1 00:00:00,960 --> 00:00:02,040 {\an7}Narrator: HANNIBAL-- 2 00:00:02,080 --> 00:00:04,400 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hONE OF HISTORY’S MOST BRILLIANT LEADERS... 3 00:00:04,440 --> 00:00:07,760 {\an7}COMMANDER OF A LEGENDARY ARMY. 4 00:00:07,800 --> 00:00:11,080 {\an7}\h\hMan: HANNIBAL WAS ONE OF THE GREATEST GENERALS OF ANTIQUITY, 5 00:00:11,120 --> 00:00:14,280 {\an7}AND IN FACT ONE OF THE GREATEST GENERALS WHO EVER LIVED. 6 00:00:14,320 --> 00:00:17,080 {\an7}Narrator: BUT WE KNOW LITTLE \h\h\h\h\h\h\hABOUT THE MAN. 7 00:00:17,120 --> 00:00:19,760 {\an7}HOW DID HANNIBAL ASSEMBLE \h\h\h\hAND HOLD TOGETHER 8 00:00:19,800 --> 00:00:24,920 {\an7}AN ARMY OF 90,000 MEN AND 37 WAR ELEPHANTS? 9 00:00:24,960 --> 00:00:27,080 {\an7}WHAT DID IT TAKE TO GET THAT ARMY 10 00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:30,360 {\an7}\h\hOVER ONE OF EUROPE’S MOST TREACHEROUS RIVERS? 11 00:00:33,120 --> 00:00:36,560 {\an7}Woman: FOR AN ANCIENT ARMY, \h\h\hTO CROSS A LARGE RIVER 12 00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:42,040 {\an7}WAS ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS \h\h\h\h\hTHINGS IT COULD DO. 13 00:00:42,080 --> 00:00:43,560 {\an7}Narrator: AND HOW DID HE ACHIEVE 14 00:00:43,600 --> 00:00:46,400 {\an7}WHAT NO OTHER GENERAL \h\hHAD DONE BEFORE-- 15 00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:51,320 {\an7}LEAD THAT ARMY ACROSS THE ALPS TO STRIKE AT ROME’S HEARTLAND? 16 00:00:51,360 --> 00:00:53,920 {\an7}Woman: THEY SAW IT BASICALLY \h\h\hAS A SUICIDE MISSION. 17 00:00:53,960 --> 00:00:57,360 {\an7}Narrator: NOW, NEW DISCOVERIES \h\h\h\hAND MODERN TECHNOLOGY 18 00:00:57,400 --> 00:00:59,120 {\an7}ARE CUTTING THROUGH \h\h\hTHE LEGEND... 19 00:00:59,160 --> 00:01:01,360 {\an7}TO REVEAL THE TRUTH. 20 00:01:08,240 --> 00:01:13,240 {\an7}♪ 21 00:01:13,280 --> 00:01:14,640 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hEric Adler: HANNIBAL’S REMEMBERED 22 00:01:14,680 --> 00:01:19,120 {\an7}\hAS ONE OF THE GREATEST MILITARY MEN IN HISTORY. 23 00:01:19,160 --> 00:01:21,080 {\an7}HE WAS A GENIUS. 24 00:01:21,120 --> 00:01:23,120 {\an7}HE WAS A STRATEGIC GENIUS, 25 00:01:23,160 --> 00:01:27,320 {\an7}HE WAS A LOGISTICAL GENIUS, \h\h\hHE WAS A GREAT LEADER, 26 00:01:27,360 --> 00:01:30,680 {\an7}AND HE CAME CLOSEST \hTO DESTROYING ROME 27 00:01:30,720 --> 00:01:33,600 {\an7}IN ITS REPUBLICAN PRIME. 28 00:01:33,640 --> 00:01:37,000 {\an7}Narrator: EVEN 2,000 YEARS \h\h\h\h\hAFTER HIS DEATH, 29 00:01:37,040 --> 00:01:40,320 {\an7}HANNIBAL IS STILL A ROLE MODEL. 30 00:01:40,360 --> 00:01:42,200 {\an7}Sarah Brown Ferrario: \h\h\h\h\hWAR COLLEGES 31 00:01:42,240 --> 00:01:46,360 {\an7}AND EVEN PROFESSIONAL MEMBERS \h\h\h\hOF THE MILITARY TODAY 32 00:01:46,400 --> 00:01:50,080 {\an7}STILL STUDY HANNIBAL’S \h\h\h\hGREAT BATTLES 33 00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:53,560 {\an7}FOR THEIR IMAGINATIVE TACTICS, 34 00:01:53,600 --> 00:01:57,320 {\an7}THEIR QUICK RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN CIRCUMSTANCE, 35 00:01:57,360 --> 00:02:02,000 {\an7}AND THEIR UNIQUE ABILITY \h\h\hTO TAKE ADVANTAGE 36 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:05,040 {\an7}OF THE WEAKNESSES OF HIS OPPONENTS. 37 00:02:05,080 --> 00:02:08,160 {\an7}HANNIBAL WAS THE ROMANS’ \h\h\h\hWORST NIGHTMARE. 38 00:02:08,200 --> 00:02:10,480 {\an7}Narrator: BUT WE ONLY KNOW \h\h\h\h\hHANNIBAL’S STORY 39 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:13,040 {\an7}FROM HIS ENEMY’S PERSPECTIVE. 40 00:02:13,200 --> 00:02:14,320 {\an7}\hKelcy Sagstetter: ONE OF OUR PROBLEMS 41 00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:16,680 {\an7}IN ASSESSING THE RELIABILITY \h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF THE SOURCES 42 00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:19,480 {\an7}IS THAT ALL OF OUR ACCOUNTS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hARE PRO ROMAN. 43 00:02:19,520 --> 00:02:24,160 {\an7}AND IT’S A CASE OF THE VICTORS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hWRITING HISTORY. 44 00:02:24,200 --> 00:02:27,480 {\an7}BUT THE SOURCES SHOW A SORT \h\hOF RELUCTANT ADMIRATION 45 00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:28,760 {\an7}FOR HANNIBAL, 46 00:02:28,800 --> 00:02:32,040 {\an7}\hBECAUSE, LET’S FACE IT, HE WAS A MILITARY GENIUS, 47 00:02:32,080 --> 00:02:34,880 {\an7}AND YOU CAN’T HIDE THAT \h\h\h\h\h\hIN HISTORY. 48 00:02:34,920 --> 00:02:37,680 {\an7}Narrator: HANNIBAL’S STORY \h\hBEGINS IN CARTHAGE... 49 00:02:37,720 --> 00:02:44,040 {\an7}A CITY ALL BUT FORGOTTEN TODAY, BUT A SUPERPOWER IN 270 B.C. 50 00:02:44,120 --> 00:02:47,120 {\an7}\hEric: CARTHAGE WAS THE WEALTHIEST POWER 51 00:02:47,160 --> 00:02:48,320 {\an7}IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN 52 00:02:48,360 --> 00:02:50,400 {\an7}AS A RESULT OF THEIR GREAT \h\h\h\hSUCCESSES IN TRADE 53 00:02:50,440 --> 00:02:53,760 {\an7}\h\hTHAT GOES BACK CENTURIES, REALLY. 54 00:02:53,800 --> 00:02:57,160 {\an7}\h\hBUT THIS ALSO MEANS THAT THEY ARE VERY GOOD 55 00:02:57,200 --> 00:02:58,960 {\an7}AT CONTROLLING THE SEA. 56 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:02,040 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: AND IT REAPS HUGE PROFITS FROM BOAT BUILDING 57 00:03:02,160 --> 00:03:04,040 {\an7}\hAND ITS CONTROL OF SHIPPING ROUTES 58 00:03:04,080 --> 00:03:06,600 {\an7}ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. 59 00:03:06,640 --> 00:03:09,040 {\an7}\h\h\hSarah: THIS WAS A FULLY SOPHISTICATED 60 00:03:09,080 --> 00:03:11,000 {\an7}MEDITERRANEAN SOCIETY 61 00:03:11,040 --> 00:03:14,200 {\an7}WITH A HIGHLY, HIGHLY DEVELOPED 62 00:03:14,240 --> 00:03:17,160 {\an7}AND EXTREMELY WEALTHY \h\h\h\hCIVILIZATION. 63 00:03:17,200 --> 00:03:18,440 {\an7}Narrator: CARTHAGE HAS AMBITIONS 64 00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:22,480 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hOF SEIZING CONTROL OF THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN. 65 00:03:22,520 --> 00:03:27,440 {\an7}\h\h\hBUT AS CARTHAGE EXPANDS, SO DOES ANOTHER RISING POWER-- 66 00:03:27,480 --> 00:03:28,640 {\an7}ROME. 67 00:03:30,720 --> 00:03:33,920 {\an7}AND ROME IS RESTLESS. 68 00:03:33,960 --> 00:03:35,640 {\an7}ONCE A TINY VILLAGE, 69 00:03:35,680 --> 00:03:39,520 {\an7}\h\h\hIT’S NOW A THRIVING CITY THAT CONTROLS MOST OF ITALY-- 70 00:03:39,560 --> 00:03:43,360 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hA POSITION GAINED THROUGH ITS POWERFUL MILITARY. 71 00:03:43,400 --> 00:03:46,920 {\an7}Sarah: THE ROMAN REPUBLIC \hBY THE THIRD CENTURY BC 72 00:03:46,960 --> 00:03:53,160 {\an7}\h\hWAS LARGELY DOMINATED BY THE INFLUENCE OF PATRICIAN FAMILIES 73 00:03:53,200 --> 00:03:55,960 {\an7}WHO HAD CONTRIBUTED TO ROMAN POLITICAL AND MILITARY LIFE 74 00:03:56,000 --> 00:03:59,640 {\an7}FOR MANY GENERATIONS. 75 00:03:59,680 --> 00:04:04,960 {\an7}Narrator: EVERY ROMAN CITIZEN IS EXPECTED TO SERVE IN THE ARMY... 76 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:08,960 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND THEY ARE THE PREEMINENT LAND POWER. 77 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:10,840 {\an7}Kelcy: ROME HAD BEEN EXPANDING 78 00:04:10,880 --> 00:04:12,720 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHROUGHOUT THE ITALIAN PENINSULA, 79 00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:16,360 {\an7}CONQUERING ALL OF THE TRIBES \h\h\hAND FORMING ALLIANCES, 80 00:04:16,400 --> 00:04:20,160 {\an7}\h\hAND CARTHAGE WAS THE GREAT SEA POWER. 81 00:04:20,200 --> 00:04:21,960 {\an7}THE MEDITERRANEAN WASN’T BIG ENOUGH 82 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:24,400 {\an7}TO HOLD BOTH ROME AND CARTHAGE. 83 00:04:24,440 --> 00:04:27,240 {\an7}Eric: THE GROWING POWER OF CARTHAGE AND OF ROME 84 00:04:27,280 --> 00:04:29,560 {\an7}IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN 85 00:04:29,600 --> 00:04:36,000 {\an7}WERE ULTIMATELY GOING TO LEAD TO WHAT IS CALLED THE PUNIC WARS. 86 00:04:36,040 --> 00:04:37,200 {\an7}Narrator: FOR CARTHAGE, 87 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:42,000 {\an7}THE FIRST PUNIC WAR ENDS IN A HUMILIATING DEFEAT. 88 00:04:42,040 --> 00:04:44,640 {\an7}\hCARTHAGE, FOR NOW, MUST BOW TO ROME... 89 00:04:44,680 --> 00:04:49,280 {\an7}PAY A HUGE TRIBUTE... AND DREAM OF REVENGE. 90 00:04:49,320 --> 00:04:52,880 {\an7}THE DEFEATED CARTHAGINIAN \h\h\h\hLEADER, HAMILCAR, 91 00:04:52,920 --> 00:04:55,240 {\an7}SWEARS TO ONE DAY \hDESTROY HIS FOE. 92 00:04:55,280 --> 00:04:58,280 {\an7}HE DEDICATES HIS LIFE-- \h\h\h\hAND HIS SON’S-- 93 00:04:58,320 --> 00:05:00,760 {\an7}TO ROME’S DESTRUCTION. 94 00:05:00,800 --> 00:05:03,520 {\an7}THAT BOY IS HANNIBAL. 95 00:05:03,560 --> 00:05:09,400 {\an7}\h\hHIS FATHER’S HATRED OF ROME SHAPES YOUNG HANNIBAL’S DESTINY. 96 00:05:09,440 --> 00:05:13,560 {\an7}\h\h\hSarah: WHEN HANNIBAL WAS A YOUNG BOY, ABOUT 9 YEARS OLD 97 00:05:13,600 --> 00:05:18,920 {\an7}AND ABOUT TO LEAVE FOR SPAIN \hWITH HIS FATHER, HAMILCAR, 98 00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:23,880 {\an7}THE STORY IS TOLD THAT HAMILCAR CALLED HANNIBAL TO HIS SIDE 99 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:28,440 {\an7}AND ASKED THE YOUNG BOY TO SWEAR THAT HE WOULD REMAIN 100 00:05:28,480 --> 00:05:33,800 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHROUGHOUT HIS LIFE AN ENEMY TO THE ROMAN PEOPLE. 101 00:05:33,840 --> 00:05:36,960 {\an7}Kelcy: WHETHER OR NOT THIS OATH EVER ACTUALLY HAPPENED, 102 00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:39,360 {\an7}\hTHE ROMANS WANTED TO PORTRAY HANNIBAL 103 00:05:39,400 --> 00:05:42,040 {\an7}AS ALMOST A PREDESTINED ENEMY. 104 00:05:42,080 --> 00:05:45,680 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHEY WANTED TO SHOW THAT THIS ENMITY WITH HANNIBAL 105 00:05:45,720 --> 00:05:51,520 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWAS ALMOST PREORDAINED IN AN ALMOST MYTHOLOGICAL SENSE. 106 00:05:51,560 --> 00:05:58,360 {\an7}♪ 107 00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:01,520 {\an7}Narrator: TO REBUILD THE WEALTH AND STATUS OF CARTHAGE, 108 00:06:01,560 --> 00:06:04,560 {\an7}\h\h\hHAMILCAR INVADES THE IBERIAN PENINSULA, 109 00:06:04,600 --> 00:06:08,000 {\an7}KNOWN TODAY AS SPAIN. 110 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:12,320 {\an7}HAMILCAR’S GAMBLE \hPAYS OFF RICHLY. 111 00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:15,680 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hKelcy: SPAIN WAS A VERY ATTRACTIVE PROSPECT 112 00:06:15,720 --> 00:06:16,920 {\an7}FOR THE CARTHAGINIANS 113 00:06:16,960 --> 00:06:19,080 {\an7}BECAUSE IT POSSESSED \h\hFABULOUS WEALTH 114 00:06:19,120 --> 00:06:20,800 {\an7}IN SILVER MINES ESPECIALLY. 115 00:06:20,840 --> 00:06:25,560 {\an7}BUT ALSO THINGS LIKE TIMBER \h\h\h\hAND FURS AND AMBER. 116 00:06:25,600 --> 00:06:29,160 {\an7}\h\h\hNarrator: BUT HAMILCAR HAS TO CONQUER LOCAL TRIBES. 117 00:06:29,200 --> 00:06:31,280 {\an7}HE ASSEMBLES A FEARSOME ARMY... 118 00:06:31,320 --> 00:06:36,000 {\an7}AND WIELDS THE ANCIENT WORLD’S \h\hVERSION OF BATTLE TANKS-- 119 00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:38,600 {\an7}WAR ELEPHANTS. 120 00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:41,280 {\an7}\h\hEric: ELEPHANTS WERE TYPICALLY USED 121 00:06:41,320 --> 00:06:45,120 {\an7}CHIEFLY TO FRIGHTEN THE ENEMY. 122 00:06:45,160 --> 00:06:47,520 {\an7}SOLDIERS WHO HAVEN’T \h\hSEEN ELEPHANTS, 123 00:06:47,560 --> 00:06:49,920 {\an7}AS YOU MIGHT IMAGINE, \h\hPANIC AS A RESULT, 124 00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:53,800 {\an7}AND ANIMALS THAT HAVEN’T SEEN \h\h\hELEPHANTS BEFORE PANIC. 125 00:06:53,840 --> 00:06:56,360 {\an7}\hAND ESPECIALLY BECAUSE THEY WERE UNPREDICTABLE 126 00:06:56,400 --> 00:06:58,640 {\an7}AND THEY WERE CAPABLE \hOF TRAMPLING PEOPLE, 127 00:06:58,680 --> 00:07:03,200 {\an7}THEY COULD CAUSE GREAT FEAR \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN AN ENEMY. 128 00:07:03,240 --> 00:07:05,240 {\an7}Narrator: HANNIBAL LEARNS \h\h\hHOW TO LEAD AN ARMY 129 00:07:05,280 --> 00:07:09,240 {\an7}AND HANDLE ELEPHANTS \h\hFROM HIS FATHER. 130 00:07:09,280 --> 00:07:11,760 {\an7}AND FROM HIS GREEK TUTOR, \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSOSYLUS, 131 00:07:11,800 --> 00:07:16,280 {\an7}HE LEARNS THE ART AND HISTORY \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF WARFARE. 132 00:07:16,320 --> 00:07:18,040 {\an7}SOSYLUS TEACHES HANNIBAL 133 00:07:18,120 --> 00:07:21,040 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hABOUT MYTHIC AS WELL AS REAL HEROES-- 134 00:07:21,080 --> 00:07:23,400 {\an7}\h\h\hGENERALS LIKE ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 135 00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:26,200 {\an7}\hWHO LED HIS ARMY THOUSANDS OF MILES 136 00:07:26,240 --> 00:07:29,520 {\an7}ACROSS VAST RIVERS \h\hAND MOUNTAINS. 137 00:07:29,560 --> 00:07:32,680 {\an7}\h\hKelcy: AT AGE 10 HANNIBAL WENT WITH HIS FATHER TO SPAIN, 138 00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:35,080 {\an7}AND WE HEAR THAT SOSYLUS \h\h\h\hACCOMPANIED HIM, 139 00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:38,640 {\an7}AND HE STILL WOULD HAVE TAUGHT \h\hHIM ABOUT ANCIENT GREEKS, 140 00:07:38,680 --> 00:07:40,280 {\an7}BUT FROM 235 ONWARD 141 00:07:40,320 --> 00:07:43,000 {\an7}HIS FATHER WOULD HAVE APPOINTED HIM A TUTOR 142 00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:44,480 {\an7}IN THE ARTS OF WAR. 143 00:07:44,520 --> 00:07:48,520 {\an7}\hHE WOULD HAVE LEARNED SWORDSMANSHIP, ARCHERY, 144 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:49,840 {\an7}HORSEBACK RIDING, 145 00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:53,200 {\an7}AND SINCE HE WAS PARTLY RAISED \h\h\h\h\h\hIN MILITARY CAMPS, 146 00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:56,320 {\an7}HE PROBABLY TOOK TO THIS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH EASE. 147 00:07:56,360 --> 00:07:58,120 {\an7}Narrator: HANNIBAL’S EDUCATION 148 00:07:58,160 --> 00:08:00,400 {\an7}\hWOULD HAVE COVERED ALL ASPECTS OF WAR, 149 00:08:00,440 --> 00:08:02,160 {\an7}FROM HOW TO HANDLE WEAPONS 150 00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:06,320 {\an7}TO THE TACTICS AND STRATEGIES \h\h\h\hOF SUCCESSFUL ARMIES. 151 00:08:06,360 --> 00:08:10,320 {\an7}\h\h\hAND HE WAS CLEARLY A NATURAL-BORN WARRIOR. 152 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:11,520 {\an7}Kelcy: THE ROMAN HISTORIAN LIVY 153 00:08:11,560 --> 00:08:13,840 {\an7}\h\h\hTELLS US THAT HANNIBAL’S ADMIRERS 154 00:08:13,880 --> 00:08:16,200 {\an7}\hREFERRED TO HIM AS A SECOND MARS, 155 00:08:16,240 --> 00:08:19,720 {\an7}THE ROMAN GOD OF WAR. 156 00:08:19,760 --> 00:08:24,040 {\an7}Sarah: FROM THE BEGINNING, \h\h\h\h\hHIS BEING THERE 157 00:08:24,160 --> 00:08:26,200 {\an7}ACCLIMATED EVERYONE TO THE FACT 158 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:29,160 {\an7}THAT HE REALLY WAS SOME KIND \h\h\h\hOF AN HEIR APPARENT, 159 00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:30,960 {\an7}AND THAT WHEN HE CAME OF AGE 160 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:33,280 {\an7}HE WOULD PUT CARTHAGE \h\h\hBACK ON THE MAP 161 00:08:33,320 --> 00:08:35,600 {\an7}AND HELP RETURN HIS CITY 162 00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:39,080 {\an7}TO SOME OF ITS FORMER INFLUENCE AND PROSPERITY 163 00:08:39,120 --> 00:08:42,480 {\an7}BY TAKING THE WAR RIGHT BACK \h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO THE ROMANS. 164 00:08:42,520 --> 00:08:45,760 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: AT 26, AFTER THE DEATH OF HIS FATHER, 165 00:08:45,800 --> 00:08:50,080 {\an7}\h\h\hHANNIBAL TAKES CHARGE OF THE CARTHAGINIAN FORCES. 166 00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:52,640 {\an7}HE HAS ONE GOAL IN SIGHT-- 167 00:08:52,680 --> 00:08:56,040 {\an7}\h\hFULFILL THE OATH HE MADE TO HAMILCAR 168 00:08:56,080 --> 00:08:58,280 {\an7}AND DESTROY ROME. 169 00:09:04,400 --> 00:09:08,880 {\an7}IN 219 BC, HANNIBAL GATHERS \h\h\h\h\hAN ENORMOUS ARMY-- 170 00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:13,920 {\an7}PERHAPS AS LARGE AS 90,000 MEN \h\h\h\hAND 37 WAR ELEPHANTS-- 171 00:09:13,960 --> 00:09:17,720 {\an7}AND PREPARES FOR WAR WITH ROME. 172 00:09:17,760 --> 00:09:20,200 {\an7}Eric: HANNIBAL CAUGHT THE ROMANS OFF GUARD. 173 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:22,960 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHEY DIDN’T REALIZE UNTIL IT WAS A LITTLE TOO LATE 174 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:26,720 {\an7}\h\hTHAT HANNIBAL HAD GROWN CARTHAGINIAN POWER IN SPAIN 175 00:09:26,760 --> 00:09:28,920 {\an7}TO THE DEGREE THAT HE HAD. 176 00:09:32,520 --> 00:09:35,120 {\an7}Narrator: UNAWARE OF HANNIBAL’S GROWING POWER, 177 00:09:35,160 --> 00:09:38,240 {\an7}\hROME IS CONFIDENT IN ITS OWN STRENGTH. 178 00:09:38,280 --> 00:09:39,920 {\an7}ALTHOUGH A REPUBLIC, 179 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:44,040 {\an7}ONLY A FEW NOBLE FAMILIES \h\hCONTROL KEY POSITIONS. 180 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:48,120 {\an7}CHIEF AMONG THESE-- THE HOUSE OF SCIPIO. 181 00:09:48,160 --> 00:09:51,440 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE PATRIARCH-- LUCIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO-- 182 00:09:51,480 --> 00:09:53,280 {\an7}\hFOUGHT AND BEAT THE CARTHAGINIANS 183 00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:55,440 {\an7}IN THE EARLIER WAR. 184 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:58,360 {\an7}NOW HIS SON, PUBLIUS, \h\h\h\h\hAND GRANDSON 185 00:09:58,400 --> 00:10:01,280 {\an7}ARE EAGER FOR THEIR CHANCE. 186 00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:03,080 {\an7}AND THAT CHANCE COMES 187 00:10:03,120 --> 00:10:06,440 {\an7}WHEN HANNIBAL ATTACKS ROMAN ALLIES IN SPAIN. 188 00:10:06,480 --> 00:10:08,440 {\an7}THE CITY OF SAGUNTUM IS DEEP 189 00:10:08,480 --> 00:10:10,760 {\an7}IN CARTHAGINIAN TERRITORY... 190 00:10:10,800 --> 00:10:12,040 {\an7}A ROMAN ALLY... 191 00:10:12,200 --> 00:10:14,240 {\an7}AND A THORN IN HANNIBAL’S SIDE. 192 00:10:14,280 --> 00:10:17,160 {\an7}HANNIBAL LAYS SIEGE TO THE CITY. 193 00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:19,760 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hEric: IT IS LIKELY THAT HANNIBAL WAS IRRITATED 194 00:10:19,800 --> 00:10:21,240 {\an7}BY THE FACT THAT ROME HAD 195 00:10:21,280 --> 00:10:25,920 {\an7}A KIND OF ALLIANCE OR FRIENDSHIP OR SOMETHING WITH SAGUNTUM, 196 00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:28,240 {\an7}\h\h\hBECAUSE THIS WAS THE TERRITORY IN SPAIN 197 00:10:28,280 --> 00:10:30,520 {\an7}THAT WAS SUPPOSED TO BE \h\h\h\h\h\hCARTHAGE’S, 198 00:10:30,560 --> 00:10:34,200 {\an7}\h\h\hAND SO IT’S LIKELY THAT HE ATTACKS SAGUNTUM 199 00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:36,160 {\an7}\hIN PART BECAUSE OF HIS IRRITATION 200 00:10:36,200 --> 00:10:37,840 {\an7}THAT ROME WAS MEDDLING 201 00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:40,000 {\an7}IN CARTHAGE’S AFFAIRS IN SPAIN. 202 00:10:42,080 --> 00:10:44,800 {\an7}\h\h\hKelcy: WHEN HANNIBAL TOOK SAGUNTUM AFTER AN 8-MONTH SIEGE, 203 00:10:44,840 --> 00:10:48,200 {\an7}\h\h\hPOLYBIUS TELLS US THAT HE OFFERED TO SPARE THE POPULATION 204 00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:50,440 {\an7}IF THEY LEFT THE TOWN \h\h\hWITH NO WEAPONS 205 00:10:50,480 --> 00:10:52,400 {\an7}AND NO MORE THAN TWO GARMENTS, 206 00:10:52,440 --> 00:10:55,560 {\an7}AND WHEN THEY REFUSED, HE PUT \h\hALL OF THE MALES TO DEATH 207 00:10:55,600 --> 00:11:00,040 {\an7}AND SOLD THE WOMEN AND CHILDREN INTO SLAVERY. 208 00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:02,080 {\an7}Eric: ROME SEEMS TO HAVE EXPECTED 209 00:11:02,120 --> 00:11:03,400 {\an7}THAT THE SECOND PUNIC WAR 210 00:11:03,440 --> 00:11:05,720 {\an7}\hWAS GOING TO BE A LOT LIKE THE FIRST PUNIC WAR 211 00:11:05,760 --> 00:11:08,440 {\an7}IN WHICH ROME WAS LARGELY \h\h\h\h\h\hON THE OFFENSE 212 00:11:08,480 --> 00:11:10,480 {\an7}AND ATTACKING WHERE IT WANTED, 213 00:11:10,520 --> 00:11:14,680 {\an7}AND HANNIBAL CAUGHT THEM \hCOMPLETELY OFF GUARD. 214 00:11:14,720 --> 00:11:17,200 {\an7}Narrator: WHEN NEWS ARRIVES \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFROM SPAIN, 215 00:11:17,240 --> 00:11:19,760 {\an7}IT’S NOT WHAT THE ROMANS EXPECT. 216 00:11:19,800 --> 00:11:25,040 {\an7}HANNIBAL, THE MESSAGE SAYS, \h\h\h\h\h\hIS ON THE MOVE. 217 00:11:25,120 --> 00:11:28,600 {\an7}HE PLANS TO BRING THE WAR \h\h\h\h\hTO ROME ITSELF. 218 00:11:28,640 --> 00:11:32,520 {\an7}ALREADY HE HAS THE ROMANS \h\h\h\hON THE DEFENSIVE. 219 00:11:32,560 --> 00:11:34,040 {\an7}Kelcy: ONE OF THE REASONS \h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT HANNIBAL 220 00:11:34,080 --> 00:11:36,040 {\an7}WAS SO SUCCESSFUL AGAINST THE ROMANS 221 00:11:36,080 --> 00:11:39,640 {\an7}IS THAT HE ALWAYS DID \h\h\hTHE UNEXPECTED. 222 00:11:39,680 --> 00:11:44,320 {\an7}HE WAS USUALLY ONE STEP AHEAD \hOF THE ROMANS AT EVERY TURN. 223 00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:49,920 {\an7}Narrator: THE EASIEST ROUTE \h\hWOULD BE THE DIRECT ONE, 224 00:11:49,960 --> 00:11:51,040 {\an7}BY SHIP. 225 00:11:51,080 --> 00:11:54,080 {\an7}INSTEAD, HANNIBAL \hWILL GO BY LAND, 226 00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:57,640 {\an7}\hA ROUTE ROME THINKS IS ALL BUT IMPOSSIBLE. 227 00:11:57,680 --> 00:12:01,360 {\an7}\h\h\hSarah: THE ROMANS CERTAINLY DID NOT EXPECT 228 00:12:01,400 --> 00:12:05,080 {\an7}THAT NEARLY THE FIRST THING \h\h\h\h\hHANNIBAL WOULD DO 229 00:12:05,120 --> 00:12:10,000 {\an7}WAS STAGE AN INVASION OF ITALY, MUCH LESS DO IT OVERLAND. 230 00:12:10,040 --> 00:12:13,120 {\an7}Narrator: FEW IMAGINE THAT HANNIBAL CAN TURN SOLDIERS 231 00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:15,240 {\an7}FROM DOZENS OF DIFFERENT TRIBES 232 00:12:15,280 --> 00:12:18,520 {\an7}INTO A SINGLE COHESIVE \h\h\hFIGHTING FORCE. 233 00:12:18,560 --> 00:12:22,520 {\an7}\hEric: THE CARTHAGINIAN ARMY WAS LARGELY A MERCENARY ARMY, 234 00:12:22,560 --> 00:12:25,040 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHAT IS TO SAY, IT’S SOLDIERS FOR HIRE. 235 00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:28,040 {\an7}NOT ONLY WAS IT GOING TO BE \h\h\h\hDIFFICULT AND COSTLY 236 00:12:28,080 --> 00:12:29,320 {\an7}TO RUN SUCH AN ARMY, 237 00:12:29,360 --> 00:12:32,080 {\an7}BUT IT WAS GOING TO BE \hEXTREMELY DIFFICULT 238 00:12:32,120 --> 00:12:35,040 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTO GET THE KIND OF CAMARADERIE NECESSARY 239 00:12:35,080 --> 00:12:38,040 {\an7}FOR THE WAR THAT WAS GOING \h\h\h\h\h\hTO TAKE PLACE. 240 00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:42,160 {\an7}AND THAT SHOWS THAT HANNIBAL \h\hWAS A LEADER OF GENIUS. 241 00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:46,400 {\an7}Sarah: THIS ARMY WAS NOT \h\hFOLLOWING CARTHAGE; 242 00:12:46,440 --> 00:12:50,160 {\an7}THIS ARMY WAS FOLLOWING \h\h\h\h\h\h\hHANNIBAL. 243 00:12:50,200 --> 00:12:52,600 {\an7}Narrator: NUMIDIAN CAVALRY \h\h\h\hFROM NORTH AFRICA 244 00:12:52,640 --> 00:12:55,200 {\an7}ARE THE SHOCK TROOPS. 245 00:12:55,240 --> 00:12:58,760 {\an7}\h\h\hON THE FRONT LINES, SLINGERS DELIVER A BARRAGE 246 00:12:58,800 --> 00:13:02,400 {\an7}OF HIGHLY ACCURATE, DEADLY \h\h\h\hLEAD PROJECTILES. 247 00:13:02,440 --> 00:13:05,160 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHEY ARE BACKED UP BY HEAVILY ARMORED CAVALRY 248 00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:07,560 {\an7}FROM SPAIN AND FRANCE. 249 00:13:10,880 --> 00:13:17,200 {\an7}AND FORMING THE ARMY’S CORE, FOOT SOLDIERS FROM CARTHAGE. 250 00:13:17,240 --> 00:13:20,040 {\an7}FROM THIS DIVERSE FORCE, \h\h\h\hHANNIBAL CREATES 251 00:13:20,080 --> 00:13:24,160 {\an7}ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL ARMIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. 252 00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:26,600 {\an7}Sarah: HANNIBAL’S INVASION \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF ITALY 253 00:13:26,640 --> 00:13:30,960 {\an7}\hWAS AN ENORMOUSLY COMPLICATED PROJECT. 254 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:36,600 {\an7}WHEN WE THINK ABOUT HANNIBAL, \hWE TEND TO THINK ABOUT DRAMA 255 00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:40,760 {\an7}AND FURY AND POTENTIALLY \h\h\hTHINGS LIKE ANGER, 256 00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:43,440 {\an7}BUT HANNIBAL HAS TO HAVE BEEN 257 00:13:43,480 --> 00:13:47,440 {\an7}A METICULOUS, METICULOUS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hCRAFTSMAN 258 00:13:47,480 --> 00:13:49,600 {\an7}OF EVERYTHING THAT HE PLANNED 259 00:13:49,640 --> 00:13:53,600 {\an7}\h\h\hIN ORDER FOR SOMETHING THIS COMPLICATED TO SUCCEED. 260 00:13:56,960 --> 00:13:59,160 {\an7}Narrator: IN MAY 218 BC, 261 00:13:59,200 --> 00:14:02,040 {\an7}HANNIBAL MUST SAY GOODBYE \h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO HIS WIFE 262 00:14:02,080 --> 00:14:06,960 {\an7}AND LEAVE HIS LIFE \hIN SPAIN BEHIND. 263 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:11,000 {\an7}\h\hTHERE IS NO WAY TO KNOW WHEN, IF EVER, HE’LL RETURN. 264 00:14:11,040 --> 00:14:14,600 {\an7}♪ 265 00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:17,200 {\an7}THE ARMY SETS OUT FROM NEW CARTHAGE, 266 00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:20,640 {\an7}WHAT IS NOW CARTAGENA, SPAIN. 267 00:14:20,680 --> 00:14:23,680 {\an7}\h\hTO MARCH OVERLAND, HANNIBAL AND HIS ARMY 268 00:14:23,720 --> 00:14:24,800 {\an7}WILL HAVE TO CROSS 269 00:14:24,840 --> 00:14:27,760 {\an7}TWO OF EUROPE’S GREATEST \h\h\hNATURAL BARRIERS-- 270 00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:33,920 {\an7}\h\h\hTHE RHONE RIVER AND THE ALPINE MOUNTAIN RANGE. 271 00:14:33,960 --> 00:14:36,920 {\an7}Eric: HANNIBAL NEEDED \h\h\h\h\hTO MAINTAIN 272 00:14:36,960 --> 00:14:38,720 {\an7}THE ELEMENT OF SURPRISE. 273 00:14:38,760 --> 00:14:42,720 {\an7}AND SO, IT WAS OF GREAT VALUE \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO HANNIBAL 274 00:14:42,760 --> 00:14:47,440 {\an7}\hTO MAKE SURE HE COULD SHOW UP IN ITALY AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE. 275 00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:50,120 {\an7}IT WAS A MASSIVE UNDERTAKING, 276 00:14:50,160 --> 00:14:52,520 {\an7}\hONE OF THE GREATEST IN THE ANCIENT WORLD. 277 00:14:54,880 --> 00:14:56,440 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: END-TO-END ON THE MARCH, 278 00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:59,640 {\an7}THE ARMY STRETCHES ROUGHLY 25 MILES, 279 00:14:59,680 --> 00:15:04,320 {\an7}ALMOST TWICE THE LENGTH \h\hOF MANHATTAN ISLAND. 280 00:15:04,360 --> 00:15:05,720 {\an7}HANNIBAL IS LEADING THEM 281 00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:09,120 {\an7}MORE THAN A THOUSAND MILES \h\h\h\h\hFROM THEIR HOMES 282 00:15:09,160 --> 00:15:12,960 {\an7}INTO WHAT MUST HAVE FELT \h\h\hLIKE THE UNKNOWN. 283 00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:14,280 {\an7}TO MOVE QUICKLY, 284 00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:18,000 {\an7}HANNIBAL MARCHES WITH AS LITTLE BAGGAGE AS POSSIBLE. 285 00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:23,080 {\an7}THIS MEANS HANNIBAL MUST TIME \h\h\hHIS ROUTE EXACTLY RIGHT. 286 00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:25,160 {\an7}Eric: FIRST, HANNIBAL \h\h\hHAS TO MAKE SURE 287 00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:27,520 {\an7}THAT HE CAN ACTUALLY GET \h\h\h\hTHROUGH THE ALPS 288 00:15:27,560 --> 00:15:29,600 {\an7}AND THAT HE’S GOING TO HAVE \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSUFFICIENT 289 00:15:29,640 --> 00:15:32,640 {\an7}OR POTENTIALLY SUFFICIENT PROVISIONS FOR HIS TROOPS 290 00:15:32,680 --> 00:15:36,040 {\an7}UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES. 291 00:15:36,080 --> 00:15:41,600 {\an7}Sarah: HANNIBAL’S DROP DEAD DATE IN EVERY SENSE OF THE TERM 292 00:15:41,640 --> 00:15:44,440 {\an7}FOR THE COMPLETION OF HIS EXPEDITION 293 00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:48,760 {\an7}\hWOULD HAVE BEEN THE ONSET OF TRUE WINTER IN THE ALPS. 294 00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:52,720 {\an7}HE WOULD HAVE HAD TO CALCULATE \h\h\hBACKWARDS FROM THAT TIME 295 00:15:52,760 --> 00:15:57,360 {\an7}\hTO FIGURE OUT HOW LATE IN THE SEASON HE COULD AFFORD TO LEAVE. 296 00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:02,280 {\an7}IF HANNIBAL LEFT TOO SOON, 297 00:16:02,320 --> 00:16:06,160 {\an7}\h\h\hHE WOULD HAVE FOUND THE HARVEST NOT COMPLETED, 298 00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:09,040 {\an7}THE MARKETS NEARLY EMPTY, 299 00:16:09,080 --> 00:16:14,400 {\an7}THE GRANARIES OF THE FARMS \h\h\h\h\hNOT YET FILLED. 300 00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:16,200 {\an7}Narrator: AT LEAST IN SPAIN, 301 00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:20,920 {\an7}\hHE CAN COUNT ON ALLIES PROVIDING FOR HIS ARMY. 302 00:16:20,960 --> 00:16:25,040 {\an7}HARDEST OF ALL TO FEED-- \h\h\h\h\hHIS ELEPHANTS. 303 00:16:25,080 --> 00:16:31,040 {\an7}EACH ELEPHANT CAN CONSUME OVER 300 POUNDS OF FOOD EVERY DAY. 304 00:16:31,080 --> 00:16:34,960 {\an7}IN 1959, BRITISH RESEARCHERS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hWANTED TO TEST 305 00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:37,040 {\an7}HOW WELL ELEPHANTS WOULD FARE 306 00:16:37,120 --> 00:16:40,960 {\an7}ON A MOUNTAIN CLIMB \h\hLIKE HANNIBAL’S. 307 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:42,760 {\an7}Newsreel announcer: THE ELEPHANT CHOSEN BY AN EXPEDITION 308 00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:44,240 {\an7}FROM CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY 309 00:16:44,280 --> 00:16:47,600 {\an7}TO FIND HOW HANNIBAL \hCROSSED THE ALPS. 310 00:16:47,640 --> 00:16:49,760 {\an7}Narrator: THEY BORROWED AN ELEPHANT NAMED JUMBO 311 00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:53,440 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hFROM THE TURIN ZOO AND HIKED HIM INTO THE ALPS. 312 00:16:53,480 --> 00:16:54,680 {\an7}Newsreel announcer: \hTHIS WAS THE SCENE 313 00:16:54,720 --> 00:16:57,120 {\an7}AS THE PARTY LEFT MONTMÉLIAN, \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN FRANCE... 314 00:16:57,160 --> 00:17:01,120 {\an7}\h\h\hNarrator: UNLIKE HANNIBAL, THE RESEARCHERS HAD PAVED ROADS 315 00:17:01,160 --> 00:17:04,440 {\an7}\h\h\hAND WILLING VOLUNTEERS WHO PROVIDED FOOD AND WATER. 316 00:17:04,480 --> 00:17:05,720 {\an7}\h\h\h\hNewsreel announcer: THE 12-DAY JOURNEY PROVOKED 317 00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:09,080 {\an7}TREMENDOUS ENTHUSIASM \hALL ALONG THE ROUTE. 318 00:17:09,120 --> 00:17:11,360 {\an7}ELEPHANTS ARE EXCITING ANIMALS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hEVEN TODAY, 319 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:13,760 {\an7}BUT THINK HOW THEY MUST HAVE \h\hSTAGGERED THE ROMAN ARMY 320 00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:14,920 {\an7}WHEN THEY APPEARED... 321 00:17:14,960 --> 00:17:17,080 {\an7}\hNarrator: AT THE END OF THEIR TEN-DAY TREK, 322 00:17:17,120 --> 00:17:19,480 {\an7}\hTHEY’RE CHEERED BY ITALIAN CROWDS. 323 00:17:19,520 --> 00:17:21,000 {\an7}\h\h\h\hNewsreel announcer: WHETHER THE CAMBRIDGE THEORY 324 00:17:21,040 --> 00:17:22,440 {\an7}WAS RIGHT OR WRONG... 325 00:17:22,480 --> 00:17:24,920 {\an7}Narrator: JUMBO MADE THE TRIP... 326 00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:30,680 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT IN JUST 12 DAYS, HE’S LOST 10% OF HIS WEIGHT. 327 00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:34,080 {\an7}\h\hHANNIBAL’S ROUTE IS MUCH ROUGHER AND LONGER. 328 00:17:34,120 --> 00:17:35,800 {\an7}IT TAKES ALMOST FOUR MONTHS 329 00:17:35,840 --> 00:17:39,360 {\an7}TO CROSS NORTHERN SPAIN \h\hAND SOUTHERN FRANCE. 330 00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:43,000 {\an7}THERE, HE COMES UP AGAINST \h\h\h\hA NATURAL BARRIER 331 00:17:43,040 --> 00:17:45,600 {\an7}THAT BRINGS HIS MARCH \h\h\h\h\hTO A HALT-- 332 00:17:45,640 --> 00:17:47,280 {\an7}THE RHONE RIVER. 333 00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:51,800 {\an7}Sarah: FOR AN ANCIENT ARMY \h\hTO CROSS A LARGE RIVER 334 00:17:51,840 --> 00:17:57,520 {\an7}WAS ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS \h\h\h\h\hTHINGS IT COULD DO. 335 00:17:57,560 --> 00:18:00,720 {\an7}Narrator: TODAY, THE RHONE RIVER LOOKS CALM... 336 00:18:00,760 --> 00:18:03,040 {\an7}TAMED BY CANALS AND DAMS. 337 00:18:03,080 --> 00:18:06,240 {\an7}BUT IN 218 BC, IT WAS WILD, 338 00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:09,560 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH STRONG, UNPREDICTABLE CURRENTS. 339 00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:12,520 {\an7}Sarah: NOT ONLY DID HANNIBAL \h\h\h\hNEED TO GET HIS ARMY 340 00:18:12,560 --> 00:18:16,400 {\an7}ACROSS THE EXCEPTIONALLY \hDANGEROUS RHONE RIVER, 341 00:18:16,440 --> 00:18:18,720 {\an7}BUT HE NEEDED TO GET \h\h\h\h37 ELEPHANTS 342 00:18:18,760 --> 00:18:23,000 {\an7}ACROSS THE EXCEPTIONALLY \hDANGEROUS RHONE RIVER. 343 00:18:23,040 --> 00:18:26,600 {\an7}Narrator: IN THE WILD, ELEPHANTS ARE COMFORTABLE IN THE WATER... 344 00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:30,040 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT HANNIBAL’S ELEPHANTS MAY HAVE BEEN BRED IN CAPTIVITY 345 00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:32,280 {\an7}AND NEVER LEARNED TO SWIM. 346 00:18:32,320 --> 00:18:34,480 {\an7}\hHE CAN’T BE SURE HOW THEY’LL REACT 347 00:18:34,520 --> 00:18:37,000 {\an7}TO THE RHONE’S SWIFT CURRENTS. 348 00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:42,400 {\an7}\hON THE DANUBE RIVER, HISTORIAN BORIS DREYER 349 00:18:42,440 --> 00:18:46,640 {\an7}\h\hWANTS TO TEST HOW HANNIBAL WAS ABLE TO ACHIEVE HIS FEAT. 350 00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:48,200 {\an7}HE PLANS TO BUILD A RAFT 351 00:18:48,240 --> 00:18:50,920 {\an7}THE SAME SIZE AND SHAPE \h\h\h\h\hAS HANNIBAL’S, 352 00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:54,840 {\an7}\h\hBASED ON THE ACCOUNTS OF THE HISTORIAN POLYBIUS. 353 00:18:54,880 --> 00:18:56,360 {\an7}[SPEAKING GERMAN] 354 00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:58,040 {\an7}Boris Dreyer, translated: YOU CAN STUDY THE ANCIENT SOURCES 355 00:18:58,200 --> 00:18:59,480 {\an7}AT YOUR DESK, 356 00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:01,680 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hFILTER OUT THE DATA AND EVEN FIND THEM CONVINCING, 357 00:19:01,720 --> 00:19:03,360 {\an7}BUT WHEN IT COMES TO RE-ENACTING IT, 358 00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:05,640 {\an7}THAT’S QUITE A DIFFERENT MATTER. 359 00:19:05,680 --> 00:19:09,240 {\an7}\h\h\hNarrator: BUT DREYER’S RECREATION ONLY GOES SO FAR. 360 00:19:09,280 --> 00:19:14,160 {\an7}\h\h\h\hUNLIKE HANNIBAL, HE HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF MODERN GEAR... 361 00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:18,600 {\an7}LIKE A GRAPPLE CRANE TO LIFT AND PLACE THE HEAVY LOGS... 362 00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:21,840 {\an7}AS WELL AS CHAINSAWS \h\h\h\hTO CUT THEM. 363 00:19:21,880 --> 00:19:25,400 {\an7}ALSO, HE’S NOT SURROUNDED \h\hBY HOSTILE TRIBESMEN. 364 00:19:25,440 --> 00:19:29,120 {\an7}IN FACT, LOCAL BOAT OWNERS AND THE SECURITY SERVICES 365 00:19:29,160 --> 00:19:33,040 {\an7}COME OUT IN DROVES TO HELP. 366 00:19:33,080 --> 00:19:35,320 {\an7}WITH A MODERN CONCERN \h\h\h\h\hFOR SAFETY, 367 00:19:35,360 --> 00:19:38,840 {\an7}DREYER HAS THE FIRE BRIGADE \hAND LIFEGUARDS STANDING BY 368 00:19:38,880 --> 00:19:41,400 {\an7}IN CASE THERE’S AN EMERGENCY. 369 00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:45,040 {\an7}IT TAKES ROUGHLY 40 LARGE LOGS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hLASHED TOGETHER 370 00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:47,200 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTO BUILD ONE OF HANNIBAL’S RAFTS. 371 00:19:47,240 --> 00:19:50,240 {\an7}[CHAINSAWS ROARING] 372 00:19:50,280 --> 00:19:54,000 {\an7}THE CARTHAGINIANS TOPPED THEIR \hRAFTS WITH BRANCHES AND DIRT 373 00:19:54,040 --> 00:19:57,840 {\an7}\h\hTO FOOL THE ELEPHANTS INTO THINKING IT WAS SOLID GROUND. 374 00:20:01,080 --> 00:20:02,720 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hDreyer: THE RAFT WE HAVE RECREATED 375 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:06,600 {\an7}IS EXACTLY THE SAME SIZE \hAS THOSE OF HANNIBAL. 376 00:20:06,640 --> 00:20:10,240 {\an7}ACCORDING TO OUR SOURCES, \hHE HAD 16 OF THEM BUILT. 377 00:20:12,440 --> 00:20:15,480 {\an7}Narrator: HANNIBAL ALSO BUILT \h\h\hPIERS OUT INTO THE RIVER 378 00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:19,920 {\an7}\hTO GET THE ELEPHANTS OVER PART OF THE WATER AND ONTO THE RAFTS. 379 00:20:19,960 --> 00:20:23,240 {\an7}\h\hTHE HANDLERS LIKELY LED THE DOMINANT ELEPHANTS FIRST 380 00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:25,680 {\an7}TO GET THE OTHERS TO FOLLOW. 381 00:20:25,720 --> 00:20:28,160 {\an7}Eric: THE CROSSING OF THE RHONE WAS GOING TO BE, 382 00:20:28,200 --> 00:20:31,280 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hFOR HANNIBAL, A LOGISTICAL NIGHTMARE. 383 00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:33,160 {\an7}\h\hHE WAS GOING TO HAVE TO BUILD RAFTS 384 00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:36,440 {\an7}IN ORDER TO TRY TO GET ELEPHANTS ACROSS THE RHONE RIVER, 385 00:20:36,480 --> 00:20:39,760 {\an7}AND EVEN GETTING ELEPHANTS \hTO STEP FOOT ON A RAFT, 386 00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:41,960 {\an7}\hAS YOU MIGHT IMAGINE, IS GOING TO BE SOMETHING 387 00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:44,960 {\an7}THAT’S VERY DIFFICULT \h\h\h\hTO ACCOMPLISH. 388 00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:48,240 {\an7}Narrator: TODAY, DREYER RELIES \h\hON HEAVY MOVING EQUIPMENT 389 00:20:48,280 --> 00:20:50,600 {\an7}TO EASE THE RAFT INTO THE RIVER. 390 00:20:54,440 --> 00:21:00,720 {\an7}[CREAKING] 391 00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:05,160 {\an7}IT WEIGHS 15 TONS BY ITSELF, \h\h\h\h\hAND IT’S NOT CLEAR 392 00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:08,200 {\an7}\h\h\hIF THE CURRENT WILL PULL IT UNDER. 393 00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:12,120 {\an7}IT RIDES LOW IN THE WATER, \h\h\h\h\h\h\hBUT FLOATS. 394 00:21:12,160 --> 00:21:15,600 {\an7}IN HANNIBAL’S TIME, SOLDIERS WOULD HAVE HAD TO CONTROL IT 395 00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:18,480 {\an7}WITH NOTHING MORE THAN MUSCLE POWER. 396 00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:22,040 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTODAY, LOCALS, IN THEIR MOTORIZED BOATS, 397 00:21:22,120 --> 00:21:25,880 {\an7}PUSH IT BACK UP ONTO THE BANK. 398 00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:27,520 {\an7}WITHOUT AN ELEPHANT HANDY, 399 00:21:27,560 --> 00:21:33,280 {\an7}DREYER USES 9,000 POUNDS OF SAND AS A SUBSTITUTE. 400 00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:37,600 {\an7}\h\h\h\hLOW IN THE WATER, THE RAFT IS HARD TO MOVE. 401 00:21:37,640 --> 00:21:40,240 {\an7}TO REPLICATE HANNIBAL’S \h\h\h\h\hLIKELY METHOD, 402 00:21:40,280 --> 00:21:44,040 {\an7}\h\h\h\hDREYER AND HIS TEAM TRY TO PUSH IT ACROSS WITH POLES... 403 00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:46,760 {\an7}AND PULL IT ACROSS \h\hWITH ROWBOATS. 404 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:52,320 {\an7}EVEN A GENTLE CURRENT \h\h\h\hIS TOO STRONG, 405 00:21:52,360 --> 00:21:54,000 {\an7}AND THE POLERS AND ROWERS 406 00:21:54,040 --> 00:21:56,480 {\an7}\hSTRUGGLE TO KEEP THE RAFT ON TRACK. 407 00:21:56,520 --> 00:22:04,400 {\an7}♪ 408 00:22:04,440 --> 00:22:06,960 {\an7}IT THREATENS TO SPIN \hOUT OF CONTROL... 409 00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:11,080 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hSO THE LIFEGUARDS SNAP TO ATTENTION, READY FOR ACTION. 410 00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:19,920 {\an7}ACCORDING TO POLYBIUS, 411 00:22:19,960 --> 00:22:24,160 {\an7}MANY OF HANNIBAL’S TROOPS \hDROWNED IN THE CROSSING. 412 00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:27,120 {\an7}WHEN AN ELEPHANT SHIFTED ITS WEIGHT, OR PANICKED, 413 00:22:27,160 --> 00:22:29,600 {\an7}THE WHOLE RAFT WOULD GO OVER. 414 00:22:29,640 --> 00:22:36,120 {\an7}♪ 415 00:22:36,160 --> 00:22:38,720 {\an7}Dreyer: IT’S VERY EXHAUSTING. 416 00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:48,280 {\an7}Narrator: THE CURRENT KEEPS PUSHING THE RAFT DOWNSTREAM, 417 00:22:48,320 --> 00:22:51,160 {\an7}AND FATIGUE STARTS TO SET IN. 418 00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:59,040 {\an7}THE RAFT REACHES THE FAR BANK, 419 00:22:59,080 --> 00:23:01,200 {\an7}BUT SEVERAL HUNDRED YARDS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hDOWNRIVER 420 00:23:01,240 --> 00:23:04,120 {\an7}FROM WHERE THEY WANTED TO LAND. 421 00:23:04,160 --> 00:23:05,560 {\an7}AND DREYER HAS IT EASY 422 00:23:05,600 --> 00:23:09,040 {\an7}COMPARED TO THE CHALLENGES \h\h\hHANNIBAL DEALT WITH. 423 00:23:09,080 --> 00:23:13,680 {\an7}[SPEAKING GERMAN] 424 00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:15,040 {\an7}Dreyer: WE’VE MADE IT. 425 00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:16,240 {\an7}WE’VE GOT THE WEIGHT \h\h\hOF AN ELEPHANT 426 00:23:16,280 --> 00:23:18,480 {\an7}ACROSS TO THE OTHER BANK. 427 00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:22,240 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: IT GIVES DREYER INSIGHT 428 00:23:22,280 --> 00:23:28,160 {\an7}\hINTO WHAT IT MIGHT HAVE COST HANNIBAL TO MAKE THE CROSSING. 429 00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:30,040 {\an7}\hDreyer: IT TELLS US THAT HANNIBAL ACHIEVED 430 00:23:30,080 --> 00:23:32,520 {\an7}\h\hA TRULY ENORMOUS ORGANIZATIONAL FEAT, 431 00:23:32,560 --> 00:23:36,440 {\an7}WITHOUT CHAINSAWS, MOTORBOATS \h\hOR ANYTHING OF THAT KIND. 432 00:23:36,480 --> 00:23:40,680 {\an7}AND ALL THIS WITH LIVING ELEPHANTS. 433 00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:45,480 {\an7}Narrator: FOR HANNIBAL, NOT EVERYTHING WENT AS PLANNED. 434 00:23:45,520 --> 00:23:49,680 {\an7}\h\h\h\hACCORDING TO POLYBIUS, THE CROSSING TOOK SEVEN DAYS. 435 00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:53,880 {\an7}♪ 436 00:23:53,920 --> 00:23:58,200 {\an7}Dreyer: WE KNOW THAT ALL 37 ELEPHANTS GOT ACROSS ALIVE. 437 00:23:58,240 --> 00:23:59,360 {\an7}SOME, HOWEVER, LOST HOLD 438 00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:01,600 {\an7}\h\h\hAND SURVIVED ONLY THANKS TO THEIR TRUNKS, 439 00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:07,520 {\an7}\hWHICH ALLOWED THEM TO BREATHE UNDERWATER LIKE WITH A SNORKEL. 440 00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:11,280 {\an7}\hBUT ALL THE MAHOUTS WHO FELL OVERBOARD WITH THEM PERISHED. 441 00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:17,320 {\an7}Narrator: ACROSS THE RHONE RIVER AT LAST, HANNIBAL’S ARMY 442 00:24:17,360 --> 00:24:21,520 {\an7}\h\hHAS BEEN ON THE MARCH FOR ALMOST FOUR MONTHS... 443 00:24:21,560 --> 00:24:26,680 {\an7}AND THE GREATEST BARRIERS \h\h\h\h\hSTILL LIE AHEAD. 444 00:24:26,720 --> 00:24:30,040 {\an7}ROME PLACES A MASSIVE ARMY \h\h\h\h\hALONG THE COAST, 445 00:24:30,120 --> 00:24:34,040 {\an7}BLOCKING HANNIBAL’S \h\h\hEASIEST ROUTE. 446 00:24:34,080 --> 00:24:37,320 {\an7}BUT, AGAIN, HANNIBAL DOES THE UNEXPECTED. 447 00:24:37,360 --> 00:24:39,880 {\an7}INSTEAD OF WAITING \hFOR THE ROMANS, 448 00:24:39,920 --> 00:24:42,360 {\an7}HE SETS OUT ON THE MARCH AGAIN. 449 00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:45,240 {\an7}Eric: THE ROMANS HOPED THAT THEY WERE GOING TO BE ABLE 450 00:24:45,280 --> 00:24:47,960 {\an7}\h\hTO STOP HANNIBAL AT THE RHONE RIVER, 451 00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:50,760 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND HANNIBAL, ALWAYS ONE STEP AHEAD, 452 00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:54,160 {\an7}GAVE THE ROMAN ARMY THE SLIP. 453 00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:55,680 {\an7}Narrator: LED BY SCIPIO, 454 00:24:55,720 --> 00:25:00,040 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHE ROMANS SEARCH FOR HANNIBAL AND HIS ARMY. 455 00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:02,880 {\an7}THEY’RE DETERMINED TO TRAP \h\h\h\h\hAND DESTROY HIM 456 00:25:02,920 --> 00:25:06,320 {\an7}BEFORE HE CAN EVEN REACH ITALY. 457 00:25:06,360 --> 00:25:09,360 {\an7}BUT HANNIBAL ELUDES THEM. 458 00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:11,920 {\an7}Sarah: THE ROMANS ARE ALREADY \h\h\h\h\h\hON THE DEFENSIVE. 459 00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:16,360 {\an7}\h\hTHEY KEEP TRYING TO GUESS HANNIBAL’S LIKELY NEXT MOVE... 460 00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:18,480 {\an7}AND THEY KEEP GUESSING WRONG. 461 00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:25,000 {\an7}Narrator: ONCE AGAIN, THE ROMAN ARMY UNDERESTIMATES HANNIBAL. 462 00:25:25,040 --> 00:25:29,400 {\an7}♪ 463 00:25:29,440 --> 00:25:32,160 {\an7}THE MIGHTY ROMAN REPUBLIC \h\h\hIS UP AGAINST A FOE 464 00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:36,120 {\an7}LIKE NO OTHER IT’S FACED BEFORE. 465 00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:37,800 {\an7}[HORSE NEIGHS] 466 00:25:37,840 --> 00:25:43,360 {\an7}♪ 467 00:25:45,520 --> 00:25:50,520 {\an7}IN THE FALL OF 218 BC, HANNIBAL ARRIVES AT THE FOOT OF THE ALPS, 468 00:25:50,560 --> 00:25:54,640 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hEUROPE’S TALLEST, MOST DAUNTING MOUNTAIN RANGE. 469 00:25:54,680 --> 00:25:57,920 {\an7}\hSNOW-COVERED PEAKS STRETCH 15,000 FEET 470 00:25:57,960 --> 00:25:59,320 {\an7}TO THE ROOF OF EUROPE, 471 00:25:59,360 --> 00:26:04,040 {\an7}CREATING A NATURAL FORTRESS \hPROTECTING ITALY AND ROME. 472 00:26:04,160 --> 00:26:06,120 {\an7}NO ONE HAS EVER TAKEN \h\h\h\h\hA LARGE ARMY 473 00:26:06,160 --> 00:26:11,080 {\an7}THROUGH ONE OF ITS \h\hNARROW PASSES. 474 00:26:11,120 --> 00:26:15,160 {\an7}\hTHE ROMANS THINK IT WOULD BE SUICIDE FOR HANNIBAL TO TRY... 475 00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:18,400 {\an7}AND HANNIBAL’S OWN TROOPS AGREE. 476 00:26:22,640 --> 00:26:27,160 {\an7}IN 218 BC, HANNIBAL FACES \h\hTHE GREATEST OBSTACLE 477 00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:30,400 {\an7}ON HIS MARCH TO ROME-- \h\h\h\h\h\hTHE ALPS. 478 00:26:30,440 --> 00:26:35,160 {\an7}Sarah: ANCIENT PEOPLES VIEWED \h\h\hTHE ALPS AS A FORTRESS. 479 00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:41,120 {\an7}THEY FORMED AN ALMOST \h\hIMPENETRABLE WALL. 480 00:26:41,160 --> 00:26:45,280 {\an7}Eric: NO ARMY IN ANTIQUITY \h\h\hGOT ACROSS THE ALPS, 481 00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:48,520 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND YET IT SEEMS AS IF HANNIBAL RECOGNIZES 482 00:26:48,560 --> 00:26:54,080 {\an7}\h\hTHAT HE’S THE GENERAL WHO CAN ACTUALLY DO THIS. 483 00:26:54,120 --> 00:26:57,520 {\an7}Kelcy: HIS ARMY WAS RELUCTANT \h\h\h\h\h\hTO CROSS THE ALPS 484 00:26:57,560 --> 00:27:01,840 {\an7}BECAUSE THEY SAW IT BASICALLY \h\h\h\hAS A SUICIDE MISSION. 485 00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:04,240 {\an7}Narrator: THEY’VE ARRIVED \h\hAT THE EDGE OF WINTER, 486 00:27:04,280 --> 00:27:06,280 {\an7}WHEN LANDSLIDES OR AVALANCHES 487 00:27:06,320 --> 00:27:09,160 {\an7}\h\hCOULD TRAP THEM IN A MOUNTAIN PASS. 488 00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:13,120 {\an7}THERE, THEY COULD FREEZE \h\hOR STARVE TO DEATH. 489 00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:17,760 {\an7}BUT IF THEY’RE TO REACH ROME, \h\hTHEY MUST SCALE THE ALPS. 490 00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:20,600 {\an7}[TROOPS CHEERING] 491 00:27:20,640 --> 00:27:23,440 {\an7}HANNIBAL RALLIES HIS TROOPS, \h\h\h\h\h\h\hTELLING THEM: 492 00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:28,360 {\an7}"NO MOUNTAIN IS TOO HIGH \h\hFOR MAN TO CONQUER. 493 00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:33,800 {\an7}IF A SMALL GROUP CAN CROSS THEM, SO CAN AN ARMY." 494 00:27:33,840 --> 00:27:35,520 {\an7}BUT HOW HANNIBAL MANAGED TO GET 495 00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:38,040 {\an7}TENS OF THOUSANDS OF MEN AND HORSES, 496 00:27:38,080 --> 00:27:41,600 {\an7}AS WELL AS 37 ELEPHANTS, \h\h\h\hACROSS THE ALPS 497 00:27:41,640 --> 00:27:46,040 {\an7}IS ONE OF HISTORY’S GREATEST \h\h\h\hUNSOLVED MYSTERIES. 498 00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:51,080 {\an7}\hNO ONE EVEN KNOWS WHAT ROUTE HE TOOK. 499 00:27:51,120 --> 00:27:53,200 {\an7}\hTHERE ARE THREE POSSIBLE PASSAGES, 500 00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:57,400 {\an7}AND MOST HISTORIANS CONSIDER THE NORTHERN TWO THE MOST LIKELY. 501 00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:01,000 {\an7}\hTHE SOUTHERNMOST, ACROSS THE COL DE LA TRAVERSETTE, 502 00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:02,840 {\an7}IS THE MOST DIFFICULT. 503 00:28:02,880 --> 00:28:05,240 {\an7}RISING TO ALMOST 8,000 FEET, 504 00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:06,920 {\an7}IT’S THE HIGHEST ROUTE 505 00:28:06,960 --> 00:28:10,280 {\an7}AND CONTAINS NARROW PASSES. 506 00:28:10,320 --> 00:28:13,840 {\an7}HISTORIANS HAVE GENERALLY \h\h\h\h\h\hRULED IT OUT. 507 00:28:13,880 --> 00:28:16,400 {\an7}BILL MAHANEY DISAGREES. 508 00:28:16,440 --> 00:28:20,040 {\an7}HE’S SPENT THE LAST 15 YEARS \h\h\hSEARCHING FOR EVIDENCE 509 00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:25,440 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHAT HANNIBAL CROSSED AT THE COL DE LA TRAVERSETTE. 510 00:28:25,480 --> 00:28:29,240 {\an7}MAHANEY IS A GEOMORPHOLOGIST, \h\hWHICH MEANS HE’S AN EXPERT 511 00:28:29,280 --> 00:28:33,280 {\an7}IN UNDERSTANDING HOW A LANDSCAPE CHANGES OVER TIME. 512 00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:37,560 {\an7}HE SEARCHES FOR SPOTS \h\h\hALONG THE ROUTE 513 00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:40,800 {\an7}\hWHERE HE THINKS HANNIBAL MIGHT HAVE RESTED HIS ARMY 514 00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:43,200 {\an7}MORE THAN 2,000 YEARS AGO. 515 00:28:43,240 --> 00:28:45,160 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBill Mahaney: I GOT VERY INTERESTED IN THE HANNIBAL STORY 516 00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:47,160 {\an7}WHEN HISTORIANS WERE TELLING ME 517 00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:49,560 {\an7}THAT THEY WERE INTERESTED \h\hIN FINDING THE ROUTE-- 518 00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:50,760 {\an7}THAT WAS IT. 519 00:28:50,800 --> 00:28:53,360 {\an7}BUT FOR ME, IF WE COULD \hNARROW THE ROUTE DOWN, 520 00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:57,280 {\an7}THEN WE COULD FOCUS ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY. 521 00:28:57,320 --> 00:28:59,680 {\an7}Narrator: MAHANEY’S HOPING \hTO FIND ENOUGH EVIDENCE 522 00:28:59,720 --> 00:29:01,960 {\an7}\h\h\hTO PROMPT OTHERS TO TAKE A CLOSER LOOK 523 00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:03,680 {\an7}AT THE TRAVERSETTE. 524 00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:05,840 {\an7}Mahaney: THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS AREN’T COOPERATING TOO MUCH 525 00:29:05,880 --> 00:29:07,160 {\an7}IN THIS RESPECT. 526 00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:10,000 {\an7}THEY HAVE FOLLOWED MORE OR LESS THE HISTORIANS, 527 00:29:10,040 --> 00:29:13,040 {\an7}\hAND THEY REALLY DON’T LIKE THE IDEA OF THE TRAVERSETTE, 528 00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:15,200 {\an7}THEY THINK IT’S TOO HIGH. 529 00:29:15,240 --> 00:29:17,960 {\an7}Narrator: IN 2011, MAHANEY TEAMED UP 530 00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:22,560 {\an7}\hWITH UNIVERSITY OF BELFAST MICROBIOLOGIST CHRIS ALLEN. 531 00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:25,440 {\an7}TOGETHER, THEY SEARCH \h\h\hFOR ANY BACTERIA 532 00:29:25,480 --> 00:29:30,880 {\an7}\hOR OTHER CHEMICAL EVIDENCE OF HANNIBAL’S PRESENCE FROM 218 BC. 533 00:29:30,920 --> 00:29:32,360 {\an7}Chris Allen: I STARTED THINKING AS A MICROBIOLOGIST 534 00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:34,600 {\an7}WHAT COULD WE LOOK FOR, WHAT DID HANNIBAL HAVE. 535 00:29:34,640 --> 00:29:37,320 {\an7}\h\hAND I KNEW THAT HE HAD LOTS OF ANIMALS WITH HIM. 536 00:29:37,360 --> 00:29:40,320 {\an7}AND ANYBODY WHO HAS WORKED \h\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH ANIMALS 537 00:29:40,360 --> 00:29:42,840 {\an7}KNOWS THAT THEY PRODUCE \h\h\h\h\hLOTS OF FECES. 538 00:29:42,880 --> 00:29:44,040 {\an7}SO AS A MICROBIOLOGIST 539 00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:45,680 {\an7}I KNEW THAT THERE WOULD BE \h\h\h\h\hBACTERIA THERE, 540 00:29:45,720 --> 00:29:48,840 {\an7}\hAND THAT THE BACTERIA COULD BE DETECTABLE 2,000 YEARS LATER ON. 541 00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:50,560 {\an7}AND THAT’S HOW I GOT INVOLVED. 542 00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:52,040 {\an7}Narrator: IN 2013, 543 00:29:52,120 --> 00:29:54,280 {\an7}ON THE WESTERN SIDE OF THE TRAVERSETTE, 544 00:29:54,320 --> 00:29:58,000 {\an7}\h\hMAHANEY FOUND WHAT HE THINKS MIGHT HAVE BEEN A MOUNTAIN LAKE 545 00:29:58,040 --> 00:29:59,640 {\an7}2,000 YEARS AGO. 546 00:29:59,680 --> 00:30:02,040 {\an7}\h\hIT WOULD HAVE BEEN AN IDEAL RESTING SPOT 547 00:30:02,080 --> 00:30:03,400 {\an7}AND A WATERING HOLE 548 00:30:03,440 --> 00:30:07,400 {\an7}FOR THE CARTHAGINIAN ARMY \hAND ITS THIRSTY HORSES. 549 00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:09,640 {\an7}Mahaney: I STARTED TO FOCUS \h\h\h\h\h\hON DEPRESSIONS, 550 00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:11,160 {\an7}\h\h\hAND I THOUGHT IN THESE DEPRESSIONS 551 00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:14,040 {\an7}\h\hYOU MIGHT HAVE HAD WATER AT THE TIME HANNIBAL WENT THROUGH. 552 00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:16,360 {\an7}SO I THOUGHT THEY WERE \h\h\h\hWORTH CORING, 553 00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:19,480 {\an7}\h\hJUST TO SEE WHAT KIND OF IMPRESSION THE ANIMALS, 554 00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:24,080 {\an7}THE MULTIPLE OF ANIMALS, \h\hHAD ON THE SEDIMENT. 555 00:30:24,120 --> 00:30:26,760 {\an7}Narrator: THEY TAKE SAMPLES, \h\h\h\hLOOKING FOR BACTERIA 556 00:30:26,800 --> 00:30:31,320 {\an7}THAT’S NOT TYPICALLY FOUND \h\h\h\h\h\hIN THIS SOIL. 557 00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:35,280 {\an7}ONE FOCUS IS A TYPE OF BACTERIA CALLED CLOSTRIDIA 558 00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:38,360 {\an7}\h\h\hTHAT LIVES ONLY IN HORSES’ INTESTINES. 559 00:30:38,400 --> 00:30:40,520 {\an7}LONG AFTER THE CELL HAS DIED, 560 00:30:40,560 --> 00:30:45,040 {\an7}ONE PART, CALLED AN ENDOSPORE, \h\h\h\hCAN STILL BE DETECTED. 561 00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:52,040 {\an7}♪ 562 00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:53,720 {\an7}Allen: THAT’S A REALLY NICE ONE. 563 00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:55,280 {\an7}IT’S GREAT LAYERING. 564 00:30:55,320 --> 00:30:57,000 {\an7}REALLY LOVELY LAYERS. 565 00:30:57,040 --> 00:30:59,040 {\an7}\h\h\hIF AN ENDOSPORE FROM THE HORSE’S GUTS 566 00:30:59,080 --> 00:31:02,200 {\an7}\h\h\hFINDS HIS WAY INTO THIS SOIL HERE, 567 00:31:02,240 --> 00:31:05,320 {\an7}\hIT IS GOING TO SURVIVE FOR ABOUT 10,000 YEARS. 568 00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:07,800 {\an7}Narrator: EVEN IF THEY FIND \h\h\h\h\h\h\hAN ENDOSPORE, 569 00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:11,840 {\an7}THEY NEED A WAY TO PROVE IT CAME FROM A HORSE IN HANNIBAL’S ARMY. 570 00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:16,240 {\an7}ALLEN WILL TAKE THE SOIL BACK TO HIS LAB IN BELFAST FOR TESTING. 571 00:31:16,280 --> 00:31:19,200 {\an7}\h\hFOR MAHANEY, THE RESULTS COULD STRENGTHEN HIS THEORY 572 00:31:19,240 --> 00:31:20,760 {\an7}WITH HARD SCIENCE, 573 00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:24,200 {\an7}SOMETHING HE THINKS IS LACKING \h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN OTHERS’ WORK. 574 00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:26,920 {\an7}Mahaney: THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS \h\h\h\hVIRTUALLY HAVE DONE 575 00:31:26,960 --> 00:31:29,880 {\an7}\h\hVERY LITTLE TO NOTHING IN TERMS OF THIS QUESTION. 576 00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:31,800 {\an7}\h\h\hIT’S ALL BEEN WITH THE HISTORIANS. 577 00:31:31,840 --> 00:31:34,520 {\an7}\h\hTHEY BASICALLY ARGUE OVER THEIR OWN THEORIES. 578 00:31:34,560 --> 00:31:37,040 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND MANY OF THEM HAVE SHIFTED DISTANCES, 579 00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:38,640 {\an7}TIME MOTION HAS BEEN PLAYED WITH 580 00:31:38,680 --> 00:31:42,040 {\an7}\h\hTO FIT THEIR THEORY OF WHICH PASS WAS USED. 581 00:31:42,080 --> 00:31:44,480 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND IN MY CASE, THIS IS A FORENSIC THING, 582 00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:48,040 {\an7}\hA FORENSIC EXERCISE, WHERE I’M USING ENVIRONMENTAL MILESTONES, 583 00:31:48,080 --> 00:31:51,880 {\an7}\hIF YOU LIKE, TO TRY TO PINPOINT THE ROUTE. 584 00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:54,800 {\an7}\h\h\hNarrator: IF HANNIBAL DID CHOOSE THE TRAVERSETTE, 585 00:31:54,840 --> 00:31:59,240 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIT WOULD HAVE BEEN THE MOST CHALLENGING ROUTE. 586 00:31:59,280 --> 00:32:02,200 {\an7}HEADING INTO THE MOUNTAINS \h\h\h\h\hIN LATE OCTOBER, 587 00:32:02,240 --> 00:32:05,400 {\an7}\hTHERE’S THE RISK OF SNOW SHUTTING DOWN THE PASSES. 588 00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:07,080 {\an7}EVEN IN THE BEST WEATHER, 589 00:32:07,120 --> 00:32:11,880 {\an7}\hTHE PATHS THROUGH THE ALPS ARE NARROW AND TREACHEROUS. 590 00:32:11,920 --> 00:32:15,400 {\an7}THE LAND BECOMES MORE BARREN \h\hTHE HIGHER THEY CLIMB... 591 00:32:15,440 --> 00:32:19,440 {\an7}\h\h\hAND THE ANIMALS WILL BEGIN TO STARVE. 592 00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:23,320 {\an7}THE ELEPHANTS HAVE TO SQUEEZE THROUGH SOME OF THE PASSAGES. 593 00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:27,040 {\an7}AND THEY SUFFER MOST \h\h\h\hIN THE COLD. 594 00:32:27,080 --> 00:32:30,600 {\an7}BELOW FREEZING, THE TIPS OF THEIR EARS AND TAILS 595 00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:33,680 {\an7}ARE PRONE TO FROSTBITE. 596 00:32:33,720 --> 00:32:35,600 {\an7}Eric: GETTING ELEPHANTS \h\h\h\hACROSS THE ALPS 597 00:32:35,640 --> 00:32:40,440 {\an7}\hMUST HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE MOST DIFFICULT LOGISTICAL CHALLENGES 598 00:32:40,480 --> 00:32:45,440 {\an7}\h\hIN ANTIQUITY, CERTAINLY UNDERTAKEN BY ANY COMMANDER. 599 00:32:45,480 --> 00:32:49,120 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: HANNIBAL LEADS BY EXAMPLE. 600 00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:52,560 {\an7}Sarah: HE WAS ABLE TO ENDURE \h\h\h\h\h\hHARSH CONDITIONS 601 00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:55,040 {\an7}RIGHT ALONGSIDE HIS MEN. 602 00:32:55,080 --> 00:33:00,720 {\an7}BEING SEEN BY HIS MEN SUFFERING THE SAME THINGS THEY DID, 603 00:33:00,760 --> 00:33:04,480 {\an7}TRIUMPHING ALONGSIDE THEM WHEN THEY WERE SUCCESSFUL, 604 00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:07,320 {\an7}WOULD HAVE MADE THEM LOVE HIM, 605 00:33:07,360 --> 00:33:11,560 {\an7}AND THAT WAS SUPREMELY IMPORTANT TO HIS SUCCESS. 606 00:33:13,560 --> 00:33:15,240 {\an7}\hNarrator: STILL, HANNIBAL’S GAMBLE 607 00:33:15,280 --> 00:33:17,360 {\an7}BECOMES A PUNISHING TREK... 608 00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:21,480 {\an7}AND FOR SOME, IT TURNS \hINTO A DEATH MARCH. 609 00:33:21,520 --> 00:33:24,080 {\an7}\h\h\hIT’S BELIEVED THAT THOUSANDS DIED, 610 00:33:24,120 --> 00:33:30,320 {\an7}MAKING THE COL DE LA TRAVERSETTE THEIR ICY GRAVE. 611 00:33:30,360 --> 00:33:32,120 {\an7}Kelcy: SUPPLIES ARE \h\hALREADY SCARCE, 612 00:33:32,160 --> 00:33:36,480 {\an7}AND THE WEATHER WAS A VERY REAL THREAT. 613 00:33:36,520 --> 00:33:41,000 {\an7}\h\h\hAND IN FACT, HANNIBAL LOST NEARLY HALF OF THE 40,000 TROOPS 614 00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:45,120 {\an7}THAT HE STARTED OUT WITH ON THAT JOURNEY OVER THE MOUNTAINS. 615 00:33:45,160 --> 00:33:49,360 {\an7}\hNarrator: IT TAKES THEM 15 GRUELING DAYS TO CROSS. 616 00:33:49,400 --> 00:33:51,720 {\an7}BUT EVEN TODAY, IT’S NOT CLEAR 617 00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:57,080 {\an7}EXACTLY WHERE HANNIBAL EMERGED \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFROM THE ALPS. 618 00:33:57,120 --> 00:34:00,200 {\an7}IN 2017, CHRIS ALLEN SEARCHED 619 00:34:00,240 --> 00:34:02,280 {\an7}\h\hTHE EASTERN SIDE OF THE TRAVERSETTE, 620 00:34:02,320 --> 00:34:04,040 {\an7}LOOKING FOR ANSWERS. 621 00:34:04,080 --> 00:34:06,200 {\an7}AGAIN, HE FOCUSED ON AN AREA 622 00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:11,600 {\an7}THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN AN ALPINE \h\h\hLAKE IN HANNIBAL’S TIME. 623 00:34:11,640 --> 00:34:16,080 {\an7}TODAY IT’S A SWAMPY AREA \h\h\h\hKNOWN AS A MIRE. 624 00:34:16,120 --> 00:34:18,160 {\an7}Allen: ON PREVIOUS EXPEDITIONS, WE WERE ABLE TO IDENTIFY 625 00:34:18,200 --> 00:34:20,360 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hA VERY LARGE MIRE ON THE ITALIAN SIDE OF THE ALPS. 626 00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:21,720 {\an7}THE THEORY THAT WE NOW HAVE 627 00:34:21,760 --> 00:34:23,960 {\an7}\h\h\h\hIS THAT IF THIS EVENT REALLY OCCURRED AT THE SITES, 628 00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:27,120 {\an7}THEN THESE HORSES SHOULD BE \hBASICALLY THE SAME HORSES. 629 00:34:27,160 --> 00:34:29,160 {\an7}SO IF WE CAN LOOK AT THE CLOSTRIDIA 630 00:34:29,200 --> 00:34:31,600 {\an7}IN EQUINE GUT BACTERIA, 631 00:34:31,640 --> 00:34:33,360 {\an7}OR FROM EQUINE GUT BACTERIA \h\h\h\h\hIN THE TWO SITES, 632 00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:34,800 {\an7}\h\h\hTHEY SHOULD BE VERY, VERY SIMILAR. 633 00:34:34,840 --> 00:34:38,160 {\an7}SO, IN 2017 WE BASICALLY \h\hSTARTED THAT PROCESS 634 00:34:38,200 --> 00:34:41,240 {\an7}ON THE ITALIAN SIDE OF THE ALPS. 635 00:34:41,280 --> 00:34:44,720 {\an7}Narrator: IF HANNIBAL’S ARMY, WITH ITS THOUSANDS OF HORSES, 636 00:34:44,760 --> 00:34:46,480 {\an7}CROSSED OVER THE TRAVERSETTE, 637 00:34:46,520 --> 00:34:49,880 {\an7}\h\hALLEN THINKS THE SAMPLES FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE PASS 638 00:34:49,920 --> 00:34:51,280 {\an7}SHOULD MATCH. 639 00:34:51,320 --> 00:34:54,040 {\an7}ALLEN TAKES THE SOIL SAMPLES \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO HIS LAB 640 00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:57,040 {\an7}AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BELFAST. 641 00:34:57,120 --> 00:35:01,680 {\an7}HE’S LOOKING FOR KEY MARKERS. 642 00:35:01,720 --> 00:35:03,800 {\an7}\h\h\hAllen: SO, TO NOW, WE’RE JUST STARTING THE PROCESS NOW 643 00:35:03,840 --> 00:35:06,200 {\an7}OF DNA EXTRACTIONS. 644 00:35:06,240 --> 00:35:08,880 {\an7}Narrator: ALLEN FACES LONG ODDS. 645 00:35:08,920 --> 00:35:11,120 {\an7}HIS TESTS HAVE TO REVEAL \h\h\h\h\h\hTHE PRESENCE 646 00:35:11,160 --> 00:35:14,960 {\an7}OF A TYPE OF CLOSTRIDIA \hFOUND ONLY IN HORSES. 647 00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:17,080 {\an7}THEN HE HAS TO MATCH THE SAMPLES 648 00:35:17,120 --> 00:35:20,280 {\an7}\h\hFROM BOTH SIDES OF THE TRAVERSETTE. 649 00:35:20,320 --> 00:35:22,240 {\an7}AND THEN HE HAS TO PROVE 650 00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:27,400 {\an7}\hTHE BACTERIA ARE FROM THE CORRECT TIME PERIOD. 651 00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:30,160 {\an7}Allen: THE BIGGEST SURPRISE \h\hFROM OUR INITIAL STUDIES 652 00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:31,320 {\an7}WAS JUST THE SHEER QUANTITY. 653 00:35:31,360 --> 00:35:33,560 {\an7}SO NORMALLY IF WE LOOK IN SOIL 654 00:35:33,600 --> 00:35:37,520 {\an7}YOU MIGHT GET MAYBE LESS THAN 2% OF THE BACTERIA PRESENT 655 00:35:37,560 --> 00:35:38,880 {\an7}ARE CLOSTRIDIA. 656 00:35:38,920 --> 00:35:41,760 {\an7}BUT WHEN WE LOOK IN OUR SITE, \h\h\hWHICH WE FOUND IN FRANCE 657 00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:44,920 {\an7}\h\hWHERE WE EXPECTED HANNIBAL AND HIS ARMY TO PASS THROUGH, 658 00:35:44,960 --> 00:35:46,520 {\an7}WE ACTUALLY FOUND \hTHAT THERE WERE 659 00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:50,880 {\an7}\h\h\hUP TO 20% OF THE BACTERIA IN THE SAMPLES WERE CLOSTRIDIA. 660 00:35:50,920 --> 00:35:52,200 {\an7}AND THIS WAS REALLY SURPRISING. 661 00:35:52,240 --> 00:35:53,960 {\an7}YOU WOULDN’T SEE THIS \h\h\h\h\hVERY OFTEN, 662 00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:55,400 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT WHAT WAS EVEN MORE SURPRISING 663 00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:58,800 {\an7}\h\hIS THAT WE COULD TIE THIS INCREASE IN RELATIVE ABUNDANCE 664 00:35:58,840 --> 00:36:02,920 {\an7}TO THE TIME PERIOD WHEN HANNIBAL CROSSED THROUGH THE ALPS. 665 00:36:02,960 --> 00:36:05,080 {\an7}Narrator: NOT ONLY ARE THERE \h\h\h\hHIGH CONCENTRATIONS 666 00:36:05,120 --> 00:36:06,720 {\an7}OF HORSE CLOSTRIDIA, 667 00:36:06,760 --> 00:36:09,840 {\an7}THE SAMPLES AT BOTH SITES \h\h\h\h\h\hSEEM TO MATCH. 668 00:36:09,880 --> 00:36:14,040 {\an7}THIS MEANS THEY VERY LIKELY CAME FROM THE SAME ANIMALS-- 669 00:36:14,080 --> 00:36:16,400 {\an7}ONES THAT CROSSED \hTHE TRAVERSETTE. 670 00:36:16,440 --> 00:36:20,160 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND, MOST AMAZINGLY, CARBON DATING PUTS THE SAMPLES 671 00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:24,120 {\an7}IN THE SAME TIME PERIOD \h\hAS HANNIBAL’S MARCH. 672 00:36:24,160 --> 00:36:26,920 {\an7}\h\hCHRIS ALLEN IS NOW MORE CERTAIN THAN EVER 673 00:36:26,960 --> 00:36:30,040 {\an7}THAT WHEN HE STANDS AT THE END \h\h\h\h\h\hOF THE TRAVERSETTE 674 00:36:30,080 --> 00:36:32,520 {\an7}\h\hAND LOOKS INTO ITALY’S PO VALLEY, 675 00:36:32,560 --> 00:36:36,120 {\an7}HE’S SEEING THE SAME VIEW \h\h\h\h\h\hHANNIBAL HAD. 676 00:36:39,400 --> 00:36:41,240 {\an7}AND WHILE MANY MODERN HISTORIANS 677 00:36:41,280 --> 00:36:43,560 {\an7}\h\hSTILL DISAGREE WITH BILL MAHANEY, 678 00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:47,000 {\an7}\hHE THINKS THE ANCIENT CHRONICLERS BACK HIM UP. 679 00:36:47,040 --> 00:36:49,040 {\an7}Mahaney: I FIRST STARTED OUT BY LOOKING AT ALL THE COLS, 680 00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:52,040 {\an7}ALL THE APPROACH ROUTES, OKAY. 681 00:36:52,080 --> 00:36:54,680 {\an7}AND FREQUENTLY GOING BACK \h\h\h\hTO PARTLY TO LIVY 682 00:36:54,720 --> 00:36:56,760 {\an7}BUT MAINLY TO POLYBIUS, 683 00:36:56,800 --> 00:37:02,640 {\an7}AND OUT OF THE ANCIENT TEXT CAME THINGS LIKE PERMAFROST, 684 00:37:02,680 --> 00:37:07,840 {\an7}\h\h\hFROZEN GROUND, SOIL-- FROZEN SOIL OF A THIN LAYER, 685 00:37:07,880 --> 00:37:09,000 {\an7}THIS KIND OF THING. 686 00:37:09,040 --> 00:37:11,640 {\an7}THE VISION INTO THE PO RIVER \h\h\h\h\h\hIS A MAJOR THING 687 00:37:11,680 --> 00:37:13,040 {\an7}BECAUSE THE ONLY COL 688 00:37:13,160 --> 00:37:15,200 {\an7}WHERE YOU CAN SEE THE PO RIVER \h\h\h\h\h\h\hFROM ANY HEIGHT 689 00:37:15,240 --> 00:37:16,320 {\an7}IS THE TRAVERSETTE. 690 00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:19,640 {\an7}YOU CAN’T SEE IT FROM ANY OTHER. 691 00:37:19,680 --> 00:37:22,640 {\an7}Narrator: IF HANNIBAL EMERGED \h\h\h\h\hAT THE TRAVERSETTE, 692 00:37:22,680 --> 00:37:25,720 {\an7}ITALY LAY AT HIS FEET. 693 00:37:25,760 --> 00:37:28,480 {\an7}THE CARTHAGINIAN AND HIS ARMY \h\h\h\h\h\hHAVE ACCOMPLISHED 694 00:37:28,520 --> 00:37:31,320 {\an7}WHAT OTHERS THOUGHT IMPOSSIBLE. 695 00:37:31,360 --> 00:37:34,960 {\an7}THEY HAVE BEEN ON THE MARCH \hFOR MORE THAN FIVE MONTHS 696 00:37:35,000 --> 00:37:38,040 {\an7}AND OVERCOME EVERY OBSTACLE-- 697 00:37:38,080 --> 00:37:41,720 {\an7}NOW THEY SEEM UNSTOPPABLE. 698 00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:46,040 {\an7}Eric: WE’RE NOT SURE WHAT ROUTE HANNIBAL ACTUALLY TOOK. 699 00:37:46,160 --> 00:37:48,560 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTO SOME DEGREE IT’S A KIND OF MOOT POINT, 700 00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:50,600 {\an7}INSOFAR AS THE ABILITY 701 00:37:50,640 --> 00:37:52,960 {\an7}TO GET TROOPS ACROSS THE ALPS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO BEGIN WITH 702 00:37:53,000 --> 00:37:54,120 {\an7}IS SUCH AN AMAZING FEAT, 703 00:37:54,160 --> 00:37:56,280 {\an7}IT DOESN’T MAKE THAT MUCH \h\h\h\h\hOF A DIFFERENCE. 704 00:37:56,320 --> 00:38:00,040 {\an7}IF IT IS TRUE, HOWEVER, THAT HE TOOK THE MOST DIFFICULT PASS, 705 00:38:00,080 --> 00:38:02,440 {\an7}THE HIGHEST, THE NARROWEST, \h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND SO FORTH, 706 00:38:02,480 --> 00:38:05,240 {\an7}THIS JUST SHOWS YOU EVEN MORE 707 00:38:05,280 --> 00:38:09,160 {\an7}THE KIND OF MILITARY GENIUS \h\h\h\h\hTHAT HANNIBAL WAS. 708 00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:12,120 {\an7}Sarah: YES, IT WAS HOW HE \h\h\hHAD TO GET TO ITALY, 709 00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:15,360 {\an7}BUT THE SHEER FACT THAT HE WAS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hWILLING TO DO IT 710 00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:17,560 {\an7}UNDER THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES 711 00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:20,280 {\an7}WOULD HAVE TERRIFIED \h\h\h\hHIS ENEMIES. 712 00:38:20,320 --> 00:38:23,520 {\an7}\h\h\hHANNIBAL’S ARMY PAUSED FOR A TIME IN NORTHERN ITALY 713 00:38:23,560 --> 00:38:26,360 {\an7}TO REBUILD ITS STRENGTH \h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND REST. 714 00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:29,040 {\an7}\hBUT IT WASN’T LONG BEFORE HE WAS READY TO FIGHT AGAIN. 715 00:38:30,360 --> 00:38:33,080 {\an7}Narrator: HANNIBAL HAS CONQUERED THE ALPS... 716 00:38:33,120 --> 00:38:34,520 {\an7}AND ONCE IN ITALY, 717 00:38:34,560 --> 00:38:40,120 {\an7}\h\hTHE CARTHAGINIANS ADVANCE QUICKLY AND GO ON THE ATTACK. 718 00:38:40,160 --> 00:38:43,320 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWITH HIS ELEPHANTS, HANNIBAL CRUSHES ROMAN ARMIES 719 00:38:43,360 --> 00:38:47,560 {\an7}AT THE TICINO RIVER \hAND AT THE TREBIA. 720 00:38:47,600 --> 00:38:51,200 {\an7}THIS BATTLE IS THE LAST RECORD \h\h\hOF HIS USE OF ELEPHANTS 721 00:38:51,240 --> 00:38:53,440 {\an7}IN THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN. 722 00:38:53,480 --> 00:38:58,400 {\an7}A BITTERLY COLD WINTER \hKILLS MOST OF THEM. 723 00:38:58,440 --> 00:39:02,400 {\an7}\h\h\hTHE NEXT YEAR, HE BEATS ONE ROMAN ARMY AFTER ANOTHER, 724 00:39:02,440 --> 00:39:07,160 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hSKIRTS ROME ITSELF, AND LEADS HIS ARMY TO CANNAE. 725 00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:09,760 {\an7}OF ALL HANNIBAL’S \hACCOMPLISHMENTS, 726 00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:11,160 {\an7}NOT EVEN CROSSING THE ALPS 727 00:39:11,200 --> 00:39:14,400 {\an7}COMPARES TO WHAT HE ACHIEVES \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAT CANNAE. 728 00:39:14,440 --> 00:39:17,200 {\an7}\hHIS BATTLE STRATEGY IS STILL TAUGHT TODAY 729 00:39:17,240 --> 00:39:21,080 {\an7}AS ONE OF THE MOST BRILLIANT MANEUVERS IN ALL OF HISTORY. 730 00:39:21,120 --> 00:39:24,360 {\an7}\h\hHE FACES OFF AGAINST THE ROMAN GENERAL VARRO. 731 00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:28,680 {\an7}Sarah: WHEN THE ROMANS \hLINED UP FOR BATTLE, 732 00:39:28,720 --> 00:39:34,160 {\an7}VARRO’S INFANTRY ULTIMATELY \h\hENDS UP CLOSING TOGETHER 733 00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:35,880 {\an7}IN THE CENTER. 734 00:39:35,920 --> 00:39:40,720 {\an7}HE HAD MORE FOOT SOLDIERS MASSED IN THE CENTER OF HIS ARMY 735 00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:43,360 {\an7}THAN WAS USUAL FOR HIM. 736 00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:46,600 {\an7}\hAT THE SAME TIME, ON HANNIBAL’S SIDE, 737 00:39:46,640 --> 00:39:51,400 {\an7}HIS CENTER WAS SHALLOWER, \h\hWITH FEWER MEN THERE. 738 00:39:51,440 --> 00:39:55,640 {\an7}\h\hAND THE ROMANS, EXCITED THAT THEY SEEM TO HAVE THE ADVANTAGE, 739 00:39:55,680 --> 00:39:59,760 {\an7}PUSHED AGAINST THE CARTHAGINIANS BACK, BACK, BACK. 740 00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:04,720 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND IT WAS AT THAT POINT THAT HANNIBAL’S WINGS CLOSED IN. 741 00:40:04,760 --> 00:40:08,920 {\an7}\h\h\hTHE ROMANS WERE ENCIRCLED FROM THE LEFT AND FROM THE RIGHT 742 00:40:08,960 --> 00:40:11,640 {\an7}\h\h\hUNTIL THEY WERE COMPLETELY SURROUNDED. 743 00:40:11,680 --> 00:40:15,000 {\an7}\h\hAND WHAT ENSUED THEN WAS OUTRIGHT SLAUGHTER. 744 00:40:15,040 --> 00:40:18,840 {\an7}TENS OF THOUSANDS \hOF ROMANS FELL. 745 00:40:18,880 --> 00:40:20,040 {\an7}Narrator: HANNIBAL ACHIEVES 746 00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:22,760 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hONE OF HISTORY’S MOST BRILLIANT VICTORIES, 747 00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:26,640 {\an7}AND HE SENDS AN EMISSARY \hTO ROME TO TALK PEACE. 748 00:40:30,160 --> 00:40:33,760 {\an7}BUT ROME REFUSES TO SURRENDER. 749 00:40:33,800 --> 00:40:38,040 {\an7}HANNIBAL WILL DEFEAT THE ROMANS IN EVERY FUTURE BATTLE, 750 00:40:38,160 --> 00:40:41,040 {\an7}BUT HE CANNOT TAKE \hTHE CITY ITSELF. 751 00:40:45,360 --> 00:40:47,720 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE VERY THING THAT MAKES HANNIBAL’S ARMY 752 00:40:47,760 --> 00:40:49,880 {\an7}SO LETHAL IN THE FIELD-- 753 00:40:49,920 --> 00:40:52,040 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hITS QUICK, HARD-HITTING CAVALRY-- 754 00:40:52,080 --> 00:40:56,800 {\an7}IS POORLY SUITED TO LAY SIEGE \h\hTO HEAVILY FORTIFIED ROME. 755 00:40:56,840 --> 00:41:02,320 {\an7}Eric: ROME ULTIMATELY NEUTRALIZES HANNIBAL. 756 00:41:02,360 --> 00:41:06,600 {\an7}EVEN THOUGH HE HAD WON A NUMBER OF VICTORIES AGAINST THE ROMANS, 757 00:41:06,640 --> 00:41:07,800 {\an7}HE HAD BEEN INCAPABLE 758 00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:10,080 {\an7}OF GETTING A SUFFICIENT NUMBER \h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF ROME’S ALLIES 759 00:41:10,120 --> 00:41:15,040 {\an7}TO TURN ON ROME AND TO JOIN \h\h\hTHE CARTHAGINIAN SIDE. 760 00:41:15,080 --> 00:41:18,040 {\an7}Narrator: THE WAR RAGES \h\h\h\h\hFOR 15 YEARS, 761 00:41:18,080 --> 00:41:20,680 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH HANNIBAL ALWAYS WINNING BATTLES... 762 00:41:20,720 --> 00:41:23,200 {\an7}BUT NEVER SUBDUING ROME. 763 00:41:25,480 --> 00:41:29,240 {\an7}YOUNG PUBLIUS SCIPIO TAKES COMMAND OF THE ROMAN ARMY, 764 00:41:29,280 --> 00:41:33,480 {\an7}\hAND HE DELIVERS A BLOW WORTHY OF HIS OPPONENT. 765 00:41:33,520 --> 00:41:36,160 {\an7}HE LEADS THE ROMAN ARMY \h\h\h\hACROSS THE OCEAN 766 00:41:36,200 --> 00:41:38,240 {\an7}TO HANNIBAL’S HOMELAND. 767 00:41:38,280 --> 00:41:41,600 {\an7}DESPERATE, THE CARTHAGINIANS \h\h\h\h\h\hRISK THEIR FLEET 768 00:41:41,640 --> 00:41:44,200 {\an7}AND BRING HANNIBAL BACK. 769 00:41:44,240 --> 00:41:49,160 {\an7}Sarah: WHEN ROME INVADED AFRICA, HANNIBAL WAS QUICKLY RECALLED 770 00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:51,280 {\an7}TO DEFEND HIS HOME CITY. 771 00:41:51,320 --> 00:41:55,080 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hHE LEFT ITALY AND RETURNED TO CARTHAGE. 772 00:41:55,120 --> 00:41:59,600 {\an7}HE WAS IN COMMAND AT THE FINAL \h\h\hBATTLE THERE IN AFRICA, 773 00:41:59,640 --> 00:42:01,960 {\an7}THE BATTLE OF ZAMA. 774 00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:04,200 {\an7}Narrator: AT ZAMA, OUTSIDE CARTHAGE, 775 00:42:04,240 --> 00:42:10,720 {\an7}\h\h\hHANNIBAL LOSES TO ROME FOR THE FIRST AND ONLY TIME. 776 00:42:10,760 --> 00:42:13,520 {\an7}ROME IS AN UNFORGIVING FOE. 777 00:42:13,560 --> 00:42:16,040 {\an7}CARTHAGE IS DRIVEN \h\hTO BANKRUPTCY, 778 00:42:16,080 --> 00:42:18,760 {\an7}\hAND ROMAN SENATORS TAKE UP THE REFRAIN, 779 00:42:18,800 --> 00:42:21,080 {\an7}"CARTHAGE MUST BE DESTROYED!" 780 00:42:23,880 --> 00:42:26,240 {\an7}\h\h50 YEARS AFTER HANNIBAL’S DEFEAT, 781 00:42:26,280 --> 00:42:29,040 {\an7}THE ROMANS SACK AND DESTROY \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE CITY 782 00:42:29,080 --> 00:42:31,280 {\an7}AND SOW ITS FIELDS WITH SALT 783 00:42:31,320 --> 00:42:36,680 {\an7}TO MAKE IT UNINHABITABLE \h\h\h\hFOR GENERATIONS. 784 00:42:36,720 --> 00:42:40,720 {\an7}HANNIBAL HELD THIS ENEMY \h\hAT BAY FOR 15 YEARS, 785 00:42:40,760 --> 00:42:44,920 {\an7}BUT EVEN HE COULD NOT STOP \h\h\hTHE ASCENDANT ROME. 786 00:42:44,960 --> 00:42:46,080 {\an7}Eric: HANNIBAL’S LEGACY IS 787 00:42:46,120 --> 00:42:48,240 {\an7}ONE OF THE GREATEST GENERALS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF ANTIQUITY, 788 00:42:48,280 --> 00:42:51,440 {\an7}AND IN FACT ONE OF THE GREATEST GENERALS WHO EVER LIVED. 789 00:42:51,480 --> 00:42:55,000 {\an7}Sarah: HANNIBAL WAS THE ROMANS’ WORST NIGHTMARE. 790 00:42:55,040 --> 00:42:57,200 {\an7}AND EVEN HUNDREDS OF YEARS LATER 791 00:42:57,240 --> 00:43:01,240 {\an7}\hHE’S STILL REMEMBERED IN THE ROMAN IMAGINATION 792 00:43:01,280 --> 00:43:05,720 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAS THE ONE PERSON WHO NEARLY DESTROYED THEM. 793 00:43:05,760 --> 00:43:10,240 {\an7}Narrator: ROME WILL NOT REST \h\hUNTIL HANNIBAL IS DEAD. 794 00:43:10,280 --> 00:43:15,160 {\an7}\h\hHE FLEES TO THE EAST, BUT THE ROMANS PURSUE HIM. 795 00:43:15,200 --> 00:43:21,160 {\an7}FINALLY, CORNERED, HANNIBAL \hFACES CAPTURE OR SUICIDE. 796 00:43:21,200 --> 00:43:24,240 {\an7}HE CHOOSES DEATH. 797 00:43:24,280 --> 00:43:26,600 {\an7}ONE OF HISTORY’S GREATEST LEADERS 798 00:43:26,640 --> 00:43:31,080 {\an7}SLIPS OUT OF MEMORY \h\hAND INTO MYTH... 799 00:43:31,120 --> 00:43:34,120 {\an7}\h\h\hONLY RECREATIONS OF HIS GREATEST FEATS 800 00:43:34,160 --> 00:43:37,760 {\an7}\hAND EVIDENCE OF WHAT WAS ONCE CONSIDERED IMPOSSIBLE 801 00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:42,920 {\an7}\h\hARE ALL THAT’S LEFT TO BRING THE REAL HANNIBAL BACK TO LIFE. 802 00:43:42,960 --> 00:43:51,200 {\an7}♪ 803 00:43:51,240 --> 00:43:59,360 {\an7}♪