1
00:00:00,800 --> 00:00:05,137
[horse neighing]
>> THE MEDIEVAL ERA HAS

2
00:00:05,139 --> 00:00:07,973
>> THE MEDIEVAL ERA HAS
ALWAYS FIRED MY IMAGINATION.

3
00:00:07,975 --> 00:00:09,942
ALWAYS FIRED MY IMAGINATION.
A WORLD OF LEGEND, KNIGHTS, AND

4
00:00:09,944 --> 00:00:11,076
A WORLD OF LEGEND, KNIGHTS, AND
CASTLES.

5
00:00:11,078 --> 00:00:12,544
CASTLES.
A TIME OF JOUSTS AND HEROIC

6
00:00:12,546 --> 00:00:14,313
A TIME OF JOUSTS AND HEROIC
BATTLES.

7
00:00:14,315 --> 00:00:15,781
BATTLES.
BUT IT WAS ALSO A TIME OF

8
00:00:15,783 --> 00:00:17,950
BUT IT WAS ALSO A TIME OF
BUILDING, A TIME OF CHANGE,

9
00:00:17,952 --> 00:00:22,054
BUILDING, A TIME OF CHANGE,
AND A TIME OF INNOVATION.

10
00:00:22,056 --> 00:00:23,589
AND A TIME OF INNOVATION.
MY NAME IS MIKE LOADES,

11
00:00:23,591 --> 00:00:25,424
MY NAME IS MIKE LOADES,
AND I'VE SPENT MY LIFE TRYING TO

12
00:00:25,426 --> 00:00:26,892
AND I'VE SPENT MY LIFE TRYING TO
UNDERSTAND THE PAST BY

13
00:00:26,894 --> 00:00:30,529
UNDERSTAND THE PAST BY
EXPERIENCING IT.

14
00:00:30,531 --> 00:00:31,897
EXPERIENCING IT.
I'M AN HISTORIAN WHO BELIEVES

15
00:00:31,899 --> 00:00:33,098
I'M AN HISTORIAN WHO BELIEVES
THAT WHEN YOU GET YOUR HANDS ON

16
00:00:33,100 --> 00:00:34,867
THAT WHEN YOU GET YOUR HANDS ON
THE PAST, YOU DISCOVER WHAT A

17
00:00:34,869 --> 00:00:37,036
THE PAST, YOU DISCOVER WHAT A
SURPRISING PLACE IT WAS.

18
00:00:37,038 --> 00:00:38,670
SURPRISING PLACE IT WAS.
A WORLD WITH FAMILIAR CHALLENGES

19
00:00:38,672 --> 00:00:41,407
A WORLD WITH FAMILIAR CHALLENGES
BUT VERY DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS.

20
00:00:43,910 --> 00:00:48,881
I'M GOING ON A JOURNEY
TO EXPLORE THE MEDIEVAL WORLD.

21
00:00:48,883 --> 00:00:50,716
TO EXPLORE THE MEDIEVAL WORLD.
A WORLD THAT SPANNED A THOUSAND

22
00:00:50,718 --> 00:00:52,418
A WORLD THAT SPANNED A THOUSAND
YEARS, FROM THE FALL OF THE

23
00:00:52,420 --> 00:00:54,586
YEARS, FROM THE FALL OF THE
ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE RENAISSANCE.

24
00:00:54,588 --> 00:00:55,621
ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE RENAISSANCE.
FLY!

25
00:00:55,623 --> 00:00:56,789
FLY!
I WANT TO GET AS CLOSE AS

26
00:00:56,791 --> 00:00:59,291
I WANT TO GET AS CLOSE AS
POSSIBLE TO THE EVERYDAY LIVES

27
00:00:59,293 --> 00:01:01,827
POSSIBLE TO THE EVERYDAY LIVES
OF ORDINARY PEOPLE...

28
00:01:02,662 --> 00:01:05,264
AND TO TAKE PART IN THE PURSUITS
OF THE NOBILITY.

29
00:01:05,266 --> 00:01:07,132
OF THE NOBILITY.
[horn blaring]

30
00:01:07,134 --> 00:01:08,934
[horn blaring]
I'M GOING TO EXPERIENCE WHAT IT

31
00:01:08,936 --> 00:01:10,569
I'M GOING TO EXPERIENCE WHAT IT
WAS LIKE TO LIVE IN THIS

32
00:01:10,571 --> 00:01:11,937
WAS LIKE TO LIVE IN THIS
FASCINATING PERIOD OF OUR

33
00:01:11,939 --> 00:01:12,905
FASCINATING PERIOD OF OUR
HISTORY.

34
00:01:12,907 --> 00:01:14,373
HISTORY.
[sword clanking]

35
00:01:14,375 --> 00:01:15,641
[sword clanking]
SOME OF IT WILL BE EVERYDAY

36
00:01:15,643 --> 00:01:16,608
SOME OF IT WILL BE EVERYDAY
DETAILS.

37
00:01:16,610 --> 00:01:20,279
DETAILS.
SOME OF IT WILL BE SPECTACULAR.

38
00:01:20,281 --> 00:01:23,916
SOME OF IT WILL BE SPECTACULAR.
IT WILL ALL BE 100% AUTHENTIC.

39
00:01:23,918 --> 00:01:25,918
IT WILL ALL BE 100% AUTHENTIC.
CLEAR!

40
00:01:44,671 --> 00:01:49,308
I'M GOING MEDIEVAL.
I'M FOCUSING ON THE 1200s AND

41
00:01:49,310 --> 00:01:51,810
I'M FOCUSING ON THE 1200s AND
1300s, WHICH FOR ME IS THE HIGH

42
00:01:51,812 --> 00:01:53,512
1300s, WHICH FOR ME IS THE HIGH
POINT OF THE PERIOD,

43
00:01:53,514 --> 00:01:54,746
POINT OF THE PERIOD,
AND I'M STARTING WITH A CLASSIC

44
00:01:54,748 --> 00:01:58,350
AND I'M STARTING WITH A CLASSIC
IMAGE: THE CASTLE.

45
00:01:58,352 --> 00:01:59,952
IMAGE: THE CASTLE.
EARLY CASTLES WERE WEAPONS OF

46
00:01:59,954 --> 00:02:01,620
EARLY CASTLES WERE WEAPONS OF
INTIMIDATION AND ATTACK.

47
00:02:01,622 --> 00:02:03,255
INTIMIDATION AND ATTACK.
THEY WEREN'T JUST ABOUT DEFENSE,

48
00:02:03,257 --> 00:02:06,658
THEY WEREN'T JUST ABOUT DEFENSE,
AND THEY WEREN'T MADE OF STONE.

49
00:02:06,660 --> 00:02:07,793
AND THEY WEREN'T MADE OF STONE.
THE FIRST CASTLES WERE LIKE

50
00:02:07,795 --> 00:02:08,794
THE FIRST CASTLES WERE LIKE
THIS.

51
00:02:08,796 --> 00:02:10,629
THIS.
ON HIGH MOUNDS WITH WOODEN

52
00:02:10,631 --> 00:02:12,664
ON HIGH MOUNDS WITH WOODEN
TOWERS, SURROUNDED BY A WOODEN

53
00:02:12,666 --> 00:02:14,433
TOWERS, SURROUNDED BY A WOODEN
PALISADE FENCE.

54
00:02:14,435 --> 00:02:15,968
PALISADE FENCE.
IN FACT, THEY WERE VERY LIKE THE

55
00:02:15,970 --> 00:02:18,537
IN FACT, THEY WERE VERY LIKE THE
AMERICAN FORTS OF THE 1800s.

56
00:02:18,539 --> 00:02:19,771
AMERICAN FORTS OF THE 1800s.
AND THAT'S WHAT THEY WERE.

57
00:02:19,773 --> 00:02:21,173
AND THAT'S WHAT THEY WERE.
THEY WERE CAVALRY FORTS.

58
00:02:21,175 --> 00:02:22,774
THEY WERE CAVALRY FORTS.
AND THEY CAME INTO BEING ABOUT

59
00:02:22,776 --> 00:02:25,210
AND THEY CAME INTO BEING ABOUT
A THOUSAND YEARS AGO WITH A NEW

60
00:02:25,212 --> 00:02:27,279
A THOUSAND YEARS AGO WITH A NEW
TYPE OF WARRIOR: THE KNIGHT.

61
00:02:27,281 --> 00:02:29,448
TYPE OF WARRIOR: THE KNIGHT.
A HORSE-BORNE WARRIOR WHO RODE A

62
00:02:29,450 --> 00:02:33,485
A HORSE-BORNE WARRIOR WHO RODE A
PROUD, SPIRITED WARHORSE.

63
00:02:33,487 --> 00:02:35,554
PROUD, SPIRITED WARHORSE.
AND WARHORSES NEED FEED.

64
00:02:35,556 --> 00:02:36,655
AND WARHORSES NEED FEED.
THEY NEEDED SHELTER.

65
00:02:36,657 --> 00:02:38,157
THEY NEEDED SHELTER.
THEY NEEDED VETERINARY CARE.

66
00:02:38,159 --> 00:02:39,658
THEY NEEDED VETERINARY CARE.
THEY NEEDED A BASE.

67
00:02:39,660 --> 00:02:41,527
THEY NEEDED A BASE.
AND THESE BASES WERE AIRCRAFT

68
00:02:41,529 --> 00:02:44,129
AND THESE BASES WERE AIRCRAFT
CARRIERS FOR HORSES.

69
00:02:44,131 --> 00:02:45,564
CARRIERS FOR HORSES.
YOU DEPLOY YOUR FLEET OF WOODEN

70
00:02:45,566 --> 00:02:47,099
YOU DEPLOY YOUR FLEET OF WOODEN
CASTLES DEEP INTO ENEMY

71
00:02:47,101 --> 00:02:48,500
CASTLES DEEP INTO ENEMY
TERRITORY AS YOU PUSHED EVER

72
00:02:48,502 --> 00:02:50,969
TERRITORY AS YOU PUSHED EVER
FORWARD INTO LANDS OF CONQUEST.

73
00:02:50,971 --> 00:02:52,638
FORWARD INTO LANDS OF CONQUEST.
AND FROM HERE, I CAN CONTROL THE

74
00:02:52,640 --> 00:02:54,606
AND FROM HERE, I CAN CONTROL THE
LAND FOR 10, 15 MILES--

75
00:02:54,608 --> 00:02:55,774
LAND FOR 10, 15 MILES--
THE LAND THAT I CAN SEND A

76
00:02:55,776 --> 00:02:57,342
THE LAND THAT I CAN SEND A
PATROL OUT AND GET BACK BEFORE

77
00:02:57,344 --> 00:02:58,110
PATROL OUT AND GET BACK BEFORE
NIGHTFALL.

78
00:02:58,112 --> 00:03:00,112
NIGHTFALL.
[clicks tongue]

79
00:03:03,316 --> 00:03:09,655
BUT WHO WERE THESE KNIGHTS?
THE POPULAR, ROMANTIC IMAGE IS

80
00:03:09,657 --> 00:03:11,723
THE POPULAR, ROMANTIC IMAGE IS
OF THE KNIGHT IN SHINING ARMOR,

81
00:03:11,725 --> 00:03:13,525
OF THE KNIGHT IN SHINING ARMOR,
WHO SPENDS HIS TIME JOUSTING AND

82
00:03:13,527 --> 00:03:15,093
WHO SPENDS HIS TIME JOUSTING AND
WOOING LADIES.

83
00:03:15,095 --> 00:03:16,562
WOOING LADIES.
THERE IS SOME TRUTH IN THAT,

84
00:03:16,564 --> 00:03:18,730
THERE IS SOME TRUTH IN THAT,
BUT FIRST AND FOREMOST, A KNIGHT

85
00:03:18,732 --> 00:03:20,732
BUT FIRST AND FOREMOST, A KNIGHT
WAS A SOLDIER.

86
00:03:20,734 --> 00:03:22,234
WAS A SOLDIER.
THE CULT OF KNIGHTHOOD WAS

87
00:03:22,236 --> 00:03:24,703
THE CULT OF KNIGHTHOOD WAS
CENTERED AND FOUNDED ON THE

88
00:03:24,705 --> 00:03:27,105
CENTERED AND FOUNDED ON THE
ELITE HORSE-BORNE WARRIOR.

89
00:03:27,107 --> 00:03:29,308
ELITE HORSE-BORNE WARRIOR.
FIRST WEAPON OF ATTACK WAS THE

90
00:03:29,310 --> 00:03:30,175
FIRST WEAPON OF ATTACK WAS THE
LANCE.

91
00:03:30,177 --> 00:03:31,877
LANCE.
KNIGHTS WERE SHOCK TROOPS,

92
00:03:31,879 --> 00:03:33,779
KNIGHTS WERE SHOCK TROOPS,
SMASHING THEIR WAY TO VICTORY

93
00:03:33,781 --> 00:03:35,280
SMASHING THEIR WAY TO VICTORY
WITH THE IMPACT CHARGE.

94
00:03:35,282 --> 00:03:35,948
WITH THE IMPACT CHARGE.
HA!

95
00:03:35,950 --> 00:03:37,482
HA!
BUT KNIGHTS, ESPECIALLY IN

96
00:03:37,484 --> 00:03:39,284
BUT KNIGHTS, ESPECIALLY IN
ENGLAND, FOUGHT AS OFTEN ON FOOT

97
00:03:39,286 --> 00:03:41,286
ENGLAND, FOUGHT AS OFTEN ON FOOT
AS THEY DID ON HORSE.

98
00:03:41,854 --> 00:03:45,724
[thrilling music]
♪ ♪

99
00:03:46,159 --> 00:03:49,528
A GROUP OF MY FRIENDS, ALL
EXPERTS IN A RANGE OF HISTORICAL

100
00:03:49,530 --> 00:03:51,430
EXPERTS IN A RANGE OF HISTORICAL
SKILLS, ARE GOING MEDIEVAL WITH

101
00:03:51,432 --> 00:03:53,565
SKILLS, ARE GOING MEDIEVAL WITH
ME TO HELP ME UNCOVER THE

102
00:03:53,567 --> 00:03:56,335
ME TO HELP ME UNCOVER THE
REALITY OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD.

103
00:03:56,337 --> 00:03:58,804
REALITY OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD.
KNIGHTS WERE THE MILITARY ELITE.

104
00:03:58,806 --> 00:03:59,972
KNIGHTS WERE THE MILITARY ELITE.
AND THAT DIDN'T CHANGE WHETHER

105
00:03:59,974 --> 00:04:04,109
AND THAT DIDN'T CHANGE WHETHER
THEY FOUGHT MOUNTED OR ON FOOT.

106
00:04:04,111 --> 00:04:06,111
THEY FOUGHT MOUNTED OR ON FOOT.
ABOVE ALL ELSE, THE WERE CRACK

107
00:04:06,113 --> 00:04:08,380
ABOVE ALL ELSE, THE WERE CRACK
TROOPS, AND THAT MEANT CONSTANT,

108
00:04:08,382 --> 00:04:10,983
TROOPS, AND THAT MEANT CONSTANT,
HARD TRAINING.

109
00:04:10,985 --> 00:04:12,918
HARD TRAINING.
THE TRAINING WAS EXHAUSTING.

110
00:04:12,920 --> 00:04:14,953
THE TRAINING WAS EXHAUSTING.
THE FRENCH KNIGHT BUSICO SAID,

111
00:04:14,955 --> 00:04:16,455
THE FRENCH KNIGHT BUSICO SAID,
"YOU SHOULD RUN AT LEAST A MILE

112
00:04:16,457 --> 00:04:20,959
"YOU SHOULD RUN AT LEAST A MILE
A DAY IN YOUR HEAVY MAIL SHIRT.

113
00:04:20,961 --> 00:04:22,794
A DAY IN YOUR HEAVY MAIL SHIRT.
KNIGHTS TRAINED EVERY DAY TO

114
00:04:22,796 --> 00:04:24,763
KNIGHTS TRAINED EVERY DAY TO
ACCUSTOM THEMSELVES TO THE GRUNT

115
00:04:24,765 --> 00:04:27,599
ACCUSTOM THEMSELVES TO THE GRUNT
AND SWEAT OF WEARING ARMOR.

116
00:04:30,036 --> 00:04:32,971
[wooden swords knocking]

117
00:04:34,874 --> 00:04:37,442
THIS IS THE PELL.
THIS STOUT WOODEN POST IS THE

118
00:04:37,444 --> 00:04:38,944
THIS STOUT WOODEN POST IS THE
MEDIEVAL EQUIVALENT OF THE

119
00:04:38,946 --> 00:04:42,748
MEDIEVAL EQUIVALENT OF THE
BOXER'S PUNCH BAG.

120
00:04:42,750 --> 00:04:44,049
BOXER'S PUNCH BAG.
THEY'RE WORKING THE PELL WITH

121
00:04:44,051 --> 00:04:45,117
THEY'RE WORKING THE PELL WITH
WOODEN SWORDS.

122
00:04:45,119 --> 00:04:46,351
WOODEN SWORDS.
MANY OF THE TEXTS TELL US THAT

123
00:04:46,353 --> 00:04:47,452
MANY OF THE TEXTS TELL US THAT
THE WOODEN SWORDS WOULD BE

124
00:04:47,454 --> 00:04:49,821
THE WOODEN SWORDS WOULD BE
DOUBLE THE WEIGHT OF THE STEEL

125
00:04:49,823 --> 00:04:50,455
DOUBLE THE WEIGHT OF THE STEEL
SWORD.

126
00:04:50,457 --> 00:04:51,757
SWORD.
SO THIS IS NOT AN EASY OPTION.

127
00:04:51,759 --> 00:04:53,091
SO THIS IS NOT AN EASY OPTION.
THIS IS TO BUILD UP YOUR

128
00:04:53,093 --> 00:04:55,093
THIS IS TO BUILD UP YOUR
STRENGTH AND YOUR STAMINA.

129
00:04:57,397 --> 00:05:00,699
IN BATTLE, FIGHTING WAS HARD,
VICIOUS, AND BRUTAL, AND

130
00:05:00,701 --> 00:05:02,768
VICIOUS, AND BRUTAL, AND
KNIGHTS, TOUGH FIGHTING MEN,

131
00:05:02,770 --> 00:05:04,469
KNIGHTS, TOUGH FIGHTING MEN,
FOUGHT WITH EVERY MEANS AT THEIR

132
00:05:04,471 --> 00:05:07,139
FOUGHT WITH EVERY MEANS AT THEIR
DISPOSAL.

133
00:05:07,141 --> 00:05:08,340
DISPOSAL.
THEY'RE USING THEIR SHIELDS TO

134
00:05:08,342 --> 00:05:10,242
THEY'RE USING THEIR SHIELDS TO
FIGHT WITH, FOR BODY CHECKS.

135
00:05:10,244 --> 00:05:11,610
FIGHT WITH, FOR BODY CHECKS.
THEY CAN USE THEM WITH THE EDGE

136
00:05:11,612 --> 00:05:12,244
THEY CAN USE THEM WITH THE EDGE
OF THE SHIELD.

137
00:05:12,246 --> 00:05:13,345
OF THE SHIELD.
BUT, OF COURSE, THE SHIELD ON

138
00:05:13,347 --> 00:05:15,047
BUT, OF COURSE, THE SHIELD ON
THE BATTLEFIELD IS REALLY THERE

139
00:05:15,049 --> 00:05:17,015
THE BATTLEFIELD IS REALLY THERE
TO PROTECT YOU AGAINST ARCHERS.

140
00:05:17,017 --> 00:05:17,749
TO PROTECT YOU AGAINST ARCHERS.
THAT'S WHY YOU'RE REALLY

141
00:05:17,751 --> 00:05:18,684
THAT'S WHY YOU'RE REALLY
CARRYING THIS.

142
00:05:18,686 --> 00:05:20,552
CARRYING THIS.
BUT IN A TIGHT PRESS OF MEN,

143
00:05:20,554 --> 00:05:22,521
BUT IN A TIGHT PRESS OF MEN,
IT ALSO BECOMES A WEAPON.

144
00:05:22,523 --> 00:05:25,490
IT ALSO BECOMES A WEAPON.
[swords clanking]

145
00:05:31,130 --> 00:05:34,733
KNIGHTS TRAINED HARD TO MASTER
A RANGE OF ALL-IN FIGHTING

146
00:05:34,735 --> 00:05:36,568
A RANGE OF ALL-IN FIGHTING
TECHNIQUES.

147
00:05:36,570 --> 00:05:37,969
TECHNIQUES.
WRESTLING GRIPS AND HOLDS WERE

148
00:05:37,971 --> 00:05:40,539
WRESTLING GRIPS AND HOLDS WERE
AN ESSENTIAL PART OF MEDIEVAL

149
00:05:40,541 --> 00:05:41,873
AN ESSENTIAL PART OF MEDIEVAL
SWORD FIGHTING.

150
00:05:41,875 --> 00:05:43,041
SWORD FIGHTING.
[grunting]

151
00:05:43,043 --> 00:05:44,576
[grunting]
GRIPPING THE BLADE TO USE THE

152
00:05:44,578 --> 00:05:46,378
GRIPPING THE BLADE TO USE THE
SWORD AT HALF SWORD.

153
00:05:46,380 --> 00:05:47,979
SWORD AT HALF SWORD.
FROM HERE, I CAN PULL HIS SWORD

154
00:05:47,981 --> 00:05:49,314
FROM HERE, I CAN PULL HIS SWORD
OUT OF THE WAY, I CAN GO FOR HIS

155
00:05:49,316 --> 00:05:50,816
OUT OF THE WAY, I CAN GO FOR HIS
FACE, SMASHING HIS TEETH OUT,

156
00:05:50,818 --> 00:05:52,617
FACE, SMASHING HIS TEETH OUT,
OR I COULD TRIP HIM WITH THE

157
00:05:52,619 --> 00:05:53,618
OR I COULD TRIP HIM WITH THE
CROSSGUARD.

158
00:05:53,620 --> 00:05:55,587
CROSSGUARD.
[grunting]

159
00:05:55,589 --> 00:05:56,888
[grunting]
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IN A BATTLE

160
00:05:56,890 --> 00:05:58,490
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IN A BATTLE
IS, THE CRUSH OF MEN FROM EITHER

161
00:05:58,492 --> 00:06:00,425
IS, THE CRUSH OF MEN FROM EITHER
SIDE SQUEEZES YOU IN.

162
00:06:00,427 --> 00:06:02,361
SIDE SQUEEZES YOU IN.
THEN WE'RE PUSHING THEM BACK.

163
00:06:02,363 --> 00:06:03,528
THEN WE'RE PUSHING THEM BACK.
THEY'RE GETTING CLOSER AND

164
00:06:03,530 --> 00:06:04,796
THEY'RE GETTING CLOSER AND
CLOSER, AND EVENTUALLY THEY'RE

165
00:06:04,798 --> 00:06:06,398
CLOSER, AND EVENTUALLY THEY'RE
IN A TIGHT MELEE, AND FINALLY

166
00:06:06,400 --> 00:06:08,066
IN A TIGHT MELEE, AND FINALLY
THEY HAVE NO CHOICE BUT TO FALL

167
00:06:08,068 --> 00:06:10,736
THEY HAVE NO CHOICE BUT TO FALL
TO GRIPS AND GRAPPLES.

168
00:06:10,738 --> 00:06:11,937
TO GRIPS AND GRAPPLES.
WRESTLING TECHNIQUES WERE OF

169
00:06:11,939 --> 00:06:13,905
WRESTLING TECHNIQUES WERE OF
PARTICULAR USE WHEN KNIGHT CAME

170
00:06:13,907 --> 00:06:15,107
PARTICULAR USE WHEN KNIGHT CAME
UP AGAINST KNIGHT ON THE

171
00:06:15,109 --> 00:06:16,241
UP AGAINST KNIGHT ON THE
BATTLEFIELD.

172
00:06:16,243 --> 00:06:17,676
BATTLEFIELD.
THEY HAD THEIR OWN CODE OF

173
00:06:17,678 --> 00:06:19,277
THEY HAD THEIR OWN CODE OF
HONOR: CHIVALRY.

174
00:06:19,279 --> 00:06:20,779
HONOR: CHIVALRY.
AND MY SPARRING PARTNER,

175
00:06:20,781 --> 00:06:22,881
AND MY SPARRING PARTNER,
DR. TOBIAS CAPWELL, IS AN EXPERT

176
00:06:22,883 --> 00:06:24,649
DR. TOBIAS CAPWELL, IS AN EXPERT
IN THE RULES.

177
00:06:24,651 --> 00:06:25,817
IN THE RULES.
>> KNIGHTS ARE FIGHTING OTHER

178
00:06:25,819 --> 00:06:27,819
>> KNIGHTS ARE FIGHTING OTHER
KNIGHTS; OTHER EQUALS OF THE

179
00:06:27,821 --> 00:06:29,187
KNIGHTS; OTHER EQUALS OF THE
SAME SOCIAL CLASS,

180
00:06:29,189 --> 00:06:30,722
SAME SOCIAL CLASS,
AND WITHIN THE BROTHERHOOD OF

181
00:06:30,724 --> 00:06:32,891
AND WITHIN THE BROTHERHOOD OF
CHIVALRY, YOU DON'T NECESSARILY

182
00:06:32,893 --> 00:06:35,594
CHIVALRY, YOU DON'T NECESSARILY
WANT TO HAVE TO KILL YOUR SOCIAL

183
00:06:35,596 --> 00:06:36,762
WANT TO HAVE TO KILL YOUR SOCIAL
EQUALS ALL THE TIME.

184
00:06:36,764 --> 00:06:38,096
EQUALS ALL THE TIME.
YOU HAVE THE PROCESS OF

185
00:06:38,098 --> 00:06:38,864
YOU HAVE THE PROCESS OF
RANSOMING.

186
00:06:38,866 --> 00:06:40,332
RANSOMING.
YOU CAN FORCE THEM TO YIELD TO

187
00:06:40,334 --> 00:06:42,467
YOU CAN FORCE THEM TO YIELD TO
YOU, THEY BECOME YOUR PRISONER,

188
00:06:42,469 --> 00:06:44,069
YOU, THEY BECOME YOUR PRISONER,
AND THEN YOU CAN SELL THEM BACK

189
00:06:44,071 --> 00:06:45,036
AND THEN YOU CAN SELL THEM BACK
TO THEIR FAMILY FOR AN

190
00:06:45,038 --> 00:06:46,371
TO THEIR FAMILY FOR AN
EXTRAORDINARY PROFIT, BUT

191
00:06:46,373 --> 00:06:48,507
EXTRAORDINARY PROFIT, BUT
THEY'RE NOT GONNA YIELD EASILY.

192
00:06:48,509 --> 00:06:49,808
THEY'RE NOT GONNA YIELD EASILY.
>> YOU'VE GOT TO DEFEAT THEM

193
00:06:49,810 --> 00:06:51,910
>> YOU'VE GOT TO DEFEAT THEM
BUT NOT KILL THEM.

194
00:06:54,380 --> 00:06:56,882
OH, YEAH, I SEE.
>> NOW I'VE GOT YOU IN AN

195
00:06:56,884 --> 00:06:58,016
>> NOW I'VE GOT YOU IN AN
ARM-BREAKING POSITION.

196
00:06:58,018 --> 00:06:59,084
ARM-BREAKING POSITION.
>> HE COULD BREAK MY

197
00:06:59,086 --> 00:06:59,751
>> HE COULD BREAK MY
ARM.

198
00:06:59,753 --> 00:07:00,852
ARM.
I CAN FEEL THAT HE CAN BREAK MY

199
00:07:00,854 --> 00:07:01,486
I CAN FEEL THAT HE CAN BREAK MY
ARM.

200
00:07:01,488 --> 00:07:02,354
ARM.
>> I CAN MAKE IT WORSE AND WORSE

201
00:07:02,356 --> 00:07:03,422
>> I CAN MAKE IT WORSE AND WORSE
UNTIL--

202
00:07:03,424 --> 00:07:04,322
UNTIL--
>> I YIELD.

203
00:07:04,324 --> 00:07:05,690
>> I YIELD.
AND THEN I GIVE YOU MY WORD.

204
00:07:05,692 --> 00:07:07,526
AND THEN I GIVE YOU MY WORD.
I YIELD, I AM NOW YOUR PRISONER.

205
00:07:07,528 --> 00:07:08,226
I YIELD, I AM NOW YOUR PRISONER.
YOU CAN LET ME UP.

206
00:07:08,228 --> 00:07:08,927
YOU CAN LET ME UP.
>> FINE.

207
00:07:08,929 --> 00:07:09,895
>> FINE.
>> [laughs]

208
00:07:09,897 --> 00:07:12,164
>> [laughs]
CHIVALRY WORKS WITH PEOPLE OF

209
00:07:12,166 --> 00:07:13,565
CHIVALRY WORKS WITH PEOPLE OF
THE SAME CLASS.

210
00:07:13,567 --> 00:07:14,232
THE SAME CLASS.
OF COURSE, IF HE DOESN'T

211
00:07:14,234 --> 00:07:15,967
OF COURSE, IF HE DOESN'T
PERCEIVE I AM HIS SAME SOCIAL

212
00:07:15,969 --> 00:07:17,302
PERCEIVE I AM HIS SAME SOCIAL
CLASS, THEN CHIVALRY DOESN'T

213
00:07:17,304 --> 00:07:19,104
CLASS, THEN CHIVALRY DOESN'T
WORK AND HE DROPS ME TO THE

214
00:07:19,106 --> 00:07:20,572
WORK AND HE DROPS ME TO THE
DIRT.

215
00:07:20,574 --> 00:07:22,007
DIRT.
KNIGHTS WERE ICONS OF THE

216
00:07:22,009 --> 00:07:24,142
KNIGHTS WERE ICONS OF THE
MEDIEVAL AGE, BUT AN EQUALLY

217
00:07:24,144 --> 00:07:26,812
MEDIEVAL AGE, BUT AN EQUALLY
POWERFUL IMAGE WAS THE CASTLE.

218
00:07:26,814 --> 00:07:28,480
POWERFUL IMAGE WAS THE CASTLE.
CASTLES CONJURE UP BOTH THE

219
00:07:28,482 --> 00:07:31,850
CASTLES CONJURE UP BOTH THE
ROMANCE AND DREAD OF THE PERIOD.

220
00:07:37,890 --> 00:07:40,425
[speaking French]
[clicks tongue]

221
00:07:40,427 --> 00:07:41,593
[clicks tongue]
BUT I'M NOT JUST GOING TO LOOK

222
00:07:41,595 --> 00:07:43,595
BUT I'M NOT JUST GOING TO LOOK
ROUND AN OLD CASTLE.

223
00:07:43,597 --> 00:07:45,530
ROUND AN OLD CASTLE.
I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO HELP BUILD

224
00:07:45,532 --> 00:07:47,532
I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO HELP BUILD
A NEW ONE.

225
00:07:50,770 --> 00:07:56,208
WHOA.
THIS IS GUEDELON IN FRANCE.

226
00:07:56,210 --> 00:07:57,943
THIS IS GUEDELON IN FRANCE.
A SMALL TEAM OF EXPERTS ARE

227
00:07:57,945 --> 00:08:00,912
A SMALL TEAM OF EXPERTS ARE
15 YEARS INTO A UNIQUE PROJECT.

228
00:08:00,914 --> 00:08:03,014
15 YEARS INTO A UNIQUE PROJECT.
THEY'RE BUILDING A FULL-SIZED

229
00:08:03,016 --> 00:08:05,150
THEY'RE BUILDING A FULL-SIZED
MEDIEVAL CASTLE FROM THE GROUND

230
00:08:05,152 --> 00:08:06,585
MEDIEVAL CASTLE FROM THE GROUND
UP.

231
00:08:06,587 --> 00:08:07,686
UP.
THERE'S NOTHING ELSE IN THE

232
00:08:07,688 --> 00:08:08,820
THERE'S NOTHING ELSE IN THE
WORLD LIKE IT.

233
00:08:08,822 --> 00:08:10,489
WORLD LIKE IT.
THESE CRAFTSMEN USE ONLY

234
00:08:10,491 --> 00:08:12,858
THESE CRAFTSMEN USE ONLY
AUTHENTIC MATERIALS AND MEDIEVAL

235
00:08:12,860 --> 00:08:14,593
AUTHENTIC MATERIALS AND MEDIEVAL
BUILDING TECHNIQUES.

236
00:08:14,595 --> 00:08:16,595
BUILDING TECHNIQUES.
THERE'S NO ELECTRICITY, NO POWER

237
00:08:16,597 --> 00:08:18,430
THERE'S NO ELECTRICITY, NO POWER
TOOLS, NO DUMP TRUCKS.

238
00:08:18,432 --> 00:08:19,798
TOOLS, NO DUMP TRUCKS.
EVERYTHING IS DONE BY HAND,

239
00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:22,400
EVERYTHING IS DONE BY HAND,
EXACTLY AS MEDIEVAL BUILDERS

240
00:08:22,402 --> 00:08:24,369
EXACTLY AS MEDIEVAL BUILDERS
WOULD HAVE DONE IT.

241
00:08:27,607 --> 00:08:34,346
[both speaking French]
BECAUSE ALL CASTLES START

242
00:08:34,348 --> 00:08:36,281
BECAUSE ALL CASTLES START
HERE, THEY START WITH THE STONE.

243
00:08:36,283 --> 00:08:39,184
HERE, THEY START WITH THE STONE.
THEY START IN THE QUARRY.

244
00:08:39,186 --> 00:08:41,019
THEY START IN THE QUARRY.
EVEN QUARRYING THE STONE USES

245
00:08:41,021 --> 00:08:42,487
EVEN QUARRYING THE STONE USES
NOTHING BUT TRADITIONAL

246
00:08:42,489 --> 00:08:45,390
NOTHING BUT TRADITIONAL
TECHNIQUES AND HARD LABOR.

247
00:08:47,727 --> 00:08:51,296
ONCE THE STONE WAS QUARRIED,
IT WAS SHAPED BY STONEMASONS.

248
00:08:51,298 --> 00:08:52,531
IT WAS SHAPED BY STONEMASONS.
THE CHIEF MASON WAS THE MOST

249
00:08:52,533 --> 00:08:53,565
THE CHIEF MASON WAS THE MOST
IMPORTANT PERSON ON ANY

250
00:08:53,567 --> 00:08:55,767
IMPORTANT PERSON ON ANY
CASTLE-BUILDING PROJECT.

251
00:08:55,769 --> 00:08:57,802
CASTLE-BUILDING PROJECT.
HE WAS THE ARCHITECT, BUILDER,

252
00:08:57,804 --> 00:08:59,905
HE WAS THE ARCHITECT, BUILDER,
DESIGNER, CRAFTSMAN, AND

253
00:08:59,907 --> 00:09:03,775
DESIGNER, CRAFTSMAN, AND
ENGINEER ALL ROLLED INTO ONE.

254
00:09:03,777 --> 00:09:06,077
ENGINEER ALL ROLLED INTO ONE.
BELOW THE MASON WAS AN ARMY OF

255
00:09:06,079 --> 00:09:07,112
BELOW THE MASON WAS AN ARMY OF
TRADESMEN.

256
00:09:07,114 --> 00:09:08,813
TRADESMEN.
MAYBE UP TO 200 MEN ON A CASTLE

257
00:09:08,815 --> 00:09:10,815
MAYBE UP TO 200 MEN ON A CASTLE
THIS SIZE, MAKING EVERYTHING,

258
00:09:10,817 --> 00:09:12,384
THIS SIZE, MAKING EVERYTHING,
FROM THE WOODEN SCAFFOLDING

259
00:09:12,386 --> 00:09:14,586
FROM THE WOODEN SCAFFOLDING
POLES TO CLAY ROOF TILES AND

260
00:09:14,588 --> 00:09:18,757
POLES TO CLAY ROOF TILES AND
MORTAR ALL FROM SCRATCH.

261
00:09:18,759 --> 00:09:20,592
MORTAR ALL FROM SCRATCH.
HERE THEY'RE MAKING THE MORTAR;

262
00:09:20,594 --> 00:09:23,094
HERE THEY'RE MAKING THE MORTAR;
THE STUFF THAT BINDS ALL THE

263
00:09:23,096 --> 00:09:24,229
THE STUFF THAT BINDS ALL THE
STONES TOGETHER.

264
00:09:24,231 --> 00:09:26,565
STONES TOGETHER.
A MIX OF EARTH AND SAND,

265
00:09:26,567 --> 00:09:29,434
A MIX OF EARTH AND SAND,
LIME AND WATER.

266
00:09:29,436 --> 00:09:32,337
LIME AND WATER.
[speaking French]

267
00:09:32,339 --> 00:09:33,738
[speaking French]
CASTLES WERE AT THE

268
00:09:33,740 --> 00:09:35,874
CASTLES WERE AT THE
HEART OF THE COMMUNITY.

269
00:09:35,876 --> 00:09:37,542
HEART OF THE COMMUNITY.
EVERYONE PASSED THROUGH THESE

270
00:09:37,544 --> 00:09:41,413
EVERYONE PASSED THROUGH THESE
GATES, FROM PEASANTS TO PRINCES.

271
00:09:41,415 --> 00:09:44,783
GATES, FROM PEASANTS TO PRINCES.
IT'S TAKING 45,000 TONS OF STONE

272
00:09:44,785 --> 00:09:47,118
IT'S TAKING 45,000 TONS OF STONE
TO BUILD THIS CASTLE, AND IT ALL

273
00:09:47,120 --> 00:09:48,920
TO BUILD THIS CASTLE, AND IT ALL
HAS TO BE LIFTED USING NOTHING

274
00:09:48,922 --> 00:09:50,922
HAS TO BE LIFTED USING NOTHING
BUT MUSCLE POWER.

275
00:09:50,924 --> 00:09:52,424
BUT MUSCLE POWER.
SO DO THEY GET THE STONE TO THE

276
00:09:52,426 --> 00:09:53,425
SO DO THEY GET THE STONE TO THE
TOP?

277
00:09:53,427 --> 00:09:55,660
TOP?
THE ANSWER IS A REMARKABLY

278
00:09:55,662 --> 00:09:57,696
THE ANSWER IS A REMARKABLY
ADVANCED CRANE THAT CAN LIFT AS

279
00:09:57,698 --> 00:09:59,798
ADVANCED CRANE THAT CAN LIFT AS
MUCH AS MANY MODERN CONSTRUCTION

280
00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:01,800
MUCH AS MANY MODERN CONSTRUCTION
CRANES.

281
00:10:05,771 --> 00:10:08,840
THIS IS THE MOST INGENIOUS
MECHANISM.

282
00:10:08,842 --> 00:10:10,976
MECHANISM.
THIS DOUBLE-DRUM TREADWHEEL

283
00:10:10,978 --> 00:10:12,477
THIS DOUBLE-DRUM TREADWHEEL
ACTUALLY HAS THE CAPACITY TO

284
00:10:12,479 --> 00:10:16,781
ACTUALLY HAS THE CAPACITY TO
LIFT 2/3 OF A TON.

285
00:10:16,783 --> 00:10:18,817
LIFT 2/3 OF A TON.
THERE'S TWO OF US WORKING THESE

286
00:10:18,819 --> 00:10:20,819
THERE'S TWO OF US WORKING THESE
WHEELS, WALKING AWAY LIKE

287
00:10:20,821 --> 00:10:21,753
WHEELS, WALKING AWAY LIKE
HAMSTERS.

288
00:10:21,755 --> 00:10:23,688
HAMSTERS.
IT'S NO DIFFERENT TO WALKING ON

289
00:10:23,690 --> 00:10:26,558
IT'S NO DIFFERENT TO WALKING ON
THE TREADMILL AT THE GYMNASIUM.

290
00:10:26,560 --> 00:10:29,027
THE TREADMILL AT THE GYMNASIUM.
YOU CAN SEE THE HUGE PAYLOAD OF

291
00:10:29,029 --> 00:10:31,830
YOU CAN SEE THE HUGE PAYLOAD OF
ROCK THAT WE'RE LIFTING UP.

292
00:10:38,504 --> 00:10:40,872
NOW THE WHOLE THING IS SWINGING
ROUND.

293
00:10:40,874 --> 00:10:42,674
ROUND.
THIS PALLET OF STONE IS BEING

294
00:10:42,676 --> 00:10:44,309
THIS PALLET OF STONE IS BEING
SWUNG INTO POSITION, AND WE'RE

295
00:10:44,311 --> 00:10:46,544
SWUNG INTO POSITION, AND WE'RE
NOW LIFTING IT UP TO THE MASONS

296
00:10:46,546 --> 00:10:51,249
NOW LIFTING IT UP TO THE MASONS
ON THE UPPER LEVEL.

297
00:10:51,251 --> 00:10:52,684
ON THE UPPER LEVEL.
GUEDELON IS BASED ON AN

298
00:10:52,686 --> 00:10:54,586
GUEDELON IS BASED ON AN
800-YEAR-OLD FRENCH CASTLE

299
00:10:54,588 --> 00:10:55,920
800-YEAR-OLD FRENCH CASTLE
DESIGN.

300
00:10:55,922 --> 00:10:57,389
DESIGN.
WHEN IT'S FINISHED, IT WILL HAVE

301
00:10:57,391 --> 00:10:59,824
WHEN IT'S FINISHED, IT WILL HAVE
SIX TOWERS, A GREAT HALL, AND

302
00:10:59,826 --> 00:11:01,726
SIX TOWERS, A GREAT HALL, AND
HIGH WALLS, ENCLOSING MORE THAN

303
00:11:01,728 --> 00:11:03,461
HIGH WALLS, ENCLOSING MORE THAN
AN ACRE OF LAND.

304
00:11:03,463 --> 00:11:05,697
AN ACRE OF LAND.
ALL SURROUNDED BY A HUGE

305
00:11:05,699 --> 00:11:08,266
ALL SURROUNDED BY A HUGE
DRY MOAT.

306
00:11:08,268 --> 00:11:09,534
DRY MOAT.
THIS IS THE TOP OF THE LORD'S

307
00:11:09,536 --> 00:11:11,736
THIS IS THE TOP OF THE LORD'S
TOWER, LAYING THIS MORTAR TO PUT

308
00:11:11,738 --> 00:11:13,505
TOWER, LAYING THIS MORTAR TO PUT
IN THE NEXT STONE.

309
00:11:13,507 --> 00:11:15,373
IN THE NEXT STONE.
BUT IF YOU LOOK AT THIS STONE,

310
00:11:15,375 --> 00:11:17,976
BUT IF YOU LOOK AT THIS STONE,
YOU SEE THE DETAIL AND ATTENTION

311
00:11:17,978 --> 00:11:19,811
YOU SEE THE DETAIL AND ATTENTION
TO THIS CONSTRUCTION.

312
00:11:19,813 --> 00:11:22,113
TO THIS CONSTRUCTION.
THERE ARE ALL THESE MASON MARKS

313
00:11:22,115 --> 00:11:22,781
THERE ARE ALL THESE MASON MARKS
ON HERE.

314
00:11:22,783 --> 00:11:24,516
ON HERE.
FIRST OF ALL, THERE'S AN ARROW,

315
00:11:24,518 --> 00:11:26,084
FIRST OF ALL, THERE'S AN ARROW,
WHICH IS TELLING US THAT THIS IS

316
00:11:26,086 --> 00:11:27,652
WHICH IS TELLING US THAT THIS IS
THE WAY IT SHOULD FACE.

317
00:11:27,654 --> 00:11:29,654
THE WAY IT SHOULD FACE.
THAT'S THE NAME OF THE MAN WHO

318
00:11:29,656 --> 00:11:31,823
THAT'S THE NAME OF THE MAN WHO
MADE IT, THE MAN WHO CUT THIS

319
00:11:31,825 --> 00:11:32,857
MADE IT, THE MAN WHO CUT THIS
STONE.

320
00:11:32,859 --> 00:11:35,126
STONE.
AND THIS IS THE MEASUREMENT OF

321
00:11:35,128 --> 00:11:35,794
AND THIS IS THE MEASUREMENT OF
IT.

322
00:11:35,796 --> 00:11:37,128
IT.
IN ROMAN NUMERALS IS THE FIGURE

323
00:11:37,130 --> 00:11:38,797
IN ROMAN NUMERALS IS THE FIGURE
EIGHT, TELLING ME THAT IT'S

324
00:11:38,799 --> 00:11:40,865
EIGHT, TELLING ME THAT IT'S
EIGHT INCHES DEEP.

325
00:11:40,867 --> 00:11:41,633
EIGHT INCHES DEEP.
I THINK I'M GONNA NEED YOUR

326
00:11:41,635 --> 00:11:42,300
I THINK I'M GONNA NEED YOUR
HELP.

327
00:11:42,302 --> 00:11:42,967
HELP.
[speaking French]

328
00:11:42,969 --> 00:11:44,903
[speaking French]
SO WE TIP IT UP LIKE THAT.

329
00:11:44,905 --> 00:11:46,404
SO WE TIP IT UP LIKE THAT.
OKAY.

330
00:11:46,406 --> 00:11:50,175
OKAY.
THERE WE GO.

331
00:11:50,177 --> 00:11:52,744
THERE WE GO.
AND THAT IS NOW HANGING TRUE,

332
00:11:52,746 --> 00:11:54,846
AND THAT IS NOW HANGING TRUE,
AND THAT STONE IS PERFECT.

333
00:11:54,848 --> 00:11:57,215
AND THAT STONE IS PERFECT.
AND I HAVE BUILT A LITTLE, TINY

334
00:11:57,217 --> 00:11:59,484
AND I HAVE BUILT A LITTLE, TINY
BIT OF GUEDELON CASTLE.

335
00:11:59,486 --> 00:12:01,920
BIT OF GUEDELON CASTLE.
THIS WAS PRECISE ENGINEERING,

336
00:12:01,922 --> 00:12:03,488
THIS WAS PRECISE ENGINEERING,
CREATING BUILDINGS THAT WOULD

337
00:12:03,490 --> 00:12:05,356
CREATING BUILDINGS THAT WOULD
LAST FOR HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS

338
00:12:05,358 --> 00:12:07,125
LAST FOR HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS
OF YEARS.

339
00:12:07,127 --> 00:12:08,960
OF YEARS.
CASTLES REMAIN A MAJESTIC SIGHT

340
00:12:08,962 --> 00:12:11,896
CASTLES REMAIN A MAJESTIC SIGHT
IN THE EUROPEAN LANDSCAPE TODAY.

341
00:12:11,898 --> 00:12:16,167
IN THE EUROPEAN LANDSCAPE TODAY.
>> I'M MIKE LOADES,

342
00:12:16,169 --> 00:12:17,902
>> I'M MIKE LOADES,
AND I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO SHOW

343
00:12:17,904 --> 00:12:19,704
AND I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO SHOW
YOU WHAT LIFE WAS LIKE 800 YEARS

344
00:12:19,706 --> 00:12:20,638
YOU WHAT LIFE WAS LIKE 800 YEARS
AGO.

345
00:12:20,640 --> 00:12:22,440
AGO.
IT'S A MEDIEVAL JOURNEY THAT'S

346
00:12:22,442 --> 00:12:24,876
IT'S A MEDIEVAL JOURNEY THAT'S
FULL OF SURPRISES.

347
00:12:28,314 --> 00:12:31,716
WITH FEW DECENT ROADS, BY FAR
THE BEST WAY TO TRANSPORT HEAVY

348
00:12:31,718 --> 00:12:33,752
THE BEST WAY TO TRANSPORT HEAVY
GOODS WAS BY SHIP.

349
00:12:33,754 --> 00:12:36,154
GOODS WAS BY SHIP.
THE SEAS OF EUROPE WERE FULL OF

350
00:12:36,156 --> 00:12:39,924
THE SEAS OF EUROPE WERE FULL OF
THESE TRADING VESSELS.

351
00:12:39,926 --> 00:12:42,727
THESE TRADING VESSELS.
CARGO SHIPS LIKE THIS, WHICH ARE

352
00:12:42,729 --> 00:12:44,395
CARGO SHIPS LIKE THIS, WHICH ARE
KNOWN AS COGS, WERE THE

353
00:12:44,397 --> 00:12:47,332
KNOWN AS COGS, WERE THE
WORKHORSES OF THE SEA.

354
00:12:47,334 --> 00:12:49,267
WORKHORSES OF THE SEA.
THEY'RE A SINGLE-MASTED VESSEL,

355
00:12:49,269 --> 00:12:52,704
THEY'RE A SINGLE-MASTED VESSEL,
WITH VERY HEAVY SAILS, AND VERY

356
00:12:52,706 --> 00:12:56,141
WITH VERY HEAVY SAILS, AND VERY
BROAD, FLAT-BOTTOM BOATS.

357
00:12:56,143 --> 00:12:58,343
BROAD, FLAT-BOTTOM BOATS.
THIS MEANT THEY COULD CARRY A

358
00:12:58,345 --> 00:13:00,345
THIS MEANT THEY COULD CARRY A
GREAT DEAL OF CARGO.

359
00:13:00,347 --> 00:13:02,147
GREAT DEAL OF CARGO.
THESE DECKS COULD BE FULL OF

360
00:13:02,149 --> 00:13:05,083
THESE DECKS COULD BE FULL OF
TIMBERS FROM SCANDINAVIA,

361
00:13:05,085 --> 00:13:07,585
TIMBERS FROM SCANDINAVIA,
FURS FROM THE BALTIC, OR EVEN

362
00:13:07,587 --> 00:13:09,587
FURS FROM THE BALTIC, OR EVEN
JUST BRINGING CATTLE AND

363
00:13:09,589 --> 00:13:11,456
JUST BRINGING CATTLE AND
LIVESTOCK FROM ONE END OF THE

364
00:13:11,458 --> 00:13:13,458
LIVESTOCK FROM ONE END OF THE
COUNTRY TO THE OTHER.

365
00:13:15,494 --> 00:13:18,563
NOW THE SAIL HAS PICKED UP OUR
WIND, AND WE'RE MOVING ALONG AT

366
00:13:18,565 --> 00:13:21,199
WIND, AND WE'RE MOVING ALONG AT
REALLY QUITE A CLIP.

367
00:13:21,201 --> 00:13:22,667
REALLY QUITE A CLIP.
THESE SHIPS WERE SO POPULAR THAT

368
00:13:22,669 --> 00:13:25,470
THESE SHIPS WERE SO POPULAR THAT
BY 1300, THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK

369
00:13:25,472 --> 00:13:27,138
BY 1300, THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK
ALONE HAD A FLEET OF OVER 1,000

370
00:13:27,140 --> 00:13:30,241
ALONE HAD A FLEET OF OVER 1,000
OF THEM.

371
00:13:30,243 --> 00:13:32,410
OF THEM.
THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF THE

372
00:13:32,412 --> 00:13:34,712
THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF THE
COG IS THAT THE STEERING RUDDER,

373
00:13:34,714 --> 00:13:37,649
COG IS THAT THE STEERING RUDDER,
THE HELM, IS CENTRALLY MOUNTED

374
00:13:37,651 --> 00:13:38,449
THE HELM, IS CENTRALLY MOUNTED
AT THE BACK.

375
00:13:38,451 --> 00:13:40,985
AT THE BACK.
ON EARLIER SHIPS, IT WAS ON ONE

376
00:13:40,987 --> 00:13:42,720
ON EARLIER SHIPS, IT WAS ON ONE
SIDE, WHERE IT WAS CALLED THE

377
00:13:42,722 --> 00:13:45,323
SIDE, WHERE IT WAS CALLED THE
STEERBOARD, THE STEERING BOARD.

378
00:13:45,325 --> 00:13:46,691
STEERBOARD, THE STEERING BOARD.
OF COURSE THAT'S WHERE WE GET

379
00:13:46,693 --> 00:13:48,860
OF COURSE THAT'S WHERE WE GET
THE WORD STARBOARD.

380
00:13:48,862 --> 00:13:49,694
THE WORD STARBOARD.
OF COURSE IF YOU'VE GOT YOUR

381
00:13:49,696 --> 00:13:51,229
OF COURSE IF YOU'VE GOT YOUR
STEERING MECHANISM, YOUR

382
00:13:51,231 --> 00:13:53,498
STEERING MECHANISM, YOUR
STARBOARD, ON ONE SIDE, YOU

383
00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:55,700
STARBOARD, ON ONE SIDE, YOU
CAN'T GO INTO PORT ON THAT SIDE,

384
00:13:55,702 --> 00:13:57,702
CAN'T GO INTO PORT ON THAT SIDE,
SO YOU WENT INTO PORT ON THE

385
00:13:57,704 --> 00:14:02,574
SO YOU WENT INTO PORT ON THE
OTHER SIDE, ON THE PORTSIDE.

386
00:14:02,576 --> 00:14:04,275
OTHER SIDE, ON THE PORTSIDE.
THE SHALLOW-DRAFTED DESIGN MEANT

387
00:14:04,277 --> 00:14:05,944
THE SHALLOW-DRAFTED DESIGN MEANT
THAT YOU COULD DOCK THESE SHIPS

388
00:14:05,946 --> 00:14:07,779
THAT YOU COULD DOCK THESE SHIPS
IN ANY PORT THROUGHOUT EUROPE.

389
00:14:07,781 --> 00:14:10,081
IN ANY PORT THROUGHOUT EUROPE.
SO ANY LITTLE COASTAL TOWN COULD

390
00:14:10,083 --> 00:14:11,916
SO ANY LITTLE COASTAL TOWN COULD
TAKE IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE

391
00:14:11,918 --> 00:14:14,285
TAKE IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE
AND BE A GATEWAY TO THE WIDER

392
00:14:14,287 --> 00:14:14,953
AND BE A GATEWAY TO THE WIDER
WORLD.

393
00:14:14,955 --> 00:14:16,554
WORLD.
>> [grunts]

394
00:14:16,556 --> 00:14:18,323
>> [grunts]
>> THIS WONDERFUL PLACE

395
00:14:18,325 --> 00:14:20,058
>> THIS WONDERFUL PLACE
IS THE MEDIEVAL CENTER IN

396
00:14:20,060 --> 00:14:21,292
IS THE MEDIEVAL CENTER IN
DENMARK.

397
00:14:21,294 --> 00:14:23,228
DENMARK.
IT'S AN AUTHENTIC REPLICA OF THE

398
00:14:23,230 --> 00:14:25,230
IT'S AN AUTHENTIC REPLICA OF THE
SORT OF LITTLE PORT TOWN THAT

399
00:14:25,232 --> 00:14:27,198
SORT OF LITTLE PORT TOWN THAT
YOU WOULD FIND ALL OVER EUROPE.

400
00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:28,867
YOU WOULD FIND ALL OVER EUROPE.
THIS PLACE IS A LIVING HISTORY

401
00:14:28,869 --> 00:14:30,602
THIS PLACE IS A LIVING HISTORY
MUSEUM, WHERE EVERYONE GOES AS

402
00:14:30,604 --> 00:14:32,403
MUSEUM, WHERE EVERYONE GOES AS
MEDIEVAL AS POSSIBLE.

403
00:14:32,405 --> 00:14:34,205
MEDIEVAL AS POSSIBLE.
[grunting]

404
00:14:34,207 --> 00:14:35,707
[grunting]
AND YOU SEE THERE'S GOODS FROM

405
00:14:35,709 --> 00:14:37,642
AND YOU SEE THERE'S GOODS FROM
ALL OVER THE WORLD HERE.

406
00:14:37,644 --> 00:14:39,310
ALL OVER THE WORLD HERE.
FURS FROM THE BALTIC.

407
00:14:39,312 --> 00:14:41,012
FURS FROM THE BALTIC.
THERE'S WONDERFUL WOODEN GOODS,

408
00:14:41,014 --> 00:14:42,180
THERE'S WONDERFUL WOODEN GOODS,
POTTERY GOODS.

409
00:14:42,182 --> 00:14:44,649
POTTERY GOODS.
CLOTHING.

410
00:14:44,651 --> 00:14:45,917
CLOTHING.
OKAY, I'M HANDSOME IN THIS?

411
00:14:45,919 --> 00:14:47,018
OKAY, I'M HANDSOME IN THIS?
YEAH, VERY HANDSOME.

412
00:14:47,020 --> 00:14:48,052
YEAH, VERY HANDSOME.
YEAH, IT'S A GOOD LOOK FOR ME?

413
00:14:48,054 --> 00:14:50,955
YEAH, IT'S A GOOD LOOK FOR ME?
>> [speaking Danish]

414
00:14:50,957 --> 00:14:51,789
>> [speaking Danish]
>> I HAVEN'T A CLUE WHAT

415
00:14:51,791 --> 00:14:52,457
>> I HAVEN'T A CLUE WHAT
THEY'RE SAYING.

416
00:14:52,459 --> 00:14:53,157
THEY'RE SAYING.
I'M SURE THEY THINK I LOOK

417
00:14:53,159 --> 00:14:54,425
I'M SURE THEY THINK I LOOK
LOVELY.

418
00:14:54,427 --> 00:14:55,093
LOVELY.
BUT THE POINT IS THEY'RE

419
00:14:55,095 --> 00:14:56,027
BUT THE POINT IS THEY'RE
SPEAKING DANISH, SO I DON'T

420
00:14:56,029 --> 00:14:56,828
SPEAKING DANISH, SO I DON'T
UNDERSTAND THEM.

421
00:14:56,830 --> 00:14:58,196
UNDERSTAND THEM.
BUT THAT WOULD BE A REAL PROBLEM

422
00:14:58,198 --> 00:14:59,764
BUT THAT WOULD BE A REAL PROBLEM
FOR THE MEDIEVAL TRAVELER.

423
00:14:59,766 --> 00:15:01,366
FOR THE MEDIEVAL TRAVELER.
NOT JUST TRAVELING

424
00:15:01,368 --> 00:15:02,634
NOT JUST TRAVELING
INTERNATIONALLY, BUT IN HIS OWN

425
00:15:02,636 --> 00:15:03,501
INTERNATIONALLY, BUT IN HIS OWN
COUNTRY.

426
00:15:03,503 --> 00:15:06,905
COUNTRY.
>> [speaking Danish]

427
00:15:06,907 --> 00:15:07,939
>> [speaking Danish]
>> REGIONAL DIALECTS

428
00:15:07,941 --> 00:15:08,673
>> REGIONAL DIALECTS
WERE ALMOST LIKE DIFFERENT

429
00:15:08,675 --> 00:15:10,141
WERE ALMOST LIKE DIFFERENT
LANGUAGES.

430
00:15:10,143 --> 00:15:11,643
LANGUAGES.
SO THAT THE TRAVELER FROM YORK

431
00:15:11,645 --> 00:15:13,278
SO THAT THE TRAVELER FROM YORK
WOULD FIND IT VERY DIFFICULT TO

432
00:15:13,280 --> 00:15:14,212
WOULD FIND IT VERY DIFFICULT TO
MAKE HIMSELF UNDERSTOOD IN

433
00:15:14,214 --> 00:15:14,979
MAKE HIMSELF UNDERSTOOD IN
LONDON.

434
00:15:14,981 --> 00:15:16,648
LONDON.
THE MAN FROM MARSEILLES WOULD BE

435
00:15:16,650 --> 00:15:19,417
THE MAN FROM MARSEILLES WOULD BE
INCOMPREHENSIBLE IN PARIS.

436
00:15:19,419 --> 00:15:20,285
INCOMPREHENSIBLE IN PARIS.
ANOTHER PROBLEM IN THE

437
00:15:20,287 --> 00:15:22,420
ANOTHER PROBLEM IN THE
MARKETPLACE WAS MAKING SURE YOU

438
00:15:22,422 --> 00:15:23,888
MARKETPLACE WAS MAKING SURE YOU
DIDN'T GET CHEATED.

439
00:15:23,890 --> 00:15:26,791
DIDN'T GET CHEATED.
TRADERS WHO TRIED TO FLEECE THE

440
00:15:26,793 --> 00:15:28,726
TRADERS WHO TRIED TO FLEECE THE
PUBLIC EITHER BY INFLATING

441
00:15:28,728 --> 00:15:31,663
PUBLIC EITHER BY INFLATING
PRICES OR SELLING SHORT MEASURES

442
00:15:31,665 --> 00:15:34,599
PRICES OR SELLING SHORT MEASURES
OR PASSING OFF CHEAP IMITATIONS

443
00:15:34,601 --> 00:15:37,035
OR PASSING OFF CHEAP IMITATIONS
WERE PUBLICLY SHAMED BY BEING

444
00:15:37,037 --> 00:15:41,539
WERE PUBLICLY SHAMED BY BEING
PLACED IN THE PILLORY.

445
00:15:41,541 --> 00:15:43,675
PLACED IN THE PILLORY.
THERE'S AN ACCOUNT OF ONE ROBERT

446
00:15:43,677 --> 00:15:45,843
THERE'S AN ACCOUNT OF ONE ROBERT
PORTER IN 1387.

447
00:15:45,845 --> 00:15:48,546
PORTER IN 1387.
HE WAS A BAKER, AND HE HAD PUT

448
00:15:48,548 --> 00:15:51,182
HE WAS A BAKER, AND HE HAD PUT
IRON WEIGHTS INTO THE LOAVES OF

449
00:15:51,184 --> 00:15:52,617
IRON WEIGHTS INTO THE LOAVES OF
BREAD HE WAS SELLING TO MAKE

450
00:15:52,619 --> 00:15:53,718
BREAD HE WAS SELLING TO MAKE
THEM WEIGH MORE.

451
00:15:53,720 --> 00:15:54,886
THEM WEIGH MORE.
HE WAS PUT IN THE PILLORY, AND

452
00:15:54,888 --> 00:15:56,721
HE WAS PUT IN THE PILLORY, AND
THE IRON WEIGHT WAS HUNG AROUND

453
00:15:56,723 --> 00:16:00,291
THE IRON WEIGHT WAS HUNG AROUND
HIS NECK AND THE LOAF WAS HUNG

454
00:16:00,293 --> 00:16:01,893
HIS NECK AND THE LOAF WAS HUNG
AROUND HIS NECK, SO THERE COULD

455
00:16:01,895 --> 00:16:03,695
AROUND HIS NECK, SO THERE COULD
BE NO MISTAKE ABOUT WHAT HE'D

456
00:16:03,697 --> 00:16:05,997
BE NO MISTAKE ABOUT WHAT HE'D
DONE.

457
00:16:05,999 --> 00:16:07,465
DONE.
AS IF THAT WASN'T BAD ENOUGH,

458
00:16:07,467 --> 00:16:09,167
AS IF THAT WASN'T BAD ENOUGH,
YOU HAD TO ENDURE THE ABUSE OF

459
00:16:09,169 --> 00:16:10,702
YOU HAD TO ENDURE THE ABUSE OF
YOUR NEIGHBORS AS WELL.

460
00:16:10,704 --> 00:16:13,805
YOUR NEIGHBORS AS WELL.
[shouting angrily]

461
00:16:13,807 --> 00:16:15,340
[shouting angrily]
>> THEY THROW ROTTEN VEGETABLES,

462
00:16:15,342 --> 00:16:17,141
>> THEY THROW ROTTEN VEGETABLES,
STINKING FISH, ROTTEN EGGS,

463
00:16:17,143 --> 00:16:18,710
STINKING FISH, ROTTEN EGGS,
ANIMAL DUNG, ANYTHING THEY COULD

464
00:16:18,712 --> 00:16:20,044
ANIMAL DUNG, ANYTHING THEY COULD
FIND, AND HE WAS THERE FOR

465
00:16:20,046 --> 00:16:21,245
FIND, AND HE WAS THERE FOR
SEVERAL HOURS.

466
00:16:21,247 --> 00:16:23,581
SEVERAL HOURS.
AND IN A SMALL COMMUNITY, THIS

467
00:16:23,583 --> 00:16:25,650
AND IN A SMALL COMMUNITY, THIS
PUBLIC SHAMING HAD A GREAT

468
00:16:25,652 --> 00:16:27,285
PUBLIC SHAMING HAD A GREAT
EFFECT.

469
00:16:27,287 --> 00:16:28,686
EFFECT.
THIS WAS THE EQUIVALENT OF BEING

470
00:16:28,688 --> 00:16:30,221
THIS WAS THE EQUIVALENT OF BEING
ON THE FRONT PAGE OF A TABLOID

471
00:16:30,223 --> 00:16:33,424
ON THE FRONT PAGE OF A TABLOID
NEWSPAPER.

472
00:16:33,426 --> 00:16:34,325
NEWSPAPER.
PILLORY WASN'T THE ONLY

473
00:16:34,327 --> 00:16:35,393
PILLORY WASN'T THE ONLY
PUNISHMENT.

474
00:16:35,395 --> 00:16:37,595
PUNISHMENT.
THIEVES COULD BE BRANDED ON THE

475
00:16:37,597 --> 00:16:40,365
THIEVES COULD BE BRANDED ON THE
FACE OR THE HANDS SO THE WORLD

476
00:16:40,367 --> 00:16:43,401
FACE OR THE HANDS SO THE WORLD
COULD SEE THEIR CRIMES FOREVER.

477
00:16:43,403 --> 00:16:45,636
COULD SEE THEIR CRIMES FOREVER.
[water splashing]

478
00:16:45,638 --> 00:16:47,205
[water splashing]
THE IDEA THAT MEDIEVAL EUROPE

479
00:16:47,207 --> 00:16:49,440
THE IDEA THAT MEDIEVAL EUROPE
WAS DULL AND GRAY IS QUITE

480
00:16:49,442 --> 00:16:50,241
WAS DULL AND GRAY IS QUITE
WRONG.

481
00:16:50,243 --> 00:16:51,943
WRONG.
IN FACT, IT WAS VIBRANT WITH

482
00:16:51,945 --> 00:16:53,378
IN FACT, IT WAS VIBRANT WITH
DAZZLING COLOR.

483
00:16:53,380 --> 00:16:54,779
DAZZLING COLOR.
AND IN ORDER TO PUT THAT COLOR

484
00:16:54,781 --> 00:16:56,881
AND IN ORDER TO PUT THAT COLOR
IN THEIR CLOTHES, THEY USED A

485
00:16:56,883 --> 00:16:58,983
IN THEIR CLOTHES, THEY USED A
SURPRISING INGREDIENT.

486
00:16:58,985 --> 00:17:00,418
SURPRISING INGREDIENT.
>> WHAT WE WILL BE USING IS, IN

487
00:17:00,420 --> 00:17:02,687
>> WHAT WE WILL BE USING IS, IN
FACT, STALE URINE PRODUCED BY A

488
00:17:02,689 --> 00:17:03,321
FACT, STALE URINE PRODUCED BY A
MAN.

489
00:17:03,323 --> 00:17:04,222
MAN.
AND IT'S GOT TO BE A MAN,

490
00:17:04,224 --> 00:17:05,390
AND IT'S GOT TO BE A MAN,
AND IT'S GOT TO BE STALE.

491
00:17:05,392 --> 00:17:07,325
AND IT'S GOT TO BE STALE.
>> SO HOW OLD IS THIS

492
00:17:07,327 --> 00:17:07,959
>> SO HOW OLD IS THIS
URINE?

493
00:17:07,961 --> 00:17:08,860
URINE?
>> THIS IS A MONTH.

494
00:17:08,862 --> 00:17:09,861
>> THIS IS A MONTH.
>> JULIA CLARK IS AN

495
00:17:09,863 --> 00:17:11,763
>> JULIA CLARK IS AN
EXPERT ON MEDIEVAL DYES.

496
00:17:11,765 --> 00:17:13,798
EXPERT ON MEDIEVAL DYES.
WOOL AND CLOTH WERE DYED WITH

497
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:15,500
WOOL AND CLOTH WERE DYED WITH
VEGETABLE DYES, AND FOR SOME

498
00:17:15,502 --> 00:17:17,135
VEGETABLE DYES, AND FOR SOME
COLORS, URINE WAS A KEY PART OF

499
00:17:17,137 --> 00:17:18,302
COLORS, URINE WAS A KEY PART OF
THE PROCESS.

500
00:17:18,304 --> 00:17:19,370
THE PROCESS.
>> IN IT GOES.

501
00:17:19,372 --> 00:17:20,671
>> IN IT GOES.
>> WE'RE NOW ADDING THE

502
00:17:20,673 --> 00:17:23,608
>> WE'RE NOW ADDING THE
STALE URINE OF A MAN INTO THE

503
00:17:23,610 --> 00:17:25,710
STALE URINE OF A MAN INTO THE
MIX.

504
00:17:25,712 --> 00:17:28,212
MIX.
IN LONDON IN THE 1300s, THERE

505
00:17:28,214 --> 00:17:29,881
IN LONDON IN THE 1300s, THERE
WERE BUCKETS ON STREET CORNERS

506
00:17:29,883 --> 00:17:32,850
WERE BUCKETS ON STREET CORNERS
FOR MEN TO DEPOSIT THEIR URINE,

507
00:17:32,852 --> 00:17:34,018
FOR MEN TO DEPOSIT THEIR URINE,
WHICH WAS THEN COLLECTED AND

508
00:17:34,020 --> 00:17:35,787
WHICH WAS THEN COLLECTED AND
TAKEN TO THE LOCAL DYE WORKS.

509
00:17:35,789 --> 00:17:37,922
TAKEN TO THE LOCAL DYE WORKS.
IT'S THE AMMONIA IN STALE URINE

510
00:17:37,924 --> 00:17:39,557
IT'S THE AMMONIA IN STALE URINE
THAT FIXES THE DYE.

511
00:17:39,559 --> 00:17:40,491
THAT FIXES THE DYE.
BUT MODERN SCIENCE HASN'T

512
00:17:40,493 --> 00:17:42,226
BUT MODERN SCIENCE HASN'T
FIGURED OUT IF IT REALLY HAD TO

513
00:17:42,228 --> 00:17:46,864
FIGURED OUT IF IT REALLY HAD TO
BE A MAN'S.

514
00:17:46,866 --> 00:17:48,199
BE A MAN'S.
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD WAS A

515
00:17:48,201 --> 00:17:49,901
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD WAS A
HANDMADE WORLD.

516
00:17:49,903 --> 00:17:51,402
HANDMADE WORLD.
EVERYDAY NEEDS WERE

517
00:17:51,404 --> 00:17:53,237
EVERYDAY NEEDS WERE
LABOR-INTENSIVE, AND EVERYDAY

518
00:17:53,239 --> 00:17:54,839
LABOR-INTENSIVE, AND EVERYDAY
GOODS WERE MADE NOT IN

519
00:17:54,841 --> 00:17:56,240
GOODS WERE MADE NOT IN
MASS PRODUCTION FACTORIES,

520
00:17:56,242 --> 00:17:58,042
MASS PRODUCTION FACTORIES,
BUT BY HOME WORKERS WITH ARTISAN

521
00:17:58,044 --> 00:17:59,977
BUT BY HOME WORKERS WITH ARTISAN
SKILLS.

522
00:18:02,948 --> 00:18:07,618
EVEN THE BASIC TASK OF LIGHTING
A FIRE WAS A REAL ART.

523
00:18:10,155 --> 00:18:12,990
[fire crackling]

524
00:18:16,762 --> 00:18:19,764
WHEN THE SUN WENT DOWN, YOU
MIGHT THINK THAT MEDIEVAL LIFE

525
00:18:19,766 --> 00:18:21,532
MIGHT THINK THAT MEDIEVAL LIFE
STOPPED, BUT THAT WOULD BE TO

526
00:18:21,534 --> 00:18:23,301
STOPPED, BUT THAT WOULD BE TO
UNDERESTIMATE THE POWER OF

527
00:18:23,303 --> 00:18:25,937
UNDERESTIMATE THE POWER OF
FIRELIGHT, CANDLES, DRINK,

528
00:18:25,939 --> 00:18:28,339
FIRELIGHT, CANDLES, DRINK,
AND GOOD COMPANY.

529
00:18:28,341 --> 00:18:29,841
AND GOOD COMPANY.
THIS IS A TAVERN.

530
00:18:29,843 --> 00:18:31,809
THIS IS A TAVERN.
IT'S NOT ESPECIALLY WELCOMING TO

531
00:18:31,811 --> 00:18:33,845
IT'S NOT ESPECIALLY WELCOMING TO
OUT-OF-TOWNERS, NOT WELCOMING TO

532
00:18:33,847 --> 00:18:34,545
OUT-OF-TOWNERS, NOT WELCOMING TO
STRANGERS.

533
00:18:34,547 --> 00:18:36,214
STRANGERS.
FOR THAT, I WOULD NEED TO GO TO

534
00:18:36,216 --> 00:18:36,848
FOR THAT, I WOULD NEED TO GO TO
AN INN.

535
00:18:36,850 --> 00:18:38,349
AN INN.
THAT'S WHERE A TRAVELER WOULD

536
00:18:38,351 --> 00:18:40,284
THAT'S WHERE A TRAVELER WOULD
FIND FOOD AND LODGING.

537
00:18:40,286 --> 00:18:42,687
FIND FOOD AND LODGING.
A TAVERN IS FOR THE LOCAL

538
00:18:42,689 --> 00:18:43,588
A TAVERN IS FOR THE LOCAL
COMMUNITY.

539
00:18:43,590 --> 00:18:46,057
COMMUNITY.
HERE EVERYBODY KNOWS EVERYBODY

540
00:18:46,059 --> 00:18:46,691
HERE EVERYBODY KNOWS EVERYBODY
ELSE.

541
00:18:46,693 --> 00:18:48,593
ELSE.
THIS IS THEIR LOCAL MEETING

542
00:18:48,595 --> 00:18:49,660
THIS IS THEIR LOCAL MEETING
PLACE.

543
00:18:49,662 --> 00:18:51,963
PLACE.
I'M AN OUT-OF-TOWNER TO THEM,

544
00:18:51,965 --> 00:18:54,198
I'M AN OUT-OF-TOWNER TO THEM,
SO I'M GONNA SIT HERE ON MY OWN.

545
00:18:55,868 --> 00:18:59,537
TAVERNS WERE SO POPULAR THAT IN
THE 1300s, LONDON HAD THREE

546
00:18:59,539 --> 00:19:01,772
THE 1300s, LONDON HAD THREE
TIMES AS MANY TAVERNS AS IT DID

547
00:19:01,774 --> 00:19:04,242
TIMES AS MANY TAVERNS AS IT DID
CHURCHES.

548
00:19:04,244 --> 00:19:05,843
CHURCHES.
THIS IS QUITE A RESPECTABLE

549
00:19:05,845 --> 00:19:07,111
THIS IS QUITE A RESPECTABLE
ESTABLISHMENT.

550
00:19:07,113 --> 00:19:09,147
ESTABLISHMENT.
UH, HAVING SAID THAT, IT IS

551
00:19:09,149 --> 00:19:10,815
UH, HAVING SAID THAT, IT IS
WHERE PEOPLE WOULD COME TO SEEK

552
00:19:10,817 --> 00:19:12,316
WHERE PEOPLE WOULD COME TO SEEK
PROSTITUTES, AND YOU CAN TELL

553
00:19:12,318 --> 00:19:13,951
PROSTITUTES, AND YOU CAN TELL
THEM BECAUSE THEY WEAR YELLOW

554
00:19:13,953 --> 00:19:15,786
THEM BECAUSE THEY WEAR YELLOW
HOODS, A VERY DISTINCTIVE

555
00:19:15,788 --> 00:19:16,954
HOODS, A VERY DISTINCTIVE
TRADEMARK.

556
00:19:16,956 --> 00:19:18,389
TRADEMARK.
LIGHT AND HEAT IS EXPENSIVE IN

557
00:19:18,391 --> 00:19:19,524
LIGHT AND HEAT IS EXPENSIVE IN
THE MIDDLE AGES, AND A TAVERN

558
00:19:19,526 --> 00:19:21,726
THE MIDDLE AGES, AND A TAVERN
GIVES FREE LIGHT AND FREE HEAT

559
00:19:21,728 --> 00:19:23,494
GIVES FREE LIGHT AND FREE HEAT
FOR PEOPLE TO COME TOGETHER.

560
00:19:23,496 --> 00:19:25,363
FOR PEOPLE TO COME TOGETHER.
THIS WAS THE CENTER OF THE

561
00:19:25,365 --> 00:19:26,164
THIS WAS THE CENTER OF THE
COMMUNITY.

562
00:19:26,166 --> 00:19:27,165
COMMUNITY.
CHEERS.

563
00:19:27,167 --> 00:19:29,133
CHEERS.
[all shouting indistinctly]

564
00:19:32,638 --> 00:19:35,406
GETTING FROM PLACE TO PLACE ON
LAND WAS SIMPLE.

565
00:19:35,408 --> 00:19:36,674
LAND WAS SIMPLE.
YOU EITHER TRAVELED ON FOOT

566
00:19:36,676 --> 00:19:38,609
YOU EITHER TRAVELED ON FOOT
OR USED HORSES.

567
00:19:38,611 --> 00:19:40,311
OR USED HORSES.
AND IF ON HORSEBACK, YOU USED

568
00:19:40,313 --> 00:19:44,315
AND IF ON HORSEBACK, YOU USED
A SPECIAL TYPE OF HORSE.

569
00:19:44,317 --> 00:19:46,751
A SPECIAL TYPE OF HORSE.
THESE ARE MEDIEVAL TRAVELLING

570
00:19:46,753 --> 00:19:47,552
THESE ARE MEDIEVAL TRAVELLING
HORSES.

571
00:19:47,554 --> 00:19:49,020
HORSES.
IN THE MIDDLE AGES, PEOPLE USED

572
00:19:49,022 --> 00:19:50,388
IN THE MIDDLE AGES, PEOPLE USED
DIFFERENT HORSES FOR DIFFERENT

573
00:19:50,390 --> 00:19:51,155
DIFFERENT HORSES FOR DIFFERENT
PURPOSES.

574
00:19:51,157 --> 00:19:52,790
PURPOSES.
THESE ARE NOT WARHORSES.

575
00:19:52,792 --> 00:19:54,225
THESE ARE NOT WARHORSES.
THEY ARE FOR TRAVEL.

576
00:19:54,227 --> 00:19:57,028
THEY ARE FOR TRAVEL.
AND THEY'RE VERY DISTINCTIVE FOR

577
00:19:57,030 --> 00:19:58,596
AND THEY'RE VERY DISTINCTIVE FOR
THIS TRAVELING GAIT.

578
00:19:58,598 --> 00:20:00,164
THIS TRAVELING GAIT.
IT'S CALLED THE AMBLE.

579
00:20:00,166 --> 00:20:02,633
IT'S CALLED THE AMBLE.
MODERN HORSES HAVE FOUR GAITS.

580
00:20:02,635 --> 00:20:04,735
MODERN HORSES HAVE FOUR GAITS.
THEY CAN WALK, TROT, CANTER,

581
00:20:04,737 --> 00:20:05,636
THEY CAN WALK, TROT, CANTER,
AND GALLOP.

582
00:20:05,638 --> 00:20:07,371
AND GALLOP.
BUT THESE HORSES HAVE A UNIQUE

583
00:20:07,373 --> 00:20:08,739
BUT THESE HORSES HAVE A UNIQUE
FIFTH GAIT.

584
00:20:08,741 --> 00:20:10,808
FIFTH GAIT.
THIS IS THE AMBLE, AND IT'S A

585
00:20:10,810 --> 00:20:13,611
THIS IS THE AMBLE, AND IT'S A
VERY FAST WALK.

586
00:20:13,613 --> 00:20:15,313
VERY FAST WALK.
I'M GOING MEDIEVAL ON THESE

587
00:20:15,315 --> 00:20:17,048
I'M GOING MEDIEVAL ON THESE
HORSES WITH TOBY CAPWELL AND

588
00:20:17,050 --> 00:20:18,516
HORSES WITH TOBY CAPWELL AND
GORDON SUMMERS, BOTH EXPERT

589
00:20:18,518 --> 00:20:19,817
GORDON SUMMERS, BOTH EXPERT
RIDERS.

590
00:20:19,819 --> 00:20:21,018
RIDERS.
IT'S VERY COMFORTABLE, ISN'T IT,

591
00:20:21,020 --> 00:20:21,652
IT'S VERY COMFORTABLE, ISN'T IT,
TOBY?

592
00:20:21,654 --> 00:20:22,286
TOBY?
>> IT IS.

593
00:20:22,288 --> 00:20:23,221
>> IT IS.
IT'S VERY FLAT.

594
00:20:23,223 --> 00:20:24,922
IT'S VERY FLAT.
AS YOU CAN SEE, I'M NOT HARDLY

595
00:20:24,924 --> 00:20:26,357
AS YOU CAN SEE, I'M NOT HARDLY
GOING UP AND DOWN AT ALL.

596
00:20:26,359 --> 00:20:27,959
GOING UP AND DOWN AT ALL.
AND IT'S A GAIT THAT'S VERY

597
00:20:27,961 --> 00:20:28,960
AND IT'S A GAIT THAT'S VERY
COMFORTABLE, AND YOU COULD GO

598
00:20:28,962 --> 00:20:30,528
COMFORTABLE, AND YOU COULD GO
ALL DAY LIKE THIS REALLY.

599
00:20:30,530 --> 00:20:31,562
ALL DAY LIKE THIS REALLY.
>> I MEAN, GORDON, THIS

600
00:20:31,564 --> 00:20:32,830
>> I MEAN, GORDON, THIS
IS YOUR FIRST TIME ON ONE OF

601
00:20:32,832 --> 00:20:33,464
IS YOUR FIRST TIME ON ONE OF
THESE.

602
00:20:33,466 --> 00:20:34,098
THESE.
WHAT DO YOU THINK?

603
00:20:34,100 --> 00:20:34,865
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
>> THESE ARE FUN.

604
00:20:34,867 --> 00:20:36,067
>> THESE ARE FUN.
IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY

605
00:20:36,069 --> 00:20:37,602
IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY
EXPERIENCE UNLIKE ANYTHING.

606
00:20:37,604 --> 00:20:38,736
EXPERIENCE UNLIKE ANYTHING.
BUT TOBY'S RIGHT.

607
00:20:38,738 --> 00:20:40,504
BUT TOBY'S RIGHT.
I COULD RIDE ALL DAY AND THEN

608
00:20:40,506 --> 00:20:43,774
I COULD RIDE ALL DAY AND THEN
ALL NIGHT.

609
00:20:43,776 --> 00:20:45,042
ALL NIGHT.
>> MEDIEVAL TRACKS WERE

610
00:20:45,044 --> 00:20:46,711
>> MEDIEVAL TRACKS WERE
THE HIGHWAYS OF THEIR DAY,

611
00:20:46,713 --> 00:20:48,079
THE HIGHWAYS OF THEIR DAY,
AND TRAVELERS ENCOUNTERED ALL

612
00:20:48,081 --> 00:20:50,514
AND TRAVELERS ENCOUNTERED ALL
SORTS OF FOLK ON THEIR JOURNEY.

613
00:20:54,186 --> 00:20:57,722
A COMMON SIGHT NEAR TOWNS AND
CITIES WAS THE PACKMAN, LEADING

614
00:20:57,724 --> 00:20:59,423
CITIES WAS THE PACKMAN, LEADING
A PACK HORSE LADEN WITH

615
00:20:59,425 --> 00:21:00,258
A PACK HORSE LADEN WITH
FIREWOOD.

616
00:21:00,260 --> 00:21:02,627
FIREWOOD.
THE ONLY SOURCE OF FUEL FOR

617
00:21:02,629 --> 00:21:05,329
THE ONLY SOURCE OF FUEL FOR
DOMESTIC HEAT WAS FIREWOOD.

618
00:21:05,331 --> 00:21:07,064
DOMESTIC HEAT WAS FIREWOOD.
AND THESE PACKMEN WOULD BRING

619
00:21:07,066 --> 00:21:08,899
AND THESE PACKMEN WOULD BRING
THEIR PACK HORSES INTO THE TOWNS

620
00:21:08,901 --> 00:21:10,301
THEIR PACK HORSES INTO THE TOWNS
AND INTO THE CITIES.

621
00:21:10,303 --> 00:21:12,303
AND INTO THE CITIES.
THEY WERE THE FUEL TRUCKS OF THE

622
00:21:12,305 --> 00:21:12,937
THEY WERE THE FUEL TRUCKS OF THE
DAY.

623
00:21:12,939 --> 00:21:14,905
DAY.
IN LONDON AROUND 1300, THERE WAS

624
00:21:14,907 --> 00:21:17,541
IN LONDON AROUND 1300, THERE WAS
A POPULATION OF ABOUT 80,000.

625
00:21:17,543 --> 00:21:19,510
A POPULATION OF ABOUT 80,000.
YOU CAN IMAGINE THE AMOUNT OF

626
00:21:19,512 --> 00:21:21,412
YOU CAN IMAGINE THE AMOUNT OF
FIREWOOD THEY NEEDED NOT JUST

627
00:21:21,414 --> 00:21:23,814
FIREWOOD THEY NEEDED NOT JUST
FOR DOMESTIC HEAT, BUT TO FIRE

628
00:21:23,816 --> 00:21:26,250
FOR DOMESTIC HEAT, BUT TO FIRE
THE POTTERY KILNS, TO FIRE THE

629
00:21:26,252 --> 00:21:28,319
THE POTTERY KILNS, TO FIRE THE
BREAD OVENS, AND TO FIRE THE

630
00:21:28,321 --> 00:21:29,854
BREAD OVENS, AND TO FIRE THE
BLACKSMITH'S FORGES.

631
00:21:29,856 --> 00:21:31,989
BLACKSMITH'S FORGES.
CONVOYS OF PACKMEN WERE THE

632
00:21:31,991 --> 00:21:34,292
CONVOYS OF PACKMEN WERE THE
LIFELINE TO THE CITIES.

633
00:21:39,865 --> 00:21:42,833
WHOEVER HE MET ON THE ROAD,
THE MEDIEVAL TRAVELER HAD TO

634
00:21:42,835 --> 00:21:44,268
THE MEDIEVAL TRAVELER HAD TO
REACH HIS DESTINATION BEFORE

635
00:21:44,270 --> 00:21:47,938
REACH HIS DESTINATION BEFORE
NIGHTFALL.

636
00:21:47,940 --> 00:21:49,140
NIGHTFALL.
>> THE MEDIEVAL FORESTS OF THIS

637
00:21:49,142 --> 00:21:51,709
>> THE MEDIEVAL FORESTS OF THIS
PERIOD ARE TEEMING WITH BANDITS.

638
00:21:51,711 --> 00:21:53,778
PERIOD ARE TEEMING WITH BANDITS.
DESERTERS FROM THE ARMY, MEN ON

639
00:21:53,780 --> 00:21:55,012
DESERTERS FROM THE ARMY, MEN ON
THE RUN FROM THE LAW AND FROM

640
00:21:55,014 --> 00:21:56,947
THE RUN FROM THE LAW AND FROM
THEIR LORD HAVE SOUGHT REFUGE IN

641
00:21:56,949 --> 00:21:58,883
THEIR LORD HAVE SOUGHT REFUGE IN
THE FOREST AND ARE LIVING

642
00:21:58,885 --> 00:21:59,984
THE FOREST AND ARE LIVING
DESPERATE MEN.

643
00:21:59,986 --> 00:22:02,386
DESPERATE MEN.
AND THEY NEED AN INCOME, AND WE

644
00:22:02,388 --> 00:22:04,655
AND THEY NEED AN INCOME, AND WE
MAKE VERY EASY PICKINGS IF WE'RE

645
00:22:04,657 --> 00:22:07,091
MAKE VERY EASY PICKINGS IF WE'RE
NOT--IF WE'RE NOT HEAVILY ARMED.

646
00:22:13,165 --> 00:22:16,000
>> THE THREAT OF ATTACK
IN THE MIDDLE AGES WAS REAL,

647
00:22:16,002 --> 00:22:17,601
IN THE MIDDLE AGES WAS REAL,
AND PEOPLE ARMED THEMSELVES AS A

648
00:22:17,603 --> 00:22:19,637
AND PEOPLE ARMED THEMSELVES AS A
MATTER OF COURSE.

649
00:22:23,909 --> 00:22:30,915
>> I'VE BEEN GOING
MEDIEVAL TO EXPLORE THE REALITY

650
00:22:30,917 --> 00:22:33,384
MEDIEVAL TO EXPLORE THE REALITY
OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

651
00:22:33,386 --> 00:22:35,086
OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
IT WAS AN AGE OF EXTRAORDINARY

652
00:22:35,088 --> 00:22:37,088
IT WAS AN AGE OF EXTRAORDINARY
INGENUITY AND SURPRISES.

653
00:22:37,090 --> 00:22:40,591
INGENUITY AND SURPRISES.
THE STALE URINE OF A MAN.

654
00:22:48,467 --> 00:22:51,435
ONE MYTH IS THAT KNIGHTS WERE
LUMBERING HEAVYWEIGHTS.

655
00:22:51,437 --> 00:22:52,737
LUMBERING HEAVYWEIGHTS.
THE TRUTH IS THE COMPLETE

656
00:22:52,739 --> 00:22:55,606
THE TRUTH IS THE COMPLETE
OPPOSITE.

657
00:22:55,608 --> 00:22:57,908
OPPOSITE.
THIS HIGHLY MOBILE WARRIOR WAS

658
00:22:57,910 --> 00:22:59,877
THIS HIGHLY MOBILE WARRIOR WAS
THE PRODUCT OF AN ARMS RACE THAT

659
00:22:59,879 --> 00:23:02,179
THE PRODUCT OF AN ARMS RACE THAT
BEGAN HUNDREDS OF YEARS EARLIER

660
00:23:02,181 --> 00:23:03,881
BEGAN HUNDREDS OF YEARS EARLIER
WITH AN EVEN MORE FLEXIBLE FORM

661
00:23:03,883 --> 00:23:05,750
WITH AN EVEN MORE FLEXIBLE FORM
OF ARMOR.

662
00:23:05,752 --> 00:23:08,152
OF ARMOR.
IT WAS CALLED MAIL AND WAS A

663
00:23:08,154 --> 00:23:09,954
IT WAS CALLED MAIL AND WAS A
BODY COVERING MADE OF TIGHTLY

664
00:23:09,956 --> 00:23:15,192
BODY COVERING MADE OF TIGHTLY
INTERLOCKED IRON RINGS.

665
00:23:15,194 --> 00:23:16,694
INTERLOCKED IRON RINGS.
BUT MAIL WAS NEVER DESIGNED TO

666
00:23:16,696 --> 00:23:18,195
BUT MAIL WAS NEVER DESIGNED TO
BE WORN ON ITS OWN.

667
00:23:18,197 --> 00:23:19,764
BE WORN ON ITS OWN.
IT WAS ALWAYS PART OF A LAYERED

668
00:23:19,766 --> 00:23:23,134
IT WAS ALWAYS PART OF A LAYERED
SYSTEM OF PROTECTION.

669
00:23:23,136 --> 00:23:24,702
SYSTEM OF PROTECTION.
MAIL ARMOR WAS DESIGNED TO

670
00:23:24,704 --> 00:23:25,903
MAIL ARMOR WAS DESIGNED TO
PROTECT A WARRIOR FROM

671
00:23:25,905 --> 00:23:27,938
PROTECT A WARRIOR FROM
CLOSE-RANGE ATTACK BY SWORD AND

672
00:23:27,940 --> 00:23:30,708
CLOSE-RANGE ATTACK BY SWORD AND
SPEAR, BUT IT ALSO HAD TO DEFEND

673
00:23:30,710 --> 00:23:32,343
SPEAR, BUT IT ALSO HAD TO DEFEND
AGAINST THE LONG-RANGE WEAPON OF

674
00:23:32,345 --> 00:23:33,310
AGAINST THE LONG-RANGE WEAPON OF
THE DAY...

675
00:23:33,312 --> 00:23:34,345
THE DAY...
>> DRAW!

676
00:23:34,347 --> 00:23:36,614
>> DRAW!
>> THE WAR BOW.

677
00:23:36,616 --> 00:23:38,482
>> THE WAR BOW.
>> LOOSE!

678
00:23:38,484 --> 00:23:40,918
>> LOOSE!
LOOSE.

679
00:23:40,920 --> 00:23:41,819
LOOSE.
>> THERE WAS NOTHING NEW

680
00:23:41,821 --> 00:23:43,421
>> THERE WAS NOTHING NEW
ABOUT ARCHERY IN BATTLE, BUT

681
00:23:43,423 --> 00:23:44,855
ABOUT ARCHERY IN BATTLE, BUT
WHAT THE MAKERS OF MAIL ARMOR

682
00:23:44,857 --> 00:23:46,624
WHAT THE MAKERS OF MAIL ARMOR
WERE UP AGAINST WAS THE SHEER

683
00:23:46,626 --> 00:23:49,360
WERE UP AGAINST WAS THE SHEER
POWER OF THE WAR BOW.

684
00:23:49,362 --> 00:23:51,295
POWER OF THE WAR BOW.
THIS IS THE ENGLISH WAR BOW

685
00:23:51,297 --> 00:23:52,062
THIS IS THE ENGLISH WAR BOW
SOCIETY.

686
00:23:52,064 --> 00:23:54,732
SOCIETY.
THESE ARE PHENOMENALLY POWERFUL

687
00:23:54,734 --> 00:23:56,367
THESE ARE PHENOMENALLY POWERFUL
BOWS.

688
00:23:56,369 --> 00:23:57,802
BOWS.
SO HOW EFFECTIVE WERE THESE BOWS

689
00:23:57,804 --> 00:23:59,670
SO HOW EFFECTIVE WERE THESE BOWS
ON THE BATTLEFIELD?

690
00:23:59,672 --> 00:24:03,073
ON THE BATTLEFIELD?
AT THE BATTLE OF CRECY IN 1346,

691
00:24:03,075 --> 00:24:04,475
AT THE BATTLE OF CRECY IN 1346,
THE ENGLISH UNDER KING

692
00:24:04,477 --> 00:24:06,444
THE ENGLISH UNDER KING
EDWARD III FOUGHT A FRENCH ARMY

693
00:24:06,446 --> 00:24:08,412
EDWARD III FOUGHT A FRENCH ARMY
THAT OUTNUMBERED THEM BY AROUND

694
00:24:08,414 --> 00:24:09,780
THAT OUTNUMBERED THEM BY AROUND
5 TO 1.

695
00:24:09,782 --> 00:24:11,849
5 TO 1.
DESPITE OVERWHELMING ODDS,

696
00:24:11,851 --> 00:24:14,285
DESPITE OVERWHELMING ODDS,
THE ENGLISH FORCES WON THE DAY.

697
00:24:14,287 --> 00:24:16,153
THE ENGLISH FORCES WON THE DAY.
THE KEY TO EDWARD'S VICTORY

698
00:24:16,155 --> 00:24:17,922
THE KEY TO EDWARD'S VICTORY
WAS ARCHERS.

699
00:24:17,924 --> 00:24:20,291
WAS ARCHERS.
HE TOOK 7,000 ARCHERS, NEARLY

700
00:24:20,293 --> 00:24:23,661
HE TOOK 7,000 ARCHERS, NEARLY
HALF HIS ARMY, TO THE BATTLE.

701
00:24:23,663 --> 00:24:24,962
HALF HIS ARMY, TO THE BATTLE.
NOW, IF WE COULD CONSERVATIVELY

702
00:24:24,964 --> 00:24:26,464
NOW, IF WE COULD CONSERVATIVELY
THINK THEY COULD SHOOT PROBABLY

703
00:24:26,466 --> 00:24:29,500
THINK THEY COULD SHOOT PROBABLY
10 OR 12 ARROWS A MINUTE, THAT

704
00:24:29,502 --> 00:24:30,935
10 OR 12 ARROWS A MINUTE, THAT
MEANS IN JUST QUARTER OF AN

705
00:24:30,937 --> 00:24:33,504
MEANS IN JUST QUARTER OF AN
HOUR, THEY'VE SHOT OVER

706
00:24:33,506 --> 00:24:34,872
HOUR, THEY'VE SHOT OVER
A MILLION ARROWS.

707
00:24:34,874 --> 00:24:36,373
A MILLION ARROWS.
AND THIS IS A BATTLE THAT WENT

708
00:24:36,375 --> 00:24:40,878
AND THIS IS A BATTLE THAT WENT
ON FOR HOURS AND HOURS.

709
00:24:40,880 --> 00:24:42,746
ON FOR HOURS AND HOURS.
THAT WOULD EXHAUST ARROW STOCKS

710
00:24:42,748 --> 00:24:43,981
THAT WOULD EXHAUST ARROW STOCKS
VERY, VERY QUICKLY,

711
00:24:43,983 --> 00:24:46,350
VERY, VERY QUICKLY,
AND ARROWS ARE EXTREMELY

712
00:24:46,352 --> 00:24:48,118
AND ARROWS ARE EXTREMELY
SOPHISTICATED AND EXPENSIVE

713
00:24:48,120 --> 00:24:49,320
SOPHISTICATED AND EXPENSIVE
AMMUNITION.

714
00:24:49,322 --> 00:24:50,588
AMMUNITION.
SO WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO USE

715
00:24:50,590 --> 00:24:52,022
SO WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO USE
THEM?

716
00:24:52,024 --> 00:24:53,791
THEM?
SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT IN

717
00:24:53,793 --> 00:24:55,626
SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT IN
BATTLE, MEDIEVAL ARCHERS SHOT AT

718
00:24:55,628 --> 00:24:58,095
BATTLE, MEDIEVAL ARCHERS SHOT AT
LONG RANGE, MAYBE EVEN UP TO

719
00:24:58,097 --> 00:24:59,396
LONG RANGE, MAYBE EVEN UP TO
300 YARDS.

720
00:24:59,398 --> 00:25:04,134
300 YARDS.
I THINK THAT'S UNLIKELY.K THEY R

721
00:25:04,136 --> 00:25:05,970
I THINK THAT'S UNLIKELY.K THEY R
RANGE, PROBABLY AT 30 OR 40

722
00:25:05,972 --> 00:25:09,640
RANGE, PROBABLY AT 30 OR 40
YARDS FOR MAXIMUM THUMP.

723
00:25:09,642 --> 00:25:11,809
YARDS FOR MAXIMUM THUMP.
BUT COULD THAT IMPACT DEFEAT THE

724
00:25:11,811 --> 00:25:13,744
BUT COULD THAT IMPACT DEFEAT THE
ENEMY'S ARMOR?

725
00:25:17,749 --> 00:25:21,018
THE WHOLE POINT OF ARMOR IS THAT
IT IS DEFENSE AGAINST THE

726
00:25:21,020 --> 00:25:22,219
IT IS DEFENSE AGAINST THE
WEAPONS OF THE DAY.

727
00:25:22,221 --> 00:25:23,621
WEAPONS OF THE DAY.
IF IT'S NOT, THERE'S NO POINT IN

728
00:25:23,623 --> 00:25:26,090
IF IT'S NOT, THERE'S NO POINT IN
THE EXPENSE OR THE TROUBLE OF

729
00:25:26,092 --> 00:25:27,625
THE EXPENSE OR THE TROUBLE OF
WEARING IT.

730
00:25:27,627 --> 00:25:30,160
WEARING IT.
BUT IF THE LONGBOW IS SUCH A

731
00:25:30,162 --> 00:25:31,328
BUT IF THE LONGBOW IS SUCH A
SUPERB WEAPON THAT IT CAN

732
00:25:31,330 --> 00:25:32,930
SUPERB WEAPON THAT IT CAN
PENETRATE ARMOR EASILY, WHY

733
00:25:32,932 --> 00:25:34,698
PENETRATE ARMOR EASILY, WHY
ISN'T EVERYBODY AT CRECY DEAD

734
00:25:34,700 --> 00:25:36,033
ISN'T EVERYBODY AT CRECY DEAD
WITHIN MINUTES?

735
00:25:36,035 --> 00:25:37,501
WITHIN MINUTES?
OF COURSE SOME PEOPLE WERE

736
00:25:37,503 --> 00:25:38,702
OF COURSE SOME PEOPLE WERE
KILLED BY ARROWS.

737
00:25:38,704 --> 00:25:40,004
KILLED BY ARROWS.
SOME ARMOR WAS OF INFERIOR

738
00:25:40,006 --> 00:25:40,671
SOME ARMOR WAS OF INFERIOR
QUALITY.

739
00:25:40,673 --> 00:25:42,072
QUALITY.
EVERYBODY DIDN'T HAVE

740
00:25:42,074 --> 00:25:42,840
EVERYBODY DIDN'T HAVE
FULL ARMOR.

741
00:25:42,842 --> 00:25:44,742
FULL ARMOR.
SOME RASH YOUNG MAN WOULD LIFT A

742
00:25:44,744 --> 00:25:47,845
SOME RASH YOUNG MAN WOULD LIFT A
VISOR, BUT THE ARROWS GENERALLY

743
00:25:47,847 --> 00:25:49,280
VISOR, BUT THE ARROWS GENERALLY
WERE REPELLED BY THE ARMOR.

744
00:25:49,282 --> 00:25:50,581
WERE REPELLED BY THE ARMOR.
SO WHAT IS THE MILITARY

745
00:25:50,583 --> 00:25:52,249
SO WHAT IS THE MILITARY
EFFECTIVENESS OF MASSED ARCHERY?

746
00:25:52,251 --> 00:25:54,218
EFFECTIVENESS OF MASSED ARCHERY?
IT'S IN THE BLUNT TRAUMA.

747
00:25:54,220 --> 00:25:55,853
IT'S IN THE BLUNT TRAUMA.
IT'S IN THE THUMP AFTER THUMP

748
00:25:55,855 --> 00:25:57,454
IT'S IN THE THUMP AFTER THUMP
AFTER THUMP THAT PEOPLE ARE

749
00:25:57,456 --> 00:25:59,723
AFTER THUMP THAT PEOPLE ARE
RECEIVING FROM THESE HEAVY BOWS.

750
00:25:59,725 --> 00:26:01,025
RECEIVING FROM THESE HEAVY BOWS.
SO I WANT TO SET UP A TEST TO

751
00:26:01,027 --> 00:26:03,894
SO I WANT TO SET UP A TEST TO
MEASURE EXACTLY HOW MUCH IMPACT

752
00:26:03,896 --> 00:26:06,730
MEASURE EXACTLY HOW MUCH IMPACT
THEY'RE RECEIVING.

753
00:26:06,732 --> 00:26:08,065
THEY'RE RECEIVING.
I'M BEING HELPED IN THE TEST BY

754
00:26:08,067 --> 00:26:09,500
I'M BEING HELPED IN THE TEST BY
DR. MATTHEW PAIN.

755
00:26:09,502 --> 00:26:11,201
DR. MATTHEW PAIN.
HE'S A SPECIALIST IN CONTACT

756
00:26:11,203 --> 00:26:13,304
HE'S A SPECIALIST IN CONTACT
SPORT INJURIES.

757
00:26:13,306 --> 00:26:16,273
SPORT INJURIES.
SO, MATT, THIS IS BOXING BOB.

758
00:26:16,275 --> 00:26:16,907
SO, MATT, THIS IS BOXING BOB.
>> YES.

759
00:26:16,909 --> 00:26:18,976
>> YES.
>> WHO YOU USE FOR

760
00:26:18,978 --> 00:26:20,444
>> WHO YOU USE FOR
TESTING THE POWER OF BOXER'S

761
00:26:20,446 --> 00:26:21,078
TESTING THE POWER OF BOXER'S
PUNCHES.

762
00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:22,012
PUNCHES.
>> BEEN MAINLY CALIBRATED FOR

763
00:26:22,014 --> 00:26:23,314
>> BEEN MAINLY CALIBRATED FOR
BOXING, PUNCHING, KICKING WITH

764
00:26:23,316 --> 00:26:24,448
BOXING, PUNCHING, KICKING WITH
MARTIAL ARTS PEOPLE.

765
00:26:24,450 --> 00:26:25,516
MARTIAL ARTS PEOPLE.
>> SO WE WILL BE ABLE

766
00:26:25,518 --> 00:26:27,718
>> SO WE WILL BE ABLE
TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF FORCE

767
00:26:27,720 --> 00:26:28,819
TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF FORCE
THOSE ARROWS ARE HAVING ON THE

768
00:26:28,821 --> 00:26:29,653
THOSE ARROWS ARE HAVING ON THE
BODY WITHIN?

769
00:26:29,655 --> 00:26:30,854
BODY WITHIN?
>> YEAH, THE SENSORS HERE WILL

770
00:26:30,856 --> 00:26:32,423
>> YEAH, THE SENSORS HERE WILL
MEASURE FORCE ANYWHERE OVER

771
00:26:32,425 --> 00:26:34,191
MEASURE FORCE ANYWHERE OVER
THAT AREA, AND THEN WE'RE GONNA

772
00:26:34,193 --> 00:26:35,192
THAT AREA, AND THEN WE'RE GONNA
TAKE FURTHER MEASUREMENTS AND

773
00:26:35,194 --> 00:26:36,627
TAKE FURTHER MEASUREMENTS AND
CALCULATIONS FROM THAT.

774
00:26:36,629 --> 00:26:37,728
CALCULATIONS FROM THAT.
>> SO THE FIRST THING WE

775
00:26:37,730 --> 00:26:39,430
>> SO THE FIRST THING WE
NEED TO DO IS PUT ON THE TEXTILE

776
00:26:39,432 --> 00:26:41,231
NEED TO DO IS PUT ON THE TEXTILE
ARMOR.

777
00:26:41,233 --> 00:26:43,067
ARMOR.
THE TEXTILE ARMOR THAT SOLDIERS

778
00:26:43,069 --> 00:26:44,668
THE TEXTILE ARMOR THAT SOLDIERS
WORE UNDER THEIR MAIL IS

779
00:26:44,670 --> 00:26:46,670
WORE UNDER THEIR MAIL IS
DESIGNED TO ABSORB AND SPREAD

780
00:26:46,672 --> 00:26:48,238
DESIGNED TO ABSORB AND SPREAD
THE FORCE OF A BLOW.

781
00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:50,541
THE FORCE OF A BLOW.
IT CONSISTS OF 25 LAYERS OF

782
00:26:50,543 --> 00:26:52,977
IT CONSISTS OF 25 LAYERS OF
LINEN SEWN TOGETHER AND QUILTED

783
00:26:52,979 --> 00:26:54,311
LINEN SEWN TOGETHER AND QUILTED
FOR GREATER DENSITY.

784
00:26:54,313 --> 00:26:55,579
FOR GREATER DENSITY.
SO WE'RE PUTTING THAT OVER THE

785
00:26:55,581 --> 00:26:57,648
SO WE'RE PUTTING THAT OVER THE
PRESSURE PAD, AND THEN WE'LL PUT

786
00:26:57,650 --> 00:27:00,651
PRESSURE PAD, AND THEN WE'LL PUT
THIS RIVETED MAIL SHIRT OVER THE

787
00:27:00,653 --> 00:27:02,620
THIS RIVETED MAIL SHIRT OVER THE
TOP.

788
00:27:05,390 --> 00:27:08,392
HE'S GOT BIG SHOULDERS,
DOESN'T HE?

789
00:27:08,394 --> 00:27:10,060
DOESN'T HE?
FOR THE TEST, BOTH ARCHERS ARE

790
00:27:10,062 --> 00:27:12,129
FOR THE TEST, BOTH ARCHERS ARE
USING WAR BOWS OF 140 POUNDS

791
00:27:12,131 --> 00:27:14,498
USING WAR BOWS OF 140 POUNDS
DRAW WEIGHT AT EXTREMELY CLOSE

792
00:27:14,500 --> 00:27:16,333
DRAW WEIGHT AT EXTREMELY CLOSE
RANGE.

793
00:27:16,335 --> 00:27:18,435
RANGE.
THERE WE GO.

794
00:27:18,437 --> 00:27:19,670
THERE WE GO.
THE SENSORS ON THE DUMMY WILL

795
00:27:19,672 --> 00:27:21,238
THE SENSORS ON THE DUMMY WILL
RECORD THE FORCE OF THE ARROWS

796
00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:22,873
RECORD THE FORCE OF THE ARROWS
AND RELAY THE DATA TO A

797
00:27:22,875 --> 00:27:24,575
AND RELAY THE DATA TO A
COMPUTER.

798
00:27:24,577 --> 00:27:27,645
COMPUTER.
OKAY, MARK, JOE.

799
00:27:27,647 --> 00:27:28,679
OKAY, MARK, JOE.
LOOSE.

800
00:27:28,681 --> 00:27:29,680
LOOSE.
[dramatic music]

801
00:27:29,682 --> 00:27:34,785
[dramatic music]
♪ ♪

802
00:27:35,186 --> 00:27:36,520
GOOD SHOT.
WE GET A READING THERE?

803
00:27:36,522 --> 00:27:37,521
WE GET A READING THERE?
>> YEAH.

804
00:27:37,523 --> 00:27:39,423
>> YEAH.
>> THIS IS NOT SUNDAY

805
00:27:39,425 --> 00:27:40,557
>> THIS IS NOT SUNDAY
AFTERNOON ARCHERY PRACTICE.

806
00:27:40,559 --> 00:27:42,126
AFTERNOON ARCHERY PRACTICE.
THEY'RE FIGHTING WITH THESE

807
00:27:42,128 --> 00:27:43,327
THEY'RE FIGHTING WITH THESE
BOWS.

808
00:27:43,329 --> 00:27:46,063
BOWS.
115 POUNDS.

809
00:27:51,636 --> 00:27:54,171
OH, LOOK AT THAT SPIKE RIGHT UP
THERE.

810
00:27:54,173 --> 00:27:55,005
THERE.
>> 300 POUNDS.

811
00:27:55,007 --> 00:27:57,408
>> 300 POUNDS.
>> 300 POUNDS, THAT LAST

812
00:27:57,410 --> 00:28:00,310
>> 300 POUNDS, THAT LAST
ARROW.

813
00:28:00,312 --> 00:28:02,613
ARROW.
THESE VERY, VERY, POWERFUL BOWS

814
00:28:02,615 --> 00:28:04,515
THESE VERY, VERY, POWERFUL BOWS
AT THIS EXTREME SHORT RANGE,

815
00:28:04,517 --> 00:28:06,517
AT THIS EXTREME SHORT RANGE,
JUST 12 YARDS, ARE PUNCHING

816
00:28:06,519 --> 00:28:07,551
JUST 12 YARDS, ARE PUNCHING
THROUGH THE MAIL.

817
00:28:07,553 --> 00:28:09,319
THROUGH THE MAIL.
THE MAIL IS, HOWEVER, TAKING

818
00:28:09,321 --> 00:28:10,587
THE MAIL IS, HOWEVER, TAKING
SOME OF THE ENERGY OUT OF THEM

819
00:28:10,589 --> 00:28:11,455
SOME OF THE ENERGY OUT OF THEM
AND SLOWING THEM, BUT THAT--

820
00:28:11,457 --> 00:28:12,656
AND SLOWING THEM, BUT THAT--
IF YOU WERE JUST WEARING A MAIL

821
00:28:12,658 --> 00:28:14,491
IF YOU WERE JUST WEARING A MAIL
SHIRT, THIS WOULD BE DEEP

822
00:28:14,493 --> 00:28:15,759
SHIRT, THIS WOULD BE DEEP
IN YOU, AND YOU WOULD BE DEAD.

823
00:28:15,761 --> 00:28:17,728
IN YOU, AND YOU WOULD BE DEAD.
HOWEVER, YOU CAN SEE WHERE IT'S

824
00:28:17,730 --> 00:28:20,431
HOWEVER, YOU CAN SEE WHERE IT'S
HITTING THE TEXTILE ARMOR

825
00:28:20,433 --> 00:28:21,098
HITTING THE TEXTILE ARMOR
UNDERNEATH.

826
00:28:21,100 --> 00:28:22,733
UNDERNEATH.
I MEAN, CERTAINLY NOT EVEN

827
00:28:22,735 --> 00:28:25,169
I MEAN, CERTAINLY NOT EVEN
COMING THROUGH AT ALL THERE OR

828
00:28:25,171 --> 00:28:26,603
COMING THROUGH AT ALL THERE OR
THERE.

829
00:28:26,605 --> 00:28:28,305
THERE.
SO WHILE SOME ARROWS PIERCED THE

830
00:28:28,307 --> 00:28:29,907
SO WHILE SOME ARROWS PIERCED THE
MAIL, NONE WENT RIGHT THROUGH

831
00:28:29,909 --> 00:28:31,442
MAIL, NONE WENT RIGHT THROUGH
THE COMBINATION OF MAIL

832
00:28:31,444 --> 00:28:33,544
THE COMBINATION OF MAIL
AND THICK TEXTILE ARMOR.

833
00:28:33,546 --> 00:28:35,045
AND THICK TEXTILE ARMOR.
BUT WHAT ABOUT THE FORCE OF THE

834
00:28:35,047 --> 00:28:36,146
BUT WHAT ABOUT THE FORCE OF THE
IMPACT?

835
00:28:36,148 --> 00:28:38,148
IMPACT?
SO NOW, WE'VE GOT A READING HERE

836
00:28:38,150 --> 00:28:39,683
SO NOW, WE'VE GOT A READING HERE
OF 300 POUNDS.

837
00:28:39,685 --> 00:28:40,818
OF 300 POUNDS.
SO WHAT'S THAT THE EQUIVALENT

838
00:28:40,820 --> 00:28:41,518
SO WHAT'S THAT THE EQUIVALENT
TO?

839
00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:42,986
TO?
>> IF YOU LOOK AT THE IMPULSE,

840
00:28:42,988 --> 00:28:44,154
>> IF YOU LOOK AT THE IMPULSE,
THE STOPPING POWER THAT'S

841
00:28:44,156 --> 00:28:45,923
THE STOPPING POWER THAT'S
HAPPENED, YOU'VE GOT A VALUE OF

842
00:28:45,925 --> 00:28:48,659
HAPPENED, YOU'VE GOT A VALUE OF
ABOUT TEN NEWTON SECONDS, WHICH

843
00:28:48,661 --> 00:28:50,394
ABOUT TEN NEWTON SECONDS, WHICH
IS ACTUALLY ABOUT THE MID-RANGE

844
00:28:50,396 --> 00:28:52,596
IS ACTUALLY ABOUT THE MID-RANGE
FOR A .44 MAGNUM BULLET.

845
00:28:52,598 --> 00:28:54,031
FOR A .44 MAGNUM BULLET.
THERE'S MORE MORE ENERGY IN

846
00:28:54,033 --> 00:28:55,032
THERE'S MORE MORE ENERGY IN
A GUN, BUT THERE'S NOT AS

847
00:28:55,034 --> 00:28:57,601
A GUN, BUT THERE'S NOT AS
MUCH...

848
00:28:57,603 --> 00:28:58,869
MUCH...
>> SO WHAT DAMAGE IS

849
00:28:58,871 --> 00:29:00,437
>> SO WHAT DAMAGE IS
THAT DOING TO THE--SUPPOSE IT'S

850
00:29:00,439 --> 00:29:01,739
THAT DOING TO THE--SUPPOSE IT'S
ON THE SOFT TISSUE WHERE I'VE

851
00:29:01,741 --> 00:29:04,041
ON THE SOFT TISSUE WHERE I'VE
GOT ORGANS INSIDE HERE.

852
00:29:04,043 --> 00:29:05,175
GOT ORGANS INSIDE HERE.
>> NOW, THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR

853
00:29:05,177 --> 00:29:06,410
>> NOW, THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR
IT TO DO QUITE A LOT OF DAMAGE.

854
00:29:06,412 --> 00:29:07,544
IT TO DO QUITE A LOT OF DAMAGE.
NOW, THE ARROW WON'T PUNCTURE

855
00:29:07,546 --> 00:29:08,645
NOW, THE ARROW WON'T PUNCTURE
THE ARMOR, BUT THE ARMOR'S

856
00:29:08,647 --> 00:29:10,013
THE ARMOR, BUT THE ARMOR'S
WORKING BY DEFLECTING AND

857
00:29:10,015 --> 00:29:10,948
WORKING BY DEFLECTING AND
REBOUNDING.

858
00:29:10,950 --> 00:29:13,517
REBOUNDING.
IF THAT'S GOING IN THAT FAR WITH

859
00:29:13,519 --> 00:29:16,120
IF THAT'S GOING IN THAT FAR WITH
ENERGY, THEN IT'S GOING TO CAUSE

860
00:29:16,122 --> 00:29:17,755
ENERGY, THEN IT'S GOING TO CAUSE
DAMAGE THAT DEEP INSIDE THE

861
00:29:17,757 --> 00:29:21,158
DAMAGE THAT DEEP INSIDE THE
BODY.

862
00:29:21,160 --> 00:29:22,126
BODY.
>> THE TESTS SUGGEST

863
00:29:22,128 --> 00:29:23,393
>> THE TESTS SUGGEST
THAT REPEATED HITS FROM MASSED

864
00:29:23,395 --> 00:29:24,828
THAT REPEATED HITS FROM MASSED
WAR BOWS WOULD DELIVER A

865
00:29:24,830 --> 00:29:26,396
WAR BOWS WOULD DELIVER A
DEBILITATING ONSLAUGHT OF

866
00:29:26,398 --> 00:29:27,998
DEBILITATING ONSLAUGHT OF
HEAVYWEIGHT BLOWS.

867
00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:29,366
HEAVYWEIGHT BLOWS.
BLOWS THAT WOULD SOFTEN UP AND

868
00:29:29,368 --> 00:29:31,001
BLOWS THAT WOULD SOFTEN UP AND
WEAKEN AN ENEMY, SAPPING HIS

869
00:29:31,003 --> 00:29:32,803
WEAKEN AN ENEMY, SAPPING HIS
STAMINA AND WILL.

870
00:29:32,805 --> 00:29:34,037
STAMINA AND WILL.
EVEN WHEN THE ARROWS COULDN'T

871
00:29:34,039 --> 00:29:35,606
EVEN WHEN THE ARROWS COULDN'T
PENETRATE THE ARMOR, THEY WERE

872
00:29:35,608 --> 00:29:37,574
PENETRATE THE ARMOR, THEY WERE
POWERFUL FISTS WITH A LONG-RANGE

873
00:29:37,576 --> 00:29:38,208
POWERFUL FISTS WITH A LONG-RANGE
PUNCH.

874
00:29:38,210 --> 00:29:40,410
PUNCH.
>> DRAW!

875
00:29:40,412 --> 00:29:42,412
>> DRAW!
LOOSE!

876
00:29:47,919 --> 00:29:50,120
>> SO ARMOR HAD TO BE
IMPROVED.

877
00:29:50,122 --> 00:29:51,989
IMPROVED.
IN RESPONSE, ARMOR MAKERS BEGAN

878
00:29:51,991 --> 00:29:53,857
IN RESPONSE, ARMOR MAKERS BEGAN
TO USE SOLID METAL PLATES IN THE

879
00:29:53,859 --> 00:29:55,092
TO USE SOLID METAL PLATES IN THE
OUTER LAYERS.

880
00:29:55,094 --> 00:29:56,860
OUTER LAYERS.
BUT THERE WAS A PROBLEM.

881
00:29:56,862 --> 00:29:58,996
BUT THERE WAS A PROBLEM.
ARMORERS WERE VERY SKILLED AT

882
00:29:58,998 --> 00:30:00,731
ARMORERS WERE VERY SKILLED AT
WORKING WITH SMALL PLATES, BUT

883
00:30:00,733 --> 00:30:01,965
WORKING WITH SMALL PLATES, BUT
THEY DIDN'T YET HAVE THE

884
00:30:01,967 --> 00:30:04,334
THEY DIDN'T YET HAVE THE
TECHNOLOGY TO PRODUCE LARGE,

885
00:30:04,336 --> 00:30:06,270
TECHNOLOGY TO PRODUCE LARGE,
RIGID BODY PLATES.

886
00:30:06,272 --> 00:30:07,738
RIGID BODY PLATES.
>> IF YOU NEED TO COVER THE

887
00:30:07,740 --> 00:30:09,807
>> IF YOU NEED TO COVER THE
TORSO, YOU HAVE TO FIND ANOTHER

888
00:30:09,809 --> 00:30:11,708
TORSO, YOU HAVE TO FIND ANOTHER
ANSWER, AND THE ANSWER WAS THE

889
00:30:11,710 --> 00:30:13,143
ANSWER, AND THE ANSWER WAS THE
COAT OF PLATES.

890
00:30:13,145 --> 00:30:14,978
COAT OF PLATES.
THE COAT OF PLATES IS A LEATHER

891
00:30:14,980 --> 00:30:18,515
THE COAT OF PLATES IS A LEATHER
OR CLOTH FACING THAT HAS SMALLER

892
00:30:18,517 --> 00:30:20,984
OR CLOTH FACING THAT HAS SMALLER
STEEL PLATES RIVETED ONTO THE

893
00:30:20,986 --> 00:30:22,686
STEEL PLATES RIVETED ONTO THE
INSIDE, WHICH ALL OVERLAP AND

894
00:30:22,688 --> 00:30:23,954
INSIDE, WHICH ALL OVERLAP AND
CAN FLEX AND CAN MOVE.

895
00:30:23,956 --> 00:30:25,722
CAN FLEX AND CAN MOVE.
YOU'RE PROTECTING A LARGE AREA

896
00:30:25,724 --> 00:30:28,392
YOU'RE PROTECTING A LARGE AREA
WITH RELATIVELY SMALL PIECES OF

897
00:30:28,394 --> 00:30:29,226
WITH RELATIVELY SMALL PIECES OF
METAL.

898
00:30:29,228 --> 00:30:31,328
METAL.
AND THIS IS GOOD ARMOR, BUT YOU

899
00:30:31,330 --> 00:30:33,430
AND THIS IS GOOD ARMOR, BUT YOU
CAN STILL GET WEAPONS THROUGH

900
00:30:33,432 --> 00:30:34,932
CAN STILL GET WEAPONS THROUGH
AND BETWEEN THE GAPS, AND IT'S

901
00:30:34,934 --> 00:30:36,200
AND BETWEEN THE GAPS, AND IT'S
STILL GIVES.

902
00:30:36,202 --> 00:30:37,467
STILL GIVES.
YOU KNOW, IT STILL HAS SOME

903
00:30:37,469 --> 00:30:39,102
YOU KNOW, IT STILL HAS SOME
FLEX, IT STILL HAS SOME GIVE,

904
00:30:39,104 --> 00:30:40,637
FLEX, IT STILL HAS SOME GIVE,
SO IT'S NOT RESISTING SHOCK

905
00:30:40,639 --> 00:30:44,308
SO IT'S NOT RESISTING SHOCK
QUITE AS WELL AS LATER FORMS.

906
00:30:44,310 --> 00:30:45,442
QUITE AS WELL AS LATER FORMS.
>> EVENTUALLY, THE ARMOR

907
00:30:45,444 --> 00:30:47,010
>> EVENTUALLY, THE ARMOR
MAKERS FIGURED OUT HOW TO MAKE

908
00:30:47,012 --> 00:30:49,046
MAKERS FIGURED OUT HOW TO MAKE
SOLID BREASTPLATES THAT COVERED

909
00:30:49,048 --> 00:30:50,047
SOLID BREASTPLATES THAT COVERED
THE TORSO.

910
00:30:50,049 --> 00:30:51,915
THE TORSO.
NOW THERE WAS REAL PROTECTION

911
00:30:51,917 --> 00:30:54,051
NOW THERE WAS REAL PROTECTION
AGAINST THE WAR BOW.

912
00:30:54,053 --> 00:30:55,219
AGAINST THE WAR BOW.
>> AS THE METALWORKING

913
00:30:55,221 --> 00:30:57,287
>> AS THE METALWORKING
TECHNOLOGY IS IMPROVING AND

914
00:30:57,289 --> 00:30:58,722
TECHNOLOGY IS IMPROVING AND
IMPROVING ALL THE TIME, THERE'S

915
00:30:58,724 --> 00:31:00,991
IMPROVING ALL THE TIME, THERE'S
SLOWLY MORE AND MORE IRON AND

916
00:31:00,993 --> 00:31:03,694
SLOWLY MORE AND MORE IRON AND
STEEL PLATE KIND OF GROWING OVER

917
00:31:03,696 --> 00:31:04,795
STEEL PLATE KIND OF GROWING OVER
THE WHOLE BODY.

918
00:31:04,797 --> 00:31:06,163
THE WHOLE BODY.
>> BUT A KNIGHT OR MAN

919
00:31:06,165 --> 00:31:07,598
>> BUT A KNIGHT OR MAN
AT ARMS WEARING THIS SORT OF KIT

920
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:09,499
AT ARMS WEARING THIS SORT OF KIT
COULD WALK WITH REASONABLE

921
00:31:09,501 --> 00:31:11,501
COULD WALK WITH REASONABLE
CONFIDENCE INTO AN ARROW STORM.

922
00:31:11,503 --> 00:31:14,404
CONFIDENCE INTO AN ARROW STORM.
ARMOR OF THE DAY DOES IT'S JOB.

923
00:31:14,406 --> 00:31:16,440
ARMOR OF THE DAY DOES IT'S JOB.
IT'S GENERALLY PROOF AGAINST

924
00:31:16,442 --> 00:31:17,674
IT'S GENERALLY PROOF AGAINST
THE WEAPONS OF THE DAY.

925
00:31:17,676 --> 00:31:19,009
THE WEAPONS OF THE DAY.
>> YEAH, THAT'S THE IDEA,

926
00:31:19,011 --> 00:31:20,978
>> YEAH, THAT'S THE IDEA,
AND AS SOON AS IT'S NOT,

927
00:31:20,980 --> 00:31:23,046
AND AS SOON AS IT'S NOT,
IT GETS BETTER.

928
00:31:24,983 --> 00:31:27,451
>> BY THE END OF THE
MEDIEVAL AGE, THE NOBLE WARRIOR

929
00:31:27,453 --> 00:31:29,353
MEDIEVAL AGE, THE NOBLE WARRIOR
DRESSED FOR WAR IN A WAY

930
00:31:29,355 --> 00:31:30,954
DRESSED FOR WAR IN A WAY
WE ALL RECOGNIZE.

931
00:31:30,956 --> 00:31:34,324
WE ALL RECOGNIZE.
THE KNIGHT IN SHINING ARMOR.

932
00:31:34,326 --> 00:31:35,959
THE KNIGHT IN SHINING ARMOR.
THE ARMS RACE BETWEEN ARMOR

933
00:31:35,961 --> 00:31:37,861
THE ARMS RACE BETWEEN ARMOR
AND ARROWS WAS OVER.

934
00:31:37,863 --> 00:31:39,396
AND ARROWS WAS OVER.
IT WOULD TAKE A WHOLE KNEW KIND

935
00:31:39,398 --> 00:31:41,098
IT WOULD TAKE A WHOLE KNEW KIND
OF WEAPON TO TIP THE BALANCE

936
00:31:41,100 --> 00:31:42,232
OF WEAPON TO TIP THE BALANCE
AGAIN.

937
00:31:42,234 --> 00:31:43,300
AGAIN.
[explosion]

938
00:31:43,302 --> 00:31:50,207
[explosion]
>> I'VE BEEN DISCOVERING

939
00:31:50,209 --> 00:31:51,775
>> I'VE BEEN DISCOVERING
SOME SURPRISING REALITIES OF

940
00:31:51,777 --> 00:31:53,610
SOME SURPRISING REALITIES OF
LIFE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.

941
00:31:53,612 --> 00:31:54,978
LIFE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.
NOW I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO

942
00:31:54,980 --> 00:31:56,613
NOW I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO
UNCOVER THE TRUTH BEHIND THE

943
00:31:56,615 --> 00:31:57,948
UNCOVER THE TRUTH BEHIND THE
GREAT OBSESSION OF THE NOBLE

944
00:31:57,950 --> 00:32:00,450
GREAT OBSESSION OF THE NOBLE
CLASSES: HUNTING.

945
00:32:00,452 --> 00:32:01,285
CLASSES: HUNTING.
[horn blaring]

946
00:32:01,287 --> 00:32:02,786
[horn blaring]
HUNTING WAS CENTRAL TO MEDIEVAL

947
00:32:02,788 --> 00:32:04,288
HUNTING WAS CENTRAL TO MEDIEVAL
LIFE.

948
00:32:04,290 --> 00:32:06,290
LIFE.
ALL CLASSES OF SOCIETY HUNTED,

949
00:32:06,292 --> 00:32:07,958
ALL CLASSES OF SOCIETY HUNTED,
BUT FOR THE NOBILITY, IT WASN'T

950
00:32:07,960 --> 00:32:09,893
BUT FOR THE NOBILITY, IT WASN'T
JUST ABOUT SPORT OR FOOD.

951
00:32:09,895 --> 00:32:12,162
JUST ABOUT SPORT OR FOOD.
WAR WAS A KNIGHT'S OCCUPATION,

952
00:32:12,164 --> 00:32:14,798
WAR WAS A KNIGHT'S OCCUPATION,
BUT HUNTING WAS HIS PASSION.

953
00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:16,433
BUT HUNTING WAS HIS PASSION.
AND IT WAS A PASSION THAT HELPED

954
00:32:16,435 --> 00:32:19,836
AND IT WAS A PASSION THAT HELPED
HIM PREPARE FOR BATTLE.

955
00:32:19,838 --> 00:32:23,340
HIM PREPARE FOR BATTLE.
[deer bellowing]

956
00:32:23,342 --> 00:32:24,875
[deer bellowing]
A FRENCH NOBLEMAN OF THE TIME

957
00:32:24,877 --> 00:32:26,510
A FRENCH NOBLEMAN OF THE TIME
WROTE, "FOR EVERY KIND OF

958
00:32:26,512 --> 00:32:28,912
WROTE, "FOR EVERY KIND OF
MILITARY ENCOUNTER, HUNTING IS A

959
00:32:28,914 --> 00:32:31,982
MILITARY ENCOUNTER, HUNTING IS A
BETTER TRAINING THAN JOUSTING."

960
00:32:31,984 --> 00:32:34,284
BETTER TRAINING THAN JOUSTING."
HUNTING WAS A HIGHLY RITUALIZED

961
00:32:34,286 --> 00:32:36,420
HUNTING WAS A HIGHLY RITUALIZED
AND REGULATED EVENT.

962
00:32:36,422 --> 00:32:38,488
AND REGULATED EVENT.
IT WAS A VERY HIGH-STATUS EVENT.

963
00:32:38,490 --> 00:32:40,490
IT WAS A VERY HIGH-STATUS EVENT.
AND FOR HUNTING LARGE GAME,

964
00:32:40,492 --> 00:32:42,259
AND FOR HUNTING LARGE GAME,
THEY WOULD GATHER IN THE FOREST

965
00:32:42,261 --> 00:32:43,527
THEY WOULD GATHER IN THE FOREST
AT DAYBREAK FOR A FORMAL

966
00:32:43,529 --> 00:32:44,194
AT DAYBREAK FOR A FORMAL
BREAKFAST.

967
00:32:44,196 --> 00:32:44,928
BREAKFAST.
GOOD MORNING, GENTLEMEN.

968
00:32:44,930 --> 00:32:45,595
GOOD MORNING, GENTLEMEN.
>> GOOD MORNING.

969
00:32:45,597 --> 00:32:46,430
>> GOOD MORNING.
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH,

970
00:32:46,432 --> 00:32:47,230
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH,
STEVE.

971
00:32:47,232 --> 00:32:49,032
STEVE.
THIS IS MUCH MORE THAN A SOCIAL

972
00:32:49,034 --> 00:32:50,167
THIS IS MUCH MORE THAN A SOCIAL
OCCASION, ISN'T IT?

973
00:32:50,169 --> 00:32:51,568
OCCASION, ISN'T IT?
>> IT'S REINFORCING THE WHOLE

974
00:32:51,570 --> 00:32:52,936
>> IT'S REINFORCING THE WHOLE
SOCIAL STRUCTURE.

975
00:32:52,938 --> 00:32:53,971
SOCIAL STRUCTURE.
AND YOU HAVE PEOPLE OF ALL

976
00:32:53,973 --> 00:32:56,073
AND YOU HAVE PEOPLE OF ALL
DIFFERENT SOCIAL LEVELS ALL WITH

977
00:32:56,075 --> 00:32:57,007
DIFFERENT SOCIAL LEVELS ALL WITH
THEIR JOB TO DO.

978
00:32:57,009 --> 00:32:58,141
THEIR JOB TO DO.
AND ON THE BATTLEFIELD, THAT'S

979
00:32:58,143 --> 00:32:59,343
AND ON THE BATTLEFIELD, THAT'S
TREMENDOUSLY IMPORTANT, BECAUSE

980
00:32:59,345 --> 00:33:01,345
TREMENDOUSLY IMPORTANT, BECAUSE
AN EFFECTIVE MEDIEVAL ARMY HAS

981
00:33:01,347 --> 00:33:03,146
AN EFFECTIVE MEDIEVAL ARMY HAS
LOTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF

982
00:33:03,148 --> 00:33:06,917
LOTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF
SOLDIER ALL WORKING TOGETHER.

983
00:33:06,919 --> 00:33:07,684
SOLDIER ALL WORKING TOGETHER.
>> A HUNT WAS

984
00:33:07,686 --> 00:33:09,786
>> A HUNT WAS
METICULOUSLY PLANNED, COMBINING

985
00:33:09,788 --> 00:33:11,722
METICULOUSLY PLANNED, COMBINING
MEN, HORSES, AND DOGS.

986
00:33:11,724 --> 00:33:13,323
MEN, HORSES, AND DOGS.
MEDIEVAL DOGS WERE NOT LIKE

987
00:33:13,325 --> 00:33:14,758
MEDIEVAL DOGS WERE NOT LIKE
MODERN PEDIGREE BREEDS.

988
00:33:14,760 --> 00:33:16,660
MODERN PEDIGREE BREEDS.
THEY WERE TYPES OF DOG BRED

989
00:33:16,662 --> 00:33:20,697
THEY WERE TYPES OF DOG BRED
PURELY FOR PRACTICAL FUNCTION.

990
00:33:20,699 --> 00:33:22,065
PURELY FOR PRACTICAL FUNCTION.
THE FIRST JOB WAS TO FIND

991
00:33:22,067 --> 00:33:22,799
THE FIRST JOB WAS TO FIND
THE DEER.

992
00:33:22,801 --> 00:33:24,301
THE DEER.
AND THE HUNT MASTER WAS ABLE TO

993
00:33:24,303 --> 00:33:26,269
AND THE HUNT MASTER WAS ABLE TO
DECIPHER CLUES LEFT BY THE

994
00:33:26,271 --> 00:33:28,839
DECIPHER CLUES LEFT BY THE
ANIMAL ITSELF.

995
00:33:28,841 --> 00:33:30,307
ANIMAL ITSELF.
THE HARBORER HAS BROUGHT ME

996
00:33:30,309 --> 00:33:32,342
THE HARBORER HAS BROUGHT ME
A DISH OF DEER DROPPINGS.

997
00:33:32,344 --> 00:33:33,710
A DISH OF DEER DROPPINGS.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH INDEED.

998
00:33:33,712 --> 00:33:35,445
THANK YOU VERY MUCH INDEED.
THIS IS A BIG HONOR FOR THE

999
00:33:35,447 --> 00:33:37,748
THIS IS A BIG HONOR FOR THE
MASTER OF THE HUNT TO DETERMINE

1000
00:33:37,750 --> 00:33:40,584
MASTER OF THE HUNT TO DETERMINE
FROM THESE DEER DROPPINGS WHICH

1001
00:33:40,586 --> 00:33:41,852
FROM THESE DEER DROPPINGS WHICH
DEER TO HUNT.

1002
00:33:41,854 --> 00:33:44,354
DEER TO HUNT.
AND YOU CAN ACTUALLY TELL BY THE

1003
00:33:44,356 --> 00:33:47,724
AND YOU CAN ACTUALLY TELL BY THE
FORM OF IT, HOW FIRM IT IS--

1004
00:33:47,726 --> 00:33:49,226
FORM OF IT, HOW FIRM IT IS--
THEY COULD BREAK IT APART AND

1005
00:33:49,228 --> 00:33:50,327
THEY COULD BREAK IT APART AND
SNIFF IT.

1006
00:33:50,329 --> 00:33:51,728
SNIFF IT.
A GOOD HUNTSMAN WILL BE ABLE TO

1007
00:33:51,730 --> 00:33:53,797
A GOOD HUNTSMAN WILL BE ABLE TO
TELL WHETHER THIS IS A HEALTHY

1008
00:33:53,799 --> 00:33:56,533
TELL WHETHER THIS IS A HEALTHY
ANIMAL, WHAT AGE IT IS, AND IF

1009
00:33:56,535 --> 00:33:58,502
ANIMAL, WHAT AGE IT IS, AND IF
IT'S FIT TO HUNT.

1010
00:33:58,504 --> 00:34:00,170
IT'S FIT TO HUNT.
THE CHOSEN DROPPING WAS GIVEN TO

1011
00:34:00,172 --> 00:34:01,638
THE CHOSEN DROPPING WAS GIVEN TO
A DOG WITH AN INCREDIBLE SENSE

1012
00:34:01,640 --> 00:34:03,106
A DOG WITH AN INCREDIBLE SENSE
OF SMELL.

1013
00:34:03,108 --> 00:34:05,008
OF SMELL.
THESE BEAUTIFUL BLOODHOUNDS ARE

1014
00:34:05,010 --> 00:34:07,377
THESE BEAUTIFUL BLOODHOUNDS ARE
VERY MUCH A MEDIEVAL TYPE OF DOG

1015
00:34:07,379 --> 00:34:09,946
VERY MUCH A MEDIEVAL TYPE OF DOG
THAT WENT TO FIND A PARTICULAR

1016
00:34:09,948 --> 00:34:10,814
THAT WENT TO FIND A PARTICULAR
DEER.

1017
00:34:10,816 --> 00:34:12,249
DEER.
>> THEIR SENSE OF SMELL IS SO

1018
00:34:12,251 --> 00:34:13,884
>> THEIR SENSE OF SMELL IS SO
GOOD THEY CAN ACTUALLY PICK OUT

1019
00:34:13,886 --> 00:34:15,519
GOOD THEY CAN ACTUALLY PICK OUT
AN INDIVIDUAL DEER TO THE

1020
00:34:15,521 --> 00:34:16,820
AN INDIVIDUAL DEER TO THE
EXCLUSIVITY OF ALL THE OTHER

1021
00:34:16,822 --> 00:34:17,788
EXCLUSIVITY OF ALL THE OTHER
SCENTS ON THE FOREST FLOOR AS

1022
00:34:17,790 --> 00:34:18,522
SCENTS ON THE FOREST FLOOR AS
WELL.

1023
00:34:18,524 --> 00:34:19,489
WELL.
>> THESE DOGS, THE RECON

1024
00:34:19,491 --> 00:34:21,258
>> THESE DOGS, THE RECON
MISSION, WERE WORKED ON A LEASH

1025
00:34:21,260 --> 00:34:22,959
MISSION, WERE WORKED ON A LEASH
FOR WHICH THE MEDIEVAL WORD WAS

1026
00:34:22,961 --> 00:34:24,027
FOR WHICH THE MEDIEVAL WORD WAS
"LYAM."

1027
00:34:24,029 --> 00:34:25,762
"LYAM."
THEY WERE KNOWN AS "LIMERS."

1028
00:34:25,764 --> 00:34:27,731
THEY WERE KNOWN AS "LIMERS."
ONCE THE LIMERS HAD LOCATED THE

1029
00:34:27,733 --> 00:34:29,599
ONCE THE LIMERS HAD LOCATED THE
DEER, THE AREA WAS SURROUNDED

1030
00:34:29,601 --> 00:34:31,368
DEER, THE AREA WAS SURROUNDED
FOR A RADIUS OF SEVERAL MILES

1031
00:34:31,370 --> 00:34:33,537
FOR A RADIUS OF SEVERAL MILES
WITH RELAYS OF FAST RUNNING

1032
00:34:33,539 --> 00:34:34,538
WITH RELAYS OF FAST RUNNING
DOGS.

1033
00:34:34,540 --> 00:34:35,705
DOGS.
>> WE NEED TO GIVE CHASE, AND

1034
00:34:35,707 --> 00:34:37,107
>> WE NEED TO GIVE CHASE, AND
FOR THAT, YOU NEED SOME SPEED,

1035
00:34:37,109 --> 00:34:38,108
FOR THAT, YOU NEED SOME SPEED,
YOU NEED A LONG DOG.

1036
00:34:38,110 --> 00:34:39,443
YOU NEED A LONG DOG.
>> SO WE WILL HAVE A

1037
00:34:39,445 --> 00:34:42,079
>> SO WE WILL HAVE A
PACK FOLLOWING THE DEER, BUT THE

1038
00:34:42,081 --> 00:34:43,814
PACK FOLLOWING THE DEER, BUT THE
DEER CAN GET WELL AHEAD OF IT.

1039
00:34:43,816 --> 00:34:45,348
DEER CAN GET WELL AHEAD OF IT.
ONLY IF THE DEER GOT CLOSE TO

1040
00:34:45,350 --> 00:34:46,783
ONLY IF THE DEER GOT CLOSE TO
THE OUTER CORDON WERE THESE

1041
00:34:46,785 --> 00:34:48,652
THE OUTER CORDON WERE THESE
RELAY DOGS LET LOOSE TO TURN HIM

1042
00:34:48,654 --> 00:34:51,955
RELAY DOGS LET LOOSE TO TURN HIM
BACK TOWARDS THE MAIN HUNT.

1043
00:34:51,957 --> 00:34:53,423
BACK TOWARDS THE MAIN HUNT.
FOR THE MAIN CHASE, HUNTSMEN

1044
00:34:53,425 --> 00:34:56,226
FOR THE MAIN CHASE, HUNTSMEN
USED DOGS THAT RAN IN PACKS.

1045
00:34:56,228 --> 00:34:58,128
USED DOGS THAT RAN IN PACKS.
SO THESE ARE THE BRACHETS.

1046
00:34:58,130 --> 00:35:00,363
SO THESE ARE THE BRACHETS.
THESE ARE THE MAIN PACK.

1047
00:35:00,365 --> 00:35:02,232
THESE ARE THE MAIN PACK.
OFF LEASH, THEY RUN AS A PACK.

1048
00:35:02,234 --> 00:35:03,600
OFF LEASH, THEY RUN AS A PACK.
THEY'VE GOT EXTRAORDINARY

1049
00:35:03,602 --> 00:35:04,968
THEY'VE GOT EXTRAORDINARY
SCENTING ABILITY.

1050
00:35:04,970 --> 00:35:06,436
SCENTING ABILITY.
SO WHEN WE'RE RIDING AFTER THE

1051
00:35:06,438 --> 00:35:08,572
SO WHEN WE'RE RIDING AFTER THE
QUARRY ON HORSES, THESE ARE THE

1052
00:35:08,574 --> 00:35:10,307
QUARRY ON HORSES, THESE ARE THE
HOUNDS THAT HELP US KEEP IN

1053
00:35:10,309 --> 00:35:11,007
HOUNDS THAT HELP US KEEP IN
CONTACT.

1054
00:35:11,009 --> 00:35:12,409
CONTACT.
THESE ARE THE DOGS WITH THE

1055
00:35:12,411 --> 00:35:14,644
THESE ARE THE DOGS WITH THE
STAMINA AND THE SCENT TO GET

1056
00:35:14,646 --> 00:35:16,580
STAMINA AND THE SCENT TO GET
AFTER THE QUARRY.

1057
00:35:17,115 --> 00:35:25,755
[dramatic music]
♪ ♪

1058
00:35:28,126 --> 00:35:30,460
[horn blaring]

1059
00:35:37,368 --> 00:35:39,970
>> WHOO!

1060
00:35:44,408 --> 00:35:47,043
>> THE TACTICS, THE
DANGER, THE ADRENALINE, THE

1061
00:35:47,045 --> 00:35:49,179
DANGER, THE ADRENALINE, THE
CAMARADERIE; IT WAS JUST LIKE A

1062
00:35:49,181 --> 00:35:50,280
CAMARADERIE; IT WAS JUST LIKE A
MILITARY CAMPAIGN.

1063
00:35:50,282 --> 00:35:52,149
MILITARY CAMPAIGN.
[horn blaring]

1064
00:35:52,151 --> 00:35:53,416
[horn blaring]
THE THRILL OF THE CHASE WAS

1065
00:35:53,418 --> 00:35:55,452
THE THRILL OF THE CHASE WAS
IRRESISTIBLE, AND IT PREPARED A

1066
00:35:55,454 --> 00:35:58,622
IRRESISTIBLE, AND IT PREPARED A
MAN FOR THE RIGOR OF BATTLE.

1067
00:36:05,730 --> 00:36:10,433
A KNIGHT ASPIRED TO SHOW AS MUCH
STRENGTH AND COURAGE AND SKILL

1068
00:36:10,435 --> 00:36:12,369
STRENGTH AND COURAGE AND SKILL
ON THE HUNTING FIELD AS HE DID

1069
00:36:12,371 --> 00:36:14,738
ON THE HUNTING FIELD AS HE DID
ON THE BATTLEFIELD.

1070
00:36:22,547 --> 00:36:25,916
HUNTING DANGEROUS GAME, GAME
THAT COULD FIGHT BACK, HELD

1071
00:36:25,918 --> 00:36:27,017
THAT COULD FIGHT BACK, HELD
SPECIAL STATUS.

1072
00:36:27,019 --> 00:36:30,453
SPECIAL STATUS.
[boars snorting]

1073
00:36:30,455 --> 00:36:32,689
[boars snorting]
THE MOST PRESTIGIOUS FEAT OF ALL

1074
00:36:32,691 --> 00:36:34,824
THE MOST PRESTIGIOUS FEAT OF ALL
WAS TO HUNT THE WILD BOAR.

1075
00:36:34,826 --> 00:36:37,928
WAS TO HUNT THE WILD BOAR.
JUST IMAGINE THAT COMING AT YOU.

1076
00:36:37,930 --> 00:36:40,964
JUST IMAGINE THAT COMING AT YOU.
700 POUNDS OF CHARGING,

1077
00:36:40,966 --> 00:36:43,633
700 POUNDS OF CHARGING,
SNARLING MUSCLE ARMED WITH

1078
00:36:43,635 --> 00:36:44,901
SNARLING MUSCLE ARMED WITH
DAGGER-LIKE TUSKS.

1079
00:36:44,903 --> 00:36:47,804
DAGGER-LIKE TUSKS.
[boars squealing]

1080
00:36:49,874 --> 00:36:54,444
TO FACE HIM ON FOOT, THEY USED
SPECIAL BOAR SPEARS WHICH HAD A

1081
00:36:54,446 --> 00:36:57,447
SPECIAL BOAR SPEARS WHICH HAD A
TRANSVERSE BAR, A CROSSBAR, JUST

1082
00:36:57,449 --> 00:36:59,416
TRANSVERSE BAR, A CROSSBAR, JUST
BEHIND THE HEAD OF THE SPEAR.

1083
00:36:59,418 --> 00:37:01,351
BEHIND THE HEAD OF THE SPEAR.
THE IDEA WAS THAT EVEN IF A BOAR

1084
00:37:01,353 --> 00:37:03,687
THE IDEA WAS THAT EVEN IF A BOAR
WERE STUCK WITH YOUR SPEAR,

1085
00:37:03,689 --> 00:37:05,388
WERE STUCK WITH YOUR SPEAR,
EVEN IF YOU MANAGED TO GET HIM,

1086
00:37:05,390 --> 00:37:06,890
EVEN IF YOU MANAGED TO GET HIM,
HE WOULD HAVE SUCH MOMENTUM

1087
00:37:06,892 --> 00:37:08,725
HE WOULD HAVE SUCH MOMENTUM
DRIVING AT YOU THAT HE'D COME

1088
00:37:08,727 --> 00:37:10,293
DRIVING AT YOU THAT HE'D COME
RIGHT UP THE SHAFT AND STILL GET

1089
00:37:10,295 --> 00:37:10,894
RIGHT UP THE SHAFT AND STILL GET
YOU.

1090
00:37:10,896 --> 00:37:13,163
YOU.
[boars squealing]

1091
00:37:13,165 --> 00:37:14,431
[boars squealing]
MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPTS SHOW

1092
00:37:14,433 --> 00:37:16,166
MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPTS SHOW
HUNTERS ATTACKING TALD BOAR WITH

1093
00:37:16,168 --> 00:37:18,235
HUNTERS ATTACKING TALD BOAR WITH
SPEARS, BUT COULD YOU REALLY

1094
00:37:18,237 --> 00:37:18,935
SPEARS, BUT COULD YOU REALLY
DO IT?

1095
00:37:18,937 --> 00:37:19,903
DO IT?
I'M GOING TO TRY A SIMPLE

1096
00:37:19,905 --> 00:37:21,972
I'M GOING TO TRY A SIMPLE
EXPERIMENT.

1097
00:37:21,974 --> 00:37:23,306
EXPERIMENT.
I'VE ALWAYS BEEN VERY CURIOUS AS

1098
00:37:23,308 --> 00:37:25,675
I'VE ALWAYS BEEN VERY CURIOUS AS
TO WHETHER THESE CROSSBARS WOULD

1099
00:37:25,677 --> 00:37:26,309
TO WHETHER THESE CROSSBARS WOULD
WORK.

1100
00:37:26,311 --> 00:37:27,143
WORK.
I MEAN, I KIND OF THINK IF A

1101
00:37:27,145 --> 00:37:29,512
I MEAN, I KIND OF THINK IF A
700-POUND BOAR IS CHARGING AT

1102
00:37:29,514 --> 00:37:30,947
700-POUND BOAR IS CHARGING AT
YOU, IF HE GETS THAT FAR, HE'S

1103
00:37:30,949 --> 00:37:32,215
YOU, IF HE GETS THAT FAR, HE'S
PROBABLY GONNA KNOCK YOU OVER

1104
00:37:32,217 --> 00:37:33,016
PROBABLY GONNA KNOCK YOU OVER
AND YOU'RE STILL GONNA GET

1105
00:37:33,018 --> 00:37:33,650
AND YOU'RE STILL GONNA GET
GORED.

1106
00:37:33,652 --> 00:37:35,218
GORED.
SO I'VE SET UP A LITTLE BIT OF A

1107
00:37:35,220 --> 00:37:35,852
SO I'VE SET UP A LITTLE BIT OF A
TEST.

1108
00:37:35,854 --> 00:37:37,754
TEST.
I'M GONNA GET ADAM AND GORDON TO

1109
00:37:37,756 --> 00:37:39,289
I'M GONNA GET ADAM AND GORDON TO
RUN AT ME, AND I'M GONNA SEE IF

1110
00:37:39,291 --> 00:37:40,757
RUN AT ME, AND I'M GONNA SEE IF
I CAN STOP THEM.

1111
00:37:40,759 --> 00:37:41,758
I CAN STOP THEM.
DO YOU WANT TO GIVE IT GO, GUYS,

1112
00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:42,626
DO YOU WANT TO GIVE IT GO, GUYS,
SEE IF YOU CAN KNOCK ME OVER?

1113
00:37:42,628 --> 00:37:46,896
SEE IF YOU CAN KNOCK ME OVER?
CHARGE!

1114
00:37:46,898 --> 00:37:49,833
CHARGE!
[grunts]

1115
00:37:49,835 --> 00:37:52,435
[grunts]
IT TAKES TWO TO HOLD IT.

1116
00:37:52,437 --> 00:37:54,004
IT TAKES TWO TO HOLD IT.
SO MY RITE OF PASSAGE WAS TO

1117
00:37:54,006 --> 00:37:56,072
SO MY RITE OF PASSAGE WAS TO
STAND THERE ON MY OWN AND TAKE

1118
00:37:56,074 --> 00:37:56,940
STAND THERE ON MY OWN AND TAKE
THAT CHARGE.

1119
00:37:56,942 --> 00:37:58,441
THAT CHARGE.
BUT AS LONG AS I HAD A GOOD

1120
00:37:58,443 --> 00:38:00,410
BUT AS LONG AS I HAD A GOOD
COMPANION COMING IN, THANK YOU

1121
00:38:00,412 --> 00:38:02,612
COMPANION COMING IN, THANK YOU
VERY MUCH, THEN I WAS SAVED THE

1122
00:38:02,614 --> 00:38:04,748
VERY MUCH, THEN I WAS SAVED THE
INDIGNITY OF BEING BOWLED OVER

1123
00:38:04,750 --> 00:38:06,616
INDIGNITY OF BEING BOWLED OVER
BY A PIECE OF MEAT.

1124
00:38:06,618 --> 00:38:08,084
BY A PIECE OF MEAT.
BUT IT WOULD BE A BRAVE MAN

1125
00:38:08,086 --> 00:38:10,220
BUT IT WOULD BE A BRAVE MAN
INDEED WHO WOULD FACE A CHARGING

1126
00:38:10,222 --> 00:38:12,088
INDEED WHO WOULD FACE A CHARGING
BOAR THAT WAS NOT FIRST HELD

1127
00:38:12,090 --> 00:38:13,990
BOAR THAT WAS NOT FIRST HELD
DOWN MY MASTIFFS.

1128
00:38:16,527 --> 00:38:19,529
THIS WAS ANOTHER TYPE OF
MEDIEVAL DOG BRED FOR JUST ONE

1129
00:38:19,531 --> 00:38:21,731
MEDIEVAL DOG BRED FOR JUST ONE
PURPOSE.

1130
00:38:21,733 --> 00:38:23,900
PURPOSE.
JAKE IS A SUSSEX BULLDOG.

1131
00:38:23,902 --> 00:38:25,702
JAKE IS A SUSSEX BULLDOG.
HE'S A TYPE OF DOG THAT IN THE

1132
00:38:25,704 --> 00:38:26,836
HE'S A TYPE OF DOG THAT IN THE
MIDDLE AGES WOULD BE CALLED

1133
00:38:26,838 --> 00:38:28,571
MIDDLE AGES WOULD BE CALLED
A MASTIFF.

1134
00:38:28,573 --> 00:38:30,206
A MASTIFF.
THE NOSE IS UP HERE, AND THAT

1135
00:38:30,208 --> 00:38:32,409
THE NOSE IS UP HERE, AND THAT
MEANS HE CAN HANG ON TO GAME,

1136
00:38:32,411 --> 00:38:34,878
MEANS HE CAN HANG ON TO GAME,
HOLD GAME, PULL IT DOWN, AND

1137
00:38:34,880 --> 00:38:37,480
HOLD GAME, PULL IT DOWN, AND
CARRY ON HOLDING IT AND YET HE

1138
00:38:37,482 --> 00:38:39,516
CARRY ON HOLDING IT AND YET HE
CAN STILL BREATHE UNTIL THE

1139
00:38:39,518 --> 00:38:41,451
CAN STILL BREATHE UNTIL THE
HUNTER ARRIVES WITH HIS SPEAR OR

1140
00:38:41,453 --> 00:38:43,620
HUNTER ARRIVES WITH HIS SPEAR OR
WITH HIS SWORD.

1141
00:38:46,957 --> 00:38:49,926
OF ALL THE WAYS A MAN COULD
HUNT, THE MOST NOBLE, THE MOST

1142
00:38:49,928 --> 00:38:51,628
HUNT, THE MOST NOBLE, THE MOST
DANGEROUS, AND THE MOST ESTEEMED

1143
00:38:51,630 --> 00:38:53,463
DANGEROUS, AND THE MOST ESTEEMED
WAS TO KILL THE WILD BOAR FROM

1144
00:38:53,465 --> 00:38:56,066
WAS TO KILL THE WILD BOAR FROM
HORSEBACK WITH A SWORD.

1145
00:39:02,239 --> 00:39:05,342
ONCE THE GAME HAD BEEN KILLED,
THE KNIGHT WOULD PERSONALLY

1146
00:39:05,344 --> 00:39:06,843
THE KNIGHT WOULD PERSONALLY
BUTCHER IT IN THE FIELD.

1147
00:39:06,845 --> 00:39:08,678
BUTCHER IT IN THE FIELD.
IN PRACTICAL TERMS, THIS MEANT

1148
00:39:08,680 --> 00:39:10,413
IN PRACTICAL TERMS, THIS MEANT
SMALL ENOUGH CUTS OF MEAT FOR

1149
00:39:10,415 --> 00:39:12,415
SMALL ENOUGH CUTS OF MEAT FOR
HIS SERVANTS TO CARRY HOME.

1150
00:39:12,417 --> 00:39:15,018
HIS SERVANTS TO CARRY HOME.
[fire crackling]

1151
00:39:15,020 --> 00:39:17,654
[fire crackling]
IT ALSO MEANT THAT KNIGHTS WERE

1152
00:39:17,656 --> 00:39:20,857
IT ALSO MEANT THAT KNIGHTS WERE
USED TO THE BLOOD AND GORE OF

1153
00:39:20,859 --> 00:39:21,958
USED TO THE BLOOD AND GORE OF
DEAD ANIMALS.

1154
00:39:21,960 --> 00:39:23,026
DEAD ANIMALS.
IT MEANT THAT THEY WERE

1155
00:39:23,028 --> 00:39:24,561
IT MEANT THAT THEY WERE
FAMILIARIZED WITH IT, THAT THEY

1156
00:39:24,563 --> 00:39:25,995
FAMILIARIZED WITH IT, THAT THEY
WEREN'T SQUEAMISH ON THE

1157
00:39:25,997 --> 00:39:28,531
WEREN'T SQUEAMISH ON THE
BATTLEFIELD.

1158
00:39:28,533 --> 00:39:29,733
BATTLEFIELD.
BREAD SOAKED IN BLOOD AND

1159
00:39:29,735 --> 00:39:31,601
BREAD SOAKED IN BLOOD AND
TOASTED OVER THE FIRE WAS THE

1160
00:39:31,603 --> 00:39:35,071
TOASTED OVER THE FIRE WAS THE
FAVORED REWARD FOR THE HOUNDS.

1161
00:39:35,073 --> 00:39:36,639
FAVORED REWARD FOR THE HOUNDS.
THERE'S A GOOD DOG.

1162
00:39:36,641 --> 00:39:38,241
THERE'S A GOOD DOG.
THIS HAS BEEN AN EXTREMELY

1163
00:39:38,243 --> 00:39:39,609
THIS HAS BEEN AN EXTREMELY
SUCCESSFUL DAY.

1164
00:39:39,611 --> 00:39:41,745
SUCCESSFUL DAY.
WE HAD THAT MEDIEVAL HUNTING

1165
00:39:41,747 --> 00:39:42,412
WE HAD THAT MEDIEVAL HUNTING
EXPERIENCE.

1166
00:39:42,414 --> 00:39:44,280
EXPERIENCE.
WE'VE HAD THAT BONDING WITH THE

1167
00:39:44,282 --> 00:39:44,948
WE'VE HAD THAT BONDING WITH THE
HOUNDS.

1168
00:39:44,950 --> 00:39:46,082
HOUNDS.
AND WE'VE HAD THAT BONDING WITH

1169
00:39:46,084 --> 00:39:46,883
AND WE'VE HAD THAT BONDING WITH
EACH OTHER.

1170
00:39:46,885 --> 00:39:49,119
EACH OTHER.
IT WAS LIKE A MILITARY EXERCISE.

1171
00:39:49,121 --> 00:39:51,121
IT WAS LIKE A MILITARY EXERCISE.
THAT IS WHAT HUNTING WAS ABOUT

1172
00:39:51,123 --> 00:39:52,689
THAT IS WHAT HUNTING WAS ABOUT
TO MEDIEVAL PEOPLE.

1173
00:39:52,691 --> 00:39:54,491
TO MEDIEVAL PEOPLE.
IT WAS A METAPHOR FOR WAR,

1174
00:39:54,493 --> 00:39:57,093
IT WAS A METAPHOR FOR WAR,
AND IT WAS TRAINING FOR WAR.

1175
00:39:57,095 --> 00:40:02,432
AND IT WAS TRAINING FOR WAR.
>> I'VE BEEN GOING

1176
00:40:02,434 --> 00:40:04,334
>> I'VE BEEN GOING
MEDIEVAL TO GET AS CLOSE TO LIFE

1177
00:40:04,336 --> 00:40:06,102
MEDIEVAL TO GET AS CLOSE TO LIFE
IN THE MIDDLE AGES AS I CAN.

1178
00:40:06,104 --> 00:40:07,904
IN THE MIDDLE AGES AS I CAN.
I'VE HELPED BUILD CASTLES,

1179
00:40:07,906 --> 00:40:10,407
I'VE HELPED BUILD CASTLES,
TRAINED AND FOUGHT WITH SWORDS,

1180
00:40:10,409 --> 00:40:12,876
TRAINED AND FOUGHT WITH SWORDS,
AND TRAVELLED BY LAND AND SEA.

1181
00:40:12,878 --> 00:40:14,677
AND TRAVELLED BY LAND AND SEA.
I'VE EXPERIENCED THE THRILL OF

1182
00:40:14,679 --> 00:40:16,479
I'VE EXPERIENCED THE THRILL OF
THE CHASE AND TESTED WHAT IT

1183
00:40:16,481 --> 00:40:17,981
THE CHASE AND TESTED WHAT IT
WOULD BE LIKE TO BE ATTACKED BY

1184
00:40:17,983 --> 00:40:20,150
WOULD BE LIKE TO BE ATTACKED BY
A WILD BOAR.

1185
00:40:26,023 --> 00:40:30,493
NOW I'M CARRYING ONE OF NATURE'S
SWIFTEST PREDATORS ON MY FIST:

1186
00:40:30,495 --> 00:40:31,761
SWIFTEST PREDATORS ON MY FIST:
A FALCON.

1187
00:40:31,763 --> 00:40:34,030
A FALCON.
FOR ALL THE EXCITEMENT AND

1188
00:40:34,032 --> 00:40:36,766
FOR ALL THE EXCITEMENT AND
PRESTIGE OF HUNTING DANGEROUS

1189
00:40:36,768 --> 00:40:38,701
PRESTIGE OF HUNTING DANGEROUS
GAME...

1190
00:40:40,037 --> 00:40:45,241
THE MOST ICONIC AND BY FAR THE
MOST PREFERRED OF MEDIEVAL

1191
00:40:45,243 --> 00:40:48,044
MOST PREFERRED OF MEDIEVAL
HUNTING PURSUITS WAS FALCONRY.

1192
00:40:48,046 --> 00:40:50,013
HUNTING PURSUITS WAS FALCONRY.
FLY!

1193
00:40:57,488 --> 00:41:01,257
FOR THE RICH, FALCONS WERE THEIR
MOST PRIZED POSSESSIONS AND AN

1194
00:41:01,259 --> 00:41:02,792
MOST PRIZED POSSESSIONS AND AN
OPPORTUNITY TO SHOW OFF THEIR

1195
00:41:02,794 --> 00:41:04,093
OPPORTUNITY TO SHOW OFF THEIR
WEALTH.

1196
00:41:04,095 --> 00:41:05,462
WEALTH.
THERE SHE GOES!

1197
00:41:05,464 --> 00:41:08,565
THERE SHE GOES!
HA!

1198
00:41:08,567 --> 00:41:10,867
HA!
IN 1368, THE ENGLISH KING

1199
00:41:10,869 --> 00:41:13,002
IN 1368, THE ENGLISH KING
EDWARD III SPENT MORE ON HIS

1200
00:41:13,004 --> 00:41:15,205
EDWARD III SPENT MORE ON HIS
FALCONS THAN THE ENTIRE ANNUAL

1201
00:41:15,207 --> 00:41:17,507
FALCONS THAN THE ENTIRE ANNUAL
INCOME OF HIS RICHEST NOBLEMAN.

1202
00:41:17,509 --> 00:41:19,375
INCOME OF HIS RICHEST NOBLEMAN.
HE ALSO HAD PERCHES FOR HIS

1203
00:41:19,377 --> 00:41:20,677
HE ALSO HAD PERCHES FOR HIS
FAVORITE BIRDS IN HIS

1204
00:41:20,679 --> 00:41:23,680
FAVORITE BIRDS IN HIS
BED CHAMBER.

1205
00:41:23,682 --> 00:41:25,415
BED CHAMBER.
FOR A GOOD DAY'S HAWKING, YOU

1206
00:41:25,417 --> 00:41:27,050
FOR A GOOD DAY'S HAWKING, YOU
NEED SEVERAL BIRDS.

1207
00:41:27,052 --> 00:41:28,585
NEED SEVERAL BIRDS.
SPARE BIRDS WERE CARRIED ON THIS

1208
00:41:28,587 --> 00:41:30,553
SPARE BIRDS WERE CARRIED ON THIS
FRAME CALLED A CADGE, AND THE

1209
00:41:30,555 --> 00:41:31,888
FRAME CALLED A CADGE, AND THE
MAN WHO CARRIED IT WAS CALLED

1210
00:41:31,890 --> 00:41:32,989
MAN WHO CARRIED IT WAS CALLED
THE CADGER.

1211
00:41:32,991 --> 00:41:34,457
THE CADGER.
TODAY WE CALL SOMEONE WHO

1212
00:41:34,459 --> 00:41:36,159
TODAY WE CALL SOMEONE WHO
CARRIES GOLF CLUBS A CADDY,

1213
00:41:36,161 --> 00:41:38,862
CARRIES GOLF CLUBS A CADDY,
WHICH COMES FROM THE SAME WORD.

1214
00:41:38,864 --> 00:41:40,096
WHICH COMES FROM THE SAME WORD.
SO, LOCKHART, YOU'VE NEVER

1215
00:41:40,098 --> 00:41:42,632
SO, LOCKHART, YOU'VE NEVER
ACTUALLY HELD A FALCON BEFORE.

1216
00:41:42,634 --> 00:41:44,234
ACTUALLY HELD A FALCON BEFORE.
WELL, LET'S CHANGE THAT.

1217
00:41:44,236 --> 00:41:46,069
WELL, LET'S CHANGE THAT.
THE FALCON IS WEARING A HOOD TO

1218
00:41:46,071 --> 00:41:47,770
THE FALCON IS WEARING A HOOD TO
KEEP IT CALM AND QUIET.

1219
00:41:47,772 --> 00:41:50,507
KEEP IT CALM AND QUIET.
THIS IS A LANNER FALCON.

1220
00:41:50,509 --> 00:41:51,708
THIS IS A LANNER FALCON.
SHE'S CALLED BAYOU.

1221
00:41:51,710 --> 00:41:53,910
SHE'S CALLED BAYOU.
AND LANNERS WERE VERY POPULAR

1222
00:41:53,912 --> 00:41:55,345
AND LANNERS WERE VERY POPULAR
HUNTING BIRDS IN THE MIDDLE

1223
00:41:55,347 --> 00:41:56,212
HUNTING BIRDS IN THE MIDDLE
AGES.

1224
00:41:56,214 --> 00:41:57,647
AGES.
YOU JUST--REALLY GENTLY, YOU

1225
00:41:57,649 --> 00:41:59,349
YOU JUST--REALLY GENTLY, YOU
CAN JUST FEEL HER CROP THERE.

1226
00:41:59,351 --> 00:42:00,850
CAN JUST FEEL HER CROP THERE.
GENTLY.

1227
00:42:00,852 --> 00:42:01,918
GENTLY.
YOU SEE HOW FULL UP SHE IS?

1228
00:42:01,920 --> 00:42:02,652
YOU SEE HOW FULL UP SHE IS?
>> YEAH, YEAH.

1229
00:42:02,654 --> 00:42:03,486
>> YEAH, YEAH.
>> AND THAT'S BECAUSE

1230
00:42:03,488 --> 00:42:05,588
>> AND THAT'S BECAUSE
SHE'S BEEN FLOWN AND HAS FED

1231
00:42:05,590 --> 00:42:08,958
SHE'S BEEN FLOWN AND HAS FED
AND IS SAID TO BE FED UP.

1232
00:42:08,960 --> 00:42:10,426
AND IS SAID TO BE FED UP.
YOU CAN SEE THAT LITTLE BULGE

1233
00:42:10,428 --> 00:42:11,528
YOU CAN SEE THAT LITTLE BULGE
THERE; SHE'S FED UP, WHICH IS

1234
00:42:11,530 --> 00:42:13,029
THERE; SHE'S FED UP, WHICH IS
WHY SHE'S SITTING VERY QUIETLY,

1235
00:42:13,031 --> 00:42:14,864
WHY SHE'S SITTING VERY QUIETLY,
AND A BIRD THAT'S SORT OF

1236
00:42:14,866 --> 00:42:17,033
AND A BIRD THAT'S SORT OF
LISTLESS AND NOT VERY INTERESTED

1237
00:42:17,035 --> 00:42:18,768
LISTLESS AND NOT VERY INTERESTED
IN HUNTING OR--IS SIMPLY SAID TO

1238
00:42:18,770 --> 00:42:19,435
IN HUNTING OR--IS SIMPLY SAID TO
BE FED UP.

1239
00:42:19,437 --> 00:42:20,103
BE FED UP.
IT'S WHERE WE GET THAT

1240
00:42:20,105 --> 00:42:20,770
IT'S WHERE WE GET THAT
EXPRESSION.

1241
00:42:20,772 --> 00:42:21,604
EXPRESSION.
GET A LOT OF EXPRESSIONS FROM

1242
00:42:21,606 --> 00:42:22,605
GET A LOT OF EXPRESSIONS FROM
FALCONRY.

1243
00:42:22,607 --> 00:42:24,474
FALCONRY.
THEY NATURALLY GO TO THE HIGHEST

1244
00:42:24,476 --> 00:42:25,174
THEY NATURALLY GO TO THE HIGHEST
POINT.

1245
00:42:25,176 --> 00:42:25,808
POINT.
>> ALL RIGHT.

1246
00:42:25,810 --> 00:42:26,743
>> ALL RIGHT.
>> YOU JUST NEED TO PUT

1247
00:42:26,745 --> 00:42:29,245
>> YOU JUST NEED TO PUT
YOUR INDEX FINGER BEHIND HERE,

1248
00:42:29,247 --> 00:42:31,514
YOUR INDEX FINGER BEHIND HERE,
AND SHE SHOULD STEP UP.

1249
00:42:31,516 --> 00:42:32,181
AND SHE SHOULD STEP UP.
OKAY?

1250
00:42:32,183 --> 00:42:32,882
OKAY?
>> YEAH.

1251
00:42:32,884 --> 00:42:33,650
>> YEAH.
>> THERE YOU SEE SHE

1252
00:42:33,652 --> 00:42:34,317
>> THERE YOU SEE SHE
STEPPED UP.

1253
00:42:34,319 --> 00:42:35,351
STEPPED UP.
NOW PINCH THAT WITH YOUR THUMB.

1254
00:42:35,353 --> 00:42:36,686
NOW PINCH THAT WITH YOUR THUMB.
>> YES, I UNDERSTAND NOW.

1255
00:42:36,688 --> 00:42:37,487
>> YES, I UNDERSTAND NOW.
>> NOW YOU'VE GOT HER

1256
00:42:37,489 --> 00:42:38,187
>> NOW YOU'VE GOT HER
UNDER CONTROL.

1257
00:42:38,189 --> 00:42:40,423
UNDER CONTROL.
YOU'VE GOT HER UNDER YOUR THUMB.

1258
00:42:40,425 --> 00:42:41,658
YOU'VE GOT HER UNDER YOUR THUMB.
THAT'S WHERE THE EXPRESSION

1259
00:42:41,660 --> 00:42:42,425
THAT'S WHERE THE EXPRESSION
COMES FROM.

1260
00:42:42,427 --> 00:42:45,194
COMES FROM.
OKAY, AND FOR EXTRA SECURITY,

1261
00:42:45,196 --> 00:42:46,896
OKAY, AND FOR EXTRA SECURITY,
I'M GONNA PUT THE LEASH, WHICH

1262
00:42:46,898 --> 00:42:48,565
I'M GONNA PUT THE LEASH, WHICH
IS ATTACHED TO THE JESSES,

1263
00:42:48,567 --> 00:42:51,734
IS ATTACHED TO THE JESSES,
I'M GOING TO WRAP THAT HERE,

1264
00:42:51,736 --> 00:42:53,503
I'M GOING TO WRAP THAT HERE,
SO NOW YOU'VE REALLY GOT HER

1265
00:42:53,505 --> 00:42:54,537
SO NOW YOU'VE REALLY GOT HER
SECURE.

1266
00:42:54,539 --> 00:42:55,405
SECURE.
YOU'VE GOT HER WRAPPED AROUND

1267
00:42:55,407 --> 00:42:56,673
YOU'VE GOT HER WRAPPED AROUND
YOUR LITTLE FINGER.

1268
00:42:56,675 --> 00:42:57,674
YOUR LITTLE FINGER.
HOW DOES THAT FEEL?

1269
00:42:57,676 --> 00:42:58,808
HOW DOES THAT FEEL?
>> THAT FEELS GREAT.

1270
00:42:58,810 --> 00:42:59,976
>> THAT FEELS GREAT.
THAT'S AMAZING.

1271
00:42:59,978 --> 00:43:01,878
THAT'S AMAZING.
GOT A MEDIEVAL FEEL TO IT.

1272
00:43:01,880 --> 00:43:02,812
GOT A MEDIEVAL FEEL TO IT.
IT'S JUST--WOW.

1273
00:43:02,814 --> 00:43:03,479
IT'S JUST--WOW.
>> IT IS.

1274
00:43:03,481 --> 00:43:04,814
>> IT IS.
IT CONNECTS US...

1275
00:43:04,816 --> 00:43:05,949
IT CONNECTS US...
>> YEAH, FROM THE GROUND TO THE

1276
00:43:05,951 --> 00:43:06,583
>> YEAH, FROM THE GROUND TO THE
SKY.

1277
00:43:06,585 --> 00:43:07,350
SKY.
>> TO THE WILD WORLD.

1278
00:43:07,352 --> 00:43:08,051
>> TO THE WILD WORLD.
FROM THE GROUND TO THE SKY,

1279
00:43:08,053 --> 00:43:09,986
FROM THE GROUND TO THE SKY,
ABSOLUTELY.

1280
00:43:10,421 --> 00:43:19,062
[sweeping orchestral music]
♪ ♪

1281
00:43:24,168 --> 00:43:27,070
HUNTING IN SOCIAL GROUPS WAS
IMPORTANT.

1282
00:43:27,072 --> 00:43:28,438
IMPORTANT.
BUT FOOD FOR THE TABLE WAS

1283
00:43:28,440 --> 00:43:30,006
BUT FOOD FOR THE TABLE WAS
MOSTLY CAUGHT WITH NETS AND

1284
00:43:30,008 --> 00:43:32,575
MOSTLY CAUGHT WITH NETS AND
TRAPS, AND SOMETIMES IT WAS A

1285
00:43:32,577 --> 00:43:35,011
TRAPS, AND SOMETIMES IT WAS A
JOB FOR THE LONE HUNTER.

1286
00:43:35,013 --> 00:43:36,713
JOB FOR THE LONE HUNTER.
SKILLED HUNTERS WOULD USE A BOW

1287
00:43:36,715 --> 00:43:37,880
SKILLED HUNTERS WOULD USE A BOW
OR CROSSBOW.

1288
00:43:37,882 --> 00:43:40,183
OR CROSSBOW.
AND THEIR GREAT SKILL IS NOT

1289
00:43:40,185 --> 00:43:41,317
AND THEIR GREAT SKILL IS NOT
ONLY HAVING A GOOD AIM BUT

1290
00:43:41,319 --> 00:43:43,886
ONLY HAVING A GOOD AIM BUT
BEING ABLE TO STALK, BEING ABLE

1291
00:43:43,888 --> 00:43:46,656
BEING ABLE TO STALK, BEING ABLE
TO GET CLOSE TO THEIR QUARRY.

1292
00:43:46,658 --> 00:43:50,426
TO GET CLOSE TO THEIR QUARRY.
[whistles]

1293
00:43:50,428 --> 00:43:51,661
[whistles]
THERE ARE SEVERAL AUTHENTIC

1294
00:43:51,663 --> 00:43:53,563
THERE ARE SEVERAL AUTHENTIC
REFERENCES DESCRIBING WHAT MUST

1295
00:43:53,565 --> 00:43:54,731
REFERENCES DESCRIBING WHAT MUST
HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE STRANGEST

1296
00:43:54,733 --> 00:43:57,700
HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE STRANGEST
SIGHTS OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD.

1297
00:43:57,702 --> 00:43:59,769
SIGHTS OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD.
THEY ACTUALLY HAD STALKING

1298
00:43:59,771 --> 00:44:01,137
THEY ACTUALLY HAD STALKING
HORSES.

1299
00:44:01,139 --> 00:44:02,772
HORSES.
THEY ACTUALLY LOOKED LIKE THIS.

1300
00:44:02,774 --> 00:44:04,474
THEY ACTUALLY LOOKED LIKE THIS.
TWO MEN IN A HORSE SUIT.

1301
00:44:04,476 --> 00:44:06,643
TWO MEN IN A HORSE SUIT.
DO YOU THINK THIS WOULD WORK?

1302
00:44:06,645 --> 00:44:07,744
DO YOU THINK THIS WOULD WORK?
>> WELL, OF COURSE IT'S NOT

1303
00:44:07,746 --> 00:44:09,078
>> WELL, OF COURSE IT'S NOT
ATTEMPTING TO FOOL ANYTHING.

1304
00:44:09,080 --> 00:44:11,047
ATTEMPTING TO FOOL ANYTHING.
BUT WHAT IT DOES, CRUCIALLY, IS

1305
00:44:11,049 --> 00:44:12,382
BUT WHAT IT DOES, CRUCIALLY, IS
BREAK UP THE HUMAN FORM.

1306
00:44:12,384 --> 00:44:13,583
BREAK UP THE HUMAN FORM.
ANYBODY WHO'S EVER RIDDEN A

1307
00:44:13,585 --> 00:44:15,251
ANYBODY WHO'S EVER RIDDEN A
HORSE INTO A FIELD WILL KNOW

1308
00:44:15,253 --> 00:44:16,486
HORSE INTO A FIELD WILL KNOW
THAT RABBITS ARE COMPLETELY

1309
00:44:16,488 --> 00:44:17,854
THAT RABBITS ARE COMPLETELY
UNAFFECTED BECAUSE IT'S NOT

1310
00:44:17,856 --> 00:44:18,521
UNAFFECTED BECAUSE IT'S NOT
BIPEDAL.

1311
00:44:18,523 --> 00:44:19,355
BIPEDAL.
IT'S NOT A HUMAN.

1312
00:44:19,357 --> 00:44:20,156
IT'S NOT A HUMAN.
IT'S AN ANIMAL.

1313
00:44:20,158 --> 00:44:22,792
IT'S AN ANIMAL.
SO THIS IS SIMPLY A MOBILE HIDE

1314
00:44:22,794 --> 00:44:25,461
SO THIS IS SIMPLY A MOBILE HIDE
TO GET US CLOSE TO THE GAME.

1315
00:44:25,463 --> 00:44:26,529
TO GET US CLOSE TO THE GAME.
>> BUT I WOULD SUSPECT

1316
00:44:26,531 --> 00:44:27,363
>> BUT I WOULD SUSPECT
THAT WHEN YOU'RE ON A HORSE

1317
00:44:27,365 --> 00:44:28,431
THAT WHEN YOU'RE ON A HORSE
THAT APART FROM THE DIFFERENT

1318
00:44:28,433 --> 00:44:30,033
THAT APART FROM THE DIFFERENT
SILHOUETTE, YOU'VE ALSO GOT THE

1319
00:44:30,035 --> 00:44:30,867
SILHOUETTE, YOU'VE ALSO GOT THE
SMELL OF THE HORSE.

1320
00:44:30,869 --> 00:44:32,135
SMELL OF THE HORSE.
I WOULD THINK THEY PROBABLY HAD

1321
00:44:32,137 --> 00:44:34,137
I WOULD THINK THEY PROBABLY HAD
TO SCENT THIS TO MAKE IT WORK.

1322
00:44:34,139 --> 00:44:35,405
TO SCENT THIS TO MAKE IT WORK.
>> IT'S ALREADY QUITE SCENTED

1323
00:44:35,407 --> 00:44:36,472
>> IT'S ALREADY QUITE SCENTED
ENOUGH IN HERE, THANK YOU VERY

1324
00:44:36,474 --> 00:44:37,106
ENOUGH IN HERE, THANK YOU VERY
MUCH.

1325
00:44:37,108 --> 00:44:39,042
MUCH.
>> THANK YOU, ADAM.

1326
00:44:42,312 --> 00:44:45,248
YOU COULD HUNT ANY PREY WITH A
STALKING HORSE, BUT THEY WERE

1327
00:44:45,250 --> 00:44:46,883
STALKING HORSE, BUT THEY WERE
PARTICULARLY GOOD FOR CREEPING

1328
00:44:46,885 --> 00:44:50,086
PARTICULARLY GOOD FOR CREEPING
UP ON DEER.

1329
00:44:50,088 --> 00:44:51,220
UP ON DEER.
>> STOP!

1330
00:44:51,222 --> 00:44:52,288
>> STOP!
CAN'T DO THAT.

1331
00:44:52,290 --> 00:44:53,089
CAN'T DO THAT.
>> I BEG YOUR PARDON?

1332
00:44:53,091 --> 00:44:54,123
>> I BEG YOUR PARDON?
>> CAN'T DO THAT.

1333
00:44:54,125 --> 00:44:56,259
>> CAN'T DO THAT.
THE PENALTY FOR DISTURBING THE

1334
00:44:56,261 --> 00:44:57,493
THE PENALTY FOR DISTURBING THE
KING'S DEER IS BLINDING.

1335
00:44:57,495 --> 00:44:59,195
KING'S DEER IS BLINDING.
>> YEAH, HE'S RIGHT.

1336
00:44:59,197 --> 00:45:00,730
>> YEAH, HE'S RIGHT.
THIS IS A ROYAL FOREST.

1337
00:45:00,732 --> 00:45:02,065
THIS IS A ROYAL FOREST.
YOU'RE ALLOWED TO TAKE RABBITS

1338
00:45:02,067 --> 00:45:03,599
YOU'RE ALLOWED TO TAKE RABBITS
AND SMALL BIRDS, BUT APART FROM

1339
00:45:03,601 --> 00:45:05,234
AND SMALL BIRDS, BUT APART FROM
THAT, CARRYING SHARPS IS

1340
00:45:05,236 --> 00:45:06,302
THAT, CARRYING SHARPS IS
OUTLAWED.

1341
00:45:06,304 --> 00:45:07,503
OUTLAWED.
>> SO AN ARROW LIKE THIS

1342
00:45:07,505 --> 00:45:08,771
>> SO AN ARROW LIKE THIS
IS ILLEGAL...

1343
00:45:08,773 --> 00:45:09,405
IS ILLEGAL...
>> INDEED.

1344
00:45:09,407 --> 00:45:10,873
>> INDEED.
>> IN THE KING'S FOREST?

1345
00:45:10,875 --> 00:45:12,075
>> IN THE KING'S FOREST?
WHICH MEANT THAT REGULAR PEOPLE

1346
00:45:12,077 --> 00:45:14,177
WHICH MEANT THAT REGULAR PEOPLE
COULDN'T GO HUNTING TO PUT FOOD

1347
00:45:14,179 --> 00:45:15,011
COULDN'T GO HUNTING TO PUT FOOD
ON THE TABLE.

1348
00:45:15,013 --> 00:45:15,745
ON THE TABLE.
SO I DON'T THINK I NEED A

1349
00:45:15,747 --> 00:45:17,613
SO I DON'T THINK I NEED A
STALKING HORSE TO HUNT RABBITS,

1350
00:45:17,615 --> 00:45:18,915
STALKING HORSE TO HUNT RABBITS,
BUT THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

1351
00:45:18,917 --> 00:45:21,184
BUT THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
>> RIGHT.

1352
00:45:21,186 --> 00:45:22,085
>> RIGHT.
>> THE HUNTING RIGHTS OF

1353
00:45:22,087 --> 00:45:23,386
>> THE HUNTING RIGHTS OF
THE NOBILITY WERE TAKEN VERY,

1354
00:45:23,388 --> 00:45:25,221
THE NOBILITY WERE TAKEN VERY,
VERY SERIOUSLY.

1355
00:45:25,223 --> 00:45:27,156
VERY SERIOUSLY.
AND THE COUNTRY WAS COVERED WITH

1356
00:45:27,158 --> 00:45:28,825
AND THE COUNTRY WAS COVERED WITH
FORESTS AND CHASES.

1357
00:45:28,827 --> 00:45:31,194
FORESTS AND CHASES.
PLACES WHERE ONLY THE PRIVILEGED

1358
00:45:31,196 --> 00:45:33,896
PLACES WHERE ONLY THE PRIVILEGED
FEW COULD HUNT.

1359
00:45:42,072 --> 00:45:45,608
SO IF THEY COULDN'T HUNT GAME,
WHAT DID ORDINARY PEOPLE EAT?

1360
00:45:45,610 --> 00:45:47,043
WHAT DID ORDINARY PEOPLE EAT?
TO FIND OUT, I BROUGHT MY

1361
00:45:47,045 --> 00:45:48,544
TO FIND OUT, I BROUGHT MY
FRIENDS TOGETHER FOR A MEDIEVAL

1362
00:45:48,546 --> 00:45:49,879
FRIENDS TOGETHER FOR A MEDIEVAL
FEAST.

1363
00:45:49,881 --> 00:45:51,481
FEAST.
NOT A ROYAL BANQUET, BUT THE

1364
00:45:51,483 --> 00:45:53,116
NOT A ROYAL BANQUET, BUT THE
KIND OF MEAL AN ORDINARY PERSON

1365
00:45:53,118 --> 00:45:54,951
KIND OF MEAL AN ORDINARY PERSON
WITH A BIT OF LAND MIGHT HAVE ON

1366
00:45:54,953 --> 00:45:57,120
WITH A BIT OF LAND MIGHT HAVE ON
SPECIAL OCCASIONS.

1367
00:45:57,122 --> 00:45:58,855
SPECIAL OCCASIONS.
MARC MELTONVILLE KNOWS ALL

1368
00:45:58,857 --> 00:46:00,590
MARC MELTONVILLE KNOWS ALL
ABOUT MEDIEVAL FOOD, AND I'M

1369
00:46:00,592 --> 00:46:03,159
ABOUT MEDIEVAL FOOD, AND I'M
GONNA HELP HIM PREPARE A MEAL.

1370
00:46:03,161 --> 00:46:05,628
GONNA HELP HIM PREPARE A MEAL.
SO WE HAVE AN ENORMOUS FISH

1371
00:46:05,630 --> 00:46:06,329
SO WE HAVE AN ENORMOUS FISH
HERE, WHICH IS GONNA MAKE A

1372
00:46:06,331 --> 00:46:08,431
HERE, WHICH IS GONNA MAKE A
TREMENDOUS FEAST FOR MY FRIENDS.

1373
00:46:08,433 --> 00:46:09,899
TREMENDOUS FEAST FOR MY FRIENDS.
UNDER YOUR GUIDANCE, I'M GONNA

1374
00:46:09,901 --> 00:46:11,501
UNDER YOUR GUIDANCE, I'M GONNA
TRY AND COOK IT,

1375
00:46:11,503 --> 00:46:12,435
TRY AND COOK IT,
AND IT'S A PIKE.

1376
00:46:12,437 --> 00:46:14,904
AND IT'S A PIKE.
>> YES, THE WATER WOLF, AS IT'S

1377
00:46:14,906 --> 00:46:15,972
>> YES, THE WATER WOLF, AS IT'S
SOMETIMES KNOWN.

1378
00:46:15,974 --> 00:46:17,306
SOMETIMES KNOWN.
>> YOU DON'T OFTEN SEE

1379
00:46:17,308 --> 00:46:18,975
>> YOU DON'T OFTEN SEE
PIKE ON THE MENU TODAY, BUT IT

1380
00:46:18,977 --> 00:46:20,409
PIKE ON THE MENU TODAY, BUT IT
WAS VERY POPULAR IN THE MIDDLE

1381
00:46:20,411 --> 00:46:21,244
WAS VERY POPULAR IN THE MIDDLE
AGES.

1382
00:46:21,246 --> 00:46:22,378
AGES.
SO, MARC, I THINK THERE'S A

1383
00:46:22,380 --> 00:46:24,680
SO, MARC, I THINK THERE'S A
GREAT MISCONCEPTION AMONG PEOPLE

1384
00:46:24,682 --> 00:46:25,548
GREAT MISCONCEPTION AMONG PEOPLE
THAT EVERYBODY IN THE MIDDLE

1385
00:46:25,550 --> 00:46:27,250
THAT EVERYBODY IN THE MIDDLE
AGES GORGED THEMSELVES ON MEAT

1386
00:46:27,252 --> 00:46:28,084
AGES GORGED THEMSELVES ON MEAT
ALL THE TIME, BUT, OF COURSE,

1387
00:46:28,086 --> 00:46:29,652
ALL THE TIME, BUT, OF COURSE,
MEAT WAS RELATIVELY SCARCE.

1388
00:46:29,654 --> 00:46:30,887
MEAT WAS RELATIVELY SCARCE.
>> YEAH, FOR ORDINARY PEOPLE,

1389
00:46:30,889 --> 00:46:32,321
>> YEAH, FOR ORDINARY PEOPLE,
EVEN WITH QUITE A BIT OF MONEY.

1390
00:46:32,323 --> 00:46:34,157
EVEN WITH QUITE A BIT OF MONEY.
YOU CAN'T JUST KILL A COW,

1391
00:46:34,159 --> 00:46:35,158
YOU CAN'T JUST KILL A COW,
'CAUSE WHERE'S YOUR MILK

1392
00:46:35,160 --> 00:46:35,825
'CAUSE WHERE'S YOUR MILK
COMING FROM?

1393
00:46:35,827 --> 00:46:36,793
COMING FROM?
>> FISH WAS THE MAINSTAY

1394
00:46:36,795 --> 00:46:37,426
>> FISH WAS THE MAINSTAY
OF PROTEIN?

1395
00:46:37,428 --> 00:46:38,060
OF PROTEIN?
>> YEAH.

1396
00:46:38,062 --> 00:46:38,861
>> YEAH.
>> OF COURSE THERE WAS

1397
00:46:38,863 --> 00:46:40,663
>> OF COURSE THERE WAS
NO REFRIGERATION, SO UNLESS THEY

1398
00:46:40,665 --> 00:46:42,265
NO REFRIGERATION, SO UNLESS THEY
LIVED NEAR THE SEA, PEOPLE ATE

1399
00:46:42,267 --> 00:46:43,866
LIVED NEAR THE SEA, PEOPLE ATE
FRESHWATER RIVER FISH, WHICH

1400
00:46:43,868 --> 00:46:46,035
FRESHWATER RIVER FISH, WHICH
WERE ALSO BRED IN LOCAL PONDS.

1401
00:46:46,037 --> 00:46:47,036
WERE ALSO BRED IN LOCAL PONDS.
>> PONDS CAN HAVE THEIR WATER

1402
00:46:47,038 --> 00:46:47,670
>> PONDS CAN HAVE THEIR WATER
CHANGED.

1403
00:46:47,672 --> 00:46:48,638
CHANGED.
YOU CAN HAVE AN IN AND AN OUT,

1404
00:46:48,640 --> 00:46:50,273
YOU CAN HAVE AN IN AND AN OUT,
SO THE FRESH WATER RUNS THROUGH

1405
00:46:50,275 --> 00:46:50,907
SO THE FRESH WATER RUNS THROUGH
IT.

1406
00:46:50,909 --> 00:46:51,808
IT.
THE CLEANER THE POND, THE BETTER

1407
00:46:51,810 --> 00:46:52,475
THE CLEANER THE POND, THE BETTER
THE FISH.

1408
00:46:52,477 --> 00:46:53,209
THE FISH.
>> SO IS THERE A GOOD

1409
00:46:53,211 --> 00:46:53,943
>> SO IS THERE A GOOD
MEDIEVAL RECIPE?

1410
00:46:53,945 --> 00:46:55,144
MEDIEVAL RECIPE?
>> WE'RE GONNA BAKE IT.

1411
00:46:55,146 --> 00:46:55,978
>> WE'RE GONNA BAKE IT.
>> THE PIKE IS GOING TO

1412
00:46:55,980 --> 00:46:57,713
>> THE PIKE IS GOING TO
BE COOKED INSIDE A PASTRY CRUST

1413
00:46:57,715 --> 00:46:59,949
BE COOKED INSIDE A PASTRY CRUST
FILLED WITH HERBS, WHICH MOST

1414
00:46:59,951 --> 00:47:01,184
FILLED WITH HERBS, WHICH MOST
MEDIEVAL PEOPLE WOULD SIMPLY

1415
00:47:01,186 --> 00:47:02,518
MEDIEVAL PEOPLE WOULD SIMPLY
PICK FROM THE GARDEN.

1416
00:47:02,520 --> 00:47:04,220
PICK FROM THE GARDEN.
IS THIS PASTRY GONNA TASTE GOOD?

1417
00:47:04,222 --> 00:47:05,021
IS THIS PASTRY GONNA TASTE GOOD?
>> NO.

1418
00:47:05,023 --> 00:47:06,756
>> NO.
THIS PASTRY IS DESIGNED ENTIRELY

1419
00:47:06,758 --> 00:47:07,757
THIS PASTRY IS DESIGNED ENTIRELY
AS A COOKING POT.

1420
00:47:07,759 --> 00:47:09,826
AS A COOKING POT.
THE IDEA IS IT IS OUR OVEN DISH.

1421
00:47:09,828 --> 00:47:11,360
THE IDEA IS IT IS OUR OVEN DISH.
THEY DON'T HAVE OVEN DISHES YET,

1422
00:47:11,362 --> 00:47:12,528
THEY DON'T HAVE OVEN DISHES YET,
SO WHAT YOU DO IS YOU WRAP

1423
00:47:12,530 --> 00:47:13,863
SO WHAT YOU DO IS YOU WRAP
SOMETHING IN PASTRY AND THAT'S

1424
00:47:13,865 --> 00:47:14,530
SOMETHING IN PASTRY AND THAT'S
THE COOKING POT.

1425
00:47:14,532 --> 00:47:15,698
THE COOKING POT.
>> SO IT'S MEDIEVAL

1426
00:47:15,700 --> 00:47:16,732
>> SO IT'S MEDIEVAL
ALUMINUM FOIL.

1427
00:47:16,734 --> 00:47:17,767
ALUMINUM FOIL.
>> IT IS.

1428
00:47:17,769 --> 00:47:19,335
>> IT IS.
ACTUALLY WANT IT TO LOOK

1429
00:47:19,337 --> 00:47:20,636
ACTUALLY WANT IT TO LOOK
REASONABLY GOOD, BECAUSE NOT

1430
00:47:20,638 --> 00:47:22,205
REASONABLY GOOD, BECAUSE NOT
ONLY IS IT OUR COOK POT, BUT

1431
00:47:22,207 --> 00:47:24,106
ONLY IS IT OUR COOK POT, BUT
IT'S OUR SERVING DISH AS WELL.

1432
00:47:24,108 --> 00:47:25,241
IT'S OUR SERVING DISH AS WELL.
>> WHILE WE'RE BAKING

1433
00:47:25,243 --> 00:47:26,809
>> WHILE WE'RE BAKING
THE FISH, THE OTHERS ARE TUCKING

1434
00:47:26,811 --> 00:47:28,377
THE FISH, THE OTHERS ARE TUCKING
INTO FLAGONS OF ALE.

1435
00:47:28,379 --> 00:47:30,746
INTO FLAGONS OF ALE.
PEOPLE DRANK ALE AT EVERY MEAL,

1436
00:47:30,748 --> 00:47:32,315
PEOPLE DRANK ALE AT EVERY MEAL,
INCLUDING BREAKFAST.

1437
00:47:32,317 --> 00:47:34,250
INCLUDING BREAKFAST.
IT WAS SURPRISINGLY NUTRITIOUS,

1438
00:47:34,252 --> 00:47:35,852
IT WAS SURPRISINGLY NUTRITIOUS,
AND UNLIKE MOST MEDIEVAL WATER

1439
00:47:35,854 --> 00:47:37,687
AND UNLIKE MOST MEDIEVAL WATER
SUPPLIES, FERMENTING THE ALE

1440
00:47:37,689 --> 00:47:40,423
SUPPLIES, FERMENTING THE ALE
MADE IT SAFE TO DRINK.

1441
00:47:40,425 --> 00:47:42,592
MADE IT SAFE TO DRINK.
[laughter]

1442
00:47:42,594 --> 00:47:44,927
[laughter]
ALL RIGHT, GENTLEMEN, AND HERE

1443
00:47:44,929 --> 00:47:48,264
ALL RIGHT, GENTLEMEN, AND HERE
IS THE PIECE DE RESISTANCE.

1444
00:47:48,266 --> 00:47:50,833
IS THE PIECE DE RESISTANCE.
WE HAVE ROAST PIKE.

1445
00:47:50,835 --> 00:47:52,568
WE HAVE ROAST PIKE.
LOOK AT THIS FISH.

1446
00:47:52,570 --> 00:47:53,736
LOOK AT THIS FISH.
I WOULD START WITH A BIT OF

1447
00:47:53,738 --> 00:47:55,738
I WOULD START WITH A BIT OF
FISH.

1448
00:47:58,442 --> 00:47:59,675
>> MIKE, TRY IT.
IT'S LOVELY.

1449
00:47:59,677 --> 00:48:00,543
IT'S LOVELY.
>> YEAH, I NEED TO TRY--

1450
00:48:00,545 --> 00:48:01,444
>> YEAH, I NEED TO TRY--
I NEED TO TRY A LITTLE BIT OF

1451
00:48:01,446 --> 00:48:02,511
I NEED TO TRY A LITTLE BIT OF
THIS.

1452
00:48:02,513 --> 00:48:03,880
THIS.
>> IT'S LIKE, UM...

1453
00:48:03,882 --> 00:48:04,647
>> IT'S LIKE, UM...
>> THAT'S RATHER GOOD.

1454
00:48:04,649 --> 00:48:05,648
>> THAT'S RATHER GOOD.
>> I REALLY LIKE THIS

1455
00:48:05,650 --> 00:48:06,282
>> I REALLY LIKE THIS
PIKE.

1456
00:48:06,284 --> 00:48:08,017
PIKE.
>> YEAH.

1457
00:48:08,019 --> 00:48:08,818
>> YEAH.
>> WE'VE GOT OTHER

1458
00:48:08,820 --> 00:48:10,453
>> WE'VE GOT OTHER
AUTHENTIC MEDIEVAL DISHES,

1459
00:48:10,455 --> 00:48:12,521
AUTHENTIC MEDIEVAL DISHES,
INCLUDING ROAST MUTTON, MUSHY

1460
00:48:12,523 --> 00:48:14,357
INCLUDING ROAST MUTTON, MUSHY
PEAS, AND APPLES AND HONEY

1461
00:48:14,359 --> 00:48:16,459
PEAS, AND APPLES AND HONEY
COOKED IN ALMOND MILK.

1462
00:48:16,461 --> 00:48:17,193
COOKED IN ALMOND MILK.
>> VERY SWEET.

1463
00:48:17,195 --> 00:48:18,261
>> VERY SWEET.
>> IT'S REALLY GOOD.

1464
00:48:18,263 --> 00:48:19,629
>> IT'S REALLY GOOD.
>> AYE, IT'S LOVELY.

1465
00:48:19,631 --> 00:48:20,830
>> AYE, IT'S LOVELY.
>> WE HAVE GOT SOMETHING

1466
00:48:20,832 --> 00:48:23,499
>> WE HAVE GOT SOMETHING
CALLED ABILETTI, WHICH IS

1467
00:48:23,501 --> 00:48:26,969
CALLED ABILETTI, WHICH IS
CURDLED CHEESE AND EGGS.

1468
00:48:26,971 --> 00:48:28,004
CURDLED CHEESE AND EGGS.
NOT NECESSARILY TO EVERYONE'S

1469
00:48:28,006 --> 00:48:28,671
NOT NECESSARILY TO EVERYONE'S
TASTE.

1470
00:48:28,673 --> 00:48:29,572
TASTE.
>> IT'S PROBABLY ITS APPEARANCE

1471
00:48:29,574 --> 00:48:31,240
>> IT'S PROBABLY ITS APPEARANCE
THAT'S THE MOST OFF-PUTTING.

1472
00:48:31,242 --> 00:48:32,341
THAT'S THE MOST OFF-PUTTING.
>> IT'S LIKE COTTAGE CHEESE,

1473
00:48:32,343 --> 00:48:33,843
>> IT'S LIKE COTTAGE CHEESE,
REALLY--

1474
00:48:33,845 --> 00:48:35,444
REALLY--
WHAT IT TASTES LIKE TO ME.

1475
00:48:35,446 --> 00:48:36,212
WHAT IT TASTES LIKE TO ME.
>> IT TASTES BETTER THAN IT

1476
00:48:36,214 --> 00:48:37,880
>> IT TASTES BETTER THAN IT
LOOKS.

1477
00:48:37,882 --> 00:48:38,948
LOOKS.
>> IN AN AGE BEFORE

1478
00:48:38,950 --> 00:48:40,549
>> IN AN AGE BEFORE
FORKS, THERE WAS A STRICT

1479
00:48:40,551 --> 00:48:41,684
FORKS, THERE WAS A STRICT
ETIQUETTE WHEN IT CAME TO

1480
00:48:41,686 --> 00:48:44,487
ETIQUETTE WHEN IT CAME TO
HANDLING FOOD AT THE TABLE.

1481
00:48:44,489 --> 00:48:46,455
HANDLING FOOD AT THE TABLE.
YOU SIMPLY DON'T EAT WITH YOUR

1482
00:48:46,457 --> 00:48:48,257
YOU SIMPLY DON'T EAT WITH YOUR
KNIFE, AND FORKS HAVEN'T BEEN

1483
00:48:48,259 --> 00:48:49,825
KNIFE, AND FORKS HAVEN'T BEEN
INVENTED, BUT YOU USE THE

1484
00:48:49,827 --> 00:48:51,227
INVENTED, BUT YOU USE THE
FINGERS OF COURTESY, WHICH ARE

1485
00:48:51,229 --> 00:48:52,895
FINGERS OF COURTESY, WHICH ARE
THESE TWO, SO THAT AS YOU EAT

1486
00:48:52,897 --> 00:48:57,033
THESE TWO, SO THAT AS YOU EAT
THE MEAT, YOU HIDE YOUR MOUTH.

1487
00:48:57,035 --> 00:48:58,534
THE MEAT, YOU HIDE YOUR MOUTH.
OF COURSE MEDIEVAL PEOPLE DIDN'T

1488
00:48:58,536 --> 00:49:00,236
OF COURSE MEDIEVAL PEOPLE DIDN'T
EAT LIKE THIS EVERY DAY, BUT

1489
00:49:00,238 --> 00:49:01,470
EAT LIKE THIS EVERY DAY, BUT
THEY DID HAVE A FAIRLY

1490
00:49:01,472 --> 00:49:02,905
THEY DID HAVE A FAIRLY
WELL-BALANCED DIET TO GET THEM

1491
00:49:02,907 --> 00:49:06,609
WELL-BALANCED DIET TO GET THEM
THROUGH THEIR HARDWORKING LIVES.

1492
00:49:06,611 --> 00:49:07,977
THROUGH THEIR HARDWORKING LIVES.
SO HOW DID THEY MANAGE TO PUT

1493
00:49:07,979 --> 00:49:09,545
SO HOW DID THEY MANAGE TO PUT
ALL THIS WONDERFUL FOOD ON THE

1494
00:49:09,547 --> 00:49:10,880
ALL THIS WONDERFUL FOOD ON THE
TABLE?

1495
00:49:10,882 --> 00:49:16,786
TABLE?
>> ON MY JOURNEY, I'VE

1496
00:49:16,788 --> 00:49:18,087
>> ON MY JOURNEY, I'VE
DONE SOME AMAZING THINGS WITH

1497
00:49:18,089 --> 00:49:20,389
DONE SOME AMAZING THINGS WITH
ANIMALS, I'VE RIDDEN A POWERFUL

1498
00:49:20,391 --> 00:49:24,427
ANIMALS, I'VE RIDDEN A POWERFUL
WAR STALLION, AND SPED ALONG ON

1499
00:49:24,429 --> 00:49:27,964
WAR STALLION, AND SPED ALONG ON
TRAVELLING HORSES.

1500
00:49:27,966 --> 00:49:29,465
TRAVELLING HORSES.
I'VE PUT HUNTING DOGS THROUGH

1501
00:49:29,467 --> 00:49:31,500
I'VE PUT HUNTING DOGS THROUGH
THEIR PACES.

1502
00:49:31,502 --> 00:49:33,402
THEIR PACES.
AND I'VE FLOWN MAGNIFICENT

1503
00:49:33,404 --> 00:49:34,303
AND I'VE FLOWN MAGNIFICENT
FALCONS.

1504
00:49:34,305 --> 00:49:36,305
FALCONS.
FLY!

1505
00:49:39,743 --> 00:49:43,045
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD WAS TEEMING
WITH ANIMALS.

1506
00:49:43,047 --> 00:49:44,914
WITH ANIMALS.
PEOPLE'S LIVES DEPENDED ON THEM,

1507
00:49:44,916 --> 00:49:48,317
PEOPLE'S LIVES DEPENDED ON THEM,
AND ANIMALS ALL HAD A JOB TO DO.

1508
00:49:51,688 --> 00:49:54,457
IN THE COUNTRYSIDE, MOST PEOPLE
KEPT A PIG.

1509
00:49:54,459 --> 00:49:56,025
KEPT A PIG.
THEY'D HAVE A BREEDING SOW.

1510
00:49:56,027 --> 00:49:57,727
THEY'D HAVE A BREEDING SOW.
THE PIGLETS WOULD GO TO MARKET,

1511
00:49:57,729 --> 00:49:59,362
THE PIGLETS WOULD GO TO MARKET,
BUT THEY'D KEEP ONE BACK TO EAT

1512
00:49:59,364 --> 00:50:00,563
BUT THEY'D KEEP ONE BACK TO EAT
THEMSELVES.

1513
00:50:00,565 --> 00:50:02,732
THEMSELVES.
IN THE FALL, THEY'D FATTEN IT UP

1514
00:50:02,734 --> 00:50:04,834
IN THE FALL, THEY'D FATTEN IT UP
WITH A SYSTEM KNOWN AS PANNAGE;

1515
00:50:04,836 --> 00:50:06,535
WITH A SYSTEM KNOWN AS PANNAGE;
TAKING IT TO GRAZE IN COMMON

1516
00:50:06,537 --> 00:50:07,336
TAKING IT TO GRAZE IN COMMON
WOODLAND.

1517
00:50:07,338 --> 00:50:08,471
WOODLAND.
HERE, PIG.

1518
00:50:08,473 --> 00:50:10,039
HERE, PIG.
HERE, PIG.

1519
00:50:10,041 --> 00:50:11,507
HERE, PIG.
THIS IS ALEX LANGLANDS.

1520
00:50:11,509 --> 00:50:13,242
THIS IS ALEX LANGLANDS.
HE'S AN EXPERT ON MEDIEVAL

1521
00:50:13,244 --> 00:50:15,811
HE'S AN EXPERT ON MEDIEVAL
FARMING.

1522
00:50:15,813 --> 00:50:16,912
FARMING.
>> PANNAGE IS ALL ABOUT GRAZING,

1523
00:50:16,914 --> 00:50:18,247
>> PANNAGE IS ALL ABOUT GRAZING,
GRAZING THE WOODLANDS.

1524
00:50:18,249 --> 00:50:19,749
GRAZING THE WOODLANDS.
AT THIS TIME OF YEAR, YOU'D WANT

1525
00:50:19,751 --> 00:50:20,783
AT THIS TIME OF YEAR, YOU'D WANT
TO GET THE PIGS OUT THERE

1526
00:50:20,785 --> 00:50:21,917
TO GET THE PIGS OUT THERE
GRAZING BECAUSE IT REALLY

1527
00:50:21,919 --> 00:50:23,019
GRAZING BECAUSE IT REALLY
FATTENS THEM UP.

1528
00:50:23,021 --> 00:50:24,286
FATTENS THEM UP.
SO WHAT THEY DO IS--JUST LIKE

1529
00:50:24,288 --> 00:50:26,088
SO WHAT THEY DO IS--JUST LIKE
WE'RE DOING HERE, TURNING OVER

1530
00:50:26,090 --> 00:50:27,757
WE'RE DOING HERE, TURNING OVER
THE FOREST FLOOR, LOOKING FOR

1531
00:50:27,759 --> 00:50:28,924
THE FOREST FLOOR, LOOKING FOR
THE BEECHMAST, LOOKING FOR

1532
00:50:28,926 --> 00:50:30,426
THE BEECHMAST, LOOKING FOR
ACORNS, COBNUTS.

1533
00:50:30,428 --> 00:50:31,727
ACORNS, COBNUTS.
ALL THOSE KINDS OF THINGS WHICH

1534
00:50:31,729 --> 00:50:33,262
ALL THOSE KINDS OF THINGS WHICH
WOULD FEED THESE THROUGHOUT

1535
00:50:33,264 --> 00:50:35,164
WOULD FEED THESE THROUGHOUT
THESE AUTUMN MONTHS.

1536
00:50:35,166 --> 00:50:35,865
THESE AUTUMN MONTHS.
HERE, PIG, PIG.

1537
00:50:35,867 --> 00:50:36,732
HERE, PIG, PIG.
>> HERE, PIG.

1538
00:50:36,734 --> 00:50:38,834
>> HERE, PIG.
THE HUNT FOR FOOD TURNED PIGS

1539
00:50:38,836 --> 00:50:40,970
THE HUNT FOR FOOD TURNED PIGS
INTO THE ROTOTILLERS OF THE

1540
00:50:40,972 --> 00:50:42,338
INTO THE ROTOTILLERS OF THE
MEDIEVAL WORLD.

1541
00:50:42,340 --> 00:50:44,006
MEDIEVAL WORLD.
>> IF YOU WANT TO CLEAR LAND,

1542
00:50:44,008 --> 00:50:45,107
>> IF YOU WANT TO CLEAR LAND,
THE BEST THING TO DO IT IS

1543
00:50:45,109 --> 00:50:45,741
THE BEST THING TO DO IT IS
THE PIG.

1544
00:50:45,743 --> 00:50:46,642
THE PIG.
TODAY WE HAVE THESE BIG

1545
00:50:46,644 --> 00:50:48,144
TODAY WE HAVE THESE BIG
CULTIVATORS, MACHINE THAT GO IN

1546
00:50:48,146 --> 00:50:49,111
CULTIVATORS, MACHINE THAT GO IN
AND CHEW EVERYTHING UP.

1547
00:50:49,113 --> 00:50:50,813
AND CHEW EVERYTHING UP.
WELL, WHY USE THOSE MACHINES

1548
00:50:50,815 --> 00:50:52,314
WELL, WHY USE THOSE MACHINES
WHEN YOU CAN USE PIGS TO DO IT?

1549
00:50:52,316 --> 00:50:52,948
WHEN YOU CAN USE PIGS TO DO IT?
>> IT WAS A VERY

1550
00:50:52,950 --> 00:50:55,518
>> IT WAS A VERY
INTERDEPENDENT SOCIETY.

1551
00:50:55,520 --> 00:50:57,286
INTERDEPENDENT SOCIETY.
IN THE SAME WAY THAT NATURE IS

1552
00:50:57,288 --> 00:50:59,688
IN THE SAME WAY THAT NATURE IS
INTERDEPENDENT, PEOPLE MIRRORED

1553
00:50:59,690 --> 00:51:01,457
INTERDEPENDENT, PEOPLE MIRRORED
THAT NATURAL WORLD, AND IT ALL

1554
00:51:01,459 --> 00:51:02,358
THAT NATURAL WORLD, AND IT ALL
FUNCTIONED VERY WELL.

1555
00:51:02,360 --> 00:51:04,326
FUNCTIONED VERY WELL.
>> YEAH, YEAH, ABSOLUTELY.

1556
00:51:07,097 --> 00:51:09,532
>> IN A DEEPLY
SUPERSTITIOUS AGE, PIGS WERE

1557
00:51:09,534 --> 00:51:11,500
SUPERSTITIOUS AGE, PIGS WERE
SOMETIMES TREATED AS HUMAN.

1558
00:51:11,502 --> 00:51:13,969
SOMETIMES TREATED AS HUMAN.
IN FRANCE IN 1386, A PIG WAS

1559
00:51:13,971 --> 00:51:15,704
IN FRANCE IN 1386, A PIG WAS
ACCUSED OF KILLING A CHILD.

1560
00:51:15,706 --> 00:51:18,074
ACCUSED OF KILLING A CHILD.
IT WAS PUT ON TRIAL, CONVICTED,

1561
00:51:18,076 --> 00:51:19,842
IT WAS PUT ON TRIAL, CONVICTED,
AND SENTENCED TO DEATH BY PUBLIC

1562
00:51:19,844 --> 00:51:21,744
AND SENTENCED TO DEATH BY PUBLIC
HANGING.

1563
00:51:23,880 --> 00:51:28,617
[geese honking]
FLOCKS OF GEESE WERE TO BE FOUND

1564
00:51:28,619 --> 00:51:30,319
FLOCKS OF GEESE WERE TO BE FOUND
IN EVERY VILLAGE.

1565
00:51:30,321 --> 00:51:32,054
IN EVERY VILLAGE.
AND LIKE EVERY ANIMAL, THEY HAD

1566
00:51:32,056 --> 00:51:34,390
AND LIKE EVERY ANIMAL, THEY HAD
TO EARN THEIR KEEP.

1567
00:51:34,392 --> 00:51:35,791
TO EARN THEIR KEEP.
ONE OF THE GREAT THINGS ABOUT

1568
00:51:35,793 --> 00:51:37,159
ONE OF THE GREAT THINGS ABOUT
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD IS HOW

1569
00:51:37,161 --> 00:51:39,428
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD IS HOW
EVERYBODY SHARED EVERYTHING

1570
00:51:39,430 --> 00:51:40,096
EVERYBODY SHARED EVERYTHING
SO MUCH.

1571
00:51:40,098 --> 00:51:42,965
SO MUCH.
SO YOU MIGHT HAVE A LOWLY GOOSE

1572
00:51:42,967 --> 00:51:44,800
SO YOU MIGHT HAVE A LOWLY GOOSE
HERD WITH HIS FLOCK OF GEESE,

1573
00:51:44,802 --> 00:51:46,502
HERD WITH HIS FLOCK OF GEESE,
BUT HE WOULD HAVE AN ARRANGEMENT

1574
00:51:46,504 --> 00:51:48,571
BUT HE WOULD HAVE AN ARRANGEMENT
WITH THE MAN WHO OWNED AN

1575
00:51:48,573 --> 00:51:49,538
WITH THE MAN WHO OWNED AN
ORCHARD.

1576
00:51:49,540 --> 00:51:50,739
ORCHARD.
>> GEESE CAN DO A GREAT JOB HERE

1577
00:51:50,741 --> 00:51:51,640
>> GEESE CAN DO A GREAT JOB HERE
IN THE ORCHARD.

1578
00:51:51,642 --> 00:51:52,975
IN THE ORCHARD.
THEY'LL NOT ONLY FATTEN UP

1579
00:51:52,977 --> 00:51:54,276
THEY'LL NOT ONLY FATTEN UP
THEMSELVES BY KEEPING THE WEEDS

1580
00:51:54,278 --> 00:51:55,744
THEMSELVES BY KEEPING THE WEEDS
DOWN, BUT OTHER THING IS BIRD

1581
00:51:55,746 --> 00:51:57,580
DOWN, BUT OTHER THING IS BIRD
DROPPINGS ARE FAMOUS FOR THEIR

1582
00:51:57,582 --> 00:51:58,681
DROPPINGS ARE FAMOUS FOR THEIR
QUALITIES OF BASICALLY

1583
00:51:58,683 --> 00:52:00,149
QUALITIES OF BASICALLY
FERTILIZING THE SOIL.

1584
00:52:00,151 --> 00:52:01,917
FERTILIZING THE SOIL.
[geese honking]

1585
00:52:01,919 --> 00:52:02,952
[geese honking]
>> AND GEESE ARE TAKEN

1586
00:52:02,954 --> 00:52:03,586
>> AND GEESE ARE TAKEN
TO MARKET.

1587
00:52:03,588 --> 00:52:04,420
TO MARKET.
AND, I MEAN, TRYING TO PUSH THEM

1588
00:52:04,422 --> 00:52:05,588
AND, I MEAN, TRYING TO PUSH THEM
THROUGH THIS ORCHARD IS

1589
00:52:05,590 --> 00:52:06,689
THROUGH THIS ORCHARD IS
HARD ENOUGH.

1590
00:52:06,691 --> 00:52:09,658
HARD ENOUGH.
[geese honking]

1591
00:52:10,994 --> 00:52:13,095
EVERY PART OF THE GOOSE WOULD BE
USED.

1592
00:52:13,097 --> 00:52:14,497
USED.
THE MEAT AND EGGS MADE EXCELLENT

1593
00:52:14,499 --> 00:52:15,564
THE MEAT AND EGGS MADE EXCELLENT
EATING.

1594
00:52:15,566 --> 00:52:17,066
EATING.
GOOSE FAT WAS USED FOR GREASING

1595
00:52:17,068 --> 00:52:18,567
GOOSE FAT WAS USED FOR GREASING
THE BEARINGS ON WATER WHEELS AND

1596
00:52:18,569 --> 00:52:19,368
THE BEARINGS ON WATER WHEELS AND
THE LIKE.

1597
00:52:19,370 --> 00:52:20,503
THE LIKE.
AND THE FEATHERS WENT INTO

1598
00:52:20,505 --> 00:52:22,872
AND THE FEATHERS WENT INTO
BEDDING AND FOR MAKING ARROWS,

1599
00:52:22,874 --> 00:52:23,806
BEDDING AND FOR MAKING ARROWS,
THAT IS, IF YOU COULD

1600
00:52:23,808 --> 00:52:25,541
THAT IS, IF YOU COULD
CATCH THEM.

1601
00:52:25,543 --> 00:52:28,144
CATCH THEM.
UH, MAYBE THIS IS A TWO-MAN JOB.

1602
00:52:31,114 --> 00:52:33,849
>> DRAW!
>> MEDIEVAL PEOPLE WERE

1603
00:52:33,851 --> 00:52:36,919
>> MEDIEVAL PEOPLE WERE
FIGHTERS, BUILDERS, HUNTERS,

1604
00:52:36,921 --> 00:52:39,388
FIGHTERS, BUILDERS, HUNTERS,
SAILORS, BUT IT WAS A WORLD

1605
00:52:39,390 --> 00:52:41,457
SAILORS, BUT IT WAS A WORLD
DOMINATED BY AGRICULTURE.

1606
00:52:41,459 --> 00:52:44,093
DOMINATED BY AGRICULTURE.
700 YEARS AGO, 90% OF THE

1607
00:52:44,095 --> 00:52:45,995
700 YEARS AGO, 90% OF THE
POPULATION OF EUROPE LIVED ON

1608
00:52:45,997 --> 00:52:47,730
POPULATION OF EUROPE LIVED ON
WHAT THEY PRODUCED FROM LABORING

1609
00:52:47,732 --> 00:52:48,998
WHAT THEY PRODUCED FROM LABORING
IN T FIELDS.

1610
00:52:49,000 --> 00:52:50,566
IN T FIELDS.
OXEN WERE THE TRACTORS OF THE

1611
00:52:50,568 --> 00:52:52,034
OXEN WERE THE TRACTORS OF THE
MEDIEVAL AGE.

1612
00:52:52,036 --> 00:52:53,669
MEDIEVAL AGE.
PLOWING WAS DONE WITH OXEN,

1613
00:52:53,671 --> 00:52:54,570
PLOWING WAS DONE WITH OXEN,
ALEX.

1614
00:52:54,572 --> 00:52:55,971
ALEX.
VERY OFTEN WITH VERY LARGE

1615
00:52:55,973 --> 00:52:56,872
VERY OFTEN WITH VERY LARGE
TEAMS.

1616
00:52:56,874 --> 00:52:58,274
TEAMS.
>> ON MOST MANORS, YOU KNOW,

1617
00:52:58,276 --> 00:52:59,175
>> ON MOST MANORS, YOU KNOW,
YOU'D HAVE TEAMS OF UP TO EIGHT

1618
00:52:59,177 --> 00:52:59,842
YOU'D HAVE TEAMS OF UP TO EIGHT
OXEN.

1619
00:52:59,844 --> 00:53:00,910
OXEN.
AND YOU MIGHT BRING YOUR OXEN

1620
00:53:00,912 --> 00:53:02,144
AND YOU MIGHT BRING YOUR OXEN
ALONG AND I'D BRING MINE ALONG

1621
00:53:02,146 --> 00:53:03,379
ALONG AND I'D BRING MINE ALONG
AND THEN THE LORD MIGHT PROVIDE

1622
00:53:03,381 --> 00:53:04,213
AND THEN THE LORD MIGHT PROVIDE
TWO.

1623
00:53:04,215 --> 00:53:05,781
TWO.
IN THIS CASE, UNFORTUNATELY, ONE

1624
00:53:05,783 --> 00:53:06,949
IN THIS CASE, UNFORTUNATELY, ONE
OF THE OXEN IS LAME, SO WE'RE

1625
00:53:06,951 --> 00:53:08,517
OF THE OXEN IS LAME, SO WE'RE
ONLY GONNA WORK WITH TWO.

1626
00:53:08,519 --> 00:53:09,818
ONLY GONNA WORK WITH TWO.
[mooing]

1627
00:53:09,820 --> 00:53:10,853
[mooing]
>> AN OX GOING LAME

1628
00:53:10,855 --> 00:53:12,454
>> AN OX GOING LAME
COULD SPELL DISASTER WHEN FIELDS

1629
00:53:12,456 --> 00:53:13,756
COULD SPELL DISASTER WHEN FIELDS
HAD TO BE PLOWED.

1630
00:53:13,758 --> 00:53:15,090
HAD TO BE PLOWED.
SO IT WAS EVEN MORE IMPORTANT

1631
00:53:15,092 --> 00:53:16,425
SO IT WAS EVEN MORE IMPORTANT
THAT THE COMMUNITY POOLED THEIR

1632
00:53:16,427 --> 00:53:18,327
THAT THE COMMUNITY POOLED THEIR
RESOURCES.

1633
00:53:24,968 --> 00:53:27,970
THE YOKE HAD BEEN AROUND FOR
THOUSANDS OF YEARS, AND MEDIEVAL

1634
00:53:27,972 --> 00:53:29,672
THOUSANDS OF YEARS, AND MEDIEVAL
PEOPLE STILL USED THIS ANCIENT

1635
00:53:29,674 --> 00:53:31,173
PEOPLE STILL USED THIS ANCIENT
TECHNOLOGY FOR ATTACHING THE

1636
00:53:31,175 --> 00:53:33,309
TECHNOLOGY FOR ATTACHING THE
OXEN TO THE PLOW.

1637
00:53:33,311 --> 00:53:35,644
OXEN TO THE PLOW.
IT'S A VERY SIMPLE, BUT VERY

1638
00:53:35,646 --> 00:53:37,046
IT'S A VERY SIMPLE, BUT VERY
EFFECTIVE SYSTEM.

1639
00:53:37,048 --> 00:53:38,347
EFFECTIVE SYSTEM.
>> BUT IT'S THE BEST WAY TO

1640
00:53:38,349 --> 00:53:39,682
>> BUT IT'S THE BEST WAY TO
CAPITALIZE ON THE STRENGTH THAT

1641
00:53:39,684 --> 00:53:41,116
CAPITALIZE ON THE STRENGTH THAT
THESE ANIMALS HAVE IN THEIR

1642
00:53:41,118 --> 00:53:41,884
THESE ANIMALS HAVE IN THEIR
SHOULDERS.

1643
00:53:41,886 --> 00:53:43,052
SHOULDERS.
AND OF COURSE THE MORE OXEN

1644
00:53:43,054 --> 00:53:44,486
AND OF COURSE THE MORE OXEN
YOU'VE GOT WORKING, THE EASIER

1645
00:53:44,488 --> 00:53:46,155
YOU'VE GOT WORKING, THE EASIER
IT IS ON EVERY SINGLE BEAST, THE

1646
00:53:46,157 --> 00:53:48,257
IT IS ON EVERY SINGLE BEAST, THE
MORE WORK YOU CAN DO IN A DAY.

1647
00:53:48,259 --> 00:53:49,625
MORE WORK YOU CAN DO IN A DAY.
>> HEAD UP.

1648
00:53:49,627 --> 00:53:51,694
>> HEAD UP.
GOOD.

1649
00:53:51,696 --> 00:53:52,428
GOOD.
OOH, GOOD.

1650
00:53:52,430 --> 00:53:54,563
OOH, GOOD.
THAT'S IT, NICE AND STEADY.

1651
00:53:54,565 --> 00:53:55,698
THAT'S IT, NICE AND STEADY.
STEADY.

1652
00:53:55,700 --> 00:53:56,432
STEADY.
WALK ON.

1653
00:53:56,434 --> 00:53:57,933
WALK ON.
MOVE OVER.

1654
00:53:57,935 --> 00:53:59,001
MOVE OVER.
GET OVER.

1655
00:53:59,003 --> 00:54:00,236
GET OVER.
>> THE THING ABOUT THE OXEN,

1656
00:54:00,238 --> 00:54:01,503
>> THE THING ABOUT THE OXEN,
IT DOES NEED CONSTANT

1657
00:54:01,505 --> 00:54:02,304
IT DOES NEED CONSTANT
ENCOURAGEMENT.

1658
00:54:02,306 --> 00:54:03,272
ENCOURAGEMENT.
>> GET OVER.

1659
00:54:03,274 --> 00:54:04,139
>> GET OVER.
GET OVER.

1660
00:54:04,141 --> 00:54:05,107
GET OVER.
GET OVER.

1661
00:54:05,109 --> 00:54:06,642
GET OVER.
AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT CHANGE

1662
00:54:06,644 --> 00:54:07,676
AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT CHANGE
THAT HAPPENED DURING THE

1663
00:54:07,678 --> 00:54:09,211
THAT HAPPENED DURING THE
MEDIEVAL PERIOD WAS A MAJOR

1664
00:54:09,213 --> 00:54:10,646
MEDIEVAL PERIOD WAS A MAJOR
ADVANCE IN AGRICULTURAL

1665
00:54:10,648 --> 00:54:12,581
ADVANCE IN AGRICULTURAL
TECHNOLOGY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF

1666
00:54:12,583 --> 00:54:13,949
TECHNOLOGY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE HEAVY PLOW.

1667
00:54:13,951 --> 00:54:15,551
THE HEAVY PLOW.
>> THIS REALLY IS THE BUSINESS

1668
00:54:15,553 --> 00:54:16,919
>> THIS REALLY IS THE BUSINESS
END OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD FOR

1669
00:54:16,921 --> 00:54:17,553
END OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD FOR
ME.

1670
00:54:17,555 --> 00:54:18,821
ME.
THIS IS THE HEAVY PLOW.

1671
00:54:18,823 --> 00:54:20,789
THIS IS THE HEAVY PLOW.
IT ENABLES YOU TO CUT INTO THESE

1672
00:54:20,791 --> 00:54:23,225
IT ENABLES YOU TO CUT INTO THESE
DEEP CLAYS, STIFF CLAYS, THAT,

1673
00:54:23,227 --> 00:54:24,226
DEEP CLAYS, STIFF CLAYS, THAT,
OF COURSE, NORTHERN EUROPE WAS

1674
00:54:24,228 --> 00:54:25,261
OF COURSE, NORTHERN EUROPE WAS
FAMOUS FOR.

1675
00:54:25,263 --> 00:54:26,929
FAMOUS FOR.
PRIOR TO THIS PLOW, WHAT YOU

1676
00:54:26,931 --> 00:54:27,830
PRIOR TO THIS PLOW, WHAT YOU
WERE DOING WAS JUST SCRATCHING

1677
00:54:27,832 --> 00:54:28,697
WERE DOING WAS JUST SCRATCHING
THE SURFACE.

1678
00:54:28,699 --> 00:54:29,565
THE SURFACE.
BUT THE TECHNOLOGY HERE

1679
00:54:29,567 --> 00:54:31,467
BUT THE TECHNOLOGY HERE
UNLEASHES THE FERTILITY,

1680
00:54:31,469 --> 00:54:32,801
UNLEASHES THE FERTILITY,
AND THAT'S THE CRITICAL THING,

1681
00:54:32,803 --> 00:54:34,203
AND THAT'S THE CRITICAL THING,
BECAUSE THEN YIELDS ABSOLUTELY

1682
00:54:34,205 --> 00:54:36,305
BECAUSE THEN YIELDS ABSOLUTELY
EXPLODE, POPULATION EXPLODES,

1683
00:54:36,307 --> 00:54:37,506
EXPLODE, POPULATION EXPLODES,
YOU GOT A MASSIVE GROWTH IN

1684
00:54:37,508 --> 00:54:40,242
YOU GOT A MASSIVE GROWTH IN
TOWNS, MORE CASH, BIGGER TOWNS,

1685
00:54:40,244 --> 00:54:44,513
TOWNS, MORE CASH, BIGGER TOWNS,
AND A FURTHER POPULATION BOOM.

1686
00:54:44,515 --> 00:54:45,581
AND A FURTHER POPULATION BOOM.
>> AND NONE OF THAT

1687
00:54:45,583 --> 00:54:46,715
>> AND NONE OF THAT
WOULD HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE WITHOUT

1688
00:54:46,717 --> 00:54:48,083
WOULD HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE WITHOUT
THE BRUTE STRENGTH OF THE TEAMS

1689
00:54:48,085 --> 00:54:51,287
THE BRUTE STRENGTH OF THE TEAMS
OF OXEN THAT PULLED THE PLOW.

1690
00:54:51,289 --> 00:54:52,788
OF OXEN THAT PULLED THE PLOW.
MEDIEVAL LAND WAS DIVIDED UP

1691
00:54:52,790 --> 00:54:54,690
MEDIEVAL LAND WAS DIVIDED UP
INTO STRIPS FOR INDIVIDUALS TO

1692
00:54:54,692 --> 00:54:55,858
INTO STRIPS FOR INDIVIDUALS TO
WORK.

1693
00:54:55,860 --> 00:54:57,259
WORK.
THERE WERE NO FENCES BETWEEN THE

1694
00:54:57,261 --> 00:54:59,161
THERE WERE NO FENCES BETWEEN THE
STRIPS, BUT EVERYONE KNEW WHICH

1695
00:54:59,163 --> 00:55:01,764
STRIPS, BUT EVERYONE KNEW WHICH
BIT WAS THEIRS.

1696
00:55:01,766 --> 00:55:02,931
BIT WAS THEIRS.
>> BUT ESSENTIALLY THEY'D ALL BE

1697
00:55:02,933 --> 00:55:04,533
>> BUT ESSENTIALLY THEY'D ALL BE
WORKING TOGETHER IN COMMON FOR

1698
00:55:04,535 --> 00:55:05,934
WORKING TOGETHER IN COMMON FOR
THE SORT OF GREATER GOOD OF THE

1699
00:55:05,936 --> 00:55:06,869
THE SORT OF GREATER GOOD OF THE
FIELD, IF YOU LIKE.

1700
00:55:06,871 --> 00:55:08,070
FIELD, IF YOU LIKE.
>> WHOA.

1701
00:55:08,072 --> 00:55:10,306
>> WHOA.
'CAUSE THE PLOWMAN WOULD PLOW

1702
00:55:10,308 --> 00:55:11,307
'CAUSE THE PLOWMAN WOULD PLOW
FOR EVERYBODY.

1703
00:55:11,309 --> 00:55:13,542
FOR EVERYBODY.
>> YES, THAT'S RIGHT.

1704
00:55:13,544 --> 00:55:14,610
>> YES, THAT'S RIGHT.
>> PLOWING THESE HEAVY

1705
00:55:14,612 --> 00:55:16,912
>> PLOWING THESE HEAVY
SOILS IS HARD WORK AND WAS A

1706
00:55:16,914 --> 00:55:18,013
SOILS IS HARD WORK AND WAS A
SKILLED JOB.

1707
00:55:18,015 --> 00:55:19,415
SKILLED JOB.
THE PLOWMAN WOULD BE PAID WITH

1708
00:55:19,417 --> 00:55:20,816
THE PLOWMAN WOULD BE PAID WITH
A PERCENTAGE OF THE HARVEST OR

1709
00:55:20,818 --> 00:55:22,251
A PERCENTAGE OF THE HARVEST OR
WITH OTHER PRODUCE.

1710
00:55:22,253 --> 00:55:24,053
WITH OTHER PRODUCE.
FOR EVERYONE ELSE, THEY LIVED ON

1711
00:55:24,055 --> 00:55:25,821
FOR EVERYONE ELSE, THEY LIVED ON
WHAT THEY GREW.

1712
00:55:25,823 --> 00:55:26,822
WHAT THEY GREW.
>> WHAT YOU'RE REALLY LOOKING TO

1713
00:55:26,824 --> 00:55:27,990
>> WHAT YOU'RE REALLY LOOKING TO
DO IS TO GET ENOUGH CEREAL TO

1714
00:55:27,992 --> 00:55:29,058
DO IS TO GET ENOUGH CEREAL TO
LAST YOU THROUGH THE YEAR,

1715
00:55:29,060 --> 00:55:30,025
LAST YOU THROUGH THE YEAR,
WHETHER IT'S KEEPING YOU IN BEER

1716
00:55:30,027 --> 00:55:32,227
WHETHER IT'S KEEPING YOU IN BEER
OR IN RYE BREAD OR IN BREAD.

1717
00:55:32,229 --> 00:55:33,662
OR IN RYE BREAD OR IN BREAD.
BUT YOU'D ALSO--YOU'VE GOT TO

1718
00:55:33,664 --> 00:55:35,698
BUT YOU'D ALSO--YOU'VE GOT TO
SET ASIDE ENOUGH GRAIN CROP TO

1719
00:55:35,700 --> 00:55:37,032
SET ASIDE ENOUGH GRAIN CROP TO
SOW THE NEXT YEAR AS WELL.

1720
00:55:37,034 --> 00:55:38,767
SOW THE NEXT YEAR AS WELL.
>> OF COURSE.

1721
00:55:38,769 --> 00:55:40,169
>> OF COURSE.
AND EVERYONE HAD TO GROW ENOUGH

1722
00:55:40,171 --> 00:55:42,071
AND EVERYONE HAD TO GROW ENOUGH
TO PAY THEIR TAXES TO THE LORD■■

1723
00:55:42,073 --> 00:55:43,038
TO PAY THEIR TAXES TO THE LORD■■
OF THE MANOR.

1724
00:55:43,040 --> 00:55:45,341
OF THE MANOR.
THE RICH GREW RICHER OFF THE FAT

1725
00:55:45,343 --> 00:55:46,308
THE RICH GREW RICHER OFF THE FAT
OF THE LAND.

1726
00:55:46,310 --> 00:55:48,110
OF THE LAND.
THE WEALTH OF THE MIDDLE AGES IS

1727
00:55:48,112 --> 00:55:50,913
THE WEALTH OF THE MIDDLE AGES IS
IN THE SOIL; IT'S IN THE LAND.

1728
00:55:50,915 --> 00:55:52,881
IN THE SOIL; IT'S IN THE LAND.
IT WAS UNLEASHING THE POTENTIAL

1729
00:55:52,883 --> 00:55:54,783
IT WAS UNLEASHING THE POTENTIAL
OF THE HEAVY SOILS OF NORTHERN

1730
00:55:54,785 --> 00:55:57,086
OF THE HEAVY SOILS OF NORTHERN
EUROPE THAT ALLOWED IT TO FLOWER

1731
00:55:57,088 --> 00:55:59,321
EUROPE THAT ALLOWED IT TO FLOWER
DURING THE 13TH AND 14TH

1732
00:55:59,323 --> 00:56:00,756
DURING THE 13TH AND 14TH
CENTURIES AND TO BECOME THE

1733
00:56:00,758 --> 00:56:02,758
CENTURIES AND TO BECOME THE
RICHEST PLACE ON EARTH.

1734
00:56:02,760 --> 00:56:07,096
RICHEST PLACE ON EARTH.
>> I'VE BEEN EXPLORING

1735
00:56:07,098 --> 00:56:09,398
>> I'VE BEEN EXPLORING
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD...

1736
00:56:09,400 --> 00:56:10,065
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD...
>> LOOSE!

1737
00:56:10,067 --> 00:56:12,901
>> LOOSE!
>> BOTH IN WAR...

1738
00:56:12,903 --> 00:56:14,870
>> BOTH IN WAR...
AND PEACE.

1739
00:56:17,774 --> 00:56:20,976
ALONG THE WAY, I'VE TRIED TO
CHALLENGE OUR IDEAS ABOUT THE

1740
00:56:20,978 --> 00:56:23,145
CHALLENGE OUR IDEAS ABOUT THE
PEOPLE AND HOW THEY LIVED.

1741
00:56:23,147 --> 00:56:25,781
PEOPLE AND HOW THEY LIVED.
ONE OF THE MOST COMMON MODERN

1742
00:56:25,783 --> 00:56:27,182
ONE OF THE MOST COMMON MODERN
PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THE MIDDLE

1743
00:56:27,184 --> 00:56:29,051
PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THE MIDDLE
AGES IS THAT EVERYBODY WAS

1744
00:56:29,053 --> 00:56:32,154
AGES IS THAT EVERYBODY WAS
FILTHY, DIRTY, AND SMELLY.

1745
00:56:32,156 --> 00:56:33,856
FILTHY, DIRTY, AND SMELLY.
NOW, I'M SURE A LOT OF THEM

1746
00:56:33,858 --> 00:56:35,924
NOW, I'M SURE A LOT OF THEM
WERE, BUT A LOT OF PEOPLE TODAY

1747
00:56:35,926 --> 00:56:36,892
WERE, BUT A LOT OF PEOPLE TODAY
ARE.

1748
00:56:36,894 --> 00:56:38,260
ARE.
PERSONAL HYGIENE IS NOT A

1749
00:56:38,262 --> 00:56:39,361
PERSONAL HYGIENE IS NOT A
QUESTION OF WHETHER THE PRODUCTS

1750
00:56:39,363 --> 00:56:40,162
QUESTION OF WHETHER THE PRODUCTS
ARE AVAILABLE.

1751
00:56:40,164 --> 00:56:41,130
ARE AVAILABLE.
IT'S A QUESTION OF WHETHER OR

1752
00:56:41,132 --> 00:56:43,165
IT'S A QUESTION OF WHETHER OR
NOT YOU USE THEM.

1753
00:56:43,167 --> 00:56:45,067
NOT YOU USE THEM.
THEY DID HAVE SOAP.

1754
00:56:45,069 --> 00:56:46,335
THEY DID HAVE SOAP.
DR. CATHERINE FLOWER-BOND

1755
00:56:46,337 --> 00:56:47,202
DR. CATHERINE FLOWER-BOND
IS A SPECIALIST IN

1756
00:56:47,204 --> 00:56:49,037
IS A SPECIALIST IN
MEDIEVAL DOMESTIC LIFE,

1757
00:56:49,039 --> 00:56:50,205
MEDIEVAL DOMESTIC LIFE,
AND SHE'S MADE THESE SOAPS

1758
00:56:50,207 --> 00:56:52,908
AND SHE'S MADE THESE SOAPS
FROM AUTHENTIC MEDIEVAL RECIPES.

1759
00:56:52,910 --> 00:56:54,109
FROM AUTHENTIC MEDIEVAL RECIPES.
SO A SOAP LIKE THAT, IS IT

1760
00:56:54,111 --> 00:56:55,611
SO A SOAP LIKE THAT, IS IT
EXPENSIVE OR IS IT AVAILABLE TO

1761
00:56:55,613 --> 00:56:57,312
EXPENSIVE OR IS IT AVAILABLE TO
ALL STATIONS OF SOCIETY?

1762
00:56:57,314 --> 00:56:58,347
ALL STATIONS OF SOCIETY?
>> NOW, THAT'S AVAILABLE TO

1763
00:56:58,349 --> 00:57:00,082
>> NOW, THAT'S AVAILABLE TO
EVERYBODY, THAT PARTICULAR SOAP,

1764
00:57:00,084 --> 00:57:02,050
EVERYBODY, THAT PARTICULAR SOAP,
BECAUSE IT'S MADE WITH TALLOW...

1765
00:57:02,052 --> 00:57:02,885
BECAUSE IT'S MADE WITH TALLOW...
>> WHICH IS SHEEP FAT.

1766
00:57:02,887 --> 00:57:04,353
>> WHICH IS SHEEP FAT.
>> AND RELATIVELY CHEAP.

1767
00:57:04,355 --> 00:57:06,388
>> AND RELATIVELY CHEAP.
BUT I'VE ALSO ADDED SOME STALE

1768
00:57:06,390 --> 00:57:08,257
BUT I'VE ALSO ADDED SOME STALE
URINE THAT I PERCOLATED THROUGH

1769
00:57:08,259 --> 00:57:09,057
URINE THAT I PERCOLATED THROUGH
AS WELL.

1770
00:57:09,059 --> 00:57:11,427
AS WELL.
>> WHICH GIVES AMMONIA,

1771
00:57:11,429 --> 00:57:12,561
>> WHICH GIVES AMMONIA,
WHICH IS BLEACH.

1772
00:57:12,563 --> 00:57:13,762
WHICH IS BLEACH.
>> YES, THAT'S GONNA HELP WITH

1773
00:57:13,764 --> 00:57:15,798
>> YES, THAT'S GONNA HELP WITH
YOUR STUBBORN STAINS AND COLLARS

1774
00:57:15,800 --> 00:57:16,832
YOUR STUBBORN STAINS AND COLLARS
AND CUFFS AND THINGS TO GET

1775
00:57:16,834 --> 00:57:18,500
AND CUFFS AND THINGS TO GET
THE WORST OF THE GRIME OFF.

1776
00:57:18,502 --> 00:57:19,635
THE WORST OF THE GRIME OFF.
>> ANY PEASANT COULD

1777
00:57:19,637 --> 00:57:20,269
>> ANY PEASANT COULD
MAKE THIS?

1778
00:57:20,271 --> 00:57:21,336
MAKE THIS?
>> YES, THAT'S RELATIVELY CHEAP

1779
00:57:21,338 --> 00:57:22,271
>> YES, THAT'S RELATIVELY CHEAP
TO PRODUCE.

1780
00:57:22,273 --> 00:57:24,139
TO PRODUCE.
WHAT'S EVEN CHEAPER IS ONE LIKE

1781
00:57:24,141 --> 00:57:25,407
WHAT'S EVEN CHEAPER IS ONE LIKE
THIS, WHICH HAS JUST GOT BASIC

1782
00:57:25,409 --> 00:57:29,211
THIS, WHICH HAS JUST GOT BASIC
PIG FAT OR LARD IN.

1783
00:57:29,213 --> 00:57:31,246
PIG FAT OR LARD IN.
>> UM...

1784
00:57:32,115 --> 00:57:35,350
GOSH, MY WIFE WILL BE ASTONISHED
TO SEE THIS.

1785
00:57:35,352 --> 00:57:36,485
TO SEE THIS.
CERTAINLY HARD WORK.

1786
00:57:36,487 --> 00:57:37,152
CERTAINLY HARD WORK.
>> YES, IT IS.

1787
00:57:37,154 --> 00:57:38,420
>> YES, IT IS.
AND COLD TOO.

1788
00:57:38,422 --> 00:57:40,289
AND COLD TOO.
NOT A HOT-WATER PROCESS AT ALL.

1789
00:57:40,291 --> 00:57:42,191
NOT A HOT-WATER PROCESS AT ALL.
IT'S ALWAYS COLD WATER.

1790
00:57:42,193 --> 00:57:43,892
IT'S ALWAYS COLD WATER.
>> AND THE THING ABOUT

1791
00:57:43,894 --> 00:57:45,694
>> AND THE THING ABOUT
THE MIDDLE AGES IS, THEY HAD

1792
00:57:45,696 --> 00:57:48,564
THE MIDDLE AGES IS, THEY HAD
SOAP AND INGENIOUS WASHING

1793
00:57:48,566 --> 00:57:49,865
SOAP AND INGENIOUS WASHING
APPARATUS LIKE THIS.

1794
00:57:49,867 --> 00:57:50,666
APPARATUS LIKE THIS.
>> INDEED.

1795
00:57:50,668 --> 00:57:51,433
>> INDEED.
>> SO THIS IS CALLED A

1796
00:57:51,435 --> 00:57:52,100
>> SO THIS IS CALLED A
BATTLEDORE.

1797
00:57:52,102 --> 00:57:52,768
BATTLEDORE.
>> IT IS.

1798
00:57:52,770 --> 00:57:53,669
>> IT IS.
OR A BEETLE.

1799
00:57:53,671 --> 00:57:54,837
OR A BEETLE.
AND SO THAT'S GONNA FORCE THE

1800
00:57:54,839 --> 00:57:57,573
AND SO THAT'S GONNA FORCE THE
DIRT THROUGH THE FIBERS.

1801
00:57:57,575 --> 00:57:58,841
DIRT THROUGH THE FIBERS.
THE PROCESS IS EXACTLY THE SAME

1802
00:57:58,843 --> 00:57:59,942
THE PROCESS IS EXACTLY THE SAME
AS YOU'RE USING A MODERN WASHING

1803
00:57:59,944 --> 00:58:00,776
AS YOU'RE USING A MODERN WASHING
MACHINE.

1804
00:58:00,778 --> 00:58:01,944
MACHINE.
>> BUT THESE ARE LAUNDRY

1805
00:58:01,946 --> 00:58:02,578
>> BUT THESE ARE LAUNDRY
SOAPS.

1806
00:58:02,580 --> 00:58:04,112
SOAPS.
WHAT ABOUT PEOPLE WASHING

1807
00:58:04,114 --> 00:58:04,746
WHAT ABOUT PEOPLE WASHING
THEMSELVES?

1808
00:58:04,748 --> 00:58:05,514
THEMSELVES?
>> WELL, PEOPLE SOAPS,

1809
00:58:05,516 --> 00:58:06,748
>> WELL, PEOPLE SOAPS,
THERE'S A SELECTION HERE.

1810
00:58:06,750 --> 00:58:07,883
THERE'S A SELECTION HERE.
SO YOU CAN PUT ROSES IN IT OR

1811
00:58:07,885 --> 00:58:10,219
SO YOU CAN PUT ROSES IN IT OR
MARIGOLD OR WHATEVER SMELLS YOU

1812
00:58:10,221 --> 00:58:11,353
MARIGOLD OR WHATEVER SMELLS YOU
PARTICULARLY LIKE.

1813
00:58:11,355 --> 00:58:12,354
PARTICULARLY LIKE.
AND SO A LITTLE BIT MORE

1814
00:58:12,356 --> 00:58:13,355
AND SO A LITTLE BIT MORE
EXPENSIVE AND--

1815
00:58:13,357 --> 00:58:14,690
EXPENSIVE AND--
>> THAT'S REALLY NICE.

1816
00:58:14,692 --> 00:58:15,324
>> THAT'S REALLY NICE.
>> OR YOU COULD HAVE JUST A

1817
00:58:15,326 --> 00:58:16,792
>> OR YOU COULD HAVE JUST A
PLAIN BAR LIKE THIS ONE HERE.

1818
00:58:16,794 --> 00:58:17,860
PLAIN BAR LIKE THIS ONE HERE.
AND THIS IS WHAT WE WOULD REFER

1819
00:58:17,862 --> 00:58:19,795
AND THIS IS WHAT WE WOULD REFER
TO AS CASTILE SOAP.

1820
00:58:19,797 --> 00:58:21,463
TO AS CASTILE SOAP.
BUT THIS IS RESERVED FOR SOMEONE

1821
00:58:21,465 --> 00:58:22,931
BUT THIS IS RESERVED FOR SOMEONE
OF SOME WEALTH.

1822
00:58:22,933 --> 00:58:23,899
OF SOME WEALTH.
>> YEAH, I CAN FEEL

1823
00:58:23,901 --> 00:58:26,001
>> YEAH, I CAN FEEL
THAT'S AN EXTREMELY LUXURIOUS

1824
00:58:26,003 --> 00:58:26,902
THAT'S AN EXTREMELY LUXURIOUS
SOAP.

1825
00:58:26,904 --> 00:58:27,836
SOAP.
IT ALMOST FEELS LIKE A

1826
00:58:27,838 --> 00:58:29,805
IT ALMOST FEELS LIKE A
MOISTURIZER AT THE SAME TIME.

1827
00:58:29,807 --> 00:58:31,740
MOISTURIZER AT THE SAME TIME.
>> VERY NICE TO USE.

1828
00:58:33,743 --> 00:58:35,611
>> MEDIEVAL PEOPLE
DIDN'T IGNORE THEIR TEETH

1829
00:58:35,613 --> 00:58:37,012
DIDN'T IGNORE THEIR TEETH
EITHER.

1830
00:58:37,014 --> 00:58:39,515
EITHER.
TODAY AMERICANS SPEND $2 BILLION

1831
00:58:39,517 --> 00:58:41,350
TODAY AMERICANS SPEND $2 BILLION
A YEAR ON TOOTHBRUSHES.

1832
00:58:41,352 --> 00:58:44,253
A YEAR ON TOOTHBRUSHES.
700 YEARS AGO, THEY WERE FREE.

1833
00:58:44,255 --> 00:58:46,188
700 YEARS AGO, THEY WERE FREE.
WITH STICKS LIKE HAZEL, LICORICE

1834
00:58:46,190 --> 00:58:47,856
WITH STICKS LIKE HAZEL, LICORICE
STICK, OR THE MARSHMALLOW ROOT.

1835
00:58:47,858 --> 00:58:48,991
STICK, OR THE MARSHMALLOW ROOT.
SO YOU SEE, YOU WOULD CHEW IT.

1836
00:58:48,993 --> 00:58:50,559
SO YOU SEE, YOU WOULD CHEW IT.
IT BECOMES QUITE FIBROUS, REALLY

1837
00:58:50,561 --> 00:58:51,660
IT BECOMES QUITE FIBROUS, REALLY
LIKE THE BRISTLES OF

1838
00:58:51,662 --> 00:58:52,361
LIKE THE BRISTLES OF
A TOOTHBRUSH.

1839
00:58:52,363 --> 00:58:53,095
A TOOTHBRUSH.
IT'S NOT AS SOFT OR AS

1840
00:58:53,097 --> 00:58:54,162
IT'S NOT AS SOFT OR AS
COMFORTABLE AS MY MODERN

1841
00:58:54,164 --> 00:58:55,697
COMFORTABLE AS MY MODERN
TOOTHBRUSH, BUT IT WORKS.

1842
00:58:55,699 --> 00:58:56,598
TOOTHBRUSH, BUT IT WORKS.
IT'S--SORRY, I'VE GOT ALL THE

1843
00:58:56,600 --> 00:58:57,232
IT'S--SORRY, I'VE GOT ALL THE
BITS IN MY MOUTH.

1844
00:58:57,234 --> 00:58:58,000
BITS IN MY MOUTH.
>> [laughs]

1845
00:58:58,002 --> 00:58:58,634
>> [laughs]
>> IT'S--

1846
00:58:58,636 --> 00:58:59,935
>> IT'S--
[cow mooing]

1847
00:58:59,937 --> 00:59:01,737
[cow mooing]
SHH.

1848
00:59:01,739 --> 00:59:02,905
SHH.
TOOTHPASTE CAME STRAIGHT OUT OF

1849
00:59:02,907 --> 00:59:05,607
TOOTHPASTE CAME STRAIGHT OUT OF
THE HERB GARDEN.

1850
00:59:05,609 --> 00:59:07,676
THE HERB GARDEN.
>> THIS IS SALT AND SAGE.

1851
00:59:07,678 --> 00:59:09,444
>> THIS IS SALT AND SAGE.
JUST RUB IT ROUND.

1852
00:59:09,446 --> 00:59:10,712
JUST RUB IT ROUND.
>> OOH, IT'S QUITE NICE.

1853
00:59:10,714 --> 00:59:12,514
>> OOH, IT'S QUITE NICE.
YEAH, I LIKE IT.

1854
00:59:12,516 --> 00:59:14,716
YEAH, I LIKE IT.
>> THE SAGE STOPS BLEEDING GUMS,

1855
00:59:14,718 --> 00:59:15,984
>> THE SAGE STOPS BLEEDING GUMS,
AND THE SALT TAKES ALL THE

1856
00:59:15,986 --> 00:59:16,752
AND THE SALT TAKES ALL THE
PLAQUE AWAY.

1857
00:59:16,754 --> 00:59:17,653
PLAQUE AWAY.
>> BUT IT WASN'T JUST

1858
00:59:17,655 --> 00:59:19,555
>> BUT IT WASN'T JUST
ABOUT HAVING FRESH BREATH AND

1859
00:59:19,557 --> 00:59:21,757
ABOUT HAVING FRESH BREATH AND
BEING PLEASANT SOCIALLY.

1860
00:59:21,759 --> 00:59:22,424
BEING PLEASANT SOCIALLY.
>> THAT'S RIGHT.

1861
00:59:22,426 --> 00:59:23,959
>> THAT'S RIGHT.
ALL AROUND YOU WAS FOUL-SMELLING

1862
00:59:23,961 --> 00:59:25,627
ALL AROUND YOU WAS FOUL-SMELLING
AIR AND WHAT THEY PERCEIVED TO

1863
00:59:25,629 --> 00:59:27,195
AIR AND WHAT THEY PERCEIVED TO
BE DISEASES ALL AROUND YOU THAT

1864
00:59:27,197 --> 00:59:28,530
BE DISEASES ALL AROUND YOU THAT
YOU CAN SMELL IN AND INGEST

1865
00:59:28,532 --> 00:59:29,197
YOU CAN SMELL IN AND INGEST
INSIDE OF YOU.

1866
00:59:29,199 --> 00:59:30,599
INSIDE OF YOU.
AND SO THEY WOULD MAKE THINGS

1867
00:59:30,601 --> 00:59:32,501
AND SO THEY WOULD MAKE THINGS
LIKE THESE, WHICH ARE BEADS,

1868
00:59:32,503 --> 00:59:34,736
LIKE THESE, WHICH ARE BEADS,
POMANDER BEADS, MADE FROM HERBS.

1869
00:59:34,738 --> 00:59:36,038
POMANDER BEADS, MADE FROM HERBS.
SO YOU GO OUT INTO THE WORLD,

1870
00:59:36,040 --> 00:59:37,673
SO YOU GO OUT INTO THE WORLD,
INTO NEW AREAS, THE MARKET,

1871
00:59:37,675 --> 00:59:39,274
INTO NEW AREAS, THE MARKET,
WHEREVER THAT SMELLS BAD.

1872
00:59:39,276 --> 00:59:40,709
WHEREVER THAT SMELLS BAD.
YOU PICK UP YOUR BEADS, YOU WARM

1873
00:59:40,711 --> 00:59:42,110
YOU PICK UP YOUR BEADS, YOU WARM
THEM IN YOUR HANDS, YOU SMELL

1874
00:59:42,112 --> 00:59:43,745
THEM IN YOUR HANDS, YOU SMELL
THEM CLOSE, AND BREATHE IN THE

1875
00:59:43,747 --> 00:59:45,280
THEM CLOSE, AND BREATHE IN THE
FUMES AND YOU FUMIGATE YOURSELF

1876
00:59:45,282 --> 00:59:47,583
FUMES AND YOU FUMIGATE YOURSELF
AGAINST THOSE DISEASES.

1877
00:59:47,585 --> 00:59:48,483
AGAINST THOSE DISEASES.
>> IT'S A VERY STRONG

1878
00:59:48,485 --> 00:59:50,452
>> IT'S A VERY STRONG
SMELL, A VERY POWERFUL SMELL,

1879
00:59:50,454 --> 00:59:52,588
SMELL, A VERY POWERFUL SMELL,
AND IT'S EXTRAORDINARY THAT THAT

1880
00:59:52,590 --> 00:59:54,056
AND IT'S EXTRAORDINARY THAT THAT
WAS THE BELIEF, THAT YOU COULD

1881
00:59:54,058 --> 00:59:55,924
WAS THE BELIEF, THAT YOU COULD
FUMIGATE YOURSELF, BECAUSE THEY

1882
00:59:55,926 --> 00:59:58,460
FUMIGATE YOURSELF, BECAUSE THEY
BELIEVE THAT ALL DISEASE WAS

1883
00:59:58,462 --> 01:00:01,463
BELIEVE THAT ALL DISEASE WAS
CARRIED BY THE MIASMA: THE FOUL

1884
01:00:01,465 --> 01:00:03,365
CARRIED BY THE MIASMA: THE FOUL
SMELLS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

1885
01:00:03,367 --> 01:00:04,866
SMELLS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
AND IF YOU BREATHE THEM IN,

1886
01:00:04,868 --> 01:00:08,537
AND IF YOU BREATHE THEM IN,
THAT'S HOW YOU CAUGHT DISEASE.

1887
01:00:08,539 --> 01:00:10,038
THAT'S HOW YOU CAUGHT DISEASE.
IF FUMIGATING WITH HERBS DIDN'T

1888
01:00:10,040 --> 01:00:11,673
IF FUMIGATING WITH HERBS DIDN'T
WORK, PEOPLE COULD GO TO THEIR

1889
01:00:11,675 --> 01:00:13,775
WORK, PEOPLE COULD GO TO THEIR
LOCAL DOCTOR FOR ONE OF THE MOST

1890
01:00:13,777 --> 01:00:15,811
LOCAL DOCTOR FOR ONE OF THE MOST
BIZARRE TREATMENTS OF THE MIDDLE

1891
01:00:15,813 --> 01:00:19,214
BIZARRE TREATMENTS OF THE MIDDLE
AGES.

1892
01:00:19,216 --> 01:00:20,515
AGES.
I'VE DONE A LOT OF MEDIEVAL

1893
01:00:20,517 --> 01:00:22,184
I'VE DONE A LOT OF MEDIEVAL
THINGS IN MY TIME, BUT I'VE

1894
01:00:22,186 --> 01:00:23,852
THINGS IN MY TIME, BUT I'VE
NEVER TRIED THIS BEFORE:

1895
01:00:23,854 --> 01:00:27,322
NEVER TRIED THIS BEFORE:
BEING BLED BY LEECHES.

1896
01:00:27,324 --> 01:00:29,324
BEING BLED BY LEECHES.
RORY MCCREADIE IS AN EXPERT IN

1897
01:00:29,326 --> 01:00:33,862
RORY MCCREADIE IS AN EXPERT IN
MEDIEVAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

1898
01:00:33,864 --> 01:00:35,030
MEDIEVAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY.
OOH, LITTLE TICKLE.

1899
01:00:35,032 --> 01:00:39,735
OOH, LITTLE TICKLE.
>> THAT COULD BE IT.

1900
01:00:39,737 --> 01:00:41,136
>> THAT COULD BE IT.
>> SO YOU'VE JUST PUT

1901
01:00:41,138 --> 01:00:43,038
>> SO YOU'VE JUST PUT
A LIVE LEECH ON MY ARM.

1902
01:00:43,040 --> 01:00:43,672
A LIVE LEECH ON MY ARM.
>> YEAH.

1903
01:00:43,674 --> 01:00:44,973
>> YEAH.
>> AND I CAN FEEL THE SLIGHTEST

1904
01:00:44,975 --> 01:00:48,844
>> AND I CAN FEEL THE SLIGHTEST
PRICK AS HE'S BURROWING IN.

1905
01:00:48,846 --> 01:00:50,779
PRICK AS HE'S BURROWING IN.
AND THIS WAS A BASIC PRACTICE IN

1906
01:00:50,781 --> 01:00:51,480
AND THIS WAS A BASIC PRACTICE IN
MEDIEVAL MEDICINE?

1907
01:00:51,482 --> 01:00:53,782
MEDIEVAL MEDICINE?
>> YES.

1908
01:00:53,784 --> 01:00:54,816
>> YES.
>> THE MEDIEVAL WORLD

1909
01:00:54,818 --> 01:00:56,218
>> THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
BELIEVED THAT YOUR WELL-BEING

1910
01:00:56,220 --> 01:00:57,552
BELIEVED THAT YOUR WELL-BEING
WAS CONTROLLED BY FOUR

1911
01:00:57,554 --> 01:00:59,588
WAS CONTROLLED BY FOUR
MYSTERIOUS BODY FLUIDS CALLED

1912
01:00:59,590 --> 01:01:00,622
MYSTERIOUS BODY FLUIDS CALLED
HUMORS.

1913
01:01:00,624 --> 01:01:02,391
HUMORS.
THESE WERE BLACK BILE, YELLOW

1914
01:01:02,393 --> 01:01:05,293
THESE WERE BLACK BILE, YELLOW
BILE, PHLEGM, AND BLOOD.

1915
01:01:05,295 --> 01:01:07,529
BILE, PHLEGM, AND BLOOD.
BLEEDING BY LEECHES WAS SUPPOSED

1916
01:01:07,531 --> 01:01:10,298
BLEEDING BY LEECHES WAS SUPPOSED
TO KEEP THESE HUMORS IN BALANCE.

1917
01:01:14,303 --> 01:01:16,271
>> YOU WOULD BE BLED QUITE
FREQUENTLY.

1918
01:01:16,273 --> 01:01:18,440
FREQUENTLY.
THE IDEA WAS QUITE OFTEN YOU'D

1919
01:01:18,442 --> 01:01:20,042
THE IDEA WAS QUITE OFTEN YOU'D
BE BLED, KEEP EVERYTHING IN

1920
01:01:20,044 --> 01:01:20,676
BE BLED, KEEP EVERYTHING IN
BALANCE.

1921
01:01:20,678 --> 01:01:21,476
BALANCE.
>> AND THAT WOULD MAKE

1922
01:01:21,478 --> 01:01:22,511
>> AND THAT WOULD MAKE
ME FEEL AT EASE?

1923
01:01:22,513 --> 01:01:25,213
ME FEEL AT EASE?
>> YES, HENCE, YOU WOULDN'T BE

1924
01:01:25,215 --> 01:01:26,481
>> YES, HENCE, YOU WOULDN'T BE
AT "DIS-EASE" OR, THE MODERN

1925
01:01:26,483 --> 01:01:27,482
AT "DIS-EASE" OR, THE MODERN
WORD, DISEASE.

1926
01:01:27,484 --> 01:01:28,216
WORD, DISEASE.
THAT'S WHERE IT COS FROM.

1927
01:01:28,218 --> 01:01:29,718
THAT'S WHERE IT COS FROM.
>> I SEE.

1928
01:01:29,720 --> 01:01:31,687
>> I SEE.
AND HE'S GETTING QUITE FAT NOW.

1929
01:01:31,689 --> 01:01:32,421
AND HE'S GETTING QUITE FAT NOW.
AND OF COURSE HE'S ACTUALLY

1930
01:01:32,423 --> 01:01:33,789
AND OF COURSE HE'S ACTUALLY
INJECTING AN ENZYME INTO ME THAT

1931
01:01:33,791 --> 01:01:35,123
INJECTING AN ENZYME INTO ME THAT
THINS MY BLOOD,

1932
01:01:35,125 --> 01:01:35,857
THINS MY BLOOD,
AN ANTICOAGULATE.

1933
01:01:35,859 --> 01:01:37,259
AN ANTICOAGULATE.
>> YES, THE ENZYMES IN LEECHES

1934
01:01:37,261 --> 01:01:38,193
>> YES, THE ENZYMES IN LEECHES
ARE BEING USED RIGHT NOW FOR

1935
01:01:38,195 --> 01:01:39,861
ARE BEING USED RIGHT NOW FOR
PEOPLE WHO HAVE STROKES TO BREAK

1936
01:01:39,863 --> 01:01:41,830
PEOPLE WHO HAVE STROKES TO BREAK
DOWN THE BLOOD CLOTS.

1937
01:01:48,705 --> 01:01:51,173
>> BUT THERE WAS ONE
DISEASE THAT NO AMOUNT OF

1938
01:01:51,175 --> 01:01:52,741
DISEASE THAT NO AMOUNT OF
TREATMENT WITH LEECHES OR

1939
01:01:52,743 --> 01:01:54,609
TREATMENT WITH LEECHES OR
ANYTHING ELSE COULD CURE.

1940
01:01:54,611 --> 01:01:58,046
ANYTHING ELSE COULD CURE.
IT WAS CALLED THE BLACK DEATH.

1941
01:02:04,320 --> 01:02:09,591
BETWEEN 1348 AND 1350, A GREAT
PESTILENCE SWEPT OVER EUROPE,

1942
01:02:09,593 --> 01:02:12,694
PESTILENCE SWEPT OVER EUROPE,
KILLING 50% OF THE POPULATION.

1943
01:02:12,696 --> 01:02:14,396
KILLING 50% OF THE POPULATION.
CARTLOADS OF DEAD WERE TIPPED

1944
01:02:14,398 --> 01:02:16,898
CARTLOADS OF DEAD WERE TIPPED
INTO MASS GRAVES, AND THEY WERE

1945
01:02:16,900 --> 01:02:19,534
INTO MASS GRAVES, AND THEY WERE
THEN STACKED INTO NEAT PILES

1946
01:02:19,536 --> 01:02:23,171
THEN STACKED INTO NEAT PILES
FIVE DEEP.

1947
01:02:23,173 --> 01:02:24,473
FIVE DEEP.
AND THAT'S WHY THERE WERE

1948
01:02:24,475 --> 01:02:26,842
AND THAT'S WHY THERE WERE
BIZARRE CREATURES LIKE THIS,

1949
01:02:26,844 --> 01:02:29,578
BIZARRE CREATURES LIKE THIS,
THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES, TO BE

1950
01:02:29,580 --> 01:02:31,780
THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES, TO BE
FOUND STALKING THE STREETS AND

1951
01:02:31,782 --> 01:02:33,982
FOUND STALKING THE STREETS AND
LURKING IN THE HOUSES OF THE

1952
01:02:33,984 --> 01:02:35,250
LURKING IN THE HOUSES OF THE
DYING.

1953
01:02:35,252 --> 01:02:36,752
DYING.
BUT IN FACT, IT'S A DOCTOR.

1954
01:02:36,754 --> 01:02:37,853
BUT IN FACT, IT'S A DOCTOR.
IT'S A PLAGUE DOCTOR.

1955
01:02:37,855 --> 01:02:39,354
IT'S A PLAGUE DOCTOR.
AND IF WE CAN ASSIST YOU OFF

1956
01:02:39,356 --> 01:02:42,591
AND IF WE CAN ASSIST YOU OFF
WITH THE HOOD, UH, YOU'RE REALLY

1957
01:02:42,593 --> 01:02:44,793
WITH THE HOOD, UH, YOU'RE REALLY
WEARING THE EQUIVALENT OF A

1958
01:02:44,795 --> 01:02:46,795
WEARING THE EQUIVALENT OF A
BIOCHEMICAL HAZARD SUIT.

1959
01:02:46,797 --> 01:02:48,764
BIOCHEMICAL HAZARD SUIT.
>> YES, STOPS STOPS ALL THE AIRS

1960
01:02:48,766 --> 01:02:50,365
>> YES, STOPS STOPS ALL THE AIRS
GETTING THROUGH TO ME.

1961
01:02:50,367 --> 01:02:52,400
GETTING THROUGH TO ME.
KEEPS ME SAFE WHERE I'M DEALING

1962
01:02:52,402 --> 01:02:54,035
KEEPS ME SAFE WHERE I'M DEALING
WITH THE SICK AND THE DYING.

1963
01:02:54,037 --> 01:02:54,870
WITH THE SICK AND THE DYING.
>> 'CAUSE THIS IS WAXED

1964
01:02:54,872 --> 01:02:55,504
>> 'CAUSE THIS IS WAXED
I CAN FEEL.

1965
01:02:55,506 --> 01:02:56,438
I CAN FEEL.
>> IT'S WAXED.

1966
01:02:56,440 --> 01:02:58,807
>> IT'S WAXED.
>> AND INSIDE IT'S QUITE

1967
01:02:58,809 --> 01:02:59,674
>> AND INSIDE IT'S QUITE
AROMATIC.■■

1968
01:02:59,676 --> 01:03:00,742
AROMATIC.■■
IT'S QUITE PLEASANT SMELLING.

1969
01:03:00,744 --> 01:03:03,411
IT'S QUITE PLEASANT SMELLING.
>> INSIDE IS A SACHET OF HERBS

1970
01:03:03,413 --> 01:03:05,113
>> INSIDE IS A SACHET OF HERBS
OR A SPONGE THAT'S BEEN DIPPED

1971
01:03:05,115 --> 01:03:06,181
OR A SPONGE THAT'S BEEN DIPPED
IN VINEGAR,

1972
01:03:06,183 --> 01:03:07,349
IN VINEGAR,
AND THAT IS SUPPOSED TO MAKE THE

1973
01:03:07,351 --> 01:03:09,017
AND THAT IS SUPPOSED TO MAKE THE
AIR AROMATIC FOR ME TO BREATHE

1974
01:03:09,019 --> 01:03:10,485
AIR AROMATIC FOR ME TO BREATHE
AND SAFE FOR ME TO BREATHE.

1975
01:03:10,487 --> 01:03:11,753
AND SAFE FOR ME TO BREATHE.
SO THIS IS WHAT I'D WEAR TO

1976
01:03:11,755 --> 01:03:13,455
SO THIS IS WHAT I'D WEAR TO
PROTECT MYSELF WHEN VISITING THE

1977
01:03:13,457 --> 01:03:14,890
PROTECT MYSELF WHEN VISITING THE
SICK AND THE DYING.

1978
01:03:14,892 --> 01:03:16,224
SICK AND THE DYING.
I MEAN, ALL I CAN DO IS GIVE

1979
01:03:16,226 --> 01:03:18,393
I MEAN, ALL I CAN DO IS GIVE
SOME MEDICINES, WHICH I GIVE

1980
01:03:18,395 --> 01:03:20,028
SOME MEDICINES, WHICH I GIVE
WITH MY LONG SPOON TO KEEP FAR

1981
01:03:20,030 --> 01:03:20,862
WITH MY LONG SPOON TO KEEP FAR
AWAY AS POSSIBLE.

1982
01:03:20,864 --> 01:03:21,997
AWAY AS POSSIBLE.
>> SO YOU'RE STANDING

1983
01:03:21,999 --> 01:03:22,964
>> SO YOU'RE STANDING
OFF AT A DISTANCE.

1984
01:03:22,966 --> 01:03:24,199
OFF AT A DISTANCE.
I MEAN, HOW MUCH CHANCE DID A

1985
01:03:24,201 --> 01:03:26,101
I MEAN, HOW MUCH CHANCE DID A
PLAGUE VICTIM STAND IF YOU CAME

1986
01:03:26,103 --> 01:03:26,902
PLAGUE VICTIM STAND IF YOU CAME
TO ATTEND THEM?

1987
01:03:26,904 --> 01:03:27,602
TO ATTEND THEM?
NOT MUCH.

1988
01:03:27,604 --> 01:03:28,236
NOT MUCH.
>> NOT MUCH.

1989
01:03:28,238 --> 01:03:30,438
>> NOT MUCH.
ABSOLUTE AWFUL WAY TO GO.

1990
01:03:35,311 --> 01:03:38,480
>> SPREAD BY FLEAS
CARRIED ON RATS, THE PLAGUE PUT

1991
01:03:38,482 --> 01:03:39,781
CARRIED ON RATS, THE PLAGUE PUT
ITS VICTIMS THROUGH A HORRIBLE

1992
01:03:39,783 --> 01:03:40,649
ITS VICTIMS THROUGH A HORRIBLE
DEATH.

1993
01:03:40,651 --> 01:03:42,284
DEATH.
BLACK, FOUL-SMELLING LUMPS

1994
01:03:42,286 --> 01:03:45,387
BLACK, FOUL-SMELLING LUMPS
APPEARED ALL OVER THE BODY.

1995
01:03:45,389 --> 01:03:46,555
APPEARED ALL OVER THE BODY.
WITHIN A FEW DAYS OF THE

1996
01:03:46,557 --> 01:03:48,423
WITHIN A FEW DAYS OF THE
INFECTION APPEARING, MOST PEOPLE

1997
01:03:48,425 --> 01:03:50,458
INFECTION APPEARING, MOST PEOPLE
DIED IN AGONY.

1998
01:03:56,065 --> 01:03:59,668
THE BLACK DEATH WAS THE GREAT
FAILURE OF MEDIEVAL MEDICINE.

1999
01:03:59,670 --> 01:04:00,869
FAILURE OF MEDIEVAL MEDICINE.
THEY DIDN'T UNDERSTAND WHERE IT

2000
01:04:00,871 --> 01:04:02,003
THEY DIDN'T UNDERSTAND WHERE IT
CAME FROM, AND THEY DIDN'T

2001
01:04:02,005 --> 01:04:03,772
CAME FROM, AND THEY DIDN'T
UNDERSTAND HOW TO TREAT IT.

2002
01:04:03,774 --> 01:04:05,507
UNDERSTAND HOW TO TREAT IT.
IT WAS A FAILURE THAT ULTIMATELY

2003
01:04:05,509 --> 01:04:07,642
IT WAS A FAILURE THAT ULTIMATELY
LED TO THE END OF THE MEDIEVAL

2004
01:04:07,644 --> 01:04:10,478
LED TO THE END OF THE MEDIEVAL
WORLD.

2005
01:04:10,480 --> 01:04:11,813
WORLD.
THE PLAGUE MAY HAVE WIPED OUT

2006
01:04:11,815 --> 01:04:13,682
THE PLAGUE MAY HAVE WIPED OUT
HALF THE POPULATION, BUT IT

2007
01:04:13,684 --> 01:04:15,350
HALF THE POPULATION, BUT IT
DIDN'T PUT A STOP TO WAR AND

2008
01:04:15,352 --> 01:04:16,651
DIDN'T PUT A STOP TO WAR AND
AGGRESSION.

2009
01:04:16,653 --> 01:04:21,022
AGGRESSION.
>> I'VE GONE AS CLOSE AS

2010
01:04:21,024 --> 01:04:22,624
>> I'VE GONE AS CLOSE AS
POSSIBLE TO THE MEDIEVAL WORLD

2011
01:04:22,626 --> 01:04:24,926
POSSIBLE TO THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
TO EXPERIENCE HOW PEOPLE DEALT

2012
01:04:24,928 --> 01:04:27,229
TO EXPERIENCE HOW PEOPLE DEALT
WITH HYGIENE, HEALTH, AND

2013
01:04:27,231 --> 01:04:30,765
WITH HYGIENE, HEALTH, AND
TERRIBLE DISEASE.

2014
01:04:30,767 --> 01:04:32,934
TERRIBLE DISEASE.
I'VE GONE MEDIEVAL TO HELP BUILD

2015
01:04:32,936 --> 01:04:34,870
I'VE GONE MEDIEVAL TO HELP BUILD
A BRAND-NEW CASTLE.

2016
01:04:34,872 --> 01:04:36,738
A BRAND-NEW CASTLE.
NOW I'M GOING TO FIND OUT HOW TO

2017
01:04:36,740 --> 01:04:38,106
NOW I'M GOING TO FIND OUT HOW TO
KNOCK ONE DOWN.

2018
01:04:38,108 --> 01:04:42,611
KNOCK ONE DOWN.
THIS IS THE BIG MOMENT.

2019
01:04:42,613 --> 01:04:43,979
THIS IS THE BIG MOMENT.
STONE CASTLES WERE BUILT FOR

2020
01:04:43,981 --> 01:04:45,447
STONE CASTLES WERE BUILT FOR
DEFENSE.

2021
01:04:45,449 --> 01:04:47,082
DEFENSE.
THE MASSIVE WALLS OF THE CASTLE

2022
01:04:47,084 --> 01:04:48,617
THE MASSIVE WALLS OF THE CASTLE
BEING CONSTRUCTED HERE AT

2023
01:04:48,619 --> 01:04:50,785
BEING CONSTRUCTED HERE AT
GUEDELON IN FRANCE ARE 12 FEET

2024
01:04:50,787 --> 01:04:53,121
GUEDELON IN FRANCE ARE 12 FEET
THICK, PROOF AGAINST ALMOST

2025
01:04:53,123 --> 01:04:56,758
THICK, PROOF AGAINST ALMOST
EVERY FORM OF ATTACK.

2026
01:04:56,760 --> 01:04:58,026
EVERY FORM OF ATTACK.
BUT THERE WAS ONE WEAPON THAT

2027
01:04:58,028 --> 01:04:59,327
BUT THERE WAS ONE WEAPON THAT
COULD BRING DOWN EVEN THE

2028
01:04:59,329 --> 01:05:01,563
COULD BRING DOWN EVEN THE
STRONGEST CASTLE WALLS.

2029
01:05:01,565 --> 01:05:03,331
STRONGEST CASTLE WALLS.
IT WAS CALLED THE COUNTERWEIGHT

2030
01:05:03,333 --> 01:05:05,300
IT WAS CALLED THE COUNTERWEIGHT
TREBUCHET, AND IT WAS A GIANT

2031
01:05:05,302 --> 01:05:06,768
TREBUCHET, AND IT WAS A GIANT
SIEGE ENGINE.

2032
01:05:06,770 --> 01:05:09,170
SIEGE ENGINE.
TREBUCHETS WERE GIVEN NICKNAMES.

2033
01:05:09,172 --> 01:05:10,639
TREBUCHETS WERE GIVEN NICKNAMES.
THE FEARSOME ENGINE THAT

2034
01:05:10,641 --> 01:05:12,841
THE FEARSOME ENGINE THAT
EDWARD I TOOK TO THE SIEGE OF

2035
01:05:12,843 --> 01:05:15,076
EDWARD I TOOK TO THE SIEGE OF
STIRLING CASTLE WAS CALLED

2036
01:05:15,078 --> 01:05:16,011
STIRLING CASTLE WAS CALLED
"WAR WOLF."

2037
01:05:16,013 --> 01:05:17,612
"WAR WOLF."
ANOTHER POPULAR NAME WAS

2038
01:05:17,614 --> 01:05:19,281
ANOTHER POPULAR NAME WAS
<i>MAL VOISIN.</i>

2039
01:05:19,283 --> 01:05:21,750
<i>MAL VOISIN.</i>
IT MEANS "BAD NEIGHBOR,"

2040
01:05:21,752 --> 01:05:23,818
IT MEANS "BAD NEIGHBOR,"
AND TREBUCHETS WERE CERTAINLY

2041
01:05:23,820 --> 01:05:24,686
AND TREBUCHETS WERE CERTAINLY
THAT.

2042
01:05:24,688 --> 01:05:27,222
THAT.
FIRE IN THE HOLE!

2043
01:05:36,499 --> 01:05:39,901
THAT MUST HAVE GONE AT LEAST 500
OR 600 YARDS.

2044
01:05:39,903 --> 01:05:42,504
OR 600 YARDS.
LET'S LOAD UP AND DO IT AGAIN.

2045
01:05:48,711 --> 01:05:52,414
THESE ENORMOUS MACHINES COULD
HURL MASSIVE STONES TO SMASH

2046
01:05:52,416 --> 01:05:54,549
HURL MASSIVE STONES TO SMASH
INTO A CASTLE WALL UP TO A MILE

2047
01:05:54,551 --> 01:05:56,551
INTO A CASTLE WALL UP TO A MILE
AWAY.

2048
01:05:56,553 --> 01:05:58,219
AWAY.
AT THE MEDIEVAL CENTER IN

2049
01:05:58,221 --> 01:05:59,287
AT THE MEDIEVAL CENTER IN
DENMARK, THEY'VE BUILT A

2050
01:05:59,289 --> 01:06:01,056
DENMARK, THEY'VE BUILT A
FULL-SIZE WORKING REPLICA OF A

2051
01:06:01,058 --> 01:06:02,824
FULL-SIZE WORKING REPLICA OF A
TREBUCHET, AND HERE'S HOW IT

2052
01:06:02,826 --> 01:06:06,061
TREBUCHET, AND HERE'S HOW IT
WORKS.

2053
01:06:06,063 --> 01:06:07,395
WORKS.
MEN WALKING INSIDE TWO

2054
01:06:07,397 --> 01:06:09,631
MEN WALKING INSIDE TWO
TREADWHEELS WIND UP A ROPE WHICH

2055
01:06:09,633 --> 01:06:10,799
TREADWHEELS WIND UP A ROPE WHICH
PULLS THE LONG ARM OF THE

2056
01:06:10,801 --> 01:06:12,734
PULLS THE LONG ARM OF THE
TREBUCHET DOWN AND LIFTS THE

2057
01:06:12,736 --> 01:06:14,069
TREBUCHET DOWN AND LIFTS THE
COUNTERWEIGHT UP.

2058
01:06:14,071 --> 01:06:15,737
COUNTERWEIGHT UP.
WHEN THE ARM IS RELEASED, THE

2059
01:06:15,739 --> 01:06:17,605
WHEN THE ARM IS RELEASED, THE
COUNTERWEIGHT DROPS, FLINGING

2060
01:06:17,607 --> 01:06:19,040
COUNTERWEIGHT DROPS, FLINGING
THE ARM AND ITS DEADLY LOAD UP

2061
01:06:19,042 --> 01:06:21,009
THE ARM AND ITS DEADLY LOAD UP
AND OVER.

2062
01:06:21,011 --> 01:06:22,410
AND OVER.
EDWARD THE I'S TREBUCHET, WAR

2063
01:06:22,412 --> 01:06:25,280
EDWARD THE I'S TREBUCHET, WAR
WOLF, WAS SO HUGE IT TOOK FIVE

2064
01:06:25,282 --> 01:06:27,482
WOLF, WAS SO HUGE IT TOOK FIVE
CARPENTERS AND 50 MEN

2065
01:06:27,484 --> 01:06:29,918
CARPENTERS AND 50 MEN
THREE MONTHS TO BUILD.

2066
01:06:31,988 --> 01:06:35,190
WITH AMMUNITION CALIBRATED TO
THE SAME SIZE AND WEIGHT, THE

2067
01:06:35,192 --> 01:06:37,459
THE SAME SIZE AND WEIGHT, THE
TREBUCHET WAS DEADLY ACCURATE.

2068
01:06:37,461 --> 01:06:38,760
TREBUCHET WAS DEADLY ACCURATE.
YOU COULD HIT THE SAME PIECE OF

2069
01:06:38,762 --> 01:06:41,463
YOU COULD HIT THE SAME PIECE OF
CASTLE WALL AGAIN AND AGAIN,

2070
01:06:41,465 --> 01:06:42,931
CASTLE WALL AGAIN AND AGAIN,
WEAKENING IT UNTIL IT WAS

2071
01:06:42,933 --> 01:06:44,833
WEAKENING IT UNTIL IT WAS
BREACHED.

2072
01:06:48,137 --> 01:06:53,575
IMAGINE THAT DAY AFTER DAY
AFTER DAY.

2073
01:06:53,577 --> 01:06:55,243
AFTER DAY.
THIS GREAT HOPPER HOLDS UP TO

2074
01:06:55,245 --> 01:06:57,645
THIS GREAT HOPPER HOLDS UP TO
TEN TONS OF STONE, AND I'VE GOT

2075
01:06:57,647 --> 01:07:00,648
TEN TONS OF STONE, AND I'VE GOT
TO HELP LIFT IT.

2076
01:07:00,650 --> 01:07:02,717
TO HELP LIFT IT.
THIS IS REALLY QUITE EXHAUSTING

2077
01:07:02,719 --> 01:07:03,651
THIS IS REALLY QUITE EXHAUSTING
WORK.

2078
01:07:03,653 --> 01:07:05,653
WORK.
I'M SURE THERE ARE MANY WAYS OF

2079
01:07:05,655 --> 01:07:08,690
I'M SURE THERE ARE MANY WAYS OF
MEASURING ENERGY; JOULES, WATTS,

2080
01:07:08,692 --> 01:07:10,592
MEASURING ENERGY; JOULES, WATTS,
ALL SORTS OF THINGS; BUT THERE'S

2081
01:07:10,594 --> 01:07:12,560
ALL SORTS OF THINGS; BUT THERE'S
NOTHING LIKE MEASURING THE POWER

2082
01:07:12,562 --> 01:07:14,529
NOTHING LIKE MEASURING THE POWER
OF THIS GREAT MACHINE THAN

2083
01:07:14,531 --> 01:07:16,364
OF THIS GREAT MACHINE THAN
WALKING IT IN.

2084
01:07:16,366 --> 01:07:18,666
WALKING IT IN.
EVERY MUSCLE FEELS EVERY OUNCE

2085
01:07:18,668 --> 01:07:20,568
EVERY MUSCLE FEELS EVERY OUNCE
OF ENERGY THAT WE PULL BACK

2086
01:07:20,570 --> 01:07:25,273
OF ENERGY THAT WE PULL BACK
HERE.

2087
01:07:25,275 --> 01:07:26,841
HERE.
A BATTLE-HARDENED TEAM COULD

2088
01:07:26,843 --> 01:07:28,510
A BATTLE-HARDENED TEAM COULD
RAISE THE COUNTERWEIGHT

2089
01:07:28,512 --> 01:07:29,677
RAISE THE COUNTERWEIGHT
IN 15 MINUTES.

2090
01:07:29,679 --> 01:07:30,979
IN 15 MINUTES.
THAT MEANT A CONSTANT

2091
01:07:30,981 --> 01:07:33,748
THAT MEANT A CONSTANT
BOMBARDMENT OF STONES ALL DAY...

2092
01:07:34,617 --> 01:07:38,987
AND ALL NIGHT TOO.
STONES WEREN'T THE ONLY THING

2093
01:07:38,989 --> 01:07:40,388
STONES WEREN'T THE ONLY THING
USED BY TREBUCHETS.

2094
01:07:40,390 --> 01:07:42,223
USED BY TREBUCHETS.
THEY WERE ALSO USED TO HURL THE

2095
01:07:42,225 --> 01:07:43,992
THEY WERE ALSO USED TO HURL THE
ROTTING CARCASSES OF DEAD

2096
01:07:43,994 --> 01:07:45,894
ROTTING CARCASSES OF DEAD
ANIMALS TO SPREAD DISEASE WITHIN

2097
01:07:45,896 --> 01:07:46,861
ANIMALS TO SPREAD DISEASE WITHIN
THE CASTLE.

2098
01:07:46,863 --> 01:07:48,229
THE CASTLE.
THEY WERE USED TO THROW

2099
01:07:48,231 --> 01:07:49,497
THEY WERE USED TO THROW
BEEHIVES.

2100
01:07:49,499 --> 01:07:51,633
BEEHIVES.
THEY WERE USED TO SEND HOME THE

2101
01:07:51,635 --> 01:07:53,435
THEY WERE USED TO SEND HOME THE
DECAPITATED HEADS OF ENEMY

2102
01:07:53,437 --> 01:07:54,135
DECAPITATED HEADS OF ENEMY
PRISONERS.

2103
01:07:54,137 --> 01:07:55,236
PRISONERS.
THEY WERE USED AS

2104
01:07:55,238 --> 01:07:56,037
THEY WERE USED AS
TERROR WEAPONS.

2105
01:07:56,039 --> 01:07:57,839
TERROR WEAPONS.
BUT MOST TERRIFYING OF ALL, THEY

2106
01:07:57,841 --> 01:07:59,874
BUT MOST TERRIFYING OF ALL, THEY
WERE USED TO THROW GREAT

2107
01:07:59,876 --> 01:08:01,843
WERE USED TO THROW GREAT
FIREBALLS.

2108
01:08:05,981 --> 01:08:07,849
CLEAR!

2109
01:08:12,855 --> 01:08:16,691
LOOK AT THAT.
THERE'S THE ROAR OF FLAME

2110
01:08:16,693 --> 01:08:21,162
THERE'S THE ROAR OF FLAME
THROUGH THE SKY.

2111
01:08:21,164 --> 01:08:22,330
THROUGH THE SKY.
AND THESE BALLS WOULD CRASH

2112
01:08:22,332 --> 01:08:24,399
AND THESE BALLS WOULD CRASH
THROUGH THE CASTLE ROOFS, CRASH

2113
01:08:24,401 --> 01:08:25,733
THROUGH THE CASTLE ROOFS, CRASH
INTO THE WOODEN STRUCTURES, THE

2114
01:08:25,735 --> 01:08:27,635
INTO THE WOODEN STRUCTURES, THE
STABLES, AND ALL THE BUILDINGS

2115
01:08:27,637 --> 01:08:29,304
STABLES, AND ALL THE BUILDINGS
WITHIN THE COURTYARD AND SET THE

2116
01:08:29,306 --> 01:08:31,773
WITHIN THE COURTYARD AND SET THE
WHOLE PLACE ABLAZE.

2117
01:08:33,809 --> 01:08:37,779
THE CASTLE'S DEFENDERS OFTEN HAD
TO BE PREPARED TO WAIT IT OUT

2118
01:08:37,781 --> 01:08:39,314
TO BE PREPARED TO WAIT IT OUT
FOR A LONG TIME.

2119
01:08:39,316 --> 01:08:41,516
FOR A LONG TIME.
MOST OF MEDIEVAL WARFARE WAS

2120
01:08:41,518 --> 01:08:44,886
MOST OF MEDIEVAL WARFARE WAS
SIEGE WARFARE, AND THAT YOU HAD

2121
01:08:44,888 --> 01:08:46,654
SIEGE WARFARE, AND THAT YOU HAD
TO BE ABLE TO WITHSTAND FOR

2122
01:08:46,656 --> 01:08:49,190
TO BE ABLE TO WITHSTAND FOR
MONTHS IF NECESSARY.

2123
01:08:49,192 --> 01:08:55,463
MONTHS IF NECESSARY.
THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT THING

2124
01:08:55,465 --> 01:08:58,266
THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT THING
ABOUT A CASTLE IS HAVING A WATER

2125
01:08:58,268 --> 01:09:00,668
ABOUT A CASTLE IS HAVING A WATER
SUPPLY WITHIN THE WALLS.

2126
01:09:00,670 --> 01:09:02,537
SUPPLY WITHIN THE WALLS.
MANY CASTLES WOULD HAVE TWO,

2127
01:09:02,539 --> 01:09:04,072
MANY CASTLES WOULD HAVE TWO,
THREE WELLS.

2128
01:09:04,074 --> 01:09:05,974
THREE WELLS.
YOU COULD WITHSTAND A SIEGE FOR

2129
01:09:05,976 --> 01:09:08,042
YOU COULD WITHSTAND A SIEGE FOR
WEEKS, MAYBE MONTHS, WITH VERY

2130
01:09:08,044 --> 01:09:09,010
WEEKS, MAYBE MONTHS, WITH VERY
LITTLE FOOD.

2131
01:09:09,012 --> 01:09:12,147
LITTLE FOOD.
BUT YOU COULD ONLY GO DAYS

2132
01:09:12,149 --> 01:09:16,084
BUT YOU COULD ONLY GO DAYS
WITHOUT WATER.

2133
01:09:16,086 --> 01:09:18,386
WITHOUT WATER.
IN THE 1400s, HARLECH CASTLE IN

2134
01:09:18,388 --> 01:09:20,421
IN THE 1400s, HARLECH CASTLE IN
WALES WAS BESIEGED FOR SEVEN

2135
01:09:20,423 --> 01:09:22,624
WALES WAS BESIEGED FOR SEVEN
YEARS; THE LONGEST SIEGE IN

2136
01:09:22,626 --> 01:09:25,527
YEARS; THE LONGEST SIEGE IN
BRITISH HISTORY.

2137
01:09:25,529 --> 01:09:26,728
BRITISH HISTORY.
BUT THE SOLDIERS BEHIND THE

2138
01:09:26,730 --> 01:09:29,297
BUT THE SOLDIERS BEHIND THE
CASTLE WALL WEREN'T DEFENSELESS.

2139
01:09:29,299 --> 01:09:30,865
CASTLE WALL WEREN'T DEFENSELESS.
IF THE ENEMY GOT WITHIN BOW

2140
01:09:30,867 --> 01:09:33,001
IF THE ENEMY GOT WITHIN BOW
SHOT, DEFENDERS COULD SHOOT OUT

2141
01:09:33,003 --> 01:09:34,802
SHOT, DEFENDERS COULD SHOOT OUT
OF THE LONG, NARROW SLITS BUILT

2142
01:09:34,804 --> 01:09:36,137
OF THE LONG, NARROW SLITS BUILT
INTO THE WALLS.

2143
01:09:36,139 --> 01:09:38,139
INTO THE WALLS.
THESE ARE CALLED ARROW LOOPS,

2144
01:09:38,141 --> 01:09:39,674
THESE ARE CALLED ARROW LOOPS,
AND I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO TRY

2145
01:09:39,676 --> 01:09:41,409
AND I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO TRY
OUT AN IDEA THAT I'VE HAD ABOUT

2146
01:09:41,411 --> 01:09:43,945
OUT AN IDEA THAT I'VE HAD ABOUT
HOW BEST TO USE THEM.

2147
01:09:43,947 --> 01:09:46,347
HOW BEST TO USE THEM.
IF YOU'VE GOT MEN RUSHING AT

2148
01:09:46,349 --> 01:09:48,316
IF YOU'VE GOT MEN RUSHING AT
YOUR WALLS, YOU NEED TO SHOOT AS

2149
01:09:48,318 --> 01:09:49,884
YOUR WALLS, YOU NEED TO SHOOT AS
MANY AS POSSIBLE.

2150
01:09:49,886 --> 01:09:51,252
MANY AS POSSIBLE.
AND SO YOU CAN WORK IN TEAMS

2151
01:09:51,254 --> 01:09:52,187
AND SO YOU CAN WORK IN TEAMS
LIKE THIS.

2152
01:09:52,189 --> 01:09:54,189
LIKE THIS.
TWO OF YOU OPERATING AGAINST ONE

2153
01:09:54,191 --> 01:09:54,822
TWO OF YOU OPERATING AGAINST ONE
LOOP.

2154
01:09:54,824 --> 01:09:56,724
LOOP.
IT ALSO GIVES THE IMPRESSION TO

2155
01:09:56,726 --> 01:09:58,526
IT ALSO GIVES THE IMPRESSION TO
THE ENEMY THAT YOU'VE GOT

2156
01:09:58,528 --> 01:10:03,598
THE ENEMY THAT YOU'VE GOT
GREATER FORCES THAN YOU HAVE.

2157
01:10:03,600 --> 01:10:05,066
GREATER FORCES THAN YOU HAVE.
YOU MAY THINK IT'S STRANGE THAT

2158
01:10:05,068 --> 01:10:06,067
YOU MAY THINK IT'S STRANGE THAT
WE'RE SHOOTING FROM SUCH A

2159
01:10:06,069 --> 01:10:07,702
WE'RE SHOOTING FROM SUCH A
DISTANCE, BUT THERE'S TWO

2160
01:10:07,704 --> 01:10:09,103
DISTANCE, BUT THERE'S TWO
REASONS FOR THAT.

2161
01:10:09,105 --> 01:10:10,972
REASONS FOR THAT.
I CAN'T STAND THIS CLOSE TO IT

2162
01:10:10,974 --> 01:10:13,041
I CAN'T STAND THIS CLOSE TO IT
BECAUSE MY BOW LIMBS WILL SLAP.

2163
01:10:13,043 --> 01:10:14,509
BECAUSE MY BOW LIMBS WILL SLAP.
BUT THERE'S ANOTHER REASON I

2164
01:10:14,511 --> 01:10:16,110
BUT THERE'S ANOTHER REASON I
HAVE TO STAND BACK, AND IT'S

2165
01:10:16,112 --> 01:10:21,716
HAVE TO STAND BACK, AND IT'S
CALLED THE ARCHER'S PARADOX.

2166
01:10:21,718 --> 01:10:24,519
CALLED THE ARCHER'S PARADOX.
WHEN AN ARROW LEAVES A BOW, THE

2167
01:10:24,521 --> 01:10:26,988
WHEN AN ARROW LEAVES A BOW, THE
FORCE OF THE STRING BEHIND IT

2168
01:10:26,990 --> 01:10:28,957
FORCE OF THE STRING BEHIND IT
BENDS IT AROUND THE BOW.

2169
01:10:28,959 --> 01:10:31,059
BENDS IT AROUND THE BOW.
IN FACT, WHAT HAPPENS IS IT

2170
01:10:31,061 --> 01:10:33,461
IN FACT, WHAT HAPPENS IS IT
BENDS AS MUCH AS THAT AND THEN

2171
01:10:33,463 --> 01:10:34,829
BENDS AS MUCH AS THAT AND THEN
IT WHIPS BACK TO BEND THE OTHER

2172
01:10:34,831 --> 01:10:35,463
IT WHIPS BACK TO BEND THE OTHER
WAY.

2173
01:10:35,465 --> 01:10:37,865
WAY.
AND FOR THE FIRST 12 OR 15 FEET,

2174
01:10:37,867 --> 01:10:39,734
AND FOR THE FIRST 12 OR 15 FEET,
IT'S MAKING THIS SERPENTINE

2175
01:10:39,736 --> 01:10:41,636
IT'S MAKING THIS SERPENTINE
PROGRESS.

2176
01:10:44,240 --> 01:10:48,710
THIS IS WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE WHEN
SLOWED DOWN 150 TIMES.

2177
01:10:59,421 --> 01:11:03,057
AS IT SNAKES THROUGH THE AIR, IT
TAKES ABOUT 15 FEET BEFORE THIS

2178
01:11:03,059 --> 01:11:05,093
TAKES ABOUT 15 FEET BEFORE THIS
ARROW STRAIGHTENS OUT.

2179
01:11:09,164 --> 01:11:15,403
SO FROM HERE, I ACTUALLY HAVE TO
WORK BACK UNTIL I'M SHOOTING

2180
01:11:15,405 --> 01:11:20,174
WORK BACK UNTIL I'M SHOOTING
STRAIGHT.

2181
01:11:20,176 --> 01:11:22,176
STRAIGHT.
OF COURSE A SLIT THAT LETS

2182
01:11:22,178 --> 01:11:24,479
OF COURSE A SLIT THAT LETS
ARROWS OUT CAN ALSO LET ARROWS

2183
01:11:24,481 --> 01:11:26,347
ARROWS OUT CAN ALSO LET ARROWS
IN, THOUGH THEY WERE A HARDER

2184
01:11:26,349 --> 01:11:27,081
IN, THOUGH THEY WERE A HARDER
TARGET.

2185
01:11:27,083 --> 01:11:28,783
TARGET.
IT DOESN'T REALLY MATTER WHETHER

2186
01:11:28,785 --> 01:11:30,485
IT DOESN'T REALLY MATTER WHETHER
THE ARROWS GO THROUGH CLEANLY OR

2187
01:11:30,487 --> 01:11:33,788
THE ARROWS GO THROUGH CLEANLY OR
IF THEY JUST RATTLE AGAINST THE

2188
01:11:33,790 --> 01:11:34,422
IF THEY JUST RATTLE AGAINST THE
WALL.

2189
01:11:34,424 --> 01:11:35,690
WALL.
THE ARCHERS INSIDE THAT ARROW

2190
01:11:35,692 --> 01:11:37,091
THE ARCHERS INSIDE THAT ARROW
LOOP ARE GOING TO BE QUITE

2191
01:11:37,093 --> 01:11:39,594
LOOP ARE GOING TO BE QUITE
INTIMIDATED IF THERE'S A COUPLE

2192
01:11:39,596 --> 01:11:41,796
INTIMIDATED IF THERE'S A COUPLE
OF ARCHERS OUT HERE SHOOTING IN

2193
01:11:41,798 --> 01:11:44,098
OF ARCHERS OUT HERE SHOOTING IN
AT THEM.

2194
01:11:44,100 --> 01:11:45,433
AT THEM.
THE NOISE INSIDE WITH

2195
01:11:45,435 --> 01:11:47,435
THE NOISE INSIDE WITH
METAL-HEADED ARROWS WOULD BE

2196
01:11:47,437 --> 01:11:51,072
METAL-HEADED ARROWS WOULD BE
VERY FRIGHTENING INDEED.

2197
01:11:53,575 --> 01:11:57,278
SOMETIMES THE ATTACKER'S HAND
WOULD BE FORCED.

2198
01:11:57,280 --> 01:11:58,880
WOULD BE FORCED.
WHAT HAPPENS IF I NEED TO TAKE

2199
01:11:58,882 --> 01:12:00,381
WHAT HAPPENS IF I NEED TO TAKE
THIS CASTLE IN A HURRY?

2200
01:12:00,383 --> 01:12:01,616
THIS CASTLE IN A HURRY?
FOR INSTANCE, IF THERE ARE

2201
01:12:01,618 --> 01:12:03,117
FOR INSTANCE, IF THERE ARE
REINFORCEMENTS ON THE WAY, IF

2202
01:12:03,119 --> 01:12:04,552
REINFORCEMENTS ON THE WAY, IF
THE ENEMY HAS GOT MORE TROOPS

2203
01:12:04,554 --> 01:12:05,653
THE ENEMY HAS GOT MORE TROOPS
COMING AND I NEED TO GET IN,

2204
01:12:05,655 --> 01:12:06,788
COMING AND I NEED TO GET IN,
I NEED TO GET IN QUICK.

2205
01:12:06,790 --> 01:12:08,389
I NEED TO GET IN QUICK.
THESE WALLS LOOK PRETTY

2206
01:12:08,391 --> 01:12:10,491
THESE WALLS LOOK PRETTY
INTIMIDATING, SO MY OPTIONS ARE

2207
01:12:10,493 --> 01:12:12,460
INTIMIDATING, SO MY OPTIONS ARE
LIMITED.

2208
01:12:12,861 --> 01:12:16,931
[dramatic music]
♪ ♪

2209
01:12:17,366 --> 01:12:19,534
ONE OF THE MOST DESPERATE AND
CERTAINLY ONE OF THE MOST

2210
01:12:19,536 --> 01:12:21,269
CERTAINLY ONE OF THE MOST
DANGEROUS WAYS TO TAKE A CASTLE

2211
01:12:21,271 --> 01:12:24,038
DANGEROUS WAYS TO TAKE A CASTLE
WAS BY ESCALADE--GNG IN OVER

2212
01:12:24,040 --> 01:12:25,440
WAS BY ESCALADE--GNG IN OVER
THE TOP OF THE WALLS.

2213
01:12:25,442 --> 01:12:26,841
THE TOP OF THE WALLS.
SOMETIMES THEY WOULD BUILD

2214
01:12:26,843 --> 01:12:28,943
SOMETIMES THEY WOULD BUILD
ELABORATE SIEGE TOWERS.

2215
01:12:28,945 --> 01:12:30,845
ELABORATE SIEGE TOWERS.
BUT MORE OFTEN THAN NOT, IT WAS

2216
01:12:30,847 --> 01:12:32,714
BUT MORE OFTEN THAN NOT, IT WAS
JUST A QUESTION OF BRAVE MEN

2217
01:12:32,716 --> 01:12:34,382
JUST A QUESTION OF BRAVE MEN
AND LADDERS.

2218
01:12:34,384 --> 01:12:36,017
AND LADDERS.
IT WAS AN EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS

2219
01:12:36,019 --> 01:12:36,884
IT WAS AN EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS
BUSINESS.

2220
01:12:36,886 --> 01:12:38,486
BUSINESS.
THERE'D BE PEOPLE DROPPING ROCKS

2221
01:12:38,488 --> 01:12:40,254
THERE'D BE PEOPLE DROPPING ROCKS
ON YOUR HEAD, AND THERE'S ALSO

2222
01:12:40,256 --> 01:12:42,256
ON YOUR HEAD, AND THERE'S ALSO
ARCHERS WHO CAN SHOOT AT YOU

2223
01:12:42,258 --> 01:12:43,591
ARCHERS WHO CAN SHOOT AT YOU
FROM THE SIDE.

2224
01:12:43,593 --> 01:12:44,792
FROM THE SIDE.
BUT YOU'VE GOT TO KEEP GOING.

2225
01:12:44,794 --> 01:12:45,526
BUT YOU'VE GOT TO KEEP GOING.
YOU'VE GOT TO GET UP THAT

2226
01:12:45,528 --> 01:12:46,160
YOU'VE GOT TO GET UP THAT
LADDER.

2227
01:12:46,162 --> 01:12:48,496
LADDER.
THERE ARE MEN BEHIND YOU.

2228
01:12:48,498 --> 01:12:50,198
THERE ARE MEN BEHIND YOU.
WHEN YOU GET TO THE TOP, YOU'RE

2229
01:12:50,200 --> 01:12:51,199
WHEN YOU GET TO THE TOP, YOU'RE
NOT GONNA GET A FRIENDLY

2230
01:12:51,201 --> 01:12:52,934
NOT GONNA GET A FRIENDLY
WELCOME.

2231
01:12:52,936 --> 01:12:54,669
WELCOME.
PEOPLE ARE GOING TO ATTACK YOU.

2232
01:12:54,671 --> 01:12:56,404
PEOPLE ARE GOING TO ATTACK YOU.
AND THAT NOW BECOMES PROBLEMATIC

2233
01:12:56,406 --> 01:12:57,071
AND THAT NOW BECOMES PROBLEMATIC
FOR ME.

2234
01:12:57,073 --> 01:12:58,539
FOR ME.
I'M HANGING ON TO THE LADDER

2235
01:12:58,541 --> 01:12:59,640
I'M HANGING ON TO THE LADDER
WITH ONE HAND AND I'VE GOT MY

2236
01:12:59,642 --> 01:13:01,476
WITH ONE HAND AND I'VE GOT MY
SHIELD IN THE OTHER HAND.

2237
01:13:01,478 --> 01:13:03,211
SHIELD IN THE OTHER HAND.
IT BECOMES VERY DIFFICULT FOR ME

2238
01:13:03,213 --> 01:13:05,646
IT BECOMES VERY DIFFICULT FOR ME
TO DRAW MY SWORD; IT'S AWKWARD.

2239
01:13:05,648 --> 01:13:07,081
TO DRAW MY SWORD; IT'S AWKWARD.
MAYBE I CAN GET A DAGGER OUT

2240
01:13:07,083 --> 01:13:07,749
MAYBE I CAN GET A DAGGER OUT
QUICKER.

2241
01:13:07,751 --> 01:13:09,450
QUICKER.
BUT THAT PROBABLY DOESN'T

2242
01:13:09,452 --> 01:13:10,618
BUT THAT PROBABLY DOESN'T
INTIMIDATE YOU TOO MUCH,

2243
01:13:10,620 --> 01:13:11,252
INTIMIDATE YOU TOO MUCH,
DOES IT?

2244
01:13:11,254 --> 01:13:12,186
DOES IT?
>> NO, I MEAN, I CAN THRUST

2245
01:13:12,188 --> 01:13:13,087
>> NO, I MEAN, I CAN THRUST
THROUGH--MOVE--

2246
01:13:13,089 --> 01:13:13,821
THROUGH--MOVE--
TAKE YOU OUT OF THE WAY

2247
01:13:13,823 --> 01:13:15,423
TAKE YOU OUT OF THE WAY
AND THEN SMASH YOU OFF THE WALL.

2248
01:13:15,425 --> 01:13:16,724
AND THEN SMASH YOU OFF THE WALL.
THE GLARING OPTION FOR ME HERE

2249
01:13:16,726 --> 01:13:17,859
THE GLARING OPTION FOR ME HERE
IS TO TRY AND PUSH THIS LADDER

2250
01:13:17,861 --> 01:13:18,960
IS TO TRY AND PUSH THIS LADDER
AWAY FROM THE WALL, BUT I CAN'T

2251
01:13:18,962 --> 01:13:19,627
AWAY FROM THE WALL, BUT I CAN'T
MOVE IT.

2252
01:13:19,629 --> 01:13:22,530
MOVE IT.
>> THERE WOULD BE 15, 20

2253
01:13:22,532 --> 01:13:25,233
>> THERE WOULD BE 15, 20
BEEFY SOLDIERS ON THIS LADDER

2254
01:13:25,235 --> 01:13:25,933
BEEFY SOLDIERS ON THIS LADDER
BEHIND ME.

2255
01:13:25,935 --> 01:13:27,201
BEHIND ME.
THIS IS AN IMMENSE WEIGHT

2256
01:13:27,203 --> 01:13:28,269
THIS IS AN IMMENSE WEIGHT
AGAINST THE WALL.

2257
01:13:28,370 --> 01:13:29,370
IN ORDER TO GET IT OFF, YOU'D

2258
01:13:29,471 --> 01:13:32,640
NEED TREMENDOUS LEVERAGE.
YOU'D NEED A LEVER.

2259
01:13:32,642 --> 01:13:33,508
YOU'D NEED A LEVER.
YOU'D NEED A BAR.

2260
01:13:33,510 --> 01:13:35,176
YOU'D NEED A BAR.
>> I NEED A BAR, AND I NEED TEN

2261
01:13:35,178 --> 01:13:36,277
>> I NEED A BAR, AND I NEED TEN
BURLY MEN TO EXERT THAT

2262
01:13:36,279 --> 01:13:37,445
BURLY MEN TO EXERT THAT
INFLUENCE AGAINST THAT.

2263
01:13:37,447 --> 01:13:38,913
INFLUENCE AGAINST THAT.
BUT THAT'S GONNA TIE UP TEN

2264
01:13:38,915 --> 01:13:40,181
BUT THAT'S GONNA TIE UP TEN
VITAL DEFENDERS.

2265
01:13:40,183 --> 01:13:41,616
VITAL DEFENDERS.
>> SO MY JOB IS NOT SO

2266
01:13:41,618 --> 01:13:42,550
>> SO MY JOB IS NOT SO
MUCH TO GET OVER.

2267
01:13:42,552 --> 01:13:44,786
MUCH TO GET OVER.
MY JOB IS TO TAKE MY TIME, GET

2268
01:13:44,788 --> 01:13:48,589
MY JOB IS TO TAKE MY TIME, GET
MY SWORD OUT, AND HOLD YOU INTO

2269
01:13:48,591 --> 01:13:50,858
MY SWORD OUT, AND HOLD YOU INTO
POSITION, HOLD YOU WHERE YOU

2270
01:13:50,860 --> 01:13:55,029
POSITION, HOLD YOU WHERE YOU
ARE, KEEP YOU FIGHTING BACK

2271
01:13:55,031 --> 01:13:57,064
ARE, KEEP YOU FIGHTING BACK
AND OCCUPIED.

2272
01:13:59,301 --> 01:14:02,470
BUT EVEN IF YOU MANAGE TO SCALE
THE WALLS AND GET INTO THE

2273
01:14:02,472 --> 01:14:04,472
THE WALLS AND GET INTO THE
CASTLE, THE DEFENDERS STILL HAD

2274
01:14:04,474 --> 01:14:06,707
CASTLE, THE DEFENDERS STILL HAD
ONE LAST TRICK IN STORE.

2275
01:14:06,709 --> 01:14:07,608
ONE LAST TRICK IN STORE.
SO I'VE GOT OVER THE OUTER

2276
01:14:07,610 --> 01:14:08,309
SO I'VE GOT OVER THE OUTER
DEFENSES.

2277
01:14:08,311 --> 01:14:09,710
DEFENSES.
I'VE GOT OVER THE WALL.

2278
01:14:09,712 --> 01:14:11,412
I'VE GOT OVER THE WALL.
I'VE RAMMED THROUGH THIS

2279
01:14:11,414 --> 01:14:12,613
I'VE RAMMED THROUGH THIS
IRONSHOD DOOR.

2280
01:14:12,615 --> 01:14:13,981
IRONSHOD DOOR.
AND NOW I'M IN THIS VERY SMALL

2281
01:14:13,983 --> 01:14:15,983
AND NOW I'M IN THIS VERY SMALL
CHAMBER IN THE LAST BASTION,

2282
01:14:15,985 --> 01:14:17,585
CHAMBER IN THE LAST BASTION,
IN THE KEEP OF THE CASTLE.

2283
01:14:17,587 --> 01:14:20,288
IN THE KEEP OF THE CASTLE.
BUT THERE WAS NO LIMIT TO THE

2284
01:14:20,290 --> 01:14:21,722
BUT THERE WAS NO LIMIT TO THE
INGENUITY OF THE CASTLE

2285
01:14:21,724 --> 01:14:24,192
INGENUITY OF THE CASTLE
DESIGNERS BECAUSE ABOVE ME IS

2286
01:14:24,194 --> 01:14:25,560
DESIGNERS BECAUSE ABOVE ME IS
A MURDER HOLE.

2287
01:14:25,562 --> 01:14:28,563
A MURDER HOLE.
[banging]

2288
01:14:30,299 --> 01:14:33,534
THAT IS NOT GONNA BE FUN ON YOUR
HEAD.

2289
01:14:33,536 --> 01:14:35,803
HEAD.
HE CAN BE ARMED WITH HUNDREDS OF

2290
01:14:35,805 --> 01:14:36,971
HE CAN BE ARMED WITH HUNDREDS OF
STONES UP THERE.

2291
01:14:36,973 --> 01:14:38,306
STONES UP THERE.
YOU CAN GET ONLY FOUR OR FIVE

2292
01:14:38,308 --> 01:14:39,240
YOU CAN GET ONLY FOUR OR FIVE
MEN IN HERE.

2293
01:14:39,242 --> 01:14:40,641
MEN IN HERE.
YOU CAN JUST PICK 'EM OFF.

2294
01:14:40,643 --> 01:14:42,443
YOU CAN JUST PICK 'EM OFF.
HOWEVER BIG THAT ARMY IS, YOU

2295
01:14:42,445 --> 01:14:44,779
HOWEVER BIG THAT ARMY IS, YOU
CAN DEFEAT THEM AT THIS LAST

2296
01:14:44,781 --> 01:14:46,814
CAN DEFEAT THEM AT THIS LAST
POSITION.

2297
01:14:48,150 --> 01:14:53,621
>> I'VE BEEN GOING
MEDIEVAL TO TACKLE OUR

2298
01:14:53,623 --> 01:14:55,556
MEDIEVAL TO TACKLE OUR
MISCONCEPTIONS OF THE PERIOD AND

2299
01:14:55,558 --> 01:14:58,125
MISCONCEPTIONS OF THE PERIOD AND
TO EXPERIENCE MEDIEVAL LIFE FOR

2300
01:14:58,127 --> 01:15:00,161
TO EXPERIENCE MEDIEVAL LIFE FOR
MYSELF.

2301
01:15:05,467 --> 01:15:09,103
NOW I'M GOING TO LOOK AT ONE
MEDIEVAL INVENTION THAT CHANGED

2302
01:15:09,105 --> 01:15:12,607
MEDIEVAL INVENTION THAT CHANGED
THE NATURE OF WARFARE FOREVER.

2303
01:15:14,510 --> 01:15:17,745
FOR MOST OF THE MIDDLE AGES,
WARS WERE FOUGHT WITH SWORD AND

2304
01:15:17,747 --> 01:15:22,350
WARS WERE FOUGHT WITH SWORD AND
SPEAR, LANCE AND ARROW.

2305
01:15:22,352 --> 01:15:24,318
SPEAR, LANCE AND ARROW.
BUT IN THE 14TH CENTURY, AN

2306
01:15:24,320 --> 01:15:26,320
BUT IN THE 14TH CENTURY, AN
INVENTION ARRIVED IN EUROPE

2307
01:15:26,322 --> 01:15:27,989
INVENTION ARRIVED IN EUROPE
WHICH WOULD CHANGE ALL THAT:

2308
01:15:27,991 --> 01:15:29,524
WHICH WOULD CHANGE ALL THAT:
[explosion]

2309
01:15:29,526 --> 01:15:31,592
[explosion]
THE GUN.

2310
01:15:31,594 --> 01:15:33,561
THE GUN.
THE FIRST GUNS IN EUROPE LOOKED

2311
01:15:33,563 --> 01:15:35,763
THE FIRST GUNS IN EUROPE LOOKED
LIKE THIS AND WERE THIS SIZE.

2312
01:15:35,765 --> 01:15:37,365
LIKE THIS AND WERE THIS SIZE.
D THIS, IN FACT, IS A REPLICA

2313
01:15:37,367 --> 01:15:39,600
D THIS, IN FACT, IS A REPLICA
OF THE LOSHULT GUN, THE EARLIEST

2314
01:15:39,602 --> 01:15:42,403
OF THE LOSHULT GUN, THE EARLIEST
ARCHEOLOGICALLY EXCAVATED GUN

2315
01:15:42,405 --> 01:15:44,572
ARCHEOLOGICALLY EXCAVATED GUN
IN EUROPE.

2316
01:15:44,574 --> 01:15:46,307
IN EUROPE.
IT MAY NOT LOOK MUCH, BUT THIS

2317
01:15:46,309 --> 01:15:47,875
IT MAY NOT LOOK MUCH, BUT THIS
LITTLE GUN WAS A TURNING POINT

2318
01:15:47,877 --> 01:15:52,146
LITTLE GUN WAS A TURNING POINT
IN MEDIEVAL WARFARE.

2319
01:15:52,148 --> 01:15:53,214
IN MEDIEVAL WARFARE.
WEAPONS EXPERT JENS

2320
01:15:53,216 --> 01:15:56,017
WEAPONS EXPERT JENS
CHRISTIANSEN IS HELPING ME LOAD.

2321
01:15:56,019 --> 01:15:57,618
CHRISTIANSEN IS HELPING ME LOAD.
WHAT'S SURPRISING ABOUT THE

2322
01:15:57,620 --> 01:15:59,453
WHAT'S SURPRISING ABOUT THE
FIRST GUN IS, IT DIDN'T SHOOT

2323
01:15:59,455 --> 01:16:00,621
FIRST GUN IS, IT DIDN'T SHOOT
A CANNON BALL.

2324
01:16:00,623 --> 01:16:02,223
A CANNON BALL.
THE FIRST AMMUNITION THAT WAS

2325
01:16:02,225 --> 01:16:05,259
THE FIRST AMMUNITION THAT WAS
USED WAS THIS, AN ARROW.

2326
01:16:05,261 --> 01:16:07,128
USED WAS THIS, AN ARROW.
AND IF YOU THINK ABOUT IT, IT'S

2327
01:16:07,130 --> 01:16:08,529
AND IF YOU THINK ABOUT IT, IT'S
NOT REALLY THAT SURPRISING,

2328
01:16:08,531 --> 01:16:09,664
NOT REALLY THAT SURPRISING,
BECAUSE IF YOU'VE NEVER SEEN A

2329
01:16:09,666 --> 01:16:11,465
BECAUSE IF YOU'VE NEVER SEEN A
CANNON BALL, WHY WOULD YOU THINK

2330
01:16:11,467 --> 01:16:12,800
CANNON BALL, WHY WOULD YOU THINK
THAT'S THE FIRST AMMUNITION TO

2331
01:16:12,802 --> 01:16:15,369
THAT'S THE FIRST AMMUNITION TO
USE?

2332
01:16:15,371 --> 01:16:16,938
USE?
AND I USE A MALLET TO...

2333
01:16:16,940 --> 01:16:19,740
AND I USE A MALLET TO...
[hammering]

2334
01:16:19,742 --> 01:16:21,776
[hammering]
MAKE SURE THAT'S PRETTY GOOD.

2335
01:16:22,578 --> 01:16:31,552
[militaristic music]
♪ ♪

2336
01:16:32,421 --> 01:16:36,090
MEDIEVAL GUNNERS WERE CONSIDERED
UNCHIVALROUS, AND THEY WERE

2337
01:16:36,092 --> 01:16:37,558
UNCHIVALROUS, AND THEY WERE
THREATENED THAT IF CAPTURED,

2338
01:16:37,560 --> 01:16:38,859
THREATENED THAT IF CAPTURED,
THEY WOULD HAVE THEIR HANDS CUT

2339
01:16:38,861 --> 01:16:41,829
THEY WOULD HAVE THEIR HANDS CUT
OFF AND THEIR EYES PLUCKED OUT.

2340
01:16:41,831 --> 01:16:44,599
OFF AND THEIR EYES PLUCKED OUT.
OKAY, I'M GONNA GO AND LIGHT IT.

2341
01:16:50,639 --> 01:16:52,607
[explosion]

2342
01:16:54,810 --> 01:16:56,510
>> RIGHT ON TARGET.
>> WE GOT A SHOT.

2343
01:16:56,512 --> 01:16:58,312
>> WE GOT A SHOT.
THE ARROW HAS BROKEN SOMEWHERE.

2344
01:16:58,314 --> 01:17:01,882
THE ARROW HAS BROKEN SOMEWHERE.
IT'S--THE FORCE OF HITTING THAT

2345
01:17:01,884 --> 01:17:04,185
IT'S--THE FORCE OF HITTING THAT
HAS SHATTERED THIS OFF.

2346
01:17:04,187 --> 01:17:05,820
HAS SHATTERED THIS OFF.
ONE OF THE EARLIEST RECORDS OF

2347
01:17:05,822 --> 01:17:07,221
ONE OF THE EARLIEST RECORDS OF
GUNS BEING USED ON THE

2348
01:17:07,223 --> 01:17:09,390
GUNS BEING USED ON THE
BATTLEFIELD IN EUROPE WAS WHEN

2349
01:17:09,392 --> 01:17:10,725
BATTLEFIELD IN EUROPE WAS WHEN
THE ENGLISH BROUGHT THEM TO BEAR

2350
01:17:10,727 --> 01:17:12,560
THE ENGLISH BROUGHT THEM TO BEAR
ON FRENCH FORCES AT THE BATTLE

2351
01:17:12,562 --> 01:17:15,896
ON FRENCH FORCES AT THE BATTLE
OF CRECY IN 1346.

2352
01:17:15,898 --> 01:17:17,698
OF CRECY IN 1346.
THE THUNDEROUS EXPLOSION, THE

2353
01:17:17,700 --> 01:17:19,600
THE THUNDEROUS EXPLOSION, THE
SULFUROUS SMELL, THE SPITTING

2354
01:17:19,602 --> 01:17:21,769
SULFUROUS SMELL, THE SPITTING
FLAME STRUCK TERROR INTO THE

2355
01:17:21,771 --> 01:17:23,471
FLAME STRUCK TERROR INTO THE
ENEMY.

2356
01:17:23,473 --> 01:17:26,507
ENEMY.
[explosions]

2357
01:17:30,178 --> 01:17:33,948
A CHRONICLER OF THE TIME WROTE,
"THEY MADE A NOISE LIKE THUNDER

2358
01:17:33,950 --> 01:17:36,484
"THEY MADE A NOISE LIKE THUNDER
AND CAUSED MUCH LOSS IN MEN AND

2359
01:17:36,486 --> 01:17:38,519
AND CAUSED MUCH LOSS IN MEN AND
HORSES."

2360
01:17:44,059 --> 01:17:48,029
EVERY HISTORICAL PERIOD COMES UP
WITH IDEAS THAT LAST AND IDEAS

2361
01:17:48,031 --> 01:17:49,330
WITH IDEAS THAT LAST AND IDEAS
THAT FADE.

2362
01:17:49,332 --> 01:17:51,032
THAT FADE.
FROM THE START, THE GUN WAS

2363
01:17:51,034 --> 01:17:53,567
FROM THE START, THE GUN WAS
DESTINED FOR SUCCESS.

2364
01:17:53,569 --> 01:17:55,169
DESTINED FOR SUCCESS.
WITHIN 50 YEARS OF THE FIRST

2365
01:17:55,171 --> 01:17:57,071
WITHIN 50 YEARS OF THE FIRST
PRIMITIVE GUNS, MEDIEVAL

2366
01:17:57,073 --> 01:17:58,372
PRIMITIVE GUNS, MEDIEVAL
ARMORERS WERE BUILDING WEAPONS

2367
01:17:58,374 --> 01:17:59,674
ARMORERS WERE BUILDING WEAPONS
THAT LOOK VERY LIKE THE CANNON

2368
01:17:59,676 --> 01:18:02,977
THAT LOOK VERY LIKE THE CANNON
WE KNOW TODAY.

2369
01:18:02,979 --> 01:18:04,445
WE KNOW TODAY.
ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS WAS THEY

2370
01:18:04,447 --> 01:18:06,213
ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS WAS THEY
GOT RID OF THE ARROW AND WENT TO

2371
01:18:06,215 --> 01:18:07,415
GOT RID OF THE ARROW AND WENT TO
THE CANNON BALL.

2372
01:18:07,417 --> 01:18:09,150
THE CANNON BALL.
FIRST CANNON BALLS WERE STONE

2373
01:18:09,152 --> 01:18:09,817
FIRST CANNON BALLS WERE STONE
LIKE THIS.

2374
01:18:09,819 --> 01:18:10,785
LIKE THIS.
THEY WERE CHIPPED AWAY BY

2375
01:18:10,787 --> 01:18:12,887
THEY WERE CHIPPED AWAY BY
MASONS 'CAUSE WE HADN'T

2376
01:18:12,889 --> 01:18:14,321
MASONS 'CAUSE WE HADN'T
DISCOVERED CAST IRON.

2377
01:18:14,323 --> 01:18:15,723
DISCOVERED CAST IRON.
EUROPEANS DIDN'T DISCOVER CAST

2378
01:18:15,725 --> 01:18:18,626
EUROPEANS DIDN'T DISCOVER CAST
IRON UNTIL LATE IN THE 15TH

2379
01:18:18,628 --> 01:18:19,460
IRON UNTIL LATE IN THE 15TH
CENTURY.

2380
01:18:19,462 --> 01:18:21,262
CENTURY.
THE OTHER THING THAT HAPPENED

2381
01:18:21,264 --> 01:18:23,731
THE OTHER THING THAT HAPPENED
WAS THEY WENT TO LONGER BARRELS.

2382
01:18:23,733 --> 01:18:25,499
WAS THEY WENT TO LONGER BARRELS.
BUT HOW DO THEY MAKE A LONG IRON

2383
01:18:25,501 --> 01:18:28,436
BUT HOW DO THEY MAKE A LONG IRON
BARREL LIKE THAT WITHOUT BEING

2384
01:18:28,438 --> 01:18:30,504
BARREL LIKE THAT WITHOUT BEING
ABLE TO MAKE CAST IRON?

2385
01:18:30,506 --> 01:18:32,573
ABLE TO MAKE CAST IRON?
THE ANSWER WAS USING THE

2386
01:18:32,575 --> 01:18:34,942
THE ANSWER WAS USING THE
TECHNOLOGY OF A BARREL.

2387
01:18:34,944 --> 01:18:37,178
TECHNOLOGY OF A BARREL.
YOU SEE THESE STAVES IN THE

2388
01:18:37,180 --> 01:18:38,612
YOU SEE THESE STAVES IN THE
BARREL, THE WOODEN STRIPS THAT

2389
01:18:38,614 --> 01:18:40,881
BARREL, THE WOODEN STRIPS THAT
ARE BOUND TOGETHER BY THESE

2390
01:18:40,883 --> 01:18:41,882
ARE BOUND TOGETHER BY THESE
HOOPS?

2391
01:18:41,884 --> 01:18:43,718
HOOPS?
THAT'S WHAT'S GOING ON HERE.

2392
01:18:43,720 --> 01:18:45,720
THAT'S WHAT'S GOING ON HERE.
UNDERNEATH THESE RINGS ARE

2393
01:18:45,722 --> 01:18:49,056
UNDERNEATH THESE RINGS ARE
STAVES OF IRON BUTTED TOGETHER

2394
01:18:49,058 --> 01:18:49,990
STAVES OF IRON BUTTED TOGETHER
LIKE THAT.

2395
01:18:49,992 --> 01:18:51,525
LIKE THAT.
THEY'RE FORMED AROUND A WOODEN

2396
01:18:51,527 --> 01:18:52,426
THEY'RE FORMED AROUND A WOODEN
CORE.

2397
01:18:52,428 --> 01:18:54,195
CORE.
AND THEN THESE RINGS WITH THEIR

2398
01:18:54,197 --> 01:18:56,197
AND THEN THESE RINGS WITH THEIR
LONG FLANGES ARE HAMMERED OVER,

2399
01:18:56,199 --> 01:18:57,932
LONG FLANGES ARE HAMMERED OVER,
WOODEN CORE'S BURNED OUT, AND

2400
01:18:57,934 --> 01:19:00,101
WOODEN CORE'S BURNED OUT, AND
YOU'VE GOT THE BARREL OF A GUN.

2401
01:19:00,103 --> 01:19:01,235
YOU'VE GOT THE BARREL OF A GUN.
IT'S CALLED A BARREL 'CAUSE IT'S

2402
01:19:01,237 --> 01:19:05,139
IT'S CALLED A BARREL 'CAUSE IT'S
THE SAME TECHNOLOGY AS A BARREL.

2403
01:19:05,141 --> 01:19:07,942
THE SAME TECHNOLOGY AS A BARREL.
[clanging]

2404
01:19:07,944 --> 01:19:08,976
[clanging]
THAT THING THAT LOOKS LIKE A

2405
01:19:08,978 --> 01:19:11,078
THAT THING THAT LOOKS LIKE A
BEER TANKARD IS CALLED A BREACH

2406
01:19:11,080 --> 01:19:11,746
BEER TANKARD IS CALLED A BREACH
POT.

2407
01:19:11,748 --> 01:19:13,447
POT.
WHAT HAPPENS IS THE CANNONBALL

2408
01:19:13,449 --> 01:19:14,715
WHAT HAPPENS IS THE CANNONBALL
GOES IN HERE.

2409
01:19:14,717 --> 01:19:16,283
GOES IN HERE.
THE POWDER GOES IN THE BREACH

2410
01:19:16,285 --> 01:19:16,984
THE POWDER GOES IN THE BREACH
POT.

2411
01:19:16,986 --> 01:19:19,186
POT.
HE WILL THEN PUT THE AIR SEAL OF

2412
01:19:19,188 --> 01:19:20,855
HE WILL THEN PUT THE AIR SEAL OF
THAT BY PUTTING IN A WOODEN

2413
01:19:20,857 --> 01:19:21,622
THAT BY PUTTING IN A WOODEN
TAMPION.

2414
01:19:21,624 --> 01:19:23,224
TAMPION.
THAT'S GONNA PUSH THE BALL UP

2415
01:19:23,226 --> 01:19:28,429
THAT'S GONNA PUSH THE BALL UP
THE BARREL.

2416
01:19:28,431 --> 01:19:31,432
THE BARREL.
FIRE IN THE HOLE.

2417
01:19:31,434 --> 01:19:33,200
FIRE IN THE HOLE.
[explosion]

2418
01:19:33,202 --> 01:19:34,969
[explosion]
THAT'S DONE.

2419
01:19:34,971 --> 01:19:37,271
THAT'S DONE.
KNOCK OUT THE BREACH.

2420
01:19:37,273 --> 01:19:39,373
KNOCK OUT THE BREACH.
THAT'S NOW READY TO SHOOT AGAIN.

2421
01:19:39,375 --> 01:19:40,708
THAT'S NOW READY TO SHOOT AGAIN.
WHILE JENS IS LOADING, MY

2422
01:19:40,710 --> 01:19:43,110
WHILE JENS IS LOADING, MY
JOB IS TO SWAB THIS.

2423
01:19:43,112 --> 01:19:44,111
JOB IS TO SWAB THIS.
A WET SWAB.

2424
01:19:44,113 --> 01:19:45,913
A WET SWAB.
THERE MAY BE SPARKS IN HERE.

2425
01:19:45,915 --> 01:19:47,181
THERE MAY BE SPARKS IN HERE.
AND I DON'T WANT TO PUT LIVE

2426
01:19:47,183 --> 01:19:48,682
AND I DON'T WANT TO PUT LIVE
POWDER IN THERE UNTIL THOSE

2427
01:19:48,684 --> 01:19:50,017
POWDER IN THERE UNTIL THOSE
SPARKS ARE KILLED.

2428
01:19:50,019 --> 01:19:52,153
SPARKS ARE KILLED.
THAT ONE'S READY FOR LOADING.

2429
01:19:52,155 --> 01:19:53,721
THAT ONE'S READY FOR LOADING.
[blowing]

2430
01:19:53,723 --> 01:19:55,790
[blowing]
FIRE IN THE HOLE.

2431
01:19:55,792 --> 01:19:57,291
FIRE IN THE HOLE.
[explosion]

2432
01:19:57,293 --> 01:19:58,692
[explosion]
SO THERE THEY GO, BANG!

2433
01:19:58,694 --> 01:19:59,493
SO THERE THEY GO, BANG!
[explosion]

2434
01:19:59,495 --> 01:20:00,394
[explosion]
AFTER BANG...

2435
01:20:00,396 --> 01:20:01,395
AFTER BANG...
[explosion]

2436
01:20:01,397 --> 01:20:02,496
[explosion]
AFTER BANG.

2437
01:20:02,498 --> 01:20:03,964
AFTER BANG.
[explosion]

2438
01:20:03,966 --> 01:20:05,499
[explosion]
THE AGE OF ARTILLERY HAD

2439
01:20:05,501 --> 01:20:07,134
THE AGE OF ARTILLERY HAD
ARRIVED.

2440
01:20:07,136 --> 01:20:09,470
ARRIVED.
[explosion]

2441
01:20:12,274 --> 01:20:15,643
THE ARRIVAL OF THE GUN WAS ONE
OF THE SIGNALS THAT THE MEDIEVAL

2442
01:20:15,645 --> 01:20:17,511
OF THE SIGNALS THAT THE MEDIEVAL
PERIOD WAS PASSING.

2443
01:20:17,513 --> 01:20:18,946
PERIOD WAS PASSING.
IT CHANGED THE COURSE OF

2444
01:20:18,948 --> 01:20:21,482
IT CHANGED THE COURSE OF
WARFARE AND CIVILIZATION

2445
01:20:21,484 --> 01:20:26,287
WARFARE AND CIVILIZATION
FOR ALL TIME.

2446
01:20:26,289 --> 01:20:27,888
FOR ALL TIME.
GOING MEDIEVAL HAS BEEN AN

2447
01:20:27,890 --> 01:20:29,590
GOING MEDIEVAL HAS BEEN AN
INCREDIBLE JOURNEY.

2448
01:20:29,592 --> 01:20:31,091
INCREDIBLE JOURNEY.
I'VE HELPED BUILD AND ATCK

2449
01:20:31,093 --> 01:20:33,093
I'VE HELPED BUILD AND ATCK
MEDIEVAL CASTLES, I'VE PLOWED

2450
01:20:33,095 --> 01:20:35,062
MEDIEVAL CASTLES, I'VE PLOWED
WITH OXEN, AND TASTED MEDIEVAL

2451
01:20:35,064 --> 01:20:35,996
WITH OXEN, AND TASTED MEDIEVAL
FOOD.

2452
01:20:35,998 --> 01:20:37,364
FOOD.
I'VE HUNTED WITH HOUNDS AND

2453
01:20:37,366 --> 01:20:38,799
I'VE HUNTED WITH HOUNDS AND
FOUGHT WITH SWORDS.

2454
01:20:38,801 --> 01:20:40,034
FOUGHT WITH SWORDS.
I'VE TRAVELLED ON SHIPS AND

2455
01:20:40,036 --> 01:20:41,802
I'VE TRAVELLED ON SHIPS AND
HORSES, AND I'VE SEEN A GREAT,

2456
01:20:41,804 --> 01:20:44,839
HORSES, AND I'VE SEEN A GREAT,
GAUDY SLICE OF MEDIEVAL LIFE.

2457
01:20:45,574 --> 01:20:53,547
[tense music]
♪ ♪

2458
01:20:54,049 --> 01:20:57,518
MEDIEVAL FOLK DIDN'T THINK OF
THEMSELVES AS YE OLDIE OR

2459
01:20:57,520 --> 01:20:59,820
THEMSELVES AS YE OLDIE OR
PRIMITIVE OR PEOPLE THAT DRESSED

2460
01:20:59,822 --> 01:21:02,823
PRIMITIVE OR PEOPLE THAT DRESSED
UP IN FUNNY CLOTHES.

2461
01:21:02,825 --> 01:21:04,592
UP IN FUNNY CLOTHES.
THEY CONSIDERED THEMSELVES

2462
01:21:04,594 --> 01:21:05,726
THEY CONSIDERED THEMSELVES
MODERN.

2463
01:21:05,728 --> 01:21:07,228
MODERN.
THEY USED THE LATEST

2464
01:21:07,230 --> 01:21:08,662
THEY USED THE LATEST
TECHNOLOGIES, AND THEY WORE THE

2465
01:21:08,664 --> 01:21:10,698
TECHNOLOGIES, AND THEY WORE THE
FINEST FASHIONS.

2466
01:21:10,700 --> 01:21:12,399
FINEST FASHIONS.
PEOPLE IN THE MIDDLE AGES WERE

2467
01:21:12,401 --> 01:21:14,835
PEOPLE IN THE MIDDLE AGES WERE
MUCH MORE LIKE US THAN THEY WERE

2468
01:21:14,837 --> 01:21:15,903
MUCH MORE LIKE US THAN THEY WERE
DIFFERENT FROM US.

2469
01:21:15,905 --> 01:21:17,872
DIFFERENT FROM US.
IN FACT, THE TRUTH IS THEY WERE

2470
01:21:17,874 --> 01:21:18,772
IN FACT, THE TRUTH IS THEY WERE
US.

2471
01:21:18,774 --> 01:21:21,342
US.
AND FOR ME, THE REAL THRILL AND

2472
01:21:21,344 --> 01:21:23,978
AND FOR ME, THE REAL THRILL AND
ENCHANTMENT OF HISTORY IS IN

2473
01:21:23,980 --> 01:21:26,146
ENCHANTMENT OF HISTORY IS IN
CONNECTING WITH THE PHYSICAL

2474
01:21:26,148 --> 01:21:28,015
CONNECTING WITH THE PHYSICAL
EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD THEY

2475
01:21:28,017 --> 01:21:29,016
EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD THEY
LIVED IN.

2476
01:21:29,018 --> 01:21:31,852
LIVED IN.
AND GOG MEDIEVAL HAS HELPED ME

2477
01:21:31,854 --> 01:21:34,188
AND GOG MEDIEVAL HAS HELPED ME
ENTER THAT WORLD AND SHARE

2478
01:21:34,190 --> 01:21:36,991
ENTER THAT WORLD AND SHARE
A LITTLE OF THEIR LIVES.

2479
01:21:37,626 --> 01:21:46,634
[upbeat music]
♪ ♪

2480
01:21:46,636 --> 01:21:47,601
♪ ♪
♪ ♪