1
00:00:01,033 --> 00:00:04,233
{\an8}♪♪

2
00:00:04,266 --> 00:00:07,700
{\an1}-We're the same, me and you.

3
00:00:07,733 --> 00:00:09,766
Well, kind of.

4
00:00:09,800 --> 00:00:12,000
In one big way --

5
00:00:12,033 --> 00:00:14,566
{\an1}we were both...born.

6
00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:17,000
{\an8}♪♪

7
00:00:17,033 --> 00:00:19,266
{\an1}And it's not just us.

8
00:00:19,300 --> 00:00:22,766
{\an1}All 7 1/2 billion of us
living on planet earth

9
00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:24,500
right now,

10
00:00:24,533 --> 00:00:29,266
{\an1}we all got exactly
the same start in life.

11
00:00:29,300 --> 00:00:31,766
{\an1}-We all started as one cell big.

12
00:00:31,800 --> 00:00:34,366
{\an8}♪♪

13
00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:37,833
{\an1}What a miracle is it that we are
the complex beings we are

14
00:00:37,866 --> 00:00:41,266
that are capable
of everything that we do.

15
00:00:41,300 --> 00:00:44,066
{\an8}♪♪

16
00:00:44,100 --> 00:00:49,233
{\an1}-More than 131 million humans
are born each year --

17
00:00:49,266 --> 00:00:52,066
250 every minute.

18
00:00:52,100 --> 00:00:58,066
{\an8}♪♪

19
00:00:58,100 --> 00:01:00,666
{\an1}While our understanding
of how babies develop

20
00:01:00,700 --> 00:01:03,766
{\an1}and who can create life
is evolving,

21
00:01:03,800 --> 00:01:08,733
{\an1}the simple equation that begins
all human life remains --

22
00:01:08,766 --> 00:01:10,733
one sperm

23
00:01:10,766 --> 00:01:12,666
and one egg...

24
00:01:12,700 --> 00:01:18,133
{\an8}♪♪

25
00:01:18,166 --> 00:01:22,133
{\an1}...that egg, formed before
the mother was even born...

26
00:01:22,166 --> 00:01:24,900
{\an8}♪♪

27
00:01:24,933 --> 00:01:29,733
{\an1}...an unbroken lineage
connecting generations

28
00:01:29,766 --> 00:01:33,866
and defining
what it means to be human.

29
00:01:33,900 --> 00:01:40,733
{\an8}♪♪

30
00:01:40,766 --> 00:01:47,700
{\an8}♪♪

31
00:01:52,700 --> 00:02:01,633
{\an8}♪♪

32
00:02:01,666 --> 00:02:04,200
{\an1}When you look at the history
of life on earth,

33
00:02:04,233 --> 00:02:07,066
{\an1}we humans are relative newbies.

34
00:02:07,100 --> 00:02:10,500
{\an8}♪♪

35
00:02:10,533 --> 00:02:13,300
{\an1}Only a few hundred thousand
years have passed

36
00:02:13,333 --> 00:02:18,633
{\an1}since our evolutionary ancestors
created the first homo sapiens.

37
00:02:18,666 --> 00:02:21,033
{\an1}But in the last 50 years,

38
00:02:21,066 --> 00:02:24,100
{\an1}we've witnessed a revolution
in reproduction.

39
00:02:24,133 --> 00:02:26,100
{\an8}♪♪

40
00:02:26,133 --> 00:02:29,333
{\an1}Science is giving us
extraordinary new insights

41
00:02:29,366 --> 00:02:30,966
{\an1}into the miracle of life,

42
00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:33,800
{\an1}from what's really happening
inside the womb...

43
00:02:33,833 --> 00:02:36,933
{\an1}to unlocking the secrets
of attraction.

44
00:02:36,966 --> 00:02:39,733
{\an8}♪♪

45
00:02:39,766 --> 00:02:44,333
{\an7}And as the saying goes, it
actually does take two to tango.

46
00:02:44,366 --> 00:02:46,366
{\an8}♪♪

47
00:02:46,400 --> 00:02:51,700
{\an1}-In dancing, we say,
"One plus one equals one."

48
00:02:51,733 --> 00:02:54,333
{\an8}♪♪

49
00:02:54,366 --> 00:02:57,666
{\an1}So when you dance together,

50
00:02:57,700 --> 00:03:00,133
{\an1}you need one couple.

51
00:03:00,166 --> 00:03:02,133
{\an8}♪♪

52
00:03:02,166 --> 00:03:05,566
{\an1}So not two people. It's one.

53
00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:09,400
{\an8}♪♪

54
00:03:09,433 --> 00:03:11,466
{\an8}My name is Alla.

55
00:03:11,500 --> 00:03:14,900
{\an7}-My name is Alex, and we're
professional ballroom dancers

56
00:03:14,933 --> 00:03:17,000
{\an1}in Los Angeles, California.

57
00:03:17,033 --> 00:03:22,333
{\an8}♪♪

58
00:03:22,366 --> 00:03:27,633
{\an8}♪♪

59
00:03:27,666 --> 00:03:30,066
{\an1}-When I first saw Alex,

60
00:03:30,100 --> 00:03:32,066
{\an1}I remember I kind of like,

61
00:03:32,100 --> 00:03:33,533
{\an1}"Hmm, who is that guy?"

62
00:03:33,566 --> 00:03:35,833
{\an1}New guy in our dance studio.

63
00:03:35,866 --> 00:03:39,666
{\an1}There was something what I liked
about his body, about his look,

64
00:03:39,700 --> 00:03:42,433
but I didn't like
his dance partner.

65
00:03:42,466 --> 00:03:44,500
[ Laughs ]

66
00:03:44,533 --> 00:03:48,200
{\an1}I remember I was like, "He has
to have a better dance partner."

67
00:03:48,233 --> 00:03:50,500
{\an1}-I remember the time
when I saw Alla,

68
00:03:50,533 --> 00:03:53,033
{\an1}I would never forget
that moment.

69
00:03:53,066 --> 00:03:54,900
When I danced
with her first time,

70
00:03:54,933 --> 00:03:59,666
{\an1}I was quite overwhelmed
with how I felt.

71
00:03:59,700 --> 00:04:02,100
{\an1}Just the way how she moved
on the floor,

72
00:04:02,133 --> 00:04:06,700
how she smiled
how she expressed herself,

73
00:04:06,733 --> 00:04:09,700
{\an1}then you get attracted to this.

74
00:04:09,733 --> 00:04:12,300
{\an8}♪♪

75
00:04:12,333 --> 00:04:14,433
{\an1}-Though it may feel like
love at first sight,

76
00:04:14,466 --> 00:04:18,066
{\an1}what you're really feeling
in those first heady days

77
00:04:18,100 --> 00:04:22,100
is lust,
the engine of sexual desire.

78
00:04:22,133 --> 00:04:24,100
{\an8}♪♪

79
00:04:24,133 --> 00:04:27,100
{\an1}And the fuel that's firing up
your libido?

80
00:04:27,133 --> 00:04:28,933
{\an1}Those are hormones.

81
00:04:28,966 --> 00:04:31,033
{\an8}♪♪

82
00:04:31,066 --> 00:04:35,733
{\an7}-We tend to think of hormones as
just this sort of vague notion

83
00:04:35,766 --> 00:04:38,066
{\an7}or women being moody,

84
00:04:38,100 --> 00:04:40,933
{\an8}but hormones
have a specific definition.

85
00:04:40,966 --> 00:04:43,066
{\an8}♪♪

86
00:04:43,100 --> 00:04:46,666
{\an1}Hormones are packets
of teeny-tiny chemicals

87
00:04:46,700 --> 00:04:48,466
{\an1}released from one gland

88
00:04:48,500 --> 00:04:52,466
{\an1}and targeted to another,
faraway part of the body.

89
00:04:52,500 --> 00:04:54,566
{\an8}♪♪

90
00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:59,133
-Turns out, sex
is literally on our minds.

91
00:04:59,166 --> 00:05:02,266
{\an1}Just above the brain stem
are the pituitary gland

92
00:05:02,300 --> 00:05:04,000
{\an1}and the hypothalamus.

93
00:05:04,033 --> 00:05:07,633
{\an1}Those areas of the brain
send signals down to the ovaries

94
00:05:07,666 --> 00:05:09,966
{\an1}and the testes to start
pumping out more estrogen

95
00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:11,866
{\an1}and testosterone --

96
00:05:11,900 --> 00:05:15,233
{\an1}hormones that not only
rev up your sex drive,

97
00:05:15,266 --> 00:05:18,733
{\an1}they effectively shut down
the logical part of your brain.

98
00:05:18,766 --> 00:05:24,066
In other words,
love literally makes us...

99
00:05:24,100 --> 00:05:25,566
dumb.

100
00:05:25,600 --> 00:05:28,700
{\an1}-When I'm around Alex,
I'm always crazy.

101
00:05:28,733 --> 00:05:30,700
{\an8}♪♪

102
00:05:30,733 --> 00:05:33,400
{\an1}Every time when I touch him,
when I smell him,

103
00:05:33,433 --> 00:05:35,966
{\an1}I think I lose my mind.

104
00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:37,266
{\an1}I can't control myself.

105
00:05:37,300 --> 00:05:40,733
{\an1}-I have to run away
from her sometimes.

106
00:05:40,766 --> 00:05:45,833
{\an1}She just attacks me, and I feel
like I'm a gazelle and she...

107
00:05:45,866 --> 00:05:47,133
[ Both laugh ]
-No, stop it.

108
00:05:47,166 --> 00:05:50,166
{\an1}-...and she's a tiger.
-You don't have to say that.

109
00:05:50,200 --> 00:05:53,000
{\an8}♪♪

110
00:05:53,033 --> 00:05:55,366
{\an1}-When your hormones are raging

111
00:05:55,400 --> 00:05:57,866
{\an1}or when they're too high
or too low,

112
00:05:57,900 --> 00:06:01,466
{\an1}we're just talking teeny,
little nanograms difference

113
00:06:01,500 --> 00:06:04,033
up or down,
coming from our brains,

114
00:06:04,066 --> 00:06:06,866
{\an1}coming from our ovaries
and our testes.

115
00:06:06,900 --> 00:06:10,566
{\an1}These teeny, weeny,
tiny chemicals

116
00:06:10,600 --> 00:06:14,066
{\an1}that have such huge impact
all over the body,

117
00:06:14,100 --> 00:06:18,966
{\an1}on our growth, the way we think,
on our behavior.

118
00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:22,966
{\an1}I'm just fascinated by that.

119
00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:28,300
{\an1}I'm attracted to them. I'm
aroused by hormones, I can say.

120
00:06:28,333 --> 00:06:32,666
{\an1}-When humans move from feelings
of lust to attraction,

121
00:06:32,700 --> 00:06:34,900
{\an1}a different set of hormones
are released --

122
00:06:34,933 --> 00:06:38,233
{\an1}dopamine and norepinephrine.

123
00:06:38,266 --> 00:06:42,133
{\an1}This cocktail of chemicals
causes our hearts to race...

124
00:06:42,166 --> 00:06:46,066
{\an8}♪♪

125
00:06:46,100 --> 00:06:49,300
{\an1}...our palms to sweat,
our cheeks to flush.

126
00:06:49,333 --> 00:06:54,333
{\an1}We feel more energetic,
euphoric,

127
00:06:54,366 --> 00:06:55,933
giddy even.

128
00:06:55,966 --> 00:07:01,566
{\an1}Attraction also reduces
our serotonin levels...

129
00:07:01,600 --> 00:07:08,433
{\an1}causing new lovers to lose sleep
and their taste for food.

130
00:07:08,466 --> 00:07:11,733
{\an1}-Our sense of smell,
our sense of sight,

131
00:07:11,766 --> 00:07:15,700
{\an1}our sense of touch
all have to do

132
00:07:15,733 --> 00:07:20,066
{\an1}with the way our hormones
are reacting in our brains.

133
00:07:20,100 --> 00:07:23,300
Precisely how,
precisely how much,

134
00:07:23,333 --> 00:07:25,766
{\an1}we're just beginning to learn.

135
00:07:25,800 --> 00:07:28,466
{\an8}♪♪

136
00:07:28,500 --> 00:07:32,466
{\an1}-When I'm close to Alla,
there's a special scent,

137
00:07:32,500 --> 00:07:34,766
{\an1}the smell of maybe peaches,
right?

138
00:07:34,800 --> 00:07:38,800
{\an1}There's some kind of fruits
that I want to eat.

139
00:07:38,833 --> 00:07:40,100
It's very sweet.

140
00:07:40,133 --> 00:07:43,133
Very delicious.

141
00:07:43,166 --> 00:07:45,900
{\an1}-Alex always smells good.
He smells perfect.

142
00:07:45,933 --> 00:07:47,066
[ Giggles ]

143
00:07:47,100 --> 00:07:49,000
{\an1}I don't even want him
take a shower.

144
00:07:49,033 --> 00:07:50,900
[ Laughs ]

145
00:07:50,933 --> 00:07:56,533
{\an8}♪♪

146
00:07:56,566 --> 00:07:59,866
{\an1}-Across the animal kingdom,
bees and moths,

147
00:07:59,900 --> 00:08:01,366
{\an1}elephants and mice,

148
00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:05,966
{\an1}even fish attract others
of their species through scent.

149
00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:08,533
{\an8}♪♪

150
00:08:08,566 --> 00:08:10,600
{\an1}These creatures and many others

151
00:08:10,633 --> 00:08:14,566
{\an1}secrete special chemical
substances called pheromones.

152
00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:17,966
Pheromones signal
that the female of the species

153
00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:22,200
{\an1}is feeling kind of randy.

154
00:08:22,233 --> 00:08:25,833
{\an1}-Here's the real deal
on pheromones.

155
00:08:25,866 --> 00:08:28,733
{\an1}If you're a female
silkworm moth,

156
00:08:28,766 --> 00:08:32,833
{\an1}and you want to catch your guy,
a male silkworm moth,

157
00:08:32,866 --> 00:08:35,233
{\an1}you can emit a pheromone.

158
00:08:35,266 --> 00:08:39,200
{\an1}It will travel pretty far,
hit some guy,

159
00:08:39,233 --> 00:08:42,600
{\an1}and he will come back to you
like a sex slave.

160
00:08:42,633 --> 00:08:45,433
{\an1}He will mount you.

161
00:08:45,466 --> 00:08:48,033
We can't do that.

162
00:08:48,066 --> 00:08:51,366
{\an1}Humans do not emit pheromones.

163
00:08:51,400 --> 00:08:54,633
{\an1}Most women, I think,
can manipulate men,

164
00:08:54,666 --> 00:08:58,633
{\an1}but it's through other ways,
other than pheromones.

165
00:08:58,666 --> 00:09:03,566
{\an1}-Humans may not be slaves
to scent like silkworm moths.

166
00:09:03,600 --> 00:09:05,566
{\an8}♪♪

167
00:09:05,600 --> 00:09:07,433
{\an1}But how a person smells

168
00:09:07,466 --> 00:09:11,166
{\an1}does appear to sway
our choice of mates.

169
00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:13,866
One study found
that, in a blind test,

170
00:09:13,900 --> 00:09:19,100
{\an1}women preferred the scent of
a man with a symmetrical face.

171
00:09:19,133 --> 00:09:21,866
Body symmetry,
where the right and left sides

172
00:09:21,900 --> 00:09:23,600
{\an1}are almost mirror images,

173
00:09:23,633 --> 00:09:27,366
{\an1}is considered a universal
indicator of attractiveness.

174
00:09:27,400 --> 00:09:29,366
{\an8}♪♪

175
00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:31,366
{\an1}-The moment she touches me,

176
00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:35,333
{\an1}I feel it going through
my fingers to my heart.

177
00:09:35,366 --> 00:09:37,366
{\an8}♪♪

178
00:09:37,400 --> 00:09:40,166
{\an1}-I love to dance with Alex.

179
00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:42,666
{\an1}It's such an amazing gift

180
00:09:42,700 --> 00:09:46,266
{\an1}that I can dance with someone
who I really love.

181
00:09:46,300 --> 00:09:48,633
{\an8}♪♪

182
00:09:48,666 --> 00:09:51,366
{\an1}I'm a touchy person,
so I need to touch.

183
00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:54,033
{\an1}For me to say, it's not enough.

184
00:09:54,066 --> 00:09:56,333
{\an8}♪♪

185
00:09:56,366 --> 00:09:58,200
{\an7}-In a lot of other
social primates,

186
00:09:58,233 --> 00:10:01,200
{\an7}touch is important
for maintaining relationships.

187
00:10:01,233 --> 00:10:03,566
{\an1}For example, it's normal
to groom each other.

188
00:10:03,600 --> 00:10:06,000
{\an1}It's also something that can be
done sort of strategically

189
00:10:06,033 --> 00:10:08,666
to make alliances
or to apologize.

190
00:10:08,700 --> 00:10:11,466
{\an1}So it's clear that touch
is important that way.

191
00:10:11,500 --> 00:10:13,466
{\an8}♪♪

192
00:10:13,500 --> 00:10:17,866
{\an1}-Brain scans show that a simple
caress on the arm activates

193
00:10:17,900 --> 00:10:23,000
{\an1}an area of the frontal lobe
that signals a coming reward.

194
00:10:23,033 --> 00:10:25,233
{\an1}Similar touch patterns
have also been shown

195
00:10:25,266 --> 00:10:29,400
{\an1}to deactivate regions
of the brain related to stress.

196
00:10:29,433 --> 00:10:30,900
-[ Giggles ]

197
00:10:30,933 --> 00:10:32,766
{\an1}I have a surprise for you.
-What surprise?

198
00:10:32,800 --> 00:10:34,633
-Close your eyes!
Close your eyes! Don't look!

199
00:10:34,666 --> 00:10:35,733
-Okay.

200
00:10:39,533 --> 00:10:41,933
{\an1}-Open your eyes, honey.

201
00:10:41,966 --> 00:10:44,700
{\an1}-[ Gasps ] Oh, my God.
-Happy birthday!

202
00:10:44,733 --> 00:10:46,666
-How beautiful!

203
00:10:46,700 --> 00:10:47,966
{\an1}How did you carry it here?

204
00:10:48,000 --> 00:10:50,333
It's so hot!
-[ Laughs ]

205
00:10:50,366 --> 00:10:53,833
{\an8}♪♪

206
00:10:53,866 --> 00:10:59,133
{\an1}-We got married in 2006
in Russia.

207
00:10:59,166 --> 00:11:02,933
-[ Laughing ]

208
00:11:02,966 --> 00:11:04,900
We have three
beautiful children,

209
00:11:04,933 --> 00:11:07,433
{\an1}Daniel, Michael, and Angelina.

210
00:11:07,466 --> 00:11:10,166
{\an1}Daniel is 13, Michael is 8,

211
00:11:10,200 --> 00:11:12,233
{\an1}and Angelina is turning 6.

212
00:11:12,266 --> 00:11:16,233
{\an7}-[ Speaking Russian ]
...papa happy birthday!

213
00:11:16,266 --> 00:11:18,133
{\an8}[ Laughs ]

214
00:11:18,166 --> 00:11:21,066
{\an8}♪♪

215
00:11:21,100 --> 00:11:23,833
{\an1}I cannot imagine my life
without Alex.

216
00:11:23,866 --> 00:11:25,300
{\an1}He's my everything.

217
00:11:25,333 --> 00:11:28,466
He is my world.

218
00:11:28,500 --> 00:11:32,466
{\an1}-I cannot envision
what I would do without her.

219
00:11:32,500 --> 00:11:40,766
{\an8}♪♪

220
00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:43,933
{\an1}-When it comes to the human
reproductive system...

221
00:11:43,966 --> 00:11:46,700
{\an8}♪♪

222
00:11:46,733 --> 00:11:49,100
{\an1}...it's a tale of two extremes.

223
00:11:49,133 --> 00:11:52,066
{\an1}Males produce sperm,
the smallest cell,

224
00:11:52,100 --> 00:11:57,033
{\an1}while females produce eggs, the
largest cell in the human body.

225
00:11:57,066 --> 00:12:00,866
{\an8}♪♪

226
00:12:00,900 --> 00:12:02,666
{\an1}-The structure of the egg
is actually fascinating,

227
00:12:02,700 --> 00:12:04,966
{\an7}because it's the only cell
in the human body

228
00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:07,400
{\an7}that we can visualize
with the naked eye.

229
00:12:07,433 --> 00:12:12,066
{\an1}The egg is about the size
of the tip of a pencil.

230
00:12:12,100 --> 00:12:14,133
{\an8}♪♪

231
00:12:14,166 --> 00:12:15,933
{\an1}-When a baby girl is born,

232
00:12:15,966 --> 00:12:20,866
{\an1}her ovaries already contain all
the eggs she will ever produce,

233
00:12:20,900 --> 00:12:22,633
{\an1}somewhere around a million.

234
00:12:22,666 --> 00:12:26,366
{\an1}By the time she hits puberty,
a fraction will remain.

235
00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:29,566
{\an1}Of those, only about 400 eggs
will mature

236
00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:32,800
{\an1}and have even the slightest
chance of being fertilized.

237
00:12:32,833 --> 00:12:34,666
{\an1}A male, on the other hand,

238
00:12:34,700 --> 00:12:40,133
{\an1}produces exponentially
more sperm.

239
00:12:40,166 --> 00:12:42,600
{\an1}-In a lifetime, men will create

240
00:12:42,633 --> 00:12:47,133
{\an1}525 billion sperm.

241
00:12:47,166 --> 00:12:51,166
{\an1}Each second, they are creating
about 1,500 sperm.

242
00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:52,733
{\an1}It's a fascinating number

243
00:12:52,766 --> 00:12:56,266
{\an1}and means a lot of disposable
sperm that we don't use.

244
00:12:56,300 --> 00:12:59,200
{\an8}♪♪

245
00:12:59,233 --> 00:13:02,600
{\an1}-A sperm is a blob of DNA
with a tail --

246
00:13:02,633 --> 00:13:07,033
{\an1}not nearly as complicated
as the egg.

247
00:13:07,066 --> 00:13:12,233
Each ejaculate
has about 200 million sperm.

248
00:13:12,266 --> 00:13:16,000
{\an1}Most of them never even make it
close to the egg

249
00:13:16,033 --> 00:13:18,100
{\an1}because they're most of them
are losers.

250
00:13:18,133 --> 00:13:19,900
{\an1}They swim the wrong way.

251
00:13:19,933 --> 00:13:22,233
They dawdle.

252
00:13:22,266 --> 00:13:25,100
{\an1}It's a pretty tortuous journey

253
00:13:25,133 --> 00:13:28,700
{\an1}to get to the egg.

254
00:13:28,733 --> 00:13:33,633
{\an1}-Completing that journey
takes speed and stamina.

255
00:13:33,666 --> 00:13:35,600
{\an1}Recently, researchers discovered

256
00:13:35,633 --> 00:13:38,666
{\an1}that sperm don't actually
move their tales back and forth

257
00:13:38,700 --> 00:13:41,300
like eels,
as was commonly thought.

258
00:13:41,333 --> 00:13:43,833
{\an1}Instead, they found
that sperm actually move

259
00:13:43,866 --> 00:13:45,900
{\an1}more like playful otters,

260
00:13:45,933 --> 00:13:49,866
{\an1}spiraling in a corkscrew motion
in search of an egg.

261
00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:51,700
{\an1}-The fascinating part
about the sperm is that

262
00:13:51,733 --> 00:13:54,966
{\an1}when a boy or a girl embryo
are created,

263
00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:57,900
{\an1}it is because of the difference
between sperm.

264
00:13:57,933 --> 00:14:01,333
{\an1}One theory is male sperm
swim faster,

265
00:14:01,366 --> 00:14:02,700
so they will get
to the egg faster,

266
00:14:02,733 --> 00:14:06,300
{\an1}but they die sooner,
whereas female sperm swim slower

267
00:14:06,333 --> 00:14:09,700
{\an1}and are more persistent.
They will actually last longer.

268
00:14:09,733 --> 00:14:11,700
{\an8}♪♪

269
00:14:11,733 --> 00:14:15,500
{\an1}-While the baby's gender may not
be in the mother's control,

270
00:14:15,533 --> 00:14:18,800
{\an1}the choices she makes day to day
during her pregnancy

271
00:14:18,833 --> 00:14:23,733
{\an1}will have a profound effect
on her baby for its entire life.

272
00:14:23,766 --> 00:14:27,033
{\an8}♪♪

273
00:14:27,066 --> 00:14:29,966
{\an1}From what she eats
to how much she moves,

274
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:32,033
{\an1}doctors are discovering
new insights

275
00:14:32,066 --> 00:14:36,733
{\an1}into how nearly every decision
has lasting impacts.

276
00:14:36,766 --> 00:14:42,600
{\an8}♪♪

277
00:14:42,633 --> 00:14:48,466
{\an8}♪♪

278
00:14:48,500 --> 00:14:51,233
{\an1}-Previously, I wasn't really
ready to have a kid

279
00:14:51,266 --> 00:14:52,500
{\an1}because of the idea

280
00:14:52,533 --> 00:14:55,800
{\an1}that I had to stop
everything that I was doing

281
00:14:55,833 --> 00:14:59,066
or everything
that I thought was me.

282
00:14:59,100 --> 00:15:02,700
{\an1}When I heard stories
of very powerful ladies, like,

283
00:15:02,733 --> 00:15:07,666
{\an1}who were pregnant still dancing,
I think it changed everything.

284
00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:10,900
{\an8}♪♪

285
00:15:10,933 --> 00:15:12,400
{\an1}My name is Jacqueline.

286
00:15:12,433 --> 00:15:14,700
{\an7}Most people call me Jacq.

287
00:15:14,733 --> 00:15:18,633
{\an8}I'm 31 this year.

288
00:15:18,666 --> 00:15:21,333
I'm a dancer,

289
00:15:21,366 --> 00:15:25,200
{\an1}a dance instructor in Singapore.

290
00:15:25,233 --> 00:15:27,200
{\an8}♪♪

291
00:15:27,233 --> 00:15:31,133
{\an1}The fact that I can be pregnant
and still dance,

292
00:15:31,166 --> 00:15:33,266
{\an1}it's like a dream to me.

293
00:15:33,300 --> 00:15:36,666
{\an8}♪♪

294
00:15:38,633 --> 00:15:41,066
{\an1}-Well, how is the pregnancy
going on now?

295
00:15:41,100 --> 00:15:42,900
-Now? Great!

296
00:15:45,233 --> 00:15:48,666
{\an1}-So, we are seeing the baby now.

297
00:15:48,700 --> 00:15:49,800
{\an1}So this is the hand.

298
00:15:49,833 --> 00:15:51,466
{\an1}You see the fingers
just wave at us?

299
00:15:51,500 --> 00:15:52,900
-Oh, my God.
-Do you see that?

300
00:15:52,933 --> 00:15:54,500
-Wow!
-That's the fingers

301
00:15:54,533 --> 00:15:58,000
{\an1}that was just waving at us.

302
00:15:58,033 --> 00:16:01,700
{\an1}-Jacqueline is nearing the
halfway point in her pregnancy.

303
00:16:01,733 --> 00:16:05,966
{\an1}During the second trimester,
her baby will triple in size,

304
00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:09,833
{\an1}and unique features will emerge,
from the pattern of its hair

305
00:16:09,866 --> 00:16:15,166
{\an1}to its individual footprints
and fingerprints.

306
00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:16,933
{\an1}-In the second trimester
of pregnancy, the baby

307
00:16:16,966 --> 00:16:21,100
{\an1}will go from being
about 2 1/2 to 3 centimeters

308
00:16:21,133 --> 00:16:25,333
{\an1}and grow almost up
to several inches.

309
00:16:25,366 --> 00:16:27,600
{\an1}-Though Jacqueline's baby
will grow rapidly

310
00:16:27,633 --> 00:16:30,900
{\an1}in the next few weeks,
its most impressive growth spurt

311
00:16:30,933 --> 00:16:33,966
{\an1}happened at the start
of her pregnancy.

312
00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:35,566
{\an1}If that pace continued,

313
00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:40,500
{\an1}her baby would weigh
3,000 pounds at birth.

314
00:16:40,533 --> 00:16:44,433
{\an7}-It's an extraordinary fact
that at one point, each of us

315
00:16:44,466 --> 00:16:48,900
{\an8}as people
were only one cell big.

316
00:16:48,933 --> 00:16:52,133
{\an1}Those cells divided in two
and four and eight

317
00:16:52,166 --> 00:16:56,800
{\an1}and then started to specialize
as we developed as humans.

318
00:16:56,833 --> 00:16:59,633
{\an1}Cells can collaborate
with one another

319
00:16:59,666 --> 00:17:05,066
{\an1}to create very complex beings
like who we are as humans.

320
00:17:05,100 --> 00:17:10,066
{\an1}They're really the unsung heroes
of the body.

321
00:17:10,100 --> 00:17:13,833
{\an1}-So, you can see that the baby
is in the amniotic sac.

322
00:17:13,866 --> 00:17:16,000
{\an1}This is the placenta.

323
00:17:16,033 --> 00:17:17,933
{\an1}The baby is taking nutrients

324
00:17:17,966 --> 00:17:20,433
{\an1}through the absorption
of the placenta.

325
00:17:20,466 --> 00:17:23,300
{\an8}♪♪

326
00:17:23,333 --> 00:17:25,966
{\an1}-The placenta is an organ
that allowed us

327
00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:28,800
to grow offspring
within our bodies

328
00:17:28,833 --> 00:17:32,033
{\an1}to a much greater level
of development

329
00:17:32,066 --> 00:17:36,566
than what you see
in other mammals.

330
00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:39,133
{\an1}What this means is that
the offspring's protected

331
00:17:39,166 --> 00:17:41,100
{\an1}for a longer period of time,
and it's also

332
00:17:41,133 --> 00:17:44,566
{\an1}sort of efficiently nourished
and maintained,

333
00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:46,400
and it's buffered
from the outside world

334
00:17:46,433 --> 00:17:49,900
{\an1}to a certain extent by the mom.

335
00:17:49,933 --> 00:17:52,966
{\an1}This is clearly a strategy
that became quite successful,

336
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:56,566
{\an1}because in most areas
of the world, placental mammals

337
00:17:56,600 --> 00:18:00,766
have seemingly
out-competed marsupials.

338
00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:04,100
-The placenta
is a fascinating organ.

339
00:18:04,133 --> 00:18:07,866
{\an7}It's the only temporary organ
we have in the human body.

340
00:18:07,900 --> 00:18:09,866
{\an8}♪♪

341
00:18:09,900 --> 00:18:13,533
{\an1}The placenta allows for the
formation of the umbilical cord.

342
00:18:13,566 --> 00:18:16,666
{\an8}♪♪

343
00:18:16,700 --> 00:18:18,600
{\an1}Baby's able to get oxygen
from Mom

344
00:18:18,633 --> 00:18:21,300
{\an1}and get rid of waste
and carbon dioxide

345
00:18:21,333 --> 00:18:23,133
all because of
the umbilical cord.

346
00:18:23,166 --> 00:18:26,066
It's almost like
the amniotic scuba gear.

347
00:18:26,100 --> 00:18:28,166
{\an8}♪♪

348
00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:29,633
{\an1}-But that's not all.

349
00:18:29,666 --> 00:18:32,033
{\an1}The placenta serves
as a critical buffer

350
00:18:32,066 --> 00:18:34,466
{\an1}between Mom and fetus.

351
00:18:34,500 --> 00:18:37,166
{\an8}♪♪

352
00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:40,166
{\an1}If Jacqueline's blood
were to mix with her baby's,

353
00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:43,366
{\an1}her body would attack it
as an outside invader.

354
00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:45,266
{\an1}But inside the placenta,

355
00:18:45,300 --> 00:18:48,333
{\an1}a microscopically thin
barrier of cells

356
00:18:48,366 --> 00:18:51,300
separates the two
blood supplies.

357
00:18:53,433 --> 00:18:57,633
{\an1}-Okay, so we can see that some
of the features are growing.

358
00:18:57,666 --> 00:18:59,366
{\an1}Can you see the eyes?

359
00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:00,766
-Mm-hmm.
-Oh.

360
00:19:00,800 --> 00:19:05,000
{\an1}-Eyes are growing here.
That's the nose.

361
00:19:05,033 --> 00:19:07,866
{\an8}♪♪

362
00:19:07,900 --> 00:19:10,033
{\an1}The baby is really active.
Can you see that?

363
00:19:10,066 --> 00:19:12,700
{\an1}-Yeah, oh, my God.
-The legs are kicking.

364
00:19:12,733 --> 00:19:14,333
{\an1}Did you drink coffee today?
[ Laughs ]

365
00:19:14,366 --> 00:19:15,366
-No.
-You didn't?

366
00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:16,766
{\an1}-Not touched coffee.

367
00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:19,633
{\an1}-Not touched coffee, okay.
-...at all since I found out.

368
00:19:19,666 --> 00:19:24,833
{\an1}-Since the last time
we've seen the baby...

369
00:19:24,866 --> 00:19:27,900
{\an1}-Moms are often advised
to reduce caffeine intake

370
00:19:27,933 --> 00:19:31,466
{\an1}during pregnancy, because
it passes through the placenta

371
00:19:31,500 --> 00:19:34,533
{\an1}and can cause the baby's heart
to beat even faster.

372
00:19:34,566 --> 00:19:36,533
{\an8}♪♪

373
00:19:36,566 --> 00:19:39,500
{\an1}Though smaller than a thumbnail,
the fetal heart

374
00:19:39,533 --> 00:19:42,200
{\an1}beats twice as fast
as the average adult heart,

375
00:19:42,233 --> 00:19:45,833
{\an1}pumping an astonishing
100 pints of blood per day.

376
00:19:45,866 --> 00:19:47,766
-So, let's listen
to the heartbeat.

377
00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:50,033
{\an1}This is the classical moment.

378
00:19:50,066 --> 00:19:52,300
[ Heartbeat ]

379
00:19:59,433 --> 00:20:01,433
{\an1}So, the heartbeat is about 150.

380
00:20:01,466 --> 00:20:03,000
-That's higher
than the last time.

381
00:20:03,033 --> 00:20:05,266
{\an1}-Yeah, the heartbeat
is very strong.

382
00:20:05,300 --> 00:20:08,866
{\an8}♪♪

383
00:20:08,900 --> 00:20:11,433
{\an1}-For expectant parents,
few things in life

384
00:20:11,466 --> 00:20:14,666
{\an1}top hearing your baby's
heartbeat for the first time.

385
00:20:14,700 --> 00:20:17,100
{\an1}That rush of excitement
may even help

386
00:20:17,133 --> 00:20:19,333
make up for
some of the side effects

387
00:20:19,366 --> 00:20:22,066
{\an1}Jacqueline and others experience
during pregnancy.

388
00:20:22,100 --> 00:20:27,466
{\an1}From nausea and swollen ankles
to bloating and constipation,

389
00:20:27,500 --> 00:20:30,633
carrying a baby
isn't always a picnic.

390
00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:36,000
{\an8}-[ Laughs ]

391
00:20:38,433 --> 00:20:39,966
Do you find
that there's any changes

392
00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:42,033
{\an1}to your taste buds
at this moment?

393
00:20:42,066 --> 00:20:43,466
-Lemon.
-Oh.

394
00:20:43,500 --> 00:20:45,666
{\an1}-Yeah, lemon just makes me puke.

395
00:20:45,700 --> 00:20:47,233
-I see. I see.
-Yeah, I don't know why.

396
00:20:47,266 --> 00:20:50,666
{\an1}-You used to like lemon
when you were not pregnant.

397
00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:52,366
{\an1}-I like sour taste.

398
00:20:52,400 --> 00:20:54,566
{\an1}Like, really sour,
I love it, yeah.

399
00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:57,866
{\an1}So I was quite shocked.

400
00:20:57,900 --> 00:21:03,233
{\an1}-Changing taste buds is a common
side effect of pregnancy.

401
00:21:03,266 --> 00:21:06,600
{\an1}Medically, the condition
is known as dysgeusia.

402
00:21:06,633 --> 00:21:09,866
{\an1}While the cause of dysgeusia
is not fully understood,

403
00:21:09,900 --> 00:21:14,233
{\an1}rising hormone levels
are often blamed.

404
00:21:14,266 --> 00:21:18,833
{\an1}-I'm Chinese, so I love
Chinese spicy food.

405
00:21:18,866 --> 00:21:21,433
{\an1}It's like my best friend.
[ Chuckles ]

406
00:21:21,466 --> 00:21:25,266
{\an1}Cheers me up when I'm down.

407
00:21:25,300 --> 00:21:30,500
{\an1}Compared to before, I don't eat
spicy food as often,

408
00:21:30,533 --> 00:21:33,500
{\an1}'cause it also causes
some discomfort, like bloating,

409
00:21:33,533 --> 00:21:36,233
{\an1}you know, especially
in the first trimester.

410
00:21:36,266 --> 00:21:41,233
Not sure
what my baby's tasting inside.

411
00:21:41,266 --> 00:21:43,866
{\an1}If my baby could taste
everything that I ate,

412
00:21:43,900 --> 00:21:46,200
{\an1}it would be quite a ride.
[ Chuckles ]

413
00:21:46,233 --> 00:21:48,666
{\an8}♪♪

414
00:21:48,700 --> 00:21:50,366
{\an1}-At this point, we really
want to make sure

415
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:52,966
{\an1}that Mom is maintaining
her nutrition

416
00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:55,166
{\an1}and her ability to rest,

417
00:21:55,200 --> 00:21:57,200
{\an1}because the placenta needs
to be able to continue

418
00:21:57,233 --> 00:21:59,466
{\an1}to give oxygen to the baby.

419
00:21:59,500 --> 00:22:01,500
{\an1}[ Indistinct conversation ]

420
00:22:01,533 --> 00:22:04,000
{\an1}We know that the baby's
five senses

421
00:22:04,033 --> 00:22:07,366
{\an1}have been really starting
to be honed, especially taste.

422
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:09,566
{\an1}-Yeah, everybody's like,
"I think it's a boy,"

423
00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:10,766
{\an1}but I want a girl.

424
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:13,900
{\an1}-You have an idea.

425
00:22:13,933 --> 00:22:15,933
{\an1}-What a pregnant woman
eats and drinks

426
00:22:15,966 --> 00:22:19,266
{\an1}not only provides nourishment,
it may also influence

427
00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:22,300
{\an1}her child's food preferences
later in life.

428
00:22:22,333 --> 00:22:26,933
{\an8}♪♪

429
00:22:26,966 --> 00:22:29,666
{\an1}A baby develops taste buds
in utero

430
00:22:29,700 --> 00:22:34,200
{\an1}as it gulps down a yellowish
liquid called amniotic fluid.

431
00:22:34,233 --> 00:22:36,700
{\an1}Think of it as a kind of
"first food" --

432
00:22:36,733 --> 00:22:38,933
{\an1}a complex mixture of chemicals

433
00:22:38,966 --> 00:22:42,100
shown to contain
both tastes and smells.

434
00:22:42,133 --> 00:22:44,100
{\an8}♪♪

435
00:22:44,133 --> 00:22:46,500
{\an1}-They've done studies
with amniotic fluid

436
00:22:46,533 --> 00:22:48,200
{\an1}where they had women
eat certain foods

437
00:22:48,233 --> 00:22:50,000
{\an1}that were considered to be
a little bit more potent

438
00:22:50,033 --> 00:22:51,600
like garlic,

439
00:22:51,633 --> 00:22:54,166
{\an1}and when they did smell tests,
they noticed that people

440
00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:58,033
{\an1}were able to recognize the smell
of flavors like garlic.

441
00:22:58,066 --> 00:23:00,266
{\an8}♪♪

442
00:23:00,300 --> 00:23:02,700
{\an1}-But it's not only
Jacqueline's daily diet

443
00:23:02,733 --> 00:23:05,233
{\an1}that directly impacts her fetus.

444
00:23:05,266 --> 00:23:07,500
{\an8}♪♪

445
00:23:07,533 --> 00:23:10,200
Research shows
how much she moves

446
00:23:10,233 --> 00:23:13,033
{\an1}can be just as influential.

447
00:23:13,066 --> 00:23:17,233
{\an1}-I've been dancing
since I was 9 years old.

448
00:23:17,266 --> 00:23:19,700
{\an1}But of course, during pregnancy,

449
00:23:19,733 --> 00:23:23,833
{\an1}I kind of have to buffer
that explosiveness.

450
00:23:23,866 --> 00:23:25,833
{\an8}♪♪

451
00:23:25,866 --> 00:23:30,300
{\an1}I would like to think
that every time when I move,

452
00:23:30,333 --> 00:23:32,500
{\an1}the baby is moving, as well.

453
00:23:32,533 --> 00:23:34,500
{\an8}♪♪

454
00:23:34,533 --> 00:23:37,100
{\an1}Sometimes when I feel something
in my womb,

455
00:23:37,133 --> 00:23:40,666
I don't know
if it's actually the baby.

456
00:23:40,700 --> 00:23:43,500
{\an8}♪♪

457
00:23:43,533 --> 00:23:45,933
{\an1}-Most women won't start
feeling their babies move

458
00:23:45,966 --> 00:23:49,866
{\an1}until around the 16th week
of their pregnancy.

459
00:23:49,900 --> 00:23:52,533
These flutters
are called quickening.

460
00:23:52,566 --> 00:23:55,533
{\an1}That motion is critical
to its development.

461
00:23:55,566 --> 00:23:58,033
{\an1}Leg movement during
the embryonic stage

462
00:23:58,066 --> 00:23:59,966
{\an1}helps certain cells know

463
00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:04,733
{\an1}if they're to become
bone or cartilage.

464
00:24:04,766 --> 00:24:06,800
{\an1}-At our studio and company here,

465
00:24:06,833 --> 00:24:10,733
{\an1}this is the first time
that somebody is pregnant.

466
00:24:10,766 --> 00:24:12,966
{\an1}So we're all getting used to

467
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:16,600
{\an1}having a pregnant woman
in the studio.

468
00:24:16,633 --> 00:24:19,066
In Singapore,
it's not that common,

469
00:24:19,100 --> 00:24:24,366
{\an1}people that are pregnant
being still active.

470
00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:28,466
{\an1}Everybody is, like,
really careful with me.

471
00:24:28,500 --> 00:24:30,633
{\an1}If I slip just a little,
everybody's like,

472
00:24:30,666 --> 00:24:33,266
{\an1}"Take it easy. Rest."

473
00:24:33,300 --> 00:24:37,600
{\an1}I secretly feel like
the baby enjoys movement.

474
00:24:37,633 --> 00:24:42,666
{\an8}♪♪

475
00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:44,266
{\an1}-It's not just Mom's behavior

476
00:24:44,300 --> 00:24:48,800
{\an1}that so influences the health
of an unborn baby.

477
00:24:48,833 --> 00:24:51,766
From what we eat
to the stress we feel,

478
00:24:51,800 --> 00:24:52,900
science shows us

479
00:24:52,933 --> 00:24:55,433
{\an1}that the life experience
of even the grandparents

480
00:24:55,466 --> 00:24:59,533
{\an1}affect their offspring all the
way down to the cellular level.

481
00:24:59,566 --> 00:25:02,366
{\an8}♪♪

482
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:05,100
{\an1}We're talking about epigenetics.

483
00:25:05,133 --> 00:25:09,100
{\an1}-Epigenetics is essentially the
genetics that we are born with

484
00:25:09,133 --> 00:25:11,300
{\an1}but the environment
changing them --

485
00:25:11,333 --> 00:25:13,866
{\an1}meaning if you took
the exact same embryo,

486
00:25:13,900 --> 00:25:17,300
{\an1}a twin embryo that had
the same egg and sperm genetics,

487
00:25:17,333 --> 00:25:21,000
{\an1}and you implanted it
into two different woman's uteri

488
00:25:21,033 --> 00:25:23,600
{\an1}or one woman at two different
times of her life,

489
00:25:23,633 --> 00:25:25,533
the expression
or the epigenetics

490
00:25:25,566 --> 00:25:27,500
{\an1}of that particular embryo
would alter

491
00:25:27,533 --> 00:25:29,466
based on so many
different aspects

492
00:25:29,500 --> 00:25:34,166
{\an1}that we can't even
completely account for anymore.

493
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:35,666
{\an1}-Think about smoking.

494
00:25:35,700 --> 00:25:39,500
{\an1}A woman who smokes is not only
affecting her own health,

495
00:25:39,533 --> 00:25:42,066
{\an8}she is affecting
her unborn child

496
00:25:42,100 --> 00:25:44,966
{\an7}and her unborn grandchildren,
because of the effect

497
00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:47,100
{\an8}of the smoking
on the reproductive cells,

498
00:25:47,133 --> 00:25:48,833
{\an1}not just on the fetus,

499
00:25:48,866 --> 00:25:52,800
but on the fetal
reproductive cells.

500
00:25:52,833 --> 00:25:56,733
{\an1}That's an epigenetic phenomena
that's three generations deep.

501
00:25:56,766 --> 00:25:59,933
{\an8}♪♪

502
00:25:59,966 --> 00:26:04,066
{\an1}-From lifestyle choices
to environmental factors,

503
00:26:04,100 --> 00:26:06,833
{\an1}epigenetic changes passed down
through generations

504
00:26:06,866 --> 00:26:09,900
{\an1}are shown to affect
the fetal reproductive cells

505
00:26:09,933 --> 00:26:11,833
{\an1}of females and males.

506
00:26:11,866 --> 00:26:14,733
{\an8}♪♪

507
00:26:14,766 --> 00:26:16,433
{\an1}Researchers are now zeroing in

508
00:26:16,466 --> 00:26:18,833
{\an1}on whether this type
of epigenetic inheritance

509
00:26:18,866 --> 00:26:22,366
{\an1}may be to blame for a rise
in infertility rates,

510
00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:24,300
{\an1}particularly among men.

511
00:26:24,333 --> 00:26:28,966
{\an8}♪♪

512
00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:31,966
{\an7}It's estimated that as many
as one in seven couples

513
00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:35,333
{\an7}trying to get pregnant
experience infertility.

514
00:26:35,366 --> 00:26:37,766
{\an8}♪♪

515
00:26:37,800 --> 00:26:41,366
{\an1}-Seeing Levi as a result
of the trials and tribulations

516
00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:45,400
{\an1}that we've been through trying
to bring him into this world,

517
00:26:45,433 --> 00:26:47,400
it's amazing.

518
00:26:47,433 --> 00:26:48,633
{\an1}It's inexplicable,

519
00:26:48,666 --> 00:26:53,100
{\an1}because this is everything
you've ever wanted.

520
00:26:53,133 --> 00:26:54,800
{\an7}My name is Jenny Pierre,

521
00:26:54,833 --> 00:26:58,833
{\an7}I am a wife, a mother of one,

522
00:26:58,866 --> 00:27:02,266
{\an1}and soon to be two.

523
00:27:02,300 --> 00:27:05,833
{\an1}When you're young, you don't
really think about children.

524
00:27:05,866 --> 00:27:06,966
Good job.

525
00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:09,100
{\an1}But when I met my husband,
it was like,

526
00:27:09,133 --> 00:27:13,200
{\an1}"Oh, my God. I'm so in love,
I want to see what we can make."

527
00:27:13,233 --> 00:27:16,133
{\an1}It was just a no-brainer that,
okay, once we start trying,

528
00:27:16,166 --> 00:27:18,066
{\an1}you know, as soon as
I'm off birth control,

529
00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:19,333
{\an1}we're going to get into it,

530
00:27:19,366 --> 00:27:21,666
{\an1}and, boom, it's gonna happen
like in two seconds.

531
00:27:21,700 --> 00:27:23,633
Good job, Levi.

532
00:27:23,666 --> 00:27:26,500
{\an1}Nope. That was not
the case for us.

533
00:27:26,533 --> 00:27:28,833
{\an8}♪♪

534
00:27:28,866 --> 00:27:32,000
{\an1}-Birthing as a metaphor to me
is an example

535
00:27:32,033 --> 00:27:35,400
{\an1}of what life really is like
for everyone.

536
00:27:35,433 --> 00:27:37,900
I tell patients
throughout the entire process,

537
00:27:37,933 --> 00:27:39,533
{\an1}"We cannot control
what's going to happen,

538
00:27:39,566 --> 00:27:42,566
{\an1}but if the end result
gives us the yield that we want,

539
00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:44,666
{\an1}which is a happy, healthy
mother and baby,

540
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:45,700
{\an1}then it's worth everything,"

541
00:27:45,733 --> 00:27:49,133
which is exactly
how I would view life.

542
00:27:49,166 --> 00:27:51,833
{\an8}♪♪

543
00:27:51,866 --> 00:27:55,366
{\an1}-We made the decision
to start trying in 2015.

544
00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:57,566
{\an1}After six months, you're looking
at each other like,

545
00:27:57,600 --> 00:27:59,000
{\an1}"Uh, what is going on?

546
00:27:59,033 --> 00:28:01,600
{\an1}Why are we not, you know,
getting pregnant?

547
00:28:01,633 --> 00:28:04,200
{\an1}Let's go see someone."

548
00:28:04,233 --> 00:28:06,300
{\an1}I knew from the start --
I was told by my doctor --

549
00:28:06,333 --> 00:28:08,900
{\an1}that I had about two
to three fibroids.

550
00:28:08,933 --> 00:28:12,000
{\an1}And she was like, "It's not
anything you need to worry about

551
00:28:12,033 --> 00:28:14,033
{\an1}until it becomes a problem."

552
00:28:14,066 --> 00:28:17,466
{\an8}♪♪

553
00:28:17,500 --> 00:28:20,466
{\an1}-Fibroids, like Jenny's,
are non-cancerous tumors

554
00:28:20,500 --> 00:28:24,300
that grow inside
and outside the uterine walls.

555
00:28:24,333 --> 00:28:27,600
{\an1}They're made of muscle
and fibrous tissue.

556
00:28:27,633 --> 00:28:30,600
{\an1}No one knows exactly why
fibroids occur.

557
00:28:30,633 --> 00:28:32,600
{\an8}♪♪

558
00:28:32,633 --> 00:28:35,133
{\an1}But it's estimated
that up to 80% of women

559
00:28:35,166 --> 00:28:36,666
{\an1}are affected by them.

560
00:28:36,700 --> 00:28:41,700
{\an1}That's 26 million people
in the US alone.

561
00:28:41,733 --> 00:28:45,266
In Jenny's case,
she had 15 fibroids removed,

562
00:28:45,300 --> 00:28:49,133
{\an1}one the size of a tennis ball.

563
00:28:49,166 --> 00:28:52,500
{\an1}-We thought my fibroids
was the big hoopla,

564
00:28:52,533 --> 00:28:53,800
{\an1}like, the big to-do.

565
00:28:53,833 --> 00:28:55,733
{\an1}But Paul gets a sperm analysis,

566
00:28:55,766 --> 00:28:58,433
{\an1}and he has a low sperm count.

567
00:28:58,466 --> 00:29:01,000
{\an8}♪♪

568
00:29:01,033 --> 00:29:03,066
{\an1}-I was really surprised
and couldn't believe it.

569
00:29:03,100 --> 00:29:05,400
{\an8}Come to find out
that I had, what, var--

570
00:29:05,433 --> 00:29:07,366
{\an8}-Varicocele.
-Varicocele.

571
00:29:07,400 --> 00:29:11,000
{\an8}♪♪

572
00:29:11,033 --> 00:29:14,800
{\an1}-Infertility is actually
a really big issue nowadays.

573
00:29:14,833 --> 00:29:16,966
{\an1}1/3 of infertility
within couples

574
00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:18,500
{\an1}will be because of the man,

575
00:29:18,533 --> 00:29:20,966
1/3 will be
because of the woman,

576
00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:24,366
{\an1}and 1/3 will be unexplained.

577
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:27,366
{\an1}In the man, there can be issues
with the number of sperm

578
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:29,200
{\an1}or with the structure
of the sperm.

579
00:29:29,233 --> 00:29:31,233
{\an1}This can be due to things
that are anatomical,

580
00:29:31,266 --> 00:29:35,433
like something
called a varicocele.

581
00:29:35,466 --> 00:29:38,333
{\an1}-Varicocele is a condition
in which one testicle,

582
00:29:38,366 --> 00:29:43,266
{\an1}often the left, is enlarged
due to issues with blood supply.

583
00:29:43,300 --> 00:29:45,333
It's kind of like
a varicose vein

584
00:29:45,366 --> 00:29:49,900
{\an1}and affects sperm formation,
movement, and function.

585
00:29:49,933 --> 00:29:52,066
{\an1}Paul was able to have
the problem corrected

586
00:29:52,100 --> 00:29:53,500
through surgery.

587
00:29:53,533 --> 00:29:56,866
{\an1}He also took medication
to boost his testosterone levels

588
00:29:56,900 --> 00:29:59,333
{\an1}and jump-start sperm production.

589
00:29:59,366 --> 00:30:01,366
-So, now what?

590
00:30:01,400 --> 00:30:05,100
{\an1}My doctor said, "Until we
run out of resources or options,

591
00:30:05,133 --> 00:30:06,300
{\an1}we're going to keep going."

592
00:30:06,333 --> 00:30:07,933
{\an1}We called our doctor.

593
00:30:07,966 --> 00:30:11,633
{\an1}"Hey, we've decided that we want
to go straight to IVF."

594
00:30:11,666 --> 00:30:13,200
{\an1}-In vitro fertilization

595
00:30:13,233 --> 00:30:16,933
is an amazing
scientific-technological entity

596
00:30:16,966 --> 00:30:21,833
{\an1}that now doctors are being able
to perform all the time.

597
00:30:21,866 --> 00:30:24,900
{\an1}Essentially, they will give
the woman a lot of hormones

598
00:30:24,933 --> 00:30:28,200
{\an1}that are typically injected,
a hormone called FSH,

599
00:30:28,233 --> 00:30:30,600
{\an1}follicle-stimulating hormone,
predominantly.

600
00:30:30,633 --> 00:30:34,366
{\an1}This will stimulate the woman's
ovary to release many eggs.

601
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:37,900
{\an8}♪♪

602
00:30:37,933 --> 00:30:39,033
{\an1}-I-I don't want to say
it was scary,

603
00:30:39,066 --> 00:30:41,266
but, you know,
you go to the doctor,

604
00:30:41,300 --> 00:30:43,433
{\an1}and you come back home
with all these prescriptions.

605
00:30:43,466 --> 00:30:45,733
{\an1}And next thing you know,
you get this box,

606
00:30:45,766 --> 00:30:48,866
{\an1}you know, arrives at your house
filled with needles.

607
00:30:48,900 --> 00:30:52,566
{\an1}My hands were, like, you know,
sweating and shaky.

608
00:30:52,600 --> 00:30:54,900
{\an1}-I think it was like 3
in the morning and 3 at night,

609
00:30:54,933 --> 00:30:56,200
and it was just,
like, back to back,

610
00:30:56,233 --> 00:30:57,900
{\an1}back to back, back to back.

611
00:30:57,933 --> 00:31:00,233
-Lot of shots.
-A lot of shots.

612
00:31:00,266 --> 00:31:02,833
-Lot of shots.

613
00:31:02,866 --> 00:31:05,600
{\an1}-Under ultrasound guidance,
through her vagina,

614
00:31:05,633 --> 00:31:08,066
{\an1}they will actually
extract the eggs,

615
00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:11,133
{\an1}and then the lab technicians
who have the sperm available,

616
00:31:11,166 --> 00:31:12,333
{\an1}the egg and the sperm,

617
00:31:12,366 --> 00:31:16,200
{\an1}then create the embryo
within the lab.

618
00:31:16,233 --> 00:31:18,466
{\an1}The embryo can either be frozen

619
00:31:18,500 --> 00:31:21,066
{\an1}or can then be placed
back into the woman's uterus

620
00:31:21,100 --> 00:31:24,133
{\an1}to implant and create
a healthy pregnancy.

621
00:31:24,166 --> 00:31:28,333
{\an8}♪♪

622
00:31:28,366 --> 00:31:30,533
-Good morning!

623
00:31:30,566 --> 00:31:34,533
We are on our way
to get pregnant.

624
00:31:34,566 --> 00:31:36,633
{\an1}[ Chuckling ] Baby?

625
00:31:36,666 --> 00:31:39,166
{\an1}Whether you're a boy or a girl,

626
00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:41,633
we will love you
unconditionally.

627
00:31:41,666 --> 00:31:44,666
The moment that
they transferred the embryo,

628
00:31:44,700 --> 00:31:47,500
{\an1}you have to wait two weeks
in order to know

629
00:31:47,533 --> 00:31:51,166
{\an1}if you have tested positive
for your pregnancy.

630
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:54,266
{\an8}♪♪

631
00:31:54,300 --> 00:31:59,666
{\an1}It's torture for those
two-week timeframe.

632
00:31:59,700 --> 00:32:03,333
{\an1}I went to the doctor,
did a blood test,

633
00:32:03,366 --> 00:32:06,933
{\an1}and she came back.
She was just like, "Listen.

634
00:32:06,966 --> 00:32:09,066
{\an1}You're, like,
<i>pregnant,
pregnant."</i>

635
00:32:09,100 --> 00:32:11,800
We're pregnant!

636
00:32:11,833 --> 00:32:15,000
{\an1}Aah! We're pregnant. Okay, okay,
let me stop hitting myself.

637
00:32:15,033 --> 00:32:16,766
{\an1}[ Breathes deeply ]

638
00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:18,866
{\an1}And we're just over the moon
at this point

639
00:32:18,900 --> 00:32:22,400
and so excited
to just start planning.

640
00:32:22,433 --> 00:32:25,200
{\an1}-Baby-proofing the house
and changing doorknobs.

641
00:32:25,233 --> 00:32:26,400
-I cannot deal.

642
00:32:26,433 --> 00:32:27,933
{\an1}And they always tell you
not to get too excited,

643
00:32:27,966 --> 00:32:30,633
{\an1}because you're not
at the 12-week mark.

644
00:32:30,666 --> 00:32:33,966
{\an1}For those 12 weeks,
you become so paranoid in a way.

645
00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:35,966
{\an8}♪♪

646
00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:39,600
{\an1}-Each year that a woman ages,
her chance of getting pregnant

647
00:32:39,633 --> 00:32:41,500
{\an1}does go down a small amount

648
00:32:41,533 --> 00:32:44,166
{\an1}and the chance of a miscarriage
does go up a small amount.

649
00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:47,366
But at no point
does it jump exponentially.

650
00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:49,600
{\an1}The likelihood of a miscarriage

651
00:32:49,633 --> 00:32:51,300
in pregnancies
that we recognize --

652
00:32:51,333 --> 00:32:53,433
{\an1}meaning a woman has
a positive pregnancy test,

653
00:32:53,466 --> 00:32:55,666
{\an1}she's determined to be
pregnant -- is estimated

654
00:32:55,700 --> 00:32:58,633
{\an1}at anywhere from 20% to 25%.

655
00:32:58,666 --> 00:33:01,000
{\an1}So one in about four
or five pregnancies

656
00:33:01,033 --> 00:33:02,666
{\an1}will end in miscarriage.

657
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:05,233
{\an1}That number is probably higher

658
00:33:05,266 --> 00:33:07,200
when you include
a lot of unrecognized

659
00:33:07,233 --> 00:33:09,200
{\an1}or very early pregnancies.

660
00:33:09,233 --> 00:33:12,200
{\an1}So that's estimated to be
potentially as high as 50%

661
00:33:12,233 --> 00:33:14,466
{\an1}of all pregnancies
ending in loss.

662
00:33:14,500 --> 00:33:16,366
Most of the time
when there is a miscarriage,

663
00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:17,666
{\an1}we can comfort the patient

664
00:33:17,700 --> 00:33:20,100
{\an1}by saying it is the chromosomes
that were abnormal

665
00:33:20,133 --> 00:33:21,966
{\an1}and that's not something
that's likely to recur

666
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:25,400
{\an1}in the next pregnancy.

667
00:33:25,433 --> 00:33:27,666
{\an1}-Alright, so, it's been a while
since I've done this.

668
00:33:27,700 --> 00:33:31,800
{\an1}-And I don't remember,
either, so...

669
00:33:31,833 --> 00:33:33,966
{\an1}So, this is not as quick
as I thought it was gonna be,

670
00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:35,500
{\an1}although we have practice.

671
00:33:35,533 --> 00:33:37,766
Nothing is ready!
[ Both chuckle ]

672
00:33:37,800 --> 00:33:40,766
{\an1}-The third trimester,
your anxiety is at 1,000.

673
00:33:40,800 --> 00:33:42,600
{\an1}"How do I get ready
for this baby?"

674
00:33:42,633 --> 00:33:45,966
{\an1}and, "Am I ready for this baby?"

675
00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:49,733
{\an1}-After 26 weeks or so
we consider the third trimester.

676
00:33:49,766 --> 00:33:53,466
{\an1}The baby is growing about
1/2 pound a week at that point

677
00:33:53,500 --> 00:33:57,000
{\an1}until what we consider
the due date.

678
00:33:57,033 --> 00:33:59,966
-The due date
really is an estimate.

679
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:02,800
{\an1}-Look at us. Teamworks.

680
00:34:02,833 --> 00:34:05,466
{\an1}-And those last four weeks
of pregnancy,

681
00:34:05,500 --> 00:34:08,666
{\an1}a lot of that time is just
getting the baby nice and fat

682
00:34:08,700 --> 00:34:11,600
{\an1}and a little extra sturdy
to come out.

683
00:34:11,633 --> 00:34:14,600
{\an1}That's why babies that might be
born like a week early

684
00:34:14,633 --> 00:34:16,900
or a few days
or two weeks early,

685
00:34:16,933 --> 00:34:18,900
{\an1}they might be thinner,
but they're healthy.

686
00:34:18,933 --> 00:34:22,033
{\an1}They're fully developed.

687
00:34:22,066 --> 00:34:23,733
{\an1}-But you felt him move, right?

688
00:34:23,766 --> 00:34:25,333
{\an1}You felt Baby Brother move?

689
00:34:25,366 --> 00:34:28,833
-Yeah.
-Okay, yeah.

690
00:34:28,866 --> 00:34:31,000
{\an1}In my IVF journey,
one of the hardest things

691
00:34:31,033 --> 00:34:36,300
{\an1}was finding someone that looked
like me that I could relate to.

692
00:34:36,333 --> 00:34:40,233
{\an1}I've taken it upon myself
to be the poster child in a way.

693
00:34:40,266 --> 00:34:41,933
{\an1}-Hey, girl! What's going on?

694
00:34:41,966 --> 00:34:43,133
-I am fine.

695
00:34:43,166 --> 00:34:44,766
{\an1}I have so many questions.

696
00:34:44,800 --> 00:34:46,900
{\an1}-[ Sighs ] Where do we start?

697
00:34:46,933 --> 00:34:48,666
{\an7}Today, I have my friend
Elizabeth coming over.

698
00:34:48,700 --> 00:34:51,200
{\an7}She is quite interested
in the IVF journey,

699
00:34:51,233 --> 00:34:53,933
{\an7}and I'm hoping to share
my experience with her.

700
00:34:53,966 --> 00:34:56,100
{\an1}I wanted to see a Black woman
that said,

701
00:34:56,133 --> 00:34:58,000
{\an1}"These are the difficulties
that I'm dealing with."

702
00:34:58,033 --> 00:34:59,266
{\an1}I have a whole protocol sheet

703
00:34:59,300 --> 00:35:01,400
{\an1}for you to look at.
[ Both laugh ]

704
00:35:01,433 --> 00:35:04,700
{\an1}"Hey, guys, white people are not
the only people that do IVF.

705
00:35:04,733 --> 00:35:07,100
{\an1}Asians are not the only ones
that do IVF."

706
00:35:07,133 --> 00:35:10,266
{\an1}Those are the only two faces
that I saw waving the flag

707
00:35:10,300 --> 00:35:13,900
{\an1}and saying, "Hey, guys,
I did IVF, and I'm proud."

708
00:35:13,933 --> 00:35:16,633
{\an1}This takes you through
what your days would look like

709
00:35:16,666 --> 00:35:19,600
{\an1}and how many shots you need
to give yourself per day,

710
00:35:19,633 --> 00:35:23,300
'cause, again,
like I said, it's a lot.

711
00:35:23,333 --> 00:35:25,200
{\an1}When we came out with our story,

712
00:35:25,233 --> 00:35:27,866
the feedback
was just ridiculous.

713
00:35:27,900 --> 00:35:30,233
We, especially
in the Black community,

714
00:35:30,266 --> 00:35:33,033
{\an1}need to stop making it
a taboo subject.

715
00:35:33,066 --> 00:35:36,766
{\an1}Just say, "Hey, guys,
there is no shame in this.

716
00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:38,533
I had fibroids.

717
00:35:38,566 --> 00:35:42,166
{\an1}Hey, my husband had
low sperm count as a Black man."

718
00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:44,000
I'm really hoping
that I encourage

719
00:35:44,033 --> 00:35:47,066
some Black women
or Black families, really.

720
00:35:47,100 --> 00:35:49,100
{\an1}Everything that it took
to get here is worth it.

721
00:35:49,133 --> 00:35:51,200
It's literally --
-Oh, yeah. It's worth it.

722
00:35:51,233 --> 00:35:53,733
{\an1}-Absolutely worth it.
-It's so worth it.

723
00:35:53,766 --> 00:35:55,166
{\an1}-Jenny and Paul are nearing

724
00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:57,433
the finish line
of her pregnancy.

725
00:35:57,466 --> 00:36:00,033
[ Baby crying ]

726
00:36:00,066 --> 00:36:03,233
{\an1}When it's time for her
to give birth, it's her uterus

727
00:36:03,266 --> 00:36:06,866
{\an1}that will be tapped to do
the heavy lifting of labor.

728
00:36:06,900 --> 00:36:09,000
{\an8}♪♪

729
00:36:09,033 --> 00:36:10,433
{\an1}-There's actually controversy

730
00:36:10,466 --> 00:36:15,033
{\an1}about what the strongest muscle
in the body is.

731
00:36:15,066 --> 00:36:17,300
{\an1}Some people will say the jaw
or the tongue,

732
00:36:17,333 --> 00:36:19,966
{\an1}and while they are
incredibly strong,

733
00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:22,300
{\an1}many would argue that those ones
are utilized every day,

734
00:36:22,333 --> 00:36:26,700
{\an1}whereas the uterus
is an amazing muscle and organ,

735
00:36:26,733 --> 00:36:28,133
{\an1}because it's all of a sudden,

736
00:36:28,166 --> 00:36:31,866
{\an1}without being exercised,
asked to change in shape

737
00:36:31,900 --> 00:36:34,666
{\an1}and grow and stretch to several
times its normal size,

738
00:36:34,700 --> 00:36:37,433
{\an1}which no other muscular organ
does in our body.

739
00:36:37,466 --> 00:36:39,333
And then,
without, again, experience,

740
00:36:39,366 --> 00:36:41,966
{\an1}it's asked to contract
several times

741
00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:46,233
{\an1}throughout the course of labor,
asking the cervix then to open.

742
00:36:46,266 --> 00:36:48,333
{\an8}♪♪

743
00:36:48,366 --> 00:36:51,166
{\an1}-The cervix is the muscle
at the bottom of the uterus

744
00:36:51,200 --> 00:36:54,566
{\an1}that acts as a gateway
to the birth canal.

745
00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:58,133
{\an1}Problem is, this passageway
is about an inch too small

746
00:36:58,166 --> 00:36:59,800
{\an1}for a baby's head.

747
00:36:59,833 --> 00:37:03,866
{\an1}So nature came up with
an evolutionary solution.

748
00:37:03,900 --> 00:37:05,866
{\an1}-During labor and delivery,

749
00:37:05,900 --> 00:37:08,800
{\an1}babies are preparing
for this massive Houdini exit

750
00:37:08,833 --> 00:37:14,233
{\an1}from a seemingly small space
going through a cervix.

751
00:37:14,266 --> 00:37:16,700
{\an1}Now, we look at the human skull,
the baby's skull,

752
00:37:16,733 --> 00:37:19,366
{\an1}and sometimes we think
it's one bone,

753
00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:21,033
{\an1}but newborn babies
have a special trick

754
00:37:21,066 --> 00:37:23,333
{\an1}for fitting through
a cervical canal.

755
00:37:23,366 --> 00:37:25,633
{\an1}The bone is actually five bones

756
00:37:25,666 --> 00:37:29,333
{\an1}connected by sutures
or kind of like expansion joints

757
00:37:29,366 --> 00:37:32,000
{\an1}so that that baby's skull
can actually literally smush

758
00:37:32,033 --> 00:37:35,066
{\an1}through a cervical canal.

759
00:37:35,100 --> 00:37:36,433
{\an1}-During the birthing process,

760
00:37:36,466 --> 00:37:38,700
{\an1}the brain actually also
gets squeezed, they realized.

761
00:37:38,733 --> 00:37:41,000
{\an1}And that can actually
alter what happens

762
00:37:41,033 --> 00:37:44,533
{\an1}when the baby is born throughout
the baby's entire lifetime.

763
00:37:44,566 --> 00:37:47,533
{\an1}-It may sound scary, but
the fact that the baby's brain

764
00:37:47,566 --> 00:37:51,766
{\an1}gets squeezed during labor
is actually a good thing.

765
00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:55,300
{\an1}Early research suggests that the
journey through the birth canal

766
00:37:55,333 --> 00:37:57,900
provides a kind
of "healthy stress"

767
00:37:57,933 --> 00:37:59,600
{\an1}that appears to have
a positive effect

768
00:37:59,633 --> 00:38:03,633
{\an1}on how certain genes
behave down the road.

769
00:38:03,666 --> 00:38:07,866
{\an1}These genes are linked to immune
responses, weight control,

770
00:38:07,900 --> 00:38:11,633
{\an1}and some so-called
tumor suppressor genes.

771
00:38:11,666 --> 00:38:15,133
{\an1}And that's not the only
benefit of labor.

772
00:38:15,166 --> 00:38:17,966
-We also know
that babies born vaginally

773
00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:21,200
get coated
with a lot of the healthy germs

774
00:38:21,233 --> 00:38:23,600
{\an1}that are in the birth canal
or the mother's vagina

775
00:38:23,633 --> 00:38:26,366
{\an1}as the baby's coming out.

776
00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:30,700
{\an1}So babies do get some of their
mother's immune system at birth,

777
00:38:30,733 --> 00:38:33,700
as they're then
developing their own.

778
00:38:33,733 --> 00:38:39,300
{\an8}♪♪

779
00:38:39,333 --> 00:38:44,866
{\an8}♪♪

780
00:38:44,900 --> 00:38:48,066
{\an1}-I started out as a doula
about five years ago.

781
00:38:48,100 --> 00:38:52,033
{\an1}A doula is a emotional
and physical support person

782
00:38:52,066 --> 00:38:54,300
{\an1}who works with families
during pregnancy,

783
00:38:54,333 --> 00:38:57,366
{\an1}as well as postpartum,
after they have a baby.

784
00:38:57,400 --> 00:39:01,300
{\an1}To be a companion and a witness
to the miracle of birth,

785
00:39:01,333 --> 00:39:02,933
{\an1}to be allowed in that space

786
00:39:02,966 --> 00:39:06,133
{\an1}and invited into that space,
is such an honor.

787
00:39:06,166 --> 00:39:10,833
{\an7}It's the best work
that anybody could ever imagine.

788
00:39:10,866 --> 00:39:14,500
{\an7}My name is Mac Brydum, and I'm
a doula and a family guide.

789
00:39:14,533 --> 00:39:16,966
{\an8}♪♪

790
00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:21,300
{\an1}Every birth that I've attended
has been unique.

791
00:39:21,333 --> 00:39:23,433
{\an1}There's no one way that's right
to birth.

792
00:39:23,466 --> 00:39:25,266
{\an1}It's really unique
to each individual

793
00:39:25,300 --> 00:39:26,966
{\an1}and their preferences.

794
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:29,233
{\an1}Ultimately, the goal
is that the baby comes out.

795
00:39:29,266 --> 00:39:32,800
[ Chuckles ]
Pregnancy never lasts forever,

796
00:39:32,833 --> 00:39:35,700
{\an1}and that that bond
between the birthing parent

797
00:39:35,733 --> 00:39:39,466
{\an1}and the baby can begin.

798
00:39:39,500 --> 00:39:40,933
{\an1}Some of my favorite clients

799
00:39:40,966 --> 00:39:43,866
{\an1}have been the queer and trans
families that I've supported.

800
00:39:43,900 --> 00:39:46,533
{\an1}Bearing witness to their journey
really inspired me

801
00:39:46,566 --> 00:39:51,500
{\an1}to pursue that path
of becoming a parent myself.

802
00:39:51,533 --> 00:39:54,666
{\an1}-Human pattern of childbirth
is really kind of unique,

803
00:39:54,700 --> 00:39:57,566
{\an1}because unlike even our closest
living relatives

804
00:39:57,600 --> 00:40:03,366
like chimpanzees,
human moms typically seek help.

805
00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:05,566
{\an1}This is what is called
obligate midwifery.

806
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:07,766
What that means
is that it's normal in humans

807
00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:10,300
{\an1}to have assistance
at the time of birth.

808
00:40:10,333 --> 00:40:12,333
And this pattern
is probably reflective

809
00:40:12,366 --> 00:40:15,500
{\an1}of the fact that we have
very difficult childbirth.

810
00:40:15,533 --> 00:40:17,866
{\an1}It usually takes us longer.

811
00:40:17,900 --> 00:40:23,833
{\an1}The process of labor
is more dangerous for humans.

812
00:40:23,866 --> 00:40:27,366
{\an1}-Labor is probably one of the
most physical endurance tests

813
00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:30,366
that any woman
has ever had to go through.

814
00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:33,166
{\an1}The labor process itself
can take anywhere

815
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:36,633
from 1 or 2 hours
in a very fast case,

816
00:40:36,666 --> 00:40:41,033
{\an1}up to 24, 36, even longer.

817
00:40:41,066 --> 00:40:43,000
Right as the baby
is about to come out,

818
00:40:43,033 --> 00:40:45,300
{\an1}there is that moment where
I think everyone in the room

819
00:40:45,333 --> 00:40:48,600
{\an1}is shocked that a head this big

820
00:40:48,633 --> 00:40:52,266
{\an1}can come out of an orifice
that looks so much smaller.

821
00:40:52,300 --> 00:40:54,466
{\an8}♪♪

822
00:40:54,500 --> 00:40:56,600
-Hi, you guys.
-Hey, how's it going?

823
00:40:56,633 --> 00:40:58,133
{\an1}-Good, thank you. How are you?

824
00:40:58,166 --> 00:40:59,466
-We're good.

825
00:40:59,500 --> 00:41:01,733
{\an1}We just started getting
all the nursery items yesterday.

826
00:41:01,766 --> 00:41:04,533
{\an1}Yeah, we're excited.

827
00:41:04,566 --> 00:41:05,566
{\an1}-I work from home,

828
00:41:05,600 --> 00:41:07,600
{\an1}which is really wonderful
as a new parent.

829
00:41:07,633 --> 00:41:10,933
{\an7}Great. So, our time today
is really just all about

830
00:41:10,966 --> 00:41:12,100
{\an8}how to take care
of your newborn.

831
00:41:12,133 --> 00:41:14,100
{\an8}I know you're
first-time parents.

832
00:41:14,133 --> 00:41:16,100
Becoming a parent
is a really pivotal time

833
00:41:16,133 --> 00:41:17,900
{\an1}in everybody's life.

834
00:41:17,933 --> 00:41:20,366
{\an1}Let's talk a little bit
about newborn appearance.

835
00:41:20,400 --> 00:41:22,633
{\an1}This is my daughter.
This is Rowan.

836
00:41:22,666 --> 00:41:24,966
{\an1}I'm so in love with her
that I just have to make sure

837
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:28,000
{\an1}that she gets little moments
of glory in here.

838
00:41:28,033 --> 00:41:29,366
[ Chuckles ]

839
00:41:29,400 --> 00:41:31,900
{\an1}Rowan's 4 months old,
and the first four months

840
00:41:31,933 --> 00:41:34,033
of her life
have been a roller coaster ride,

841
00:41:34,066 --> 00:41:38,033
{\an1}but a really fun one
for the most part.

842
00:41:38,066 --> 00:41:40,900
{\an1}I think we had a little bit of
a leg up because I am a doula,

843
00:41:40,933 --> 00:41:43,366
and I have some
of the book smarts.

844
00:41:43,400 --> 00:41:46,866
{\an1}On the first day of life,
baby's tummy is this big.

845
00:41:46,900 --> 00:41:49,500
{\an1}But, you know, she's a baby.
She's unpredictable.

846
00:41:49,533 --> 00:41:51,433
{\an1}There have been days that have
been really challenging,

847
00:41:51,466 --> 00:41:54,633
{\an1}and there have been moments
that have been really stressful.

848
00:41:54,666 --> 00:41:57,200
{\an1}Ultimately, she's an amazing
little person,

849
00:41:57,233 --> 00:41:59,766
{\an1}and I can't wait to see
who she becomes.

850
00:41:59,800 --> 00:42:01,366
{\an1}-Gee, I wonder what's in here.

851
00:42:01,400 --> 00:42:04,566
{\an1}-As a doula supporting families,
I thought that I knew

852
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:06,733
what to expect
through pregnancy and birth.

853
00:42:06,766 --> 00:42:08,266
-Oh, hello.

854
00:42:08,300 --> 00:42:11,333
{\an1}-Welcome to our nursery.

855
00:42:11,366 --> 00:42:13,600
{\an1}-But ultimately, once you
go through it on your own

856
00:42:13,633 --> 00:42:16,866
{\an1}and have that physical
experience of gestating a baby

857
00:42:16,900 --> 00:42:18,033
{\an1}and a birthing a baby...

858
00:42:18,066 --> 00:42:21,666
{\an1}-We have cute photos
and more cute photos.

859
00:42:21,700 --> 00:42:23,833
{\an1}-...I have so much more respect
and awe

860
00:42:23,866 --> 00:42:26,066
{\an1}for the families that I support.

861
00:42:26,100 --> 00:42:28,800
{\an1}-And a cute daddy.

862
00:42:28,833 --> 00:42:30,133
-I'm a trans man.

863
00:42:30,166 --> 00:42:32,433
{\an1}I was assigned female at birth.

864
00:42:32,466 --> 00:42:34,933
{\an8}♪♪

865
00:42:34,966 --> 00:42:37,133
{\an1}I have a uterus and ovaries

866
00:42:37,166 --> 00:42:40,533
{\an1}and the parts to be able
to gestate a pregnancy --

867
00:42:40,566 --> 00:42:44,766
{\an1}at the same time, be true
to myself as the man that I am.

868
00:42:44,800 --> 00:42:48,166
{\an8}♪♪

869
00:42:48,200 --> 00:42:51,933
{\an1}Before I met my spouse,
I didn't have a strong sense

870
00:42:51,966 --> 00:42:53,566
{\an1}that I wanted to carry a baby.

871
00:42:53,600 --> 00:42:55,000
-All done!

872
00:42:55,033 --> 00:42:58,800
{\an1}-Once I met her and started
to imagine our life together,

873
00:42:58,833 --> 00:43:02,266
{\an1}that's when the idea
of being a gestational dad

874
00:43:02,300 --> 00:43:04,000
{\an1}and carrying my baby

875
00:43:04,033 --> 00:43:06,666
felt like a dream
that I could make a reality.

876
00:43:06,700 --> 00:43:08,533
[ Baby coos ]
-Yeah?

877
00:43:08,566 --> 00:43:09,900
{\an1}-A big piece of that

878
00:43:09,933 --> 00:43:13,433
{\an1}was that my spouse did not want
to carry a pregnancy.

879
00:43:13,466 --> 00:43:17,433
{\an1}But she has always
wanted to be a mom,

880
00:43:17,466 --> 00:43:19,766
{\an1}and I've always wanted
to be a dad.

881
00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:22,966
{\an8}♪♪

882
00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:26,233
{\an1}Our process of getting pregnant
was pretty long.

883
00:43:26,266 --> 00:43:30,700
{\an1}We realized, "Okay, we have half
the equation to make a baby."

884
00:43:30,733 --> 00:43:33,033
{\an1}-I joke that we have
an abundance of uteri

885
00:43:33,066 --> 00:43:35,866
{\an1}in our relationship.

886
00:43:35,900 --> 00:43:38,900
{\an1}-We asked a friend of ours
to be our sperm donor.

887
00:43:38,933 --> 00:43:41,400
{\an1}And then from there,
I stopped taking hormones.

888
00:43:41,433 --> 00:43:44,700
{\an1}So, I was taking testosterone
for about seven years.

889
00:43:44,733 --> 00:43:47,900
{\an1}Waited for a cycle to return,
which took a little while.

890
00:43:47,933 --> 00:43:52,433
{\an1}And then we started doing
inter-uterine inseminations.

891
00:43:52,466 --> 00:43:54,966
{\an1}-[ Gasps ] It's moving its arms!

892
00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:57,700
-Eventually after
several attempts,

893
00:43:57,733 --> 00:44:02,533
{\an1}several more months going by,
we finally did conceive.

894
00:44:02,566 --> 00:44:04,533
{\an1}I had a planned cesarean birth.

895
00:44:04,566 --> 00:44:08,800
{\an1}For me as a trans man, the idea
of giving birth vaginally

896
00:44:08,833 --> 00:44:10,866
{\an1}felt pretty incompatible

897
00:44:10,900 --> 00:44:15,666
with my sense
of my body and myself.

898
00:44:15,700 --> 00:44:17,066
{\an1}In my work as a doula, I know

899
00:44:17,100 --> 00:44:19,266
{\an1}that cesarean rates
in the US especially

900
00:44:19,300 --> 00:44:20,866
are much higher
than they need to be.

901
00:44:20,900 --> 00:44:21,966
{\an1}There are a lot of cesareans

902
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:24,366
{\an1}that are performed
unnecessarily.

903
00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:28,966
{\an1}But in my case, it felt like
the right choice.

904
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:32,233
{\an1}-Whether they're born through
a C-section or vaginal birth,

905
00:44:32,266 --> 00:44:35,466
{\an1}when a newborn first emerges
from the womb,

906
00:44:35,500 --> 00:44:37,566
{\an1}their body systems
are hard at work,

907
00:44:37,600 --> 00:44:40,133
adjusting to life
on the outside.

908
00:44:40,166 --> 00:44:43,600
{\an1}The transition from fetus
to newborn involves

909
00:44:43,633 --> 00:44:47,500
{\an1}the most complex series
of physiologic adaptations

910
00:44:47,533 --> 00:44:52,166
{\an1}a human will experience
in its lifetime.

911
00:44:52,200 --> 00:44:53,800
{\an1}-When babies are in utero,

912
00:44:53,833 --> 00:44:56,433
{\an1}their lungs are filled
with fluid,

913
00:44:56,466 --> 00:44:59,066
{\an1}and there are certain channels
in the cardiovascular system

914
00:44:59,100 --> 00:45:01,700
{\an1}which are designed
to bypass their lungs,

915
00:45:01,733 --> 00:45:05,700
{\an1}because they get their oxygen
from the umbilical cord.

916
00:45:05,733 --> 00:45:10,333
{\an1}But once babies leave the womb
and everything changes,

917
00:45:10,366 --> 00:45:12,466
{\an1}the atmospheric pressure
in their new world

918
00:45:12,500 --> 00:45:15,233
{\an1}triggers a big change
in their heart and lungs.

919
00:45:15,266 --> 00:45:17,800
{\an1}They attempt to rid all
the fluid out of their lungs,

920
00:45:17,833 --> 00:45:19,166
{\an1}and their cardiovascular system

921
00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:22,266
{\an1}immediately undergoes changes
to accommodate this.

922
00:45:22,300 --> 00:45:25,000
{\an1}Their lungs slowly fill with
air, and they're able to now

923
00:45:25,033 --> 00:45:28,166
{\an1}live, breathe, and thrive
in their new environment.

924
00:45:31,800 --> 00:45:33,566
{\an1}-Before Rowan was born,

925
00:45:33,600 --> 00:45:36,133
{\an1}we got to the hospital
really early in the morning,

926
00:45:36,166 --> 00:45:38,133
{\an1}and a few hours later,

927
00:45:38,166 --> 00:45:41,466
she was there.

928
00:45:41,500 --> 00:45:44,500
[ Baby crying ]
-Hi.

929
00:45:44,533 --> 00:45:47,600
-Hi.
-That's a good sound.

930
00:45:47,633 --> 00:45:50,200
-The actual birth
was incredible.

931
00:45:50,233 --> 00:45:52,733
{\an1}It was not something
I'd ever seen before.

932
00:45:52,766 --> 00:45:55,833
{\an1}-Hi, honey. Hi, Rowan.

933
00:45:55,866 --> 00:45:57,800
-There you are.
-Hi.

934
00:45:57,833 --> 00:46:00,700
-It was intense.
It was beautiful.

935
00:46:00,733 --> 00:46:04,166
{\an1}Seeing her little face
made it all worth it.

936
00:46:04,200 --> 00:46:06,866
-Oh, is that nice
to be back with Daddy?

937
00:46:06,900 --> 00:46:09,200
{\an1}-You know, it made
every ache and pain

938
00:46:09,233 --> 00:46:13,200
{\an1}and every time I puked during
pregnancy and during birth,

939
00:46:13,233 --> 00:46:14,400
{\an1}it made it all worth it,

940
00:46:14,433 --> 00:46:18,900
{\an1}because I got to see
my little person be born.

941
00:46:18,933 --> 00:46:21,233
Hi, baby.

942
00:46:21,266 --> 00:46:25,733
{\an8}♪♪

943
00:46:25,766 --> 00:46:27,666
{\an1}-In the moments after birth,

944
00:46:27,700 --> 00:46:30,500
{\an1}a newborn will experience
hunger,

945
00:46:30,533 --> 00:46:34,933
thirst, cold,
for the first time ever.

946
00:46:34,966 --> 00:46:36,333
{\an1}They'll be completely reliant

947
00:46:36,366 --> 00:46:38,966
{\an1}on those around them
for survival.

948
00:46:39,000 --> 00:46:40,966
{\an8}♪♪

949
00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:43,066
{\an1}But they do have a secret weapon
to help them

950
00:46:43,100 --> 00:46:48,300
{\an1}adjust to life outside
the womb -- vernix caseosa.

951
00:46:48,333 --> 00:46:52,000
[ Baby crying ]

952
00:46:52,033 --> 00:46:55,166
{\an1}This white, waxy cream
protected their skin

953
00:46:55,200 --> 00:46:59,400
{\an1}from amniotic fluid
inside the womb.

954
00:46:59,433 --> 00:47:02,000
{\an1}It contains a complex mix
of proteins,

955
00:47:02,033 --> 00:47:06,300
{\an1}lipids, amino acids,
and antimicrobial compounds.

956
00:47:06,333 --> 00:47:09,966
{\an1}It's believed to be unique
to the human species.

957
00:47:10,000 --> 00:47:13,966
{\an1}Outside the womb, vernix caseosa
helps prevent heat loss,

958
00:47:14,000 --> 00:47:16,266
{\an1}and research suggests

959
00:47:16,300 --> 00:47:19,033
{\an1}that its scent may help
trigger neural connections

960
00:47:19,066 --> 00:47:22,500
{\an1}in the newborn's brain that are
needed for breastfeeding.

961
00:47:22,533 --> 00:47:25,433
{\an8}♪♪

962
00:47:25,466 --> 00:47:28,000
{\an1}-Nice, warm bottle for you.

963
00:47:28,033 --> 00:47:33,500
{\an1}-For us, the idea of feeding
Rowan breast milk was important.

964
00:47:33,533 --> 00:47:36,133
{\an1}I have had top surgery,
and so I don't have the ability

965
00:47:36,166 --> 00:47:38,666
{\an1}to feed Baby from my body.

966
00:47:38,700 --> 00:47:41,633
{\an1}We've been really privileged
to have people in our life

967
00:47:41,666 --> 00:47:44,766
{\an1}who are already lactating
and have pumped that milk

968
00:47:44,800 --> 00:47:47,933
{\an1}and donated that milk to us
to feed Rowan.

969
00:47:47,966 --> 00:47:50,800
{\an8}♪♪

970
00:47:50,833 --> 00:47:52,200
{\an1}-Babies who are fed breast milk

971
00:47:52,233 --> 00:47:54,866
{\an1}benefit from nearly
200 different sugars

972
00:47:54,900 --> 00:47:56,800
{\an1}that the milk contains.

973
00:47:56,833 --> 00:47:59,933
{\an8}♪♪

974
00:47:59,966 --> 00:48:03,366
{\an1}Those sugars feed the microbes
that will, over time,

975
00:48:03,400 --> 00:48:06,666
{\an1}help the baby develop
a healthy digestive system.

976
00:48:06,700 --> 00:48:09,433
{\an1}-Breast milk, the third
most common ingredient in it

977
00:48:09,466 --> 00:48:14,000
{\an1}is something called an HMO,
a human milk oligosaccharide.

978
00:48:14,033 --> 00:48:15,733
{\an1}And human milk oligosaccharides

979
00:48:15,766 --> 00:48:19,100
are completely
indigestible by babies.

980
00:48:19,133 --> 00:48:22,000
{\an1}So why is the third most common
ingredient in breast milk

981
00:48:22,033 --> 00:48:24,500
{\an1}something that a baby
can't even digest?

982
00:48:24,533 --> 00:48:26,300
{\an1}It's because it's not there
to feed the baby.

983
00:48:26,333 --> 00:48:29,166
{\an1}It's there to feed
the baby's gut bacteria

984
00:48:29,200 --> 00:48:32,100
{\an1}and help those bacteria
to repel staph

985
00:48:32,133 --> 00:48:35,200
{\an1}and other potentially
dangerous bacteria.

986
00:48:35,233 --> 00:48:37,433
{\an1}So there's real symbiosis there

987
00:48:37,466 --> 00:48:39,866
{\an1}between what's going on
in the breast milk

988
00:48:39,900 --> 00:48:42,466
{\an1}and what's going on
in the baby's gut.

989
00:48:42,500 --> 00:48:44,466
{\an1}-Babies who don't breastfeed

990
00:48:44,500 --> 00:48:48,066
can also benefit
from human milk oligosaccharide,

991
00:48:48,100 --> 00:48:50,166
{\an1}as synthetic versions are added

992
00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:54,500
to some brands
of infant formula.

993
00:48:54,533 --> 00:48:56,366
-All done.

994
00:48:56,400 --> 00:48:59,033
{\an1}All done. Nice work!

995
00:48:59,066 --> 00:49:02,633
{\an8}♪♪

996
00:49:02,666 --> 00:49:06,333
{\an1}Rowan really completes
our family.

997
00:49:06,366 --> 00:49:09,900
{\an1}When she was born,
I feel like I already knew her.

998
00:49:09,933 --> 00:49:13,166
{\an1}I'd felt her kick inside of me,
and it's a really big gift

999
00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:15,800
that so many dads
don't get to have.

1000
00:49:15,833 --> 00:49:17,833
{\an8}♪♪

1001
00:49:17,866 --> 00:49:20,866
{\an1}-The assumption is that women
want to have babies,

1002
00:49:20,900 --> 00:49:23,366
and men can't.

1003
00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:27,200
Our family turns
that expectation on its head.

1004
00:49:27,233 --> 00:49:29,200
{\an1}Now that Rowan is here,

1005
00:49:29,233 --> 00:49:32,933
{\an1}it just doesn't really matter
how we got here.

1006
00:49:32,966 --> 00:49:35,633
{\an1}-The experience has been
so empowering,

1007
00:49:35,666 --> 00:49:38,633
{\an1}because it's basically
the ultimate definition

1008
00:49:38,666 --> 00:49:41,166
{\an1}of father as protector,

1009
00:49:41,200 --> 00:49:42,966
and I feel like
I've played that role

1010
00:49:43,000 --> 00:49:46,233
{\an1}from the time that Rowan
was growing inside of me.

1011
00:49:46,266 --> 00:49:53,666
{\an8}♪♪

1012
00:49:53,700 --> 00:49:55,766
-Regardless of
where we live in the world,

1013
00:49:55,800 --> 00:49:58,533
{\an1}one thing that unifies all of us

1014
00:49:58,566 --> 00:50:01,300
{\an1}is that we were all born.

1015
00:50:01,333 --> 00:50:04,500
{\an1}We all came into this world
in much the same way.

1016
00:50:04,533 --> 00:50:05,866
{\an1}-Why am I emotional?

1017
00:50:05,900 --> 00:50:07,700
Come on.

1018
00:50:07,733 --> 00:50:10,066
It's just birth.

1019
00:50:10,100 --> 00:50:13,400
{\an1}I knew scientifically
there was no question

1020
00:50:13,433 --> 00:50:15,466
{\an1}that we all started
as one cell big,

1021
00:50:15,500 --> 00:50:18,900
{\an1}and I knew that consciousness
is something that develops.

1022
00:50:18,933 --> 00:50:21,166
{\an1}And yet nothing could prepare me

1023
00:50:21,200 --> 00:50:25,066
{\an1}for living through
the experience

1024
00:50:25,100 --> 00:50:30,766
{\an1}of incubating a new human,

1025
00:50:30,800 --> 00:50:32,733
my little baby,

1026
00:50:32,766 --> 00:50:36,566
{\an1}wondering, when was
she starting to think?

1027
00:50:36,600 --> 00:50:41,133
{\an1}Is her personality
starting to develop?

1028
00:50:41,166 --> 00:50:44,866
{\an1}-The developing brain
is fascinating.

1029
00:50:44,900 --> 00:50:48,833
{\an1}From the first cells laid down
during fetal development,

1030
00:50:48,866 --> 00:50:52,800
the potential of
the human brain is vast --

1031
00:50:52,833 --> 00:50:56,700
{\an1}the capacity to learn, to feel

1032
00:50:56,733 --> 00:50:58,966
{\an1}and empathize with others.

1033
00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:03,966
{\an1}Humanity is locked into
those hundred million cells.

1034
00:51:04,000 --> 00:51:07,066
{\an1}-Oh! You're smiling at yourself.

1035
00:51:07,100 --> 00:51:11,366
{\an1}-With each generation,
the human species evolves.

1036
00:51:11,400 --> 00:51:14,066
{\an8}♪♪

1037
00:51:14,100 --> 00:51:16,500
{\an1}-While it's hard to say
any one given baby

1038
00:51:16,533 --> 00:51:18,200
{\an1}is going to be born perfect,

1039
00:51:18,233 --> 00:51:20,666
I do believe
that we have this ability

1040
00:51:20,700 --> 00:51:23,500
{\an1}to really encourage children

1041
00:51:23,533 --> 00:51:26,700
{\an1}to move and grow and evolve

1042
00:51:26,733 --> 00:51:29,633
{\an1}into beings that are far better
than we were.

1043
00:51:29,666 --> 00:51:33,700
{\an8}♪♪

1044
00:51:33,733 --> 00:51:37,100
{\an1}-And we really are
an insanely fascinating species.

1045
00:51:37,133 --> 00:51:39,000
{\an1}You strip away everything --

1046
00:51:39,033 --> 00:51:43,566
{\an1}privilege, socioeconomics,
race, religion --

1047
00:51:43,600 --> 00:51:47,066
we literally
are the same organisms.

1048
00:51:47,100 --> 00:51:49,400
{\an1}We go through the exact same
physiologic struggles,

1049
00:51:49,433 --> 00:51:51,333
{\an1}and if that doesn't
unify people,

1050
00:51:51,366 --> 00:51:53,866
{\an1}then I have no idea
what's going to.

1051
00:51:53,900 --> 00:51:59,700
{\an8}♪♪

1052
00:52:01,166 --> 00:52:06,733
{\an8}♪♪

1053
00:52:06,766 --> 00:52:12,933
{\an8}♪♪

1054
00:52:12,966 --> 00:52:15,766
{\an8}-To order "Human:
The World Within" on DVD,

1055
00:52:15,800 --> 00:52:17,933
{\an8}visit shopPBS.org

1056
00:52:17,966 --> 00:52:20,233
{\an7}or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS.

1057
00:52:20,266 --> 00:52:29,766
{\an8}♪♪