1
00:00:09,092 --> 00:00:11,928
[man] A professional domino
artist is someone
2
00:00:12,012 --> 00:00:14,597
who can set up thousands and thousands
of dominoes
3
00:00:14,681 --> 00:00:18,518
to create structures, patterns, images.
4
00:00:19,310 --> 00:00:22,313
[narrator] In 2017, Steve Price led a team
5
00:00:22,397 --> 00:00:26,860
that built a domino display
of more than 76,000 pieces.
6
00:00:26,985 --> 00:00:29,362
Smashing a Guinness World Record.
7
00:00:29,446 --> 00:00:32,407
[Price] You can build
flat on the ground two-dimensional,
8
00:00:32,490 --> 00:00:36,119
or you can also do 3-D structures
like pyramids and walls
9
00:00:36,202 --> 00:00:39,748
and make certain
sort of curves and spirals.
10
00:00:39,831 --> 00:00:43,668
[narrator] And his YouTube videos
get millions of views.
11
00:00:43,752 --> 00:00:46,296
[Price] The pleasure of watching
the dominoes toppling
12
00:00:46,379 --> 00:00:50,258
just comes from knowing
how much went into the project.
13
00:00:50,759 --> 00:00:55,180
As the viewer, you get to just watch it
all fall into place.
14
00:00:55,930 --> 00:00:59,392
[narrator] Humans love looking
at all kinds of things.
15
00:01:00,393 --> 00:01:05,023
Why are millions of people watching
videos of cookies getting iced?
16
00:01:05,106 --> 00:01:10,612
Or enjoy looking at a collage made up
of 21 cutout images of pimples?
17
00:01:10,695 --> 00:01:15,742
Others like Gothic churches,
horses, synchronized swimming,
18
00:01:15,825 --> 00:01:18,078
and of course, other people.
19
00:01:19,537 --> 00:01:21,456
Where do these preferences come from?
20
00:01:22,540 --> 00:01:25,001
And why is beauty something
we seek at all?
21
00:01:26,294 --> 00:01:29,631
[man] Art is an individual
creative experience.
22
00:01:29,714 --> 00:01:33,927
The greater the knowledge one possesses,
the greater will be the experience.
23
00:01:34,469 --> 00:01:37,931
Many photographers owe
their success to specialization.
24
00:01:38,014 --> 00:01:39,432
It might be still life,
25
00:01:39,891 --> 00:01:42,685
babies, animals, or fashion.
26
00:01:42,769 --> 00:01:45,146
The Earth, I'm afraid,
is in a class by itself.
27
00:01:45,230 --> 00:01:46,564
[laughs]
28
00:01:47,315 --> 00:01:50,026
[man] The placement
is exact and symmetrical.
29
00:01:50,401 --> 00:01:55,532
Exactness in details helps in giving
the final impression of perfection.
30
00:01:58,993 --> 00:02:03,039
[narrator] For thousands of years,
philosophers have tried to explain beauty.
31
00:02:03,498 --> 00:02:08,628
Aristotle said, "Beauty depends
on magnitude and order."
32
00:02:08,711 --> 00:02:13,800
Confucius said, "I have not seen one
who loves virtue as he loves beauty."
33
00:02:13,883 --> 00:02:18,054
Kant said, "The beautiful is that
which pleases universally,
34
00:02:18,138 --> 00:02:19,722
without a concept."
35
00:02:20,348 --> 00:02:23,643
In the Renaissance,
the seeds of an answer were planted
36
00:02:23,726 --> 00:02:28,815
when an Italian mathematician named
a number the Divine Proportion
37
00:02:29,315 --> 00:02:32,110
in a book illustrated
by Leonardo da Vinci.
38
00:02:33,027 --> 00:02:37,615
Mathematicians have been fixated
on this number since ancient times,
39
00:02:37,699 --> 00:02:40,618
because it kept coming up in geometry.
40
00:02:40,702 --> 00:02:45,165
In the 1800s, a German psychologist
decided this number
41
00:02:45,248 --> 00:02:49,836
was the universal law of beauty,
and today it's known in popular culture
42
00:02:49,919 --> 00:02:53,673
as the golden ratio,
with people claiming to find it
43
00:02:53,756 --> 00:02:57,552
in all kinds of human masterpieces
all over the world.
44
00:02:58,720 --> 00:03:00,597
But, there's a problem with that.
45
00:03:00,680 --> 00:03:03,808
When people have tried
to study it directly,
46
00:03:03,892 --> 00:03:08,897
it's not so clear that everybody responds
specifically to the golden rectangle.
47
00:03:09,689 --> 00:03:12,150
[narrator] Study after study
has found little evidence
48
00:03:12,233 --> 00:03:17,614
that people are especially drawn
to rectangles with this exact proportion.
49
00:03:18,114 --> 00:03:19,782
We do like rectangles though.
50
00:03:20,825 --> 00:03:25,413
It's the best flowing configuration
for images from plane to brain.
51
00:03:25,496 --> 00:03:28,374
As in, the fastest shape
our brains can process.
52
00:03:29,459 --> 00:03:32,420
Pleasant to look at
because it's easy on the eyes.
53
00:03:33,004 --> 00:03:36,090
And many scientists today
believe the reason for this
54
00:03:36,174 --> 00:03:37,842
boils down to survival.
55
00:03:38,968 --> 00:03:43,806
More than 150 million years ago,
dinosaurs dominated the Earth.
56
00:03:43,890 --> 00:03:46,351
But to understand
how humans see the world,
57
00:03:46,434 --> 00:03:49,187
you have to look down
at the dinosaur's feet.
58
00:03:49,270 --> 00:03:53,066
That's where our ancestors,
small shrew-like mammals,
59
00:03:53,149 --> 00:03:56,653
spent their time and they had
a pretty dim view of the world.
60
00:03:56,736 --> 00:04:00,073
They perceived just two colors:
blue and red.
61
00:04:00,156 --> 00:04:04,202
They were also nocturnal to evade
their better-seeing predators
62
00:04:04,285 --> 00:04:08,164
and constantly scanned
their environment horizontally.
63
00:04:09,040 --> 00:04:14,212
And that may be the simple reason we make
so many things in that shape today.
64
00:04:15,546 --> 00:04:18,591
Visual beauty is based in vision,
of course,
65
00:04:18,675 --> 00:04:21,844
and our vision evolved
because it helped us survive.
66
00:04:22,637 --> 00:04:27,850
When the dinosaurs went extinct,
our ancestors came out into the light.
67
00:04:28,559 --> 00:04:30,770
And over time, their eyes developed,
68
00:04:30,853 --> 00:04:34,565
opening up all the colors of the rainbow
we know today.
69
00:04:34,649 --> 00:04:37,860
And many things
we're still visually drawn to
70
00:04:37,944 --> 00:04:40,697
are things that helped
our ancestors survive.
71
00:04:41,614 --> 00:04:45,285
Flowers indicated that something
might turn into fruit.
72
00:04:45,368 --> 00:04:49,372
Water sources signal
the possible bounty of nourishment.
73
00:04:49,831 --> 00:04:52,834
And places of refuge
helped us evade predators.
74
00:04:53,459 --> 00:04:57,672
We still like landscapes that resemble
where early humans evolved.
75
00:04:59,173 --> 00:05:02,343
Two artists conducted a survey
in the 1990s,
76
00:05:02,427 --> 00:05:07,015
to find the most desirable painting
in 14 different countries.
77
00:05:07,098 --> 00:05:08,558
They asked questions, like...
78
00:05:08,975 --> 00:05:12,562
"Would you rather see paintings
of outdoor or indoor scenes?"
79
00:05:12,645 --> 00:05:18,067
"Which one, if any, of the following types
of outdoor scenes appeals to you most?"
80
00:05:18,151 --> 00:05:20,320
and "Would you say
that you prefer paintings
81
00:05:20,403 --> 00:05:23,865
in which the people are nude
or fully clothed?"
82
00:05:23,948 --> 00:05:28,328
The resulting painting looked like this
in the United States.
83
00:05:28,411 --> 00:05:33,458
In France, like this.
This was Turkey's. This China's.
84
00:05:33,541 --> 00:05:38,921
This is sometimes referred to
as the African savanna hypothesis,
85
00:05:39,005 --> 00:05:41,007
because savanna's have those properties.
86
00:05:41,090 --> 00:05:44,385
[narrator] Blue skies,
a sheltering rock of some kind,
87
00:05:44,469 --> 00:05:48,222
something edible growing
in a big sweep of water.
88
00:05:48,306 --> 00:05:51,809
Turns out,
we're terribly unoriginal creatures.
89
00:05:51,893 --> 00:05:54,645
Part of beauty is just a desire to live.
90
00:05:54,729 --> 00:05:55,772
[chirping]
91
00:05:56,522 --> 00:06:00,193
But not everyone's sold
on some kind of explanation for beauty.
92
00:06:00,985 --> 00:06:04,030
I think scientists have been misled,
93
00:06:04,113 --> 00:06:07,408
by the fantastic experience
of explaining something,
94
00:06:07,533 --> 00:06:11,537
to think that those kinds of explanations
have broad power.
95
00:06:12,121 --> 00:06:13,706
[narrator] In 2017,
96
00:06:13,790 --> 00:06:15,458
Richard Prum published a book
97
00:06:15,541 --> 00:06:16,584
that caused a stir
98
00:06:16,667 --> 00:06:18,961
in the world of evolutionary biology.
99
00:06:19,045 --> 00:06:24,342
In it, he argues that not all beauty
is about survival or fitness.
100
00:06:24,425 --> 00:06:27,929
Some of it is arbitrary and even useless.
101
00:06:28,429 --> 00:06:30,056
Take the tail of the peacock...
102
00:06:31,015 --> 00:06:35,436
[Prum] The tail is covered
with hundreds of beautiful eye spots,
103
00:06:35,520 --> 00:06:38,815
each one of which includes
four or five different colors
104
00:06:38,898 --> 00:06:41,484
created by optical nanostructures
in the feathers
105
00:06:41,567 --> 00:06:43,778
that are made up of melanin granules
106
00:06:43,861 --> 00:06:46,030
organized in a crystalline fashion.
107
00:06:46,114 --> 00:06:49,534
[narrator] Female peacocks,
they're actually called peahens,
108
00:06:49,617 --> 00:06:51,244
are drawn to these tails.
109
00:06:51,327 --> 00:06:56,249
During courtship display,
a male peacock erects his tail
110
00:06:56,332 --> 00:06:59,585
and creates a huge sort of hemisphere
111
00:06:59,669 --> 00:07:03,589
that suspends
over the female as he displays.
112
00:07:03,673 --> 00:07:05,883
[narrator] But the tails are heavy
and make it harder
113
00:07:05,967 --> 00:07:08,386
for the male peacocks to run and fly.
114
00:07:08,469 --> 00:07:11,806
Their beauty, essentially,
is bad for their survival.
115
00:07:11,889 --> 00:07:12,890
[caws]
116
00:07:12,974 --> 00:07:16,811
This even stumped Charles Darwin
as he wrote in a letter to a colleague.
117
00:07:17,603 --> 00:07:20,690
[Prum] "Whenever I gaze at a feather
from the tail of a peacock,
118
00:07:20,773 --> 00:07:21,983
it makes me sick!"
119
00:07:22,066 --> 00:07:25,486
He was troubled by the fact
that adaptation by natural selection
120
00:07:25,570 --> 00:07:29,991
could not describe the evolution
of ornaments that would not help
121
00:07:30,074 --> 00:07:32,034
in the struggle for survival.
122
00:07:32,118 --> 00:07:37,206
He proposed the theory of sexual selection
and what he was hypothesizing,
123
00:07:37,290 --> 00:07:41,961
was that mate choice is really about
the subjective experiences of animals.
124
00:07:42,044 --> 00:07:46,466
[narrator] And it's not just the peacock
that has seemingly unhelpful ornaments.
125
00:07:47,008 --> 00:07:50,720
There's the flame bowerbird
and his waving cape.
126
00:07:50,803 --> 00:07:54,474
The sage grouse
and his inflatable yellow chest.
127
00:07:54,557 --> 00:07:58,478
The great frigatebird
and his ballooning red throat pouch.
128
00:07:58,561 --> 00:08:01,522
The shoebill and his bill
that looks like a shoe.
129
00:08:01,606 --> 00:08:03,649
[Prum] So, there aren't any birds
in the world today
130
00:08:03,733 --> 00:08:06,486
that don't exhibit the radiation,
131
00:08:06,569 --> 00:08:09,739
the elaboration,
the diversification of preference.
132
00:08:09,822 --> 00:08:11,240
It's about pleasure.
133
00:08:11,324 --> 00:08:14,911
Pleasure is the motivation that drives
the choices that animals make.
134
00:08:16,829 --> 00:08:20,791
[narrator] In the human brain,
that's what beauty is: pleasure.
135
00:08:20,875 --> 00:08:25,463
[Chatterjee] So our view, is that
the combined activation of visual cortex
136
00:08:25,546 --> 00:08:28,299
and these reward systems together
137
00:08:28,382 --> 00:08:32,011
is the biologic signature
of our response to beauty.
138
00:08:32,094 --> 00:08:35,556
[narrator] Three main
neurotransmitter systems are involved.
139
00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:37,433
First, the dopamine system.
140
00:08:37,517 --> 00:08:43,648
The dopamine system seems to be
about our desires and our wanting things.
141
00:08:43,731 --> 00:08:46,984
[narrator] A surge of dopamine
can literally move us.
142
00:08:47,485 --> 00:08:52,073
It is what motivates us to approach
things that we find attractive.
143
00:08:52,156 --> 00:08:57,578
[narrator] Beauty can also activate
our endocannabinoid and opioid systems.
144
00:08:57,662 --> 00:09:02,041
The same systems that are activated
by consuming cannabis or opioids.
145
00:09:02,166 --> 00:09:06,337
They seem to be
the core experience of pleasure.
146
00:09:06,754 --> 00:09:08,130
[narrator] But peahens evolved
147
00:09:08,214 --> 00:09:11,300
to find pleasure
in the same kind of peacock tail.
148
00:09:11,384 --> 00:09:15,638
Explaining all the pleasure
humans get from beauty is harder,
149
00:09:15,721 --> 00:09:17,682
because we don't all agree.
150
00:09:19,850 --> 00:09:23,771
It was once a sign of beauty in Japan
to dye your teeth black.
151
00:09:23,854 --> 00:09:27,608
It was once a sign of beauty in Europe
to pluck out all your eyelashes.
152
00:09:27,692 --> 00:09:33,114
In America today, some consider it
a sign of beauty to stain, spray,
153
00:09:33,197 --> 00:09:36,701
mist, burn, or mousse your skin bronze.
154
00:09:36,784 --> 00:09:39,829
We humans are deeply cultural creatures.
155
00:09:39,912 --> 00:09:42,206
We're influenced
by our social environment,
156
00:09:42,290 --> 00:09:46,127
and we take variation in that environment
and we incorporate it into ourselves.
157
00:09:47,211 --> 00:09:52,216
Aesthetic preferences are established
psychologically through development,
158
00:09:52,300 --> 00:09:55,303
through exposure,
and through individual innovation.
159
00:09:55,803 --> 00:09:57,930
[Stoller] Of course,
we're all kind of culturally conditioned
160
00:09:58,014 --> 00:09:59,265
depending on our context.
161
00:09:59,348 --> 00:10:01,142
But, I think I'm always trying
to ask myself,
162
00:10:01,642 --> 00:10:04,312
"Why do I think that?
Where does that come from?"
163
00:10:05,146 --> 00:10:08,858
[Price] The culture of domino art
is definitely based around the internet.
164
00:10:08,941 --> 00:10:15,239
There is a very big niche community
for people who enjoy this sort of thing.
165
00:10:15,948 --> 00:10:18,409
One hundred fifty years ago,
impressionist paintings,
166
00:10:18,492 --> 00:10:21,245
they had a hard time
breaking into the scene.
167
00:10:21,329 --> 00:10:24,040
Now, if you survey most Americans,
168
00:10:24,123 --> 00:10:27,418
people tend to say
they like impressionist artwork the most.
169
00:10:27,501 --> 00:10:29,545
Our brains haven't changed in 150 years,
170
00:10:29,629 --> 00:10:34,592
and yet these kinds of population-based
preferences have changed dramatically.
171
00:10:34,675 --> 00:10:37,928
Right? So, that has to be
from what we're exposed.
172
00:10:39,347 --> 00:10:40,431
[narrator] Take color.
173
00:10:41,057 --> 00:10:45,186
In the USA today,
pink is often associated with young girls.
174
00:10:45,728 --> 00:10:51,442
But it 1927, when Time magazine surveyed
ten major American department stores,
175
00:10:51,525 --> 00:10:54,153
half said pink was the color for boys.
176
00:10:54,236 --> 00:10:57,239
That shift happened
over the following decades.
177
00:10:57,323 --> 00:11:01,327
Thanks in part,
to toy marketing campaigns in the 1980s.
178
00:11:01,410 --> 00:11:03,412
I love you, My Little Pony.
179
00:11:03,496 --> 00:11:04,872
[narrator] And dark yellow.
180
00:11:04,955 --> 00:11:09,460
One study found that babies' eyes
linger the longest on this color.
181
00:11:09,543 --> 00:11:11,045
But adults around the world
182
00:11:11,128 --> 00:11:12,505
consistently rank
183
00:11:12,588 --> 00:11:14,715
this as their least popular color.
184
00:11:15,132 --> 00:11:18,094
A leading theory is that as we grow up,
185
00:11:18,177 --> 00:11:22,515
we learn to associate this shade
with unpleasant things.
186
00:11:23,015 --> 00:11:26,727
There are complicated ways
in which our experiences, our education,
187
00:11:26,811 --> 00:11:29,438
and also the structure of a society
188
00:11:29,522 --> 00:11:33,693
can have an influence
on what one regards is attractive.
189
00:11:33,776 --> 00:11:35,486
You can look at a painting of a monarch
190
00:11:35,569 --> 00:11:40,157
and just be amazed
at the opulence or the beauty.
191
00:11:40,241 --> 00:11:44,995
On the other hand, if the whole notion
of monarchy is disturbing to you,
192
00:11:45,079 --> 00:11:47,248
then you're not going
to find it beautiful.
193
00:11:48,958 --> 00:11:54,213
How to get a sense of what certain people
find satisfying is really hard,
194
00:11:54,296 --> 00:11:55,548
which is why scientists
195
00:11:55,631 --> 00:11:59,593
generally tend to focus on the things
that most people get pleasure out of.
196
00:12:00,219 --> 00:12:02,346
[narrator] There isn't robust research yet
197
00:12:02,430 --> 00:12:05,725
to explain why some people
see beauty in this...
198
00:12:06,142 --> 00:12:07,059
or this...
199
00:12:08,394 --> 00:12:09,478
or this...
200
00:12:10,479 --> 00:12:12,982
But researchers studying the brain
201
00:12:13,065 --> 00:12:15,776
during moments
of peak aesthetic experience
202
00:12:15,860 --> 00:12:20,948
believe they may have found a clue
in an area of the brain called the DMN.
203
00:12:21,449 --> 00:12:26,036
The DMN is the Default Mode Network.
204
00:12:26,120 --> 00:12:29,665
So you can almost think of it
as the idling state of the brain.
205
00:12:30,082 --> 00:12:31,083
[narrator] In brain scans
206
00:12:31,167 --> 00:12:34,962
when people are asked to do
a task or think about something specific,
207
00:12:35,045 --> 00:12:37,423
this area of the brain quiets down.
208
00:12:37,965 --> 00:12:42,470
The DMN actually lights up
when we aren't doing a specific task
209
00:12:42,553 --> 00:12:44,555
and our minds turn inward.
210
00:12:45,222 --> 00:12:49,268
They probably reflect
a kind of internal state,
211
00:12:49,351 --> 00:12:52,313
when you're kind of spacing out,
when you're mind's wandering,
212
00:12:52,396 --> 00:12:53,689
when you're self-reflective.
213
00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:56,192
[narrator] In a few recent experiments,
214
00:12:56,275 --> 00:13:01,071
people were presented with images of art
from a variety of cultural traditions.
215
00:13:01,572 --> 00:13:03,616
And something surprising happened.
216
00:13:03,699 --> 00:13:07,036
The DMN region in their brains lit up.
217
00:13:07,119 --> 00:13:08,871
But, only when they were looking
218
00:13:08,954 --> 00:13:11,582
at the paintings
they said moved them the most.
219
00:13:11,665 --> 00:13:16,170
It is triggering
a whole set of associations
220
00:13:16,253 --> 00:13:17,880
and thoughts in our own brain,
221
00:13:17,963 --> 00:13:20,716
which is a kind of free play
of our own imagination.
222
00:13:21,133 --> 00:13:23,385
[narrator] The researchers
believe this is evidence
223
00:13:23,469 --> 00:13:25,095
that our experience of beauty
224
00:13:25,179 --> 00:13:29,809
involves connecting our senses
and emotions with something personal.
225
00:13:29,892 --> 00:13:31,393
Our sense of self.
226
00:13:31,477 --> 00:13:35,481
There's something
about being moved by paintings
227
00:13:35,564 --> 00:13:38,442
that forces us to be self-reflective.
228
00:13:38,526 --> 00:13:40,528
That may be the biologic signature
229
00:13:40,611 --> 00:13:44,073
of what it means
to feel moved by a painting.
230
00:13:44,156 --> 00:13:48,202
[narrator] Which could help explain
why we're draw to and moved by
231
00:13:48,285 --> 00:13:52,581
the same kind of images,
even as our memories slip away.
232
00:13:52,665 --> 00:13:55,835
There's been research that suggests
that people with dementia
233
00:13:55,918 --> 00:13:58,254
continue to have the same taste in art
234
00:13:58,337 --> 00:14:00,923
as they had all their lives.
235
00:14:01,423 --> 00:14:03,592
In an experiment from 2008,
236
00:14:03,676 --> 00:14:07,972
20 people with Alzheimer's disease
were shown a range of paintings.
237
00:14:08,055 --> 00:14:12,434
Some were representational,
like "People in the Sun" by Edward Hopper.
238
00:14:12,518 --> 00:14:15,813
Some, less so,
like Picasso's "Weeping Woman."
239
00:14:16,355 --> 00:14:20,484
And others were totally abstract,
like "Composition" by Mondrian.
240
00:14:21,360 --> 00:14:25,114
The patients were asked to rank
the paintings in order of preference.
241
00:14:25,614 --> 00:14:28,033
Two weeks later,
they were given the same task.
242
00:14:28,534 --> 00:14:30,703
When asked to rank the original paintings,
243
00:14:30,786 --> 00:14:33,706
they put them in largely
the same order as before.
244
00:14:37,334 --> 00:14:39,461
Our sense of beauty is deep.
245
00:14:39,545 --> 00:14:41,881
[woman] I thought
that Randy's was beautiful.
246
00:14:41,964 --> 00:14:44,967
-[applause]
-And she has a great sense of color.
247
00:14:45,467 --> 00:14:50,097
[narrator] And for people with dementia,
making art can be powerful therapy.
248
00:14:50,180 --> 00:14:54,643
[woman] I find the color is
the thing that sticks out the most for me.
249
00:14:54,727 --> 00:14:56,353
Then, the feeling of movement.
250
00:14:56,937 --> 00:14:58,939
I love movement in painting.
251
00:14:59,023 --> 00:15:00,691
What else do we see in here?
252
00:15:00,774 --> 00:15:02,526
[woman 2] I see the sun.
253
00:15:02,610 --> 00:15:04,486
I have Lewy body dementia.
254
00:15:05,029 --> 00:15:08,782
And for me, it was a big shock.
I'm sure it is for everybody.
255
00:15:09,950 --> 00:15:12,119
We all suffer from memory loss.
256
00:15:12,786 --> 00:15:17,541
Different degrees depending on the person
and how long they've suffered with this.
257
00:15:18,375 --> 00:15:23,589
I think that, to the extent we retain
our preferences for certain kinds of art,
258
00:15:23,672 --> 00:15:25,090
or certain pieces of art,
259
00:15:25,591 --> 00:15:28,552
it means that those pieces
speak to us in a deep way.
260
00:15:29,053 --> 00:15:32,389
To me, it's so wonderful
to watch people painting.
261
00:15:32,473 --> 00:15:33,474
-[applause]
-[woman] Whoo!
262
00:15:33,974 --> 00:15:36,352
[Mittelman]
Look at their faces. They come alive.
263
00:15:37,394 --> 00:15:40,481
People with dementia,
as well as the rest of us.
264
00:15:40,564 --> 00:15:45,736
Imagine a scenario where we were
all wearing exactly the same clothes.
265
00:15:46,570 --> 00:15:48,197
Every meal had no taste.
266
00:15:48,989 --> 00:15:51,909
That our houses were all uniform.
267
00:15:51,992 --> 00:15:54,286
Is that a world anybody
would want to live in?
268
00:15:54,370 --> 00:15:58,749
The absence of beauty,
the absence of surrounding ourselves
269
00:15:58,832 --> 00:16:00,084
with aesthetic experiences,
270
00:16:00,167 --> 00:16:03,462
I think, just makes
for a very impoverished life.
271
00:16:10,219 --> 00:16:11,053
Perfect.
272
00:16:11,136 --> 00:16:13,138
[theme music playing]