1
00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:08,600
[electronic beeping, buzzing]

2
00:00:08,680 --> 00:00:10,960
[indistinct chatter]

3
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:14,880
Came out four days ago.
It's a little glitchy,

4
00:00:14,960 --> 00:00:15,960
but it's a beautiful game.

5
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{\an8}[narrator] When first released
in July of 2016,

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Pokémon GO quickly becomes one
of the most downloaded apps in the world.

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[man] I've been outside every day,
walking miles and miles,

8
00:00:27,280 --> 00:00:29,160
trying to hatch eggs, catch Pokémon.

9
00:00:29,840 --> 00:00:32,880
[narrator] In its first month,
it breaks five world records,

10
00:00:32,960 --> 00:00:34,920
becoming the fastest mobile game

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to earn $100 million in 20 days.

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Where'd the Venusaur go?

13
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I've met so many random people
in the park today.

14
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I'm like, "What did you catch?"
We were trying to find things.

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00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:49,520
[narrator] And this Pokémon craze is
all thanks to a highly accurate technology

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that's been released to the public,
the Global Positioning System

17
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or GPS.

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Today, GPS is guiding and following
pretty much anything that moves…

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[geese honk]

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…all around the world.

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GPS is so accurate

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it can track you
down to the head of a pin.

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An estimated four billion people,
half the world's population,

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use satellite navigation worldwide.

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It's added $1.4 trillion
in economic benefits to the US alone.

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That's the price tag
of NASA's annual budget 60 times over.

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When location tracking is on,

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your phone can capture
your exact position every two seconds,

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24 hours a day.

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{\an8}Over 90% of new cars sold
in America have built-in GPS,

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{\an8}transmitting your data

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{\an8}that can be sold

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{\an8}to the highest bidder.

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{\an8}[electronic beeping]

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GPS is everywhere,

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even places we don't realize.

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But is this ultimate disruptor
helping show us the way

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or lose it?

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The invention of GPS
has totally transformed our lives.

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It doesn't just help you navigate.

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It guides weapons,

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steers cars,
tracks packages and even money.

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It helps us find friends,

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get in shape, recover stolen property.

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It's hard to imagine a world without GPS.

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Before, for most of human history,

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to find a location,
you unfold a paper map.

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And if you're lucky,

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you can fold it back up again.

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[man 1] You'll find
it pays to have a compass

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00:02:54,880 --> 00:02:57,920
if you do a great deal
of traveling in open country.

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{\an8}[narrator] But that all changes
in October 1957.

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{\an8}The Soviets shock the world by launching
the first-ever satellite, Sputnik,

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proving a simple radio transmitter
can work from space.

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[man 2] Today, a new moon is in the sky.

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A 23-inch metal sphere
placed in orbit by a Russian rocket.

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[narrator] In America,

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physicists William Guier
and George Weiffenbach

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are messing around
with some home-recording gear,

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listening to Sputnik's beeps,

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when they realize something huge.

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[man 2] You are hearing the actual signals

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transmitted
by the Earth-circling satellite.

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[narrator] By measuring
the change in frequency of Sputnik's beeps

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as it passes overhead,

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they can pinpoint
exactly where the satellite is.

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Their boss has an even bigger idea.

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00:03:46,600 --> 00:03:49,480
What if they flipped
this discovery on its head?

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Could tracking a beep
from a satellite with a known trajectory

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allow them to pinpoint
the location of a receiver

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anywhere on Earth below?

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Turns out,

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with a lot of maths, you can.

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The discovery is huge news
for the US military,

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especially one branch.

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[beeping, radio chatter]

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{\an8}To launch their missiles more effectively,

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the Navy wants a targeting system that,
unlike sonar, is invisible to the enemy,

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so they get to work
on a satellite program named Transit.

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[man] A 265-pound, 36-inch sphere

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00:04:30,680 --> 00:04:33,800
that will serve as a space beacon
for navigation on Earth.

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[narrator] By the mid-'60s,
they've got six satellites in orbit,

83
00:04:42,400 --> 00:04:45,360
but accuracy is initially off
by more than a mile.

84
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Still, navigation by satellite works.

85
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It just needs to work better.

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{\an8}Over a steamy Labor Day weekend in 1973,

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inside the Pentagon,

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Colonel Brad Parkinson organizes
a top secret meeting of engineers

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{\an8}to cook up some kind
of satellite "global positioning system."

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The plan, called Navstar, goes like this.

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They'll need 24 satellites.

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Each one will circle
the planet twice a day

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in one of six fixed orbits
to achieve 24-7 global coverage.

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{\an8}On board, ultra-precise atomic clocks
will send signals,

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giving their exact position and time,
reaching the Earth at the speed of light.

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00:05:38,040 --> 00:05:43,360
Below, a GPS receiver will take signals
from at least four available satellites

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and measure its distance from each one
to calculate its exact location,

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giving the entire US military
a navigational edge in the water,

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00:05:53,120 --> 00:05:54,960
in the air, and on land.

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{\an8}In 1978, the first Navstar satellite
reaches orbit.

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[man] This unique system will provide
ships, aircraft, and land vehicles

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equipped with inexpensive
receiving equipment

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00:06:09,480 --> 00:06:13,280
to determine their positions
to an accuracy of less than 30 feet.

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00:06:14,120 --> 00:06:15,760
[narrator] Parkinson thinks GPS

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will also improve the target accuracy
of weapons systems,

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making them more humane
by reducing collateral damage.

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In the late '70s,
F-4 jets test this theory

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by using GPS to drop
sand bombs in the desert

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at the proving test range
near Yuma, Arizona.

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Skeptics are invited to take a seat,

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right beside the target,

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in the "doubters chair."

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Sure enough,
the jets repeatedly hit the same target

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within just five to ten meters.

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The system requires massive,
power-hungry receivers on the ground,

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but it's still a huge moment.

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GPS works.

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[electronic buzzing]

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It soon becomes clear

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that GPS could be as useful
in saving lives as in taking them.

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[beeping]

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{\an8}My fellow Americans,

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{\an8}I'm coming before you tonight
about the Korean Air Line massacre,

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the attack by the Soviet Union

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against 269 innocent men,
women, and children

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aboard an unarmed Korean passenger plane.

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[narrator] It's a huge diplomatic crisis.

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But it's believed that the pilots
failed to notice the plane deviating

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from its preplanned route

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into prohibited Soviet airspace.

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Access to GPS
could have averted the tragedy.

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So, on September 16th, 1983,

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President Reagan makes a historic move
that will transform life for everyone.

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He signs an executive order

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allowing the first-ever civilian use
of the Pentagon's GPS system for free,

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{\an8}well, paid for by US taxpayers,

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so such a disaster
will never happen again.

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-Thank you very much, sir.
-[crowd cheering]

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[narrator] What he doesn't say

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is that civilians will get
a separate signal from the military,

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one that isn't quite as good.

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But Reagan's announcement is huge.

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It means worldwide navigation
and aircraft control now become safer

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thanks to GPS.

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[buttons click]

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Two years later,
he opens up GPS even further

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by allowing private companies
to produce GPS receivers for the public.

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Boy, what a story!

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[narrator]
It's a great start-up opportunity.

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In 1988,

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Magellan markets the NAV 1000 for $3,000,

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a big hit with surveyors.

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And Garmin sells GPS receivers
to anyone with a boat,

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plane, or just a love of the big outdoors.

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Japanese company Mazda is the first
to crack the obvious car market

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00:09:03,200 --> 00:09:05,840
with their luxury coupe, the Eunos Cosmo.

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Only available in Japan,

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{\an8}Mazda manages to sell
a whopping 8,875 of them.

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00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:18,000
Clearly, GPS is still mostly
just a toy for the rich.

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As commercial receivers steadily improve,

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00:09:23,800 --> 00:09:27,480
the US military realizes
that GPS could be offering its enemies

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00:09:27,560 --> 00:09:28,880
a strategic advantage.

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00:09:28,960 --> 00:09:30,680
[cheering and applause]

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00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:32,360
But the genie's out of the bottle,

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so they decide to make
the nonmilitary signal even worse.

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They call it Selective Availability.

167
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{\an8}It works like this.

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00:09:45,320 --> 00:09:48,040
There have always been
separate satellite signals,

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00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:50,880
one for the military
and one for civilians.

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00:09:50,960 --> 00:09:52,080
[whirring]

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00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:54,680
On March the 25th, 1990,

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00:09:54,760 --> 00:09:56,320
engineers flip a switch,

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deliberately scrambling
the civilian signal.

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00:10:00,800 --> 00:10:04,480
Accuracy goes
from around ten meters out to 100.

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00:10:04,560 --> 00:10:05,800
[car horns beep]

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00:10:05,880 --> 00:10:09,640
Immediately, drivers with GPS systems
start missing their turns.

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00:10:12,040 --> 00:10:15,920
The military signal,
however, remains extremely accurate,

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00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:19,120
and early the following year,
it's called into action.

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00:10:24,560 --> 00:10:25,840
{\an8}During the first Gulf War,

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00:10:25,920 --> 00:10:29,800
America's military GPS system
revolutionizes the battlefield.

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00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:34,640
It guides smart weapons
in surgical strikes on Iraqi targets

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00:10:35,360 --> 00:10:39,560
and gives lead US mobile units
a powerful strategic advantage,

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00:10:40,280 --> 00:10:44,600
letting them navigate the desert at night,
giving them the crucial element

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of surprise.

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00:10:46,480 --> 00:10:50,440
If it had been our intention to take Iraq,
we could've done it unopposed.

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00:10:51,040 --> 00:10:54,080
[narrator] But regular soldiers
operating in the featureless desert

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00:10:54,160 --> 00:10:56,120
want a navigational boost too,

188
00:10:56,720 --> 00:10:58,560
so they write home to their families,

189
00:10:58,640 --> 00:11:01,320
asking them
to send commercial GPS devices.

190
00:11:05,360 --> 00:11:07,480
Commanders now have a problem.

191
00:11:07,560 --> 00:11:08,640
[explosion, gunshots]

192
00:11:08,720 --> 00:11:12,720
You can't coordinate a battlefield
when not everyone's using the same signal.

193
00:11:14,320 --> 00:11:16,000
So, temporarily,

194
00:11:16,080 --> 00:11:19,400
the US switches off
Selective Availability,

195
00:11:19,480 --> 00:11:23,040
and temporarily,
civilians get a taste of the good stuff.

196
00:11:24,040 --> 00:11:25,320
♪ La-la-la-la-la-la-la ♪

197
00:11:25,400 --> 00:11:26,720
♪ Sha-la-la-la-la-la ♪

198
00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:30,480
[narrator] Of course,
after the Gulf War is over,

199
00:11:30,560 --> 00:11:32,440
the government flips the switch back.

200
00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:33,360
[static hums]

201
00:11:35,080 --> 00:11:37,240
But the public now knows what's possible.

202
00:11:37,320 --> 00:11:38,760
[sobbing]

203
00:11:38,840 --> 00:11:42,640
[group] Three, two, one, zero.

204
00:11:42,720 --> 00:11:44,200
[narrator] By 1995,

205
00:11:44,280 --> 00:11:47,440
the US's GPS system has 24 satellites,

206
00:11:47,520 --> 00:11:51,840
offering complete global coverage
for both military and civilian use.

207
00:11:55,960 --> 00:12:00,440
Consumer GPS devices
are steadily dropping in size and price.

208
00:12:01,880 --> 00:12:03,720
In 1998,

209
00:12:03,800 --> 00:12:07,760
the StreetPilot becomes the first portable
car-friendly satnav device.

210
00:12:07,840 --> 00:12:11,440
[computerized voice] Recalculating.
In 300 feet, turn right.

211
00:12:12,080 --> 00:12:16,640
{\an8}[narrator] Though, at $400 a pop,
it's still out of reach for many,

212
00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:19,240
but the days of reading maps are numbered.

213
00:12:19,320 --> 00:12:24,200
GPS is now doing a job that was once
one of humanity's greatest talents.

214
00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:25,880
[gulls squawk]

215
00:12:25,960 --> 00:12:27,880
[waves crash]

216
00:12:27,960 --> 00:12:30,240
Historically, humans have navigated

217
00:12:30,320 --> 00:12:33,600
thousands of miles
over water without technology

218
00:12:33,680 --> 00:12:36,800
by reading the sun, sea, and stars.

219
00:12:37,920 --> 00:12:42,120
Over land, we've covered huge distances
with natural navigation,

220
00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:46,800
plotting routes with landmarks
or creating a mental map in our brains.

221
00:12:46,880 --> 00:12:47,920
Even today,

222
00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:53,200
trained London cab drivers can remember
up to 25,000 distinct streets.

223
00:12:53,280 --> 00:12:54,920
[car horns beep]

224
00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:58,520
GPS starts to replace
those human skills with technology,

225
00:12:59,120 --> 00:13:02,440
making navigation much easier
with less effort required.

226
00:13:02,520 --> 00:13:04,520
[church bells ring]

227
00:13:08,440 --> 00:13:09,960
Through the 1990s,

228
00:13:10,040 --> 00:13:12,360
people grow more dependent on GPS.

229
00:13:15,080 --> 00:13:18,120
And other nations want
their own GPS systems.

230
00:13:19,040 --> 00:13:22,640
Russia completes
their military-only GLONASS in 1993.

231
00:13:23,800 --> 00:13:25,160
In 2000,

232
00:13:25,240 --> 00:13:27,760
China launches
their first BeiDou satellite

233
00:13:27,840 --> 00:13:30,240
with coverage limited only to China.

234
00:13:30,320 --> 00:13:32,800
But international competition
is inevitable,

235
00:13:32,880 --> 00:13:37,160
and private enterprise is demanding
a more accurate and consistent signal.

236
00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:40,920
On May the 2nd, 2000,

237
00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:43,720
President Clinton bows
to corporate pressure

238
00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:47,040
and turns off
Selective Availability for good.

239
00:13:47,120 --> 00:13:50,840
{\an8}In plain English,
we are unscrambling the GPS signal.

240
00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:58,040
[narrator] Overnight, the GPS system
improves by a factor of five or better.

241
00:14:00,960 --> 00:14:03,240
Sales of GPS receivers take off,

242
00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:05,880
disrupting how we work and play.

243
00:14:06,560 --> 00:14:10,160
[man] It's really easy to convince
the purist to get into this

244
00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:12,000
because it makes the fishing easier.

245
00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:16,000
[narrator] Emergency services
and search and rescue teams add GPS

246
00:14:16,080 --> 00:14:18,000
to their lifesaving operations.

247
00:14:19,240 --> 00:14:22,200
GPS helps develop systems
for commercial aircraft

248
00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:26,160
to make safer precision landings
on hard-to-reach airstrips.

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And satnav sales boom,

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00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:32,680
competing to offer fancy new features.

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{\an8}[woman 1] One of the new functions
with GPS is being able to talk to the GPS

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00:14:37,640 --> 00:14:40,800
as well as it talking back to you.
Find nearest coffee.

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[GPS beeps] Would you like
to begin navigation?

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Yes.

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{\an8}[woman 2] Reality View
provides realistic 3D images

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{\an8}of complex highway interchanges,

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00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:54,640
so it makes your life
as a driver as stress-free as possible.

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00:14:55,560 --> 00:14:59,360
[narrator] People soon realize GPS
isn't just good for finding your way

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00:14:59,440 --> 00:15:01,840
but also for keeping an eye on others,

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00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:05,920
from young children
to teenagers with newfound freedom.

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A lot of people use
this device for 16-year-old kids

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00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:12,000
who are just getting their permit,
ready to get their license.

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00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:13,600
A parent wants to have better control

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00:15:13,680 --> 00:15:16,840
to make sure that their kids
are not speeding, for example.

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00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:21,360
[narrator] But the GPS revolution
really takes off in 2008

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with the release
of the Internet-enabled iPhone 3G.

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GPS receivers in our pockets
will soon become mainstream

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00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:31,080
and at no additional cost.

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00:15:32,120 --> 00:15:36,360
Location-based apps in the mid-2010s
connect us in new ways,

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transforming how we socialize
and find love.

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{\an8}[woman] With more than 600,000 fans
pouring into Brazil for the World Cup,

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{\an8}Tinder says usage and downloads here
have jumped 50%.

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[narrator] GPS even finds itself
put to use in sports.

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We can give you a pretty holistic view
on your overall performance on the pitch.

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[narrator]
With so many potential applications,

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00:16:02,040 --> 00:16:06,000
it's no surprise
the GPS economy just keeps on growing.

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Over half of our business now
has nothing to do with automotive,

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which is where
we made a name for ourselves.

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[narrator] If it moves,
GPS will find a way to track it

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in creative and unexpected ways.

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Drones with GPS alert lifeguards
to sharks approaching the shore.

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[drone hums]

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00:16:25,720 --> 00:16:29,320
Helicopters use GPS
to map the spread of forest fires

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for better use of firefighting resources.

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In London,

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pigeons wearing sensors and a GPS tracker
have monitored poor air quality.

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00:16:38,480 --> 00:16:39,920
[pigeon coos]

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And in India,

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00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:45,520
GPS snakebite apps speedily connect
victims with antivenom,

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saving lives.

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00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:54,360
By the late 20-teens,
GPS is deeply embedded in our lives

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through a new generation of apps

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00:16:56,680 --> 00:16:59,280
that help connect us
with people and resources.

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00:16:59,360 --> 00:17:01,800
They make everything from sharing food,

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00:17:02,600 --> 00:17:05,040
travel, photos, and information

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00:17:05,120 --> 00:17:07,520
easier and more fun.

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00:17:08,520 --> 00:17:12,360
But are we trading speed and efficiency
for a loss of privacy?

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00:17:14,160 --> 00:17:16,720
Warehouse managers can use GPS tags

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00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:20,000
to direct workers
along the most efficient routes,

300
00:17:20,080 --> 00:17:23,360
but it means that they can also monitor
their bathroom breaks.

301
00:17:24,120 --> 00:17:26,040
Isn't that a form of surveillance?

302
00:17:26,560 --> 00:17:29,040
Marketers are following our movements too.

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00:17:30,080 --> 00:17:31,920
When location services are on,

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00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:34,440
they track data we may assume is private.

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00:17:34,520 --> 00:17:35,800
[electronic whirring]

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00:17:35,880 --> 00:17:40,520
And that kind of information is gold
for the growing industry of data brokers,

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00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:42,640
who use it to predict our behavior.

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00:17:45,240 --> 00:17:49,200
Over 4,000 companies are bidding
for your location data.

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00:17:49,720 --> 00:17:50,760
It's anonymous,

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00:17:50,840 --> 00:17:53,400
but by crunching updates
every two seconds,

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00:17:53,480 --> 00:17:55,120
they can figure out who you are

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00:17:55,200 --> 00:17:57,680
and gather intimate details
about your life.

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00:17:58,640 --> 00:18:01,560
So don't be surprised
if a tailor-made ad pops up on your phone

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00:18:01,640 --> 00:18:03,120
when you go past a store.

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00:18:05,360 --> 00:18:08,960
Most of us don't even think about
how much information we're giving away,

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00:18:09,040 --> 00:18:11,800
and the industry
is completely unregulated.

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00:18:15,360 --> 00:18:16,880
{\an8}By June 2020,

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00:18:17,680 --> 00:18:20,960
China's BeiDou system has 35 satellites,

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00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:23,800
more than the US GPS system,

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00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:27,360
offering the world's
most complete coverage.

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00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:31,200
It now guides robotic taxis
on the streets of Beijing,

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00:18:32,120 --> 00:18:35,720
as driverless cars take
another step towards reality.

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00:18:37,160 --> 00:18:38,960
Self-driving vehicles,

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00:18:39,480 --> 00:18:40,760
robotic tractors,

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00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:45,200
delivery drones,
and flying transports using GPS

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are all on the horizon,

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00:18:48,160 --> 00:18:50,160
which begs a scary question.

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00:18:51,120 --> 00:18:52,880
What if the system crashes?

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00:18:53,840 --> 00:18:57,120
If the US GPS system suddenly went down,

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00:18:57,200 --> 00:19:00,360
the world could experience
an economic meltdown.

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00:19:00,440 --> 00:19:01,440
[men shout]

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00:19:01,520 --> 00:19:04,200
The US could lose $1 billion a day,

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00:19:04,280 --> 00:19:07,760
more if planting season were disrupted,
and it's very possible.

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00:19:08,640 --> 00:19:12,280
Today's GPS system could be neutralized
by a hostile attack

335
00:19:12,360 --> 00:19:15,360
or by something as innocent
as a solar storm.

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00:19:16,120 --> 00:19:19,160
And while backup systems
are being developed,

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00:19:19,240 --> 00:19:24,720
before they're available, whole cities,
even countries, could grind to a halt.

338
00:19:25,880 --> 00:19:28,720
The more dependent we are on GPS

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00:19:28,800 --> 00:19:32,200
and the less we use
our own sense of direction,

340
00:19:32,280 --> 00:19:35,760
the more vulnerable we are
when technology eventually fails.

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00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:40,200
So if we want to be able
to truly find our place in the world,

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00:19:40,720 --> 00:19:43,680
we might try turning off
the GPS for a while.

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00:19:44,880 --> 00:19:46,880
[downtempo electronic music plays]