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00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:08,000
[electronic beeping]

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00:00:08,680 --> 00:00:10,920
[static fizzling]

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[electronic music playing]

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[female narrator] In this 1940s movie,

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Roll-Oh the robot butler
caters to a housewife's every whim.

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Roll-Oh, answer the door.

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Yes, ma'am.

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Roll-Oh get.

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[narrator] 
Her helpful chrome-plated companion

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00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:33,440
seems a dream come true.

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00:00:36,240 --> 00:00:39,960
But not everyone likes the idea
of a mechanical manservant.

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00:00:40,920 --> 00:00:44,440
In 1940,
a robot butler is only a daydream.

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00:00:47,160 --> 00:00:50,880
But since then, we have made robots
a vital part of our lives.

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In 2020, we share Earth
with an estimated 9 million robots.

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About 3 million work in factories.

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But they're also out on American roads,
in the form of self-driving cars.

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00:01:11,840 --> 00:01:14,280
And yet the more we rely on robots,

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the more we worry about being replaced.

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Over 70% of Americans are concerned

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that humans will lose 
their jobs to robots.

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In one Chinese province, 2 million workers
were replaced by robots in just two years.

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Robots are even in our hospitals.

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About 5,000 da Vinci surgical arms
operate on patients around the world...

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even though 69% of Americans
are uncomfortable with robot surgeons.

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As robots get smarter, faster, stronger,
they improve our lives.

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But will they make humanity redundant?

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Popular culture likes to portray robots
as either helpful assistants

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or ruthless killers.

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A robot is a machine that automatically
performs complicated tasks.

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The term first pops up in 1920
in the dystopian Czech play R.U.R.,

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where assembly lines of workers
are replaced and eventually exterminated

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by more efficient humanoid machines.

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It doesn't take long for robots
to step out of the realm of fiction.

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Fire!

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I am Electro.

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Mightiest of all robots.

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If you use me well...

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I can be your slave.

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[narrator] In 1939, 
Electro causes a sensation

40
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at the World's Fair in New York.

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He's just a steel skeleton of gears
with a motor wrapped in aluminum.

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Still, he feeds the public's
growing fascination with robots.

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Most robot stories at the time
are Frankenstein tales,

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where evil robots destroy their masters.

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So, in 1950,
iconic sci-fi writer Isaac Asimov

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sets out a moral code for them,

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one that will influence how we think
about robots for decades to come.

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[Asimov] The first law,

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a robot may not harm a human being.

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Number two, a robot must obey
orders given it by qualified personnel,

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unless those orders violate
rule number one.

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Rule number three,
a robot must protect its own existence,

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unless that violates rules one or two.

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[narrator] Asimov's laws are fictional,

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but they inspire real-world engineers
to create the first truly helpful robot.

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It can pour a whiskey,
but it's more than a tin butler.

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[fanfare playing]

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[man] A robot for industry.

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And this is it. Unimate,
a machine that can reach out to seven feet

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and perform a multitude of tasks,
in a factory or laboratory,

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as skillfully as a man
but without getting tired.

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[surf rock music playing]

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[narrator] Faced with America's 
growing demand for more automobiles,

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in 1961, General Motors jumps
on the potential of this new robot arm...

65
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[mechanical whirring]

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...putting Unimates to work
on the assembly line.

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Soon, the efficient robots
are crowding factory floors

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all around the world.

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In 1966,
Nokia first manufactures robotic arms

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00:05:03,720 --> 00:05:05,880
for Scandinavia and Eastern Europe.

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00:05:07,240 --> 00:05:10,840
Three years later,
Kawasaki makes them for the Asian market.

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Europe soon follows.

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BMW, Mercedes-Benz,
British Leyland and Fiat

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all put them to work in their factories.

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But Japan really embraces
the new technology.

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By 1981, 6,000 robots are working
in car factories across Japan,

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compared to a mere 370 in the UK.

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Because of this,

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in the '80s, the British auto industry
finds itself lagging far behind,

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unable to compete with the flood
of cheaper-to-make Japanese imports.

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I think the lesson for us is that,
unless we get into the latest equipment,

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that we might lose the capacity
to make certain things altogether.

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So we must keep up.

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[narrator] 
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher

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is fascinated by Japanese robots,

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who work the line 24-7

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without unionizing or going on strike.

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But with unemployment in the UK
hovering at 10%...

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many workers see the robots
as a threat to their livelihoods.

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[man 1] All those in favor 
of that resolution, would you please show?

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[man 2] The workforce 
could not be convinced

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that only by modernizing and investing
could a genuine future be secured.

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[narrator] But by 1983, 
the writing is on the wall.

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Unimation opens a factory in the UK.

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Despite workers' fears,

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the robots actually do make the British
automotive industry more competitive,

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creating more jobs.

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But these factory-floor robots
are still largely blind, deaf and dumb,

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best suited to repetitive tasks
on the assembly line.

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If robots are going to help humans
with more complicated work,

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they'll need to start thinking
for themselves.

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They'll need
some sort of artificial intelligence.

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AI is software that can write itself,

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allowing computers to learn
from data gathered in their environment.

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Since the 1960s,

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researchers have been exploring the idea
of a robot guided by AI software,

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who can think for itself,

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like the politely disobedient HAL 9000

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from Stanley Kubrick's
2001: A Space Odyssey.

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This dream first takes shape
at the Stanford Research Institute.

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[man] At SRI, we are experimenting
with a mobile robot.

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We call him Shakey.

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[narrator] 
Shakey's camera and bump sensors

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send signals to its computer brain
over in the next room...

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allowing the robot to deal 
with unpredictable circumstances.

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[man] Our gremlin, Charlie, symbolizes
an agent of change unknown to Shakey.

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Shakey's sensors tell him
that the box has slipped off the push bar.

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But his cat whiskers tell him
where the box is

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so he can get behind it
and resume pushing.

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[narrator] It's all still a bit shaky,

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but the robot's program
is a milestone in artificial intelligence,

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a platform on which future,
more complex algorithms will be built.

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By the 1990s, computers become
far more powerful, and AI gets smarter.

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IBM develops Deep Blue, a supercomputer,
teaching it to play chess.

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[Western movie music playing]

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In 1997, Deep Blue challenges
grand master Garry Kasparov,

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the Michael Jordan of chess.

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[man] He's shaking his head
as if something disastrous has happened.

129
00:09:04,400 --> 00:09:09,000
Kasparov, after the move C4, has resigned!

130
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[narrator] It's a landmark moment.

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A human has been out-thought
by a computer.

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00:09:16,600 --> 00:09:19,360
And those computers
are getting smarter by the minute...

133
00:09:20,280 --> 00:09:23,560
because the amount of transistors
being squeezed onto microchips

134
00:09:23,640 --> 00:09:26,160
roughly doubles every two years...

135
00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:29,840
exponentially increasing
their speed and capacity.

136
00:09:32,520 --> 00:09:33,840
Think of it this way.

137
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Imagine a car
traveling at five miles per hour

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00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:42,480
that doubles its speed every minute.

139
00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:47,600
It's traveling at ten miles per hour
after one minute.

140
00:09:50,120 --> 00:09:52,480
At 40 miles per hour after three minutes.

141
00:09:54,280 --> 00:09:55,960
But after 27 minutes,

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it's traveling
at 671,088,640 miles per hour.

143
00:10:03,120 --> 00:10:05,440
Just a fraction faster
than the speed of light.

144
00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:10,880
Three minutes at that speed
would get it to Mars.

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00:10:12,680 --> 00:10:15,480
That is the pace
at which computing power starts growing

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00:10:15,560 --> 00:10:17,560
throughout the '80s and '90s.

147
00:10:26,200 --> 00:10:29,720
By the late '90s,
computing power is compact enough

148
00:10:29,800 --> 00:10:34,320
that artificial intelligence programs
can be installed in robots.

149
00:10:34,760 --> 00:10:36,760
It's a huge development.

150
00:10:36,840 --> 00:10:39,400
Robots now have
decision-making abilities

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00:10:39,480 --> 00:10:44,000
and can take on more complicated tasks
too dangerous for humans.

152
00:10:46,520 --> 00:10:48,840
On July 4th, 1997,

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in one giant leap for robot-kind,

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00:10:52,120 --> 00:10:56,680
self-driving rover Sojourner
goes where no human has gone before.

155
00:10:57,200 --> 00:10:58,160
Mars.

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[cheering]

157
00:11:04,240 --> 00:11:06,960
With the aid of AI, Sojourner navigates

158
00:11:07,400 --> 00:11:09,800
across the rocky Martian terrain 
for three months,

159
00:11:09,880 --> 00:11:13,960
taking samples
and sending back 550 photos.

160
00:11:16,560 --> 00:11:20,240
Similar AI-driven rovers
prove indispensable on Earth.

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00:11:21,480 --> 00:11:23,200
Defusing bombs in war zones.

162
00:11:23,880 --> 00:11:27,400
Saving lives from Kosovo to Afghanistan.

163
00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:29,920
-[shouting]
-[explosion]

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00:11:31,320 --> 00:11:34,760
AI also helps flying vehicles,
such as drones,

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00:11:34,840 --> 00:11:36,640
navigate long distances,

166
00:11:36,720 --> 00:11:39,640
allowing them to react
to any changing environment.

167
00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:43,560
In Rwanda,
where road infrastructure is limited,

168
00:11:43,640 --> 00:11:46,640
drones deliver blood banks
to hard-to-reach places.

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00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:48,360
[shouts]

170
00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:51,200
Now, with a drone,

171
00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:55,320
blood is obtained on time,

172
00:11:55,400 --> 00:11:59,840
so that we can save people's lives
without any delay.

173
00:12:00,280 --> 00:12:02,360
[narrator] While some drones save lives,

174
00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:03,960
others do the opposite.

175
00:12:06,800 --> 00:12:11,480
On October 7th, 2001,
just after the 9/11 attacks,

176
00:12:11,920 --> 00:12:15,280
the American military
uses a missile-carrying Predator drone

177
00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:18,160
against a Taliban commander
in Afghanistan,

178
00:12:18,480 --> 00:12:21,400
debuting a new form of robot warfare.

179
00:12:27,880 --> 00:12:31,200
But while some robots
begin acting as assassins,

180
00:12:31,280 --> 00:12:33,720
others become valued companions,

181
00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:35,440
especially in Japan.

182
00:12:37,400 --> 00:12:39,880
It's an attitude
deeply rooted in Japanese religion.

183
00:12:41,480 --> 00:12:43,840
According to the ancient Shinto teachings,

184
00:12:44,800 --> 00:12:47,560
man-made objects
can contain human spirits...

185
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:52,720
which helps explain why Japanese
technicians have been using AI

186
00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:56,160
to develop friendlier,
more responsive robots.

187
00:12:56,720 --> 00:12:59,400
Hello, my name is Asimo,

188
00:12:59,120 --> 00:13:01,280
Honda's humanoid robot.

189
00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:08,400
[narrator] Robots like Asimo,
first developed by Honda in 2000,

190
00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:12,520
are designed to help humans
tackle the loneliness of modern life.

191
00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:16,280
In 2013,

192
00:13:16,360 --> 00:13:18,800
Toyota's humanoid robot, Kirobo,

193
00:13:18,880 --> 00:13:21,720
is launched up
to the International Space Station

194
00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:23,960
to keep his astronaut friend company.

195
00:13:24,560 --> 00:13:28,560
They spend 18 months in orbit together
and share everything.

196
00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:33,400
[in Japanese] My only regret
is that I will be leaving you alone here.

197
00:13:33,560 --> 00:13:37,360
I'll be all right. I'm a robot.

198
00:13:38,880 --> 00:13:41,880
[narrator] Despite having AI, 
robots like Kirobo

199
00:13:41,960 --> 00:13:44,640
don't have feelings
the way robots in movies do.

200
00:13:45,680 --> 00:13:49,160
But they can teach humans
to better understand emotions.

201
00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:53,000
Robots can help children with autism,

202
00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:57,400
teaching them how to recognize
and express emotional responses.

203
00:13:58,160 --> 00:14:01,520
[woman] Is he happy, sad, angry or scared?

204
00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:03,440
[narrator] Humans all over the world

205
00:14:03,520 --> 00:14:07,440
are increasingly turning to intelligent
robots for emotional support.

206
00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:16,800
Japan leads the way,
with over 300,000 companion robots,

207
00:14:16,360 --> 00:14:18,360
twenty times more than in the UK.

208
00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:20,840
[gong sounds]

209
00:14:20,920 --> 00:14:22,800
Robots are helping
to care for the elderly.

210
00:14:22,880 --> 00:14:24,400
[electronic buzzing]

211
00:14:25,280 --> 00:14:27,400
Teaching and playing with children.

212
00:14:27,120 --> 00:14:28,160
[electronic buzzing]

213
00:14:28,240 --> 00:14:30,840
-[children cheer]
-And filling in for absent parents.

214
00:14:31,280 --> 00:14:33,240
-Yay!
-[narrator] Automated companions

215
00:14:33,320 --> 00:14:36,000
are also replacing the need 
for human spouses.

216
00:14:36,240 --> 00:14:37,720
[electronic beeps, whistle]

217
00:14:38,440 --> 00:14:42,880
Since 2016, over 3,700 men in Japan

218
00:14:42,960 --> 00:14:45,360
have chosen to shun human bonds

219
00:14:45,440 --> 00:14:48,880
and instead have married
robotic holograms.

220
00:14:54,440 --> 00:14:56,400
New synthetic materials

221
00:14:56,120 --> 00:15:00,400
start allowing designers to create
extraordinarily lifelike robots

222
00:15:00,120 --> 00:15:02,880
that use AI to engage in conversation.

223
00:15:04,120 --> 00:15:08,280
But others stay focused on more practical
uses for intelligent robots.

224
00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:14,240
In November 2005,
23 cars line up in the Mojave Desert

225
00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:16,880
for a 132-mile race.

226
00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:18,560
[siren blaring]

227
00:15:18,640 --> 00:15:20,280
Not one of them has a driver.

228
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:25,360
[siren blaring]

229
00:15:27,680 --> 00:15:32,360
Stanley, Stanford Racing Team's VW,
takes first place.

230
00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:35,600
[man] It's the beginning of the car
that drives itself.

231
00:15:35,680 --> 00:15:36,960
It's inevitable to me

232
00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:39,560
that, 50 years from now,
cars will drive themselves.

233
00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:45,240
Today, we lose 43,000 people
on American highways in traffic accidents,

234
00:15:45,320 --> 00:15:46,960
mostly because of human error.

235
00:15:47,840 --> 00:15:50,920
[narrator] Sebastian Thrun 
goes on to work for Google,

236
00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:54,160
turning the mundane family car
into a robot.

237
00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:58,120
Soon, Tesla and Uber
start pouring millions

238
00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:00,400
into developing self-driving cars,

239
00:16:00,920 --> 00:16:03,280
competing for their share
of the budding market.

240
00:16:05,560 --> 00:16:08,920
In December 2018, Google's Waymo

241
00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:12,400
cautiously rolls out
its self-driving taxi service.

242
00:16:13,240 --> 00:16:15,800
People are now paying for robot rides.

243
00:16:16,520 --> 00:16:18,400
It's a watershed moment.

244
00:16:18,560 --> 00:16:19,640
For the first time,

245
00:16:19,720 --> 00:16:23,920
humans are actually putting their lives
in the hands of robots on the road.

246
00:16:25,120 --> 00:16:27,800
So how do these cars work?

247
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LIDAR gives the vehicle a 360-degree view.

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It also sees the world in 3D,
day or night.

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Radar and ultrasonic sensors tell the car
how far away other vehicles are

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and how fast they're going.

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Cameras read traffic lights
and road signs.

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A computer analyzes all the data
and makes split-second decisions.

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[alarm beeping]

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The AI programs controlling these cars
need millions of driving hours to train.

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They aren't perfect...

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00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:20,360
but robot cars may end up
being better at driving humans

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than humans are at driving themselves.

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By 2030,

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there will likely be some 20 million
autonomous vehicles in operation

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in the US alone.

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The roads may be safer,

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but for the 3.5 million American truckers,
driverless vehicles spell trouble.

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Their jobs are in jeopardy.

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And they're not the only ones.

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AI automation is coming to Wall Street.

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The number of people working in finance
around the world

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is expected to drop by up to 1.7 million
over the next ten years.

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Traditional traders are no match for AI,

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capable of analyzing vast amounts of data.

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The robots seem to be coming
for everyone's jobs.

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-[woman] Yay!
-This is crazy, but all right.

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[narrator] And as they 
become better at navigating our world,

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the prospect of putting advanced
intelligence programs inside them

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seems more and more unsettling.

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After all, an increasing number of robots
carry weapons.

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In 2018, a former employee

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reveals that the US military is developing
AI software to pilot their drones...

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allowing them to identify targets
on their own, faster.

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00:18:46,560 --> 00:18:50,440
The US Navy has already announced
the development of a robot warship,

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designed to cruise for months
without a crew,

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hunting enemy submarines.

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The US Army has tested self-driving tanks.

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But such autonomous killing machines

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may not be able to differentiate
between subtle human behaviors...

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putting people at grave risk.

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[electronic beeping]

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For now, robots and humans
are working side by side.

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00:19:22,440 --> 00:19:27,840
Yet technologists do seem to be in a race
to create robots that can surpass us,

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even at the very things
that make us uniquely human.

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How much everyday human function
do we want to outsource to robots?

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00:19:39,200 --> 00:19:42,280
And what happens
when the AI controlling our robots

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begins to outsmart us?

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This hypothetical tipping point
is known as "the singularity."

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If we can make an AI that can make
smarter and smarter AIs, it can make...

295
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all sorts of inventions
beyond humanity's wildest dreams.

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[narrator]
Such concepts may seem far-fetched,

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but so were robot butlers in 1940.

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00:20:04,920 --> 00:20:10,800
When AI does outsmart us
and robots take on more human function,

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00:20:10,160 --> 00:20:12,400
will we lose our purpose?

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00:20:12,120 --> 00:20:14,560
How will we cope
with this new world order?

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00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:17,800
And who will be in control?

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[electronic music playing]