1 00:00:00,800 --> 00:00:05,137 [horse neighing] >> THE MEDIEVAL ERA HAS 2 00:00:05,139 --> 00:00:07,973 >> THE MEDIEVAL ERA HAS ALWAYS FIRED MY IMAGINATION. 3 00:00:07,975 --> 00:00:09,942 ALWAYS FIRED MY IMAGINATION. A WORLD OF LEGEND, KNIGHTS, AND 4 00:00:09,944 --> 00:00:11,076 A WORLD OF LEGEND, KNIGHTS, AND CASTLES. 5 00:00:11,078 --> 00:00:12,544 CASTLES. A TIME OF JOUSTS AND HEROIC 6 00:00:12,546 --> 00:00:14,313 A TIME OF JOUSTS AND HEROIC BATTLES. 7 00:00:14,315 --> 00:00:15,781 BATTLES. BUT IT WAS ALSO A TIME OF 8 00:00:15,783 --> 00:00:17,950 BUT IT WAS ALSO A TIME OF BUILDING, A TIME OF CHANGE, 9 00:00:17,952 --> 00:00:22,054 BUILDING, A TIME OF CHANGE, AND A TIME OF INNOVATION. 10 00:00:22,056 --> 00:00:23,589 AND A TIME OF INNOVATION. MY NAME IS MIKE LOADES, 11 00:00:23,591 --> 00:00:25,424 MY NAME IS MIKE LOADES, AND I'VE SPENT MY LIFE TRYING TO 12 00:00:25,426 --> 00:00:26,892 AND I'VE SPENT MY LIFE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THE PAST BY 13 00:00:26,894 --> 00:00:30,529 UNDERSTAND THE PAST BY EXPERIENCING IT. 14 00:00:30,531 --> 00:00:31,897 EXPERIENCING IT. I'M AN HISTORIAN WHO BELIEVES 15 00:00:31,899 --> 00:00:33,098 I'M AN HISTORIAN WHO BELIEVES THAT WHEN YOU GET YOUR HANDS ON 16 00:00:33,100 --> 00:00:34,867 THAT WHEN YOU GET YOUR HANDS ON THE PAST, YOU DISCOVER WHAT A 17 00:00:34,869 --> 00:00:37,036 THE PAST, YOU DISCOVER WHAT A SURPRISING PLACE IT WAS. 18 00:00:37,038 --> 00:00:38,670 SURPRISING PLACE IT WAS. A WORLD WITH FAMILIAR CHALLENGES 19 00:00:38,672 --> 00:00:41,407 A WORLD WITH FAMILIAR CHALLENGES BUT VERY DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS. 20 00:00:43,910 --> 00:00:48,881 I'M GOING ON A JOURNEY TO EXPLORE THE MEDIEVAL WORLD. 21 00:00:48,883 --> 00:00:50,716 TO EXPLORE THE MEDIEVAL WORLD. A WORLD THAT SPANNED A THOUSAND 22 00:00:50,718 --> 00:00:52,418 A WORLD THAT SPANNED A THOUSAND YEARS, FROM THE FALL OF THE 23 00:00:52,420 --> 00:00:54,586 YEARS, FROM THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE RENAISSANCE. 24 00:00:54,588 --> 00:00:55,621 ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE RENAISSANCE. FLY! 25 00:00:55,623 --> 00:00:56,789 FLY! I WANT TO GET AS CLOSE AS 26 00:00:56,791 --> 00:00:59,291 I WANT TO GET AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE EVERYDAY LIVES 27 00:00:59,293 --> 00:01:01,827 POSSIBLE TO THE EVERYDAY LIVES OF ORDINARY PEOPLE... 28 00:01:02,662 --> 00:01:05,264 AND TO TAKE PART IN THE PURSUITS OF THE NOBILITY. 29 00:01:05,266 --> 00:01:07,132 OF THE NOBILITY. [horn blaring] 30 00:01:07,134 --> 00:01:08,934 [horn blaring] I'M GOING TO EXPERIENCE WHAT IT 31 00:01:08,936 --> 00:01:10,569 I'M GOING TO EXPERIENCE WHAT IT WAS LIKE TO LIVE IN THIS 32 00:01:10,571 --> 00:01:11,937 WAS LIKE TO LIVE IN THIS FASCINATING PERIOD OF OUR 33 00:01:11,939 --> 00:01:12,905 FASCINATING PERIOD OF OUR HISTORY. 34 00:01:12,907 --> 00:01:14,373 HISTORY. [sword clanking] 35 00:01:14,375 --> 00:01:15,641 [sword clanking] SOME OF IT WILL BE EVERYDAY 36 00:01:15,643 --> 00:01:16,608 SOME OF IT WILL BE EVERYDAY DETAILS. 37 00:01:16,610 --> 00:01:20,279 DETAILS. SOME OF IT WILL BE SPECTACULAR. 38 00:01:20,281 --> 00:01:23,916 SOME OF IT WILL BE SPECTACULAR. IT WILL ALL BE 100% AUTHENTIC. 39 00:01:23,918 --> 00:01:25,918 IT WILL ALL BE 100% AUTHENTIC. CLEAR! 40 00:01:44,671 --> 00:01:49,308 I'M GOING MEDIEVAL. I'M FOCUSING ON THE 1200s AND 41 00:01:49,310 --> 00:01:51,810 I'M FOCUSING ON THE 1200s AND 1300s, WHICH FOR ME IS THE HIGH 42 00:01:51,812 --> 00:01:53,512 1300s, WHICH FOR ME IS THE HIGH POINT OF THE PERIOD, 43 00:01:53,514 --> 00:01:54,746 POINT OF THE PERIOD, AND I'M STARTING WITH A CLASSIC 44 00:01:54,748 --> 00:01:58,350 AND I'M STARTING WITH A CLASSIC IMAGE: THE CASTLE. 45 00:01:58,352 --> 00:01:59,952 IMAGE: THE CASTLE. EARLY CASTLES WERE WEAPONS OF 46 00:01:59,954 --> 00:02:01,620 EARLY CASTLES WERE WEAPONS OF INTIMIDATION AND ATTACK. 47 00:02:01,622 --> 00:02:03,255 INTIMIDATION AND ATTACK. THEY WEREN'T JUST ABOUT DEFENSE, 48 00:02:03,257 --> 00:02:06,658 THEY WEREN'T JUST ABOUT DEFENSE, AND THEY WEREN'T MADE OF STONE. 49 00:02:06,660 --> 00:02:07,793 AND THEY WEREN'T MADE OF STONE. THE FIRST CASTLES WERE LIKE 50 00:02:07,795 --> 00:02:08,794 THE FIRST CASTLES WERE LIKE THIS. 51 00:02:08,796 --> 00:02:10,629 THIS. ON HIGH MOUNDS WITH WOODEN 52 00:02:10,631 --> 00:02:12,664 ON HIGH MOUNDS WITH WOODEN TOWERS, SURROUNDED BY A WOODEN 53 00:02:12,666 --> 00:02:14,433 TOWERS, SURROUNDED BY A WOODEN PALISADE FENCE. 54 00:02:14,435 --> 00:02:15,968 PALISADE FENCE. IN FACT, THEY WERE VERY LIKE THE 55 00:02:15,970 --> 00:02:18,537 IN FACT, THEY WERE VERY LIKE THE AMERICAN FORTS OF THE 1800s. 56 00:02:18,539 --> 00:02:19,771 AMERICAN FORTS OF THE 1800s. AND THAT'S WHAT THEY WERE. 57 00:02:19,773 --> 00:02:21,173 AND THAT'S WHAT THEY WERE. THEY WERE CAVALRY FORTS. 58 00:02:21,175 --> 00:02:22,774 THEY WERE CAVALRY FORTS. AND THEY CAME INTO BEING ABOUT 59 00:02:22,776 --> 00:02:25,210 AND THEY CAME INTO BEING ABOUT A THOUSAND YEARS AGO WITH A NEW 60 00:02:25,212 --> 00:02:27,279 A THOUSAND YEARS AGO WITH A NEW TYPE OF WARRIOR: THE KNIGHT. 61 00:02:27,281 --> 00:02:29,448 TYPE OF WARRIOR: THE KNIGHT. A HORSE-BORNE WARRIOR WHO RODE A 62 00:02:29,450 --> 00:02:33,485 A HORSE-BORNE WARRIOR WHO RODE A PROUD, SPIRITED WARHORSE. 63 00:02:33,487 --> 00:02:35,554 PROUD, SPIRITED WARHORSE. AND WARHORSES NEED FEED. 64 00:02:35,556 --> 00:02:36,655 AND WARHORSES NEED FEED. THEY NEEDED SHELTER. 65 00:02:36,657 --> 00:02:38,157 THEY NEEDED SHELTER. THEY NEEDED VETERINARY CARE. 66 00:02:38,159 --> 00:02:39,658 THEY NEEDED VETERINARY CARE. THEY NEEDED A BASE. 67 00:02:39,660 --> 00:02:41,527 THEY NEEDED A BASE. AND THESE BASES WERE AIRCRAFT 68 00:02:41,529 --> 00:02:44,129 AND THESE BASES WERE AIRCRAFT CARRIERS FOR HORSES. 69 00:02:44,131 --> 00:02:45,564 CARRIERS FOR HORSES. YOU DEPLOY YOUR FLEET OF WOODEN 70 00:02:45,566 --> 00:02:47,099 YOU DEPLOY YOUR FLEET OF WOODEN CASTLES DEEP INTO ENEMY 71 00:02:47,101 --> 00:02:48,500 CASTLES DEEP INTO ENEMY TERRITORY AS YOU PUSHED EVER 72 00:02:48,502 --> 00:02:50,969 TERRITORY AS YOU PUSHED EVER FORWARD INTO LANDS OF CONQUEST. 73 00:02:50,971 --> 00:02:52,638 FORWARD INTO LANDS OF CONQUEST. AND FROM HERE, I CAN CONTROL THE 74 00:02:52,640 --> 00:02:54,606 AND FROM HERE, I CAN CONTROL THE LAND FOR 10, 15 MILES-- 75 00:02:54,608 --> 00:02:55,774 LAND FOR 10, 15 MILES-- THE LAND THAT I CAN SEND A 76 00:02:55,776 --> 00:02:57,342 THE LAND THAT I CAN SEND A PATROL OUT AND GET BACK BEFORE 77 00:02:57,344 --> 00:02:58,110 PATROL OUT AND GET BACK BEFORE NIGHTFALL. 78 00:02:58,112 --> 00:03:00,112 NIGHTFALL. [clicks tongue] 79 00:03:03,316 --> 00:03:09,655 BUT WHO WERE THESE KNIGHTS? THE POPULAR, ROMANTIC IMAGE IS 80 00:03:09,657 --> 00:03:11,723 THE POPULAR, ROMANTIC IMAGE IS OF THE KNIGHT IN SHINING ARMOR, 81 00:03:11,725 --> 00:03:13,525 OF THE KNIGHT IN SHINING ARMOR, WHO SPENDS HIS TIME JOUSTING AND 82 00:03:13,527 --> 00:03:15,093 WHO SPENDS HIS TIME JOUSTING AND WOOING LADIES. 83 00:03:15,095 --> 00:03:16,562 WOOING LADIES. THERE IS SOME TRUTH IN THAT, 84 00:03:16,564 --> 00:03:18,730 THERE IS SOME TRUTH IN THAT, BUT FIRST AND FOREMOST, A KNIGHT 85 00:03:18,732 --> 00:03:20,732 BUT FIRST AND FOREMOST, A KNIGHT WAS A SOLDIER. 86 00:03:20,734 --> 00:03:22,234 WAS A SOLDIER. THE CULT OF KNIGHTHOOD WAS 87 00:03:22,236 --> 00:03:24,703 THE CULT OF KNIGHTHOOD WAS CENTERED AND FOUNDED ON THE 88 00:03:24,705 --> 00:03:27,105 CENTERED AND FOUNDED ON THE ELITE HORSE-BORNE WARRIOR. 89 00:03:27,107 --> 00:03:29,308 ELITE HORSE-BORNE WARRIOR. FIRST WEAPON OF ATTACK WAS THE 90 00:03:29,310 --> 00:03:30,175 FIRST WEAPON OF ATTACK WAS THE LANCE. 91 00:03:30,177 --> 00:03:31,877 LANCE. KNIGHTS WERE SHOCK TROOPS, 92 00:03:31,879 --> 00:03:33,779 KNIGHTS WERE SHOCK TROOPS, SMASHING THEIR WAY TO VICTORY 93 00:03:33,781 --> 00:03:35,280 SMASHING THEIR WAY TO VICTORY WITH THE IMPACT CHARGE. 94 00:03:35,282 --> 00:03:35,948 WITH THE IMPACT CHARGE. HA! 95 00:03:35,950 --> 00:03:37,482 HA! BUT KNIGHTS, ESPECIALLY IN 96 00:03:37,484 --> 00:03:39,284 BUT KNIGHTS, ESPECIALLY IN ENGLAND, FOUGHT AS OFTEN ON FOOT 97 00:03:39,286 --> 00:03:41,286 ENGLAND, FOUGHT AS OFTEN ON FOOT AS THEY DID ON HORSE. 98 00:03:41,854 --> 00:03:45,724 [thrilling music] ♪ ♪ 99 00:03:46,159 --> 00:03:49,528 A GROUP OF MY FRIENDS, ALL EXPERTS IN A RANGE OF HISTORICAL 100 00:03:49,530 --> 00:03:51,430 EXPERTS IN A RANGE OF HISTORICAL SKILLS, ARE GOING MEDIEVAL WITH 101 00:03:51,432 --> 00:03:53,565 SKILLS, ARE GOING MEDIEVAL WITH ME TO HELP ME UNCOVER THE 102 00:03:53,567 --> 00:03:56,335 ME TO HELP ME UNCOVER THE REALITY OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD. 103 00:03:56,337 --> 00:03:58,804 REALITY OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD. KNIGHTS WERE THE MILITARY ELITE. 104 00:03:58,806 --> 00:03:59,972 KNIGHTS WERE THE MILITARY ELITE. AND THAT DIDN'T CHANGE WHETHER 105 00:03:59,974 --> 00:04:04,109 AND THAT DIDN'T CHANGE WHETHER THEY FOUGHT MOUNTED OR ON FOOT. 106 00:04:04,111 --> 00:04:06,111 THEY FOUGHT MOUNTED OR ON FOOT. ABOVE ALL ELSE, THE WERE CRACK 107 00:04:06,113 --> 00:04:08,380 ABOVE ALL ELSE, THE WERE CRACK TROOPS, AND THAT MEANT CONSTANT, 108 00:04:08,382 --> 00:04:10,983 TROOPS, AND THAT MEANT CONSTANT, HARD TRAINING. 109 00:04:10,985 --> 00:04:12,918 HARD TRAINING. THE TRAINING WAS EXHAUSTING. 110 00:04:12,920 --> 00:04:14,953 THE TRAINING WAS EXHAUSTING. THE FRENCH KNIGHT BUSICO SAID, 111 00:04:14,955 --> 00:04:16,455 THE FRENCH KNIGHT BUSICO SAID, "YOU SHOULD RUN AT LEAST A MILE 112 00:04:16,457 --> 00:04:20,959 "YOU SHOULD RUN AT LEAST A MILE A DAY IN YOUR HEAVY MAIL SHIRT. 113 00:04:20,961 --> 00:04:22,794 A DAY IN YOUR HEAVY MAIL SHIRT. KNIGHTS TRAINED EVERY DAY TO 114 00:04:22,796 --> 00:04:24,763 KNIGHTS TRAINED EVERY DAY TO ACCUSTOM THEMSELVES TO THE GRUNT 115 00:04:24,765 --> 00:04:27,599 ACCUSTOM THEMSELVES TO THE GRUNT AND SWEAT OF WEARING ARMOR. 116 00:04:30,036 --> 00:04:32,971 [wooden swords knocking] 117 00:04:34,874 --> 00:04:37,442 THIS IS THE PELL. THIS STOUT WOODEN POST IS THE 118 00:04:37,444 --> 00:04:38,944 THIS STOUT WOODEN POST IS THE MEDIEVAL EQUIVALENT OF THE 119 00:04:38,946 --> 00:04:42,748 MEDIEVAL EQUIVALENT OF THE BOXER'S PUNCH BAG. 120 00:04:42,750 --> 00:04:44,049 BOXER'S PUNCH BAG. THEY'RE WORKING THE PELL WITH 121 00:04:44,051 --> 00:04:45,117 THEY'RE WORKING THE PELL WITH WOODEN SWORDS. 122 00:04:45,119 --> 00:04:46,351 WOODEN SWORDS. MANY OF THE TEXTS TELL US THAT 123 00:04:46,353 --> 00:04:47,452 MANY OF THE TEXTS TELL US THAT THE WOODEN SWORDS WOULD BE 124 00:04:47,454 --> 00:04:49,821 THE WOODEN SWORDS WOULD BE DOUBLE THE WEIGHT OF THE STEEL 125 00:04:49,823 --> 00:04:50,455 DOUBLE THE WEIGHT OF THE STEEL SWORD. 126 00:04:50,457 --> 00:04:51,757 SWORD. SO THIS IS NOT AN EASY OPTION. 127 00:04:51,759 --> 00:04:53,091 SO THIS IS NOT AN EASY OPTION. THIS IS TO BUILD UP YOUR 128 00:04:53,093 --> 00:04:55,093 THIS IS TO BUILD UP YOUR STRENGTH AND YOUR STAMINA. 129 00:04:57,397 --> 00:05:00,699 IN BATTLE, FIGHTING WAS HARD, VICIOUS, AND BRUTAL, AND 130 00:05:00,701 --> 00:05:02,768 VICIOUS, AND BRUTAL, AND KNIGHTS, TOUGH FIGHTING MEN, 131 00:05:02,770 --> 00:05:04,469 KNIGHTS, TOUGH FIGHTING MEN, FOUGHT WITH EVERY MEANS AT THEIR 132 00:05:04,471 --> 00:05:07,139 FOUGHT WITH EVERY MEANS AT THEIR DISPOSAL. 133 00:05:07,141 --> 00:05:08,340 DISPOSAL. THEY'RE USING THEIR SHIELDS TO 134 00:05:08,342 --> 00:05:10,242 THEY'RE USING THEIR SHIELDS TO FIGHT WITH, FOR BODY CHECKS. 135 00:05:10,244 --> 00:05:11,610 FIGHT WITH, FOR BODY CHECKS. THEY CAN USE THEM WITH THE EDGE 136 00:05:11,612 --> 00:05:12,244 THEY CAN USE THEM WITH THE EDGE OF THE SHIELD. 137 00:05:12,246 --> 00:05:13,345 OF THE SHIELD. BUT, OF COURSE, THE SHIELD ON 138 00:05:13,347 --> 00:05:15,047 BUT, OF COURSE, THE SHIELD ON THE BATTLEFIELD IS REALLY THERE 139 00:05:15,049 --> 00:05:17,015 THE BATTLEFIELD IS REALLY THERE TO PROTECT YOU AGAINST ARCHERS. 140 00:05:17,017 --> 00:05:17,749 TO PROTECT YOU AGAINST ARCHERS. THAT'S WHY YOU'RE REALLY 141 00:05:17,751 --> 00:05:18,684 THAT'S WHY YOU'RE REALLY CARRYING THIS. 142 00:05:18,686 --> 00:05:20,552 CARRYING THIS. BUT IN A TIGHT PRESS OF MEN, 143 00:05:20,554 --> 00:05:22,521 BUT IN A TIGHT PRESS OF MEN, IT ALSO BECOMES A WEAPON. 144 00:05:22,523 --> 00:05:25,490 IT ALSO BECOMES A WEAPON. [swords clanking] 145 00:05:31,130 --> 00:05:34,733 KNIGHTS TRAINED HARD TO MASTER A RANGE OF ALL-IN FIGHTING 146 00:05:34,735 --> 00:05:36,568 A RANGE OF ALL-IN FIGHTING TECHNIQUES. 147 00:05:36,570 --> 00:05:37,969 TECHNIQUES. WRESTLING GRIPS AND HOLDS WERE 148 00:05:37,971 --> 00:05:40,539 WRESTLING GRIPS AND HOLDS WERE AN ESSENTIAL PART OF MEDIEVAL 149 00:05:40,541 --> 00:05:41,873 AN ESSENTIAL PART OF MEDIEVAL SWORD FIGHTING. 150 00:05:41,875 --> 00:05:43,041 SWORD FIGHTING. [grunting] 151 00:05:43,043 --> 00:05:44,576 [grunting] GRIPPING THE BLADE TO USE THE 152 00:05:44,578 --> 00:05:46,378 GRIPPING THE BLADE TO USE THE SWORD AT HALF SWORD. 153 00:05:46,380 --> 00:05:47,979 SWORD AT HALF SWORD. FROM HERE, I CAN PULL HIS SWORD 154 00:05:47,981 --> 00:05:49,314 FROM HERE, I CAN PULL HIS SWORD OUT OF THE WAY, I CAN GO FOR HIS 155 00:05:49,316 --> 00:05:50,816 OUT OF THE WAY, I CAN GO FOR HIS FACE, SMASHING HIS TEETH OUT, 156 00:05:50,818 --> 00:05:52,617 FACE, SMASHING HIS TEETH OUT, OR I COULD TRIP HIM WITH THE 157 00:05:52,619 --> 00:05:53,618 OR I COULD TRIP HIM WITH THE CROSSGUARD. 158 00:05:53,620 --> 00:05:55,587 CROSSGUARD. [grunting] 159 00:05:55,589 --> 00:05:56,888 [grunting] WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IN A BATTLE 160 00:05:56,890 --> 00:05:58,490 WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IN A BATTLE IS, THE CRUSH OF MEN FROM EITHER 161 00:05:58,492 --> 00:06:00,425 IS, THE CRUSH OF MEN FROM EITHER SIDE SQUEEZES YOU IN. 162 00:06:00,427 --> 00:06:02,361 SIDE SQUEEZES YOU IN. THEN WE'RE PUSHING THEM BACK. 163 00:06:02,363 --> 00:06:03,528 THEN WE'RE PUSHING THEM BACK. THEY'RE GETTING CLOSER AND 164 00:06:03,530 --> 00:06:04,796 THEY'RE GETTING CLOSER AND CLOSER, AND EVENTUALLY THEY'RE 165 00:06:04,798 --> 00:06:06,398 CLOSER, AND EVENTUALLY THEY'RE IN A TIGHT MELEE, AND FINALLY 166 00:06:06,400 --> 00:06:08,066 IN A TIGHT MELEE, AND FINALLY THEY HAVE NO CHOICE BUT TO FALL 167 00:06:08,068 --> 00:06:10,736 THEY HAVE NO CHOICE BUT TO FALL TO GRIPS AND GRAPPLES. 168 00:06:10,738 --> 00:06:11,937 TO GRIPS AND GRAPPLES. WRESTLING TECHNIQUES WERE OF 169 00:06:11,939 --> 00:06:13,905 WRESTLING TECHNIQUES WERE OF PARTICULAR USE WHEN KNIGHT CAME 170 00:06:13,907 --> 00:06:15,107 PARTICULAR USE WHEN KNIGHT CAME UP AGAINST KNIGHT ON THE 171 00:06:15,109 --> 00:06:16,241 UP AGAINST KNIGHT ON THE BATTLEFIELD. 172 00:06:16,243 --> 00:06:17,676 BATTLEFIELD. THEY HAD THEIR OWN CODE OF 173 00:06:17,678 --> 00:06:19,277 THEY HAD THEIR OWN CODE OF HONOR: CHIVALRY. 174 00:06:19,279 --> 00:06:20,779 HONOR: CHIVALRY. AND MY SPARRING PARTNER, 175 00:06:20,781 --> 00:06:22,881 AND MY SPARRING PARTNER, DR. TOBIAS CAPWELL, IS AN EXPERT 176 00:06:22,883 --> 00:06:24,649 DR. TOBIAS CAPWELL, IS AN EXPERT IN THE RULES. 177 00:06:24,651 --> 00:06:25,817 IN THE RULES. >> KNIGHTS ARE FIGHTING OTHER 178 00:06:25,819 --> 00:06:27,819 >> KNIGHTS ARE FIGHTING OTHER KNIGHTS; OTHER EQUALS OF THE 179 00:06:27,821 --> 00:06:29,187 KNIGHTS; OTHER EQUALS OF THE SAME SOCIAL CLASS, 180 00:06:29,189 --> 00:06:30,722 SAME SOCIAL CLASS, AND WITHIN THE BROTHERHOOD OF 181 00:06:30,724 --> 00:06:32,891 AND WITHIN THE BROTHERHOOD OF CHIVALRY, YOU DON'T NECESSARILY 182 00:06:32,893 --> 00:06:35,594 CHIVALRY, YOU DON'T NECESSARILY WANT TO HAVE TO KILL YOUR SOCIAL 183 00:06:35,596 --> 00:06:36,762 WANT TO HAVE TO KILL YOUR SOCIAL EQUALS ALL THE TIME. 184 00:06:36,764 --> 00:06:38,096 EQUALS ALL THE TIME. YOU HAVE THE PROCESS OF 185 00:06:38,098 --> 00:06:38,864 YOU HAVE THE PROCESS OF RANSOMING. 186 00:06:38,866 --> 00:06:40,332 RANSOMING. YOU CAN FORCE THEM TO YIELD TO 187 00:06:40,334 --> 00:06:42,467 YOU CAN FORCE THEM TO YIELD TO YOU, THEY BECOME YOUR PRISONER, 188 00:06:42,469 --> 00:06:44,069 YOU, THEY BECOME YOUR PRISONER, AND THEN YOU CAN SELL THEM BACK 189 00:06:44,071 --> 00:06:45,036 AND THEN YOU CAN SELL THEM BACK TO THEIR FAMILY FOR AN 190 00:06:45,038 --> 00:06:46,371 TO THEIR FAMILY FOR AN EXTRAORDINARY PROFIT, BUT 191 00:06:46,373 --> 00:06:48,507 EXTRAORDINARY PROFIT, BUT THEY'RE NOT GONNA YIELD EASILY. 192 00:06:48,509 --> 00:06:49,808 THEY'RE NOT GONNA YIELD EASILY. >> YOU'VE GOT TO DEFEAT THEM 193 00:06:49,810 --> 00:06:51,910 >> YOU'VE GOT TO DEFEAT THEM BUT NOT KILL THEM. 194 00:06:54,380 --> 00:06:56,882 OH, YEAH, I SEE. >> NOW I'VE GOT YOU IN AN 195 00:06:56,884 --> 00:06:58,016 >> NOW I'VE GOT YOU IN AN ARM-BREAKING POSITION. 196 00:06:58,018 --> 00:06:59,084 ARM-BREAKING POSITION. >> HE COULD BREAK MY 197 00:06:59,086 --> 00:06:59,751 >> HE COULD BREAK MY ARM. 198 00:06:59,753 --> 00:07:00,852 ARM. I CAN FEEL THAT HE CAN BREAK MY 199 00:07:00,854 --> 00:07:01,486 I CAN FEEL THAT HE CAN BREAK MY ARM. 200 00:07:01,488 --> 00:07:02,354 ARM. >> I CAN MAKE IT WORSE AND WORSE 201 00:07:02,356 --> 00:07:03,422 >> I CAN MAKE IT WORSE AND WORSE UNTIL-- 202 00:07:03,424 --> 00:07:04,322 UNTIL-- >> I YIELD. 203 00:07:04,324 --> 00:07:05,690 >> I YIELD. AND THEN I GIVE YOU MY WORD. 204 00:07:05,692 --> 00:07:07,526 AND THEN I GIVE YOU MY WORD. I YIELD, I AM NOW YOUR PRISONER. 205 00:07:07,528 --> 00:07:08,226 I YIELD, I AM NOW YOUR PRISONER. YOU CAN LET ME UP. 206 00:07:08,228 --> 00:07:08,927 YOU CAN LET ME UP. >> FINE. 207 00:07:08,929 --> 00:07:09,895 >> FINE. >> [laughs] 208 00:07:09,897 --> 00:07:12,164 >> [laughs] CHIVALRY WORKS WITH PEOPLE OF 209 00:07:12,166 --> 00:07:13,565 CHIVALRY WORKS WITH PEOPLE OF THE SAME CLASS. 210 00:07:13,567 --> 00:07:14,232 THE SAME CLASS. OF COURSE, IF HE DOESN'T 211 00:07:14,234 --> 00:07:15,967 OF COURSE, IF HE DOESN'T PERCEIVE I AM HIS SAME SOCIAL 212 00:07:15,969 --> 00:07:17,302 PERCEIVE I AM HIS SAME SOCIAL CLASS, THEN CHIVALRY DOESN'T 213 00:07:17,304 --> 00:07:19,104 CLASS, THEN CHIVALRY DOESN'T WORK AND HE DROPS ME TO THE 214 00:07:19,106 --> 00:07:20,572 WORK AND HE DROPS ME TO THE DIRT. 215 00:07:20,574 --> 00:07:22,007 DIRT. KNIGHTS WERE ICONS OF THE 216 00:07:22,009 --> 00:07:24,142 KNIGHTS WERE ICONS OF THE MEDIEVAL AGE, BUT AN EQUALLY 217 00:07:24,144 --> 00:07:26,812 MEDIEVAL AGE, BUT AN EQUALLY POWERFUL IMAGE WAS THE CASTLE. 218 00:07:26,814 --> 00:07:28,480 POWERFUL IMAGE WAS THE CASTLE. CASTLES CONJURE UP BOTH THE 219 00:07:28,482 --> 00:07:31,850 CASTLES CONJURE UP BOTH THE ROMANCE AND DREAD OF THE PERIOD. 220 00:07:37,890 --> 00:07:40,425 [speaking French] [clicks tongue] 221 00:07:40,427 --> 00:07:41,593 [clicks tongue] BUT I'M NOT JUST GOING TO LOOK 222 00:07:41,595 --> 00:07:43,595 BUT I'M NOT JUST GOING TO LOOK ROUND AN OLD CASTLE. 223 00:07:43,597 --> 00:07:45,530 ROUND AN OLD CASTLE. I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO HELP BUILD 224 00:07:45,532 --> 00:07:47,532 I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO HELP BUILD A NEW ONE. 225 00:07:50,770 --> 00:07:56,208 WHOA. THIS IS GUEDELON IN FRANCE. 226 00:07:56,210 --> 00:07:57,943 THIS IS GUEDELON IN FRANCE. A SMALL TEAM OF EXPERTS ARE 227 00:07:57,945 --> 00:08:00,912 A SMALL TEAM OF EXPERTS ARE 15 YEARS INTO A UNIQUE PROJECT. 228 00:08:00,914 --> 00:08:03,014 15 YEARS INTO A UNIQUE PROJECT. THEY'RE BUILDING A FULL-SIZED 229 00:08:03,016 --> 00:08:05,150 THEY'RE BUILDING A FULL-SIZED MEDIEVAL CASTLE FROM THE GROUND 230 00:08:05,152 --> 00:08:06,585 MEDIEVAL CASTLE FROM THE GROUND UP. 231 00:08:06,587 --> 00:08:07,686 UP. THERE'S NOTHING ELSE IN THE 232 00:08:07,688 --> 00:08:08,820 THERE'S NOTHING ELSE IN THE WORLD LIKE IT. 233 00:08:08,822 --> 00:08:10,489 WORLD LIKE IT. THESE CRAFTSMEN USE ONLY 234 00:08:10,491 --> 00:08:12,858 THESE CRAFTSMEN USE ONLY AUTHENTIC MATERIALS AND MEDIEVAL 235 00:08:12,860 --> 00:08:14,593 AUTHENTIC MATERIALS AND MEDIEVAL BUILDING TECHNIQUES. 236 00:08:14,595 --> 00:08:16,595 BUILDING TECHNIQUES. THERE'S NO ELECTRICITY, NO POWER 237 00:08:16,597 --> 00:08:18,430 THERE'S NO ELECTRICITY, NO POWER TOOLS, NO DUMP TRUCKS. 238 00:08:18,432 --> 00:08:19,798 TOOLS, NO DUMP TRUCKS. EVERYTHING IS DONE BY HAND, 239 00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:22,400 EVERYTHING IS DONE BY HAND, EXACTLY AS MEDIEVAL BUILDERS 240 00:08:22,402 --> 00:08:24,369 EXACTLY AS MEDIEVAL BUILDERS WOULD HAVE DONE IT. 241 00:08:27,607 --> 00:08:34,346 [both speaking French] BECAUSE ALL CASTLES START 242 00:08:34,348 --> 00:08:36,281 BECAUSE ALL CASTLES START HERE, THEY START WITH THE STONE. 243 00:08:36,283 --> 00:08:39,184 HERE, THEY START WITH THE STONE. THEY START IN THE QUARRY. 244 00:08:39,186 --> 00:08:41,019 THEY START IN THE QUARRY. EVEN QUARRYING THE STONE USES 245 00:08:41,021 --> 00:08:42,487 EVEN QUARRYING THE STONE USES NOTHING BUT TRADITIONAL 246 00:08:42,489 --> 00:08:45,390 NOTHING BUT TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES AND HARD LABOR. 247 00:08:47,727 --> 00:08:51,296 ONCE THE STONE WAS QUARRIED, IT WAS SHAPED BY STONEMASONS. 248 00:08:51,298 --> 00:08:52,531 IT WAS SHAPED BY STONEMASONS. THE CHIEF MASON WAS THE MOST 249 00:08:52,533 --> 00:08:53,565 THE CHIEF MASON WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT PERSON ON ANY 250 00:08:53,567 --> 00:08:55,767 IMPORTANT PERSON ON ANY CASTLE-BUILDING PROJECT. 251 00:08:55,769 --> 00:08:57,802 CASTLE-BUILDING PROJECT. HE WAS THE ARCHITECT, BUILDER, 252 00:08:57,804 --> 00:08:59,905 HE WAS THE ARCHITECT, BUILDER, DESIGNER, CRAFTSMAN, AND 253 00:08:59,907 --> 00:09:03,775 DESIGNER, CRAFTSMAN, AND ENGINEER ALL ROLLED INTO ONE. 254 00:09:03,777 --> 00:09:06,077 ENGINEER ALL ROLLED INTO ONE. BELOW THE MASON WAS AN ARMY OF 255 00:09:06,079 --> 00:09:07,112 BELOW THE MASON WAS AN ARMY OF TRADESMEN. 256 00:09:07,114 --> 00:09:08,813 TRADESMEN. MAYBE UP TO 200 MEN ON A CASTLE 257 00:09:08,815 --> 00:09:10,815 MAYBE UP TO 200 MEN ON A CASTLE THIS SIZE, MAKING EVERYTHING, 258 00:09:10,817 --> 00:09:12,384 THIS SIZE, MAKING EVERYTHING, FROM THE WOODEN SCAFFOLDING 259 00:09:12,386 --> 00:09:14,586 FROM THE WOODEN SCAFFOLDING POLES TO CLAY ROOF TILES AND 260 00:09:14,588 --> 00:09:18,757 POLES TO CLAY ROOF TILES AND MORTAR ALL FROM SCRATCH. 261 00:09:18,759 --> 00:09:20,592 MORTAR ALL FROM SCRATCH. HERE THEY'RE MAKING THE MORTAR; 262 00:09:20,594 --> 00:09:23,094 HERE THEY'RE MAKING THE MORTAR; THE STUFF THAT BINDS ALL THE 263 00:09:23,096 --> 00:09:24,229 THE STUFF THAT BINDS ALL THE STONES TOGETHER. 264 00:09:24,231 --> 00:09:26,565 STONES TOGETHER. A MIX OF EARTH AND SAND, 265 00:09:26,567 --> 00:09:29,434 A MIX OF EARTH AND SAND, LIME AND WATER. 266 00:09:29,436 --> 00:09:32,337 LIME AND WATER. [speaking French] 267 00:09:32,339 --> 00:09:33,738 [speaking French] CASTLES WERE AT THE 268 00:09:33,740 --> 00:09:35,874 CASTLES WERE AT THE HEART OF THE COMMUNITY. 269 00:09:35,876 --> 00:09:37,542 HEART OF THE COMMUNITY. EVERYONE PASSED THROUGH THESE 270 00:09:37,544 --> 00:09:41,413 EVERYONE PASSED THROUGH THESE GATES, FROM PEASANTS TO PRINCES. 271 00:09:41,415 --> 00:09:44,783 GATES, FROM PEASANTS TO PRINCES. IT'S TAKING 45,000 TONS OF STONE 272 00:09:44,785 --> 00:09:47,118 IT'S TAKING 45,000 TONS OF STONE TO BUILD THIS CASTLE, AND IT ALL 273 00:09:47,120 --> 00:09:48,920 TO BUILD THIS CASTLE, AND IT ALL HAS TO BE LIFTED USING NOTHING 274 00:09:48,922 --> 00:09:50,922 HAS TO BE LIFTED USING NOTHING BUT MUSCLE POWER. 275 00:09:50,924 --> 00:09:52,424 BUT MUSCLE POWER. SO DO THEY GET THE STONE TO THE 276 00:09:52,426 --> 00:09:53,425 SO DO THEY GET THE STONE TO THE TOP? 277 00:09:53,427 --> 00:09:55,660 TOP? THE ANSWER IS A REMARKABLY 278 00:09:55,662 --> 00:09:57,696 THE ANSWER IS A REMARKABLY ADVANCED CRANE THAT CAN LIFT AS 279 00:09:57,698 --> 00:09:59,798 ADVANCED CRANE THAT CAN LIFT AS MUCH AS MANY MODERN CONSTRUCTION 280 00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:01,800 MUCH AS MANY MODERN CONSTRUCTION CRANES. 281 00:10:05,771 --> 00:10:08,840 THIS IS THE MOST INGENIOUS MECHANISM. 282 00:10:08,842 --> 00:10:10,976 MECHANISM. THIS DOUBLE-DRUM TREADWHEEL 283 00:10:10,978 --> 00:10:12,477 THIS DOUBLE-DRUM TREADWHEEL ACTUALLY HAS THE CAPACITY TO 284 00:10:12,479 --> 00:10:16,781 ACTUALLY HAS THE CAPACITY TO LIFT 2/3 OF A TON. 285 00:10:16,783 --> 00:10:18,817 LIFT 2/3 OF A TON. THERE'S TWO OF US WORKING THESE 286 00:10:18,819 --> 00:10:20,819 THERE'S TWO OF US WORKING THESE WHEELS, WALKING AWAY LIKE 287 00:10:20,821 --> 00:10:21,753 WHEELS, WALKING AWAY LIKE HAMSTERS. 288 00:10:21,755 --> 00:10:23,688 HAMSTERS. IT'S NO DIFFERENT TO WALKING ON 289 00:10:23,690 --> 00:10:26,558 IT'S NO DIFFERENT TO WALKING ON THE TREADMILL AT THE GYMNASIUM. 290 00:10:26,560 --> 00:10:29,027 THE TREADMILL AT THE GYMNASIUM. YOU CAN SEE THE HUGE PAYLOAD OF 291 00:10:29,029 --> 00:10:31,830 YOU CAN SEE THE HUGE PAYLOAD OF ROCK THAT WE'RE LIFTING UP. 292 00:10:38,504 --> 00:10:40,872 NOW THE WHOLE THING IS SWINGING ROUND. 293 00:10:40,874 --> 00:10:42,674 ROUND. THIS PALLET OF STONE IS BEING 294 00:10:42,676 --> 00:10:44,309 THIS PALLET OF STONE IS BEING SWUNG INTO POSITION, AND WE'RE 295 00:10:44,311 --> 00:10:46,544 SWUNG INTO POSITION, AND WE'RE NOW LIFTING IT UP TO THE MASONS 296 00:10:46,546 --> 00:10:51,249 NOW LIFTING IT UP TO THE MASONS ON THE UPPER LEVEL. 297 00:10:51,251 --> 00:10:52,684 ON THE UPPER LEVEL. GUEDELON IS BASED ON AN 298 00:10:52,686 --> 00:10:54,586 GUEDELON IS BASED ON AN 800-YEAR-OLD FRENCH CASTLE 299 00:10:54,588 --> 00:10:55,920 800-YEAR-OLD FRENCH CASTLE DESIGN. 300 00:10:55,922 --> 00:10:57,389 DESIGN. WHEN IT'S FINISHED, IT WILL HAVE 301 00:10:57,391 --> 00:10:59,824 WHEN IT'S FINISHED, IT WILL HAVE SIX TOWERS, A GREAT HALL, AND 302 00:10:59,826 --> 00:11:01,726 SIX TOWERS, A GREAT HALL, AND HIGH WALLS, ENCLOSING MORE THAN 303 00:11:01,728 --> 00:11:03,461 HIGH WALLS, ENCLOSING MORE THAN AN ACRE OF LAND. 304 00:11:03,463 --> 00:11:05,697 AN ACRE OF LAND. ALL SURROUNDED BY A HUGE 305 00:11:05,699 --> 00:11:08,266 ALL SURROUNDED BY A HUGE DRY MOAT. 306 00:11:08,268 --> 00:11:09,534 DRY MOAT. THIS IS THE TOP OF THE LORD'S 307 00:11:09,536 --> 00:11:11,736 THIS IS THE TOP OF THE LORD'S TOWER, LAYING THIS MORTAR TO PUT 308 00:11:11,738 --> 00:11:13,505 TOWER, LAYING THIS MORTAR TO PUT IN THE NEXT STONE. 309 00:11:13,507 --> 00:11:15,373 IN THE NEXT STONE. BUT IF YOU LOOK AT THIS STONE, 310 00:11:15,375 --> 00:11:17,976 BUT IF YOU LOOK AT THIS STONE, YOU SEE THE DETAIL AND ATTENTION 311 00:11:17,978 --> 00:11:19,811 YOU SEE THE DETAIL AND ATTENTION TO THIS CONSTRUCTION. 312 00:11:19,813 --> 00:11:22,113 TO THIS CONSTRUCTION. THERE ARE ALL THESE MASON MARKS 313 00:11:22,115 --> 00:11:22,781 THERE ARE ALL THESE MASON MARKS ON HERE. 314 00:11:22,783 --> 00:11:24,516 ON HERE. FIRST OF ALL, THERE'S AN ARROW, 315 00:11:24,518 --> 00:11:26,084 FIRST OF ALL, THERE'S AN ARROW, WHICH IS TELLING US THAT THIS IS 316 00:11:26,086 --> 00:11:27,652 WHICH IS TELLING US THAT THIS IS THE WAY IT SHOULD FACE. 317 00:11:27,654 --> 00:11:29,654 THE WAY IT SHOULD FACE. THAT'S THE NAME OF THE MAN WHO 318 00:11:29,656 --> 00:11:31,823 THAT'S THE NAME OF THE MAN WHO MADE IT, THE MAN WHO CUT THIS 319 00:11:31,825 --> 00:11:32,857 MADE IT, THE MAN WHO CUT THIS STONE. 320 00:11:32,859 --> 00:11:35,126 STONE. AND THIS IS THE MEASUREMENT OF 321 00:11:35,128 --> 00:11:35,794 AND THIS IS THE MEASUREMENT OF IT. 322 00:11:35,796 --> 00:11:37,128 IT. IN ROMAN NUMERALS IS THE FIGURE 323 00:11:37,130 --> 00:11:38,797 IN ROMAN NUMERALS IS THE FIGURE EIGHT, TELLING ME THAT IT'S 324 00:11:38,799 --> 00:11:40,865 EIGHT, TELLING ME THAT IT'S EIGHT INCHES DEEP. 325 00:11:40,867 --> 00:11:41,633 EIGHT INCHES DEEP. I THINK I'M GONNA NEED YOUR 326 00:11:41,635 --> 00:11:42,300 I THINK I'M GONNA NEED YOUR HELP. 327 00:11:42,302 --> 00:11:42,967 HELP. [speaking French] 328 00:11:42,969 --> 00:11:44,903 [speaking French] SO WE TIP IT UP LIKE THAT. 329 00:11:44,905 --> 00:11:46,404 SO WE TIP IT UP LIKE THAT. OKAY. 330 00:11:46,406 --> 00:11:50,175 OKAY. THERE WE GO. 331 00:11:50,177 --> 00:11:52,744 THERE WE GO. AND THAT IS NOW HANGING TRUE, 332 00:11:52,746 --> 00:11:54,846 AND THAT IS NOW HANGING TRUE, AND THAT STONE IS PERFECT. 333 00:11:54,848 --> 00:11:57,215 AND THAT STONE IS PERFECT. AND I HAVE BUILT A LITTLE, TINY 334 00:11:57,217 --> 00:11:59,484 AND I HAVE BUILT A LITTLE, TINY BIT OF GUEDELON CASTLE. 335 00:11:59,486 --> 00:12:01,920 BIT OF GUEDELON CASTLE. THIS WAS PRECISE ENGINEERING, 336 00:12:01,922 --> 00:12:03,488 THIS WAS PRECISE ENGINEERING, CREATING BUILDINGS THAT WOULD 337 00:12:03,490 --> 00:12:05,356 CREATING BUILDINGS THAT WOULD LAST FOR HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS 338 00:12:05,358 --> 00:12:07,125 LAST FOR HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF YEARS. 339 00:12:07,127 --> 00:12:08,960 OF YEARS. CASTLES REMAIN A MAJESTIC SIGHT 340 00:12:08,962 --> 00:12:11,896 CASTLES REMAIN A MAJESTIC SIGHT IN THE EUROPEAN LANDSCAPE TODAY. 341 00:12:11,898 --> 00:12:16,167 IN THE EUROPEAN LANDSCAPE TODAY. >> I'M MIKE LOADES, 342 00:12:16,169 --> 00:12:17,902 >> I'M MIKE LOADES, AND I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO SHOW 343 00:12:17,904 --> 00:12:19,704 AND I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO SHOW YOU WHAT LIFE WAS LIKE 800 YEARS 344 00:12:19,706 --> 00:12:20,638 YOU WHAT LIFE WAS LIKE 800 YEARS AGO. 345 00:12:20,640 --> 00:12:22,440 AGO. IT'S A MEDIEVAL JOURNEY THAT'S 346 00:12:22,442 --> 00:12:24,876 IT'S A MEDIEVAL JOURNEY THAT'S FULL OF SURPRISES. 347 00:12:28,314 --> 00:12:31,716 WITH FEW DECENT ROADS, BY FAR THE BEST WAY TO TRANSPORT HEAVY 348 00:12:31,718 --> 00:12:33,752 THE BEST WAY TO TRANSPORT HEAVY GOODS WAS BY SHIP. 349 00:12:33,754 --> 00:12:36,154 GOODS WAS BY SHIP. THE SEAS OF EUROPE WERE FULL OF 350 00:12:36,156 --> 00:12:39,924 THE SEAS OF EUROPE WERE FULL OF THESE TRADING VESSELS. 351 00:12:39,926 --> 00:12:42,727 THESE TRADING VESSELS. CARGO SHIPS LIKE THIS, WHICH ARE 352 00:12:42,729 --> 00:12:44,395 CARGO SHIPS LIKE THIS, WHICH ARE KNOWN AS COGS, WERE THE 353 00:12:44,397 --> 00:12:47,332 KNOWN AS COGS, WERE THE WORKHORSES OF THE SEA. 354 00:12:47,334 --> 00:12:49,267 WORKHORSES OF THE SEA. THEY'RE A SINGLE-MASTED VESSEL, 355 00:12:49,269 --> 00:12:52,704 THEY'RE A SINGLE-MASTED VESSEL, WITH VERY HEAVY SAILS, AND VERY 356 00:12:52,706 --> 00:12:56,141 WITH VERY HEAVY SAILS, AND VERY BROAD, FLAT-BOTTOM BOATS. 357 00:12:56,143 --> 00:12:58,343 BROAD, FLAT-BOTTOM BOATS. THIS MEANT THEY COULD CARRY A 358 00:12:58,345 --> 00:13:00,345 THIS MEANT THEY COULD CARRY A GREAT DEAL OF CARGO. 359 00:13:00,347 --> 00:13:02,147 GREAT DEAL OF CARGO. THESE DECKS COULD BE FULL OF 360 00:13:02,149 --> 00:13:05,083 THESE DECKS COULD BE FULL OF TIMBERS FROM SCANDINAVIA, 361 00:13:05,085 --> 00:13:07,585 TIMBERS FROM SCANDINAVIA, FURS FROM THE BALTIC, OR EVEN 362 00:13:07,587 --> 00:13:09,587 FURS FROM THE BALTIC, OR EVEN JUST BRINGING CATTLE AND 363 00:13:09,589 --> 00:13:11,456 JUST BRINGING CATTLE AND LIVESTOCK FROM ONE END OF THE 364 00:13:11,458 --> 00:13:13,458 LIVESTOCK FROM ONE END OF THE COUNTRY TO THE OTHER. 365 00:13:15,494 --> 00:13:18,563 NOW THE SAIL HAS PICKED UP OUR WIND, AND WE'RE MOVING ALONG AT 366 00:13:18,565 --> 00:13:21,199 WIND, AND WE'RE MOVING ALONG AT REALLY QUITE A CLIP. 367 00:13:21,201 --> 00:13:22,667 REALLY QUITE A CLIP. THESE SHIPS WERE SO POPULAR THAT 368 00:13:22,669 --> 00:13:25,470 THESE SHIPS WERE SO POPULAR THAT BY 1300, THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK 369 00:13:25,472 --> 00:13:27,138 BY 1300, THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK ALONE HAD A FLEET OF OVER 1,000 370 00:13:27,140 --> 00:13:30,241 ALONE HAD A FLEET OF OVER 1,000 OF THEM. 371 00:13:30,243 --> 00:13:32,410 OF THEM. THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF THE 372 00:13:32,412 --> 00:13:34,712 THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF THE COG IS THAT THE STEERING RUDDER, 373 00:13:34,714 --> 00:13:37,649 COG IS THAT THE STEERING RUDDER, THE HELM, IS CENTRALLY MOUNTED 374 00:13:37,651 --> 00:13:38,449 THE HELM, IS CENTRALLY MOUNTED AT THE BACK. 375 00:13:38,451 --> 00:13:40,985 AT THE BACK. ON EARLIER SHIPS, IT WAS ON ONE 376 00:13:40,987 --> 00:13:42,720 ON EARLIER SHIPS, IT WAS ON ONE SIDE, WHERE IT WAS CALLED THE 377 00:13:42,722 --> 00:13:45,323 SIDE, WHERE IT WAS CALLED THE STEERBOARD, THE STEERING BOARD. 378 00:13:45,325 --> 00:13:46,691 STEERBOARD, THE STEERING BOARD. OF COURSE THAT'S WHERE WE GET 379 00:13:46,693 --> 00:13:48,860 OF COURSE THAT'S WHERE WE GET THE WORD STARBOARD. 380 00:13:48,862 --> 00:13:49,694 THE WORD STARBOARD. OF COURSE IF YOU'VE GOT YOUR 381 00:13:49,696 --> 00:13:51,229 OF COURSE IF YOU'VE GOT YOUR STEERING MECHANISM, YOUR 382 00:13:51,231 --> 00:13:53,498 STEERING MECHANISM, YOUR STARBOARD, ON ONE SIDE, YOU 383 00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:55,700 STARBOARD, ON ONE SIDE, YOU CAN'T GO INTO PORT ON THAT SIDE, 384 00:13:55,702 --> 00:13:57,702 CAN'T GO INTO PORT ON THAT SIDE, SO YOU WENT INTO PORT ON THE 385 00:13:57,704 --> 00:14:02,574 SO YOU WENT INTO PORT ON THE OTHER SIDE, ON THE PORTSIDE. 386 00:14:02,576 --> 00:14:04,275 OTHER SIDE, ON THE PORTSIDE. THE SHALLOW-DRAFTED DESIGN MEANT 387 00:14:04,277 --> 00:14:05,944 THE SHALLOW-DRAFTED DESIGN MEANT THAT YOU COULD DOCK THESE SHIPS 388 00:14:05,946 --> 00:14:07,779 THAT YOU COULD DOCK THESE SHIPS IN ANY PORT THROUGHOUT EUROPE. 389 00:14:07,781 --> 00:14:10,081 IN ANY PORT THROUGHOUT EUROPE. SO ANY LITTLE COASTAL TOWN COULD 390 00:14:10,083 --> 00:14:11,916 SO ANY LITTLE COASTAL TOWN COULD TAKE IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 391 00:14:11,918 --> 00:14:14,285 TAKE IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BE A GATEWAY TO THE WIDER 392 00:14:14,287 --> 00:14:14,953 AND BE A GATEWAY TO THE WIDER WORLD. 393 00:14:14,955 --> 00:14:16,554 WORLD. >> [grunts] 394 00:14:16,556 --> 00:14:18,323 >> [grunts] >> THIS WONDERFUL PLACE 395 00:14:18,325 --> 00:14:20,058 >> THIS WONDERFUL PLACE IS THE MEDIEVAL CENTER IN 396 00:14:20,060 --> 00:14:21,292 IS THE MEDIEVAL CENTER IN DENMARK. 397 00:14:21,294 --> 00:14:23,228 DENMARK. IT'S AN AUTHENTIC REPLICA OF THE 398 00:14:23,230 --> 00:14:25,230 IT'S AN AUTHENTIC REPLICA OF THE SORT OF LITTLE PORT TOWN THAT 399 00:14:25,232 --> 00:14:27,198 SORT OF LITTLE PORT TOWN THAT YOU WOULD FIND ALL OVER EUROPE. 400 00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:28,867 YOU WOULD FIND ALL OVER EUROPE. THIS PLACE IS A LIVING HISTORY 401 00:14:28,869 --> 00:14:30,602 THIS PLACE IS A LIVING HISTORY MUSEUM, WHERE EVERYONE GOES AS 402 00:14:30,604 --> 00:14:32,403 MUSEUM, WHERE EVERYONE GOES AS MEDIEVAL AS POSSIBLE. 403 00:14:32,405 --> 00:14:34,205 MEDIEVAL AS POSSIBLE. [grunting] 404 00:14:34,207 --> 00:14:35,707 [grunting] AND YOU SEE THERE'S GOODS FROM 405 00:14:35,709 --> 00:14:37,642 AND YOU SEE THERE'S GOODS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD HERE. 406 00:14:37,644 --> 00:14:39,310 ALL OVER THE WORLD HERE. FURS FROM THE BALTIC. 407 00:14:39,312 --> 00:14:41,012 FURS FROM THE BALTIC. THERE'S WONDERFUL WOODEN GOODS, 408 00:14:41,014 --> 00:14:42,180 THERE'S WONDERFUL WOODEN GOODS, POTTERY GOODS. 409 00:14:42,182 --> 00:14:44,649 POTTERY GOODS. CLOTHING. 410 00:14:44,651 --> 00:14:45,917 CLOTHING. OKAY, I'M HANDSOME IN THIS? 411 00:14:45,919 --> 00:14:47,018 OKAY, I'M HANDSOME IN THIS? YEAH, VERY HANDSOME. 412 00:14:47,020 --> 00:14:48,052 YEAH, VERY HANDSOME. YEAH, IT'S A GOOD LOOK FOR ME? 413 00:14:48,054 --> 00:14:50,955 YEAH, IT'S A GOOD LOOK FOR ME? >> [speaking Danish] 414 00:14:50,957 --> 00:14:51,789 >> [speaking Danish] >> I HAVEN'T A CLUE WHAT 415 00:14:51,791 --> 00:14:52,457 >> I HAVEN'T A CLUE WHAT THEY'RE SAYING. 416 00:14:52,459 --> 00:14:53,157 THEY'RE SAYING. I'M SURE THEY THINK I LOOK 417 00:14:53,159 --> 00:14:54,425 I'M SURE THEY THINK I LOOK LOVELY. 418 00:14:54,427 --> 00:14:55,093 LOVELY. BUT THE POINT IS THEY'RE 419 00:14:55,095 --> 00:14:56,027 BUT THE POINT IS THEY'RE SPEAKING DANISH, SO I DON'T 420 00:14:56,029 --> 00:14:56,828 SPEAKING DANISH, SO I DON'T UNDERSTAND THEM. 421 00:14:56,830 --> 00:14:58,196 UNDERSTAND THEM. BUT THAT WOULD BE A REAL PROBLEM 422 00:14:58,198 --> 00:14:59,764 BUT THAT WOULD BE A REAL PROBLEM FOR THE MEDIEVAL TRAVELER. 423 00:14:59,766 --> 00:15:01,366 FOR THE MEDIEVAL TRAVELER. NOT JUST TRAVELING 424 00:15:01,368 --> 00:15:02,634 NOT JUST TRAVELING INTERNATIONALLY, BUT IN HIS OWN 425 00:15:02,636 --> 00:15:03,501 INTERNATIONALLY, BUT IN HIS OWN COUNTRY. 426 00:15:03,503 --> 00:15:06,905 COUNTRY. >> [speaking Danish] 427 00:15:06,907 --> 00:15:07,939 >> [speaking Danish] >> REGIONAL DIALECTS 428 00:15:07,941 --> 00:15:08,673 >> REGIONAL DIALECTS WERE ALMOST LIKE DIFFERENT 429 00:15:08,675 --> 00:15:10,141 WERE ALMOST LIKE DIFFERENT LANGUAGES. 430 00:15:10,143 --> 00:15:11,643 LANGUAGES. SO THAT THE TRAVELER FROM YORK 431 00:15:11,645 --> 00:15:13,278 SO THAT THE TRAVELER FROM YORK WOULD FIND IT VERY DIFFICULT TO 432 00:15:13,280 --> 00:15:14,212 WOULD FIND IT VERY DIFFICULT TO MAKE HIMSELF UNDERSTOOD IN 433 00:15:14,214 --> 00:15:14,979 MAKE HIMSELF UNDERSTOOD IN LONDON. 434 00:15:14,981 --> 00:15:16,648 LONDON. THE MAN FROM MARSEILLES WOULD BE 435 00:15:16,650 --> 00:15:19,417 THE MAN FROM MARSEILLES WOULD BE INCOMPREHENSIBLE IN PARIS. 436 00:15:19,419 --> 00:15:20,285 INCOMPREHENSIBLE IN PARIS. ANOTHER PROBLEM IN THE 437 00:15:20,287 --> 00:15:22,420 ANOTHER PROBLEM IN THE MARKETPLACE WAS MAKING SURE YOU 438 00:15:22,422 --> 00:15:23,888 MARKETPLACE WAS MAKING SURE YOU DIDN'T GET CHEATED. 439 00:15:23,890 --> 00:15:26,791 DIDN'T GET CHEATED. TRADERS WHO TRIED TO FLEECE THE 440 00:15:26,793 --> 00:15:28,726 TRADERS WHO TRIED TO FLEECE THE PUBLIC EITHER BY INFLATING 441 00:15:28,728 --> 00:15:31,663 PUBLIC EITHER BY INFLATING PRICES OR SELLING SHORT MEASURES 442 00:15:31,665 --> 00:15:34,599 PRICES OR SELLING SHORT MEASURES OR PASSING OFF CHEAP IMITATIONS 443 00:15:34,601 --> 00:15:37,035 OR PASSING OFF CHEAP IMITATIONS WERE PUBLICLY SHAMED BY BEING 444 00:15:37,037 --> 00:15:41,539 WERE PUBLICLY SHAMED BY BEING PLACED IN THE PILLORY. 445 00:15:41,541 --> 00:15:43,675 PLACED IN THE PILLORY. THERE'S AN ACCOUNT OF ONE ROBERT 446 00:15:43,677 --> 00:15:45,843 THERE'S AN ACCOUNT OF ONE ROBERT PORTER IN 1387. 447 00:15:45,845 --> 00:15:48,546 PORTER IN 1387. HE WAS A BAKER, AND HE HAD PUT 448 00:15:48,548 --> 00:15:51,182 HE WAS A BAKER, AND HE HAD PUT IRON WEIGHTS INTO THE LOAVES OF 449 00:15:51,184 --> 00:15:52,617 IRON WEIGHTS INTO THE LOAVES OF BREAD HE WAS SELLING TO MAKE 450 00:15:52,619 --> 00:15:53,718 BREAD HE WAS SELLING TO MAKE THEM WEIGH MORE. 451 00:15:53,720 --> 00:15:54,886 THEM WEIGH MORE. HE WAS PUT IN THE PILLORY, AND 452 00:15:54,888 --> 00:15:56,721 HE WAS PUT IN THE PILLORY, AND THE IRON WEIGHT WAS HUNG AROUND 453 00:15:56,723 --> 00:16:00,291 THE IRON WEIGHT WAS HUNG AROUND HIS NECK AND THE LOAF WAS HUNG 454 00:16:00,293 --> 00:16:01,893 HIS NECK AND THE LOAF WAS HUNG AROUND HIS NECK, SO THERE COULD 455 00:16:01,895 --> 00:16:03,695 AROUND HIS NECK, SO THERE COULD BE NO MISTAKE ABOUT WHAT HE'D 456 00:16:03,697 --> 00:16:05,997 BE NO MISTAKE ABOUT WHAT HE'D DONE. 457 00:16:05,999 --> 00:16:07,465 DONE. AS IF THAT WASN'T BAD ENOUGH, 458 00:16:07,467 --> 00:16:09,167 AS IF THAT WASN'T BAD ENOUGH, YOU HAD TO ENDURE THE ABUSE OF 459 00:16:09,169 --> 00:16:10,702 YOU HAD TO ENDURE THE ABUSE OF YOUR NEIGHBORS AS WELL. 460 00:16:10,704 --> 00:16:13,805 YOUR NEIGHBORS AS WELL. [shouting angrily] 461 00:16:13,807 --> 00:16:15,340 [shouting angrily] >> THEY THROW ROTTEN VEGETABLES, 462 00:16:15,342 --> 00:16:17,141 >> THEY THROW ROTTEN VEGETABLES, STINKING FISH, ROTTEN EGGS, 463 00:16:17,143 --> 00:16:18,710 STINKING FISH, ROTTEN EGGS, ANIMAL DUNG, ANYTHING THEY COULD 464 00:16:18,712 --> 00:16:20,044 ANIMAL DUNG, ANYTHING THEY COULD FIND, AND HE WAS THERE FOR 465 00:16:20,046 --> 00:16:21,245 FIND, AND HE WAS THERE FOR SEVERAL HOURS. 466 00:16:21,247 --> 00:16:23,581 SEVERAL HOURS. AND IN A SMALL COMMUNITY, THIS 467 00:16:23,583 --> 00:16:25,650 AND IN A SMALL COMMUNITY, THIS PUBLIC SHAMING HAD A GREAT 468 00:16:25,652 --> 00:16:27,285 PUBLIC SHAMING HAD A GREAT EFFECT. 469 00:16:27,287 --> 00:16:28,686 EFFECT. THIS WAS THE EQUIVALENT OF BEING 470 00:16:28,688 --> 00:16:30,221 THIS WAS THE EQUIVALENT OF BEING ON THE FRONT PAGE OF A TABLOID 471 00:16:30,223 --> 00:16:33,424 ON THE FRONT PAGE OF A TABLOID NEWSPAPER. 472 00:16:33,426 --> 00:16:34,325 NEWSPAPER. PILLORY WASN'T THE ONLY 473 00:16:34,327 --> 00:16:35,393 PILLORY WASN'T THE ONLY PUNISHMENT. 474 00:16:35,395 --> 00:16:37,595 PUNISHMENT. THIEVES COULD BE BRANDED ON THE 475 00:16:37,597 --> 00:16:40,365 THIEVES COULD BE BRANDED ON THE FACE OR THE HANDS SO THE WORLD 476 00:16:40,367 --> 00:16:43,401 FACE OR THE HANDS SO THE WORLD COULD SEE THEIR CRIMES FOREVER. 477 00:16:43,403 --> 00:16:45,636 COULD SEE THEIR CRIMES FOREVER. [water splashing] 478 00:16:45,638 --> 00:16:47,205 [water splashing] THE IDEA THAT MEDIEVAL EUROPE 479 00:16:47,207 --> 00:16:49,440 THE IDEA THAT MEDIEVAL EUROPE WAS DULL AND GRAY IS QUITE 480 00:16:49,442 --> 00:16:50,241 WAS DULL AND GRAY IS QUITE WRONG. 481 00:16:50,243 --> 00:16:51,943 WRONG. IN FACT, IT WAS VIBRANT WITH 482 00:16:51,945 --> 00:16:53,378 IN FACT, IT WAS VIBRANT WITH DAZZLING COLOR. 483 00:16:53,380 --> 00:16:54,779 DAZZLING COLOR. AND IN ORDER TO PUT THAT COLOR 484 00:16:54,781 --> 00:16:56,881 AND IN ORDER TO PUT THAT COLOR IN THEIR CLOTHES, THEY USED A 485 00:16:56,883 --> 00:16:58,983 IN THEIR CLOTHES, THEY USED A SURPRISING INGREDIENT. 486 00:16:58,985 --> 00:17:00,418 SURPRISING INGREDIENT. >> WHAT WE WILL BE USING IS, IN 487 00:17:00,420 --> 00:17:02,687 >> WHAT WE WILL BE USING IS, IN FACT, STALE URINE PRODUCED BY A 488 00:17:02,689 --> 00:17:03,321 FACT, STALE URINE PRODUCED BY A MAN. 489 00:17:03,323 --> 00:17:04,222 MAN. AND IT'S GOT TO BE A MAN, 490 00:17:04,224 --> 00:17:05,390 AND IT'S GOT TO BE A MAN, AND IT'S GOT TO BE STALE. 491 00:17:05,392 --> 00:17:07,325 AND IT'S GOT TO BE STALE. >> SO HOW OLD IS THIS 492 00:17:07,327 --> 00:17:07,959 >> SO HOW OLD IS THIS URINE? 493 00:17:07,961 --> 00:17:08,860 URINE? >> THIS IS A MONTH. 494 00:17:08,862 --> 00:17:09,861 >> THIS IS A MONTH. >> JULIA CLARK IS AN 495 00:17:09,863 --> 00:17:11,763 >> JULIA CLARK IS AN EXPERT ON MEDIEVAL DYES. 496 00:17:11,765 --> 00:17:13,798 EXPERT ON MEDIEVAL DYES. WOOL AND CLOTH WERE DYED WITH 497 00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:15,500 WOOL AND CLOTH WERE DYED WITH VEGETABLE DYES, AND FOR SOME 498 00:17:15,502 --> 00:17:17,135 VEGETABLE DYES, AND FOR SOME COLORS, URINE WAS A KEY PART OF 499 00:17:17,137 --> 00:17:18,302 COLORS, URINE WAS A KEY PART OF THE PROCESS. 500 00:17:18,304 --> 00:17:19,370 THE PROCESS. >> IN IT GOES. 501 00:17:19,372 --> 00:17:20,671 >> IN IT GOES. >> WE'RE NOW ADDING THE 502 00:17:20,673 --> 00:17:23,608 >> WE'RE NOW ADDING THE STALE URINE OF A MAN INTO THE 503 00:17:23,610 --> 00:17:25,710 STALE URINE OF A MAN INTO THE MIX. 504 00:17:25,712 --> 00:17:28,212 MIX. IN LONDON IN THE 1300s, THERE 505 00:17:28,214 --> 00:17:29,881 IN LONDON IN THE 1300s, THERE WERE BUCKETS ON STREET CORNERS 506 00:17:29,883 --> 00:17:32,850 WERE BUCKETS ON STREET CORNERS FOR MEN TO DEPOSIT THEIR URINE, 507 00:17:32,852 --> 00:17:34,018 FOR MEN TO DEPOSIT THEIR URINE, WHICH WAS THEN COLLECTED AND 508 00:17:34,020 --> 00:17:35,787 WHICH WAS THEN COLLECTED AND TAKEN TO THE LOCAL DYE WORKS. 509 00:17:35,789 --> 00:17:37,922 TAKEN TO THE LOCAL DYE WORKS. IT'S THE AMMONIA IN STALE URINE 510 00:17:37,924 --> 00:17:39,557 IT'S THE AMMONIA IN STALE URINE THAT FIXES THE DYE. 511 00:17:39,559 --> 00:17:40,491 THAT FIXES THE DYE. BUT MODERN SCIENCE HASN'T 512 00:17:40,493 --> 00:17:42,226 BUT MODERN SCIENCE HASN'T FIGURED OUT IF IT REALLY HAD TO 513 00:17:42,228 --> 00:17:46,864 FIGURED OUT IF IT REALLY HAD TO BE A MAN'S. 514 00:17:46,866 --> 00:17:48,199 BE A MAN'S. THE MEDIEVAL WORLD WAS A 515 00:17:48,201 --> 00:17:49,901 THE MEDIEVAL WORLD WAS A HANDMADE WORLD. 516 00:17:49,903 --> 00:17:51,402 HANDMADE WORLD. EVERYDAY NEEDS WERE 517 00:17:51,404 --> 00:17:53,237 EVERYDAY NEEDS WERE LABOR-INTENSIVE, AND EVERYDAY 518 00:17:53,239 --> 00:17:54,839 LABOR-INTENSIVE, AND EVERYDAY GOODS WERE MADE NOT IN 519 00:17:54,841 --> 00:17:56,240 GOODS WERE MADE NOT IN MASS PRODUCTION FACTORIES, 520 00:17:56,242 --> 00:17:58,042 MASS PRODUCTION FACTORIES, BUT BY HOME WORKERS WITH ARTISAN 521 00:17:58,044 --> 00:17:59,977 BUT BY HOME WORKERS WITH ARTISAN SKILLS. 522 00:18:02,948 --> 00:18:07,618 EVEN THE BASIC TASK OF LIGHTING A FIRE WAS A REAL ART. 523 00:18:10,155 --> 00:18:12,990 [fire crackling] 524 00:18:16,762 --> 00:18:19,764 WHEN THE SUN WENT DOWN, YOU MIGHT THINK THAT MEDIEVAL LIFE 525 00:18:19,766 --> 00:18:21,532 MIGHT THINK THAT MEDIEVAL LIFE STOPPED, BUT THAT WOULD BE TO 526 00:18:21,534 --> 00:18:23,301 STOPPED, BUT THAT WOULD BE TO UNDERESTIMATE THE POWER OF 527 00:18:23,303 --> 00:18:25,937 UNDERESTIMATE THE POWER OF FIRELIGHT, CANDLES, DRINK, 528 00:18:25,939 --> 00:18:28,339 FIRELIGHT, CANDLES, DRINK, AND GOOD COMPANY. 529 00:18:28,341 --> 00:18:29,841 AND GOOD COMPANY. THIS IS A TAVERN. 530 00:18:29,843 --> 00:18:31,809 THIS IS A TAVERN. IT'S NOT ESPECIALLY WELCOMING TO 531 00:18:31,811 --> 00:18:33,845 IT'S NOT ESPECIALLY WELCOMING TO OUT-OF-TOWNERS, NOT WELCOMING TO 532 00:18:33,847 --> 00:18:34,545 OUT-OF-TOWNERS, NOT WELCOMING TO STRANGERS. 533 00:18:34,547 --> 00:18:36,214 STRANGERS. FOR THAT, I WOULD NEED TO GO TO 534 00:18:36,216 --> 00:18:36,848 FOR THAT, I WOULD NEED TO GO TO AN INN. 535 00:18:36,850 --> 00:18:38,349 AN INN. THAT'S WHERE A TRAVELER WOULD 536 00:18:38,351 --> 00:18:40,284 THAT'S WHERE A TRAVELER WOULD FIND FOOD AND LODGING. 537 00:18:40,286 --> 00:18:42,687 FIND FOOD AND LODGING. A TAVERN IS FOR THE LOCAL 538 00:18:42,689 --> 00:18:43,588 A TAVERN IS FOR THE LOCAL COMMUNITY. 539 00:18:43,590 --> 00:18:46,057 COMMUNITY. HERE EVERYBODY KNOWS EVERYBODY 540 00:18:46,059 --> 00:18:46,691 HERE EVERYBODY KNOWS EVERYBODY ELSE. 541 00:18:46,693 --> 00:18:48,593 ELSE. THIS IS THEIR LOCAL MEETING 542 00:18:48,595 --> 00:18:49,660 THIS IS THEIR LOCAL MEETING PLACE. 543 00:18:49,662 --> 00:18:51,963 PLACE. I'M AN OUT-OF-TOWNER TO THEM, 544 00:18:51,965 --> 00:18:54,198 I'M AN OUT-OF-TOWNER TO THEM, SO I'M GONNA SIT HERE ON MY OWN. 545 00:18:55,868 --> 00:18:59,537 TAVERNS WERE SO POPULAR THAT IN THE 1300s, LONDON HAD THREE 546 00:18:59,539 --> 00:19:01,772 THE 1300s, LONDON HAD THREE TIMES AS MANY TAVERNS AS IT DID 547 00:19:01,774 --> 00:19:04,242 TIMES AS MANY TAVERNS AS IT DID CHURCHES. 548 00:19:04,244 --> 00:19:05,843 CHURCHES. THIS IS QUITE A RESPECTABLE 549 00:19:05,845 --> 00:19:07,111 THIS IS QUITE A RESPECTABLE ESTABLISHMENT. 550 00:19:07,113 --> 00:19:09,147 ESTABLISHMENT. UH, HAVING SAID THAT, IT IS 551 00:19:09,149 --> 00:19:10,815 UH, HAVING SAID THAT, IT IS WHERE PEOPLE WOULD COME TO SEEK 552 00:19:10,817 --> 00:19:12,316 WHERE PEOPLE WOULD COME TO SEEK PROSTITUTES, AND YOU CAN TELL 553 00:19:12,318 --> 00:19:13,951 PROSTITUTES, AND YOU CAN TELL THEM BECAUSE THEY WEAR YELLOW 554 00:19:13,953 --> 00:19:15,786 THEM BECAUSE THEY WEAR YELLOW HOODS, A VERY DISTINCTIVE 555 00:19:15,788 --> 00:19:16,954 HOODS, A VERY DISTINCTIVE TRADEMARK. 556 00:19:16,956 --> 00:19:18,389 TRADEMARK. LIGHT AND HEAT IS EXPENSIVE IN 557 00:19:18,391 --> 00:19:19,524 LIGHT AND HEAT IS EXPENSIVE IN THE MIDDLE AGES, AND A TAVERN 558 00:19:19,526 --> 00:19:21,726 THE MIDDLE AGES, AND A TAVERN GIVES FREE LIGHT AND FREE HEAT 559 00:19:21,728 --> 00:19:23,494 GIVES FREE LIGHT AND FREE HEAT FOR PEOPLE TO COME TOGETHER. 560 00:19:23,496 --> 00:19:25,363 FOR PEOPLE TO COME TOGETHER. THIS WAS THE CENTER OF THE 561 00:19:25,365 --> 00:19:26,164 THIS WAS THE CENTER OF THE COMMUNITY. 562 00:19:26,166 --> 00:19:27,165 COMMUNITY. CHEERS. 563 00:19:27,167 --> 00:19:29,133 CHEERS. [all shouting indistinctly] 564 00:19:32,638 --> 00:19:35,406 GETTING FROM PLACE TO PLACE ON LAND WAS SIMPLE. 565 00:19:35,408 --> 00:19:36,674 LAND WAS SIMPLE. YOU EITHER TRAVELED ON FOOT 566 00:19:36,676 --> 00:19:38,609 YOU EITHER TRAVELED ON FOOT OR USED HORSES. 567 00:19:38,611 --> 00:19:40,311 OR USED HORSES. AND IF ON HORSEBACK, YOU USED 568 00:19:40,313 --> 00:19:44,315 AND IF ON HORSEBACK, YOU USED A SPECIAL TYPE OF HORSE. 569 00:19:44,317 --> 00:19:46,751 A SPECIAL TYPE OF HORSE. THESE ARE MEDIEVAL TRAVELLING 570 00:19:46,753 --> 00:19:47,552 THESE ARE MEDIEVAL TRAVELLING HORSES. 571 00:19:47,554 --> 00:19:49,020 HORSES. IN THE MIDDLE AGES, PEOPLE USED 572 00:19:49,022 --> 00:19:50,388 IN THE MIDDLE AGES, PEOPLE USED DIFFERENT HORSES FOR DIFFERENT 573 00:19:50,390 --> 00:19:51,155 DIFFERENT HORSES FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES. 574 00:19:51,157 --> 00:19:52,790 PURPOSES. THESE ARE NOT WARHORSES. 575 00:19:52,792 --> 00:19:54,225 THESE ARE NOT WARHORSES. THEY ARE FOR TRAVEL. 576 00:19:54,227 --> 00:19:57,028 THEY ARE FOR TRAVEL. AND THEY'RE VERY DISTINCTIVE FOR 577 00:19:57,030 --> 00:19:58,596 AND THEY'RE VERY DISTINCTIVE FOR THIS TRAVELING GAIT. 578 00:19:58,598 --> 00:20:00,164 THIS TRAVELING GAIT. IT'S CALLED THE AMBLE. 579 00:20:00,166 --> 00:20:02,633 IT'S CALLED THE AMBLE. MODERN HORSES HAVE FOUR GAITS. 580 00:20:02,635 --> 00:20:04,735 MODERN HORSES HAVE FOUR GAITS. THEY CAN WALK, TROT, CANTER, 581 00:20:04,737 --> 00:20:05,636 THEY CAN WALK, TROT, CANTER, AND GALLOP. 582 00:20:05,638 --> 00:20:07,371 AND GALLOP. BUT THESE HORSES HAVE A UNIQUE 583 00:20:07,373 --> 00:20:08,739 BUT THESE HORSES HAVE A UNIQUE FIFTH GAIT. 584 00:20:08,741 --> 00:20:10,808 FIFTH GAIT. THIS IS THE AMBLE, AND IT'S A 585 00:20:10,810 --> 00:20:13,611 THIS IS THE AMBLE, AND IT'S A VERY FAST WALK. 586 00:20:13,613 --> 00:20:15,313 VERY FAST WALK. I'M GOING MEDIEVAL ON THESE 587 00:20:15,315 --> 00:20:17,048 I'M GOING MEDIEVAL ON THESE HORSES WITH TOBY CAPWELL AND 588 00:20:17,050 --> 00:20:18,516 HORSES WITH TOBY CAPWELL AND GORDON SUMMERS, BOTH EXPERT 589 00:20:18,518 --> 00:20:19,817 GORDON SUMMERS, BOTH EXPERT RIDERS. 590 00:20:19,819 --> 00:20:21,018 RIDERS. IT'S VERY COMFORTABLE, ISN'T IT, 591 00:20:21,020 --> 00:20:21,652 IT'S VERY COMFORTABLE, ISN'T IT, TOBY? 592 00:20:21,654 --> 00:20:22,286 TOBY? >> IT IS. 593 00:20:22,288 --> 00:20:23,221 >> IT IS. IT'S VERY FLAT. 594 00:20:23,223 --> 00:20:24,922 IT'S VERY FLAT. AS YOU CAN SEE, I'M NOT HARDLY 595 00:20:24,924 --> 00:20:26,357 AS YOU CAN SEE, I'M NOT HARDLY GOING UP AND DOWN AT ALL. 596 00:20:26,359 --> 00:20:27,959 GOING UP AND DOWN AT ALL. AND IT'S A GAIT THAT'S VERY 597 00:20:27,961 --> 00:20:28,960 AND IT'S A GAIT THAT'S VERY COMFORTABLE, AND YOU COULD GO 598 00:20:28,962 --> 00:20:30,528 COMFORTABLE, AND YOU COULD GO ALL DAY LIKE THIS REALLY. 599 00:20:30,530 --> 00:20:31,562 ALL DAY LIKE THIS REALLY. >> I MEAN, GORDON, THIS 600 00:20:31,564 --> 00:20:32,830 >> I MEAN, GORDON, THIS IS YOUR FIRST TIME ON ONE OF 601 00:20:32,832 --> 00:20:33,464 IS YOUR FIRST TIME ON ONE OF THESE. 602 00:20:33,466 --> 00:20:34,098 THESE. WHAT DO YOU THINK? 603 00:20:34,100 --> 00:20:34,865 WHAT DO YOU THINK? >> THESE ARE FUN. 604 00:20:34,867 --> 00:20:36,067 >> THESE ARE FUN. IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY 605 00:20:36,069 --> 00:20:37,602 IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY EXPERIENCE UNLIKE ANYTHING. 606 00:20:37,604 --> 00:20:38,736 EXPERIENCE UNLIKE ANYTHING. BUT TOBY'S RIGHT. 607 00:20:38,738 --> 00:20:40,504 BUT TOBY'S RIGHT. I COULD RIDE ALL DAY AND THEN 608 00:20:40,506 --> 00:20:43,774 I COULD RIDE ALL DAY AND THEN ALL NIGHT. 609 00:20:43,776 --> 00:20:45,042 ALL NIGHT. >> MEDIEVAL TRACKS WERE 610 00:20:45,044 --> 00:20:46,711 >> MEDIEVAL TRACKS WERE THE HIGHWAYS OF THEIR DAY, 611 00:20:46,713 --> 00:20:48,079 THE HIGHWAYS OF THEIR DAY, AND TRAVELERS ENCOUNTERED ALL 612 00:20:48,081 --> 00:20:50,514 AND TRAVELERS ENCOUNTERED ALL SORTS OF FOLK ON THEIR JOURNEY. 613 00:20:54,186 --> 00:20:57,722 A COMMON SIGHT NEAR TOWNS AND CITIES WAS THE PACKMAN, LEADING 614 00:20:57,724 --> 00:20:59,423 CITIES WAS THE PACKMAN, LEADING A PACK HORSE LADEN WITH 615 00:20:59,425 --> 00:21:00,258 A PACK HORSE LADEN WITH FIREWOOD. 616 00:21:00,260 --> 00:21:02,627 FIREWOOD. THE ONLY SOURCE OF FUEL FOR 617 00:21:02,629 --> 00:21:05,329 THE ONLY SOURCE OF FUEL FOR DOMESTIC HEAT WAS FIREWOOD. 618 00:21:05,331 --> 00:21:07,064 DOMESTIC HEAT WAS FIREWOOD. AND THESE PACKMEN WOULD BRING 619 00:21:07,066 --> 00:21:08,899 AND THESE PACKMEN WOULD BRING THEIR PACK HORSES INTO THE TOWNS 620 00:21:08,901 --> 00:21:10,301 THEIR PACK HORSES INTO THE TOWNS AND INTO THE CITIES. 621 00:21:10,303 --> 00:21:12,303 AND INTO THE CITIES. THEY WERE THE FUEL TRUCKS OF THE 622 00:21:12,305 --> 00:21:12,937 THEY WERE THE FUEL TRUCKS OF THE DAY. 623 00:21:12,939 --> 00:21:14,905 DAY. IN LONDON AROUND 1300, THERE WAS 624 00:21:14,907 --> 00:21:17,541 IN LONDON AROUND 1300, THERE WAS A POPULATION OF ABOUT 80,000. 625 00:21:17,543 --> 00:21:19,510 A POPULATION OF ABOUT 80,000. YOU CAN IMAGINE THE AMOUNT OF 626 00:21:19,512 --> 00:21:21,412 YOU CAN IMAGINE THE AMOUNT OF FIREWOOD THEY NEEDED NOT JUST 627 00:21:21,414 --> 00:21:23,814 FIREWOOD THEY NEEDED NOT JUST FOR DOMESTIC HEAT, BUT TO FIRE 628 00:21:23,816 --> 00:21:26,250 FOR DOMESTIC HEAT, BUT TO FIRE THE POTTERY KILNS, TO FIRE THE 629 00:21:26,252 --> 00:21:28,319 THE POTTERY KILNS, TO FIRE THE BREAD OVENS, AND TO FIRE THE 630 00:21:28,321 --> 00:21:29,854 BREAD OVENS, AND TO FIRE THE BLACKSMITH'S FORGES. 631 00:21:29,856 --> 00:21:31,989 BLACKSMITH'S FORGES. CONVOYS OF PACKMEN WERE THE 632 00:21:31,991 --> 00:21:34,292 CONVOYS OF PACKMEN WERE THE LIFELINE TO THE CITIES. 633 00:21:39,865 --> 00:21:42,833 WHOEVER HE MET ON THE ROAD, THE MEDIEVAL TRAVELER HAD TO 634 00:21:42,835 --> 00:21:44,268 THE MEDIEVAL TRAVELER HAD TO REACH HIS DESTINATION BEFORE 635 00:21:44,270 --> 00:21:47,938 REACH HIS DESTINATION BEFORE NIGHTFALL. 636 00:21:47,940 --> 00:21:49,140 NIGHTFALL. >> THE MEDIEVAL FORESTS OF THIS 637 00:21:49,142 --> 00:21:51,709 >> THE MEDIEVAL FORESTS OF THIS PERIOD ARE TEEMING WITH BANDITS. 638 00:21:51,711 --> 00:21:53,778 PERIOD ARE TEEMING WITH BANDITS. DESERTERS FROM THE ARMY, MEN ON 639 00:21:53,780 --> 00:21:55,012 DESERTERS FROM THE ARMY, MEN ON THE RUN FROM THE LAW AND FROM 640 00:21:55,014 --> 00:21:56,947 THE RUN FROM THE LAW AND FROM THEIR LORD HAVE SOUGHT REFUGE IN 641 00:21:56,949 --> 00:21:58,883 THEIR LORD HAVE SOUGHT REFUGE IN THE FOREST AND ARE LIVING 642 00:21:58,885 --> 00:21:59,984 THE FOREST AND ARE LIVING DESPERATE MEN. 643 00:21:59,986 --> 00:22:02,386 DESPERATE MEN. AND THEY NEED AN INCOME, AND WE 644 00:22:02,388 --> 00:22:04,655 AND THEY NEED AN INCOME, AND WE MAKE VERY EASY PICKINGS IF WE'RE 645 00:22:04,657 --> 00:22:07,091 MAKE VERY EASY PICKINGS IF WE'RE NOT--IF WE'RE NOT HEAVILY ARMED. 646 00:22:13,165 --> 00:22:16,000 >> THE THREAT OF ATTACK IN THE MIDDLE AGES WAS REAL, 647 00:22:16,002 --> 00:22:17,601 IN THE MIDDLE AGES WAS REAL, AND PEOPLE ARMED THEMSELVES AS A 648 00:22:17,603 --> 00:22:19,637 AND PEOPLE ARMED THEMSELVES AS A MATTER OF COURSE. 649 00:22:23,909 --> 00:22:30,915 >> I'VE BEEN GOING MEDIEVAL TO EXPLORE THE REALITY 650 00:22:30,917 --> 00:22:33,384 MEDIEVAL TO EXPLORE THE REALITY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 651 00:22:33,386 --> 00:22:35,086 OF THE MIDDLE AGES. IT WAS AN AGE OF EXTRAORDINARY 652 00:22:35,088 --> 00:22:37,088 IT WAS AN AGE OF EXTRAORDINARY INGENUITY AND SURPRISES. 653 00:22:37,090 --> 00:22:40,591 INGENUITY AND SURPRISES. THE STALE URINE OF A MAN. 654 00:22:48,467 --> 00:22:51,435 ONE MYTH IS THAT KNIGHTS WERE LUMBERING HEAVYWEIGHTS. 655 00:22:51,437 --> 00:22:52,737 LUMBERING HEAVYWEIGHTS. THE TRUTH IS THE COMPLETE 656 00:22:52,739 --> 00:22:55,606 THE TRUTH IS THE COMPLETE OPPOSITE. 657 00:22:55,608 --> 00:22:57,908 OPPOSITE. THIS HIGHLY MOBILE WARRIOR WAS 658 00:22:57,910 --> 00:22:59,877 THIS HIGHLY MOBILE WARRIOR WAS THE PRODUCT OF AN ARMS RACE THAT 659 00:22:59,879 --> 00:23:02,179 THE PRODUCT OF AN ARMS RACE THAT BEGAN HUNDREDS OF YEARS EARLIER 660 00:23:02,181 --> 00:23:03,881 BEGAN HUNDREDS OF YEARS EARLIER WITH AN EVEN MORE FLEXIBLE FORM 661 00:23:03,883 --> 00:23:05,750 WITH AN EVEN MORE FLEXIBLE FORM OF ARMOR. 662 00:23:05,752 --> 00:23:08,152 OF ARMOR. IT WAS CALLED MAIL AND WAS A 663 00:23:08,154 --> 00:23:09,954 IT WAS CALLED MAIL AND WAS A BODY COVERING MADE OF TIGHTLY 664 00:23:09,956 --> 00:23:15,192 BODY COVERING MADE OF TIGHTLY INTERLOCKED IRON RINGS. 665 00:23:15,194 --> 00:23:16,694 INTERLOCKED IRON RINGS. BUT MAIL WAS NEVER DESIGNED TO 666 00:23:16,696 --> 00:23:18,195 BUT MAIL WAS NEVER DESIGNED TO BE WORN ON ITS OWN. 667 00:23:18,197 --> 00:23:19,764 BE WORN ON ITS OWN. IT WAS ALWAYS PART OF A LAYERED 668 00:23:19,766 --> 00:23:23,134 IT WAS ALWAYS PART OF A LAYERED SYSTEM OF PROTECTION. 669 00:23:23,136 --> 00:23:24,702 SYSTEM OF PROTECTION. MAIL ARMOR WAS DESIGNED TO 670 00:23:24,704 --> 00:23:25,903 MAIL ARMOR WAS DESIGNED TO PROTECT A WARRIOR FROM 671 00:23:25,905 --> 00:23:27,938 PROTECT A WARRIOR FROM CLOSE-RANGE ATTACK BY SWORD AND 672 00:23:27,940 --> 00:23:30,708 CLOSE-RANGE ATTACK BY SWORD AND SPEAR, BUT IT ALSO HAD TO DEFEND 673 00:23:30,710 --> 00:23:32,343 SPEAR, BUT IT ALSO HAD TO DEFEND AGAINST THE LONG-RANGE WEAPON OF 674 00:23:32,345 --> 00:23:33,310 AGAINST THE LONG-RANGE WEAPON OF THE DAY... 675 00:23:33,312 --> 00:23:34,345 THE DAY... >> DRAW! 676 00:23:34,347 --> 00:23:36,614 >> DRAW! >> THE WAR BOW. 677 00:23:36,616 --> 00:23:38,482 >> THE WAR BOW. >> LOOSE! 678 00:23:38,484 --> 00:23:40,918 >> LOOSE! LOOSE. 679 00:23:40,920 --> 00:23:41,819 LOOSE. >> THERE WAS NOTHING NEW 680 00:23:41,821 --> 00:23:43,421 >> THERE WAS NOTHING NEW ABOUT ARCHERY IN BATTLE, BUT 681 00:23:43,423 --> 00:23:44,855 ABOUT ARCHERY IN BATTLE, BUT WHAT THE MAKERS OF MAIL ARMOR 682 00:23:44,857 --> 00:23:46,624 WHAT THE MAKERS OF MAIL ARMOR WERE UP AGAINST WAS THE SHEER 683 00:23:46,626 --> 00:23:49,360 WERE UP AGAINST WAS THE SHEER POWER OF THE WAR BOW. 684 00:23:49,362 --> 00:23:51,295 POWER OF THE WAR BOW. THIS IS THE ENGLISH WAR BOW 685 00:23:51,297 --> 00:23:52,062 THIS IS THE ENGLISH WAR BOW SOCIETY. 686 00:23:52,064 --> 00:23:54,732 SOCIETY. THESE ARE PHENOMENALLY POWERFUL 687 00:23:54,734 --> 00:23:56,367 THESE ARE PHENOMENALLY POWERFUL BOWS. 688 00:23:56,369 --> 00:23:57,802 BOWS. SO HOW EFFECTIVE WERE THESE BOWS 689 00:23:57,804 --> 00:23:59,670 SO HOW EFFECTIVE WERE THESE BOWS ON THE BATTLEFIELD? 690 00:23:59,672 --> 00:24:03,073 ON THE BATTLEFIELD? AT THE BATTLE OF CRECY IN 1346, 691 00:24:03,075 --> 00:24:04,475 AT THE BATTLE OF CRECY IN 1346, THE ENGLISH UNDER KING 692 00:24:04,477 --> 00:24:06,444 THE ENGLISH UNDER KING EDWARD III FOUGHT A FRENCH ARMY 693 00:24:06,446 --> 00:24:08,412 EDWARD III FOUGHT A FRENCH ARMY THAT OUTNUMBERED THEM BY AROUND 694 00:24:08,414 --> 00:24:09,780 THAT OUTNUMBERED THEM BY AROUND 5 TO 1. 695 00:24:09,782 --> 00:24:11,849 5 TO 1. DESPITE OVERWHELMING ODDS, 696 00:24:11,851 --> 00:24:14,285 DESPITE OVERWHELMING ODDS, THE ENGLISH FORCES WON THE DAY. 697 00:24:14,287 --> 00:24:16,153 THE ENGLISH FORCES WON THE DAY. THE KEY TO EDWARD'S VICTORY 698 00:24:16,155 --> 00:24:17,922 THE KEY TO EDWARD'S VICTORY WAS ARCHERS. 699 00:24:17,924 --> 00:24:20,291 WAS ARCHERS. HE TOOK 7,000 ARCHERS, NEARLY 700 00:24:20,293 --> 00:24:23,661 HE TOOK 7,000 ARCHERS, NEARLY HALF HIS ARMY, TO THE BATTLE. 701 00:24:23,663 --> 00:24:24,962 HALF HIS ARMY, TO THE BATTLE. NOW, IF WE COULD CONSERVATIVELY 702 00:24:24,964 --> 00:24:26,464 NOW, IF WE COULD CONSERVATIVELY THINK THEY COULD SHOOT PROBABLY 703 00:24:26,466 --> 00:24:29,500 THINK THEY COULD SHOOT PROBABLY 10 OR 12 ARROWS A MINUTE, THAT 704 00:24:29,502 --> 00:24:30,935 10 OR 12 ARROWS A MINUTE, THAT MEANS IN JUST QUARTER OF AN 705 00:24:30,937 --> 00:24:33,504 MEANS IN JUST QUARTER OF AN HOUR, THEY'VE SHOT OVER 706 00:24:33,506 --> 00:24:34,872 HOUR, THEY'VE SHOT OVER A MILLION ARROWS. 707 00:24:34,874 --> 00:24:36,373 A MILLION ARROWS. AND THIS IS A BATTLE THAT WENT 708 00:24:36,375 --> 00:24:40,878 AND THIS IS A BATTLE THAT WENT ON FOR HOURS AND HOURS. 709 00:24:40,880 --> 00:24:42,746 ON FOR HOURS AND HOURS. THAT WOULD EXHAUST ARROW STOCKS 710 00:24:42,748 --> 00:24:43,981 THAT WOULD EXHAUST ARROW STOCKS VERY, VERY QUICKLY, 711 00:24:43,983 --> 00:24:46,350 VERY, VERY QUICKLY, AND ARROWS ARE EXTREMELY 712 00:24:46,352 --> 00:24:48,118 AND ARROWS ARE EXTREMELY SOPHISTICATED AND EXPENSIVE 713 00:24:48,120 --> 00:24:49,320 SOPHISTICATED AND EXPENSIVE AMMUNITION. 714 00:24:49,322 --> 00:24:50,588 AMMUNITION. SO WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO USE 715 00:24:50,590 --> 00:24:52,022 SO WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO USE THEM? 716 00:24:52,024 --> 00:24:53,791 THEM? SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT IN 717 00:24:53,793 --> 00:24:55,626 SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT IN BATTLE, MEDIEVAL ARCHERS SHOT AT 718 00:24:55,628 --> 00:24:58,095 BATTLE, MEDIEVAL ARCHERS SHOT AT LONG RANGE, MAYBE EVEN UP TO 719 00:24:58,097 --> 00:24:59,396 LONG RANGE, MAYBE EVEN UP TO 300 YARDS. 720 00:24:59,398 --> 00:25:04,134 300 YARDS. I THINK THAT'S UNLIKELY.K THEY R 721 00:25:04,136 --> 00:25:05,970 I THINK THAT'S UNLIKELY.K THEY R RANGE, PROBABLY AT 30 OR 40 722 00:25:05,972 --> 00:25:09,640 RANGE, PROBABLY AT 30 OR 40 YARDS FOR MAXIMUM THUMP. 723 00:25:09,642 --> 00:25:11,809 YARDS FOR MAXIMUM THUMP. BUT COULD THAT IMPACT DEFEAT THE 724 00:25:11,811 --> 00:25:13,744 BUT COULD THAT IMPACT DEFEAT THE ENEMY'S ARMOR? 725 00:25:17,749 --> 00:25:21,018 THE WHOLE POINT OF ARMOR IS THAT IT IS DEFENSE AGAINST THE 726 00:25:21,020 --> 00:25:22,219 IT IS DEFENSE AGAINST THE WEAPONS OF THE DAY. 727 00:25:22,221 --> 00:25:23,621 WEAPONS OF THE DAY. IF IT'S NOT, THERE'S NO POINT IN 728 00:25:23,623 --> 00:25:26,090 IF IT'S NOT, THERE'S NO POINT IN THE EXPENSE OR THE TROUBLE OF 729 00:25:26,092 --> 00:25:27,625 THE EXPENSE OR THE TROUBLE OF WEARING IT. 730 00:25:27,627 --> 00:25:30,160 WEARING IT. BUT IF THE LONGBOW IS SUCH A 731 00:25:30,162 --> 00:25:31,328 BUT IF THE LONGBOW IS SUCH A SUPERB WEAPON THAT IT CAN 732 00:25:31,330 --> 00:25:32,930 SUPERB WEAPON THAT IT CAN PENETRATE ARMOR EASILY, WHY 733 00:25:32,932 --> 00:25:34,698 PENETRATE ARMOR EASILY, WHY ISN'T EVERYBODY AT CRECY DEAD 734 00:25:34,700 --> 00:25:36,033 ISN'T EVERYBODY AT CRECY DEAD WITHIN MINUTES? 735 00:25:36,035 --> 00:25:37,501 WITHIN MINUTES? OF COURSE SOME PEOPLE WERE 736 00:25:37,503 --> 00:25:38,702 OF COURSE SOME PEOPLE WERE KILLED BY ARROWS. 737 00:25:38,704 --> 00:25:40,004 KILLED BY ARROWS. SOME ARMOR WAS OF INFERIOR 738 00:25:40,006 --> 00:25:40,671 SOME ARMOR WAS OF INFERIOR QUALITY. 739 00:25:40,673 --> 00:25:42,072 QUALITY. EVERYBODY DIDN'T HAVE 740 00:25:42,074 --> 00:25:42,840 EVERYBODY DIDN'T HAVE FULL ARMOR. 741 00:25:42,842 --> 00:25:44,742 FULL ARMOR. SOME RASH YOUNG MAN WOULD LIFT A 742 00:25:44,744 --> 00:25:47,845 SOME RASH YOUNG MAN WOULD LIFT A VISOR, BUT THE ARROWS GENERALLY 743 00:25:47,847 --> 00:25:49,280 VISOR, BUT THE ARROWS GENERALLY WERE REPELLED BY THE ARMOR. 744 00:25:49,282 --> 00:25:50,581 WERE REPELLED BY THE ARMOR. SO WHAT IS THE MILITARY 745 00:25:50,583 --> 00:25:52,249 SO WHAT IS THE MILITARY EFFECTIVENESS OF MASSED ARCHERY? 746 00:25:52,251 --> 00:25:54,218 EFFECTIVENESS OF MASSED ARCHERY? IT'S IN THE BLUNT TRAUMA. 747 00:25:54,220 --> 00:25:55,853 IT'S IN THE BLUNT TRAUMA. IT'S IN THE THUMP AFTER THUMP 748 00:25:55,855 --> 00:25:57,454 IT'S IN THE THUMP AFTER THUMP AFTER THUMP THAT PEOPLE ARE 749 00:25:57,456 --> 00:25:59,723 AFTER THUMP THAT PEOPLE ARE RECEIVING FROM THESE HEAVY BOWS. 750 00:25:59,725 --> 00:26:01,025 RECEIVING FROM THESE HEAVY BOWS. SO I WANT TO SET UP A TEST TO 751 00:26:01,027 --> 00:26:03,894 SO I WANT TO SET UP A TEST TO MEASURE EXACTLY HOW MUCH IMPACT 752 00:26:03,896 --> 00:26:06,730 MEASURE EXACTLY HOW MUCH IMPACT THEY'RE RECEIVING. 753 00:26:06,732 --> 00:26:08,065 THEY'RE RECEIVING. I'M BEING HELPED IN THE TEST BY 754 00:26:08,067 --> 00:26:09,500 I'M BEING HELPED IN THE TEST BY DR. MATTHEW PAIN. 755 00:26:09,502 --> 00:26:11,201 DR. MATTHEW PAIN. HE'S A SPECIALIST IN CONTACT 756 00:26:11,203 --> 00:26:13,304 HE'S A SPECIALIST IN CONTACT SPORT INJURIES. 757 00:26:13,306 --> 00:26:16,273 SPORT INJURIES. SO, MATT, THIS IS BOXING BOB. 758 00:26:16,275 --> 00:26:16,907 SO, MATT, THIS IS BOXING BOB. >> YES. 759 00:26:16,909 --> 00:26:18,976 >> YES. >> WHO YOU USE FOR 760 00:26:18,978 --> 00:26:20,444 >> WHO YOU USE FOR TESTING THE POWER OF BOXER'S 761 00:26:20,446 --> 00:26:21,078 TESTING THE POWER OF BOXER'S PUNCHES. 762 00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:22,012 PUNCHES. >> BEEN MAINLY CALIBRATED FOR 763 00:26:22,014 --> 00:26:23,314 >> BEEN MAINLY CALIBRATED FOR BOXING, PUNCHING, KICKING WITH 764 00:26:23,316 --> 00:26:24,448 BOXING, PUNCHING, KICKING WITH MARTIAL ARTS PEOPLE. 765 00:26:24,450 --> 00:26:25,516 MARTIAL ARTS PEOPLE. >> SO WE WILL BE ABLE 766 00:26:25,518 --> 00:26:27,718 >> SO WE WILL BE ABLE TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF FORCE 767 00:26:27,720 --> 00:26:28,819 TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF FORCE THOSE ARROWS ARE HAVING ON THE 768 00:26:28,821 --> 00:26:29,653 THOSE ARROWS ARE HAVING ON THE BODY WITHIN? 769 00:26:29,655 --> 00:26:30,854 BODY WITHIN? >> YEAH, THE SENSORS HERE WILL 770 00:26:30,856 --> 00:26:32,423 >> YEAH, THE SENSORS HERE WILL MEASURE FORCE ANYWHERE OVER 771 00:26:32,425 --> 00:26:34,191 MEASURE FORCE ANYWHERE OVER THAT AREA, AND THEN WE'RE GONNA 772 00:26:34,193 --> 00:26:35,192 THAT AREA, AND THEN WE'RE GONNA TAKE FURTHER MEASUREMENTS AND 773 00:26:35,194 --> 00:26:36,627 TAKE FURTHER MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS FROM THAT. 774 00:26:36,629 --> 00:26:37,728 CALCULATIONS FROM THAT. >> SO THE FIRST THING WE 775 00:26:37,730 --> 00:26:39,430 >> SO THE FIRST THING WE NEED TO DO IS PUT ON THE TEXTILE 776 00:26:39,432 --> 00:26:41,231 NEED TO DO IS PUT ON THE TEXTILE ARMOR. 777 00:26:41,233 --> 00:26:43,067 ARMOR. THE TEXTILE ARMOR THAT SOLDIERS 778 00:26:43,069 --> 00:26:44,668 THE TEXTILE ARMOR THAT SOLDIERS WORE UNDER THEIR MAIL IS 779 00:26:44,670 --> 00:26:46,670 WORE UNDER THEIR MAIL IS DESIGNED TO ABSORB AND SPREAD 780 00:26:46,672 --> 00:26:48,238 DESIGNED TO ABSORB AND SPREAD THE FORCE OF A BLOW. 781 00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:50,541 THE FORCE OF A BLOW. IT CONSISTS OF 25 LAYERS OF 782 00:26:50,543 --> 00:26:52,977 IT CONSISTS OF 25 LAYERS OF LINEN SEWN TOGETHER AND QUILTED 783 00:26:52,979 --> 00:26:54,311 LINEN SEWN TOGETHER AND QUILTED FOR GREATER DENSITY. 784 00:26:54,313 --> 00:26:55,579 FOR GREATER DENSITY. SO WE'RE PUTTING THAT OVER THE 785 00:26:55,581 --> 00:26:57,648 SO WE'RE PUTTING THAT OVER THE PRESSURE PAD, AND THEN WE'LL PUT 786 00:26:57,650 --> 00:27:00,651 PRESSURE PAD, AND THEN WE'LL PUT THIS RIVETED MAIL SHIRT OVER THE 787 00:27:00,653 --> 00:27:02,620 THIS RIVETED MAIL SHIRT OVER THE TOP. 788 00:27:05,390 --> 00:27:08,392 HE'S GOT BIG SHOULDERS, DOESN'T HE? 789 00:27:08,394 --> 00:27:10,060 DOESN'T HE? FOR THE TEST, BOTH ARCHERS ARE 790 00:27:10,062 --> 00:27:12,129 FOR THE TEST, BOTH ARCHERS ARE USING WAR BOWS OF 140 POUNDS 791 00:27:12,131 --> 00:27:14,498 USING WAR BOWS OF 140 POUNDS DRAW WEIGHT AT EXTREMELY CLOSE 792 00:27:14,500 --> 00:27:16,333 DRAW WEIGHT AT EXTREMELY CLOSE RANGE. 793 00:27:16,335 --> 00:27:18,435 RANGE. THERE WE GO. 794 00:27:18,437 --> 00:27:19,670 THERE WE GO. THE SENSORS ON THE DUMMY WILL 795 00:27:19,672 --> 00:27:21,238 THE SENSORS ON THE DUMMY WILL RECORD THE FORCE OF THE ARROWS 796 00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:22,873 RECORD THE FORCE OF THE ARROWS AND RELAY THE DATA TO A 797 00:27:22,875 --> 00:27:24,575 AND RELAY THE DATA TO A COMPUTER. 798 00:27:24,577 --> 00:27:27,645 COMPUTER. OKAY, MARK, JOE. 799 00:27:27,647 --> 00:27:28,679 OKAY, MARK, JOE. LOOSE. 800 00:27:28,681 --> 00:27:29,680 LOOSE. [dramatic music] 801 00:27:29,682 --> 00:27:34,785 [dramatic music] ♪ ♪ 802 00:27:35,186 --> 00:27:36,520 GOOD SHOT. WE GET A READING THERE? 803 00:27:36,522 --> 00:27:37,521 WE GET A READING THERE? >> YEAH. 804 00:27:37,523 --> 00:27:39,423 >> YEAH. >> THIS IS NOT SUNDAY 805 00:27:39,425 --> 00:27:40,557 >> THIS IS NOT SUNDAY AFTERNOON ARCHERY PRACTICE. 806 00:27:40,559 --> 00:27:42,126 AFTERNOON ARCHERY PRACTICE. THEY'RE FIGHTING WITH THESE 807 00:27:42,128 --> 00:27:43,327 THEY'RE FIGHTING WITH THESE BOWS. 808 00:27:43,329 --> 00:27:46,063 BOWS. 115 POUNDS. 809 00:27:51,636 --> 00:27:54,171 OH, LOOK AT THAT SPIKE RIGHT UP THERE. 810 00:27:54,173 --> 00:27:55,005 THERE. >> 300 POUNDS. 811 00:27:55,007 --> 00:27:57,408 >> 300 POUNDS. >> 300 POUNDS, THAT LAST 812 00:27:57,410 --> 00:28:00,310 >> 300 POUNDS, THAT LAST ARROW. 813 00:28:00,312 --> 00:28:02,613 ARROW. THESE VERY, VERY, POWERFUL BOWS 814 00:28:02,615 --> 00:28:04,515 THESE VERY, VERY, POWERFUL BOWS AT THIS EXTREME SHORT RANGE, 815 00:28:04,517 --> 00:28:06,517 AT THIS EXTREME SHORT RANGE, JUST 12 YARDS, ARE PUNCHING 816 00:28:06,519 --> 00:28:07,551 JUST 12 YARDS, ARE PUNCHING THROUGH THE MAIL. 817 00:28:07,553 --> 00:28:09,319 THROUGH THE MAIL. THE MAIL IS, HOWEVER, TAKING 818 00:28:09,321 --> 00:28:10,587 THE MAIL IS, HOWEVER, TAKING SOME OF THE ENERGY OUT OF THEM 819 00:28:10,589 --> 00:28:11,455 SOME OF THE ENERGY OUT OF THEM AND SLOWING THEM, BUT THAT-- 820 00:28:11,457 --> 00:28:12,656 AND SLOWING THEM, BUT THAT-- IF YOU WERE JUST WEARING A MAIL 821 00:28:12,658 --> 00:28:14,491 IF YOU WERE JUST WEARING A MAIL SHIRT, THIS WOULD BE DEEP 822 00:28:14,493 --> 00:28:15,759 SHIRT, THIS WOULD BE DEEP IN YOU, AND YOU WOULD BE DEAD. 823 00:28:15,761 --> 00:28:17,728 IN YOU, AND YOU WOULD BE DEAD. HOWEVER, YOU CAN SEE WHERE IT'S 824 00:28:17,730 --> 00:28:20,431 HOWEVER, YOU CAN SEE WHERE IT'S HITTING THE TEXTILE ARMOR 825 00:28:20,433 --> 00:28:21,098 HITTING THE TEXTILE ARMOR UNDERNEATH. 826 00:28:21,100 --> 00:28:22,733 UNDERNEATH. I MEAN, CERTAINLY NOT EVEN 827 00:28:22,735 --> 00:28:25,169 I MEAN, CERTAINLY NOT EVEN COMING THROUGH AT ALL THERE OR 828 00:28:25,171 --> 00:28:26,603 COMING THROUGH AT ALL THERE OR THERE. 829 00:28:26,605 --> 00:28:28,305 THERE. SO WHILE SOME ARROWS PIERCED THE 830 00:28:28,307 --> 00:28:29,907 SO WHILE SOME ARROWS PIERCED THE MAIL, NONE WENT RIGHT THROUGH 831 00:28:29,909 --> 00:28:31,442 MAIL, NONE WENT RIGHT THROUGH THE COMBINATION OF MAIL 832 00:28:31,444 --> 00:28:33,544 THE COMBINATION OF MAIL AND THICK TEXTILE ARMOR. 833 00:28:33,546 --> 00:28:35,045 AND THICK TEXTILE ARMOR. BUT WHAT ABOUT THE FORCE OF THE 834 00:28:35,047 --> 00:28:36,146 BUT WHAT ABOUT THE FORCE OF THE IMPACT? 835 00:28:36,148 --> 00:28:38,148 IMPACT? SO NOW, WE'VE GOT A READING HERE 836 00:28:38,150 --> 00:28:39,683 SO NOW, WE'VE GOT A READING HERE OF 300 POUNDS. 837 00:28:39,685 --> 00:28:40,818 OF 300 POUNDS. SO WHAT'S THAT THE EQUIVALENT 838 00:28:40,820 --> 00:28:41,518 SO WHAT'S THAT THE EQUIVALENT TO? 839 00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:42,986 TO? >> IF YOU LOOK AT THE IMPULSE, 840 00:28:42,988 --> 00:28:44,154 >> IF YOU LOOK AT THE IMPULSE, THE STOPPING POWER THAT'S 841 00:28:44,156 --> 00:28:45,923 THE STOPPING POWER THAT'S HAPPENED, YOU'VE GOT A VALUE OF 842 00:28:45,925 --> 00:28:48,659 HAPPENED, YOU'VE GOT A VALUE OF ABOUT TEN NEWTON SECONDS, WHICH 843 00:28:48,661 --> 00:28:50,394 ABOUT TEN NEWTON SECONDS, WHICH IS ACTUALLY ABOUT THE MID-RANGE 844 00:28:50,396 --> 00:28:52,596 IS ACTUALLY ABOUT THE MID-RANGE FOR A .44 MAGNUM BULLET. 845 00:28:52,598 --> 00:28:54,031 FOR A .44 MAGNUM BULLET. THERE'S MORE MORE ENERGY IN 846 00:28:54,033 --> 00:28:55,032 THERE'S MORE MORE ENERGY IN A GUN, BUT THERE'S NOT AS 847 00:28:55,034 --> 00:28:57,601 A GUN, BUT THERE'S NOT AS MUCH... 848 00:28:57,603 --> 00:28:58,869 MUCH... >> SO WHAT DAMAGE IS 849 00:28:58,871 --> 00:29:00,437 >> SO WHAT DAMAGE IS THAT DOING TO THE--SUPPOSE IT'S 850 00:29:00,439 --> 00:29:01,739 THAT DOING TO THE--SUPPOSE IT'S ON THE SOFT TISSUE WHERE I'VE 851 00:29:01,741 --> 00:29:04,041 ON THE SOFT TISSUE WHERE I'VE GOT ORGANS INSIDE HERE. 852 00:29:04,043 --> 00:29:05,175 GOT ORGANS INSIDE HERE. >> NOW, THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR 853 00:29:05,177 --> 00:29:06,410 >> NOW, THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR IT TO DO QUITE A LOT OF DAMAGE. 854 00:29:06,412 --> 00:29:07,544 IT TO DO QUITE A LOT OF DAMAGE. NOW, THE ARROW WON'T PUNCTURE 855 00:29:07,546 --> 00:29:08,645 NOW, THE ARROW WON'T PUNCTURE THE ARMOR, BUT THE ARMOR'S 856 00:29:08,647 --> 00:29:10,013 THE ARMOR, BUT THE ARMOR'S WORKING BY DEFLECTING AND 857 00:29:10,015 --> 00:29:10,948 WORKING BY DEFLECTING AND REBOUNDING. 858 00:29:10,950 --> 00:29:13,517 REBOUNDING. IF THAT'S GOING IN THAT FAR WITH 859 00:29:13,519 --> 00:29:16,120 IF THAT'S GOING IN THAT FAR WITH ENERGY, THEN IT'S GOING TO CAUSE 860 00:29:16,122 --> 00:29:17,755 ENERGY, THEN IT'S GOING TO CAUSE DAMAGE THAT DEEP INSIDE THE 861 00:29:17,757 --> 00:29:21,158 DAMAGE THAT DEEP INSIDE THE BODY. 862 00:29:21,160 --> 00:29:22,126 BODY. >> THE TESTS SUGGEST 863 00:29:22,128 --> 00:29:23,393 >> THE TESTS SUGGEST THAT REPEATED HITS FROM MASSED 864 00:29:23,395 --> 00:29:24,828 THAT REPEATED HITS FROM MASSED WAR BOWS WOULD DELIVER A 865 00:29:24,830 --> 00:29:26,396 WAR BOWS WOULD DELIVER A DEBILITATING ONSLAUGHT OF 866 00:29:26,398 --> 00:29:27,998 DEBILITATING ONSLAUGHT OF HEAVYWEIGHT BLOWS. 867 00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:29,366 HEAVYWEIGHT BLOWS. BLOWS THAT WOULD SOFTEN UP AND 868 00:29:29,368 --> 00:29:31,001 BLOWS THAT WOULD SOFTEN UP AND WEAKEN AN ENEMY, SAPPING HIS 869 00:29:31,003 --> 00:29:32,803 WEAKEN AN ENEMY, SAPPING HIS STAMINA AND WILL. 870 00:29:32,805 --> 00:29:34,037 STAMINA AND WILL. EVEN WHEN THE ARROWS COULDN'T 871 00:29:34,039 --> 00:29:35,606 EVEN WHEN THE ARROWS COULDN'T PENETRATE THE ARMOR, THEY WERE 872 00:29:35,608 --> 00:29:37,574 PENETRATE THE ARMOR, THEY WERE POWERFUL FISTS WITH A LONG-RANGE 873 00:29:37,576 --> 00:29:38,208 POWERFUL FISTS WITH A LONG-RANGE PUNCH. 874 00:29:38,210 --> 00:29:40,410 PUNCH. >> DRAW! 875 00:29:40,412 --> 00:29:42,412 >> DRAW! LOOSE! 876 00:29:47,919 --> 00:29:50,120 >> SO ARMOR HAD TO BE IMPROVED. 877 00:29:50,122 --> 00:29:51,989 IMPROVED. IN RESPONSE, ARMOR MAKERS BEGAN 878 00:29:51,991 --> 00:29:53,857 IN RESPONSE, ARMOR MAKERS BEGAN TO USE SOLID METAL PLATES IN THE 879 00:29:53,859 --> 00:29:55,092 TO USE SOLID METAL PLATES IN THE OUTER LAYERS. 880 00:29:55,094 --> 00:29:56,860 OUTER LAYERS. BUT THERE WAS A PROBLEM. 881 00:29:56,862 --> 00:29:58,996 BUT THERE WAS A PROBLEM. ARMORERS WERE VERY SKILLED AT 882 00:29:58,998 --> 00:30:00,731 ARMORERS WERE VERY SKILLED AT WORKING WITH SMALL PLATES, BUT 883 00:30:00,733 --> 00:30:01,965 WORKING WITH SMALL PLATES, BUT THEY DIDN'T YET HAVE THE 884 00:30:01,967 --> 00:30:04,334 THEY DIDN'T YET HAVE THE TECHNOLOGY TO PRODUCE LARGE, 885 00:30:04,336 --> 00:30:06,270 TECHNOLOGY TO PRODUCE LARGE, RIGID BODY PLATES. 886 00:30:06,272 --> 00:30:07,738 RIGID BODY PLATES. >> IF YOU NEED TO COVER THE 887 00:30:07,740 --> 00:30:09,807 >> IF YOU NEED TO COVER THE TORSO, YOU HAVE TO FIND ANOTHER 888 00:30:09,809 --> 00:30:11,708 TORSO, YOU HAVE TO FIND ANOTHER ANSWER, AND THE ANSWER WAS THE 889 00:30:11,710 --> 00:30:13,143 ANSWER, AND THE ANSWER WAS THE COAT OF PLATES. 890 00:30:13,145 --> 00:30:14,978 COAT OF PLATES. THE COAT OF PLATES IS A LEATHER 891 00:30:14,980 --> 00:30:18,515 THE COAT OF PLATES IS A LEATHER OR CLOTH FACING THAT HAS SMALLER 892 00:30:18,517 --> 00:30:20,984 OR CLOTH FACING THAT HAS SMALLER STEEL PLATES RIVETED ONTO THE 893 00:30:20,986 --> 00:30:22,686 STEEL PLATES RIVETED ONTO THE INSIDE, WHICH ALL OVERLAP AND 894 00:30:22,688 --> 00:30:23,954 INSIDE, WHICH ALL OVERLAP AND CAN FLEX AND CAN MOVE. 895 00:30:23,956 --> 00:30:25,722 CAN FLEX AND CAN MOVE. YOU'RE PROTECTING A LARGE AREA 896 00:30:25,724 --> 00:30:28,392 YOU'RE PROTECTING A LARGE AREA WITH RELATIVELY SMALL PIECES OF 897 00:30:28,394 --> 00:30:29,226 WITH RELATIVELY SMALL PIECES OF METAL. 898 00:30:29,228 --> 00:30:31,328 METAL. AND THIS IS GOOD ARMOR, BUT YOU 899 00:30:31,330 --> 00:30:33,430 AND THIS IS GOOD ARMOR, BUT YOU CAN STILL GET WEAPONS THROUGH 900 00:30:33,432 --> 00:30:34,932 CAN STILL GET WEAPONS THROUGH AND BETWEEN THE GAPS, AND IT'S 901 00:30:34,934 --> 00:30:36,200 AND BETWEEN THE GAPS, AND IT'S STILL GIVES. 902 00:30:36,202 --> 00:30:37,467 STILL GIVES. YOU KNOW, IT STILL HAS SOME 903 00:30:37,469 --> 00:30:39,102 YOU KNOW, IT STILL HAS SOME FLEX, IT STILL HAS SOME GIVE, 904 00:30:39,104 --> 00:30:40,637 FLEX, IT STILL HAS SOME GIVE, SO IT'S NOT RESISTING SHOCK 905 00:30:40,639 --> 00:30:44,308 SO IT'S NOT RESISTING SHOCK QUITE AS WELL AS LATER FORMS. 906 00:30:44,310 --> 00:30:45,442 QUITE AS WELL AS LATER FORMS. >> EVENTUALLY, THE ARMOR 907 00:30:45,444 --> 00:30:47,010 >> EVENTUALLY, THE ARMOR MAKERS FIGURED OUT HOW TO MAKE 908 00:30:47,012 --> 00:30:49,046 MAKERS FIGURED OUT HOW TO MAKE SOLID BREASTPLATES THAT COVERED 909 00:30:49,048 --> 00:30:50,047 SOLID BREASTPLATES THAT COVERED THE TORSO. 910 00:30:50,049 --> 00:30:51,915 THE TORSO. NOW THERE WAS REAL PROTECTION 911 00:30:51,917 --> 00:30:54,051 NOW THERE WAS REAL PROTECTION AGAINST THE WAR BOW. 912 00:30:54,053 --> 00:30:55,219 AGAINST THE WAR BOW. >> AS THE METALWORKING 913 00:30:55,221 --> 00:30:57,287 >> AS THE METALWORKING TECHNOLOGY IS IMPROVING AND 914 00:30:57,289 --> 00:30:58,722 TECHNOLOGY IS IMPROVING AND IMPROVING ALL THE TIME, THERE'S 915 00:30:58,724 --> 00:31:00,991 IMPROVING ALL THE TIME, THERE'S SLOWLY MORE AND MORE IRON AND 916 00:31:00,993 --> 00:31:03,694 SLOWLY MORE AND MORE IRON AND STEEL PLATE KIND OF GROWING OVER 917 00:31:03,696 --> 00:31:04,795 STEEL PLATE KIND OF GROWING OVER THE WHOLE BODY. 918 00:31:04,797 --> 00:31:06,163 THE WHOLE BODY. >> BUT A KNIGHT OR MAN 919 00:31:06,165 --> 00:31:07,598 >> BUT A KNIGHT OR MAN AT ARMS WEARING THIS SORT OF KIT 920 00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:09,499 AT ARMS WEARING THIS SORT OF KIT COULD WALK WITH REASONABLE 921 00:31:09,501 --> 00:31:11,501 COULD WALK WITH REASONABLE CONFIDENCE INTO AN ARROW STORM. 922 00:31:11,503 --> 00:31:14,404 CONFIDENCE INTO AN ARROW STORM. ARMOR OF THE DAY DOES IT'S JOB. 923 00:31:14,406 --> 00:31:16,440 ARMOR OF THE DAY DOES IT'S JOB. IT'S GENERALLY PROOF AGAINST 924 00:31:16,442 --> 00:31:17,674 IT'S GENERALLY PROOF AGAINST THE WEAPONS OF THE DAY. 925 00:31:17,676 --> 00:31:19,009 THE WEAPONS OF THE DAY. >> YEAH, THAT'S THE IDEA, 926 00:31:19,011 --> 00:31:20,978 >> YEAH, THAT'S THE IDEA, AND AS SOON AS IT'S NOT, 927 00:31:20,980 --> 00:31:23,046 AND AS SOON AS IT'S NOT, IT GETS BETTER. 928 00:31:24,983 --> 00:31:27,451 >> BY THE END OF THE MEDIEVAL AGE, THE NOBLE WARRIOR 929 00:31:27,453 --> 00:31:29,353 MEDIEVAL AGE, THE NOBLE WARRIOR DRESSED FOR WAR IN A WAY 930 00:31:29,355 --> 00:31:30,954 DRESSED FOR WAR IN A WAY WE ALL RECOGNIZE. 931 00:31:30,956 --> 00:31:34,324 WE ALL RECOGNIZE. THE KNIGHT IN SHINING ARMOR. 932 00:31:34,326 --> 00:31:35,959 THE KNIGHT IN SHINING ARMOR. THE ARMS RACE BETWEEN ARMOR 933 00:31:35,961 --> 00:31:37,861 THE ARMS RACE BETWEEN ARMOR AND ARROWS WAS OVER. 934 00:31:37,863 --> 00:31:39,396 AND ARROWS WAS OVER. IT WOULD TAKE A WHOLE KNEW KIND 935 00:31:39,398 --> 00:31:41,098 IT WOULD TAKE A WHOLE KNEW KIND OF WEAPON TO TIP THE BALANCE 936 00:31:41,100 --> 00:31:42,232 OF WEAPON TO TIP THE BALANCE AGAIN. 937 00:31:42,234 --> 00:31:43,300 AGAIN. [explosion] 938 00:31:43,302 --> 00:31:50,207 [explosion] >> I'VE BEEN DISCOVERING 939 00:31:50,209 --> 00:31:51,775 >> I'VE BEEN DISCOVERING SOME SURPRISING REALITIES OF 940 00:31:51,777 --> 00:31:53,610 SOME SURPRISING REALITIES OF LIFE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. 941 00:31:53,612 --> 00:31:54,978 LIFE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. NOW I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO 942 00:31:54,980 --> 00:31:56,613 NOW I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO UNCOVER THE TRUTH BEHIND THE 943 00:31:56,615 --> 00:31:57,948 UNCOVER THE TRUTH BEHIND THE GREAT OBSESSION OF THE NOBLE 944 00:31:57,950 --> 00:32:00,450 GREAT OBSESSION OF THE NOBLE CLASSES: HUNTING. 945 00:32:00,452 --> 00:32:01,285 CLASSES: HUNTING. [horn blaring] 946 00:32:01,287 --> 00:32:02,786 [horn blaring] HUNTING WAS CENTRAL TO MEDIEVAL 947 00:32:02,788 --> 00:32:04,288 HUNTING WAS CENTRAL TO MEDIEVAL LIFE. 948 00:32:04,290 --> 00:32:06,290 LIFE. ALL CLASSES OF SOCIETY HUNTED, 949 00:32:06,292 --> 00:32:07,958 ALL CLASSES OF SOCIETY HUNTED, BUT FOR THE NOBILITY, IT WASN'T 950 00:32:07,960 --> 00:32:09,893 BUT FOR THE NOBILITY, IT WASN'T JUST ABOUT SPORT OR FOOD. 951 00:32:09,895 --> 00:32:12,162 JUST ABOUT SPORT OR FOOD. WAR WAS A KNIGHT'S OCCUPATION, 952 00:32:12,164 --> 00:32:14,798 WAR WAS A KNIGHT'S OCCUPATION, BUT HUNTING WAS HIS PASSION. 953 00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:16,433 BUT HUNTING WAS HIS PASSION. AND IT WAS A PASSION THAT HELPED 954 00:32:16,435 --> 00:32:19,836 AND IT WAS A PASSION THAT HELPED HIM PREPARE FOR BATTLE. 955 00:32:19,838 --> 00:32:23,340 HIM PREPARE FOR BATTLE. [deer bellowing] 956 00:32:23,342 --> 00:32:24,875 [deer bellowing] A FRENCH NOBLEMAN OF THE TIME 957 00:32:24,877 --> 00:32:26,510 A FRENCH NOBLEMAN OF THE TIME WROTE, "FOR EVERY KIND OF 958 00:32:26,512 --> 00:32:28,912 WROTE, "FOR EVERY KIND OF MILITARY ENCOUNTER, HUNTING IS A 959 00:32:28,914 --> 00:32:31,982 MILITARY ENCOUNTER, HUNTING IS A BETTER TRAINING THAN JOUSTING." 960 00:32:31,984 --> 00:32:34,284 BETTER TRAINING THAN JOUSTING." HUNTING WAS A HIGHLY RITUALIZED 961 00:32:34,286 --> 00:32:36,420 HUNTING WAS A HIGHLY RITUALIZED AND REGULATED EVENT. 962 00:32:36,422 --> 00:32:38,488 AND REGULATED EVENT. IT WAS A VERY HIGH-STATUS EVENT. 963 00:32:38,490 --> 00:32:40,490 IT WAS A VERY HIGH-STATUS EVENT. AND FOR HUNTING LARGE GAME, 964 00:32:40,492 --> 00:32:42,259 AND FOR HUNTING LARGE GAME, THEY WOULD GATHER IN THE FOREST 965 00:32:42,261 --> 00:32:43,527 THEY WOULD GATHER IN THE FOREST AT DAYBREAK FOR A FORMAL 966 00:32:43,529 --> 00:32:44,194 AT DAYBREAK FOR A FORMAL BREAKFAST. 967 00:32:44,196 --> 00:32:44,928 BREAKFAST. GOOD MORNING, GENTLEMEN. 968 00:32:44,930 --> 00:32:45,595 GOOD MORNING, GENTLEMEN. >> GOOD MORNING. 969 00:32:45,597 --> 00:32:46,430 >> GOOD MORNING. >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, 970 00:32:46,432 --> 00:32:47,230 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, STEVE. 971 00:32:47,232 --> 00:32:49,032 STEVE. THIS IS MUCH MORE THAN A SOCIAL 972 00:32:49,034 --> 00:32:50,167 THIS IS MUCH MORE THAN A SOCIAL OCCASION, ISN'T IT? 973 00:32:50,169 --> 00:32:51,568 OCCASION, ISN'T IT? >> IT'S REINFORCING THE WHOLE 974 00:32:51,570 --> 00:32:52,936 >> IT'S REINFORCING THE WHOLE SOCIAL STRUCTURE. 975 00:32:52,938 --> 00:32:53,971 SOCIAL STRUCTURE. AND YOU HAVE PEOPLE OF ALL 976 00:32:53,973 --> 00:32:56,073 AND YOU HAVE PEOPLE OF ALL DIFFERENT SOCIAL LEVELS ALL WITH 977 00:32:56,075 --> 00:32:57,007 DIFFERENT SOCIAL LEVELS ALL WITH THEIR JOB TO DO. 978 00:32:57,009 --> 00:32:58,141 THEIR JOB TO DO. AND ON THE BATTLEFIELD, THAT'S 979 00:32:58,143 --> 00:32:59,343 AND ON THE BATTLEFIELD, THAT'S TREMENDOUSLY IMPORTANT, BECAUSE 980 00:32:59,345 --> 00:33:01,345 TREMENDOUSLY IMPORTANT, BECAUSE AN EFFECTIVE MEDIEVAL ARMY HAS 981 00:33:01,347 --> 00:33:03,146 AN EFFECTIVE MEDIEVAL ARMY HAS LOTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF 982 00:33:03,148 --> 00:33:06,917 LOTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLDIER ALL WORKING TOGETHER. 983 00:33:06,919 --> 00:33:07,684 SOLDIER ALL WORKING TOGETHER. >> A HUNT WAS 984 00:33:07,686 --> 00:33:09,786 >> A HUNT WAS METICULOUSLY PLANNED, COMBINING 985 00:33:09,788 --> 00:33:11,722 METICULOUSLY PLANNED, COMBINING MEN, HORSES, AND DOGS. 986 00:33:11,724 --> 00:33:13,323 MEN, HORSES, AND DOGS. MEDIEVAL DOGS WERE NOT LIKE 987 00:33:13,325 --> 00:33:14,758 MEDIEVAL DOGS WERE NOT LIKE MODERN PEDIGREE BREEDS. 988 00:33:14,760 --> 00:33:16,660 MODERN PEDIGREE BREEDS. THEY WERE TYPES OF DOG BRED 989 00:33:16,662 --> 00:33:20,697 THEY WERE TYPES OF DOG BRED PURELY FOR PRACTICAL FUNCTION. 990 00:33:20,699 --> 00:33:22,065 PURELY FOR PRACTICAL FUNCTION. THE FIRST JOB WAS TO FIND 991 00:33:22,067 --> 00:33:22,799 THE FIRST JOB WAS TO FIND THE DEER. 992 00:33:22,801 --> 00:33:24,301 THE DEER. AND THE HUNT MASTER WAS ABLE TO 993 00:33:24,303 --> 00:33:26,269 AND THE HUNT MASTER WAS ABLE TO DECIPHER CLUES LEFT BY THE 994 00:33:26,271 --> 00:33:28,839 DECIPHER CLUES LEFT BY THE ANIMAL ITSELF. 995 00:33:28,841 --> 00:33:30,307 ANIMAL ITSELF. THE HARBORER HAS BROUGHT ME 996 00:33:30,309 --> 00:33:32,342 THE HARBORER HAS BROUGHT ME A DISH OF DEER DROPPINGS. 997 00:33:32,344 --> 00:33:33,710 A DISH OF DEER DROPPINGS. THANK YOU VERY MUCH INDEED. 998 00:33:33,712 --> 00:33:35,445 THANK YOU VERY MUCH INDEED. THIS IS A BIG HONOR FOR THE 999 00:33:35,447 --> 00:33:37,748 THIS IS A BIG HONOR FOR THE MASTER OF THE HUNT TO DETERMINE 1000 00:33:37,750 --> 00:33:40,584 MASTER OF THE HUNT TO DETERMINE FROM THESE DEER DROPPINGS WHICH 1001 00:33:40,586 --> 00:33:41,852 FROM THESE DEER DROPPINGS WHICH DEER TO HUNT. 1002 00:33:41,854 --> 00:33:44,354 DEER TO HUNT. AND YOU CAN ACTUALLY TELL BY THE 1003 00:33:44,356 --> 00:33:47,724 AND YOU CAN ACTUALLY TELL BY THE FORM OF IT, HOW FIRM IT IS-- 1004 00:33:47,726 --> 00:33:49,226 FORM OF IT, HOW FIRM IT IS-- THEY COULD BREAK IT APART AND 1005 00:33:49,228 --> 00:33:50,327 THEY COULD BREAK IT APART AND SNIFF IT. 1006 00:33:50,329 --> 00:33:51,728 SNIFF IT. A GOOD HUNTSMAN WILL BE ABLE TO 1007 00:33:51,730 --> 00:33:53,797 A GOOD HUNTSMAN WILL BE ABLE TO TELL WHETHER THIS IS A HEALTHY 1008 00:33:53,799 --> 00:33:56,533 TELL WHETHER THIS IS A HEALTHY ANIMAL, WHAT AGE IT IS, AND IF 1009 00:33:56,535 --> 00:33:58,502 ANIMAL, WHAT AGE IT IS, AND IF IT'S FIT TO HUNT. 1010 00:33:58,504 --> 00:34:00,170 IT'S FIT TO HUNT. THE CHOSEN DROPPING WAS GIVEN TO 1011 00:34:00,172 --> 00:34:01,638 THE CHOSEN DROPPING WAS GIVEN TO A DOG WITH AN INCREDIBLE SENSE 1012 00:34:01,640 --> 00:34:03,106 A DOG WITH AN INCREDIBLE SENSE OF SMELL. 1013 00:34:03,108 --> 00:34:05,008 OF SMELL. THESE BEAUTIFUL BLOODHOUNDS ARE 1014 00:34:05,010 --> 00:34:07,377 THESE BEAUTIFUL BLOODHOUNDS ARE VERY MUCH A MEDIEVAL TYPE OF DOG 1015 00:34:07,379 --> 00:34:09,946 VERY MUCH A MEDIEVAL TYPE OF DOG THAT WENT TO FIND A PARTICULAR 1016 00:34:09,948 --> 00:34:10,814 THAT WENT TO FIND A PARTICULAR DEER. 1017 00:34:10,816 --> 00:34:12,249 DEER. >> THEIR SENSE OF SMELL IS SO 1018 00:34:12,251 --> 00:34:13,884 >> THEIR SENSE OF SMELL IS SO GOOD THEY CAN ACTUALLY PICK OUT 1019 00:34:13,886 --> 00:34:15,519 GOOD THEY CAN ACTUALLY PICK OUT AN INDIVIDUAL DEER TO THE 1020 00:34:15,521 --> 00:34:16,820 AN INDIVIDUAL DEER TO THE EXCLUSIVITY OF ALL THE OTHER 1021 00:34:16,822 --> 00:34:17,788 EXCLUSIVITY OF ALL THE OTHER SCENTS ON THE FOREST FLOOR AS 1022 00:34:17,790 --> 00:34:18,522 SCENTS ON THE FOREST FLOOR AS WELL. 1023 00:34:18,524 --> 00:34:19,489 WELL. >> THESE DOGS, THE RECON 1024 00:34:19,491 --> 00:34:21,258 >> THESE DOGS, THE RECON MISSION, WERE WORKED ON A LEASH 1025 00:34:21,260 --> 00:34:22,959 MISSION, WERE WORKED ON A LEASH FOR WHICH THE MEDIEVAL WORD WAS 1026 00:34:22,961 --> 00:34:24,027 FOR WHICH THE MEDIEVAL WORD WAS "LYAM." 1027 00:34:24,029 --> 00:34:25,762 "LYAM." THEY WERE KNOWN AS "LIMERS." 1028 00:34:25,764 --> 00:34:27,731 THEY WERE KNOWN AS "LIMERS." ONCE THE LIMERS HAD LOCATED THE 1029 00:34:27,733 --> 00:34:29,599 ONCE THE LIMERS HAD LOCATED THE DEER, THE AREA WAS SURROUNDED 1030 00:34:29,601 --> 00:34:31,368 DEER, THE AREA WAS SURROUNDED FOR A RADIUS OF SEVERAL MILES 1031 00:34:31,370 --> 00:34:33,537 FOR A RADIUS OF SEVERAL MILES WITH RELAYS OF FAST RUNNING 1032 00:34:33,539 --> 00:34:34,538 WITH RELAYS OF FAST RUNNING DOGS. 1033 00:34:34,540 --> 00:34:35,705 DOGS. >> WE NEED TO GIVE CHASE, AND 1034 00:34:35,707 --> 00:34:37,107 >> WE NEED TO GIVE CHASE, AND FOR THAT, YOU NEED SOME SPEED, 1035 00:34:37,109 --> 00:34:38,108 FOR THAT, YOU NEED SOME SPEED, YOU NEED A LONG DOG. 1036 00:34:38,110 --> 00:34:39,443 YOU NEED A LONG DOG. >> SO WE WILL HAVE A 1037 00:34:39,445 --> 00:34:42,079 >> SO WE WILL HAVE A PACK FOLLOWING THE DEER, BUT THE 1038 00:34:42,081 --> 00:34:43,814 PACK FOLLOWING THE DEER, BUT THE DEER CAN GET WELL AHEAD OF IT. 1039 00:34:43,816 --> 00:34:45,348 DEER CAN GET WELL AHEAD OF IT. ONLY IF THE DEER GOT CLOSE TO 1040 00:34:45,350 --> 00:34:46,783 ONLY IF THE DEER GOT CLOSE TO THE OUTER CORDON WERE THESE 1041 00:34:46,785 --> 00:34:48,652 THE OUTER CORDON WERE THESE RELAY DOGS LET LOOSE TO TURN HIM 1042 00:34:48,654 --> 00:34:51,955 RELAY DOGS LET LOOSE TO TURN HIM BACK TOWARDS THE MAIN HUNT. 1043 00:34:51,957 --> 00:34:53,423 BACK TOWARDS THE MAIN HUNT. FOR THE MAIN CHASE, HUNTSMEN 1044 00:34:53,425 --> 00:34:56,226 FOR THE MAIN CHASE, HUNTSMEN USED DOGS THAT RAN IN PACKS. 1045 00:34:56,228 --> 00:34:58,128 USED DOGS THAT RAN IN PACKS. SO THESE ARE THE BRACHETS. 1046 00:34:58,130 --> 00:35:00,363 SO THESE ARE THE BRACHETS. THESE ARE THE MAIN PACK. 1047 00:35:00,365 --> 00:35:02,232 THESE ARE THE MAIN PACK. OFF LEASH, THEY RUN AS A PACK. 1048 00:35:02,234 --> 00:35:03,600 OFF LEASH, THEY RUN AS A PACK. THEY'VE GOT EXTRAORDINARY 1049 00:35:03,602 --> 00:35:04,968 THEY'VE GOT EXTRAORDINARY SCENTING ABILITY. 1050 00:35:04,970 --> 00:35:06,436 SCENTING ABILITY. SO WHEN WE'RE RIDING AFTER THE 1051 00:35:06,438 --> 00:35:08,572 SO WHEN WE'RE RIDING AFTER THE QUARRY ON HORSES, THESE ARE THE 1052 00:35:08,574 --> 00:35:10,307 QUARRY ON HORSES, THESE ARE THE HOUNDS THAT HELP US KEEP IN 1053 00:35:10,309 --> 00:35:11,007 HOUNDS THAT HELP US KEEP IN CONTACT. 1054 00:35:11,009 --> 00:35:12,409 CONTACT. THESE ARE THE DOGS WITH THE 1055 00:35:12,411 --> 00:35:14,644 THESE ARE THE DOGS WITH THE STAMINA AND THE SCENT TO GET 1056 00:35:14,646 --> 00:35:16,580 STAMINA AND THE SCENT TO GET AFTER THE QUARRY. 1057 00:35:17,115 --> 00:35:25,755 [dramatic music] ♪ ♪ 1058 00:35:28,126 --> 00:35:30,460 [horn blaring] 1059 00:35:37,368 --> 00:35:39,970 >> WHOO! 1060 00:35:44,408 --> 00:35:47,043 >> THE TACTICS, THE DANGER, THE ADRENALINE, THE 1061 00:35:47,045 --> 00:35:49,179 DANGER, THE ADRENALINE, THE CAMARADERIE; IT WAS JUST LIKE A 1062 00:35:49,181 --> 00:35:50,280 CAMARADERIE; IT WAS JUST LIKE A MILITARY CAMPAIGN. 1063 00:35:50,282 --> 00:35:52,149 MILITARY CAMPAIGN. [horn blaring] 1064 00:35:52,151 --> 00:35:53,416 [horn blaring] THE THRILL OF THE CHASE WAS 1065 00:35:53,418 --> 00:35:55,452 THE THRILL OF THE CHASE WAS IRRESISTIBLE, AND IT PREPARED A 1066 00:35:55,454 --> 00:35:58,622 IRRESISTIBLE, AND IT PREPARED A MAN FOR THE RIGOR OF BATTLE. 1067 00:36:05,730 --> 00:36:10,433 A KNIGHT ASPIRED TO SHOW AS MUCH STRENGTH AND COURAGE AND SKILL 1068 00:36:10,435 --> 00:36:12,369 STRENGTH AND COURAGE AND SKILL ON THE HUNTING FIELD AS HE DID 1069 00:36:12,371 --> 00:36:14,738 ON THE HUNTING FIELD AS HE DID ON THE BATTLEFIELD. 1070 00:36:22,547 --> 00:36:25,916 HUNTING DANGEROUS GAME, GAME THAT COULD FIGHT BACK, HELD 1071 00:36:25,918 --> 00:36:27,017 THAT COULD FIGHT BACK, HELD SPECIAL STATUS. 1072 00:36:27,019 --> 00:36:30,453 SPECIAL STATUS. [boars snorting] 1073 00:36:30,455 --> 00:36:32,689 [boars snorting] THE MOST PRESTIGIOUS FEAT OF ALL 1074 00:36:32,691 --> 00:36:34,824 THE MOST PRESTIGIOUS FEAT OF ALL WAS TO HUNT THE WILD BOAR. 1075 00:36:34,826 --> 00:36:37,928 WAS TO HUNT THE WILD BOAR. JUST IMAGINE THAT COMING AT YOU. 1076 00:36:37,930 --> 00:36:40,964 JUST IMAGINE THAT COMING AT YOU. 700 POUNDS OF CHARGING, 1077 00:36:40,966 --> 00:36:43,633 700 POUNDS OF CHARGING, SNARLING MUSCLE ARMED WITH 1078 00:36:43,635 --> 00:36:44,901 SNARLING MUSCLE ARMED WITH DAGGER-LIKE TUSKS. 1079 00:36:44,903 --> 00:36:47,804 DAGGER-LIKE TUSKS. [boars squealing] 1080 00:36:49,874 --> 00:36:54,444 TO FACE HIM ON FOOT, THEY USED SPECIAL BOAR SPEARS WHICH HAD A 1081 00:36:54,446 --> 00:36:57,447 SPECIAL BOAR SPEARS WHICH HAD A TRANSVERSE BAR, A CROSSBAR, JUST 1082 00:36:57,449 --> 00:36:59,416 TRANSVERSE BAR, A CROSSBAR, JUST BEHIND THE HEAD OF THE SPEAR. 1083 00:36:59,418 --> 00:37:01,351 BEHIND THE HEAD OF THE SPEAR. THE IDEA WAS THAT EVEN IF A BOAR 1084 00:37:01,353 --> 00:37:03,687 THE IDEA WAS THAT EVEN IF A BOAR WERE STUCK WITH YOUR SPEAR, 1085 00:37:03,689 --> 00:37:05,388 WERE STUCK WITH YOUR SPEAR, EVEN IF YOU MANAGED TO GET HIM, 1086 00:37:05,390 --> 00:37:06,890 EVEN IF YOU MANAGED TO GET HIM, HE WOULD HAVE SUCH MOMENTUM 1087 00:37:06,892 --> 00:37:08,725 HE WOULD HAVE SUCH MOMENTUM DRIVING AT YOU THAT HE'D COME 1088 00:37:08,727 --> 00:37:10,293 DRIVING AT YOU THAT HE'D COME RIGHT UP THE SHAFT AND STILL GET 1089 00:37:10,295 --> 00:37:10,894 RIGHT UP THE SHAFT AND STILL GET YOU. 1090 00:37:10,896 --> 00:37:13,163 YOU. [boars squealing] 1091 00:37:13,165 --> 00:37:14,431 [boars squealing] MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPTS SHOW 1092 00:37:14,433 --> 00:37:16,166 MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPTS SHOW HUNTERS ATTACKING TALD BOAR WITH 1093 00:37:16,168 --> 00:37:18,235 HUNTERS ATTACKING TALD BOAR WITH SPEARS, BUT COULD YOU REALLY 1094 00:37:18,237 --> 00:37:18,935 SPEARS, BUT COULD YOU REALLY DO IT? 1095 00:37:18,937 --> 00:37:19,903 DO IT? I'M GOING TO TRY A SIMPLE 1096 00:37:19,905 --> 00:37:21,972 I'M GOING TO TRY A SIMPLE EXPERIMENT. 1097 00:37:21,974 --> 00:37:23,306 EXPERIMENT. I'VE ALWAYS BEEN VERY CURIOUS AS 1098 00:37:23,308 --> 00:37:25,675 I'VE ALWAYS BEEN VERY CURIOUS AS TO WHETHER THESE CROSSBARS WOULD 1099 00:37:25,677 --> 00:37:26,309 TO WHETHER THESE CROSSBARS WOULD WORK. 1100 00:37:26,311 --> 00:37:27,143 WORK. I MEAN, I KIND OF THINK IF A 1101 00:37:27,145 --> 00:37:29,512 I MEAN, I KIND OF THINK IF A 700-POUND BOAR IS CHARGING AT 1102 00:37:29,514 --> 00:37:30,947 700-POUND BOAR IS CHARGING AT YOU, IF HE GETS THAT FAR, HE'S 1103 00:37:30,949 --> 00:37:32,215 YOU, IF HE GETS THAT FAR, HE'S PROBABLY GONNA KNOCK YOU OVER 1104 00:37:32,217 --> 00:37:33,016 PROBABLY GONNA KNOCK YOU OVER AND YOU'RE STILL GONNA GET 1105 00:37:33,018 --> 00:37:33,650 AND YOU'RE STILL GONNA GET GORED. 1106 00:37:33,652 --> 00:37:35,218 GORED. SO I'VE SET UP A LITTLE BIT OF A 1107 00:37:35,220 --> 00:37:35,852 SO I'VE SET UP A LITTLE BIT OF A TEST. 1108 00:37:35,854 --> 00:37:37,754 TEST. I'M GONNA GET ADAM AND GORDON TO 1109 00:37:37,756 --> 00:37:39,289 I'M GONNA GET ADAM AND GORDON TO RUN AT ME, AND I'M GONNA SEE IF 1110 00:37:39,291 --> 00:37:40,757 RUN AT ME, AND I'M GONNA SEE IF I CAN STOP THEM. 1111 00:37:40,759 --> 00:37:41,758 I CAN STOP THEM. DO YOU WANT TO GIVE IT GO, GUYS, 1112 00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:42,626 DO YOU WANT TO GIVE IT GO, GUYS, SEE IF YOU CAN KNOCK ME OVER? 1113 00:37:42,628 --> 00:37:46,896 SEE IF YOU CAN KNOCK ME OVER? CHARGE! 1114 00:37:46,898 --> 00:37:49,833 CHARGE! [grunts] 1115 00:37:49,835 --> 00:37:52,435 [grunts] IT TAKES TWO TO HOLD IT. 1116 00:37:52,437 --> 00:37:54,004 IT TAKES TWO TO HOLD IT. SO MY RITE OF PASSAGE WAS TO 1117 00:37:54,006 --> 00:37:56,072 SO MY RITE OF PASSAGE WAS TO STAND THERE ON MY OWN AND TAKE 1118 00:37:56,074 --> 00:37:56,940 STAND THERE ON MY OWN AND TAKE THAT CHARGE. 1119 00:37:56,942 --> 00:37:58,441 THAT CHARGE. BUT AS LONG AS I HAD A GOOD 1120 00:37:58,443 --> 00:38:00,410 BUT AS LONG AS I HAD A GOOD COMPANION COMING IN, THANK YOU 1121 00:38:00,412 --> 00:38:02,612 COMPANION COMING IN, THANK YOU VERY MUCH, THEN I WAS SAVED THE 1122 00:38:02,614 --> 00:38:04,748 VERY MUCH, THEN I WAS SAVED THE INDIGNITY OF BEING BOWLED OVER 1123 00:38:04,750 --> 00:38:06,616 INDIGNITY OF BEING BOWLED OVER BY A PIECE OF MEAT. 1124 00:38:06,618 --> 00:38:08,084 BY A PIECE OF MEAT. BUT IT WOULD BE A BRAVE MAN 1125 00:38:08,086 --> 00:38:10,220 BUT IT WOULD BE A BRAVE MAN INDEED WHO WOULD FACE A CHARGING 1126 00:38:10,222 --> 00:38:12,088 INDEED WHO WOULD FACE A CHARGING BOAR THAT WAS NOT FIRST HELD 1127 00:38:12,090 --> 00:38:13,990 BOAR THAT WAS NOT FIRST HELD DOWN MY MASTIFFS. 1128 00:38:16,527 --> 00:38:19,529 THIS WAS ANOTHER TYPE OF MEDIEVAL DOG BRED FOR JUST ONE 1129 00:38:19,531 --> 00:38:21,731 MEDIEVAL DOG BRED FOR JUST ONE PURPOSE. 1130 00:38:21,733 --> 00:38:23,900 PURPOSE. JAKE IS A SUSSEX BULLDOG. 1131 00:38:23,902 --> 00:38:25,702 JAKE IS A SUSSEX BULLDOG. HE'S A TYPE OF DOG THAT IN THE 1132 00:38:25,704 --> 00:38:26,836 HE'S A TYPE OF DOG THAT IN THE MIDDLE AGES WOULD BE CALLED 1133 00:38:26,838 --> 00:38:28,571 MIDDLE AGES WOULD BE CALLED A MASTIFF. 1134 00:38:28,573 --> 00:38:30,206 A MASTIFF. THE NOSE IS UP HERE, AND THAT 1135 00:38:30,208 --> 00:38:32,409 THE NOSE IS UP HERE, AND THAT MEANS HE CAN HANG ON TO GAME, 1136 00:38:32,411 --> 00:38:34,878 MEANS HE CAN HANG ON TO GAME, HOLD GAME, PULL IT DOWN, AND 1137 00:38:34,880 --> 00:38:37,480 HOLD GAME, PULL IT DOWN, AND CARRY ON HOLDING IT AND YET HE 1138 00:38:37,482 --> 00:38:39,516 CARRY ON HOLDING IT AND YET HE CAN STILL BREATHE UNTIL THE 1139 00:38:39,518 --> 00:38:41,451 CAN STILL BREATHE UNTIL THE HUNTER ARRIVES WITH HIS SPEAR OR 1140 00:38:41,453 --> 00:38:43,620 HUNTER ARRIVES WITH HIS SPEAR OR WITH HIS SWORD. 1141 00:38:46,957 --> 00:38:49,926 OF ALL THE WAYS A MAN COULD HUNT, THE MOST NOBLE, THE MOST 1142 00:38:49,928 --> 00:38:51,628 HUNT, THE MOST NOBLE, THE MOST DANGEROUS, AND THE MOST ESTEEMED 1143 00:38:51,630 --> 00:38:53,463 DANGEROUS, AND THE MOST ESTEEMED WAS TO KILL THE WILD BOAR FROM 1144 00:38:53,465 --> 00:38:56,066 WAS TO KILL THE WILD BOAR FROM HORSEBACK WITH A SWORD. 1145 00:39:02,239 --> 00:39:05,342 ONCE THE GAME HAD BEEN KILLED, THE KNIGHT WOULD PERSONALLY 1146 00:39:05,344 --> 00:39:06,843 THE KNIGHT WOULD PERSONALLY BUTCHER IT IN THE FIELD. 1147 00:39:06,845 --> 00:39:08,678 BUTCHER IT IN THE FIELD. IN PRACTICAL TERMS, THIS MEANT 1148 00:39:08,680 --> 00:39:10,413 IN PRACTICAL TERMS, THIS MEANT SMALL ENOUGH CUTS OF MEAT FOR 1149 00:39:10,415 --> 00:39:12,415 SMALL ENOUGH CUTS OF MEAT FOR HIS SERVANTS TO CARRY HOME. 1150 00:39:12,417 --> 00:39:15,018 HIS SERVANTS TO CARRY HOME. [fire crackling] 1151 00:39:15,020 --> 00:39:17,654 [fire crackling] IT ALSO MEANT THAT KNIGHTS WERE 1152 00:39:17,656 --> 00:39:20,857 IT ALSO MEANT THAT KNIGHTS WERE USED TO THE BLOOD AND GORE OF 1153 00:39:20,859 --> 00:39:21,958 USED TO THE BLOOD AND GORE OF DEAD ANIMALS. 1154 00:39:21,960 --> 00:39:23,026 DEAD ANIMALS. IT MEANT THAT THEY WERE 1155 00:39:23,028 --> 00:39:24,561 IT MEANT THAT THEY WERE FAMILIARIZED WITH IT, THAT THEY 1156 00:39:24,563 --> 00:39:25,995 FAMILIARIZED WITH IT, THAT THEY WEREN'T SQUEAMISH ON THE 1157 00:39:25,997 --> 00:39:28,531 WEREN'T SQUEAMISH ON THE BATTLEFIELD. 1158 00:39:28,533 --> 00:39:29,733 BATTLEFIELD. BREAD SOAKED IN BLOOD AND 1159 00:39:29,735 --> 00:39:31,601 BREAD SOAKED IN BLOOD AND TOASTED OVER THE FIRE WAS THE 1160 00:39:31,603 --> 00:39:35,071 TOASTED OVER THE FIRE WAS THE FAVORED REWARD FOR THE HOUNDS. 1161 00:39:35,073 --> 00:39:36,639 FAVORED REWARD FOR THE HOUNDS. THERE'S A GOOD DOG. 1162 00:39:36,641 --> 00:39:38,241 THERE'S A GOOD DOG. THIS HAS BEEN AN EXTREMELY 1163 00:39:38,243 --> 00:39:39,609 THIS HAS BEEN AN EXTREMELY SUCCESSFUL DAY. 1164 00:39:39,611 --> 00:39:41,745 SUCCESSFUL DAY. WE HAD THAT MEDIEVAL HUNTING 1165 00:39:41,747 --> 00:39:42,412 WE HAD THAT MEDIEVAL HUNTING EXPERIENCE. 1166 00:39:42,414 --> 00:39:44,280 EXPERIENCE. WE'VE HAD THAT BONDING WITH THE 1167 00:39:44,282 --> 00:39:44,948 WE'VE HAD THAT BONDING WITH THE HOUNDS. 1168 00:39:44,950 --> 00:39:46,082 HOUNDS. AND WE'VE HAD THAT BONDING WITH 1169 00:39:46,084 --> 00:39:46,883 AND WE'VE HAD THAT BONDING WITH EACH OTHER. 1170 00:39:46,885 --> 00:39:49,119 EACH OTHER. IT WAS LIKE A MILITARY EXERCISE. 1171 00:39:49,121 --> 00:39:51,121 IT WAS LIKE A MILITARY EXERCISE. THAT IS WHAT HUNTING WAS ABOUT 1172 00:39:51,123 --> 00:39:52,689 THAT IS WHAT HUNTING WAS ABOUT TO MEDIEVAL PEOPLE. 1173 00:39:52,691 --> 00:39:54,491 TO MEDIEVAL PEOPLE. IT WAS A METAPHOR FOR WAR, 1174 00:39:54,493 --> 00:39:57,093 IT WAS A METAPHOR FOR WAR, AND IT WAS TRAINING FOR WAR. 1175 00:39:57,095 --> 00:40:02,432 AND IT WAS TRAINING FOR WAR. >> I'VE BEEN GOING 1176 00:40:02,434 --> 00:40:04,334 >> I'VE BEEN GOING MEDIEVAL TO GET AS CLOSE TO LIFE 1177 00:40:04,336 --> 00:40:06,102 MEDIEVAL TO GET AS CLOSE TO LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AGES AS I CAN. 1178 00:40:06,104 --> 00:40:07,904 IN THE MIDDLE AGES AS I CAN. I'VE HELPED BUILD CASTLES, 1179 00:40:07,906 --> 00:40:10,407 I'VE HELPED BUILD CASTLES, TRAINED AND FOUGHT WITH SWORDS, 1180 00:40:10,409 --> 00:40:12,876 TRAINED AND FOUGHT WITH SWORDS, AND TRAVELLED BY LAND AND SEA. 1181 00:40:12,878 --> 00:40:14,677 AND TRAVELLED BY LAND AND SEA. I'VE EXPERIENCED THE THRILL OF 1182 00:40:14,679 --> 00:40:16,479 I'VE EXPERIENCED THE THRILL OF THE CHASE AND TESTED WHAT IT 1183 00:40:16,481 --> 00:40:17,981 THE CHASE AND TESTED WHAT IT WOULD BE LIKE TO BE ATTACKED BY 1184 00:40:17,983 --> 00:40:20,150 WOULD BE LIKE TO BE ATTACKED BY A WILD BOAR. 1185 00:40:26,023 --> 00:40:30,493 NOW I'M CARRYING ONE OF NATURE'S SWIFTEST PREDATORS ON MY FIST: 1186 00:40:30,495 --> 00:40:31,761 SWIFTEST PREDATORS ON MY FIST: A FALCON. 1187 00:40:31,763 --> 00:40:34,030 A FALCON. FOR ALL THE EXCITEMENT AND 1188 00:40:34,032 --> 00:40:36,766 FOR ALL THE EXCITEMENT AND PRESTIGE OF HUNTING DANGEROUS 1189 00:40:36,768 --> 00:40:38,701 PRESTIGE OF HUNTING DANGEROUS GAME... 1190 00:40:40,037 --> 00:40:45,241 THE MOST ICONIC AND BY FAR THE MOST PREFERRED OF MEDIEVAL 1191 00:40:45,243 --> 00:40:48,044 MOST PREFERRED OF MEDIEVAL HUNTING PURSUITS WAS FALCONRY. 1192 00:40:48,046 --> 00:40:50,013 HUNTING PURSUITS WAS FALCONRY. FLY! 1193 00:40:57,488 --> 00:41:01,257 FOR THE RICH, FALCONS WERE THEIR MOST PRIZED POSSESSIONS AND AN 1194 00:41:01,259 --> 00:41:02,792 MOST PRIZED POSSESSIONS AND AN OPPORTUNITY TO SHOW OFF THEIR 1195 00:41:02,794 --> 00:41:04,093 OPPORTUNITY TO SHOW OFF THEIR WEALTH. 1196 00:41:04,095 --> 00:41:05,462 WEALTH. THERE SHE GOES! 1197 00:41:05,464 --> 00:41:08,565 THERE SHE GOES! HA! 1198 00:41:08,567 --> 00:41:10,867 HA! IN 1368, THE ENGLISH KING 1199 00:41:10,869 --> 00:41:13,002 IN 1368, THE ENGLISH KING EDWARD III SPENT MORE ON HIS 1200 00:41:13,004 --> 00:41:15,205 EDWARD III SPENT MORE ON HIS FALCONS THAN THE ENTIRE ANNUAL 1201 00:41:15,207 --> 00:41:17,507 FALCONS THAN THE ENTIRE ANNUAL INCOME OF HIS RICHEST NOBLEMAN. 1202 00:41:17,509 --> 00:41:19,375 INCOME OF HIS RICHEST NOBLEMAN. HE ALSO HAD PERCHES FOR HIS 1203 00:41:19,377 --> 00:41:20,677 HE ALSO HAD PERCHES FOR HIS FAVORITE BIRDS IN HIS 1204 00:41:20,679 --> 00:41:23,680 FAVORITE BIRDS IN HIS BED CHAMBER. 1205 00:41:23,682 --> 00:41:25,415 BED CHAMBER. FOR A GOOD DAY'S HAWKING, YOU 1206 00:41:25,417 --> 00:41:27,050 FOR A GOOD DAY'S HAWKING, YOU NEED SEVERAL BIRDS. 1207 00:41:27,052 --> 00:41:28,585 NEED SEVERAL BIRDS. SPARE BIRDS WERE CARRIED ON THIS 1208 00:41:28,587 --> 00:41:30,553 SPARE BIRDS WERE CARRIED ON THIS FRAME CALLED A CADGE, AND THE 1209 00:41:30,555 --> 00:41:31,888 FRAME CALLED A CADGE, AND THE MAN WHO CARRIED IT WAS CALLED 1210 00:41:31,890 --> 00:41:32,989 MAN WHO CARRIED IT WAS CALLED THE CADGER. 1211 00:41:32,991 --> 00:41:34,457 THE CADGER. TODAY WE CALL SOMEONE WHO 1212 00:41:34,459 --> 00:41:36,159 TODAY WE CALL SOMEONE WHO CARRIES GOLF CLUBS A CADDY, 1213 00:41:36,161 --> 00:41:38,862 CARRIES GOLF CLUBS A CADDY, WHICH COMES FROM THE SAME WORD. 1214 00:41:38,864 --> 00:41:40,096 WHICH COMES FROM THE SAME WORD. SO, LOCKHART, YOU'VE NEVER 1215 00:41:40,098 --> 00:41:42,632 SO, LOCKHART, YOU'VE NEVER ACTUALLY HELD A FALCON BEFORE. 1216 00:41:42,634 --> 00:41:44,234 ACTUALLY HELD A FALCON BEFORE. WELL, LET'S CHANGE THAT. 1217 00:41:44,236 --> 00:41:46,069 WELL, LET'S CHANGE THAT. THE FALCON IS WEARING A HOOD TO 1218 00:41:46,071 --> 00:41:47,770 THE FALCON IS WEARING A HOOD TO KEEP IT CALM AND QUIET. 1219 00:41:47,772 --> 00:41:50,507 KEEP IT CALM AND QUIET. THIS IS A LANNER FALCON. 1220 00:41:50,509 --> 00:41:51,708 THIS IS A LANNER FALCON. SHE'S CALLED BAYOU. 1221 00:41:51,710 --> 00:41:53,910 SHE'S CALLED BAYOU. AND LANNERS WERE VERY POPULAR 1222 00:41:53,912 --> 00:41:55,345 AND LANNERS WERE VERY POPULAR HUNTING BIRDS IN THE MIDDLE 1223 00:41:55,347 --> 00:41:56,212 HUNTING BIRDS IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 1224 00:41:56,214 --> 00:41:57,647 AGES. YOU JUST--REALLY GENTLY, YOU 1225 00:41:57,649 --> 00:41:59,349 YOU JUST--REALLY GENTLY, YOU CAN JUST FEEL HER CROP THERE. 1226 00:41:59,351 --> 00:42:00,850 CAN JUST FEEL HER CROP THERE. GENTLY. 1227 00:42:00,852 --> 00:42:01,918 GENTLY. YOU SEE HOW FULL UP SHE IS? 1228 00:42:01,920 --> 00:42:02,652 YOU SEE HOW FULL UP SHE IS? >> YEAH, YEAH. 1229 00:42:02,654 --> 00:42:03,486 >> YEAH, YEAH. >> AND THAT'S BECAUSE 1230 00:42:03,488 --> 00:42:05,588 >> AND THAT'S BECAUSE SHE'S BEEN FLOWN AND HAS FED 1231 00:42:05,590 --> 00:42:08,958 SHE'S BEEN FLOWN AND HAS FED AND IS SAID TO BE FED UP. 1232 00:42:08,960 --> 00:42:10,426 AND IS SAID TO BE FED UP. YOU CAN SEE THAT LITTLE BULGE 1233 00:42:10,428 --> 00:42:11,528 YOU CAN SEE THAT LITTLE BULGE THERE; SHE'S FED UP, WHICH IS 1234 00:42:11,530 --> 00:42:13,029 THERE; SHE'S FED UP, WHICH IS WHY SHE'S SITTING VERY QUIETLY, 1235 00:42:13,031 --> 00:42:14,864 WHY SHE'S SITTING VERY QUIETLY, AND A BIRD THAT'S SORT OF 1236 00:42:14,866 --> 00:42:17,033 AND A BIRD THAT'S SORT OF LISTLESS AND NOT VERY INTERESTED 1237 00:42:17,035 --> 00:42:18,768 LISTLESS AND NOT VERY INTERESTED IN HUNTING OR--IS SIMPLY SAID TO 1238 00:42:18,770 --> 00:42:19,435 IN HUNTING OR--IS SIMPLY SAID TO BE FED UP. 1239 00:42:19,437 --> 00:42:20,103 BE FED UP. IT'S WHERE WE GET THAT 1240 00:42:20,105 --> 00:42:20,770 IT'S WHERE WE GET THAT EXPRESSION. 1241 00:42:20,772 --> 00:42:21,604 EXPRESSION. GET A LOT OF EXPRESSIONS FROM 1242 00:42:21,606 --> 00:42:22,605 GET A LOT OF EXPRESSIONS FROM FALCONRY. 1243 00:42:22,607 --> 00:42:24,474 FALCONRY. THEY NATURALLY GO TO THE HIGHEST 1244 00:42:24,476 --> 00:42:25,174 THEY NATURALLY GO TO THE HIGHEST POINT. 1245 00:42:25,176 --> 00:42:25,808 POINT. >> ALL RIGHT. 1246 00:42:25,810 --> 00:42:26,743 >> ALL RIGHT. >> YOU JUST NEED TO PUT 1247 00:42:26,745 --> 00:42:29,245 >> YOU JUST NEED TO PUT YOUR INDEX FINGER BEHIND HERE, 1248 00:42:29,247 --> 00:42:31,514 YOUR INDEX FINGER BEHIND HERE, AND SHE SHOULD STEP UP. 1249 00:42:31,516 --> 00:42:32,181 AND SHE SHOULD STEP UP. OKAY? 1250 00:42:32,183 --> 00:42:32,882 OKAY? >> YEAH. 1251 00:42:32,884 --> 00:42:33,650 >> YEAH. >> THERE YOU SEE SHE 1252 00:42:33,652 --> 00:42:34,317 >> THERE YOU SEE SHE STEPPED UP. 1253 00:42:34,319 --> 00:42:35,351 STEPPED UP. NOW PINCH THAT WITH YOUR THUMB. 1254 00:42:35,353 --> 00:42:36,686 NOW PINCH THAT WITH YOUR THUMB. >> YES, I UNDERSTAND NOW. 1255 00:42:36,688 --> 00:42:37,487 >> YES, I UNDERSTAND NOW. >> NOW YOU'VE GOT HER 1256 00:42:37,489 --> 00:42:38,187 >> NOW YOU'VE GOT HER UNDER CONTROL. 1257 00:42:38,189 --> 00:42:40,423 UNDER CONTROL. YOU'VE GOT HER UNDER YOUR THUMB. 1258 00:42:40,425 --> 00:42:41,658 YOU'VE GOT HER UNDER YOUR THUMB. THAT'S WHERE THE EXPRESSION 1259 00:42:41,660 --> 00:42:42,425 THAT'S WHERE THE EXPRESSION COMES FROM. 1260 00:42:42,427 --> 00:42:45,194 COMES FROM. OKAY, AND FOR EXTRA SECURITY, 1261 00:42:45,196 --> 00:42:46,896 OKAY, AND FOR EXTRA SECURITY, I'M GONNA PUT THE LEASH, WHICH 1262 00:42:46,898 --> 00:42:48,565 I'M GONNA PUT THE LEASH, WHICH IS ATTACHED TO THE JESSES, 1263 00:42:48,567 --> 00:42:51,734 IS ATTACHED TO THE JESSES, I'M GOING TO WRAP THAT HERE, 1264 00:42:51,736 --> 00:42:53,503 I'M GOING TO WRAP THAT HERE, SO NOW YOU'VE REALLY GOT HER 1265 00:42:53,505 --> 00:42:54,537 SO NOW YOU'VE REALLY GOT HER SECURE. 1266 00:42:54,539 --> 00:42:55,405 SECURE. YOU'VE GOT HER WRAPPED AROUND 1267 00:42:55,407 --> 00:42:56,673 YOU'VE GOT HER WRAPPED AROUND YOUR LITTLE FINGER. 1268 00:42:56,675 --> 00:42:57,674 YOUR LITTLE FINGER. HOW DOES THAT FEEL? 1269 00:42:57,676 --> 00:42:58,808 HOW DOES THAT FEEL? >> THAT FEELS GREAT. 1270 00:42:58,810 --> 00:42:59,976 >> THAT FEELS GREAT. THAT'S AMAZING. 1271 00:42:59,978 --> 00:43:01,878 THAT'S AMAZING. GOT A MEDIEVAL FEEL TO IT. 1272 00:43:01,880 --> 00:43:02,812 GOT A MEDIEVAL FEEL TO IT. IT'S JUST--WOW. 1273 00:43:02,814 --> 00:43:03,479 IT'S JUST--WOW. >> IT IS. 1274 00:43:03,481 --> 00:43:04,814 >> IT IS. IT CONNECTS US... 1275 00:43:04,816 --> 00:43:05,949 IT CONNECTS US... >> YEAH, FROM THE GROUND TO THE 1276 00:43:05,951 --> 00:43:06,583 >> YEAH, FROM THE GROUND TO THE SKY. 1277 00:43:06,585 --> 00:43:07,350 SKY. >> TO THE WILD WORLD. 1278 00:43:07,352 --> 00:43:08,051 >> TO THE WILD WORLD. FROM THE GROUND TO THE SKY, 1279 00:43:08,053 --> 00:43:09,986 FROM THE GROUND TO THE SKY, ABSOLUTELY. 1280 00:43:10,421 --> 00:43:19,062 [sweeping orchestral music] ♪ ♪ 1281 00:43:24,168 --> 00:43:27,070 HUNTING IN SOCIAL GROUPS WAS IMPORTANT. 1282 00:43:27,072 --> 00:43:28,438 IMPORTANT. BUT FOOD FOR THE TABLE WAS 1283 00:43:28,440 --> 00:43:30,006 BUT FOOD FOR THE TABLE WAS MOSTLY CAUGHT WITH NETS AND 1284 00:43:30,008 --> 00:43:32,575 MOSTLY CAUGHT WITH NETS AND TRAPS, AND SOMETIMES IT WAS A 1285 00:43:32,577 --> 00:43:35,011 TRAPS, AND SOMETIMES IT WAS A JOB FOR THE LONE HUNTER. 1286 00:43:35,013 --> 00:43:36,713 JOB FOR THE LONE HUNTER. SKILLED HUNTERS WOULD USE A BOW 1287 00:43:36,715 --> 00:43:37,880 SKILLED HUNTERS WOULD USE A BOW OR CROSSBOW. 1288 00:43:37,882 --> 00:43:40,183 OR CROSSBOW. AND THEIR GREAT SKILL IS NOT 1289 00:43:40,185 --> 00:43:41,317 AND THEIR GREAT SKILL IS NOT ONLY HAVING A GOOD AIM BUT 1290 00:43:41,319 --> 00:43:43,886 ONLY HAVING A GOOD AIM BUT BEING ABLE TO STALK, BEING ABLE 1291 00:43:43,888 --> 00:43:46,656 BEING ABLE TO STALK, BEING ABLE TO GET CLOSE TO THEIR QUARRY. 1292 00:43:46,658 --> 00:43:50,426 TO GET CLOSE TO THEIR QUARRY. [whistles] 1293 00:43:50,428 --> 00:43:51,661 [whistles] THERE ARE SEVERAL AUTHENTIC 1294 00:43:51,663 --> 00:43:53,563 THERE ARE SEVERAL AUTHENTIC REFERENCES DESCRIBING WHAT MUST 1295 00:43:53,565 --> 00:43:54,731 REFERENCES DESCRIBING WHAT MUST HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE STRANGEST 1296 00:43:54,733 --> 00:43:57,700 HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE STRANGEST SIGHTS OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD. 1297 00:43:57,702 --> 00:43:59,769 SIGHTS OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD. THEY ACTUALLY HAD STALKING 1298 00:43:59,771 --> 00:44:01,137 THEY ACTUALLY HAD STALKING HORSES. 1299 00:44:01,139 --> 00:44:02,772 HORSES. THEY ACTUALLY LOOKED LIKE THIS. 1300 00:44:02,774 --> 00:44:04,474 THEY ACTUALLY LOOKED LIKE THIS. TWO MEN IN A HORSE SUIT. 1301 00:44:04,476 --> 00:44:06,643 TWO MEN IN A HORSE SUIT. DO YOU THINK THIS WOULD WORK? 1302 00:44:06,645 --> 00:44:07,744 DO YOU THINK THIS WOULD WORK? >> WELL, OF COURSE IT'S NOT 1303 00:44:07,746 --> 00:44:09,078 >> WELL, OF COURSE IT'S NOT ATTEMPTING TO FOOL ANYTHING. 1304 00:44:09,080 --> 00:44:11,047 ATTEMPTING TO FOOL ANYTHING. BUT WHAT IT DOES, CRUCIALLY, IS 1305 00:44:11,049 --> 00:44:12,382 BUT WHAT IT DOES, CRUCIALLY, IS BREAK UP THE HUMAN FORM. 1306 00:44:12,384 --> 00:44:13,583 BREAK UP THE HUMAN FORM. ANYBODY WHO'S EVER RIDDEN A 1307 00:44:13,585 --> 00:44:15,251 ANYBODY WHO'S EVER RIDDEN A HORSE INTO A FIELD WILL KNOW 1308 00:44:15,253 --> 00:44:16,486 HORSE INTO A FIELD WILL KNOW THAT RABBITS ARE COMPLETELY 1309 00:44:16,488 --> 00:44:17,854 THAT RABBITS ARE COMPLETELY UNAFFECTED BECAUSE IT'S NOT 1310 00:44:17,856 --> 00:44:18,521 UNAFFECTED BECAUSE IT'S NOT BIPEDAL. 1311 00:44:18,523 --> 00:44:19,355 BIPEDAL. IT'S NOT A HUMAN. 1312 00:44:19,357 --> 00:44:20,156 IT'S NOT A HUMAN. IT'S AN ANIMAL. 1313 00:44:20,158 --> 00:44:22,792 IT'S AN ANIMAL. SO THIS IS SIMPLY A MOBILE HIDE 1314 00:44:22,794 --> 00:44:25,461 SO THIS IS SIMPLY A MOBILE HIDE TO GET US CLOSE TO THE GAME. 1315 00:44:25,463 --> 00:44:26,529 TO GET US CLOSE TO THE GAME. >> BUT I WOULD SUSPECT 1316 00:44:26,531 --> 00:44:27,363 >> BUT I WOULD SUSPECT THAT WHEN YOU'RE ON A HORSE 1317 00:44:27,365 --> 00:44:28,431 THAT WHEN YOU'RE ON A HORSE THAT APART FROM THE DIFFERENT 1318 00:44:28,433 --> 00:44:30,033 THAT APART FROM THE DIFFERENT SILHOUETTE, YOU'VE ALSO GOT THE 1319 00:44:30,035 --> 00:44:30,867 SILHOUETTE, YOU'VE ALSO GOT THE SMELL OF THE HORSE. 1320 00:44:30,869 --> 00:44:32,135 SMELL OF THE HORSE. I WOULD THINK THEY PROBABLY HAD 1321 00:44:32,137 --> 00:44:34,137 I WOULD THINK THEY PROBABLY HAD TO SCENT THIS TO MAKE IT WORK. 1322 00:44:34,139 --> 00:44:35,405 TO SCENT THIS TO MAKE IT WORK. >> IT'S ALREADY QUITE SCENTED 1323 00:44:35,407 --> 00:44:36,472 >> IT'S ALREADY QUITE SCENTED ENOUGH IN HERE, THANK YOU VERY 1324 00:44:36,474 --> 00:44:37,106 ENOUGH IN HERE, THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1325 00:44:37,108 --> 00:44:39,042 MUCH. >> THANK YOU, ADAM. 1326 00:44:42,312 --> 00:44:45,248 YOU COULD HUNT ANY PREY WITH A STALKING HORSE, BUT THEY WERE 1327 00:44:45,250 --> 00:44:46,883 STALKING HORSE, BUT THEY WERE PARTICULARLY GOOD FOR CREEPING 1328 00:44:46,885 --> 00:44:50,086 PARTICULARLY GOOD FOR CREEPING UP ON DEER. 1329 00:44:50,088 --> 00:44:51,220 UP ON DEER. >> STOP! 1330 00:44:51,222 --> 00:44:52,288 >> STOP! CAN'T DO THAT. 1331 00:44:52,290 --> 00:44:53,089 CAN'T DO THAT. >> I BEG YOUR PARDON? 1332 00:44:53,091 --> 00:44:54,123 >> I BEG YOUR PARDON? >> CAN'T DO THAT. 1333 00:44:54,125 --> 00:44:56,259 >> CAN'T DO THAT. THE PENALTY FOR DISTURBING THE 1334 00:44:56,261 --> 00:44:57,493 THE PENALTY FOR DISTURBING THE KING'S DEER IS BLINDING. 1335 00:44:57,495 --> 00:44:59,195 KING'S DEER IS BLINDING. >> YEAH, HE'S RIGHT. 1336 00:44:59,197 --> 00:45:00,730 >> YEAH, HE'S RIGHT. THIS IS A ROYAL FOREST. 1337 00:45:00,732 --> 00:45:02,065 THIS IS A ROYAL FOREST. YOU'RE ALLOWED TO TAKE RABBITS 1338 00:45:02,067 --> 00:45:03,599 YOU'RE ALLOWED TO TAKE RABBITS AND SMALL BIRDS, BUT APART FROM 1339 00:45:03,601 --> 00:45:05,234 AND SMALL BIRDS, BUT APART FROM THAT, CARRYING SHARPS IS 1340 00:45:05,236 --> 00:45:06,302 THAT, CARRYING SHARPS IS OUTLAWED. 1341 00:45:06,304 --> 00:45:07,503 OUTLAWED. >> SO AN ARROW LIKE THIS 1342 00:45:07,505 --> 00:45:08,771 >> SO AN ARROW LIKE THIS IS ILLEGAL... 1343 00:45:08,773 --> 00:45:09,405 IS ILLEGAL... >> INDEED. 1344 00:45:09,407 --> 00:45:10,873 >> INDEED. >> IN THE KING'S FOREST? 1345 00:45:10,875 --> 00:45:12,075 >> IN THE KING'S FOREST? WHICH MEANT THAT REGULAR PEOPLE 1346 00:45:12,077 --> 00:45:14,177 WHICH MEANT THAT REGULAR PEOPLE COULDN'T GO HUNTING TO PUT FOOD 1347 00:45:14,179 --> 00:45:15,011 COULDN'T GO HUNTING TO PUT FOOD ON THE TABLE. 1348 00:45:15,013 --> 00:45:15,745 ON THE TABLE. SO I DON'T THINK I NEED A 1349 00:45:15,747 --> 00:45:17,613 SO I DON'T THINK I NEED A STALKING HORSE TO HUNT RABBITS, 1350 00:45:17,615 --> 00:45:18,915 STALKING HORSE TO HUNT RABBITS, BUT THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1351 00:45:18,917 --> 00:45:21,184 BUT THANK YOU VERY MUCH. >> RIGHT. 1352 00:45:21,186 --> 00:45:22,085 >> RIGHT. >> THE HUNTING RIGHTS OF 1353 00:45:22,087 --> 00:45:23,386 >> THE HUNTING RIGHTS OF THE NOBILITY WERE TAKEN VERY, 1354 00:45:23,388 --> 00:45:25,221 THE NOBILITY WERE TAKEN VERY, VERY SERIOUSLY. 1355 00:45:25,223 --> 00:45:27,156 VERY SERIOUSLY. AND THE COUNTRY WAS COVERED WITH 1356 00:45:27,158 --> 00:45:28,825 AND THE COUNTRY WAS COVERED WITH FORESTS AND CHASES. 1357 00:45:28,827 --> 00:45:31,194 FORESTS AND CHASES. PLACES WHERE ONLY THE PRIVILEGED 1358 00:45:31,196 --> 00:45:33,896 PLACES WHERE ONLY THE PRIVILEGED FEW COULD HUNT. 1359 00:45:42,072 --> 00:45:45,608 SO IF THEY COULDN'T HUNT GAME, WHAT DID ORDINARY PEOPLE EAT? 1360 00:45:45,610 --> 00:45:47,043 WHAT DID ORDINARY PEOPLE EAT? TO FIND OUT, I BROUGHT MY 1361 00:45:47,045 --> 00:45:48,544 TO FIND OUT, I BROUGHT MY FRIENDS TOGETHER FOR A MEDIEVAL 1362 00:45:48,546 --> 00:45:49,879 FRIENDS TOGETHER FOR A MEDIEVAL FEAST. 1363 00:45:49,881 --> 00:45:51,481 FEAST. NOT A ROYAL BANQUET, BUT THE 1364 00:45:51,483 --> 00:45:53,116 NOT A ROYAL BANQUET, BUT THE KIND OF MEAL AN ORDINARY PERSON 1365 00:45:53,118 --> 00:45:54,951 KIND OF MEAL AN ORDINARY PERSON WITH A BIT OF LAND MIGHT HAVE ON 1366 00:45:54,953 --> 00:45:57,120 WITH A BIT OF LAND MIGHT HAVE ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS. 1367 00:45:57,122 --> 00:45:58,855 SPECIAL OCCASIONS. MARC MELTONVILLE KNOWS ALL 1368 00:45:58,857 --> 00:46:00,590 MARC MELTONVILLE KNOWS ALL ABOUT MEDIEVAL FOOD, AND I'M 1369 00:46:00,592 --> 00:46:03,159 ABOUT MEDIEVAL FOOD, AND I'M GONNA HELP HIM PREPARE A MEAL. 1370 00:46:03,161 --> 00:46:05,628 GONNA HELP HIM PREPARE A MEAL. SO WE HAVE AN ENORMOUS FISH 1371 00:46:05,630 --> 00:46:06,329 SO WE HAVE AN ENORMOUS FISH HERE, WHICH IS GONNA MAKE A 1372 00:46:06,331 --> 00:46:08,431 HERE, WHICH IS GONNA MAKE A TREMENDOUS FEAST FOR MY FRIENDS. 1373 00:46:08,433 --> 00:46:09,899 TREMENDOUS FEAST FOR MY FRIENDS. UNDER YOUR GUIDANCE, I'M GONNA 1374 00:46:09,901 --> 00:46:11,501 UNDER YOUR GUIDANCE, I'M GONNA TRY AND COOK IT, 1375 00:46:11,503 --> 00:46:12,435 TRY AND COOK IT, AND IT'S A PIKE. 1376 00:46:12,437 --> 00:46:14,904 AND IT'S A PIKE. >> YES, THE WATER WOLF, AS IT'S 1377 00:46:14,906 --> 00:46:15,972 >> YES, THE WATER WOLF, AS IT'S SOMETIMES KNOWN. 1378 00:46:15,974 --> 00:46:17,306 SOMETIMES KNOWN. >> YOU DON'T OFTEN SEE 1379 00:46:17,308 --> 00:46:18,975 >> YOU DON'T OFTEN SEE PIKE ON THE MENU TODAY, BUT IT 1380 00:46:18,977 --> 00:46:20,409 PIKE ON THE MENU TODAY, BUT IT WAS VERY POPULAR IN THE MIDDLE 1381 00:46:20,411 --> 00:46:21,244 WAS VERY POPULAR IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 1382 00:46:21,246 --> 00:46:22,378 AGES. SO, MARC, I THINK THERE'S A 1383 00:46:22,380 --> 00:46:24,680 SO, MARC, I THINK THERE'S A GREAT MISCONCEPTION AMONG PEOPLE 1384 00:46:24,682 --> 00:46:25,548 GREAT MISCONCEPTION AMONG PEOPLE THAT EVERYBODY IN THE MIDDLE 1385 00:46:25,550 --> 00:46:27,250 THAT EVERYBODY IN THE MIDDLE AGES GORGED THEMSELVES ON MEAT 1386 00:46:27,252 --> 00:46:28,084 AGES GORGED THEMSELVES ON MEAT ALL THE TIME, BUT, OF COURSE, 1387 00:46:28,086 --> 00:46:29,652 ALL THE TIME, BUT, OF COURSE, MEAT WAS RELATIVELY SCARCE. 1388 00:46:29,654 --> 00:46:30,887 MEAT WAS RELATIVELY SCARCE. >> YEAH, FOR ORDINARY PEOPLE, 1389 00:46:30,889 --> 00:46:32,321 >> YEAH, FOR ORDINARY PEOPLE, EVEN WITH QUITE A BIT OF MONEY. 1390 00:46:32,323 --> 00:46:34,157 EVEN WITH QUITE A BIT OF MONEY. YOU CAN'T JUST KILL A COW, 1391 00:46:34,159 --> 00:46:35,158 YOU CAN'T JUST KILL A COW, 'CAUSE WHERE'S YOUR MILK 1392 00:46:35,160 --> 00:46:35,825 'CAUSE WHERE'S YOUR MILK COMING FROM? 1393 00:46:35,827 --> 00:46:36,793 COMING FROM? >> FISH WAS THE MAINSTAY 1394 00:46:36,795 --> 00:46:37,426 >> FISH WAS THE MAINSTAY OF PROTEIN? 1395 00:46:37,428 --> 00:46:38,060 OF PROTEIN? >> YEAH. 1396 00:46:38,062 --> 00:46:38,861 >> YEAH. >> OF COURSE THERE WAS 1397 00:46:38,863 --> 00:46:40,663 >> OF COURSE THERE WAS NO REFRIGERATION, SO UNLESS THEY 1398 00:46:40,665 --> 00:46:42,265 NO REFRIGERATION, SO UNLESS THEY LIVED NEAR THE SEA, PEOPLE ATE 1399 00:46:42,267 --> 00:46:43,866 LIVED NEAR THE SEA, PEOPLE ATE FRESHWATER RIVER FISH, WHICH 1400 00:46:43,868 --> 00:46:46,035 FRESHWATER RIVER FISH, WHICH WERE ALSO BRED IN LOCAL PONDS. 1401 00:46:46,037 --> 00:46:47,036 WERE ALSO BRED IN LOCAL PONDS. >> PONDS CAN HAVE THEIR WATER 1402 00:46:47,038 --> 00:46:47,670 >> PONDS CAN HAVE THEIR WATER CHANGED. 1403 00:46:47,672 --> 00:46:48,638 CHANGED. YOU CAN HAVE AN IN AND AN OUT, 1404 00:46:48,640 --> 00:46:50,273 YOU CAN HAVE AN IN AND AN OUT, SO THE FRESH WATER RUNS THROUGH 1405 00:46:50,275 --> 00:46:50,907 SO THE FRESH WATER RUNS THROUGH IT. 1406 00:46:50,909 --> 00:46:51,808 IT. THE CLEANER THE POND, THE BETTER 1407 00:46:51,810 --> 00:46:52,475 THE CLEANER THE POND, THE BETTER THE FISH. 1408 00:46:52,477 --> 00:46:53,209 THE FISH. >> SO IS THERE A GOOD 1409 00:46:53,211 --> 00:46:53,943 >> SO IS THERE A GOOD MEDIEVAL RECIPE? 1410 00:46:53,945 --> 00:46:55,144 MEDIEVAL RECIPE? >> WE'RE GONNA BAKE IT. 1411 00:46:55,146 --> 00:46:55,978 >> WE'RE GONNA BAKE IT. >> THE PIKE IS GOING TO 1412 00:46:55,980 --> 00:46:57,713 >> THE PIKE IS GOING TO BE COOKED INSIDE A PASTRY CRUST 1413 00:46:57,715 --> 00:46:59,949 BE COOKED INSIDE A PASTRY CRUST FILLED WITH HERBS, WHICH MOST 1414 00:46:59,951 --> 00:47:01,184 FILLED WITH HERBS, WHICH MOST MEDIEVAL PEOPLE WOULD SIMPLY 1415 00:47:01,186 --> 00:47:02,518 MEDIEVAL PEOPLE WOULD SIMPLY PICK FROM THE GARDEN. 1416 00:47:02,520 --> 00:47:04,220 PICK FROM THE GARDEN. IS THIS PASTRY GONNA TASTE GOOD? 1417 00:47:04,222 --> 00:47:05,021 IS THIS PASTRY GONNA TASTE GOOD? >> NO. 1418 00:47:05,023 --> 00:47:06,756 >> NO. THIS PASTRY IS DESIGNED ENTIRELY 1419 00:47:06,758 --> 00:47:07,757 THIS PASTRY IS DESIGNED ENTIRELY AS A COOKING POT. 1420 00:47:07,759 --> 00:47:09,826 AS A COOKING POT. THE IDEA IS IT IS OUR OVEN DISH. 1421 00:47:09,828 --> 00:47:11,360 THE IDEA IS IT IS OUR OVEN DISH. THEY DON'T HAVE OVEN DISHES YET, 1422 00:47:11,362 --> 00:47:12,528 THEY DON'T HAVE OVEN DISHES YET, SO WHAT YOU DO IS YOU WRAP 1423 00:47:12,530 --> 00:47:13,863 SO WHAT YOU DO IS YOU WRAP SOMETHING IN PASTRY AND THAT'S 1424 00:47:13,865 --> 00:47:14,530 SOMETHING IN PASTRY AND THAT'S THE COOKING POT. 1425 00:47:14,532 --> 00:47:15,698 THE COOKING POT. >> SO IT'S MEDIEVAL 1426 00:47:15,700 --> 00:47:16,732 >> SO IT'S MEDIEVAL ALUMINUM FOIL. 1427 00:47:16,734 --> 00:47:17,767 ALUMINUM FOIL. >> IT IS. 1428 00:47:17,769 --> 00:47:19,335 >> IT IS. ACTUALLY WANT IT TO LOOK 1429 00:47:19,337 --> 00:47:20,636 ACTUALLY WANT IT TO LOOK REASONABLY GOOD, BECAUSE NOT 1430 00:47:20,638 --> 00:47:22,205 REASONABLY GOOD, BECAUSE NOT ONLY IS IT OUR COOK POT, BUT 1431 00:47:22,207 --> 00:47:24,106 ONLY IS IT OUR COOK POT, BUT IT'S OUR SERVING DISH AS WELL. 1432 00:47:24,108 --> 00:47:25,241 IT'S OUR SERVING DISH AS WELL. >> WHILE WE'RE BAKING 1433 00:47:25,243 --> 00:47:26,809 >> WHILE WE'RE BAKING THE FISH, THE OTHERS ARE TUCKING 1434 00:47:26,811 --> 00:47:28,377 THE FISH, THE OTHERS ARE TUCKING INTO FLAGONS OF ALE. 1435 00:47:28,379 --> 00:47:30,746 INTO FLAGONS OF ALE. PEOPLE DRANK ALE AT EVERY MEAL, 1436 00:47:30,748 --> 00:47:32,315 PEOPLE DRANK ALE AT EVERY MEAL, INCLUDING BREAKFAST. 1437 00:47:32,317 --> 00:47:34,250 INCLUDING BREAKFAST. IT WAS SURPRISINGLY NUTRITIOUS, 1438 00:47:34,252 --> 00:47:35,852 IT WAS SURPRISINGLY NUTRITIOUS, AND UNLIKE MOST MEDIEVAL WATER 1439 00:47:35,854 --> 00:47:37,687 AND UNLIKE MOST MEDIEVAL WATER SUPPLIES, FERMENTING THE ALE 1440 00:47:37,689 --> 00:47:40,423 SUPPLIES, FERMENTING THE ALE MADE IT SAFE TO DRINK. 1441 00:47:40,425 --> 00:47:42,592 MADE IT SAFE TO DRINK. [laughter] 1442 00:47:42,594 --> 00:47:44,927 [laughter] ALL RIGHT, GENTLEMEN, AND HERE 1443 00:47:44,929 --> 00:47:48,264 ALL RIGHT, GENTLEMEN, AND HERE IS THE PIECE DE RESISTANCE. 1444 00:47:48,266 --> 00:47:50,833 IS THE PIECE DE RESISTANCE. WE HAVE ROAST PIKE. 1445 00:47:50,835 --> 00:47:52,568 WE HAVE ROAST PIKE. LOOK AT THIS FISH. 1446 00:47:52,570 --> 00:47:53,736 LOOK AT THIS FISH. I WOULD START WITH A BIT OF 1447 00:47:53,738 --> 00:47:55,738 I WOULD START WITH A BIT OF FISH. 1448 00:47:58,442 --> 00:47:59,675 >> MIKE, TRY IT. IT'S LOVELY. 1449 00:47:59,677 --> 00:48:00,543 IT'S LOVELY. >> YEAH, I NEED TO TRY-- 1450 00:48:00,545 --> 00:48:01,444 >> YEAH, I NEED TO TRY-- I NEED TO TRY A LITTLE BIT OF 1451 00:48:01,446 --> 00:48:02,511 I NEED TO TRY A LITTLE BIT OF THIS. 1452 00:48:02,513 --> 00:48:03,880 THIS. >> IT'S LIKE, UM... 1453 00:48:03,882 --> 00:48:04,647 >> IT'S LIKE, UM... >> THAT'S RATHER GOOD. 1454 00:48:04,649 --> 00:48:05,648 >> THAT'S RATHER GOOD. >> I REALLY LIKE THIS 1455 00:48:05,650 --> 00:48:06,282 >> I REALLY LIKE THIS PIKE. 1456 00:48:06,284 --> 00:48:08,017 PIKE. >> YEAH. 1457 00:48:08,019 --> 00:48:08,818 >> YEAH. >> WE'VE GOT OTHER 1458 00:48:08,820 --> 00:48:10,453 >> WE'VE GOT OTHER AUTHENTIC MEDIEVAL DISHES, 1459 00:48:10,455 --> 00:48:12,521 AUTHENTIC MEDIEVAL DISHES, INCLUDING ROAST MUTTON, MUSHY 1460 00:48:12,523 --> 00:48:14,357 INCLUDING ROAST MUTTON, MUSHY PEAS, AND APPLES AND HONEY 1461 00:48:14,359 --> 00:48:16,459 PEAS, AND APPLES AND HONEY COOKED IN ALMOND MILK. 1462 00:48:16,461 --> 00:48:17,193 COOKED IN ALMOND MILK. >> VERY SWEET. 1463 00:48:17,195 --> 00:48:18,261 >> VERY SWEET. >> IT'S REALLY GOOD. 1464 00:48:18,263 --> 00:48:19,629 >> IT'S REALLY GOOD. >> AYE, IT'S LOVELY. 1465 00:48:19,631 --> 00:48:20,830 >> AYE, IT'S LOVELY. >> WE HAVE GOT SOMETHING 1466 00:48:20,832 --> 00:48:23,499 >> WE HAVE GOT SOMETHING CALLED ABILETTI, WHICH IS 1467 00:48:23,501 --> 00:48:26,969 CALLED ABILETTI, WHICH IS CURDLED CHEESE AND EGGS. 1468 00:48:26,971 --> 00:48:28,004 CURDLED CHEESE AND EGGS. NOT NECESSARILY TO EVERYONE'S 1469 00:48:28,006 --> 00:48:28,671 NOT NECESSARILY TO EVERYONE'S TASTE. 1470 00:48:28,673 --> 00:48:29,572 TASTE. >> IT'S PROBABLY ITS APPEARANCE 1471 00:48:29,574 --> 00:48:31,240 >> IT'S PROBABLY ITS APPEARANCE THAT'S THE MOST OFF-PUTTING. 1472 00:48:31,242 --> 00:48:32,341 THAT'S THE MOST OFF-PUTTING. >> IT'S LIKE COTTAGE CHEESE, 1473 00:48:32,343 --> 00:48:33,843 >> IT'S LIKE COTTAGE CHEESE, REALLY-- 1474 00:48:33,845 --> 00:48:35,444 REALLY-- WHAT IT TASTES LIKE TO ME. 1475 00:48:35,446 --> 00:48:36,212 WHAT IT TASTES LIKE TO ME. >> IT TASTES BETTER THAN IT 1476 00:48:36,214 --> 00:48:37,880 >> IT TASTES BETTER THAN IT LOOKS. 1477 00:48:37,882 --> 00:48:38,948 LOOKS. >> IN AN AGE BEFORE 1478 00:48:38,950 --> 00:48:40,549 >> IN AN AGE BEFORE FORKS, THERE WAS A STRICT 1479 00:48:40,551 --> 00:48:41,684 FORKS, THERE WAS A STRICT ETIQUETTE WHEN IT CAME TO 1480 00:48:41,686 --> 00:48:44,487 ETIQUETTE WHEN IT CAME TO HANDLING FOOD AT THE TABLE. 1481 00:48:44,489 --> 00:48:46,455 HANDLING FOOD AT THE TABLE. YOU SIMPLY DON'T EAT WITH YOUR 1482 00:48:46,457 --> 00:48:48,257 YOU SIMPLY DON'T EAT WITH YOUR KNIFE, AND FORKS HAVEN'T BEEN 1483 00:48:48,259 --> 00:48:49,825 KNIFE, AND FORKS HAVEN'T BEEN INVENTED, BUT YOU USE THE 1484 00:48:49,827 --> 00:48:51,227 INVENTED, BUT YOU USE THE FINGERS OF COURTESY, WHICH ARE 1485 00:48:51,229 --> 00:48:52,895 FINGERS OF COURTESY, WHICH ARE THESE TWO, SO THAT AS YOU EAT 1486 00:48:52,897 --> 00:48:57,033 THESE TWO, SO THAT AS YOU EAT THE MEAT, YOU HIDE YOUR MOUTH. 1487 00:48:57,035 --> 00:48:58,534 THE MEAT, YOU HIDE YOUR MOUTH. OF COURSE MEDIEVAL PEOPLE DIDN'T 1488 00:48:58,536 --> 00:49:00,236 OF COURSE MEDIEVAL PEOPLE DIDN'T EAT LIKE THIS EVERY DAY, BUT 1489 00:49:00,238 --> 00:49:01,470 EAT LIKE THIS EVERY DAY, BUT THEY DID HAVE A FAIRLY 1490 00:49:01,472 --> 00:49:02,905 THEY DID HAVE A FAIRLY WELL-BALANCED DIET TO GET THEM 1491 00:49:02,907 --> 00:49:06,609 WELL-BALANCED DIET TO GET THEM THROUGH THEIR HARDWORKING LIVES. 1492 00:49:06,611 --> 00:49:07,977 THROUGH THEIR HARDWORKING LIVES. SO HOW DID THEY MANAGE TO PUT 1493 00:49:07,979 --> 00:49:09,545 SO HOW DID THEY MANAGE TO PUT ALL THIS WONDERFUL FOOD ON THE 1494 00:49:09,547 --> 00:49:10,880 ALL THIS WONDERFUL FOOD ON THE TABLE? 1495 00:49:10,882 --> 00:49:16,786 TABLE? >> ON MY JOURNEY, I'VE 1496 00:49:16,788 --> 00:49:18,087 >> ON MY JOURNEY, I'VE DONE SOME AMAZING THINGS WITH 1497 00:49:18,089 --> 00:49:20,389 DONE SOME AMAZING THINGS WITH ANIMALS, I'VE RIDDEN A POWERFUL 1498 00:49:20,391 --> 00:49:24,427 ANIMALS, I'VE RIDDEN A POWERFUL WAR STALLION, AND SPED ALONG ON 1499 00:49:24,429 --> 00:49:27,964 WAR STALLION, AND SPED ALONG ON TRAVELLING HORSES. 1500 00:49:27,966 --> 00:49:29,465 TRAVELLING HORSES. I'VE PUT HUNTING DOGS THROUGH 1501 00:49:29,467 --> 00:49:31,500 I'VE PUT HUNTING DOGS THROUGH THEIR PACES. 1502 00:49:31,502 --> 00:49:33,402 THEIR PACES. AND I'VE FLOWN MAGNIFICENT 1503 00:49:33,404 --> 00:49:34,303 AND I'VE FLOWN MAGNIFICENT FALCONS. 1504 00:49:34,305 --> 00:49:36,305 FALCONS. FLY! 1505 00:49:39,743 --> 00:49:43,045 THE MEDIEVAL WORLD WAS TEEMING WITH ANIMALS. 1506 00:49:43,047 --> 00:49:44,914 WITH ANIMALS. PEOPLE'S LIVES DEPENDED ON THEM, 1507 00:49:44,916 --> 00:49:48,317 PEOPLE'S LIVES DEPENDED ON THEM, AND ANIMALS ALL HAD A JOB TO DO. 1508 00:49:51,688 --> 00:49:54,457 IN THE COUNTRYSIDE, MOST PEOPLE KEPT A PIG. 1509 00:49:54,459 --> 00:49:56,025 KEPT A PIG. THEY'D HAVE A BREEDING SOW. 1510 00:49:56,027 --> 00:49:57,727 THEY'D HAVE A BREEDING SOW. THE PIGLETS WOULD GO TO MARKET, 1511 00:49:57,729 --> 00:49:59,362 THE PIGLETS WOULD GO TO MARKET, BUT THEY'D KEEP ONE BACK TO EAT 1512 00:49:59,364 --> 00:50:00,563 BUT THEY'D KEEP ONE BACK TO EAT THEMSELVES. 1513 00:50:00,565 --> 00:50:02,732 THEMSELVES. IN THE FALL, THEY'D FATTEN IT UP 1514 00:50:02,734 --> 00:50:04,834 IN THE FALL, THEY'D FATTEN IT UP WITH A SYSTEM KNOWN AS PANNAGE; 1515 00:50:04,836 --> 00:50:06,535 WITH A SYSTEM KNOWN AS PANNAGE; TAKING IT TO GRAZE IN COMMON 1516 00:50:06,537 --> 00:50:07,336 TAKING IT TO GRAZE IN COMMON WOODLAND. 1517 00:50:07,338 --> 00:50:08,471 WOODLAND. HERE, PIG. 1518 00:50:08,473 --> 00:50:10,039 HERE, PIG. HERE, PIG. 1519 00:50:10,041 --> 00:50:11,507 HERE, PIG. THIS IS ALEX LANGLANDS. 1520 00:50:11,509 --> 00:50:13,242 THIS IS ALEX LANGLANDS. HE'S AN EXPERT ON MEDIEVAL 1521 00:50:13,244 --> 00:50:15,811 HE'S AN EXPERT ON MEDIEVAL FARMING. 1522 00:50:15,813 --> 00:50:16,912 FARMING. >> PANNAGE IS ALL ABOUT GRAZING, 1523 00:50:16,914 --> 00:50:18,247 >> PANNAGE IS ALL ABOUT GRAZING, GRAZING THE WOODLANDS. 1524 00:50:18,249 --> 00:50:19,749 GRAZING THE WOODLANDS. AT THIS TIME OF YEAR, YOU'D WANT 1525 00:50:19,751 --> 00:50:20,783 AT THIS TIME OF YEAR, YOU'D WANT TO GET THE PIGS OUT THERE 1526 00:50:20,785 --> 00:50:21,917 TO GET THE PIGS OUT THERE GRAZING BECAUSE IT REALLY 1527 00:50:21,919 --> 00:50:23,019 GRAZING BECAUSE IT REALLY FATTENS THEM UP. 1528 00:50:23,021 --> 00:50:24,286 FATTENS THEM UP. SO WHAT THEY DO IS--JUST LIKE 1529 00:50:24,288 --> 00:50:26,088 SO WHAT THEY DO IS--JUST LIKE WE'RE DOING HERE, TURNING OVER 1530 00:50:26,090 --> 00:50:27,757 WE'RE DOING HERE, TURNING OVER THE FOREST FLOOR, LOOKING FOR 1531 00:50:27,759 --> 00:50:28,924 THE FOREST FLOOR, LOOKING FOR THE BEECHMAST, LOOKING FOR 1532 00:50:28,926 --> 00:50:30,426 THE BEECHMAST, LOOKING FOR ACORNS, COBNUTS. 1533 00:50:30,428 --> 00:50:31,727 ACORNS, COBNUTS. ALL THOSE KINDS OF THINGS WHICH 1534 00:50:31,729 --> 00:50:33,262 ALL THOSE KINDS OF THINGS WHICH WOULD FEED THESE THROUGHOUT 1535 00:50:33,264 --> 00:50:35,164 WOULD FEED THESE THROUGHOUT THESE AUTUMN MONTHS. 1536 00:50:35,166 --> 00:50:35,865 THESE AUTUMN MONTHS. HERE, PIG, PIG. 1537 00:50:35,867 --> 00:50:36,732 HERE, PIG, PIG. >> HERE, PIG. 1538 00:50:36,734 --> 00:50:38,834 >> HERE, PIG. THE HUNT FOR FOOD TURNED PIGS 1539 00:50:38,836 --> 00:50:40,970 THE HUNT FOR FOOD TURNED PIGS INTO THE ROTOTILLERS OF THE 1540 00:50:40,972 --> 00:50:42,338 INTO THE ROTOTILLERS OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD. 1541 00:50:42,340 --> 00:50:44,006 MEDIEVAL WORLD. >> IF YOU WANT TO CLEAR LAND, 1542 00:50:44,008 --> 00:50:45,107 >> IF YOU WANT TO CLEAR LAND, THE BEST THING TO DO IT IS 1543 00:50:45,109 --> 00:50:45,741 THE BEST THING TO DO IT IS THE PIG. 1544 00:50:45,743 --> 00:50:46,642 THE PIG. TODAY WE HAVE THESE BIG 1545 00:50:46,644 --> 00:50:48,144 TODAY WE HAVE THESE BIG CULTIVATORS, MACHINE THAT GO IN 1546 00:50:48,146 --> 00:50:49,111 CULTIVATORS, MACHINE THAT GO IN AND CHEW EVERYTHING UP. 1547 00:50:49,113 --> 00:50:50,813 AND CHEW EVERYTHING UP. WELL, WHY USE THOSE MACHINES 1548 00:50:50,815 --> 00:50:52,314 WELL, WHY USE THOSE MACHINES WHEN YOU CAN USE PIGS TO DO IT? 1549 00:50:52,316 --> 00:50:52,948 WHEN YOU CAN USE PIGS TO DO IT? >> IT WAS A VERY 1550 00:50:52,950 --> 00:50:55,518 >> IT WAS A VERY INTERDEPENDENT SOCIETY. 1551 00:50:55,520 --> 00:50:57,286 INTERDEPENDENT SOCIETY. IN THE SAME WAY THAT NATURE IS 1552 00:50:57,288 --> 00:50:59,688 IN THE SAME WAY THAT NATURE IS INTERDEPENDENT, PEOPLE MIRRORED 1553 00:50:59,690 --> 00:51:01,457 INTERDEPENDENT, PEOPLE MIRRORED THAT NATURAL WORLD, AND IT ALL 1554 00:51:01,459 --> 00:51:02,358 THAT NATURAL WORLD, AND IT ALL FUNCTIONED VERY WELL. 1555 00:51:02,360 --> 00:51:04,326 FUNCTIONED VERY WELL. >> YEAH, YEAH, ABSOLUTELY. 1556 00:51:07,097 --> 00:51:09,532 >> IN A DEEPLY SUPERSTITIOUS AGE, PIGS WERE 1557 00:51:09,534 --> 00:51:11,500 SUPERSTITIOUS AGE, PIGS WERE SOMETIMES TREATED AS HUMAN. 1558 00:51:11,502 --> 00:51:13,969 SOMETIMES TREATED AS HUMAN. IN FRANCE IN 1386, A PIG WAS 1559 00:51:13,971 --> 00:51:15,704 IN FRANCE IN 1386, A PIG WAS ACCUSED OF KILLING A CHILD. 1560 00:51:15,706 --> 00:51:18,074 ACCUSED OF KILLING A CHILD. IT WAS PUT ON TRIAL, CONVICTED, 1561 00:51:18,076 --> 00:51:19,842 IT WAS PUT ON TRIAL, CONVICTED, AND SENTENCED TO DEATH BY PUBLIC 1562 00:51:19,844 --> 00:51:21,744 AND SENTENCED TO DEATH BY PUBLIC HANGING. 1563 00:51:23,880 --> 00:51:28,617 [geese honking] FLOCKS OF GEESE WERE TO BE FOUND 1564 00:51:28,619 --> 00:51:30,319 FLOCKS OF GEESE WERE TO BE FOUND IN EVERY VILLAGE. 1565 00:51:30,321 --> 00:51:32,054 IN EVERY VILLAGE. AND LIKE EVERY ANIMAL, THEY HAD 1566 00:51:32,056 --> 00:51:34,390 AND LIKE EVERY ANIMAL, THEY HAD TO EARN THEIR KEEP. 1567 00:51:34,392 --> 00:51:35,791 TO EARN THEIR KEEP. ONE OF THE GREAT THINGS ABOUT 1568 00:51:35,793 --> 00:51:37,159 ONE OF THE GREAT THINGS ABOUT THE MEDIEVAL WORLD IS HOW 1569 00:51:37,161 --> 00:51:39,428 THE MEDIEVAL WORLD IS HOW EVERYBODY SHARED EVERYTHING 1570 00:51:39,430 --> 00:51:40,096 EVERYBODY SHARED EVERYTHING SO MUCH. 1571 00:51:40,098 --> 00:51:42,965 SO MUCH. SO YOU MIGHT HAVE A LOWLY GOOSE 1572 00:51:42,967 --> 00:51:44,800 SO YOU MIGHT HAVE A LOWLY GOOSE HERD WITH HIS FLOCK OF GEESE, 1573 00:51:44,802 --> 00:51:46,502 HERD WITH HIS FLOCK OF GEESE, BUT HE WOULD HAVE AN ARRANGEMENT 1574 00:51:46,504 --> 00:51:48,571 BUT HE WOULD HAVE AN ARRANGEMENT WITH THE MAN WHO OWNED AN 1575 00:51:48,573 --> 00:51:49,538 WITH THE MAN WHO OWNED AN ORCHARD. 1576 00:51:49,540 --> 00:51:50,739 ORCHARD. >> GEESE CAN DO A GREAT JOB HERE 1577 00:51:50,741 --> 00:51:51,640 >> GEESE CAN DO A GREAT JOB HERE IN THE ORCHARD. 1578 00:51:51,642 --> 00:51:52,975 IN THE ORCHARD. THEY'LL NOT ONLY FATTEN UP 1579 00:51:52,977 --> 00:51:54,276 THEY'LL NOT ONLY FATTEN UP THEMSELVES BY KEEPING THE WEEDS 1580 00:51:54,278 --> 00:51:55,744 THEMSELVES BY KEEPING THE WEEDS DOWN, BUT OTHER THING IS BIRD 1581 00:51:55,746 --> 00:51:57,580 DOWN, BUT OTHER THING IS BIRD DROPPINGS ARE FAMOUS FOR THEIR 1582 00:51:57,582 --> 00:51:58,681 DROPPINGS ARE FAMOUS FOR THEIR QUALITIES OF BASICALLY 1583 00:51:58,683 --> 00:52:00,149 QUALITIES OF BASICALLY FERTILIZING THE SOIL. 1584 00:52:00,151 --> 00:52:01,917 FERTILIZING THE SOIL. [geese honking] 1585 00:52:01,919 --> 00:52:02,952 [geese honking] >> AND GEESE ARE TAKEN 1586 00:52:02,954 --> 00:52:03,586 >> AND GEESE ARE TAKEN TO MARKET. 1587 00:52:03,588 --> 00:52:04,420 TO MARKET. AND, I MEAN, TRYING TO PUSH THEM 1588 00:52:04,422 --> 00:52:05,588 AND, I MEAN, TRYING TO PUSH THEM THROUGH THIS ORCHARD IS 1589 00:52:05,590 --> 00:52:06,689 THROUGH THIS ORCHARD IS HARD ENOUGH. 1590 00:52:06,691 --> 00:52:09,658 HARD ENOUGH. [geese honking] 1591 00:52:10,994 --> 00:52:13,095 EVERY PART OF THE GOOSE WOULD BE USED. 1592 00:52:13,097 --> 00:52:14,497 USED. THE MEAT AND EGGS MADE EXCELLENT 1593 00:52:14,499 --> 00:52:15,564 THE MEAT AND EGGS MADE EXCELLENT EATING. 1594 00:52:15,566 --> 00:52:17,066 EATING. GOOSE FAT WAS USED FOR GREASING 1595 00:52:17,068 --> 00:52:18,567 GOOSE FAT WAS USED FOR GREASING THE BEARINGS ON WATER WHEELS AND 1596 00:52:18,569 --> 00:52:19,368 THE BEARINGS ON WATER WHEELS AND THE LIKE. 1597 00:52:19,370 --> 00:52:20,503 THE LIKE. AND THE FEATHERS WENT INTO 1598 00:52:20,505 --> 00:52:22,872 AND THE FEATHERS WENT INTO BEDDING AND FOR MAKING ARROWS, 1599 00:52:22,874 --> 00:52:23,806 BEDDING AND FOR MAKING ARROWS, THAT IS, IF YOU COULD 1600 00:52:23,808 --> 00:52:25,541 THAT IS, IF YOU COULD CATCH THEM. 1601 00:52:25,543 --> 00:52:28,144 CATCH THEM. UH, MAYBE THIS IS A TWO-MAN JOB. 1602 00:52:31,114 --> 00:52:33,849 >> DRAW! >> MEDIEVAL PEOPLE WERE 1603 00:52:33,851 --> 00:52:36,919 >> MEDIEVAL PEOPLE WERE FIGHTERS, BUILDERS, HUNTERS, 1604 00:52:36,921 --> 00:52:39,388 FIGHTERS, BUILDERS, HUNTERS, SAILORS, BUT IT WAS A WORLD 1605 00:52:39,390 --> 00:52:41,457 SAILORS, BUT IT WAS A WORLD DOMINATED BY AGRICULTURE. 1606 00:52:41,459 --> 00:52:44,093 DOMINATED BY AGRICULTURE. 700 YEARS AGO, 90% OF THE 1607 00:52:44,095 --> 00:52:45,995 700 YEARS AGO, 90% OF THE POPULATION OF EUROPE LIVED ON 1608 00:52:45,997 --> 00:52:47,730 POPULATION OF EUROPE LIVED ON WHAT THEY PRODUCED FROM LABORING 1609 00:52:47,732 --> 00:52:48,998 WHAT THEY PRODUCED FROM LABORING IN T FIELDS. 1610 00:52:49,000 --> 00:52:50,566 IN T FIELDS. OXEN WERE THE TRACTORS OF THE 1611 00:52:50,568 --> 00:52:52,034 OXEN WERE THE TRACTORS OF THE MEDIEVAL AGE. 1612 00:52:52,036 --> 00:52:53,669 MEDIEVAL AGE. PLOWING WAS DONE WITH OXEN, 1613 00:52:53,671 --> 00:52:54,570 PLOWING WAS DONE WITH OXEN, ALEX. 1614 00:52:54,572 --> 00:52:55,971 ALEX. VERY OFTEN WITH VERY LARGE 1615 00:52:55,973 --> 00:52:56,872 VERY OFTEN WITH VERY LARGE TEAMS. 1616 00:52:56,874 --> 00:52:58,274 TEAMS. >> ON MOST MANORS, YOU KNOW, 1617 00:52:58,276 --> 00:52:59,175 >> ON MOST MANORS, YOU KNOW, YOU'D HAVE TEAMS OF UP TO EIGHT 1618 00:52:59,177 --> 00:52:59,842 YOU'D HAVE TEAMS OF UP TO EIGHT OXEN. 1619 00:52:59,844 --> 00:53:00,910 OXEN. AND YOU MIGHT BRING YOUR OXEN 1620 00:53:00,912 --> 00:53:02,144 AND YOU MIGHT BRING YOUR OXEN ALONG AND I'D BRING MINE ALONG 1621 00:53:02,146 --> 00:53:03,379 ALONG AND I'D BRING MINE ALONG AND THEN THE LORD MIGHT PROVIDE 1622 00:53:03,381 --> 00:53:04,213 AND THEN THE LORD MIGHT PROVIDE TWO. 1623 00:53:04,215 --> 00:53:05,781 TWO. IN THIS CASE, UNFORTUNATELY, ONE 1624 00:53:05,783 --> 00:53:06,949 IN THIS CASE, UNFORTUNATELY, ONE OF THE OXEN IS LAME, SO WE'RE 1625 00:53:06,951 --> 00:53:08,517 OF THE OXEN IS LAME, SO WE'RE ONLY GONNA WORK WITH TWO. 1626 00:53:08,519 --> 00:53:09,818 ONLY GONNA WORK WITH TWO. [mooing] 1627 00:53:09,820 --> 00:53:10,853 [mooing] >> AN OX GOING LAME 1628 00:53:10,855 --> 00:53:12,454 >> AN OX GOING LAME COULD SPELL DISASTER WHEN FIELDS 1629 00:53:12,456 --> 00:53:13,756 COULD SPELL DISASTER WHEN FIELDS HAD TO BE PLOWED. 1630 00:53:13,758 --> 00:53:15,090 HAD TO BE PLOWED. SO IT WAS EVEN MORE IMPORTANT 1631 00:53:15,092 --> 00:53:16,425 SO IT WAS EVEN MORE IMPORTANT THAT THE COMMUNITY POOLED THEIR 1632 00:53:16,427 --> 00:53:18,327 THAT THE COMMUNITY POOLED THEIR RESOURCES. 1633 00:53:24,968 --> 00:53:27,970 THE YOKE HAD BEEN AROUND FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS, AND MEDIEVAL 1634 00:53:27,972 --> 00:53:29,672 THOUSANDS OF YEARS, AND MEDIEVAL PEOPLE STILL USED THIS ANCIENT 1635 00:53:29,674 --> 00:53:31,173 PEOPLE STILL USED THIS ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY FOR ATTACHING THE 1636 00:53:31,175 --> 00:53:33,309 TECHNOLOGY FOR ATTACHING THE OXEN TO THE PLOW. 1637 00:53:33,311 --> 00:53:35,644 OXEN TO THE PLOW. IT'S A VERY SIMPLE, BUT VERY 1638 00:53:35,646 --> 00:53:37,046 IT'S A VERY SIMPLE, BUT VERY EFFECTIVE SYSTEM. 1639 00:53:37,048 --> 00:53:38,347 EFFECTIVE SYSTEM. >> BUT IT'S THE BEST WAY TO 1640 00:53:38,349 --> 00:53:39,682 >> BUT IT'S THE BEST WAY TO CAPITALIZE ON THE STRENGTH THAT 1641 00:53:39,684 --> 00:53:41,116 CAPITALIZE ON THE STRENGTH THAT THESE ANIMALS HAVE IN THEIR 1642 00:53:41,118 --> 00:53:41,884 THESE ANIMALS HAVE IN THEIR SHOULDERS. 1643 00:53:41,886 --> 00:53:43,052 SHOULDERS. AND OF COURSE THE MORE OXEN 1644 00:53:43,054 --> 00:53:44,486 AND OF COURSE THE MORE OXEN YOU'VE GOT WORKING, THE EASIER 1645 00:53:44,488 --> 00:53:46,155 YOU'VE GOT WORKING, THE EASIER IT IS ON EVERY SINGLE BEAST, THE 1646 00:53:46,157 --> 00:53:48,257 IT IS ON EVERY SINGLE BEAST, THE MORE WORK YOU CAN DO IN A DAY. 1647 00:53:48,259 --> 00:53:49,625 MORE WORK YOU CAN DO IN A DAY. >> HEAD UP. 1648 00:53:49,627 --> 00:53:51,694 >> HEAD UP. GOOD. 1649 00:53:51,696 --> 00:53:52,428 GOOD. OOH, GOOD. 1650 00:53:52,430 --> 00:53:54,563 OOH, GOOD. THAT'S IT, NICE AND STEADY. 1651 00:53:54,565 --> 00:53:55,698 THAT'S IT, NICE AND STEADY. STEADY. 1652 00:53:55,700 --> 00:53:56,432 STEADY. WALK ON. 1653 00:53:56,434 --> 00:53:57,933 WALK ON. MOVE OVER. 1654 00:53:57,935 --> 00:53:59,001 MOVE OVER. GET OVER. 1655 00:53:59,003 --> 00:54:00,236 GET OVER. >> THE THING ABOUT THE OXEN, 1656 00:54:00,238 --> 00:54:01,503 >> THE THING ABOUT THE OXEN, IT DOES NEED CONSTANT 1657 00:54:01,505 --> 00:54:02,304 IT DOES NEED CONSTANT ENCOURAGEMENT. 1658 00:54:02,306 --> 00:54:03,272 ENCOURAGEMENT. >> GET OVER. 1659 00:54:03,274 --> 00:54:04,139 >> GET OVER. GET OVER. 1660 00:54:04,141 --> 00:54:05,107 GET OVER. GET OVER. 1661 00:54:05,109 --> 00:54:06,642 GET OVER. AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT CHANGE 1662 00:54:06,644 --> 00:54:07,676 AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT CHANGE THAT HAPPENED DURING THE 1663 00:54:07,678 --> 00:54:09,211 THAT HAPPENED DURING THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD WAS A MAJOR 1664 00:54:09,213 --> 00:54:10,646 MEDIEVAL PERIOD WAS A MAJOR ADVANCE IN AGRICULTURAL 1665 00:54:10,648 --> 00:54:12,581 ADVANCE IN AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF 1666 00:54:12,583 --> 00:54:13,949 TECHNOLOGY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEAVY PLOW. 1667 00:54:13,951 --> 00:54:15,551 THE HEAVY PLOW. >> THIS REALLY IS THE BUSINESS 1668 00:54:15,553 --> 00:54:16,919 >> THIS REALLY IS THE BUSINESS END OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD FOR 1669 00:54:16,921 --> 00:54:17,553 END OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD FOR ME. 1670 00:54:17,555 --> 00:54:18,821 ME. THIS IS THE HEAVY PLOW. 1671 00:54:18,823 --> 00:54:20,789 THIS IS THE HEAVY PLOW. IT ENABLES YOU TO CUT INTO THESE 1672 00:54:20,791 --> 00:54:23,225 IT ENABLES YOU TO CUT INTO THESE DEEP CLAYS, STIFF CLAYS, THAT, 1673 00:54:23,227 --> 00:54:24,226 DEEP CLAYS, STIFF CLAYS, THAT, OF COURSE, NORTHERN EUROPE WAS 1674 00:54:24,228 --> 00:54:25,261 OF COURSE, NORTHERN EUROPE WAS FAMOUS FOR. 1675 00:54:25,263 --> 00:54:26,929 FAMOUS FOR. PRIOR TO THIS PLOW, WHAT YOU 1676 00:54:26,931 --> 00:54:27,830 PRIOR TO THIS PLOW, WHAT YOU WERE DOING WAS JUST SCRATCHING 1677 00:54:27,832 --> 00:54:28,697 WERE DOING WAS JUST SCRATCHING THE SURFACE. 1678 00:54:28,699 --> 00:54:29,565 THE SURFACE. BUT THE TECHNOLOGY HERE 1679 00:54:29,567 --> 00:54:31,467 BUT THE TECHNOLOGY HERE UNLEASHES THE FERTILITY, 1680 00:54:31,469 --> 00:54:32,801 UNLEASHES THE FERTILITY, AND THAT'S THE CRITICAL THING, 1681 00:54:32,803 --> 00:54:34,203 AND THAT'S THE CRITICAL THING, BECAUSE THEN YIELDS ABSOLUTELY 1682 00:54:34,205 --> 00:54:36,305 BECAUSE THEN YIELDS ABSOLUTELY EXPLODE, POPULATION EXPLODES, 1683 00:54:36,307 --> 00:54:37,506 EXPLODE, POPULATION EXPLODES, YOU GOT A MASSIVE GROWTH IN 1684 00:54:37,508 --> 00:54:40,242 YOU GOT A MASSIVE GROWTH IN TOWNS, MORE CASH, BIGGER TOWNS, 1685 00:54:40,244 --> 00:54:44,513 TOWNS, MORE CASH, BIGGER TOWNS, AND A FURTHER POPULATION BOOM. 1686 00:54:44,515 --> 00:54:45,581 AND A FURTHER POPULATION BOOM. >> AND NONE OF THAT 1687 00:54:45,583 --> 00:54:46,715 >> AND NONE OF THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE WITHOUT 1688 00:54:46,717 --> 00:54:48,083 WOULD HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE WITHOUT THE BRUTE STRENGTH OF THE TEAMS 1689 00:54:48,085 --> 00:54:51,287 THE BRUTE STRENGTH OF THE TEAMS OF OXEN THAT PULLED THE PLOW. 1690 00:54:51,289 --> 00:54:52,788 OF OXEN THAT PULLED THE PLOW. MEDIEVAL LAND WAS DIVIDED UP 1691 00:54:52,790 --> 00:54:54,690 MEDIEVAL LAND WAS DIVIDED UP INTO STRIPS FOR INDIVIDUALS TO 1692 00:54:54,692 --> 00:54:55,858 INTO STRIPS FOR INDIVIDUALS TO WORK. 1693 00:54:55,860 --> 00:54:57,259 WORK. THERE WERE NO FENCES BETWEEN THE 1694 00:54:57,261 --> 00:54:59,161 THERE WERE NO FENCES BETWEEN THE STRIPS, BUT EVERYONE KNEW WHICH 1695 00:54:59,163 --> 00:55:01,764 STRIPS, BUT EVERYONE KNEW WHICH BIT WAS THEIRS. 1696 00:55:01,766 --> 00:55:02,931 BIT WAS THEIRS. >> BUT ESSENTIALLY THEY'D ALL BE 1697 00:55:02,933 --> 00:55:04,533 >> BUT ESSENTIALLY THEY'D ALL BE WORKING TOGETHER IN COMMON FOR 1698 00:55:04,535 --> 00:55:05,934 WORKING TOGETHER IN COMMON FOR THE SORT OF GREATER GOOD OF THE 1699 00:55:05,936 --> 00:55:06,869 THE SORT OF GREATER GOOD OF THE FIELD, IF YOU LIKE. 1700 00:55:06,871 --> 00:55:08,070 FIELD, IF YOU LIKE. >> WHOA. 1701 00:55:08,072 --> 00:55:10,306 >> WHOA. 'CAUSE THE PLOWMAN WOULD PLOW 1702 00:55:10,308 --> 00:55:11,307 'CAUSE THE PLOWMAN WOULD PLOW FOR EVERYBODY. 1703 00:55:11,309 --> 00:55:13,542 FOR EVERYBODY. >> YES, THAT'S RIGHT. 1704 00:55:13,544 --> 00:55:14,610 >> YES, THAT'S RIGHT. >> PLOWING THESE HEAVY 1705 00:55:14,612 --> 00:55:16,912 >> PLOWING THESE HEAVY SOILS IS HARD WORK AND WAS A 1706 00:55:16,914 --> 00:55:18,013 SOILS IS HARD WORK AND WAS A SKILLED JOB. 1707 00:55:18,015 --> 00:55:19,415 SKILLED JOB. THE PLOWMAN WOULD BE PAID WITH 1708 00:55:19,417 --> 00:55:20,816 THE PLOWMAN WOULD BE PAID WITH A PERCENTAGE OF THE HARVEST OR 1709 00:55:20,818 --> 00:55:22,251 A PERCENTAGE OF THE HARVEST OR WITH OTHER PRODUCE. 1710 00:55:22,253 --> 00:55:24,053 WITH OTHER PRODUCE. FOR EVERYONE ELSE, THEY LIVED ON 1711 00:55:24,055 --> 00:55:25,821 FOR EVERYONE ELSE, THEY LIVED ON WHAT THEY GREW. 1712 00:55:25,823 --> 00:55:26,822 WHAT THEY GREW. >> WHAT YOU'RE REALLY LOOKING TO 1713 00:55:26,824 --> 00:55:27,990 >> WHAT YOU'RE REALLY LOOKING TO DO IS TO GET ENOUGH CEREAL TO 1714 00:55:27,992 --> 00:55:29,058 DO IS TO GET ENOUGH CEREAL TO LAST YOU THROUGH THE YEAR, 1715 00:55:29,060 --> 00:55:30,025 LAST YOU THROUGH THE YEAR, WHETHER IT'S KEEPING YOU IN BEER 1716 00:55:30,027 --> 00:55:32,227 WHETHER IT'S KEEPING YOU IN BEER OR IN RYE BREAD OR IN BREAD. 1717 00:55:32,229 --> 00:55:33,662 OR IN RYE BREAD OR IN BREAD. BUT YOU'D ALSO--YOU'VE GOT TO 1718 00:55:33,664 --> 00:55:35,698 BUT YOU'D ALSO--YOU'VE GOT TO SET ASIDE ENOUGH GRAIN CROP TO 1719 00:55:35,700 --> 00:55:37,032 SET ASIDE ENOUGH GRAIN CROP TO SOW THE NEXT YEAR AS WELL. 1720 00:55:37,034 --> 00:55:38,767 SOW THE NEXT YEAR AS WELL. >> OF COURSE. 1721 00:55:38,769 --> 00:55:40,169 >> OF COURSE. AND EVERYONE HAD TO GROW ENOUGH 1722 00:55:40,171 --> 00:55:42,071 AND EVERYONE HAD TO GROW ENOUGH TO PAY THEIR TAXES TO THE LORD■■ 1723 00:55:42,073 --> 00:55:43,038 TO PAY THEIR TAXES TO THE LORD■■ OF THE MANOR. 1724 00:55:43,040 --> 00:55:45,341 OF THE MANOR. THE RICH GREW RICHER OFF THE FAT 1725 00:55:45,343 --> 00:55:46,308 THE RICH GREW RICHER OFF THE FAT OF THE LAND. 1726 00:55:46,310 --> 00:55:48,110 OF THE LAND. THE WEALTH OF THE MIDDLE AGES IS 1727 00:55:48,112 --> 00:55:50,913 THE WEALTH OF THE MIDDLE AGES IS IN THE SOIL; IT'S IN THE LAND. 1728 00:55:50,915 --> 00:55:52,881 IN THE SOIL; IT'S IN THE LAND. IT WAS UNLEASHING THE POTENTIAL 1729 00:55:52,883 --> 00:55:54,783 IT WAS UNLEASHING THE POTENTIAL OF THE HEAVY SOILS OF NORTHERN 1730 00:55:54,785 --> 00:55:57,086 OF THE HEAVY SOILS OF NORTHERN EUROPE THAT ALLOWED IT TO FLOWER 1731 00:55:57,088 --> 00:55:59,321 EUROPE THAT ALLOWED IT TO FLOWER DURING THE 13TH AND 14TH 1732 00:55:59,323 --> 00:56:00,756 DURING THE 13TH AND 14TH CENTURIES AND TO BECOME THE 1733 00:56:00,758 --> 00:56:02,758 CENTURIES AND TO BECOME THE RICHEST PLACE ON EARTH. 1734 00:56:02,760 --> 00:56:07,096 RICHEST PLACE ON EARTH. >> I'VE BEEN EXPLORING 1735 00:56:07,098 --> 00:56:09,398 >> I'VE BEEN EXPLORING THE MEDIEVAL WORLD... 1736 00:56:09,400 --> 00:56:10,065 THE MEDIEVAL WORLD... >> LOOSE! 1737 00:56:10,067 --> 00:56:12,901 >> LOOSE! >> BOTH IN WAR... 1738 00:56:12,903 --> 00:56:14,870 >> BOTH IN WAR... AND PEACE. 1739 00:56:17,774 --> 00:56:20,976 ALONG THE WAY, I'VE TRIED TO CHALLENGE OUR IDEAS ABOUT THE 1740 00:56:20,978 --> 00:56:23,145 CHALLENGE OUR IDEAS ABOUT THE PEOPLE AND HOW THEY LIVED. 1741 00:56:23,147 --> 00:56:25,781 PEOPLE AND HOW THEY LIVED. ONE OF THE MOST COMMON MODERN 1742 00:56:25,783 --> 00:56:27,182 ONE OF THE MOST COMMON MODERN PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THE MIDDLE 1743 00:56:27,184 --> 00:56:29,051 PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THE MIDDLE AGES IS THAT EVERYBODY WAS 1744 00:56:29,053 --> 00:56:32,154 AGES IS THAT EVERYBODY WAS FILTHY, DIRTY, AND SMELLY. 1745 00:56:32,156 --> 00:56:33,856 FILTHY, DIRTY, AND SMELLY. NOW, I'M SURE A LOT OF THEM 1746 00:56:33,858 --> 00:56:35,924 NOW, I'M SURE A LOT OF THEM WERE, BUT A LOT OF PEOPLE TODAY 1747 00:56:35,926 --> 00:56:36,892 WERE, BUT A LOT OF PEOPLE TODAY ARE. 1748 00:56:36,894 --> 00:56:38,260 ARE. PERSONAL HYGIENE IS NOT A 1749 00:56:38,262 --> 00:56:39,361 PERSONAL HYGIENE IS NOT A QUESTION OF WHETHER THE PRODUCTS 1750 00:56:39,363 --> 00:56:40,162 QUESTION OF WHETHER THE PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE. 1751 00:56:40,164 --> 00:56:41,130 ARE AVAILABLE. IT'S A QUESTION OF WHETHER OR 1752 00:56:41,132 --> 00:56:43,165 IT'S A QUESTION OF WHETHER OR NOT YOU USE THEM. 1753 00:56:43,167 --> 00:56:45,067 NOT YOU USE THEM. THEY DID HAVE SOAP. 1754 00:56:45,069 --> 00:56:46,335 THEY DID HAVE SOAP. DR. CATHERINE FLOWER-BOND 1755 00:56:46,337 --> 00:56:47,202 DR. CATHERINE FLOWER-BOND IS A SPECIALIST IN 1756 00:56:47,204 --> 00:56:49,037 IS A SPECIALIST IN MEDIEVAL DOMESTIC LIFE, 1757 00:56:49,039 --> 00:56:50,205 MEDIEVAL DOMESTIC LIFE, AND SHE'S MADE THESE SOAPS 1758 00:56:50,207 --> 00:56:52,908 AND SHE'S MADE THESE SOAPS FROM AUTHENTIC MEDIEVAL RECIPES. 1759 00:56:52,910 --> 00:56:54,109 FROM AUTHENTIC MEDIEVAL RECIPES. SO A SOAP LIKE THAT, IS IT 1760 00:56:54,111 --> 00:56:55,611 SO A SOAP LIKE THAT, IS IT EXPENSIVE OR IS IT AVAILABLE TO 1761 00:56:55,613 --> 00:56:57,312 EXPENSIVE OR IS IT AVAILABLE TO ALL STATIONS OF SOCIETY? 1762 00:56:57,314 --> 00:56:58,347 ALL STATIONS OF SOCIETY? >> NOW, THAT'S AVAILABLE TO 1763 00:56:58,349 --> 00:57:00,082 >> NOW, THAT'S AVAILABLE TO EVERYBODY, THAT PARTICULAR SOAP, 1764 00:57:00,084 --> 00:57:02,050 EVERYBODY, THAT PARTICULAR SOAP, BECAUSE IT'S MADE WITH TALLOW... 1765 00:57:02,052 --> 00:57:02,885 BECAUSE IT'S MADE WITH TALLOW... >> WHICH IS SHEEP FAT. 1766 00:57:02,887 --> 00:57:04,353 >> WHICH IS SHEEP FAT. >> AND RELATIVELY CHEAP. 1767 00:57:04,355 --> 00:57:06,388 >> AND RELATIVELY CHEAP. BUT I'VE ALSO ADDED SOME STALE 1768 00:57:06,390 --> 00:57:08,257 BUT I'VE ALSO ADDED SOME STALE URINE THAT I PERCOLATED THROUGH 1769 00:57:08,259 --> 00:57:09,057 URINE THAT I PERCOLATED THROUGH AS WELL. 1770 00:57:09,059 --> 00:57:11,427 AS WELL. >> WHICH GIVES AMMONIA, 1771 00:57:11,429 --> 00:57:12,561 >> WHICH GIVES AMMONIA, WHICH IS BLEACH. 1772 00:57:12,563 --> 00:57:13,762 WHICH IS BLEACH. >> YES, THAT'S GONNA HELP WITH 1773 00:57:13,764 --> 00:57:15,798 >> YES, THAT'S GONNA HELP WITH YOUR STUBBORN STAINS AND COLLARS 1774 00:57:15,800 --> 00:57:16,832 YOUR STUBBORN STAINS AND COLLARS AND CUFFS AND THINGS TO GET 1775 00:57:16,834 --> 00:57:18,500 AND CUFFS AND THINGS TO GET THE WORST OF THE GRIME OFF. 1776 00:57:18,502 --> 00:57:19,635 THE WORST OF THE GRIME OFF. >> ANY PEASANT COULD 1777 00:57:19,637 --> 00:57:20,269 >> ANY PEASANT COULD MAKE THIS? 1778 00:57:20,271 --> 00:57:21,336 MAKE THIS? >> YES, THAT'S RELATIVELY CHEAP 1779 00:57:21,338 --> 00:57:22,271 >> YES, THAT'S RELATIVELY CHEAP TO PRODUCE. 1780 00:57:22,273 --> 00:57:24,139 TO PRODUCE. WHAT'S EVEN CHEAPER IS ONE LIKE 1781 00:57:24,141 --> 00:57:25,407 WHAT'S EVEN CHEAPER IS ONE LIKE THIS, WHICH HAS JUST GOT BASIC 1782 00:57:25,409 --> 00:57:29,211 THIS, WHICH HAS JUST GOT BASIC PIG FAT OR LARD IN. 1783 00:57:29,213 --> 00:57:31,246 PIG FAT OR LARD IN. >> UM... 1784 00:57:32,115 --> 00:57:35,350 GOSH, MY WIFE WILL BE ASTONISHED TO SEE THIS. 1785 00:57:35,352 --> 00:57:36,485 TO SEE THIS. CERTAINLY HARD WORK. 1786 00:57:36,487 --> 00:57:37,152 CERTAINLY HARD WORK. >> YES, IT IS. 1787 00:57:37,154 --> 00:57:38,420 >> YES, IT IS. AND COLD TOO. 1788 00:57:38,422 --> 00:57:40,289 AND COLD TOO. NOT A HOT-WATER PROCESS AT ALL. 1789 00:57:40,291 --> 00:57:42,191 NOT A HOT-WATER PROCESS AT ALL. IT'S ALWAYS COLD WATER. 1790 00:57:42,193 --> 00:57:43,892 IT'S ALWAYS COLD WATER. >> AND THE THING ABOUT 1791 00:57:43,894 --> 00:57:45,694 >> AND THE THING ABOUT THE MIDDLE AGES IS, THEY HAD 1792 00:57:45,696 --> 00:57:48,564 THE MIDDLE AGES IS, THEY HAD SOAP AND INGENIOUS WASHING 1793 00:57:48,566 --> 00:57:49,865 SOAP AND INGENIOUS WASHING APPARATUS LIKE THIS. 1794 00:57:49,867 --> 00:57:50,666 APPARATUS LIKE THIS. >> INDEED. 1795 00:57:50,668 --> 00:57:51,433 >> INDEED. >> SO THIS IS CALLED A 1796 00:57:51,435 --> 00:57:52,100 >> SO THIS IS CALLED A BATTLEDORE. 1797 00:57:52,102 --> 00:57:52,768 BATTLEDORE. >> IT IS. 1798 00:57:52,770 --> 00:57:53,669 >> IT IS. OR A BEETLE. 1799 00:57:53,671 --> 00:57:54,837 OR A BEETLE. AND SO THAT'S GONNA FORCE THE 1800 00:57:54,839 --> 00:57:57,573 AND SO THAT'S GONNA FORCE THE DIRT THROUGH THE FIBERS. 1801 00:57:57,575 --> 00:57:58,841 DIRT THROUGH THE FIBERS. THE PROCESS IS EXACTLY THE SAME 1802 00:57:58,843 --> 00:57:59,942 THE PROCESS IS EXACTLY THE SAME AS YOU'RE USING A MODERN WASHING 1803 00:57:59,944 --> 00:58:00,776 AS YOU'RE USING A MODERN WASHING MACHINE. 1804 00:58:00,778 --> 00:58:01,944 MACHINE. >> BUT THESE ARE LAUNDRY 1805 00:58:01,946 --> 00:58:02,578 >> BUT THESE ARE LAUNDRY SOAPS. 1806 00:58:02,580 --> 00:58:04,112 SOAPS. WHAT ABOUT PEOPLE WASHING 1807 00:58:04,114 --> 00:58:04,746 WHAT ABOUT PEOPLE WASHING THEMSELVES? 1808 00:58:04,748 --> 00:58:05,514 THEMSELVES? >> WELL, PEOPLE SOAPS, 1809 00:58:05,516 --> 00:58:06,748 >> WELL, PEOPLE SOAPS, THERE'S A SELECTION HERE. 1810 00:58:06,750 --> 00:58:07,883 THERE'S A SELECTION HERE. SO YOU CAN PUT ROSES IN IT OR 1811 00:58:07,885 --> 00:58:10,219 SO YOU CAN PUT ROSES IN IT OR MARIGOLD OR WHATEVER SMELLS YOU 1812 00:58:10,221 --> 00:58:11,353 MARIGOLD OR WHATEVER SMELLS YOU PARTICULARLY LIKE. 1813 00:58:11,355 --> 00:58:12,354 PARTICULARLY LIKE. AND SO A LITTLE BIT MORE 1814 00:58:12,356 --> 00:58:13,355 AND SO A LITTLE BIT MORE EXPENSIVE AND-- 1815 00:58:13,357 --> 00:58:14,690 EXPENSIVE AND-- >> THAT'S REALLY NICE. 1816 00:58:14,692 --> 00:58:15,324 >> THAT'S REALLY NICE. >> OR YOU COULD HAVE JUST A 1817 00:58:15,326 --> 00:58:16,792 >> OR YOU COULD HAVE JUST A PLAIN BAR LIKE THIS ONE HERE. 1818 00:58:16,794 --> 00:58:17,860 PLAIN BAR LIKE THIS ONE HERE. AND THIS IS WHAT WE WOULD REFER 1819 00:58:17,862 --> 00:58:19,795 AND THIS IS WHAT WE WOULD REFER TO AS CASTILE SOAP. 1820 00:58:19,797 --> 00:58:21,463 TO AS CASTILE SOAP. BUT THIS IS RESERVED FOR SOMEONE 1821 00:58:21,465 --> 00:58:22,931 BUT THIS IS RESERVED FOR SOMEONE OF SOME WEALTH. 1822 00:58:22,933 --> 00:58:23,899 OF SOME WEALTH. >> YEAH, I CAN FEEL 1823 00:58:23,901 --> 00:58:26,001 >> YEAH, I CAN FEEL THAT'S AN EXTREMELY LUXURIOUS 1824 00:58:26,003 --> 00:58:26,902 THAT'S AN EXTREMELY LUXURIOUS SOAP. 1825 00:58:26,904 --> 00:58:27,836 SOAP. IT ALMOST FEELS LIKE A 1826 00:58:27,838 --> 00:58:29,805 IT ALMOST FEELS LIKE A MOISTURIZER AT THE SAME TIME. 1827 00:58:29,807 --> 00:58:31,740 MOISTURIZER AT THE SAME TIME. >> VERY NICE TO USE. 1828 00:58:33,743 --> 00:58:35,611 >> MEDIEVAL PEOPLE DIDN'T IGNORE THEIR TEETH 1829 00:58:35,613 --> 00:58:37,012 DIDN'T IGNORE THEIR TEETH EITHER. 1830 00:58:37,014 --> 00:58:39,515 EITHER. TODAY AMERICANS SPEND $2 BILLION 1831 00:58:39,517 --> 00:58:41,350 TODAY AMERICANS SPEND $2 BILLION A YEAR ON TOOTHBRUSHES. 1832 00:58:41,352 --> 00:58:44,253 A YEAR ON TOOTHBRUSHES. 700 YEARS AGO, THEY WERE FREE. 1833 00:58:44,255 --> 00:58:46,188 700 YEARS AGO, THEY WERE FREE. WITH STICKS LIKE HAZEL, LICORICE 1834 00:58:46,190 --> 00:58:47,856 WITH STICKS LIKE HAZEL, LICORICE STICK, OR THE MARSHMALLOW ROOT. 1835 00:58:47,858 --> 00:58:48,991 STICK, OR THE MARSHMALLOW ROOT. SO YOU SEE, YOU WOULD CHEW IT. 1836 00:58:48,993 --> 00:58:50,559 SO YOU SEE, YOU WOULD CHEW IT. IT BECOMES QUITE FIBROUS, REALLY 1837 00:58:50,561 --> 00:58:51,660 IT BECOMES QUITE FIBROUS, REALLY LIKE THE BRISTLES OF 1838 00:58:51,662 --> 00:58:52,361 LIKE THE BRISTLES OF A TOOTHBRUSH. 1839 00:58:52,363 --> 00:58:53,095 A TOOTHBRUSH. IT'S NOT AS SOFT OR AS 1840 00:58:53,097 --> 00:58:54,162 IT'S NOT AS SOFT OR AS COMFORTABLE AS MY MODERN 1841 00:58:54,164 --> 00:58:55,697 COMFORTABLE AS MY MODERN TOOTHBRUSH, BUT IT WORKS. 1842 00:58:55,699 --> 00:58:56,598 TOOTHBRUSH, BUT IT WORKS. IT'S--SORRY, I'VE GOT ALL THE 1843 00:58:56,600 --> 00:58:57,232 IT'S--SORRY, I'VE GOT ALL THE BITS IN MY MOUTH. 1844 00:58:57,234 --> 00:58:58,000 BITS IN MY MOUTH. >> [laughs] 1845 00:58:58,002 --> 00:58:58,634 >> [laughs] >> IT'S-- 1846 00:58:58,636 --> 00:58:59,935 >> IT'S-- [cow mooing] 1847 00:58:59,937 --> 00:59:01,737 [cow mooing] SHH. 1848 00:59:01,739 --> 00:59:02,905 SHH. TOOTHPASTE CAME STRAIGHT OUT OF 1849 00:59:02,907 --> 00:59:05,607 TOOTHPASTE CAME STRAIGHT OUT OF THE HERB GARDEN. 1850 00:59:05,609 --> 00:59:07,676 THE HERB GARDEN. >> THIS IS SALT AND SAGE. 1851 00:59:07,678 --> 00:59:09,444 >> THIS IS SALT AND SAGE. JUST RUB IT ROUND. 1852 00:59:09,446 --> 00:59:10,712 JUST RUB IT ROUND. >> OOH, IT'S QUITE NICE. 1853 00:59:10,714 --> 00:59:12,514 >> OOH, IT'S QUITE NICE. YEAH, I LIKE IT. 1854 00:59:12,516 --> 00:59:14,716 YEAH, I LIKE IT. >> THE SAGE STOPS BLEEDING GUMS, 1855 00:59:14,718 --> 00:59:15,984 >> THE SAGE STOPS BLEEDING GUMS, AND THE SALT TAKES ALL THE 1856 00:59:15,986 --> 00:59:16,752 AND THE SALT TAKES ALL THE PLAQUE AWAY. 1857 00:59:16,754 --> 00:59:17,653 PLAQUE AWAY. >> BUT IT WASN'T JUST 1858 00:59:17,655 --> 00:59:19,555 >> BUT IT WASN'T JUST ABOUT HAVING FRESH BREATH AND 1859 00:59:19,557 --> 00:59:21,757 ABOUT HAVING FRESH BREATH AND BEING PLEASANT SOCIALLY. 1860 00:59:21,759 --> 00:59:22,424 BEING PLEASANT SOCIALLY. >> THAT'S RIGHT. 1861 00:59:22,426 --> 00:59:23,959 >> THAT'S RIGHT. ALL AROUND YOU WAS FOUL-SMELLING 1862 00:59:23,961 --> 00:59:25,627 ALL AROUND YOU WAS FOUL-SMELLING AIR AND WHAT THEY PERCEIVED TO 1863 00:59:25,629 --> 00:59:27,195 AIR AND WHAT THEY PERCEIVED TO BE DISEASES ALL AROUND YOU THAT 1864 00:59:27,197 --> 00:59:28,530 BE DISEASES ALL AROUND YOU THAT YOU CAN SMELL IN AND INGEST 1865 00:59:28,532 --> 00:59:29,197 YOU CAN SMELL IN AND INGEST INSIDE OF YOU. 1866 00:59:29,199 --> 00:59:30,599 INSIDE OF YOU. AND SO THEY WOULD MAKE THINGS 1867 00:59:30,601 --> 00:59:32,501 AND SO THEY WOULD MAKE THINGS LIKE THESE, WHICH ARE BEADS, 1868 00:59:32,503 --> 00:59:34,736 LIKE THESE, WHICH ARE BEADS, POMANDER BEADS, MADE FROM HERBS. 1869 00:59:34,738 --> 00:59:36,038 POMANDER BEADS, MADE FROM HERBS. SO YOU GO OUT INTO THE WORLD, 1870 00:59:36,040 --> 00:59:37,673 SO YOU GO OUT INTO THE WORLD, INTO NEW AREAS, THE MARKET, 1871 00:59:37,675 --> 00:59:39,274 INTO NEW AREAS, THE MARKET, WHEREVER THAT SMELLS BAD. 1872 00:59:39,276 --> 00:59:40,709 WHEREVER THAT SMELLS BAD. YOU PICK UP YOUR BEADS, YOU WARM 1873 00:59:40,711 --> 00:59:42,110 YOU PICK UP YOUR BEADS, YOU WARM THEM IN YOUR HANDS, YOU SMELL 1874 00:59:42,112 --> 00:59:43,745 THEM IN YOUR HANDS, YOU SMELL THEM CLOSE, AND BREATHE IN THE 1875 00:59:43,747 --> 00:59:45,280 THEM CLOSE, AND BREATHE IN THE FUMES AND YOU FUMIGATE YOURSELF 1876 00:59:45,282 --> 00:59:47,583 FUMES AND YOU FUMIGATE YOURSELF AGAINST THOSE DISEASES. 1877 00:59:47,585 --> 00:59:48,483 AGAINST THOSE DISEASES. >> IT'S A VERY STRONG 1878 00:59:48,485 --> 00:59:50,452 >> IT'S A VERY STRONG SMELL, A VERY POWERFUL SMELL, 1879 00:59:50,454 --> 00:59:52,588 SMELL, A VERY POWERFUL SMELL, AND IT'S EXTRAORDINARY THAT THAT 1880 00:59:52,590 --> 00:59:54,056 AND IT'S EXTRAORDINARY THAT THAT WAS THE BELIEF, THAT YOU COULD 1881 00:59:54,058 --> 00:59:55,924 WAS THE BELIEF, THAT YOU COULD FUMIGATE YOURSELF, BECAUSE THEY 1882 00:59:55,926 --> 00:59:58,460 FUMIGATE YOURSELF, BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE THAT ALL DISEASE WAS 1883 00:59:58,462 --> 01:00:01,463 BELIEVE THAT ALL DISEASE WAS CARRIED BY THE MIASMA: THE FOUL 1884 01:00:01,465 --> 01:00:03,365 CARRIED BY THE MIASMA: THE FOUL SMELLS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. 1885 01:00:03,367 --> 01:00:04,866 SMELLS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. AND IF YOU BREATHE THEM IN, 1886 01:00:04,868 --> 01:00:08,537 AND IF YOU BREATHE THEM IN, THAT'S HOW YOU CAUGHT DISEASE. 1887 01:00:08,539 --> 01:00:10,038 THAT'S HOW YOU CAUGHT DISEASE. IF FUMIGATING WITH HERBS DIDN'T 1888 01:00:10,040 --> 01:00:11,673 IF FUMIGATING WITH HERBS DIDN'T WORK, PEOPLE COULD GO TO THEIR 1889 01:00:11,675 --> 01:00:13,775 WORK, PEOPLE COULD GO TO THEIR LOCAL DOCTOR FOR ONE OF THE MOST 1890 01:00:13,777 --> 01:00:15,811 LOCAL DOCTOR FOR ONE OF THE MOST BIZARRE TREATMENTS OF THE MIDDLE 1891 01:00:15,813 --> 01:00:19,214 BIZARRE TREATMENTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 1892 01:00:19,216 --> 01:00:20,515 AGES. I'VE DONE A LOT OF MEDIEVAL 1893 01:00:20,517 --> 01:00:22,184 I'VE DONE A LOT OF MEDIEVAL THINGS IN MY TIME, BUT I'VE 1894 01:00:22,186 --> 01:00:23,852 THINGS IN MY TIME, BUT I'VE NEVER TRIED THIS BEFORE: 1895 01:00:23,854 --> 01:00:27,322 NEVER TRIED THIS BEFORE: BEING BLED BY LEECHES. 1896 01:00:27,324 --> 01:00:29,324 BEING BLED BY LEECHES. RORY MCCREADIE IS AN EXPERT IN 1897 01:00:29,326 --> 01:00:33,862 RORY MCCREADIE IS AN EXPERT IN MEDIEVAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1898 01:00:33,864 --> 01:00:35,030 MEDIEVAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY. OOH, LITTLE TICKLE. 1899 01:00:35,032 --> 01:00:39,735 OOH, LITTLE TICKLE. >> THAT COULD BE IT. 1900 01:00:39,737 --> 01:00:41,136 >> THAT COULD BE IT. >> SO YOU'VE JUST PUT 1901 01:00:41,138 --> 01:00:43,038 >> SO YOU'VE JUST PUT A LIVE LEECH ON MY ARM. 1902 01:00:43,040 --> 01:00:43,672 A LIVE LEECH ON MY ARM. >> YEAH. 1903 01:00:43,674 --> 01:00:44,973 >> YEAH. >> AND I CAN FEEL THE SLIGHTEST 1904 01:00:44,975 --> 01:00:48,844 >> AND I CAN FEEL THE SLIGHTEST PRICK AS HE'S BURROWING IN. 1905 01:00:48,846 --> 01:00:50,779 PRICK AS HE'S BURROWING IN. AND THIS WAS A BASIC PRACTICE IN 1906 01:00:50,781 --> 01:00:51,480 AND THIS WAS A BASIC PRACTICE IN MEDIEVAL MEDICINE? 1907 01:00:51,482 --> 01:00:53,782 MEDIEVAL MEDICINE? >> YES. 1908 01:00:53,784 --> 01:00:54,816 >> YES. >> THE MEDIEVAL WORLD 1909 01:00:54,818 --> 01:00:56,218 >> THE MEDIEVAL WORLD BELIEVED THAT YOUR WELL-BEING 1910 01:00:56,220 --> 01:00:57,552 BELIEVED THAT YOUR WELL-BEING WAS CONTROLLED BY FOUR 1911 01:00:57,554 --> 01:00:59,588 WAS CONTROLLED BY FOUR MYSTERIOUS BODY FLUIDS CALLED 1912 01:00:59,590 --> 01:01:00,622 MYSTERIOUS BODY FLUIDS CALLED HUMORS. 1913 01:01:00,624 --> 01:01:02,391 HUMORS. THESE WERE BLACK BILE, YELLOW 1914 01:01:02,393 --> 01:01:05,293 THESE WERE BLACK BILE, YELLOW BILE, PHLEGM, AND BLOOD. 1915 01:01:05,295 --> 01:01:07,529 BILE, PHLEGM, AND BLOOD. BLEEDING BY LEECHES WAS SUPPOSED 1916 01:01:07,531 --> 01:01:10,298 BLEEDING BY LEECHES WAS SUPPOSED TO KEEP THESE HUMORS IN BALANCE. 1917 01:01:14,303 --> 01:01:16,271 >> YOU WOULD BE BLED QUITE FREQUENTLY. 1918 01:01:16,273 --> 01:01:18,440 FREQUENTLY. THE IDEA WAS QUITE OFTEN YOU'D 1919 01:01:18,442 --> 01:01:20,042 THE IDEA WAS QUITE OFTEN YOU'D BE BLED, KEEP EVERYTHING IN 1920 01:01:20,044 --> 01:01:20,676 BE BLED, KEEP EVERYTHING IN BALANCE. 1921 01:01:20,678 --> 01:01:21,476 BALANCE. >> AND THAT WOULD MAKE 1922 01:01:21,478 --> 01:01:22,511 >> AND THAT WOULD MAKE ME FEEL AT EASE? 1923 01:01:22,513 --> 01:01:25,213 ME FEEL AT EASE? >> YES, HENCE, YOU WOULDN'T BE 1924 01:01:25,215 --> 01:01:26,481 >> YES, HENCE, YOU WOULDN'T BE AT "DIS-EASE" OR, THE MODERN 1925 01:01:26,483 --> 01:01:27,482 AT "DIS-EASE" OR, THE MODERN WORD, DISEASE. 1926 01:01:27,484 --> 01:01:28,216 WORD, DISEASE. THAT'S WHERE IT COS FROM. 1927 01:01:28,218 --> 01:01:29,718 THAT'S WHERE IT COS FROM. >> I SEE. 1928 01:01:29,720 --> 01:01:31,687 >> I SEE. AND HE'S GETTING QUITE FAT NOW. 1929 01:01:31,689 --> 01:01:32,421 AND HE'S GETTING QUITE FAT NOW. AND OF COURSE HE'S ACTUALLY 1930 01:01:32,423 --> 01:01:33,789 AND OF COURSE HE'S ACTUALLY INJECTING AN ENZYME INTO ME THAT 1931 01:01:33,791 --> 01:01:35,123 INJECTING AN ENZYME INTO ME THAT THINS MY BLOOD, 1932 01:01:35,125 --> 01:01:35,857 THINS MY BLOOD, AN ANTICOAGULATE. 1933 01:01:35,859 --> 01:01:37,259 AN ANTICOAGULATE. >> YES, THE ENZYMES IN LEECHES 1934 01:01:37,261 --> 01:01:38,193 >> YES, THE ENZYMES IN LEECHES ARE BEING USED RIGHT NOW FOR 1935 01:01:38,195 --> 01:01:39,861 ARE BEING USED RIGHT NOW FOR PEOPLE WHO HAVE STROKES TO BREAK 1936 01:01:39,863 --> 01:01:41,830 PEOPLE WHO HAVE STROKES TO BREAK DOWN THE BLOOD CLOTS. 1937 01:01:48,705 --> 01:01:51,173 >> BUT THERE WAS ONE DISEASE THAT NO AMOUNT OF 1938 01:01:51,175 --> 01:01:52,741 DISEASE THAT NO AMOUNT OF TREATMENT WITH LEECHES OR 1939 01:01:52,743 --> 01:01:54,609 TREATMENT WITH LEECHES OR ANYTHING ELSE COULD CURE. 1940 01:01:54,611 --> 01:01:58,046 ANYTHING ELSE COULD CURE. IT WAS CALLED THE BLACK DEATH. 1941 01:02:04,320 --> 01:02:09,591 BETWEEN 1348 AND 1350, A GREAT PESTILENCE SWEPT OVER EUROPE, 1942 01:02:09,593 --> 01:02:12,694 PESTILENCE SWEPT OVER EUROPE, KILLING 50% OF THE POPULATION. 1943 01:02:12,696 --> 01:02:14,396 KILLING 50% OF THE POPULATION. CARTLOADS OF DEAD WERE TIPPED 1944 01:02:14,398 --> 01:02:16,898 CARTLOADS OF DEAD WERE TIPPED INTO MASS GRAVES, AND THEY WERE 1945 01:02:16,900 --> 01:02:19,534 INTO MASS GRAVES, AND THEY WERE THEN STACKED INTO NEAT PILES 1946 01:02:19,536 --> 01:02:23,171 THEN STACKED INTO NEAT PILES FIVE DEEP. 1947 01:02:23,173 --> 01:02:24,473 FIVE DEEP. AND THAT'S WHY THERE WERE 1948 01:02:24,475 --> 01:02:26,842 AND THAT'S WHY THERE WERE BIZARRE CREATURES LIKE THIS, 1949 01:02:26,844 --> 01:02:29,578 BIZARRE CREATURES LIKE THIS, THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES, TO BE 1950 01:02:29,580 --> 01:02:31,780 THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES, TO BE FOUND STALKING THE STREETS AND 1951 01:02:31,782 --> 01:02:33,982 FOUND STALKING THE STREETS AND LURKING IN THE HOUSES OF THE 1952 01:02:33,984 --> 01:02:35,250 LURKING IN THE HOUSES OF THE DYING. 1953 01:02:35,252 --> 01:02:36,752 DYING. BUT IN FACT, IT'S A DOCTOR. 1954 01:02:36,754 --> 01:02:37,853 BUT IN FACT, IT'S A DOCTOR. IT'S A PLAGUE DOCTOR. 1955 01:02:37,855 --> 01:02:39,354 IT'S A PLAGUE DOCTOR. AND IF WE CAN ASSIST YOU OFF 1956 01:02:39,356 --> 01:02:42,591 AND IF WE CAN ASSIST YOU OFF WITH THE HOOD, UH, YOU'RE REALLY 1957 01:02:42,593 --> 01:02:44,793 WITH THE HOOD, UH, YOU'RE REALLY WEARING THE EQUIVALENT OF A 1958 01:02:44,795 --> 01:02:46,795 WEARING THE EQUIVALENT OF A BIOCHEMICAL HAZARD SUIT. 1959 01:02:46,797 --> 01:02:48,764 BIOCHEMICAL HAZARD SUIT. >> YES, STOPS STOPS ALL THE AIRS 1960 01:02:48,766 --> 01:02:50,365 >> YES, STOPS STOPS ALL THE AIRS GETTING THROUGH TO ME. 1961 01:02:50,367 --> 01:02:52,400 GETTING THROUGH TO ME. KEEPS ME SAFE WHERE I'M DEALING 1962 01:02:52,402 --> 01:02:54,035 KEEPS ME SAFE WHERE I'M DEALING WITH THE SICK AND THE DYING. 1963 01:02:54,037 --> 01:02:54,870 WITH THE SICK AND THE DYING. >> 'CAUSE THIS IS WAXED 1964 01:02:54,872 --> 01:02:55,504 >> 'CAUSE THIS IS WAXED I CAN FEEL. 1965 01:02:55,506 --> 01:02:56,438 I CAN FEEL. >> IT'S WAXED. 1966 01:02:56,440 --> 01:02:58,807 >> IT'S WAXED. >> AND INSIDE IT'S QUITE 1967 01:02:58,809 --> 01:02:59,674 >> AND INSIDE IT'S QUITE AROMATIC.■■ 1968 01:02:59,676 --> 01:03:00,742 AROMATIC.■■ IT'S QUITE PLEASANT SMELLING. 1969 01:03:00,744 --> 01:03:03,411 IT'S QUITE PLEASANT SMELLING. >> INSIDE IS A SACHET OF HERBS 1970 01:03:03,413 --> 01:03:05,113 >> INSIDE IS A SACHET OF HERBS OR A SPONGE THAT'S BEEN DIPPED 1971 01:03:05,115 --> 01:03:06,181 OR A SPONGE THAT'S BEEN DIPPED IN VINEGAR, 1972 01:03:06,183 --> 01:03:07,349 IN VINEGAR, AND THAT IS SUPPOSED TO MAKE THE 1973 01:03:07,351 --> 01:03:09,017 AND THAT IS SUPPOSED TO MAKE THE AIR AROMATIC FOR ME TO BREATHE 1974 01:03:09,019 --> 01:03:10,485 AIR AROMATIC FOR ME TO BREATHE AND SAFE FOR ME TO BREATHE. 1975 01:03:10,487 --> 01:03:11,753 AND SAFE FOR ME TO BREATHE. SO THIS IS WHAT I'D WEAR TO 1976 01:03:11,755 --> 01:03:13,455 SO THIS IS WHAT I'D WEAR TO PROTECT MYSELF WHEN VISITING THE 1977 01:03:13,457 --> 01:03:14,890 PROTECT MYSELF WHEN VISITING THE SICK AND THE DYING. 1978 01:03:14,892 --> 01:03:16,224 SICK AND THE DYING. I MEAN, ALL I CAN DO IS GIVE 1979 01:03:16,226 --> 01:03:18,393 I MEAN, ALL I CAN DO IS GIVE SOME MEDICINES, WHICH I GIVE 1980 01:03:18,395 --> 01:03:20,028 SOME MEDICINES, WHICH I GIVE WITH MY LONG SPOON TO KEEP FAR 1981 01:03:20,030 --> 01:03:20,862 WITH MY LONG SPOON TO KEEP FAR AWAY AS POSSIBLE. 1982 01:03:20,864 --> 01:03:21,997 AWAY AS POSSIBLE. >> SO YOU'RE STANDING 1983 01:03:21,999 --> 01:03:22,964 >> SO YOU'RE STANDING OFF AT A DISTANCE. 1984 01:03:22,966 --> 01:03:24,199 OFF AT A DISTANCE. I MEAN, HOW MUCH CHANCE DID A 1985 01:03:24,201 --> 01:03:26,101 I MEAN, HOW MUCH CHANCE DID A PLAGUE VICTIM STAND IF YOU CAME 1986 01:03:26,103 --> 01:03:26,902 PLAGUE VICTIM STAND IF YOU CAME TO ATTEND THEM? 1987 01:03:26,904 --> 01:03:27,602 TO ATTEND THEM? NOT MUCH. 1988 01:03:27,604 --> 01:03:28,236 NOT MUCH. >> NOT MUCH. 1989 01:03:28,238 --> 01:03:30,438 >> NOT MUCH. ABSOLUTE AWFUL WAY TO GO. 1990 01:03:35,311 --> 01:03:38,480 >> SPREAD BY FLEAS CARRIED ON RATS, THE PLAGUE PUT 1991 01:03:38,482 --> 01:03:39,781 CARRIED ON RATS, THE PLAGUE PUT ITS VICTIMS THROUGH A HORRIBLE 1992 01:03:39,783 --> 01:03:40,649 ITS VICTIMS THROUGH A HORRIBLE DEATH. 1993 01:03:40,651 --> 01:03:42,284 DEATH. BLACK, FOUL-SMELLING LUMPS 1994 01:03:42,286 --> 01:03:45,387 BLACK, FOUL-SMELLING LUMPS APPEARED ALL OVER THE BODY. 1995 01:03:45,389 --> 01:03:46,555 APPEARED ALL OVER THE BODY. WITHIN A FEW DAYS OF THE 1996 01:03:46,557 --> 01:03:48,423 WITHIN A FEW DAYS OF THE INFECTION APPEARING, MOST PEOPLE 1997 01:03:48,425 --> 01:03:50,458 INFECTION APPEARING, MOST PEOPLE DIED IN AGONY. 1998 01:03:56,065 --> 01:03:59,668 THE BLACK DEATH WAS THE GREAT FAILURE OF MEDIEVAL MEDICINE. 1999 01:03:59,670 --> 01:04:00,869 FAILURE OF MEDIEVAL MEDICINE. THEY DIDN'T UNDERSTAND WHERE IT 2000 01:04:00,871 --> 01:04:02,003 THEY DIDN'T UNDERSTAND WHERE IT CAME FROM, AND THEY DIDN'T 2001 01:04:02,005 --> 01:04:03,772 CAME FROM, AND THEY DIDN'T UNDERSTAND HOW TO TREAT IT. 2002 01:04:03,774 --> 01:04:05,507 UNDERSTAND HOW TO TREAT IT. IT WAS A FAILURE THAT ULTIMATELY 2003 01:04:05,509 --> 01:04:07,642 IT WAS A FAILURE THAT ULTIMATELY LED TO THE END OF THE MEDIEVAL 2004 01:04:07,644 --> 01:04:10,478 LED TO THE END OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD. 2005 01:04:10,480 --> 01:04:11,813 WORLD. THE PLAGUE MAY HAVE WIPED OUT 2006 01:04:11,815 --> 01:04:13,682 THE PLAGUE MAY HAVE WIPED OUT HALF THE POPULATION, BUT IT 2007 01:04:13,684 --> 01:04:15,350 HALF THE POPULATION, BUT IT DIDN'T PUT A STOP TO WAR AND 2008 01:04:15,352 --> 01:04:16,651 DIDN'T PUT A STOP TO WAR AND AGGRESSION. 2009 01:04:16,653 --> 01:04:21,022 AGGRESSION. >> I'VE GONE AS CLOSE AS 2010 01:04:21,024 --> 01:04:22,624 >> I'VE GONE AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE MEDIEVAL WORLD 2011 01:04:22,626 --> 01:04:24,926 POSSIBLE TO THE MEDIEVAL WORLD TO EXPERIENCE HOW PEOPLE DEALT 2012 01:04:24,928 --> 01:04:27,229 TO EXPERIENCE HOW PEOPLE DEALT WITH HYGIENE, HEALTH, AND 2013 01:04:27,231 --> 01:04:30,765 WITH HYGIENE, HEALTH, AND TERRIBLE DISEASE. 2014 01:04:30,767 --> 01:04:32,934 TERRIBLE DISEASE. I'VE GONE MEDIEVAL TO HELP BUILD 2015 01:04:32,936 --> 01:04:34,870 I'VE GONE MEDIEVAL TO HELP BUILD A BRAND-NEW CASTLE. 2016 01:04:34,872 --> 01:04:36,738 A BRAND-NEW CASTLE. NOW I'M GOING TO FIND OUT HOW TO 2017 01:04:36,740 --> 01:04:38,106 NOW I'M GOING TO FIND OUT HOW TO KNOCK ONE DOWN. 2018 01:04:38,108 --> 01:04:42,611 KNOCK ONE DOWN. THIS IS THE BIG MOMENT. 2019 01:04:42,613 --> 01:04:43,979 THIS IS THE BIG MOMENT. STONE CASTLES WERE BUILT FOR 2020 01:04:43,981 --> 01:04:45,447 STONE CASTLES WERE BUILT FOR DEFENSE. 2021 01:04:45,449 --> 01:04:47,082 DEFENSE. THE MASSIVE WALLS OF THE CASTLE 2022 01:04:47,084 --> 01:04:48,617 THE MASSIVE WALLS OF THE CASTLE BEING CONSTRUCTED HERE AT 2023 01:04:48,619 --> 01:04:50,785 BEING CONSTRUCTED HERE AT GUEDELON IN FRANCE ARE 12 FEET 2024 01:04:50,787 --> 01:04:53,121 GUEDELON IN FRANCE ARE 12 FEET THICK, PROOF AGAINST ALMOST 2025 01:04:53,123 --> 01:04:56,758 THICK, PROOF AGAINST ALMOST EVERY FORM OF ATTACK. 2026 01:04:56,760 --> 01:04:58,026 EVERY FORM OF ATTACK. BUT THERE WAS ONE WEAPON THAT 2027 01:04:58,028 --> 01:04:59,327 BUT THERE WAS ONE WEAPON THAT COULD BRING DOWN EVEN THE 2028 01:04:59,329 --> 01:05:01,563 COULD BRING DOWN EVEN THE STRONGEST CASTLE WALLS. 2029 01:05:01,565 --> 01:05:03,331 STRONGEST CASTLE WALLS. IT WAS CALLED THE COUNTERWEIGHT 2030 01:05:03,333 --> 01:05:05,300 IT WAS CALLED THE COUNTERWEIGHT TREBUCHET, AND IT WAS A GIANT 2031 01:05:05,302 --> 01:05:06,768 TREBUCHET, AND IT WAS A GIANT SIEGE ENGINE. 2032 01:05:06,770 --> 01:05:09,170 SIEGE ENGINE. TREBUCHETS WERE GIVEN NICKNAMES. 2033 01:05:09,172 --> 01:05:10,639 TREBUCHETS WERE GIVEN NICKNAMES. THE FEARSOME ENGINE THAT 2034 01:05:10,641 --> 01:05:12,841 THE FEARSOME ENGINE THAT EDWARD I TOOK TO THE SIEGE OF 2035 01:05:12,843 --> 01:05:15,076 EDWARD I TOOK TO THE SIEGE OF STIRLING CASTLE WAS CALLED 2036 01:05:15,078 --> 01:05:16,011 STIRLING CASTLE WAS CALLED "WAR WOLF." 2037 01:05:16,013 --> 01:05:17,612 "WAR WOLF." ANOTHER POPULAR NAME WAS 2038 01:05:17,614 --> 01:05:19,281 ANOTHER POPULAR NAME WAS MAL VOISIN. 2039 01:05:19,283 --> 01:05:21,750 MAL VOISIN. IT MEANS "BAD NEIGHBOR," 2040 01:05:21,752 --> 01:05:23,818 IT MEANS "BAD NEIGHBOR," AND TREBUCHETS WERE CERTAINLY 2041 01:05:23,820 --> 01:05:24,686 AND TREBUCHETS WERE CERTAINLY THAT. 2042 01:05:24,688 --> 01:05:27,222 THAT. FIRE IN THE HOLE! 2043 01:05:36,499 --> 01:05:39,901 THAT MUST HAVE GONE AT LEAST 500 OR 600 YARDS. 2044 01:05:39,903 --> 01:05:42,504 OR 600 YARDS. LET'S LOAD UP AND DO IT AGAIN. 2045 01:05:48,711 --> 01:05:52,414 THESE ENORMOUS MACHINES COULD HURL MASSIVE STONES TO SMASH 2046 01:05:52,416 --> 01:05:54,549 HURL MASSIVE STONES TO SMASH INTO A CASTLE WALL UP TO A MILE 2047 01:05:54,551 --> 01:05:56,551 INTO A CASTLE WALL UP TO A MILE AWAY. 2048 01:05:56,553 --> 01:05:58,219 AWAY. AT THE MEDIEVAL CENTER IN 2049 01:05:58,221 --> 01:05:59,287 AT THE MEDIEVAL CENTER IN DENMARK, THEY'VE BUILT A 2050 01:05:59,289 --> 01:06:01,056 DENMARK, THEY'VE BUILT A FULL-SIZE WORKING REPLICA OF A 2051 01:06:01,058 --> 01:06:02,824 FULL-SIZE WORKING REPLICA OF A TREBUCHET, AND HERE'S HOW IT 2052 01:06:02,826 --> 01:06:06,061 TREBUCHET, AND HERE'S HOW IT WORKS. 2053 01:06:06,063 --> 01:06:07,395 WORKS. MEN WALKING INSIDE TWO 2054 01:06:07,397 --> 01:06:09,631 MEN WALKING INSIDE TWO TREADWHEELS WIND UP A ROPE WHICH 2055 01:06:09,633 --> 01:06:10,799 TREADWHEELS WIND UP A ROPE WHICH PULLS THE LONG ARM OF THE 2056 01:06:10,801 --> 01:06:12,734 PULLS THE LONG ARM OF THE TREBUCHET DOWN AND LIFTS THE 2057 01:06:12,736 --> 01:06:14,069 TREBUCHET DOWN AND LIFTS THE COUNTERWEIGHT UP. 2058 01:06:14,071 --> 01:06:15,737 COUNTERWEIGHT UP. WHEN THE ARM IS RELEASED, THE 2059 01:06:15,739 --> 01:06:17,605 WHEN THE ARM IS RELEASED, THE COUNTERWEIGHT DROPS, FLINGING 2060 01:06:17,607 --> 01:06:19,040 COUNTERWEIGHT DROPS, FLINGING THE ARM AND ITS DEADLY LOAD UP 2061 01:06:19,042 --> 01:06:21,009 THE ARM AND ITS DEADLY LOAD UP AND OVER. 2062 01:06:21,011 --> 01:06:22,410 AND OVER. EDWARD THE I'S TREBUCHET, WAR 2063 01:06:22,412 --> 01:06:25,280 EDWARD THE I'S TREBUCHET, WAR WOLF, WAS SO HUGE IT TOOK FIVE 2064 01:06:25,282 --> 01:06:27,482 WOLF, WAS SO HUGE IT TOOK FIVE CARPENTERS AND 50 MEN 2065 01:06:27,484 --> 01:06:29,918 CARPENTERS AND 50 MEN THREE MONTHS TO BUILD. 2066 01:06:31,988 --> 01:06:35,190 WITH AMMUNITION CALIBRATED TO THE SAME SIZE AND WEIGHT, THE 2067 01:06:35,192 --> 01:06:37,459 THE SAME SIZE AND WEIGHT, THE TREBUCHET WAS DEADLY ACCURATE. 2068 01:06:37,461 --> 01:06:38,760 TREBUCHET WAS DEADLY ACCURATE. YOU COULD HIT THE SAME PIECE OF 2069 01:06:38,762 --> 01:06:41,463 YOU COULD HIT THE SAME PIECE OF CASTLE WALL AGAIN AND AGAIN, 2070 01:06:41,465 --> 01:06:42,931 CASTLE WALL AGAIN AND AGAIN, WEAKENING IT UNTIL IT WAS 2071 01:06:42,933 --> 01:06:44,833 WEAKENING IT UNTIL IT WAS BREACHED. 2072 01:06:48,137 --> 01:06:53,575 IMAGINE THAT DAY AFTER DAY AFTER DAY. 2073 01:06:53,577 --> 01:06:55,243 AFTER DAY. THIS GREAT HOPPER HOLDS UP TO 2074 01:06:55,245 --> 01:06:57,645 THIS GREAT HOPPER HOLDS UP TO TEN TONS OF STONE, AND I'VE GOT 2075 01:06:57,647 --> 01:07:00,648 TEN TONS OF STONE, AND I'VE GOT TO HELP LIFT IT. 2076 01:07:00,650 --> 01:07:02,717 TO HELP LIFT IT. THIS IS REALLY QUITE EXHAUSTING 2077 01:07:02,719 --> 01:07:03,651 THIS IS REALLY QUITE EXHAUSTING WORK. 2078 01:07:03,653 --> 01:07:05,653 WORK. I'M SURE THERE ARE MANY WAYS OF 2079 01:07:05,655 --> 01:07:08,690 I'M SURE THERE ARE MANY WAYS OF MEASURING ENERGY; JOULES, WATTS, 2080 01:07:08,692 --> 01:07:10,592 MEASURING ENERGY; JOULES, WATTS, ALL SORTS OF THINGS; BUT THERE'S 2081 01:07:10,594 --> 01:07:12,560 ALL SORTS OF THINGS; BUT THERE'S NOTHING LIKE MEASURING THE POWER 2082 01:07:12,562 --> 01:07:14,529 NOTHING LIKE MEASURING THE POWER OF THIS GREAT MACHINE THAN 2083 01:07:14,531 --> 01:07:16,364 OF THIS GREAT MACHINE THAN WALKING IT IN. 2084 01:07:16,366 --> 01:07:18,666 WALKING IT IN. EVERY MUSCLE FEELS EVERY OUNCE 2085 01:07:18,668 --> 01:07:20,568 EVERY MUSCLE FEELS EVERY OUNCE OF ENERGY THAT WE PULL BACK 2086 01:07:20,570 --> 01:07:25,273 OF ENERGY THAT WE PULL BACK HERE. 2087 01:07:25,275 --> 01:07:26,841 HERE. A BATTLE-HARDENED TEAM COULD 2088 01:07:26,843 --> 01:07:28,510 A BATTLE-HARDENED TEAM COULD RAISE THE COUNTERWEIGHT 2089 01:07:28,512 --> 01:07:29,677 RAISE THE COUNTERWEIGHT IN 15 MINUTES. 2090 01:07:29,679 --> 01:07:30,979 IN 15 MINUTES. THAT MEANT A CONSTANT 2091 01:07:30,981 --> 01:07:33,748 THAT MEANT A CONSTANT BOMBARDMENT OF STONES ALL DAY... 2092 01:07:34,617 --> 01:07:38,987 AND ALL NIGHT TOO. STONES WEREN'T THE ONLY THING 2093 01:07:38,989 --> 01:07:40,388 STONES WEREN'T THE ONLY THING USED BY TREBUCHETS. 2094 01:07:40,390 --> 01:07:42,223 USED BY TREBUCHETS. THEY WERE ALSO USED TO HURL THE 2095 01:07:42,225 --> 01:07:43,992 THEY WERE ALSO USED TO HURL THE ROTTING CARCASSES OF DEAD 2096 01:07:43,994 --> 01:07:45,894 ROTTING CARCASSES OF DEAD ANIMALS TO SPREAD DISEASE WITHIN 2097 01:07:45,896 --> 01:07:46,861 ANIMALS TO SPREAD DISEASE WITHIN THE CASTLE. 2098 01:07:46,863 --> 01:07:48,229 THE CASTLE. THEY WERE USED TO THROW 2099 01:07:48,231 --> 01:07:49,497 THEY WERE USED TO THROW BEEHIVES. 2100 01:07:49,499 --> 01:07:51,633 BEEHIVES. THEY WERE USED TO SEND HOME THE 2101 01:07:51,635 --> 01:07:53,435 THEY WERE USED TO SEND HOME THE DECAPITATED HEADS OF ENEMY 2102 01:07:53,437 --> 01:07:54,135 DECAPITATED HEADS OF ENEMY PRISONERS. 2103 01:07:54,137 --> 01:07:55,236 PRISONERS. THEY WERE USED AS 2104 01:07:55,238 --> 01:07:56,037 THEY WERE USED AS TERROR WEAPONS. 2105 01:07:56,039 --> 01:07:57,839 TERROR WEAPONS. BUT MOST TERRIFYING OF ALL, THEY 2106 01:07:57,841 --> 01:07:59,874 BUT MOST TERRIFYING OF ALL, THEY WERE USED TO THROW GREAT 2107 01:07:59,876 --> 01:08:01,843 WERE USED TO THROW GREAT FIREBALLS. 2108 01:08:05,981 --> 01:08:07,849 CLEAR! 2109 01:08:12,855 --> 01:08:16,691 LOOK AT THAT. THERE'S THE ROAR OF FLAME 2110 01:08:16,693 --> 01:08:21,162 THERE'S THE ROAR OF FLAME THROUGH THE SKY. 2111 01:08:21,164 --> 01:08:22,330 THROUGH THE SKY. AND THESE BALLS WOULD CRASH 2112 01:08:22,332 --> 01:08:24,399 AND THESE BALLS WOULD CRASH THROUGH THE CASTLE ROOFS, CRASH 2113 01:08:24,401 --> 01:08:25,733 THROUGH THE CASTLE ROOFS, CRASH INTO THE WOODEN STRUCTURES, THE 2114 01:08:25,735 --> 01:08:27,635 INTO THE WOODEN STRUCTURES, THE STABLES, AND ALL THE BUILDINGS 2115 01:08:27,637 --> 01:08:29,304 STABLES, AND ALL THE BUILDINGS WITHIN THE COURTYARD AND SET THE 2116 01:08:29,306 --> 01:08:31,773 WITHIN THE COURTYARD AND SET THE WHOLE PLACE ABLAZE. 2117 01:08:33,809 --> 01:08:37,779 THE CASTLE'S DEFENDERS OFTEN HAD TO BE PREPARED TO WAIT IT OUT 2118 01:08:37,781 --> 01:08:39,314 TO BE PREPARED TO WAIT IT OUT FOR A LONG TIME. 2119 01:08:39,316 --> 01:08:41,516 FOR A LONG TIME. MOST OF MEDIEVAL WARFARE WAS 2120 01:08:41,518 --> 01:08:44,886 MOST OF MEDIEVAL WARFARE WAS SIEGE WARFARE, AND THAT YOU HAD 2121 01:08:44,888 --> 01:08:46,654 SIEGE WARFARE, AND THAT YOU HAD TO BE ABLE TO WITHSTAND FOR 2122 01:08:46,656 --> 01:08:49,190 TO BE ABLE TO WITHSTAND FOR MONTHS IF NECESSARY. 2123 01:08:49,192 --> 01:08:55,463 MONTHS IF NECESSARY. THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT THING 2124 01:08:55,465 --> 01:08:58,266 THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT THING ABOUT A CASTLE IS HAVING A WATER 2125 01:08:58,268 --> 01:09:00,668 ABOUT A CASTLE IS HAVING A WATER SUPPLY WITHIN THE WALLS. 2126 01:09:00,670 --> 01:09:02,537 SUPPLY WITHIN THE WALLS. MANY CASTLES WOULD HAVE TWO, 2127 01:09:02,539 --> 01:09:04,072 MANY CASTLES WOULD HAVE TWO, THREE WELLS. 2128 01:09:04,074 --> 01:09:05,974 THREE WELLS. YOU COULD WITHSTAND A SIEGE FOR 2129 01:09:05,976 --> 01:09:08,042 YOU COULD WITHSTAND A SIEGE FOR WEEKS, MAYBE MONTHS, WITH VERY 2130 01:09:08,044 --> 01:09:09,010 WEEKS, MAYBE MONTHS, WITH VERY LITTLE FOOD. 2131 01:09:09,012 --> 01:09:12,147 LITTLE FOOD. BUT YOU COULD ONLY GO DAYS 2132 01:09:12,149 --> 01:09:16,084 BUT YOU COULD ONLY GO DAYS WITHOUT WATER. 2133 01:09:16,086 --> 01:09:18,386 WITHOUT WATER. IN THE 1400s, HARLECH CASTLE IN 2134 01:09:18,388 --> 01:09:20,421 IN THE 1400s, HARLECH CASTLE IN WALES WAS BESIEGED FOR SEVEN 2135 01:09:20,423 --> 01:09:22,624 WALES WAS BESIEGED FOR SEVEN YEARS; THE LONGEST SIEGE IN 2136 01:09:22,626 --> 01:09:25,527 YEARS; THE LONGEST SIEGE IN BRITISH HISTORY. 2137 01:09:25,529 --> 01:09:26,728 BRITISH HISTORY. BUT THE SOLDIERS BEHIND THE 2138 01:09:26,730 --> 01:09:29,297 BUT THE SOLDIERS BEHIND THE CASTLE WALL WEREN'T DEFENSELESS. 2139 01:09:29,299 --> 01:09:30,865 CASTLE WALL WEREN'T DEFENSELESS. IF THE ENEMY GOT WITHIN BOW 2140 01:09:30,867 --> 01:09:33,001 IF THE ENEMY GOT WITHIN BOW SHOT, DEFENDERS COULD SHOOT OUT 2141 01:09:33,003 --> 01:09:34,802 SHOT, DEFENDERS COULD SHOOT OUT OF THE LONG, NARROW SLITS BUILT 2142 01:09:34,804 --> 01:09:36,137 OF THE LONG, NARROW SLITS BUILT INTO THE WALLS. 2143 01:09:36,139 --> 01:09:38,139 INTO THE WALLS. THESE ARE CALLED ARROW LOOPS, 2144 01:09:38,141 --> 01:09:39,674 THESE ARE CALLED ARROW LOOPS, AND I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO TRY 2145 01:09:39,676 --> 01:09:41,409 AND I'M GOING MEDIEVAL TO TRY OUT AN IDEA THAT I'VE HAD ABOUT 2146 01:09:41,411 --> 01:09:43,945 OUT AN IDEA THAT I'VE HAD ABOUT HOW BEST TO USE THEM. 2147 01:09:43,947 --> 01:09:46,347 HOW BEST TO USE THEM. IF YOU'VE GOT MEN RUSHING AT 2148 01:09:46,349 --> 01:09:48,316 IF YOU'VE GOT MEN RUSHING AT YOUR WALLS, YOU NEED TO SHOOT AS 2149 01:09:48,318 --> 01:09:49,884 YOUR WALLS, YOU NEED TO SHOOT AS MANY AS POSSIBLE. 2150 01:09:49,886 --> 01:09:51,252 MANY AS POSSIBLE. AND SO YOU CAN WORK IN TEAMS 2151 01:09:51,254 --> 01:09:52,187 AND SO YOU CAN WORK IN TEAMS LIKE THIS. 2152 01:09:52,189 --> 01:09:54,189 LIKE THIS. TWO OF YOU OPERATING AGAINST ONE 2153 01:09:54,191 --> 01:09:54,822 TWO OF YOU OPERATING AGAINST ONE LOOP. 2154 01:09:54,824 --> 01:09:56,724 LOOP. IT ALSO GIVES THE IMPRESSION TO 2155 01:09:56,726 --> 01:09:58,526 IT ALSO GIVES THE IMPRESSION TO THE ENEMY THAT YOU'VE GOT 2156 01:09:58,528 --> 01:10:03,598 THE ENEMY THAT YOU'VE GOT GREATER FORCES THAN YOU HAVE. 2157 01:10:03,600 --> 01:10:05,066 GREATER FORCES THAN YOU HAVE. YOU MAY THINK IT'S STRANGE THAT 2158 01:10:05,068 --> 01:10:06,067 YOU MAY THINK IT'S STRANGE THAT WE'RE SHOOTING FROM SUCH A 2159 01:10:06,069 --> 01:10:07,702 WE'RE SHOOTING FROM SUCH A DISTANCE, BUT THERE'S TWO 2160 01:10:07,704 --> 01:10:09,103 DISTANCE, BUT THERE'S TWO REASONS FOR THAT. 2161 01:10:09,105 --> 01:10:10,972 REASONS FOR THAT. I CAN'T STAND THIS CLOSE TO IT 2162 01:10:10,974 --> 01:10:13,041 I CAN'T STAND THIS CLOSE TO IT BECAUSE MY BOW LIMBS WILL SLAP. 2163 01:10:13,043 --> 01:10:14,509 BECAUSE MY BOW LIMBS WILL SLAP. BUT THERE'S ANOTHER REASON I 2164 01:10:14,511 --> 01:10:16,110 BUT THERE'S ANOTHER REASON I HAVE TO STAND BACK, AND IT'S 2165 01:10:16,112 --> 01:10:21,716 HAVE TO STAND BACK, AND IT'S CALLED THE ARCHER'S PARADOX. 2166 01:10:21,718 --> 01:10:24,519 CALLED THE ARCHER'S PARADOX. WHEN AN ARROW LEAVES A BOW, THE 2167 01:10:24,521 --> 01:10:26,988 WHEN AN ARROW LEAVES A BOW, THE FORCE OF THE STRING BEHIND IT 2168 01:10:26,990 --> 01:10:28,957 FORCE OF THE STRING BEHIND IT BENDS IT AROUND THE BOW. 2169 01:10:28,959 --> 01:10:31,059 BENDS IT AROUND THE BOW. IN FACT, WHAT HAPPENS IS IT 2170 01:10:31,061 --> 01:10:33,461 IN FACT, WHAT HAPPENS IS IT BENDS AS MUCH AS THAT AND THEN 2171 01:10:33,463 --> 01:10:34,829 BENDS AS MUCH AS THAT AND THEN IT WHIPS BACK TO BEND THE OTHER 2172 01:10:34,831 --> 01:10:35,463 IT WHIPS BACK TO BEND THE OTHER WAY. 2173 01:10:35,465 --> 01:10:37,865 WAY. AND FOR THE FIRST 12 OR 15 FEET, 2174 01:10:37,867 --> 01:10:39,734 AND FOR THE FIRST 12 OR 15 FEET, IT'S MAKING THIS SERPENTINE 2175 01:10:39,736 --> 01:10:41,636 IT'S MAKING THIS SERPENTINE PROGRESS. 2176 01:10:44,240 --> 01:10:48,710 THIS IS WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE WHEN SLOWED DOWN 150 TIMES. 2177 01:10:59,421 --> 01:11:03,057 AS IT SNAKES THROUGH THE AIR, IT TAKES ABOUT 15 FEET BEFORE THIS 2178 01:11:03,059 --> 01:11:05,093 TAKES ABOUT 15 FEET BEFORE THIS ARROW STRAIGHTENS OUT. 2179 01:11:09,164 --> 01:11:15,403 SO FROM HERE, I ACTUALLY HAVE TO WORK BACK UNTIL I'M SHOOTING 2180 01:11:15,405 --> 01:11:20,174 WORK BACK UNTIL I'M SHOOTING STRAIGHT. 2181 01:11:20,176 --> 01:11:22,176 STRAIGHT. OF COURSE A SLIT THAT LETS 2182 01:11:22,178 --> 01:11:24,479 OF COURSE A SLIT THAT LETS ARROWS OUT CAN ALSO LET ARROWS 2183 01:11:24,481 --> 01:11:26,347 ARROWS OUT CAN ALSO LET ARROWS IN, THOUGH THEY WERE A HARDER 2184 01:11:26,349 --> 01:11:27,081 IN, THOUGH THEY WERE A HARDER TARGET. 2185 01:11:27,083 --> 01:11:28,783 TARGET. IT DOESN'T REALLY MATTER WHETHER 2186 01:11:28,785 --> 01:11:30,485 IT DOESN'T REALLY MATTER WHETHER THE ARROWS GO THROUGH CLEANLY OR 2187 01:11:30,487 --> 01:11:33,788 THE ARROWS GO THROUGH CLEANLY OR IF THEY JUST RATTLE AGAINST THE 2188 01:11:33,790 --> 01:11:34,422 IF THEY JUST RATTLE AGAINST THE WALL. 2189 01:11:34,424 --> 01:11:35,690 WALL. THE ARCHERS INSIDE THAT ARROW 2190 01:11:35,692 --> 01:11:37,091 THE ARCHERS INSIDE THAT ARROW LOOP ARE GOING TO BE QUITE 2191 01:11:37,093 --> 01:11:39,594 LOOP ARE GOING TO BE QUITE INTIMIDATED IF THERE'S A COUPLE 2192 01:11:39,596 --> 01:11:41,796 INTIMIDATED IF THERE'S A COUPLE OF ARCHERS OUT HERE SHOOTING IN 2193 01:11:41,798 --> 01:11:44,098 OF ARCHERS OUT HERE SHOOTING IN AT THEM. 2194 01:11:44,100 --> 01:11:45,433 AT THEM. THE NOISE INSIDE WITH 2195 01:11:45,435 --> 01:11:47,435 THE NOISE INSIDE WITH METAL-HEADED ARROWS WOULD BE 2196 01:11:47,437 --> 01:11:51,072 METAL-HEADED ARROWS WOULD BE VERY FRIGHTENING INDEED. 2197 01:11:53,575 --> 01:11:57,278 SOMETIMES THE ATTACKER'S HAND WOULD BE FORCED. 2198 01:11:57,280 --> 01:11:58,880 WOULD BE FORCED. WHAT HAPPENS IF I NEED TO TAKE 2199 01:11:58,882 --> 01:12:00,381 WHAT HAPPENS IF I NEED TO TAKE THIS CASTLE IN A HURRY? 2200 01:12:00,383 --> 01:12:01,616 THIS CASTLE IN A HURRY? FOR INSTANCE, IF THERE ARE 2201 01:12:01,618 --> 01:12:03,117 FOR INSTANCE, IF THERE ARE REINFORCEMENTS ON THE WAY, IF 2202 01:12:03,119 --> 01:12:04,552 REINFORCEMENTS ON THE WAY, IF THE ENEMY HAS GOT MORE TROOPS 2203 01:12:04,554 --> 01:12:05,653 THE ENEMY HAS GOT MORE TROOPS COMING AND I NEED TO GET IN, 2204 01:12:05,655 --> 01:12:06,788 COMING AND I NEED TO GET IN, I NEED TO GET IN QUICK. 2205 01:12:06,790 --> 01:12:08,389 I NEED TO GET IN QUICK. THESE WALLS LOOK PRETTY 2206 01:12:08,391 --> 01:12:10,491 THESE WALLS LOOK PRETTY INTIMIDATING, SO MY OPTIONS ARE 2207 01:12:10,493 --> 01:12:12,460 INTIMIDATING, SO MY OPTIONS ARE LIMITED. 2208 01:12:12,861 --> 01:12:16,931 [dramatic music] ♪ ♪ 2209 01:12:17,366 --> 01:12:19,534 ONE OF THE MOST DESPERATE AND CERTAINLY ONE OF THE MOST 2210 01:12:19,536 --> 01:12:21,269 CERTAINLY ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS WAYS TO TAKE A CASTLE 2211 01:12:21,271 --> 01:12:24,038 DANGEROUS WAYS TO TAKE A CASTLE WAS BY ESCALADE--GNG IN OVER 2212 01:12:24,040 --> 01:12:25,440 WAS BY ESCALADE--GNG IN OVER THE TOP OF THE WALLS. 2213 01:12:25,442 --> 01:12:26,841 THE TOP OF THE WALLS. SOMETIMES THEY WOULD BUILD 2214 01:12:26,843 --> 01:12:28,943 SOMETIMES THEY WOULD BUILD ELABORATE SIEGE TOWERS. 2215 01:12:28,945 --> 01:12:30,845 ELABORATE SIEGE TOWERS. BUT MORE OFTEN THAN NOT, IT WAS 2216 01:12:30,847 --> 01:12:32,714 BUT MORE OFTEN THAN NOT, IT WAS JUST A QUESTION OF BRAVE MEN 2217 01:12:32,716 --> 01:12:34,382 JUST A QUESTION OF BRAVE MEN AND LADDERS. 2218 01:12:34,384 --> 01:12:36,017 AND LADDERS. IT WAS AN EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS 2219 01:12:36,019 --> 01:12:36,884 IT WAS AN EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS BUSINESS. 2220 01:12:36,886 --> 01:12:38,486 BUSINESS. THERE'D BE PEOPLE DROPPING ROCKS 2221 01:12:38,488 --> 01:12:40,254 THERE'D BE PEOPLE DROPPING ROCKS ON YOUR HEAD, AND THERE'S ALSO 2222 01:12:40,256 --> 01:12:42,256 ON YOUR HEAD, AND THERE'S ALSO ARCHERS WHO CAN SHOOT AT YOU 2223 01:12:42,258 --> 01:12:43,591 ARCHERS WHO CAN SHOOT AT YOU FROM THE SIDE. 2224 01:12:43,593 --> 01:12:44,792 FROM THE SIDE. BUT YOU'VE GOT TO KEEP GOING. 2225 01:12:44,794 --> 01:12:45,526 BUT YOU'VE GOT TO KEEP GOING. YOU'VE GOT TO GET UP THAT 2226 01:12:45,528 --> 01:12:46,160 YOU'VE GOT TO GET UP THAT LADDER. 2227 01:12:46,162 --> 01:12:48,496 LADDER. THERE ARE MEN BEHIND YOU. 2228 01:12:48,498 --> 01:12:50,198 THERE ARE MEN BEHIND YOU. WHEN YOU GET TO THE TOP, YOU'RE 2229 01:12:50,200 --> 01:12:51,199 WHEN YOU GET TO THE TOP, YOU'RE NOT GONNA GET A FRIENDLY 2230 01:12:51,201 --> 01:12:52,934 NOT GONNA GET A FRIENDLY WELCOME. 2231 01:12:52,936 --> 01:12:54,669 WELCOME. PEOPLE ARE GOING TO ATTACK YOU. 2232 01:12:54,671 --> 01:12:56,404 PEOPLE ARE GOING TO ATTACK YOU. AND THAT NOW BECOMES PROBLEMATIC 2233 01:12:56,406 --> 01:12:57,071 AND THAT NOW BECOMES PROBLEMATIC FOR ME. 2234 01:12:57,073 --> 01:12:58,539 FOR ME. I'M HANGING ON TO THE LADDER 2235 01:12:58,541 --> 01:12:59,640 I'M HANGING ON TO THE LADDER WITH ONE HAND AND I'VE GOT MY 2236 01:12:59,642 --> 01:13:01,476 WITH ONE HAND AND I'VE GOT MY SHIELD IN THE OTHER HAND. 2237 01:13:01,478 --> 01:13:03,211 SHIELD IN THE OTHER HAND. IT BECOMES VERY DIFFICULT FOR ME 2238 01:13:03,213 --> 01:13:05,646 IT BECOMES VERY DIFFICULT FOR ME TO DRAW MY SWORD; IT'S AWKWARD. 2239 01:13:05,648 --> 01:13:07,081 TO DRAW MY SWORD; IT'S AWKWARD. MAYBE I CAN GET A DAGGER OUT 2240 01:13:07,083 --> 01:13:07,749 MAYBE I CAN GET A DAGGER OUT QUICKER. 2241 01:13:07,751 --> 01:13:09,450 QUICKER. BUT THAT PROBABLY DOESN'T 2242 01:13:09,452 --> 01:13:10,618 BUT THAT PROBABLY DOESN'T INTIMIDATE YOU TOO MUCH, 2243 01:13:10,620 --> 01:13:11,252 INTIMIDATE YOU TOO MUCH, DOES IT? 2244 01:13:11,254 --> 01:13:12,186 DOES IT? >> NO, I MEAN, I CAN THRUST 2245 01:13:12,188 --> 01:13:13,087 >> NO, I MEAN, I CAN THRUST THROUGH--MOVE-- 2246 01:13:13,089 --> 01:13:13,821 THROUGH--MOVE-- TAKE YOU OUT OF THE WAY 2247 01:13:13,823 --> 01:13:15,423 TAKE YOU OUT OF THE WAY AND THEN SMASH YOU OFF THE WALL. 2248 01:13:15,425 --> 01:13:16,724 AND THEN SMASH YOU OFF THE WALL. THE GLARING OPTION FOR ME HERE 2249 01:13:16,726 --> 01:13:17,859 THE GLARING OPTION FOR ME HERE IS TO TRY AND PUSH THIS LADDER 2250 01:13:17,861 --> 01:13:18,960 IS TO TRY AND PUSH THIS LADDER AWAY FROM THE WALL, BUT I CAN'T 2251 01:13:18,962 --> 01:13:19,627 AWAY FROM THE WALL, BUT I CAN'T MOVE IT. 2252 01:13:19,629 --> 01:13:22,530 MOVE IT. >> THERE WOULD BE 15, 20 2253 01:13:22,532 --> 01:13:25,233 >> THERE WOULD BE 15, 20 BEEFY SOLDIERS ON THIS LADDER 2254 01:13:25,235 --> 01:13:25,933 BEEFY SOLDIERS ON THIS LADDER BEHIND ME. 2255 01:13:25,935 --> 01:13:27,201 BEHIND ME. THIS IS AN IMMENSE WEIGHT 2256 01:13:27,203 --> 01:13:28,269 THIS IS AN IMMENSE WEIGHT AGAINST THE WALL. 2257 01:13:28,370 --> 01:13:29,370 IN ORDER TO GET IT OFF, YOU'D 2258 01:13:29,471 --> 01:13:32,640 NEED TREMENDOUS LEVERAGE. YOU'D NEED A LEVER. 2259 01:13:32,642 --> 01:13:33,508 YOU'D NEED A LEVER. YOU'D NEED A BAR. 2260 01:13:33,510 --> 01:13:35,176 YOU'D NEED A BAR. >> I NEED A BAR, AND I NEED TEN 2261 01:13:35,178 --> 01:13:36,277 >> I NEED A BAR, AND I NEED TEN BURLY MEN TO EXERT THAT 2262 01:13:36,279 --> 01:13:37,445 BURLY MEN TO EXERT THAT INFLUENCE AGAINST THAT. 2263 01:13:37,447 --> 01:13:38,913 INFLUENCE AGAINST THAT. BUT THAT'S GONNA TIE UP TEN 2264 01:13:38,915 --> 01:13:40,181 BUT THAT'S GONNA TIE UP TEN VITAL DEFENDERS. 2265 01:13:40,183 --> 01:13:41,616 VITAL DEFENDERS. >> SO MY JOB IS NOT SO 2266 01:13:41,618 --> 01:13:42,550 >> SO MY JOB IS NOT SO MUCH TO GET OVER. 2267 01:13:42,552 --> 01:13:44,786 MUCH TO GET OVER. MY JOB IS TO TAKE MY TIME, GET 2268 01:13:44,788 --> 01:13:48,589 MY JOB IS TO TAKE MY TIME, GET MY SWORD OUT, AND HOLD YOU INTO 2269 01:13:48,591 --> 01:13:50,858 MY SWORD OUT, AND HOLD YOU INTO POSITION, HOLD YOU WHERE YOU 2270 01:13:50,860 --> 01:13:55,029 POSITION, HOLD YOU WHERE YOU ARE, KEEP YOU FIGHTING BACK 2271 01:13:55,031 --> 01:13:57,064 ARE, KEEP YOU FIGHTING BACK AND OCCUPIED. 2272 01:13:59,301 --> 01:14:02,470 BUT EVEN IF YOU MANAGE TO SCALE THE WALLS AND GET INTO THE 2273 01:14:02,472 --> 01:14:04,472 THE WALLS AND GET INTO THE CASTLE, THE DEFENDERS STILL HAD 2274 01:14:04,474 --> 01:14:06,707 CASTLE, THE DEFENDERS STILL HAD ONE LAST TRICK IN STORE. 2275 01:14:06,709 --> 01:14:07,608 ONE LAST TRICK IN STORE. SO I'VE GOT OVER THE OUTER 2276 01:14:07,610 --> 01:14:08,309 SO I'VE GOT OVER THE OUTER DEFENSES. 2277 01:14:08,311 --> 01:14:09,710 DEFENSES. I'VE GOT OVER THE WALL. 2278 01:14:09,712 --> 01:14:11,412 I'VE GOT OVER THE WALL. I'VE RAMMED THROUGH THIS 2279 01:14:11,414 --> 01:14:12,613 I'VE RAMMED THROUGH THIS IRONSHOD DOOR. 2280 01:14:12,615 --> 01:14:13,981 IRONSHOD DOOR. AND NOW I'M IN THIS VERY SMALL 2281 01:14:13,983 --> 01:14:15,983 AND NOW I'M IN THIS VERY SMALL CHAMBER IN THE LAST BASTION, 2282 01:14:15,985 --> 01:14:17,585 CHAMBER IN THE LAST BASTION, IN THE KEEP OF THE CASTLE. 2283 01:14:17,587 --> 01:14:20,288 IN THE KEEP OF THE CASTLE. BUT THERE WAS NO LIMIT TO THE 2284 01:14:20,290 --> 01:14:21,722 BUT THERE WAS NO LIMIT TO THE INGENUITY OF THE CASTLE 2285 01:14:21,724 --> 01:14:24,192 INGENUITY OF THE CASTLE DESIGNERS BECAUSE ABOVE ME IS 2286 01:14:24,194 --> 01:14:25,560 DESIGNERS BECAUSE ABOVE ME IS A MURDER HOLE. 2287 01:14:25,562 --> 01:14:28,563 A MURDER HOLE. [banging] 2288 01:14:30,299 --> 01:14:33,534 THAT IS NOT GONNA BE FUN ON YOUR HEAD. 2289 01:14:33,536 --> 01:14:35,803 HEAD. HE CAN BE ARMED WITH HUNDREDS OF 2290 01:14:35,805 --> 01:14:36,971 HE CAN BE ARMED WITH HUNDREDS OF STONES UP THERE. 2291 01:14:36,973 --> 01:14:38,306 STONES UP THERE. YOU CAN GET ONLY FOUR OR FIVE 2292 01:14:38,308 --> 01:14:39,240 YOU CAN GET ONLY FOUR OR FIVE MEN IN HERE. 2293 01:14:39,242 --> 01:14:40,641 MEN IN HERE. YOU CAN JUST PICK 'EM OFF. 2294 01:14:40,643 --> 01:14:42,443 YOU CAN JUST PICK 'EM OFF. HOWEVER BIG THAT ARMY IS, YOU 2295 01:14:42,445 --> 01:14:44,779 HOWEVER BIG THAT ARMY IS, YOU CAN DEFEAT THEM AT THIS LAST 2296 01:14:44,781 --> 01:14:46,814 CAN DEFEAT THEM AT THIS LAST POSITION. 2297 01:14:48,150 --> 01:14:53,621 >> I'VE BEEN GOING MEDIEVAL TO TACKLE OUR 2298 01:14:53,623 --> 01:14:55,556 MEDIEVAL TO TACKLE OUR MISCONCEPTIONS OF THE PERIOD AND 2299 01:14:55,558 --> 01:14:58,125 MISCONCEPTIONS OF THE PERIOD AND TO EXPERIENCE MEDIEVAL LIFE FOR 2300 01:14:58,127 --> 01:15:00,161 TO EXPERIENCE MEDIEVAL LIFE FOR MYSELF. 2301 01:15:05,467 --> 01:15:09,103 NOW I'M GOING TO LOOK AT ONE MEDIEVAL INVENTION THAT CHANGED 2302 01:15:09,105 --> 01:15:12,607 MEDIEVAL INVENTION THAT CHANGED THE NATURE OF WARFARE FOREVER. 2303 01:15:14,510 --> 01:15:17,745 FOR MOST OF THE MIDDLE AGES, WARS WERE FOUGHT WITH SWORD AND 2304 01:15:17,747 --> 01:15:22,350 WARS WERE FOUGHT WITH SWORD AND SPEAR, LANCE AND ARROW. 2305 01:15:22,352 --> 01:15:24,318 SPEAR, LANCE AND ARROW. BUT IN THE 14TH CENTURY, AN 2306 01:15:24,320 --> 01:15:26,320 BUT IN THE 14TH CENTURY, AN INVENTION ARRIVED IN EUROPE 2307 01:15:26,322 --> 01:15:27,989 INVENTION ARRIVED IN EUROPE WHICH WOULD CHANGE ALL THAT: 2308 01:15:27,991 --> 01:15:29,524 WHICH WOULD CHANGE ALL THAT: [explosion] 2309 01:15:29,526 --> 01:15:31,592 [explosion] THE GUN. 2310 01:15:31,594 --> 01:15:33,561 THE GUN. THE FIRST GUNS IN EUROPE LOOKED 2311 01:15:33,563 --> 01:15:35,763 THE FIRST GUNS IN EUROPE LOOKED LIKE THIS AND WERE THIS SIZE. 2312 01:15:35,765 --> 01:15:37,365 LIKE THIS AND WERE THIS SIZE. D THIS, IN FACT, IS A REPLICA 2313 01:15:37,367 --> 01:15:39,600 D THIS, IN FACT, IS A REPLICA OF THE LOSHULT GUN, THE EARLIEST 2314 01:15:39,602 --> 01:15:42,403 OF THE LOSHULT GUN, THE EARLIEST ARCHEOLOGICALLY EXCAVATED GUN 2315 01:15:42,405 --> 01:15:44,572 ARCHEOLOGICALLY EXCAVATED GUN IN EUROPE. 2316 01:15:44,574 --> 01:15:46,307 IN EUROPE. IT MAY NOT LOOK MUCH, BUT THIS 2317 01:15:46,309 --> 01:15:47,875 IT MAY NOT LOOK MUCH, BUT THIS LITTLE GUN WAS A TURNING POINT 2318 01:15:47,877 --> 01:15:52,146 LITTLE GUN WAS A TURNING POINT IN MEDIEVAL WARFARE. 2319 01:15:52,148 --> 01:15:53,214 IN MEDIEVAL WARFARE. WEAPONS EXPERT JENS 2320 01:15:53,216 --> 01:15:56,017 WEAPONS EXPERT JENS CHRISTIANSEN IS HELPING ME LOAD. 2321 01:15:56,019 --> 01:15:57,618 CHRISTIANSEN IS HELPING ME LOAD. WHAT'S SURPRISING ABOUT THE 2322 01:15:57,620 --> 01:15:59,453 WHAT'S SURPRISING ABOUT THE FIRST GUN IS, IT DIDN'T SHOOT 2323 01:15:59,455 --> 01:16:00,621 FIRST GUN IS, IT DIDN'T SHOOT A CANNON BALL. 2324 01:16:00,623 --> 01:16:02,223 A CANNON BALL. THE FIRST AMMUNITION THAT WAS 2325 01:16:02,225 --> 01:16:05,259 THE FIRST AMMUNITION THAT WAS USED WAS THIS, AN ARROW. 2326 01:16:05,261 --> 01:16:07,128 USED WAS THIS, AN ARROW. AND IF YOU THINK ABOUT IT, IT'S 2327 01:16:07,130 --> 01:16:08,529 AND IF YOU THINK ABOUT IT, IT'S NOT REALLY THAT SURPRISING, 2328 01:16:08,531 --> 01:16:09,664 NOT REALLY THAT SURPRISING, BECAUSE IF YOU'VE NEVER SEEN A 2329 01:16:09,666 --> 01:16:11,465 BECAUSE IF YOU'VE NEVER SEEN A CANNON BALL, WHY WOULD YOU THINK 2330 01:16:11,467 --> 01:16:12,800 CANNON BALL, WHY WOULD YOU THINK THAT'S THE FIRST AMMUNITION TO 2331 01:16:12,802 --> 01:16:15,369 THAT'S THE FIRST AMMUNITION TO USE? 2332 01:16:15,371 --> 01:16:16,938 USE? AND I USE A MALLET TO... 2333 01:16:16,940 --> 01:16:19,740 AND I USE A MALLET TO... [hammering] 2334 01:16:19,742 --> 01:16:21,776 [hammering] MAKE SURE THAT'S PRETTY GOOD. 2335 01:16:22,578 --> 01:16:31,552 [militaristic music] ♪ ♪ 2336 01:16:32,421 --> 01:16:36,090 MEDIEVAL GUNNERS WERE CONSIDERED UNCHIVALROUS, AND THEY WERE 2337 01:16:36,092 --> 01:16:37,558 UNCHIVALROUS, AND THEY WERE THREATENED THAT IF CAPTURED, 2338 01:16:37,560 --> 01:16:38,859 THREATENED THAT IF CAPTURED, THEY WOULD HAVE THEIR HANDS CUT 2339 01:16:38,861 --> 01:16:41,829 THEY WOULD HAVE THEIR HANDS CUT OFF AND THEIR EYES PLUCKED OUT. 2340 01:16:41,831 --> 01:16:44,599 OFF AND THEIR EYES PLUCKED OUT. OKAY, I'M GONNA GO AND LIGHT IT. 2341 01:16:50,639 --> 01:16:52,607 [explosion] 2342 01:16:54,810 --> 01:16:56,510 >> RIGHT ON TARGET. >> WE GOT A SHOT. 2343 01:16:56,512 --> 01:16:58,312 >> WE GOT A SHOT. THE ARROW HAS BROKEN SOMEWHERE. 2344 01:16:58,314 --> 01:17:01,882 THE ARROW HAS BROKEN SOMEWHERE. IT'S--THE FORCE OF HITTING THAT 2345 01:17:01,884 --> 01:17:04,185 IT'S--THE FORCE OF HITTING THAT HAS SHATTERED THIS OFF. 2346 01:17:04,187 --> 01:17:05,820 HAS SHATTERED THIS OFF. ONE OF THE EARLIEST RECORDS OF 2347 01:17:05,822 --> 01:17:07,221 ONE OF THE EARLIEST RECORDS OF GUNS BEING USED ON THE 2348 01:17:07,223 --> 01:17:09,390 GUNS BEING USED ON THE BATTLEFIELD IN EUROPE WAS WHEN 2349 01:17:09,392 --> 01:17:10,725 BATTLEFIELD IN EUROPE WAS WHEN THE ENGLISH BROUGHT THEM TO BEAR 2350 01:17:10,727 --> 01:17:12,560 THE ENGLISH BROUGHT THEM TO BEAR ON FRENCH FORCES AT THE BATTLE 2351 01:17:12,562 --> 01:17:15,896 ON FRENCH FORCES AT THE BATTLE OF CRECY IN 1346. 2352 01:17:15,898 --> 01:17:17,698 OF CRECY IN 1346. THE THUNDEROUS EXPLOSION, THE 2353 01:17:17,700 --> 01:17:19,600 THE THUNDEROUS EXPLOSION, THE SULFUROUS SMELL, THE SPITTING 2354 01:17:19,602 --> 01:17:21,769 SULFUROUS SMELL, THE SPITTING FLAME STRUCK TERROR INTO THE 2355 01:17:21,771 --> 01:17:23,471 FLAME STRUCK TERROR INTO THE ENEMY. 2356 01:17:23,473 --> 01:17:26,507 ENEMY. [explosions] 2357 01:17:30,178 --> 01:17:33,948 A CHRONICLER OF THE TIME WROTE, "THEY MADE A NOISE LIKE THUNDER 2358 01:17:33,950 --> 01:17:36,484 "THEY MADE A NOISE LIKE THUNDER AND CAUSED MUCH LOSS IN MEN AND 2359 01:17:36,486 --> 01:17:38,519 AND CAUSED MUCH LOSS IN MEN AND HORSES." 2360 01:17:44,059 --> 01:17:48,029 EVERY HISTORICAL PERIOD COMES UP WITH IDEAS THAT LAST AND IDEAS 2361 01:17:48,031 --> 01:17:49,330 WITH IDEAS THAT LAST AND IDEAS THAT FADE. 2362 01:17:49,332 --> 01:17:51,032 THAT FADE. FROM THE START, THE GUN WAS 2363 01:17:51,034 --> 01:17:53,567 FROM THE START, THE GUN WAS DESTINED FOR SUCCESS. 2364 01:17:53,569 --> 01:17:55,169 DESTINED FOR SUCCESS. WITHIN 50 YEARS OF THE FIRST 2365 01:17:55,171 --> 01:17:57,071 WITHIN 50 YEARS OF THE FIRST PRIMITIVE GUNS, MEDIEVAL 2366 01:17:57,073 --> 01:17:58,372 PRIMITIVE GUNS, MEDIEVAL ARMORERS WERE BUILDING WEAPONS 2367 01:17:58,374 --> 01:17:59,674 ARMORERS WERE BUILDING WEAPONS THAT LOOK VERY LIKE THE CANNON 2368 01:17:59,676 --> 01:18:02,977 THAT LOOK VERY LIKE THE CANNON WE KNOW TODAY. 2369 01:18:02,979 --> 01:18:04,445 WE KNOW TODAY. ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS WAS THEY 2370 01:18:04,447 --> 01:18:06,213 ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS WAS THEY GOT RID OF THE ARROW AND WENT TO 2371 01:18:06,215 --> 01:18:07,415 GOT RID OF THE ARROW AND WENT TO THE CANNON BALL. 2372 01:18:07,417 --> 01:18:09,150 THE CANNON BALL. FIRST CANNON BALLS WERE STONE 2373 01:18:09,152 --> 01:18:09,817 FIRST CANNON BALLS WERE STONE LIKE THIS. 2374 01:18:09,819 --> 01:18:10,785 LIKE THIS. THEY WERE CHIPPED AWAY BY 2375 01:18:10,787 --> 01:18:12,887 THEY WERE CHIPPED AWAY BY MASONS 'CAUSE WE HADN'T 2376 01:18:12,889 --> 01:18:14,321 MASONS 'CAUSE WE HADN'T DISCOVERED CAST IRON. 2377 01:18:14,323 --> 01:18:15,723 DISCOVERED CAST IRON. EUROPEANS DIDN'T DISCOVER CAST 2378 01:18:15,725 --> 01:18:18,626 EUROPEANS DIDN'T DISCOVER CAST IRON UNTIL LATE IN THE 15TH 2379 01:18:18,628 --> 01:18:19,460 IRON UNTIL LATE IN THE 15TH CENTURY. 2380 01:18:19,462 --> 01:18:21,262 CENTURY. THE OTHER THING THAT HAPPENED 2381 01:18:21,264 --> 01:18:23,731 THE OTHER THING THAT HAPPENED WAS THEY WENT TO LONGER BARRELS. 2382 01:18:23,733 --> 01:18:25,499 WAS THEY WENT TO LONGER BARRELS. BUT HOW DO THEY MAKE A LONG IRON 2383 01:18:25,501 --> 01:18:28,436 BUT HOW DO THEY MAKE A LONG IRON BARREL LIKE THAT WITHOUT BEING 2384 01:18:28,438 --> 01:18:30,504 BARREL LIKE THAT WITHOUT BEING ABLE TO MAKE CAST IRON? 2385 01:18:30,506 --> 01:18:32,573 ABLE TO MAKE CAST IRON? THE ANSWER WAS USING THE 2386 01:18:32,575 --> 01:18:34,942 THE ANSWER WAS USING THE TECHNOLOGY OF A BARREL. 2387 01:18:34,944 --> 01:18:37,178 TECHNOLOGY OF A BARREL. YOU SEE THESE STAVES IN THE 2388 01:18:37,180 --> 01:18:38,612 YOU SEE THESE STAVES IN THE BARREL, THE WOODEN STRIPS THAT 2389 01:18:38,614 --> 01:18:40,881 BARREL, THE WOODEN STRIPS THAT ARE BOUND TOGETHER BY THESE 2390 01:18:40,883 --> 01:18:41,882 ARE BOUND TOGETHER BY THESE HOOPS? 2391 01:18:41,884 --> 01:18:43,718 HOOPS? THAT'S WHAT'S GOING ON HERE. 2392 01:18:43,720 --> 01:18:45,720 THAT'S WHAT'S GOING ON HERE. UNDERNEATH THESE RINGS ARE 2393 01:18:45,722 --> 01:18:49,056 UNDERNEATH THESE RINGS ARE STAVES OF IRON BUTTED TOGETHER 2394 01:18:49,058 --> 01:18:49,990 STAVES OF IRON BUTTED TOGETHER LIKE THAT. 2395 01:18:49,992 --> 01:18:51,525 LIKE THAT. THEY'RE FORMED AROUND A WOODEN 2396 01:18:51,527 --> 01:18:52,426 THEY'RE FORMED AROUND A WOODEN CORE. 2397 01:18:52,428 --> 01:18:54,195 CORE. AND THEN THESE RINGS WITH THEIR 2398 01:18:54,197 --> 01:18:56,197 AND THEN THESE RINGS WITH THEIR LONG FLANGES ARE HAMMERED OVER, 2399 01:18:56,199 --> 01:18:57,932 LONG FLANGES ARE HAMMERED OVER, WOODEN CORE'S BURNED OUT, AND 2400 01:18:57,934 --> 01:19:00,101 WOODEN CORE'S BURNED OUT, AND YOU'VE GOT THE BARREL OF A GUN. 2401 01:19:00,103 --> 01:19:01,235 YOU'VE GOT THE BARREL OF A GUN. IT'S CALLED A BARREL 'CAUSE IT'S 2402 01:19:01,237 --> 01:19:05,139 IT'S CALLED A BARREL 'CAUSE IT'S THE SAME TECHNOLOGY AS A BARREL. 2403 01:19:05,141 --> 01:19:07,942 THE SAME TECHNOLOGY AS A BARREL. [clanging] 2404 01:19:07,944 --> 01:19:08,976 [clanging] THAT THING THAT LOOKS LIKE A 2405 01:19:08,978 --> 01:19:11,078 THAT THING THAT LOOKS LIKE A BEER TANKARD IS CALLED A BREACH 2406 01:19:11,080 --> 01:19:11,746 BEER TANKARD IS CALLED A BREACH POT. 2407 01:19:11,748 --> 01:19:13,447 POT. WHAT HAPPENS IS THE CANNONBALL 2408 01:19:13,449 --> 01:19:14,715 WHAT HAPPENS IS THE CANNONBALL GOES IN HERE. 2409 01:19:14,717 --> 01:19:16,283 GOES IN HERE. THE POWDER GOES IN THE BREACH 2410 01:19:16,285 --> 01:19:16,984 THE POWDER GOES IN THE BREACH POT. 2411 01:19:16,986 --> 01:19:19,186 POT. HE WILL THEN PUT THE AIR SEAL OF 2412 01:19:19,188 --> 01:19:20,855 HE WILL THEN PUT THE AIR SEAL OF THAT BY PUTTING IN A WOODEN 2413 01:19:20,857 --> 01:19:21,622 THAT BY PUTTING IN A WOODEN TAMPION. 2414 01:19:21,624 --> 01:19:23,224 TAMPION. THAT'S GONNA PUSH THE BALL UP 2415 01:19:23,226 --> 01:19:28,429 THAT'S GONNA PUSH THE BALL UP THE BARREL. 2416 01:19:28,431 --> 01:19:31,432 THE BARREL. FIRE IN THE HOLE. 2417 01:19:31,434 --> 01:19:33,200 FIRE IN THE HOLE. [explosion] 2418 01:19:33,202 --> 01:19:34,969 [explosion] THAT'S DONE. 2419 01:19:34,971 --> 01:19:37,271 THAT'S DONE. KNOCK OUT THE BREACH. 2420 01:19:37,273 --> 01:19:39,373 KNOCK OUT THE BREACH. THAT'S NOW READY TO SHOOT AGAIN. 2421 01:19:39,375 --> 01:19:40,708 THAT'S NOW READY TO SHOOT AGAIN. WHILE JENS IS LOADING, MY 2422 01:19:40,710 --> 01:19:43,110 WHILE JENS IS LOADING, MY JOB IS TO SWAB THIS. 2423 01:19:43,112 --> 01:19:44,111 JOB IS TO SWAB THIS. A WET SWAB. 2424 01:19:44,113 --> 01:19:45,913 A WET SWAB. THERE MAY BE SPARKS IN HERE. 2425 01:19:45,915 --> 01:19:47,181 THERE MAY BE SPARKS IN HERE. AND I DON'T WANT TO PUT LIVE 2426 01:19:47,183 --> 01:19:48,682 AND I DON'T WANT TO PUT LIVE POWDER IN THERE UNTIL THOSE 2427 01:19:48,684 --> 01:19:50,017 POWDER IN THERE UNTIL THOSE SPARKS ARE KILLED. 2428 01:19:50,019 --> 01:19:52,153 SPARKS ARE KILLED. THAT ONE'S READY FOR LOADING. 2429 01:19:52,155 --> 01:19:53,721 THAT ONE'S READY FOR LOADING. [blowing] 2430 01:19:53,723 --> 01:19:55,790 [blowing] FIRE IN THE HOLE. 2431 01:19:55,792 --> 01:19:57,291 FIRE IN THE HOLE. [explosion] 2432 01:19:57,293 --> 01:19:58,692 [explosion] SO THERE THEY GO, BANG! 2433 01:19:58,694 --> 01:19:59,493 SO THERE THEY GO, BANG! [explosion] 2434 01:19:59,495 --> 01:20:00,394 [explosion] AFTER BANG... 2435 01:20:00,396 --> 01:20:01,395 AFTER BANG... [explosion] 2436 01:20:01,397 --> 01:20:02,496 [explosion] AFTER BANG. 2437 01:20:02,498 --> 01:20:03,964 AFTER BANG. [explosion] 2438 01:20:03,966 --> 01:20:05,499 [explosion] THE AGE OF ARTILLERY HAD 2439 01:20:05,501 --> 01:20:07,134 THE AGE OF ARTILLERY HAD ARRIVED. 2440 01:20:07,136 --> 01:20:09,470 ARRIVED. [explosion] 2441 01:20:12,274 --> 01:20:15,643 THE ARRIVAL OF THE GUN WAS ONE OF THE SIGNALS THAT THE MEDIEVAL 2442 01:20:15,645 --> 01:20:17,511 OF THE SIGNALS THAT THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD WAS PASSING. 2443 01:20:17,513 --> 01:20:18,946 PERIOD WAS PASSING. IT CHANGED THE COURSE OF 2444 01:20:18,948 --> 01:20:21,482 IT CHANGED THE COURSE OF WARFARE AND CIVILIZATION 2445 01:20:21,484 --> 01:20:26,287 WARFARE AND CIVILIZATION FOR ALL TIME. 2446 01:20:26,289 --> 01:20:27,888 FOR ALL TIME. GOING MEDIEVAL HAS BEEN AN 2447 01:20:27,890 --> 01:20:29,590 GOING MEDIEVAL HAS BEEN AN INCREDIBLE JOURNEY. 2448 01:20:29,592 --> 01:20:31,091 INCREDIBLE JOURNEY. I'VE HELPED BUILD AND ATCK 2449 01:20:31,093 --> 01:20:33,093 I'VE HELPED BUILD AND ATCK MEDIEVAL CASTLES, I'VE PLOWED 2450 01:20:33,095 --> 01:20:35,062 MEDIEVAL CASTLES, I'VE PLOWED WITH OXEN, AND TASTED MEDIEVAL 2451 01:20:35,064 --> 01:20:35,996 WITH OXEN, AND TASTED MEDIEVAL FOOD. 2452 01:20:35,998 --> 01:20:37,364 FOOD. I'VE HUNTED WITH HOUNDS AND 2453 01:20:37,366 --> 01:20:38,799 I'VE HUNTED WITH HOUNDS AND FOUGHT WITH SWORDS. 2454 01:20:38,801 --> 01:20:40,034 FOUGHT WITH SWORDS. I'VE TRAVELLED ON SHIPS AND 2455 01:20:40,036 --> 01:20:41,802 I'VE TRAVELLED ON SHIPS AND HORSES, AND I'VE SEEN A GREAT, 2456 01:20:41,804 --> 01:20:44,839 HORSES, AND I'VE SEEN A GREAT, GAUDY SLICE OF MEDIEVAL LIFE. 2457 01:20:45,574 --> 01:20:53,547 [tense music] ♪ ♪ 2458 01:20:54,049 --> 01:20:57,518 MEDIEVAL FOLK DIDN'T THINK OF THEMSELVES AS YE OLDIE OR 2459 01:20:57,520 --> 01:20:59,820 THEMSELVES AS YE OLDIE OR PRIMITIVE OR PEOPLE THAT DRESSED 2460 01:20:59,822 --> 01:21:02,823 PRIMITIVE OR PEOPLE THAT DRESSED UP IN FUNNY CLOTHES. 2461 01:21:02,825 --> 01:21:04,592 UP IN FUNNY CLOTHES. THEY CONSIDERED THEMSELVES 2462 01:21:04,594 --> 01:21:05,726 THEY CONSIDERED THEMSELVES MODERN. 2463 01:21:05,728 --> 01:21:07,228 MODERN. THEY USED THE LATEST 2464 01:21:07,230 --> 01:21:08,662 THEY USED THE LATEST TECHNOLOGIES, AND THEY WORE THE 2465 01:21:08,664 --> 01:21:10,698 TECHNOLOGIES, AND THEY WORE THE FINEST FASHIONS. 2466 01:21:10,700 --> 01:21:12,399 FINEST FASHIONS. PEOPLE IN THE MIDDLE AGES WERE 2467 01:21:12,401 --> 01:21:14,835 PEOPLE IN THE MIDDLE AGES WERE MUCH MORE LIKE US THAN THEY WERE 2468 01:21:14,837 --> 01:21:15,903 MUCH MORE LIKE US THAN THEY WERE DIFFERENT FROM US. 2469 01:21:15,905 --> 01:21:17,872 DIFFERENT FROM US. IN FACT, THE TRUTH IS THEY WERE 2470 01:21:17,874 --> 01:21:18,772 IN FACT, THE TRUTH IS THEY WERE US. 2471 01:21:18,774 --> 01:21:21,342 US. AND FOR ME, THE REAL THRILL AND 2472 01:21:21,344 --> 01:21:23,978 AND FOR ME, THE REAL THRILL AND ENCHANTMENT OF HISTORY IS IN 2473 01:21:23,980 --> 01:21:26,146 ENCHANTMENT OF HISTORY IS IN CONNECTING WITH THE PHYSICAL 2474 01:21:26,148 --> 01:21:28,015 CONNECTING WITH THE PHYSICAL EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD THEY 2475 01:21:28,017 --> 01:21:29,016 EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD THEY LIVED IN. 2476 01:21:29,018 --> 01:21:31,852 LIVED IN. AND GOG MEDIEVAL HAS HELPED ME 2477 01:21:31,854 --> 01:21:34,188 AND GOG MEDIEVAL HAS HELPED ME ENTER THAT WORLD AND SHARE 2478 01:21:34,190 --> 01:21:36,991 ENTER THAT WORLD AND SHARE A LITTLE OF THEIR LIVES. 2479 01:21:37,626 --> 01:21:46,634 [upbeat music] ♪ ♪ 2480 01:21:46,636 --> 01:21:47,601 ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪