Special Tribunal. 84 00:06:56,930 --> 00:06:59,947 The chief American Prosecutor was Robert Jackson 85 00:06:59,971 --> 00:07:02,266 a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court who 86 00:07:02,290 --> 00:07:08,810 wanted the trial to be the foundation of a future court of international justice 87 00:07:10,850 --> 00:07:13,145 For the first time, the former political 88 00:07:13,169 --> 00:07:16,906 leaders of a sovereign state were to be tried in court. 89 00:07:16,930 --> 00:07:20,347 The trial would also feature a new kind of testimony 90 00:07:20,371 --> 00:07:25,465 a film projector and screen. 91 00:07:25,489 --> 00:07:29,465 Generally in a common law courtroom the judges sit at the back of the room in 92 00:07:29,489 --> 00:07:34,585 full view of the defendants and prosecution with the public sitting across from them. 93 00:07:34,609 --> 00:07:39,465 The OSS decided to move the judges and install the screen in their place making 94 00:07:39,489 --> 00:07:42,690 it the focal point of the room. 95 00:07:48,850 --> 00:07:53,546 July 16, 1945. Darling I'm now in Germany. 96 00:07:53,570 --> 00:07:58,346 It's odd to be here crazy to walk down the once Nazi streets thinking humdrum 97 00:07:58,370 --> 00:08:00,106 American thoughts. 98 00:08:00,130 --> 00:08:02,346 Only the children are really unchanged. 99 00:08:02,370 --> 00:08:06,346 They race around the streets clamor in and out of the bomb ruins, beg for 100 00:08:06,370 --> 00:08:10,666 chocolate and generally behave like children anywhere. We are beginning to 101 00:08:10,690 --> 00:08:14,266 see more and more German soldiers now walking home in their stained Wehrmacht 102 00:08:14,290 --> 00:08:17,466 uniforms and their army packs still on their backs. 103 00:08:17,490 --> 00:08:22,166 They look exhausted and dirty and they walk stooped over avoiding our eyes. 104 00:08:29,490 --> 00:08:32,745 The Shulberg brothers were based in a requisitioned villa in the suburbs of 105 00:08:32,769 --> 00:08:36,106 Berlin where they set up an editing suite. 106 00:08:36,130 --> 00:08:38,345 One of their first tasks was to examine 107 00:08:38,369 --> 00:08:42,186 Triumph of the Will a bombastic propaganda film made to 108 00:08:42,210 --> 00:08:47,770 celebrate the 1934 Nazi party rally in Nuremberg. 109 00:08:54,770 --> 00:08:59,946 After first analysis of the film Bud Shulberg was ordered to find arrest and 110 00:08:59,970 --> 00:09:02,506 question Lenny Riefenstein, the film's 111 00:09:02,530 --> 00:09:05,207 director and a member of Adolf Hitler's inner circle. 112 00:09:07,249 --> 00:09:13,170 The party rallies included 113 00:09:13,570 --> 00:09:16,267 two valuable things. One was what they actually 114 00:09:16,291 --> 00:09:20,506 said at those violations and also there were people 115 00:09:20,530 --> 00:09:23,786 whose very presence in them 116 00:09:23,810 --> 00:09:28,026 people who said that they were just German officials 117 00:09:28,050 --> 00:09:31,970 but not necessarily Nazi. 118 00:09:44,450 --> 00:09:48,105 Among the senior Nazi figures identified was Hans Frank 119 00:09:48,129 --> 00:09:50,746 the wartime Nazi Governor of Poland and 120 00:09:50,770 --> 00:09:52,506 active advocate of exterminating the 121 00:09:52,530 --> 00:09:55,626 country's Jewish population. 122 00:09:55,650 --> 00:09:57,626 A few weeks later he would be sitting on 123 00:09:57,650 --> 00:10:01,809 the bench in Nuremberg with his fellow defendants. 124 00:10:04,050 --> 00:10:07,146 The strategy of the prosecutors was to 125 00:10:07,170 --> 00:10:12,186 convict the defendants using their own words 126 00:10:12,210 --> 00:10:17,706 and their own uh recording of their uh criminal deeds. 127 00:10:17,730 --> 00:10:21,226 They had access um to a 128 00:10:21,250 --> 00:10:23,386 film that Lenny Riefenstahl and others 129 00:10:23,410 --> 00:10:26,426 had shot. So once again this was 130 00:10:26,450 --> 00:10:32,650 the German's own presentation of what they were doing. 131 00:10:41,490 --> 00:10:46,905 The written word was absolutely inadequate to describing 132 00:10:46,929 --> 00:10:51,706 what had happened an ordinary criminal uh situation. 133 00:10:51,730 --> 00:10:53,067 You know you're walking down the street 134 00:10:53,091 --> 00:10:55,785 and someone puts a gun to your uh chest 135 00:10:55,809 --> 00:11:01,147 and demands your money. we can all imagine that but 136 00:11:01,171 --> 00:11:04,266 you couldn't imagine what happened uh in 137 00:11:04,290 --> 00:11:06,746 in the in the Nazi reign of terror 138 00:11:06,770 --> 00:11:09,706 and the only compelling way to do that I 139 00:11:09,730 --> 00:11:13,249 think really was through film. 140 00:11:15,249 --> 00:11:17,146 Among the countless reels of horrific 141 00:11:17,170 --> 00:11:19,066 footage found and viewed by the Shulberg 142 00:11:19,090 --> 00:11:25,225 team was this film made by the German army and the Warsaw Ghetto in 1942. 143 00:11:25,249 --> 00:11:27,866 The Shulbergs were deeply shocked. 144 00:11:27,890 --> 00:11:32,746 The film contained footage of human beings meeting an unspeakable end. 145 00:11:32,770 --> 00:11:35,546 Later research in the 90s even confirmed 146 00:11:35,570 --> 00:11:40,826 the Nazis used real victims to support their claims of their inferiority. 147 00:11:40,850 --> 00:11:43,786 Someone asked me what was almost like the most 148 00:11:43,810 --> 00:11:49,627 horrifying moment of all the horrifying moments and I 149 00:11:49,651 --> 00:11:55,225 I said I think it may be in the in that German film on 150 00:11:55,249 --> 00:11:59,866 on Warsaw they show that this is whether 151 00:11:59,890 --> 00:12:03,785 the employer emaciated the bodies of being buried 152 00:12:03,809 --> 00:12:05,306 and they have a cameraman, a German 153 00:12:05,330 --> 00:12:09,147 cameraman right down deep in the pit 154 00:12:09,171 --> 00:12:12,986 shooting up as these emaciated naked 155 00:12:13,010 --> 00:12:14,905 bodies are being swung past them they're 156 00:12:14,929 --> 00:12:17,626 actually doing them. This is not exposing 157 00:12:17,650 --> 00:12:19,626 from the other side. This is them 158 00:12:19,650 --> 00:12:22,345 photographing what they were doing 159 00:12:22,369 --> 00:12:24,586 including the most unbelievable I mean 160 00:12:24,610 --> 00:12:27,146 women with infants were being thrown 161 00:12:27,170 --> 00:12:31,946 just doing this as his job was something that 162 00:12:31,970 --> 00:12:37,970 it's hard to ever erase from your mind. 163 00:12:39,330 --> 00:12:43,626 At the Palace of Justice, preparations were now being accelerated 164 00:12:43,650 --> 00:12:45,706 in the hopes of backing up their claims. 165 00:12:45,730 --> 00:12:50,267 Prosecutor Robert Jackson and his team upped the pressure on the Shulberg mission. 166 00:12:50,291 --> 00:12:54,746 We were very very worried about time but we had no time 167 00:12:54,770 --> 00:13:00,027 so I went down to november to talk with the Jackson 168 00:13:00,051 --> 00:13:07,306 legal staff to um get the particulars of the indictments 169 00:13:07,330 --> 00:13:09,785 and find out specifically how the 170 00:13:09,809 --> 00:13:15,225 photographic evidence would dovetail with their actual indictments 171 00:13:15,249 --> 00:13:19,170 From that point on we worked very closely 172 00:13:19,890 --> 00:13:22,506 they were building a case that Nazis had 173 00:13:22,530 --> 00:13:26,506 conspired almost from the beginning from 1933 on 174 00:13:26,530 --> 00:13:30,586 so they had these many different steps of the entire 175 00:13:30,610 --> 00:13:34,665 crimes against the crimes against humanity and crimes 176 00:13:34,689 --> 00:13:39,090 against the existing peace of the world. 177 00:13:40,290 --> 00:13:43,225 While Bud and Stewart were having serious doubts about the success of 178 00:13:43,249 --> 00:13:45,626 their mission, their fortunes took a turn 179 00:13:45,650 --> 00:13:48,905 after the emergence of another close confidant of Hitler 180 00:13:48,929 --> 00:13:52,916 the dictator's personal photographer Heinrich Hoffmann. 181 00:13:55,890 --> 00:13:59,706 The brothers and their film editors including Joe Zigman seen here had 182 00:13:59,730 --> 00:14:02,586 spotted him in one of the German films. 183 00:14:02,610 --> 00:14:05,946 Hoffmann was arrested together with other members of the team who had made 184 00:14:05,970 --> 00:14:10,345 films for Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebels. 185 00:14:10,369 --> 00:14:12,426 Following the arrest Stuart Schulberg 186 00:14:12,450 --> 00:14:16,586 was able to take possession of his entire stock of photographs. 187 00:14:16,610 --> 00:14:19,706 The twelve thousand stills were immediately sent to London to see if 188 00:14:19,730 --> 00:14:22,506 they were suitable courtroom evidence. 189 00:14:22,530 --> 00:14:26,266 In an attempt to prove good faith on their part the prisoners provided the 190 00:14:26,290 --> 00:14:28,987 American Military with valuable information. 191 00:14:29,011 --> 00:14:33,867 We learned from them that the SS had its own 192 00:14:33,891 --> 00:14:37,066 own film unit and that they made 193 00:14:37,090 --> 00:14:42,186 what they call reports. We would call it atrocities 194 00:14:42,210 --> 00:14:45,546 but it was a work that they were very proud of. 195 00:14:45,570 --> 00:14:50,986 They told me that these films they were often two real 196 00:14:51,010 --> 00:14:53,866 two real films would be shown at the 197 00:14:53,890 --> 00:15:00,106 homes of the Nazi leaders like derrals and and Himmler 198 00:15:00,130 --> 00:15:04,665 Hitler and the rest of them and they called them into 199 00:15:04,689 --> 00:15:07,707 desserts because they show them as a sort of 200 00:15:07,731 --> 00:15:12,210 entertainment after dinner. 201 00:15:12,530 --> 00:15:16,826 Thanks to another tip Bud Shulberg learned the existence of a secret cache 202 00:15:16,850 --> 00:15:21,946 where the Nazis had apparently stored some of their most incriminating films. 203 00:15:21,970 --> 00:15:24,105 According to the source the material was 204 00:15:24,129 --> 00:15:29,225 located in a salt mine nearly 600 meters underground. 205 00:15:29,249 --> 00:15:34,345 We went to a long tunnel and at the end of the tunnel was 206 00:15:34,369 --> 00:15:38,186 an incredible unbelievable sight. There were acres like 207 00:15:38,210 --> 00:15:42,665 football fields and fields of film burning 208 00:15:42,689 --> 00:15:46,747 tons and tons tons of film all burned 209 00:15:46,771 --> 00:15:51,706 burning destroyed Hearing about another secret cache in 210 00:15:51,730 --> 00:15:53,946 royrstoff outside Berlin 211 00:15:53,970 --> 00:15:55,706 Bud drove there immediately in the hope 212 00:15:55,730 --> 00:15:59,546 of finding the films intact but he was too late 213 00:15:59,570 --> 00:16:05,090 Again the potential evidence had been set alight shortly beforehand. 214 00:16:05,489 --> 00:16:09,066 At the very least it's a remarkable coincidence that we have all these film 215 00:16:09,090 --> 00:16:12,905 fires such a short period of time it's likely that there was a systematic 216 00:16:12,929 --> 00:16:16,025 policy to destroy incriminating film 217 00:16:16,049 --> 00:16:20,187 but it's quite comparable to what they did with other 218 00:16:20,211 --> 00:16:22,986 evidence of crimes. 219 00:16:23,010 --> 00:16:27,066 Despite the trials having been postponed for logistical reasons the Shulbergs 220 00:16:27,090 --> 00:16:30,025 found themselves in a race against time. 221 00:16:30,049 --> 00:16:34,025 It was imperative that they find other archive stocks before Nazi sympathizers 222 00:16:34,049 --> 00:16:36,345 managed to destroy them. 223 00:16:36,369 --> 00:16:40,186 And now in November 1945 courtroom 600 224 00:16:40,210 --> 00:16:42,186 of the palace of justice was just about 225 00:16:42,210 --> 00:16:44,426 ready for court proceedings. 226 00:16:44,450 --> 00:16:47,785 The brothers had just found out about another hidden cache 227 00:16:47,809 --> 00:16:49,546 but its location in the Soviet zone of 228 00:16:49,570 --> 00:16:52,666 occupation complicated matters considerably. 229 00:16:52,690 --> 00:16:56,826 Major avenarius I never forget him 230 00:16:56,850 --> 00:16:59,306 and he said I don't understand you 231 00:16:59,330 --> 00:17:03,546 why is a young naval officer coming here into 232 00:17:03,570 --> 00:17:05,706 the Soviet-controlled department of 233 00:17:05,730 --> 00:17:08,265 Germany. I just don't understand what you're doing 234 00:17:08,289 --> 00:17:13,786 so I said well it's a long story Major but uh 235 00:17:13,810 --> 00:17:17,307 We're part of the of the um of the 236 00:17:17,331 --> 00:17:20,425 uh Commander John Ford's 237 00:17:20,449 --> 00:17:23,865 uh again about that for and he said 238 00:17:23,889 --> 00:17:27,226 John Ford in one word he said John fours 239 00:17:27,250 --> 00:17:29,706 he said you know John Ford 240 00:17:29,730 --> 00:17:36,026 and I said god we work he's up for us well he says 241 00:17:36,050 --> 00:17:42,186 I said like I have written two books about John Ford 242 00:17:42,210 --> 00:17:44,426 he it turns out that this man is the 243 00:17:44,450 --> 00:17:48,987 biggest expert on John Ford in the world he 244 00:17:49,011 --> 00:17:52,906 He wants to know movies one movie one movie every single one 245 00:17:52,930 --> 00:17:55,706 he got so excited he said remember that 246 00:17:55,730 --> 00:17:58,426 shot and young abe Lincoln when when 247 00:17:58,450 --> 00:18:01,307 Henry father has a foot up on her desk and 248 00:18:01,331 --> 00:18:03,706 really do anything for us he said and he 249 00:18:03,730 --> 00:18:05,546 actually said like bring a truck you can 250 00:18:05,570 --> 00:18:08,186 take anything you want. 251 00:18:08,210 --> 00:18:10,505 Certainly there were some efforts by 252 00:18:10,529 --> 00:18:14,186 German lackeys to destroy evidence. it's 253 00:18:14,210 --> 00:18:17,946 not clear what was destroyed. 254 00:18:17,970 --> 00:18:20,826 It was all stored in bobblesberg 255 00:18:20,850 --> 00:18:23,865 is so interesting because that he had 256 00:18:23,889 --> 00:18:25,466 the keys to the kingdom. 257 00:18:32,850 --> 00:18:36,745 This list drawn up by Bud Shulberg for his superiors includes a number of 258 00:18:36,769 --> 00:18:42,370 documents that his new friend Major avenarrios had agreed to hand over. 259 00:18:43,649 --> 00:18:47,786 Among them a speech by the Nazi's leading racial ideologue Alfred 260 00:18:47,810 --> 00:18:50,106 Rosenberg that would later be a key 261 00:18:50,130 --> 00:18:54,610 factor in his conviction by the Tribunal in Nuremberg. 262 00:18:56,769 --> 00:19:00,266 Further footage would likewise prove invaluable for detailing the regime of 263 00:19:00,290 --> 00:19:04,505 terror unleashed by the Nazis following their rise to power. 264 00:19:04,529 --> 00:19:09,096 Crucially it consolidated the charges of criminal conspiracy and premeditation. 265 00:19:11,649 --> 00:19:16,026 A big event yesterday Rudolf Hess was brought to our 266 00:19:16,050 --> 00:19:18,266 projection room to see himself and the 267 00:19:18,290 --> 00:19:23,306 other top Nazis rant and roar in Triumph of the Will. 268 00:19:23,330 --> 00:19:25,786 He gave a perfect imitation of a man who 269 00:19:25,810 --> 00:19:30,907 has lost his memory by which he hopes to escape any punishment. 270 00:19:34,930 --> 00:19:38,826 Attention The International Military Tribunal will 271 00:19:38,850 --> 00:19:43,466 now enter. November 20th, 1945 272 00:19:43,490 --> 00:19:46,346 a date that would go down in history 273 00:19:46,370 --> 00:19:51,649 the opening of The International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. 274 00:19:52,050 --> 00:19:57,385 218 days of hearings 5330 documents 275 00:19:57,409 --> 00:20:01,066 236 witnesses and countless hearings 276 00:20:01,090 --> 00:20:05,649 simultaneously translated into four languages. 277 00:20:05,730 --> 00:20:08,426 21 defendants took their places. 278 00:20:08,450 --> 00:20:12,666 A further three were absent. One had committed suicide 279 00:20:12,690 --> 00:20:14,426 another was on the run 280 00:20:14,450 --> 00:20:18,586 and the third was judged medically unfit for trial. 281 00:20:18,610 --> 00:20:20,826 Chief American Prosecutor Robert Jackson 282 00:20:20,850 --> 00:20:22,426 now knew he could count on the films 283 00:20:22,450 --> 00:20:27,009 prepared by the Shulbergs to make a big impression in 284 00:20:27,050 --> 00:20:29,946 court of opening the first trial in 285 00:20:29,970 --> 00:20:33,787 history for crimes against the peace of the world 286 00:20:33,811 --> 00:20:36,985 imposes a grave responsibility. 287 00:20:37,009 --> 00:20:41,865 These defendants arranged frequently to be photographed in action. 288 00:20:41,889 --> 00:20:45,306 We will show you their own films 289 00:20:45,330 --> 00:20:47,786 You will see their own conduct and hear 290 00:20:47,810 --> 00:20:52,745 their own voices as these defendants reenact for you 291 00:20:52,769 --> 00:20:57,930 some of the events in the course of the conspiracy 292 00:20:57,970 --> 00:21:02,985 the real complaining party at your bar is civilization. 293 00:21:08,290 --> 00:21:12,266 Jackson explains that he's going to show the nazi film specifically because the 294 00:21:12,290 --> 00:21:14,826 dignitaries the defendants had 295 00:21:14,850 --> 00:21:19,810 ultimately been so vain as to have themselves filmed. 296 00:21:20,210 --> 00:21:22,026 He explained quite precisely that the 297 00:21:22,050 --> 00:21:23,786 court would be able to hear the words of 298 00:21:23,810 --> 00:21:27,889 the defendants and see them on screen 299 00:21:28,370 --> 00:21:30,106 to revisit particular episodes of the 300 00:21:30,130 --> 00:21:34,690 conspiracy and see how they were planned. 301 00:21:38,370 --> 00:21:40,426 Prosecutor Jackson had also insisted 302 00:21:40,450 --> 00:21:42,186 that the court proceedings themselves be 303 00:21:42,210 --> 00:21:45,330 documented on camera. 304 00:21:45,649 --> 00:21:47,546 What he had in mind was a comprehensive 305 00:21:47,570 --> 00:21:49,385 movie record recounting the principal 306 00:21:49,409 --> 00:21:52,266 phases of the trial to act as a model 307 00:21:52,290 --> 00:21:55,816 an antidote to fascism. 308 00:21:57,570 --> 00:21:59,066 Jackson first turned to the older 309 00:21:59,090 --> 00:22:01,385 Shulberg brother to direct the film. 310 00:22:01,409 --> 00:22:05,666 Bud however was eager to get back to New York to focus on his own writing 311 00:22:05,690 --> 00:22:08,426 projects so the job was left to Steward 312 00:22:08,450 --> 00:22:11,467 to create the first full-length film of the trial 313 00:22:11,491 --> 00:22:13,306 which would become a template for future 314 00:22:13,330 --> 00:22:16,610 real-life courtroom films 315 00:22:17,810 --> 00:22:20,026 no easy task given that cameras and 316 00:22:20,050 --> 00:22:23,227 sound equipment at the time were bulky and noisy 317 00:22:23,251 --> 00:22:28,346 and several judges thought that their presence would disturb proceedings in court. 318 00:22:30,450 --> 00:22:34,745 As a result the equipment was largely kept isolated behind glass panels in 319 00:22:34,769 --> 00:22:39,090 positions specifically converted for the occasion. 320 00:22:43,730 --> 00:22:46,826 There are basically three cameras 321 00:22:46,850 --> 00:22:48,666 one of them in the glass booth to the 322 00:22:48,690 --> 00:22:51,226 left of the judges which enables sound 323 00:22:51,250 --> 00:22:55,250 to be recorded in sync with the images. 324 00:22:58,210 --> 00:23:03,306 Another camera is positioned on the opposite side to the right of the judges 325 00:23:03,330 --> 00:23:05,306 making it possible to film both the 326 00:23:05,330 --> 00:23:09,730 defendants and objections from the prosecutors 327 00:23:15,649 --> 00:23:19,386 and finally a third camera is placed in a booth 328 00:23:19,410 --> 00:23:24,046 again for reproducing sound and images. 329 00:23:34,450 --> 00:23:36,586 400 journalists from around the world 330 00:23:36,610 --> 00:23:40,026 had come to Nuremberg to observe the trial 331 00:23:40,050 --> 00:23:43,546 but with the highly detailed hearings further slowed down by the simultaneous 332 00:23:43,570 --> 00:23:45,865 translations the interest of the media 333 00:23:45,889 --> 00:23:49,090 appeared to gradually wane. 334 00:23:49,889 --> 00:23:51,706 Prosecutor Robert Jackson therefore 335 00:23:51,730 --> 00:23:53,306 decided to move forward the screening of 336 00:23:53,330 --> 00:23:57,409 the Nazi atrocity films by a few days 337 00:23:58,129 --> 00:24:01,946 Stuart Shulberg also checked the lighting conditions. 338 00:24:01,970 --> 00:24:03,865 For Jackson it was vital that they 339 00:24:03,889 --> 00:24:05,706 capture the reactions of the defendants 340 00:24:05,730 --> 00:24:08,346 watching images of their crimes 341 00:24:08,370 --> 00:24:10,505 during a dry run we discovered that the 342 00:24:10,529 --> 00:24:12,826 neon tubing was throwing too much light 343 00:24:12,850 --> 00:24:14,826 and turning the image milky on the 344 00:24:14,850 --> 00:24:17,625 screen a little frantically we began to 345 00:24:17,649 --> 00:24:20,746 stretch some mending tape across the tubing. 346 00:24:20,770 --> 00:24:22,985 At nine o'clock the defendants were 347 00:24:23,009 --> 00:24:25,306 already being led into the dock 348 00:24:25,330 --> 00:24:27,786 as I was nervously securing some tape 349 00:24:27,810 --> 00:24:30,667 Goering and Hess were led in through the back door 350 00:24:30,691 --> 00:24:32,426 I blocked the route of Goering who was 351 00:24:32,450 --> 00:24:34,426 still wearing high black boots. 352 00:24:34,450 --> 00:24:36,346 Goering saw the tubing looked down at me 353 00:24:36,370 --> 00:24:40,649 and said kinema nine 354 00:24:40,930 --> 00:24:42,745 who was still veining insanity at the 355 00:24:42,769 --> 00:24:45,066 time went into his act clapping his 356 00:24:45,090 --> 00:24:48,346 hands together. Goering smiled and 357 00:24:48,370 --> 00:24:51,810 shrugged his shoulders at me. 358 00:24:53,970 --> 00:24:56,426 Half an hour later those smiles were 359 00:24:56,450 --> 00:24:59,649 wiped off their faces. 360 00:25:04,930 --> 00:25:07,546 If the Tribunal pleased we shall proceed 361 00:25:07,570 --> 00:25:11,090 with the projection of the film. 362 00:25:12,370 --> 00:25:15,146 On November 29th the first film prepared 363 00:25:15,170 --> 00:25:19,090 by the Shulberg team was shown to the court. 364 00:25:19,570 --> 00:25:21,706 An hour-long montage of footage filmed 365 00:25:21,730 --> 00:25:24,026 by Allied forces during their liberation 366 00:25:24,050 --> 00:25:27,170 of the concentration camps. 367 00:25:29,409 --> 00:25:33,865 These are the locations of the largest concentration and prison camp maintained 368 00:25:33,889 --> 00:25:35,786 throughout Germany and occupied Europe 369 00:25:35,810 --> 00:25:40,026 under the Nazi regime. This film report covering a 370 00:25:40,050 --> 00:25:42,346 representative group of such camps 371 00:25:42,370 --> 00:25:47,129 illustrates the general conditions which prevail. 372 00:25:50,850 --> 00:25:52,505 Camp is chosen for a high command 373 00:25:52,529 --> 00:25:56,505 inspection led by General Dwight D Eisenhower also present our generals 374 00:25:56,529 --> 00:25:58,906 Omar Bradley and George Patton. 375 00:25:58,930 --> 00:26:05,226 The Fourth Armored Division of General Patton's Third Army liberated this camp early in April. 376 00:26:05,250 --> 00:26:09,146 They see the woodshed where lime covered bodies are stacked in layers and the 377 00:26:09,170 --> 00:26:12,370 stench is overpowering. 378 00:26:15,490 --> 00:26:19,466 The general and his party next see the crude woodland crematory actually 379 00:26:19,490 --> 00:26:21,786 a grill made of railway tracks. 380 00:26:21,810 --> 00:26:27,090 Charred remains of several inmates still lay heap to top the grill. 381 00:26:30,529 --> 00:26:33,706 I was 21 or 22 years old. 382 00:26:33,730 --> 00:26:36,745 It was very disturbing at the start 383 00:26:36,769 --> 00:26:38,666 even among the defendants 384 00:26:38,690 --> 00:26:42,930 who could no longer say that it hadn't happened. 385 00:26:43,330 --> 00:26:47,306 Those images of corpses being hauled away by bulldozers 386 00:26:47,330 --> 00:26:50,290 it was appalling 387 00:26:50,930 --> 00:26:56,505 that must have been a real shock. It was quite the shock 388 00:26:56,529 --> 00:26:58,906 It was a smart move by Jackson 389 00:26:58,930 --> 00:27:04,810 showing these terrible images very early on in the trials. 390 00:27:19,970 --> 00:27:24,810 This was dragon ball 391 00:27:30,850 --> 00:27:33,066 As the lights came on I stared like 392 00:27:33,090 --> 00:27:36,506 everybody else in the courtroom at those twenty-one men. 393 00:27:36,530 --> 00:27:40,026 Field Marshal Keitel wiped tears from his eyes. 394 00:27:40,050 --> 00:27:43,466 Von Ribentrop, the elegant diplomat who had always had 395 00:27:43,490 --> 00:27:45,625 an answer for everything looked down 396 00:27:45,649 --> 00:27:48,186 into his lap and shook his head. 397 00:27:48,210 --> 00:27:50,346 Military commanders Rader and Doenitz 398 00:27:50,370 --> 00:27:54,370 stared straight ahead unseeingly. 399 00:27:55,490 --> 00:27:58,906 Rosenberg leaned his forehead against the top of the dock. 400 00:27:58,930 --> 00:28:02,906 Even Goering who had been winking scoffing laughing and catching the eyes of fellow 401 00:28:02,930 --> 00:28:08,649 defendants in private jokes looked subdued at last. 402 00:28:12,690 --> 00:28:17,306 But the most unexpected reaction of all was that of Hans Frank charged with the 403 00:28:17,330 --> 00:28:19,466 murder of five million Poles. 404 00:28:19,490 --> 00:28:22,906 When all the other defendants had finally risen and passed through the 405 00:28:22,930 --> 00:28:25,146 doorway on their way back to their cells, 406 00:28:25,170 --> 00:28:28,187 Frank continued to sit there motionlessly 407 00:28:28,211 --> 00:28:33,129 until guards began to lift him up forcibly. 408 00:28:39,409 --> 00:28:41,810 He is 409 00:28:43,730 --> 00:28:51,330 He's really moved I have to admit nearly crying 410 00:28:51,810 --> 00:28:56,745 he should have kept this crying 411 00:28:56,769 --> 00:29:01,009 and admitting what he has done. 412 00:29:01,810 --> 00:29:04,026 Do you think they never saw this 413 00:29:04,050 --> 00:29:06,985 this footage before because I don't 414 00:29:07,009 --> 00:29:09,947 I can't say it for all the other defendants 415 00:29:09,971 --> 00:29:12,026 but I would say it's 416 00:29:12,050 --> 00:29:15,385 nearly I'm 100 sure that my father never 417 00:29:15,409 --> 00:29:17,786 had seen this before because he didn't 418 00:29:17,810 --> 00:29:20,985 want to see it he knew exactly what was 419 00:29:21,009 --> 00:29:23,706 going on what was happening to all these 420 00:29:23,730 --> 00:29:26,906 innocent people but to see it personally 421 00:29:26,930 --> 00:29:32,266 like here in this room. That was really new for him 422 00:29:32,290 --> 00:29:37,625 you don't think he had any remorse, no he had not. 423 00:29:37,649 --> 00:29:40,426 On the last evening of his life 424 00:29:40,450 --> 00:29:45,226 he wrote to Mr zeidel's lawyer and to his wife 425 00:29:45,250 --> 00:29:53,226 our mother saying please find out the truth about me. 426 00:29:53,250 --> 00:29:56,505 I never was a criminal. 427 00:29:56,529 --> 00:29:58,826 On December 11th the court was shown the 428 00:29:58,850 --> 00:30:01,307 second film prepared by the Shulberg team 429 00:30:01,331 --> 00:30:04,745 which they barely finished editing 430 00:30:04,769 --> 00:30:08,266 with the support of 15 more to utilize 431 00:30:08,290 --> 00:30:13,546 international law with a running time of 3 hours and 432 00:30:13,570 --> 00:30:16,266 15 minutes. The Nazi plan provided crucial 433 00:30:16,290 --> 00:30:18,266 evidence for the assertion that the war 434 00:30:18,290 --> 00:30:19,786 and the atrocities committed by the 435 00:30:19,810 --> 00:30:23,066 Nazis were premeditated. 436 00:30:23,090 --> 00:30:29,610 The footage in the film still plays a major part in how we picture this era 437 00:30:30,930 --> 00:30:35,546 today. Most documentaries made about the so-called 438 00:30:35,570 --> 00:30:40,186 Third Reich go back to footage that was systemized 439 00:30:40,210 --> 00:30:43,947 and gathered for that film so I mean 440 00:30:43,971 --> 00:30:45,786 the the work of both of the Schulberg's 441 00:30:45,810 --> 00:30:47,946 for for their project at that time 442 00:30:47,970 --> 00:30:50,426 cannot be overestimated in their uh 443 00:30:50,450 --> 00:30:56,906 longtime uh uh effect. The Prosecution's case continued 444 00:30:56,930 --> 00:30:58,346 also using the meticulously 445 00:30:58,370 --> 00:31:01,865 reconstructed timeline from the Nazi plan 446 00:31:01,889 --> 00:31:03,745 the subsequent examinations and 447 00:31:03,769 --> 00:31:08,105 cross-examinations extended to weeks and months. 448 00:31:08,129 --> 00:31:12,586 The prosecutors wanted to show the world that despite the enormity of the crimes 449 00:31:12,610 --> 00:31:15,225 justice had to be impartial 450 00:31:15,249 --> 00:31:17,466 for a trial that would last almost 451 00:31:17,490 --> 00:31:20,186 a year. The decision was issued by the 452 00:31:20,210 --> 00:31:22,985 judges by the Tribunal that 453 00:31:23,009 --> 00:31:26,586 the filmmakers must only film during 454 00:31:26,610 --> 00:31:31,706 35 hours the camera teams inside this courtroom were 455 00:31:31,730 --> 00:31:34,426 U.S. army camera teams they were not from 456 00:31:34,450 --> 00:31:36,586 the OSS as originally planned because 457 00:31:36,610 --> 00:31:40,985 the OSS was closed down so the us army signal corps 458 00:31:41,009 --> 00:31:43,786 they they took over um they are a unit 459 00:31:43,810 --> 00:31:46,186 to provide telecommunication and other 460 00:31:46,210 --> 00:31:48,505 communication and their camera teams 461 00:31:48,529 --> 00:31:51,146 were not able to speak German so another 462 00:31:51,170 --> 00:31:55,385 big problem they were filming sometimes they were um 463 00:31:55,409 --> 00:31:57,946 catching some very important scenes 464 00:31:57,970 --> 00:31:59,786 sometimes not sometimes they were start 465 00:31:59,810 --> 00:32:03,066 stopping too early so the problem was um 466 00:32:03,090 --> 00:32:05,786 the full material that survived 467 00:32:05,810 --> 00:32:09,866 and that Stuart Schulberg could pick out of 468 00:32:09,890 --> 00:32:14,666 was not very good but Stuart Shulberg found a solution 469 00:32:14,690 --> 00:32:16,826 on the sound side the court sessions had 470 00:32:16,850 --> 00:32:20,505 been captured in their entirety on gramophone records. 471 00:32:20,529 --> 00:32:22,985 Film editors Bob Parrish and Joe Zigman 472 00:32:23,009 --> 00:32:26,267 helped Stuart master what was a colossal task. 473 00:32:26,291 --> 00:32:28,266 He was able to use silent footage of the 474 00:32:28,290 --> 00:32:29,865 various parties merely listening to 475 00:32:29,889 --> 00:32:34,446 proceedings by overlaying it with sound bites. 476 00:32:46,529 --> 00:32:48,266 The soviets were also determined to 477 00:32:48,290 --> 00:32:51,625 include the trial in their national narrative. 478 00:32:51,649 --> 00:32:53,706 They undertook their own project 479 00:32:53,730 --> 00:32:55,625 entrusting the task to cameraman and 480 00:32:55,649 --> 00:32:59,146 director Roman Carmian 481 00:32:59,170 --> 00:33:00,985 in the ensuing battle for control over 482 00:33:01,009 --> 00:33:03,385 the historical record these images would 483 00:33:03,409 --> 00:33:08,186 play a decisive role. The Soviets managed to negotiate a 484 00:33:08,210 --> 00:33:10,345 special day of filming showing events 485 00:33:10,369 --> 00:33:12,906 before the session began 486 00:33:12,930 --> 00:33:15,385 Roman Carmien found a prime location 487 00:33:15,409 --> 00:33:17,225 which provided him with an entire series 488 00:33:17,249 --> 00:33:21,970 of close-ups that the Americans had been unable to take. 489 00:33:23,570 --> 00:33:25,625 These shots had a particularly dramatic 490 00:33:25,649 --> 00:33:29,466 effect as seen on October 1st, 1946 when 491 00:33:29,490 --> 00:33:30,746 the verdicts were delivered by the 492 00:33:30,770 --> 00:33:34,666 court's presiding judge Sir Jeffrey Lawrence 493 00:33:34,690 --> 00:33:36,745 will now pronounce the sentences on the 494 00:33:36,769 --> 00:33:40,506 defendants. The International Military bill 495 00:33:40,530 --> 00:33:44,426 sentences you to death by hanging 496 00:33:44,450 --> 00:33:46,505 defendant twelve of the defendants were 497 00:33:46,529 --> 00:33:50,186 condemned to death. Three received life in prison. 498 00:33:50,210 --> 00:33:53,067 Four received terms between 10 and 20 years 499 00:33:53,091 --> 00:33:55,625 and three were acquitted. 500 00:33:55,649 --> 00:34:00,105 Of those sentenced to death 10 were executed two weeks later at the prison 501 00:34:00,129 --> 00:34:03,490 adjoining the Palace of Justice 502 00:34:03,890 --> 00:34:07,225 had committed suicide in his cell the night before 503 00:34:07,249 --> 00:34:11,330 Martin Bormann was sentenced in absentia 504 00:34:12,850 --> 00:34:16,107 Stuart Schulberg would need almost 18 months to complete his movie 505 00:34:16,131 --> 00:34:19,570 documentation of the Tribunal 506 00:34:20,529 --> 00:34:22,425 and his work was delayed considerably by 507 00:34:22,449 --> 00:34:24,266 differences in opinion among the U.S. 508 00:34:24,290 --> 00:34:27,786 authorities over the purpose of the film. 509 00:34:27,810 --> 00:34:29,545 He would have to write 11 different 510 00:34:29,569 --> 00:34:31,306 versions of the script before being able 511 00:34:31,330 --> 00:34:35,410 to tackle the actual editing of the footage. 512 00:34:39,010 --> 00:34:41,945 It was now early 1947 513 00:34:41,969 --> 00:34:43,545 while Stuart Shulberg was still in the 514 00:34:43,569 --> 00:34:45,626 middle of editing his film his Soviet 515 00:34:45,650 --> 00:34:49,387 counterpart Roman Carmien had completed his documentary 516 00:34:49,411 --> 00:34:52,666 in Russian titled Judgment of the Peoples 517 00:34:52,690 --> 00:34:57,226 in English simply the Nuremberg trials. 518 00:34:57,250 --> 00:35:00,746 The Soviets also landed something of a coup in hosting a premiere for their 519 00:35:00,770 --> 00:35:04,746 movie in the heart of New York Times Square. 520 00:35:04,770 --> 00:35:06,506 The local press was highly critical of 521 00:35:06,530 --> 00:35:09,006 the delayed completion of the American film. 522 00:35:10,450 --> 00:35:13,386 One of the big battles that took place 523 00:35:13,410 --> 00:35:16,665 was whether the film should be made 524 00:35:16,689 --> 00:35:18,425 just for a German audience or whether it 525 00:35:18,449 --> 00:35:19,945 should be made for an international 526 00:35:19,969 --> 00:35:24,346 audience. The people in Berlin with military government 527 00:35:24,370 --> 00:35:26,986 really felt that it should be its 528 00:35:27,010 --> 00:35:31,626 primary use should be as a denazification re-education tool. 529 00:35:31,650 --> 00:35:34,586 Stuart Schulberg really felt if you look 530 00:35:34,610 --> 00:35:35,946 through the documents that they were 531 00:35:35,970 --> 00:35:37,706 making a film that was not just for 532 00:35:37,730 --> 00:35:40,747 Germany. They felt that the Nuremberg trial 533 00:35:40,771 --> 00:35:43,306 was a milestone in the history of 534 00:35:43,330 --> 00:35:45,866 civilization and that the whole world 535 00:35:45,890 --> 00:35:47,786 needed to learn the lessons of Nuremberg 536 00:35:47,810 --> 00:35:51,330 not just the German public. 537 00:35:51,730 --> 00:35:53,306 Navigating his way between these 538 00:35:53,330 --> 00:35:55,226 conflicting instructions Stuart 539 00:35:55,250 --> 00:35:59,146 Schulberg finally finished his film in early 1948. 540 00:35:59,170 --> 00:36:03,316 One year after his Soviet counterpart. 541 00:36:13,890 --> 00:36:17,306 Lord Justice Jeffrey lawrence Great Britain 542 00:36:17,330 --> 00:36:21,146 Mr Francis Biddle United States 543 00:36:21,170 --> 00:36:24,506 Monsieur Henry de Vab France 544 00:36:24,530 --> 00:36:27,626 Major General Yona Nikichenko USSR and 545 00:36:27,650 --> 00:36:29,386 their alternates Stuart Schulberg's 546 00:36:29,410 --> 00:36:31,386 80-minute documentary recounts all the 547 00:36:31,410 --> 00:36:33,466 stages of the Nuremberg trials 548 00:36:33,490 --> 00:36:35,386 made at a time when the Soviets 549 00:36:35,410 --> 00:36:37,945 Americans British and French were still 550 00:36:37,969 --> 00:36:41,170 ostensibly allies. 551 00:36:42,449 --> 00:36:44,905 Nuremberg Its Lesson for Today was a 552 00:36:44,929 --> 00:36:47,786 powerful and necessary film. 553 00:36:47,810 --> 00:36:49,386 It presented pivotal moments in the 554 00:36:49,410 --> 00:36:51,546 trial as well as archive material 555 00:36:51,570 --> 00:36:53,706 compiled by Stuart and Bud Shulberg for 556 00:36:53,730 --> 00:36:55,866 Chief Prosecutor Robert Jackson. 557 00:36:55,890 --> 00:36:59,466 On April 23, 1943, SS Chief Himmler 558 00:36:59,490 --> 00:37:04,185 ordered the complete liquidation of the ghetto with the use of utmost force. 559 00:37:04,209 --> 00:37:07,626 The film also included footage taken during the liberation of concentration 560 00:37:07,650 --> 00:37:12,530 camps by the American British and Soviet Armies 561 00:37:12,929 --> 00:37:17,466 but the wider world would not get to see the film. 562 00:37:17,490 --> 00:37:20,586 In June 1948, West Berlin was cut off and 563 00:37:20,610 --> 00:37:23,306 blockaded by the Soviet Military. 564 00:37:23,330 --> 00:37:25,226 The Western Allies had to resort to an 565 00:37:25,250 --> 00:37:28,346 airlift to supply the part of the city they controlled. 566 00:37:28,370 --> 00:37:32,026 The cold war had begun in earnest. 567 00:37:35,730 --> 00:37:38,586 That same cold war 568 00:37:38,610 --> 00:37:40,905 in which now of course Germany was or at 569 00:37:40,929 --> 00:37:43,466 least Western Germany was our ally 570 00:37:43,490 --> 00:37:47,227 and our former ally, the Soviet Union was now our enemy. 571 00:37:47,251 --> 00:37:51,306 Not at all the story portrayed in the film um uh 572 00:37:51,330 --> 00:37:56,266 The film conflicted with that that narrative 573 00:37:56,290 --> 00:37:59,307 but Stuart Schulberg's film did get its premiere 574 00:37:59,331 --> 00:38:02,185 in Germany in November 1948. 575 00:38:02,209 --> 00:38:04,746 Not in Berlin due to the Soviet blockade 576 00:38:04,770 --> 00:38:08,507 but in Stuttgart. After the success of the first 577 00:38:08,531 --> 00:38:10,665 screenings the American release was 578 00:38:10,689 --> 00:38:12,756 scheduled for a few weeks later. 579 00:38:14,770 --> 00:38:16,506 But in the meantime the climate in 580 00:38:16,530 --> 00:38:18,905 Washington had changed. 581 00:38:18,929 --> 00:38:20,746 It had been two years since the Nuremberg 582 00:38:20,770 --> 00:38:23,066 Trials concluded and the implementation 583 00:38:23,090 --> 00:38:28,010 of the Marshall Plan was now a top priority. 584 00:38:28,370 --> 00:38:30,506 During the Marshall Plan, millions 585 00:38:30,530 --> 00:38:32,506 millions and millions of dollars were 586 00:38:32,530 --> 00:38:34,266 invested in not only in Germany, in the 587 00:38:34,290 --> 00:38:37,146 whole of Europe but also in Germany 588 00:38:37,170 --> 00:38:40,746 to help them recover their economy 589 00:38:40,770 --> 00:38:43,546 to bring them forth and this of course 590 00:38:43,570 --> 00:38:48,266 collides with the idea of punishing war criminals. 591 00:38:48,290 --> 00:38:52,426 In December 1948 a fateful decision was made 592 00:38:52,450 --> 00:38:55,626 the film's release in the U.S. was canceled. 593 00:38:55,650 --> 00:38:57,466 The humanitarian goals of Prosecutor 594 00:38:57,490 --> 00:38:59,786 Robert Jackson, Stuart Schulberg and his 595 00:38:59,810 --> 00:39:02,425 entire team who had put so much hope and 596 00:39:02,449 --> 00:39:04,905 energy into the film were dashed by the 597 00:39:04,929 --> 00:39:07,665 new political situation in 598 00:39:07,689 --> 00:39:10,425 Washington. It wasn't just an accident 599 00:39:10,449 --> 00:39:12,425 that this film was not released in 600 00:39:12,449 --> 00:39:15,627 American theaters. It was a government decision 601 00:39:15,651 --> 00:39:17,706 and that decision was made by our 602 00:39:17,730 --> 00:39:21,546 Secretary of the Army at the time Kenneth Royal. 603 00:39:21,570 --> 00:39:23,706 There were a number of high-ranking 604 00:39:23,730 --> 00:39:27,866 American officers who did not feel that prosecuting 605 00:39:27,890 --> 00:39:30,746 high-ranking German military leaders at 606 00:39:30,770 --> 00:39:32,826 Nuremberg was appropriate. 607 00:39:32,850 --> 00:39:36,426 They felt that they were the ones taking orders from 608 00:39:36,450 --> 00:39:41,306 Adolf Hitler and they did not consider themselves 609 00:39:41,330 --> 00:39:44,506 responsible for the Nazi crime. So there 610 00:39:44,530 --> 00:39:49,945 was some degree of solidarity amongst German military 611 00:39:49,969 --> 00:39:54,449 officers and American military officers. 612 00:39:55,570 --> 00:39:57,945 As I was growing up I really knew 613 00:39:57,969 --> 00:40:01,066 nothing about my father's Nuremberg film. 614 00:40:01,090 --> 00:40:04,986 My mother died in 2002 and when we were 615 00:40:05,010 --> 00:40:07,626 clearing out her apartment we found all 616 00:40:07,650 --> 00:40:10,746 these boxes of material about Nuremberg 617 00:40:10,770 --> 00:40:13,386 and we found a 16 millimeter print of 618 00:40:13,410 --> 00:40:19,770 the film so I began to try to make sense of the papers. 619 00:40:23,250 --> 00:40:25,226 Sandra Schulberg spent almost 10 years 620 00:40:25,250 --> 00:40:28,266 reconstructing her father's film 621 00:40:28,290 --> 00:40:30,026 a mammoth undertaking that required 622 00:40:30,050 --> 00:40:34,586 locating the original movie reels and restoring them 623 00:40:34,610 --> 00:40:36,346 both the images that it degraded over 624 00:40:36,370 --> 00:40:41,145 time and the audio part of which had been lost. 625 00:40:41,169 --> 00:40:44,507 Today Sandra travels the world to present the film 626 00:40:44,531 --> 00:40:48,136 now translated into 13 languages. 627 00:40:54,209 --> 00:41:00,346 As I was re-watching Nuremberg's lesson for today 628 00:41:00,370 --> 00:41:04,266 what's amazing is to see how prescient 629 00:41:04,290 --> 00:41:09,066 uh Jackson was I mean tragically uh oppression really 630 00:41:09,090 --> 00:41:14,905 he says what makes this inquest significant 631 00:41:14,929 --> 00:41:20,106 is that these prisoners represent sinister influences 632 00:41:20,130 --> 00:41:23,626 that will lurk in the world long after 633 00:41:23,650 --> 00:41:28,026 their bodies have returned to dust. 634 00:41:28,050 --> 00:41:31,466 We will show them to be living symbols 635 00:41:31,490 --> 00:41:36,267 of racial hatred terrorism and violence 636 00:41:36,291 --> 00:41:39,387 and of the arrogance and cruelty of power. 637 00:41:39,411 --> 00:41:43,306 They are symbols of fierce nationalism 638 00:41:43,330 --> 00:41:48,746 and of militarism and intrigue and war making. 639 00:41:48,770 --> 00:41:53,370 Unfortunately we still have a lot to learn.