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[electronic beeping]

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[static fizzling]

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[women chanting] 
Sisterhood is powerful! Join us now!

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Sisterhood is powerful!

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[female narrator] August 1970.

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Fifty thousand feminists
take to the streets across America

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on a one-day strike for equality.

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[woman] No, we just want
what men have had all these years,

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equal rights to have a job, 
to have respect,

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to not be viewed as a piece of meat.

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[narrator] But not all the spectators 
are on board.

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Excuse me, do you agree
with this women's liberation movement?

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-No, I don't.
-Why not?

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Because I like my life the way it is.

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[narrator] Since those early years,
the feminist movement

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has brought about huge changes in society.

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In the US and Europe,

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more women now graduate from college
than men.

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Nearly half of doctors
in developed countries are women.

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And by 2019, more than 70 nations
have had female leaders.

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[applauding]

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But the goal of winning full equality
remains elusive.

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Worldwide, women hold 
less than a quarter of seats

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in national legislatures.

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And women and men
have the same guaranteed legal rights

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in just eight countries.

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It's been more than a century
since New Zealand

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became the first country
to give women the right to vote.

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[chanting in Spanish]

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But today, the movement
is still fighting for the rights of women

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around the world.

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Putin, go to hell!

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-[chanting in Spanish]
-[narrator] Feminism, simply defined,

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is the belief that women
should be allowed the same rights,

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power, and opportunities as men.

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Why is it still an issue,

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and how much further do we have to go?

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[man] This is a war in which women
hold responsible military positions

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on an equal footing with men,

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submitting to the same discipline,

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earning the same pay.

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[narrator] World War II 
dramatically changes

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women's role in society.

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[man] Instead of cutting out dresses,

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this woman stamps out
the patterns of airplane parts.

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Instead of baking cakes,

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this woman is cooking gears.

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[narrator] With the men away
fighting on the front lines,

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women take on
traditionally male jobs at home.

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They work as engineers and mechanics...

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building weapons...

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ships...

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-[ship horn blows]
-...and planes...

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-drive buses, trains...
-[horn honks]

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-...and fire engines...
-[siren wailing]

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...and serve in the Land Army...

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[birds chirping]

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...bringing in the harvest...

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and as loggers, known as Lumber Jills.

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But when the men return,

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women are encouraged
to focus on their domestic duties.

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Well, I don't mind my wife working,
but who's gonna run my home?

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[narrator] By the 1950s,

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as popular TV programs
like Leave It to Beaver make clear,

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a woman's place is once again in the home,

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taking care of her family.

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I think the nicest life
is certainly at home.

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It's much nicer than sitting,
punching books

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and horrid things like that,
don't you think?

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[narrator] With World War II 
firmly in the past,

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in 1960, the average American woman
is married by the age of 20.

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A bank can refuse
to issue her a credit card

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without her husband's signature.

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[alert beeping]

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Professionally,
fewer than four percent of lawyers

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and seven percent of doctors are women.

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If any female employee gets pregnant,

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it's perfectly legal to fire her.

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And for every dollar a man makes,

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a woman doing equal work
is paid only 60 cents.

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[crowd chanting indistinctly]

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But the early 1960s

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is when the modern feminist movement
begins trying to change all that...

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[chanting continues]

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...especially after the introduction
of a revolutionary little tablet,

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the birth control pill.

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For the first time in human history,

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women have an easy, discreet,
and reliable method of contraception.

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[indistinct shouting]

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The pill quickly takes off
in the US, Australia, Germany, and the UK.

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By 1962,

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1.2 million American women are using it.

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The day that you start taking your pill
is determined by when your period starts.

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[narrator] Now, women can choose
to put off having children

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and instead focus on getting an education

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and establishing their own careers.

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But when they do,

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they quickly discover
that traditional expectations

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of gender roles are hard to shake.

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[Kennedy] We want to be sure that women
are used as effectively as they can

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to provide a better life for our people,
in addition to meeting

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their primary responsibility,
which is in the home.

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[narrator] Some women beg to differ.

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There's a terrible contempt for women

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implicit in this glorified insistence

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that women's fulfillment
is motherhood and only motherhood.

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[narrator] In 1963, 
journalist Betty Friedan

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publishes The Feminine Mystique.

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It reveals the silent unhappiness
of many American housewives

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and reassures women who desire 
more than marriage and motherhood

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that they are not alone.

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The book quickly becomes a best seller,

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a spark that ignites
a new wave of feminism,

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not just in America,
but across the Western world.

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The time is ripe for revolution.

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[rock music playing]

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As America grapples
with the civil rights movement,

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women begin speaking out
for their rights as well.

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[man] The Civil Rights Act of 1964

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is signed at the White House
by President Johnson.

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[narrator] Feminists lobby 
to add the word "sex"

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to the Civil Rights Act of 1964,

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and at the last minute, they succeed.

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This Civil Rights Act
is a challenge to all of us...

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to go to work
in our communities and our states,

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in our homes and in our hearts...

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to eliminate...

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the last vestiges of injustice.

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[narrator] The Civil Rights Act
makes it illegal

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for a woman to be passed over 
for a job or fired

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simply because she is a woman.

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So, equality at last?

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Not so fast.

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For some men,

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change isn't so easy.

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Yesterday, I spent an hour and a half

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teaching one of our girls
what she needed to know.

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[narrator] Companies have to produce
training videos like this one

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to help them adjust
to women in the workplace. 

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Marriage, absenteeism,

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personality problems...

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aren't they really just a part of life?

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Part of a woman's life, maybe.

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It seems to me

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that whether the gal
adds up to trouble or not

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is pretty much up to you.

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[narrator] It soon becomes clear
that, if women are to change the culture,

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they'll have to organize.

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[woman] A new movement
for women's liberation is launched

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to support their demands
for total freedom,

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economically, politically, socially.

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[narrator] In 1966,

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NOW, the National Organization for Women,

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is born.

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NOW's goal?

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Quote, "To break through
the silken curtain of prejudice

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and discrimination."

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But many critics insist that women
are already equal to men,

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so what's all the fuss about?

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[man] A woman can now control
the destinies of 500 million people

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or influence the fashions
that millions will wear.

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Sheila Scott, record-breaking solo pilot.

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But nowadays,
not even the sky's the limit.

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The first girl in space,
Valentina Tereshkova.

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A woman in charge of millions,
bank manager Margaret Reid of Edinburgh.

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[narrator] The truth is, those examples
are exceptions that prove the rule,

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and even they aren't necessarily allowed
on the same stage as men.

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That female bank manager
is running a ladies branch.

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[man] In fact, this bank is a cross 
between a woman's club

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and a beauty parlor.

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The pink powder room
provides all mod cons,

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and there are mirrors for freshening up.

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After all, madam may have to try
her husband's bank manager next.

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[narrator] Throughout the '60s,

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the feminist movement
continues to gain momentum,

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and the Miss America pageant
proves a ripe target for protest.

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In 1968,

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demonstrators unfurl a banner
inside the pageant.

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Outside, they crown

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-their own Miss America...
-[bleats]

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...a sheep.

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[smooches]

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And they set up a Freedom Trash Can

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for "instruments of female torture":

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wigs, makeup, curlers,

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Playboy magazines, and bras.

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Nothing is set on fire,

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but media outlets
later dismiss the protest

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as feminists burning their bras.

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The myth sticks to this day.

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Meanwhile, across the Atlantic,

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British women take up the fight.

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[man] It was in 1968

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that the Ford's machinists
first went on strike.

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[narrator] In Dagenham, England,
female machinists

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bring the Ford factory to a standstill,

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striking for equal pay.

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[man] They said then
that a company grading scheme,

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introduced in 1967,
discriminated against them.

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[narrator] They win both their case
and the promise of legislation,

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which will become the UK's Equal Pay Act.

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In the United States,

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equal pay has been enshrined in law
since 1963,

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but women working full-time

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are still making 40% less than men.

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-[indistinct chanting]
-By the 1970s,

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American feminists realize
that they'll have to do more

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than protest in the streets.

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They need to run for office.

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We are going to be running ourselves
and electing ourselves

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so that it will not take 50 years
to get 50 women in the US Senate.

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[narrator] In 1972,

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there are only two women in the US Senate

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-and 13 in the House...
-[applauding]

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...making up just three percent 
of Congress.

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That year,

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Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm

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becomes the second woman
and the first African American

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to run for 
a major party's presidential nomination.

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It is time that other peoples in America,

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besides white males,

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00:11:50,640 --> 00:11:52,640
run for the highest office in this land.

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[narrator] Congresswoman Chisholm
is one of the biggest supporters

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of a controversial proposal,

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one that will enshrine women's rights
in the US Constitution,

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the Equal Rights Amendment.

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Feminists have been pushing for the law
since 1923,

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but now they finally have the momentum

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and the organization

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to put it to a vote in Congress.

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The debate is fierce.

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The hysteria created by bra-burning

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and other freak antics

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is not a justification

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for the action taken
by the House of Representatives.

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[narrator] But in a huge victory 
for feminists, the proposal passes.

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Now, if two-thirds of the states
ratify it within ten years,

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the Equal Rights Amendment
will be added to the Constitution.

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00:12:45,640 --> 00:12:47,520
But despite their political progress,

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00:12:47,600 --> 00:12:51,400
American feminists are lagging 
behind their counterparts in other nations

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00:12:51,480 --> 00:12:54,160
when it comes to electing a woman
to the top job.

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Sri Lanka, Ceylon at the time,

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is the first nation
to elect a female leader...

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00:13:03,520 --> 00:13:06,680
Sirimavo Bandaranaike, in 1960.

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00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:13,600
In 1966, Indira Gandhi begins
the first of four terms

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as prime minister of India.

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Golda Meir takes charge of Israel in 1969.

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And in 1979,

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Margaret Thatcher is chosen
as the prime minister of the UK.

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In America, the 1970s does see progress
in the form of a raft of new laws

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guaranteeing women
equal access to education,

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to bank credit lines,

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as well as the right
to terminate unwanted pregnancy.

254
00:13:49,160 --> 00:13:50,960
By the end of the 1970s,

255
00:13:51,400 --> 00:13:54,800
more women are enrolled
in higher education than men.

256
00:13:56,160 --> 00:13:59,720
On TV, Mary Tyler Moore's
independent career woman

257
00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:02,200
reflects feminism's gains
in the workplace.

258
00:14:02,280 --> 00:14:03,720
[indistinct chattering]

259
00:14:05,240 --> 00:14:08,520
But as women begin to infiltrate
male-dominated careers,

260
00:14:08,840 --> 00:14:13,320
it's clear sexist ideas
are not just held by men.

261
00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:15,360
We're worried for our husbands' safety.

262
00:14:15,720 --> 00:14:17,000
-[man] Why?
-Why?

263
00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:20,320
Because a woman
cannot do a job of a man. 

264
00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:23,320
[man] Are you afraid your husband
is in some sort of danger, then?

265
00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:24,320
Absolutely.

266
00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:28,000
[man] Do you think that some of the wives 
of officers who are protesting

267
00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:30,960
about the mixed pairs
have any, uh, grounds for worry?

268
00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:36,800
That premise is so silly
that I don't even like to speak about it.

269
00:14:37,360 --> 00:14:40,280
[narrator] The boys-club culture
in the executive boardroom

270
00:14:40,360 --> 00:14:41,400
isn't much better.

271
00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:45,320
There are situations
in which you feel that it--

272
00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:48,800
when you're on an equal basis with men,

273
00:14:48,160 --> 00:14:50,480
in a committee meeting
or something like that,

274
00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:54,120
uh, in which you feel
they don't have much regard for your view.

275
00:14:54,720 --> 00:14:57,680
I've also become aware,
in the last two or three years,

276
00:14:57,760 --> 00:15:01,400
that a lot of men
really don't like working for a woman.

277
00:15:02,840 --> 00:15:05,680
[narrator] As for the paychecks
of regular working women,

278
00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:08,520
they're actually less
than they were 20 years earlier

279
00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:09,600
compared to men.

280
00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:15,400
Still, for two decades,

281
00:15:15,120 --> 00:15:17,720
the modern feminist movement
has been on a roll...

282
00:15:18,160 --> 00:15:21,920
until, perhaps inevitably,
a backlash sets in.

283
00:15:23,440 --> 00:15:26,840
Nineteen eighty sees Ronald Reagan 
sweep to power

284
00:15:26,920 --> 00:15:30,240
on a promise to bring back
traditional family values.

285
00:15:30,320 --> 00:15:31,680
[crowd cheering]

286
00:15:31,760 --> 00:15:33,800
[Reagan] Restoring the American Dream

287
00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:37,520
requires a return
to spiritual and moral values.

288
00:15:37,600 --> 00:15:38,920
[crowd cheering]

289
00:15:41,120 --> 00:15:44,120
[narrator] Many conservatives believe
that women are already granted

290
00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:46,800
equal rights under the law.

291
00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:48,280
There's no need
to change the Constitution.

292
00:15:49,240 --> 00:15:51,760
Be it resolved
that we oppose the ratification

293
00:15:51,840 --> 00:15:54,320
of the Equal Rights Amendment
to the Constitution.

294
00:15:54,400 --> 00:15:56,400
All in favor, say "aye."

295
00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:58,720
[all] Aye!

296
00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:01,400
-[singing "America the Beautiful"]
-[narrator] By the 1982 deadline,

297
00:16:01,480 --> 00:16:04,920
the Equal Rights Amendment
has been ratified by 35 states,

298
00:16:05,360 --> 00:16:08,960
three short of the two-thirds required,
and it fails.

299
00:16:11,560 --> 00:16:12,600
Defeated,

300
00:16:12,680 --> 00:16:15,640
it falls off
the political agenda for decades.

301
00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:21,280
In America,
feminism starts to be considered passé.

302
00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:25,160
After elections in 1988,

303
00:16:25,240 --> 00:16:27,800
exit polls show that only 18% of women 

304
00:16:27,880 --> 00:16:30,480
would call themselves strong feminists.

305
00:16:30,960 --> 00:16:31,960
And in 1990,

306
00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:34,720
that number drops to 14%.

307
00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:39,640
The label of "feminist,"

308
00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:40,800
it puts women off.

309
00:16:40,880 --> 00:16:42,280
How do you overcome that?

310
00:16:42,520 --> 00:16:45,640
Well, it doesn't put us off
if we look in the dictionary

311
00:16:45,720 --> 00:16:48,480
and see that it just means a person,
male or female,

312
00:16:48,560 --> 00:16:51,920
who believes in the full equality
of women and men.

313
00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:54,480
Actually, the only alternative
to being a feminist

314
00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:56,520
is being a masochist if you're a woman.

315
00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:58,120
[laughs] Because, you know,

316
00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:00,920
either we're full human beings
or-- or-- or we're not.

317
00:17:01,240 --> 00:17:03,240
[crowd roaring]

318
00:17:03,880 --> 00:17:07,720
[narrator] Despite the backlash 
against feminism, '90s pop culture

319
00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:09,600
celebrates strong women,

320
00:17:09,680 --> 00:17:11,240
from Thelma & Louise

321
00:17:11,560 --> 00:17:14,720
to the women-only lineup
of the Lilith Fair festival.

322
00:17:16,600 --> 00:17:19,480
And the decade does see
American women elevated

323
00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:21,920
to high-profile political positions.

324
00:17:22,560 --> 00:17:25,840
But it's most often
because they're appointed by a man.

325
00:17:28,320 --> 00:17:32,200
By 1998, just 11% of Congress is female.

326
00:17:34,640 --> 00:17:37,360
And while that persistent pay gap
does start to narrow,

327
00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:39,480
it's far short of equality.

328
00:17:44,760 --> 00:17:47,880
But that's not what reignites feminism
in the new millennium.

329
00:17:48,720 --> 00:17:51,800
What does is the Internet.

330
00:17:52,880 --> 00:17:55,760
Just as Betty Friedan
reassured '60s housewives

331
00:17:55,840 --> 00:17:57,240
that they weren't alone,

332
00:17:57,560 --> 00:18:01,120
the Internet allows women
to share their stories and experiences

333
00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:03,160
beyond their immediate communities.

334
00:18:03,520 --> 00:18:05,160
[chanting in Korean]

335
00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:08,800
-[singing]
-And a new, more inclusive brand

336
00:18:08,160 --> 00:18:10,400
of feminism emerges,

337
00:18:10,120 --> 00:18:13,640
embracing women with diverse racial
and cultural identities.

338
00:18:13,720 --> 00:18:14,560
[chanting]

339
00:18:15,720 --> 00:18:18,720
Long-buried stories of minority women
are highlighted

340
00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:20,760
in movies like Hidden Figures,

341
00:18:20,840 --> 00:18:23,640
about the black women
behind America's race to space.

342
00:18:23,720 --> 00:18:24,880
[indistinct chattering]

343
00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:28,600
[woman] I never thought I could dream
to be a rocket scientist. [laughs]

344
00:18:28,680 --> 00:18:30,960
When I found out it was true,
I was like...

345
00:18:31,400 --> 00:18:32,680
I was angry because I was like,

346
00:18:32,760 --> 00:18:34,760
-"Somebody stole a dream from me."
-Mmm.

347
00:18:34,840 --> 00:18:37,520
"Somebody stole an option from me.
They lied to me."

348
00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:41,960
[narrator] Now, feminism develops
a truly global outlook.

349
00:18:42,200 --> 00:18:46,160
Quality education for girls
is not just learning books,

350
00:18:46,240 --> 00:18:48,560
passing exams, and getting jobs.

351
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:50,680
It is empowerment,

352
00:18:50,760 --> 00:18:52,720
freedom, and nourishment.

353
00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:56,160
[narrator] In post-Soviet Russia, 
dramatic protests

354
00:18:56,240 --> 00:18:59,200
of the feminist punk collective Pussy Riot
go viral.

355
00:18:59,960 --> 00:19:03,320
[women in Russian] Putin will teach you 
to love the Motherland!

356
00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:06,000
[narrator] Especially when they're met
with harsh reprisals.

357
00:19:06,800 --> 00:19:08,240
[shouting in Russian]

358
00:19:08,320 --> 00:19:09,400
[screams]

359
00:19:09,480 --> 00:19:11,400
-[shouts in Russian]
-[screams]

360
00:19:11,120 --> 00:19:14,560
[narrator] And in Europe, 
the activist group Femen uses the Internet

361
00:19:14,640 --> 00:19:17,440
to spread their naked appeal for equality.

362
00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:18,560
Putin, go to hell!

363
00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:20,360
[shouting]

364
00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:25,800
We're a bunch of angry women

365
00:19:26,160 --> 00:19:27,880
who choose their strategy,

366
00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:31,560
as a feminist strategy,
to take off their tops

367
00:19:31,640 --> 00:19:36,400
and to write on their body
that was for so long objectified.

368
00:19:37,120 --> 00:19:40,480
[narrator] But while the Internet 
has given new voice to feminists,

369
00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:43,200
it's also emboldened their detractors.

370
00:19:43,520 --> 00:19:47,800
Social media trolling
is particularly vicious against women.

371
00:19:48,240 --> 00:19:50,400
[woman] I've used the Internet
for brilliant things,

372
00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:51,840
but I've had rape threats.

373
00:19:51,920 --> 00:19:55,200
I've had huge swarms of, uh, trolls

374
00:19:55,280 --> 00:19:57,160
all attacking me at once.

375
00:19:57,240 --> 00:19:59,880
Um, it's very tiring.
It's very time-consuming.

376
00:20:00,840 --> 00:20:03,800
It's about somebody saying,
"I can make you feel scared.

377
00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:06,360
I can say anything I want to you,
and there's nothing you can do about it."

378
00:20:06,680 --> 00:20:09,800
-[chanting in Korean]
-[narrator] As feminists around the world

379
00:20:09,160 --> 00:20:12,280
continue to fight for equality,
it becomes clear

380
00:20:12,360 --> 00:20:15,320
how much work needs to be done
in far-flung places,

381
00:20:15,920 --> 00:20:19,240
where women are still treated
as second-class citizens.

382
00:20:21,440 --> 00:20:23,680
Around a quarter of girls
in the developing world

383
00:20:23,760 --> 00:20:25,280
do not attend school.

384
00:20:27,360 --> 00:20:30,600
Each year, 15 million girls
around the world are married

385
00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:32,320
before the age of 18.

386
00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:34,720
That's 41,000 every day,

387
00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:37,800
or one every two seconds.

388
00:20:41,120 --> 00:20:43,800
And there are 18 countries, as of 2015,

389
00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:47,440
where husbands can legally prevent
their wives from working.

390
00:20:51,240 --> 00:20:53,200
[indistinct chattering]

391
00:20:53,680 --> 00:20:56,800
In 2016, Hillary Clinton comes closer

392
00:20:56,880 --> 00:21:00,680
to winning the American presidency
than any woman has before.

393
00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:04,160
I know we have still not shattered

394
00:21:04,240 --> 00:21:06,760
that highest and hardest glass ceiling,

395
00:21:06,840 --> 00:21:09,280
but someday, someone will,

396
00:21:09,360 --> 00:21:10,920
and hopefully sooner

397
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:13,280
-than we might think right now.
-[applauding]

398
00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:17,680
[narrator] Her narrow defeat energizes
the women's movement,

399
00:21:17,760 --> 00:21:21,200
inspiring millions
to converge on the streets of Washington

400
00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:22,480
and around the world.

401
00:21:22,560 --> 00:21:27,320
We march today
for the moral core of this nation.

402
00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:29,920
-[applauding]
-[narrator] One year later,

403
00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:32,920
a tidal wave of new female representatives

404
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:34,680
is sworn in to Congress.

405
00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:38,240
The House becomes 24% female,

406
00:21:38,320 --> 00:21:40,360
the Senate, 25%.

407
00:21:40,440 --> 00:21:42,360
-[applauding]
-And by early 2020,

408
00:21:42,440 --> 00:21:45,880
the Equal Rights Amendment
is back in the headlines,

409
00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:49,360
as Virginia becomes the 38th state
to ratify it.

410
00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:52,720
If the original deadline
can be overturned,

411
00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:55,880
Congress may yet finally adopt 
the amendment

412
00:21:55,960 --> 00:21:59,280
nearly 100 years
after it was first proposed.

413
00:21:59,880 --> 00:22:02,960
And the ERA would help ensure

414
00:22:03,400 --> 00:22:05,160
equal pay for women.

415
00:22:06,240 --> 00:22:10,000
[narrator] It's getting better,
but that stubborn pay gap is still there.

416
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:11,760
And if nothing changes,

417
00:22:11,840 --> 00:22:13,600
it will take another 40 years

418
00:22:13,680 --> 00:22:16,760
for women to receive equal pay
for equal work.

419
00:22:19,960 --> 00:22:22,400
-[chanting in Spanish]
-Clearly, as a movement,

420
00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:24,440
feminism is far from done...

421
00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:27,880
-[chanting]
-[shouting]

422
00:22:27,960 --> 00:22:31,800
...and won't be until everyone has
the same opportunities,

423
00:22:32,160 --> 00:22:33,520
the same freedoms,

424
00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:35,880
and the same human rights.

425
00:22:39,480 --> 00:22:41,600
[electronic music playing]