1 00:00:00,542 --> 00:00:03,292 (dramatic music) 2 00:00:11,740 --> 00:00:12,720 They traveled the world 3 00:00:12,720 --> 00:00:15,270 in search of them for more than 100 years. 4 00:00:15,270 --> 00:00:18,083 From the mid-1800s until the Second World War. 5 00:00:19,640 --> 00:00:22,463 They were classified as freaks and human zoos. 6 00:00:25,610 --> 00:00:27,770 Human beings everywhere have viewed 7 00:00:27,770 --> 00:00:31,630 in the same way almost 35,000 exhibits. 8 00:00:31,630 --> 00:00:33,360 In the 19th and 20th centuries 9 00:00:33,360 --> 00:00:35,963 there were almost 1.5 billion visitors. 10 00:00:37,240 --> 00:00:41,190 Human beings exhibited by other human beings. 11 00:00:41,190 --> 00:00:44,170 In zoological gardens and circuses. 12 00:00:44,170 --> 00:00:46,023 Theaters and anatomy rooms. 13 00:00:46,870 --> 00:00:49,233 At Colonial Exhibitions and World Fairs. 14 00:00:50,730 --> 00:00:52,090 These men and women were placed 15 00:00:52,090 --> 00:00:54,690 on the same level as animals. 16 00:00:54,690 --> 00:00:56,133 So it's extremely troubling. 17 00:00:57,570 --> 00:01:00,660 At the same time there was a degree of conditioning 18 00:01:00,660 --> 00:01:03,543 that it was very difficult to escape from. 19 00:01:05,280 --> 00:01:09,800 Children, women and men were put on display in order 20 00:01:09,800 --> 00:01:12,680 to support a hierarchization of the races 21 00:01:12,680 --> 00:01:15,504 and justify world wide colonization. 22 00:01:15,504 --> 00:01:18,400 (dramatic music) 23 00:01:18,400 --> 00:01:19,440 Why was it so successful? 24 00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:20,970 For a simple reason. 25 00:01:20,970 --> 00:01:22,630 People came to see these savages 26 00:01:22,630 --> 00:01:25,570 from extraordinary distant lands 27 00:01:25,570 --> 00:01:27,790 who had long been fascinatingly exotic 28 00:01:27,790 --> 00:01:31,374 and now at last they could be seen in the flesh. 29 00:01:31,374 --> 00:01:34,203 (dramatic music) 30 00:01:34,203 --> 00:01:35,970 They were asked to pretend to be cannibals, 31 00:01:35,970 --> 00:01:39,580 whereas these people on display weren't cannibals at all. 32 00:01:39,580 --> 00:01:41,750 They were asked to perform. 33 00:01:41,750 --> 00:01:43,160 Thanks to human zoos, 34 00:01:43,160 --> 00:01:46,240 racism became accepted and ordinary. 35 00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:48,840 The savages people came to see were exotic, 36 00:01:48,840 --> 00:01:51,853 terrifying and now on display. 37 00:01:52,880 --> 00:01:57,500 Their names were Tambo, an aborigine from Australia. 38 00:01:57,500 --> 00:02:00,580 Ota Benga, a pygmy from the Congo. 39 00:02:00,580 --> 00:02:04,040 Marius Kaloie, a Kanak from New Caledonia. 40 00:02:04,040 --> 00:02:06,493 Moliko, a Kau'na from Guyana. 41 00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:10,810 Like them, thousands of other people were exhibited. 42 00:02:10,810 --> 00:02:13,680 History has forgotten their names. 43 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:16,745 (dramatic music) 44 00:02:16,745 --> 00:02:19,745 (people chattering) 45 00:02:30,917 --> 00:02:31,750 Wanting to remember, 46 00:02:31,750 --> 00:02:34,229 isn't about attaching blame to people. 47 00:02:34,229 --> 00:02:37,460 Wanting to remember is above all about trying 48 00:02:37,460 --> 00:02:39,840 to understand what happened 49 00:02:39,840 --> 00:02:42,193 and why we are the outcome of this story. 50 00:02:44,495 --> 00:02:47,245 (dramatic music) 51 00:02:57,958 --> 00:03:00,440 From the 16th century Europeans imported people 52 00:03:00,440 --> 00:03:02,300 they considered strange and savage 53 00:03:02,300 --> 00:03:05,682 from far flung lands in order to exhibit them. 54 00:03:05,682 --> 00:03:08,432 (dramatic music) 55 00:03:10,300 --> 00:03:12,170 They were displayed in royal courts 56 00:03:12,170 --> 00:03:14,230 and before rich aristocrats. 57 00:03:14,230 --> 00:03:16,810 At the beginning of the 19th century the fashion 58 00:03:16,810 --> 00:03:20,460 for ethnographic exhibitions spread to fairs, taverns 59 00:03:20,460 --> 00:03:24,280 and theaters thereby reaching a larger audience. 60 00:03:24,280 --> 00:03:27,030 (dramatic music) 61 00:03:30,930 --> 00:03:32,660 Meanwhile, in the U.S.A., 62 00:03:32,660 --> 00:03:36,397 the king of human exhibitions was Phineas Taylor Barnum. 63 00:03:36,397 --> 00:03:38,835 (dramatic music) 64 00:03:38,835 --> 00:03:41,010 Since 1841 the monsters 65 00:03:41,010 --> 00:03:44,730 in his famous freak shows had been attracting huge crowds, 66 00:03:44,730 --> 00:03:46,903 making a fortune for its producer. 67 00:03:48,141 --> 00:03:50,891 (dramatic music) 68 00:03:56,097 --> 00:03:56,930 His idea was to stage shows 69 00:03:56,930 --> 00:04:00,210 featuring the most exotic and strangest people in the world. 70 00:04:00,210 --> 00:04:05,210 Dwarves, mermaids, Siamese twins, bearded ladies and giants. 71 00:04:05,630 --> 00:04:08,130 They were assembled in a sort of gallery of oddities 72 00:04:08,130 --> 00:04:12,090 which would give visitors a vision of another kind of world. 73 00:04:12,090 --> 00:04:14,060 An extraordinary, fantastic world. 74 00:04:14,060 --> 00:04:16,000 Hollywood didn't exist, 75 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:18,520 but Barnum had created this fascination 76 00:04:18,520 --> 00:04:20,217 with what was strange. 77 00:04:20,217 --> 00:04:22,967 (dramatic music) 78 00:04:26,260 --> 00:04:28,900 Barnum revolutionized the American circus 79 00:04:28,900 --> 00:04:32,270 by creating The Greatest Show on Earth, 80 00:04:32,270 --> 00:04:35,880 a huge traveling circus with 5,000 seats. 81 00:04:35,880 --> 00:04:39,373 He now intended to include savages as one of his features. 82 00:04:41,294 --> 00:04:44,480 (dramatic music) 83 00:04:44,480 --> 00:04:46,250 Before their popular success, 84 00:04:46,250 --> 00:04:48,820 human exhibitions were reserved for the elite. 85 00:04:48,820 --> 00:04:51,210 From the 16th century Europeans had brought 86 00:04:51,210 --> 00:04:54,130 from remote lands people judged to be strange 87 00:04:54,130 --> 00:04:56,331 or savages to exhibit them. 88 00:04:56,331 --> 00:04:58,998 (birds calling) 89 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:03,390 An Irishman, Robert Cunningham was 90 00:05:03,390 --> 00:05:04,740 to give him what he wanted. 91 00:05:05,953 --> 00:05:06,930 (dramatic music) 92 00:05:06,930 --> 00:05:09,670 When he heard about Barnum's message in 1883, 93 00:05:09,670 --> 00:05:12,023 he was in North Queensland in Australia. 94 00:05:13,530 --> 00:05:16,330 This was the home of the aborigines. 95 00:05:16,330 --> 00:05:18,220 The country's indigenous people. 96 00:05:18,220 --> 00:05:21,713 Oppressed by British colonists since the 18th century. 97 00:05:22,850 --> 00:05:25,310 Deprived of the most basic rights, 98 00:05:25,310 --> 00:05:27,500 victims of violent segregation, 99 00:05:27,500 --> 00:05:30,113 they were remit of the Flora and Fauna Office. 100 00:05:31,760 --> 00:05:35,220 Queensland wasn't a state then, it was a colony. 101 00:05:35,220 --> 00:05:37,900 This was a turning point for aboriginal people 102 00:05:37,900 --> 00:05:41,488 who'd been living here for thousands and thousands of years 103 00:05:41,488 --> 00:05:42,700 and countless generations 104 00:05:42,700 --> 00:05:46,560 because their land was being taken by Europeans. 105 00:05:46,560 --> 00:05:49,350 So, aboriginal people began to move away 106 00:05:49,350 --> 00:05:54,350 from the homelands and more settlers came into the area. 107 00:05:55,290 --> 00:05:58,400 And then aboriginal people started fighting back. 108 00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:00,800 It was a very brutal time for aboriginal people. 109 00:06:01,863 --> 00:06:04,613 (dramatic music) 110 00:06:07,292 --> 00:06:09,410 At a black camp as the closed villages 111 00:06:09,410 --> 00:06:12,200 where aborigines were forced to live were called, 112 00:06:12,200 --> 00:06:15,913 Cunningham met a young aboriginal man who he named Tambo. 113 00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:20,570 Cunningham's choice of name was a reference 114 00:06:20,570 --> 00:06:23,030 to the old American tradition of whites performing 115 00:06:23,030 --> 00:06:26,773 with soot covered face in black face minstrel shows. 116 00:06:28,800 --> 00:06:31,203 This would attract a better price from Barnum. 117 00:06:33,990 --> 00:06:36,430 In these shows whites made up their face 118 00:06:36,430 --> 00:06:38,863 in order to mock Afro-American slaves. 119 00:06:40,210 --> 00:06:42,710 There were two stock characters present on stage. 120 00:06:42,710 --> 00:06:44,993 Tambo on one side and Bones on the other. 121 00:06:46,710 --> 00:06:50,130 An aborigine who had been given the name Tambo, 122 00:06:50,130 --> 00:06:53,320 was a clear signal to the American public. 123 00:06:53,320 --> 00:06:56,220 Suggesting that while it wouldn't be exactly the same kind 124 00:06:56,220 --> 00:07:00,368 of show, the entertainment would be just as interesting. 125 00:07:00,368 --> 00:07:03,118 (dramatic music) 126 00:07:04,320 --> 00:07:07,220 Tambo's companions were also given new names. 127 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:12,353 Toby, Jenny, and their son Toby junior. 128 00:07:13,420 --> 00:07:18,113 Billy, Suzie, Jimmy and Bob. 129 00:07:18,113 --> 00:07:20,863 (dramatic music) 130 00:07:22,390 --> 00:07:25,040 The prevailing pseudo-scientific ideology 131 00:07:25,040 --> 00:07:28,420 ranked aborigines lowest among the human races. 132 00:07:28,420 --> 00:07:31,513 Making them highly sought after for human zoos. 133 00:07:32,750 --> 00:07:35,210 They were said to be an underdeveloped species, 134 00:07:35,210 --> 00:07:36,780 unsuited to modern life. 135 00:07:36,780 --> 00:07:38,748 And facing extinction. 136 00:07:38,748 --> 00:07:42,090 (dramatic music) 137 00:07:42,090 --> 00:07:45,100 I do know that not long after Cunningham got them 138 00:07:45,100 --> 00:07:47,950 on the boat, from Townsville they wanted to go back 139 00:07:47,950 --> 00:07:50,340 to their communities, they wanted to go home. 140 00:07:50,340 --> 00:07:52,720 We know that the people was not aware 141 00:07:52,720 --> 00:07:57,720 of what they were getting themselves involved with. 142 00:07:58,800 --> 00:08:01,920 Cunningham actually had to remove all their clothes 143 00:08:01,920 --> 00:08:03,220 so they wouldn't run away. 144 00:08:04,100 --> 00:08:05,220 When they got into Sydney, 145 00:08:05,220 --> 00:08:07,890 two people actually still escaped. 146 00:08:07,890 --> 00:08:09,860 One of 'em actually stabbed a policeman. 147 00:08:09,860 --> 00:08:12,440 The whole matter ended up before the court. 148 00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:15,390 The judge still released the two escapees 149 00:08:15,390 --> 00:08:17,931 into the care of Cunningham through a bond. 150 00:08:17,931 --> 00:08:20,681 (dramatic music) 151 00:08:22,700 --> 00:08:24,200 In the wake of this upset 152 00:08:24,200 --> 00:08:25,960 the group hastily boarded the ship, 153 00:08:25,960 --> 00:08:27,343 leaving the port of Sydney. 154 00:08:28,700 --> 00:08:30,280 After the long crossing 155 00:08:30,280 --> 00:08:34,013 they joined The Greatest Show on Earth in New York. 156 00:08:34,013 --> 00:08:35,590 (dramatic music) 157 00:08:35,590 --> 00:08:37,760 Barnum had prepared for his new acquisitions 158 00:08:37,760 --> 00:08:39,483 to be the stars of his show. 159 00:08:40,720 --> 00:08:44,233 The story he'd invented for them featured bespoke roles. 160 00:08:46,780 --> 00:08:50,203 Cower before Billy the Hunter with his terrifying scars. 161 00:08:52,600 --> 00:08:56,313 Succumb to the charms of Suzie Princess of Queensland. 162 00:08:57,940 --> 00:08:59,330 Experience the thrill 163 00:08:59,330 --> 00:09:03,460 as fierce Warrior Tambo performs his sensational war dance. 164 00:09:03,460 --> 00:09:05,696 (man shouting) 165 00:09:05,696 --> 00:09:08,370 (dramatic music) 166 00:09:08,370 --> 00:09:09,550 The pictures included 167 00:09:09,550 --> 00:09:12,680 in the booklets promoting the aborigine shows 168 00:09:12,680 --> 00:09:14,310 evoked the idea of cannibals 169 00:09:14,310 --> 00:09:16,433 who might potentially be dangerous. 170 00:09:17,830 --> 00:09:21,429 But they are also presented as people who will entertain 171 00:09:21,429 --> 00:09:24,833 by performing feats such as throwing boomerangs. 172 00:09:26,490 --> 00:09:29,793 So once again, there's kind of a circus element. 173 00:09:30,900 --> 00:09:33,597 A certain preoccupation with entertainment 174 00:09:33,597 --> 00:09:35,463 and a fascination with cannibalism. 175 00:09:36,845 --> 00:09:38,064 (train whistling) 176 00:09:38,064 --> 00:09:40,814 (dramatic music) 177 00:09:42,600 --> 00:09:44,320 The tour traveled across America 178 00:09:44,320 --> 00:09:45,913 at breakneck speed. 179 00:09:45,913 --> 00:09:48,200 (dramatic music) 180 00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:50,800 The troupes appearance in more than 130 U.S. 181 00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:53,646 and Canadian cities pushed them to exhaustion. 182 00:09:53,646 --> 00:09:56,770 (dramatic music) 183 00:09:56,770 --> 00:10:00,034 Barnum and Cunningham made a fortune. 184 00:10:00,034 --> 00:10:02,784 (dramatic music) 185 00:10:04,080 --> 00:10:06,930 I can only imagine coming from a remote island 186 00:10:06,930 --> 00:10:11,350 in North Queensland to be paraded in front of 30,000 people, 187 00:10:11,350 --> 00:10:13,370 the horror they were feeling. 188 00:10:13,370 --> 00:10:14,933 To be exhibited there. 189 00:10:16,280 --> 00:10:20,510 So, in a strange land, strange people, 190 00:10:20,510 --> 00:10:22,433 strange noises, smells. 191 00:10:24,980 --> 00:10:27,463 God knows how that would feel. 192 00:10:27,463 --> 00:10:28,960 (dramatic music) 193 00:10:28,960 --> 00:10:33,500 In 1884 one year after arriving in America 194 00:10:33,500 --> 00:10:35,770 and having traveled the whole country, 195 00:10:35,770 --> 00:10:39,763 Tambo fell ill and died while still on tour. 196 00:10:42,140 --> 00:10:45,380 Cunningham had his body mummified and sold his remains 197 00:10:45,380 --> 00:10:48,252 to a fairground museum in Cleveland. 198 00:10:48,252 --> 00:10:51,500 (dramatic music) 199 00:10:51,500 --> 00:10:53,863 More deaths followed in quick succession, 200 00:10:54,960 --> 00:10:56,973 however, the show continued. 201 00:10:57,970 --> 00:11:00,100 Despite these losses, 202 00:11:00,100 --> 00:11:03,370 Cunningham knew his troupe could conquer Europe. 203 00:11:03,370 --> 00:11:05,160 They set out for London. 204 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:08,024 The capitol of human zoos. 205 00:11:08,024 --> 00:11:10,589 (dramatic music) 206 00:11:10,589 --> 00:11:12,000 London had a tradition of human zoos 207 00:11:12,000 --> 00:11:14,410 since the beginning of the 19th century. 208 00:11:14,410 --> 00:11:18,600 Sarah Baartman, the Hottentot Venus is often cited 209 00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:21,070 as one of the first people to be exhibited in shows 210 00:11:21,070 --> 00:11:23,093 that mixed science with entertainment. 211 00:11:25,130 --> 00:11:28,810 When the aborigines arrived in London in 1884, 212 00:11:28,810 --> 00:11:31,963 the British Empire was the worlds leading imperial power. 213 00:11:32,940 --> 00:11:35,930 In the space of a century, between 1810 and 1914, 214 00:11:35,930 --> 00:11:37,670 the population of the empire rose 215 00:11:37,670 --> 00:11:39,853 from 10 million to 400 million. 216 00:11:42,610 --> 00:11:44,393 The aborigines were actors. 217 00:11:45,710 --> 00:11:47,890 They worked with an impresario. 218 00:11:47,890 --> 00:11:49,130 They'd signed a contract, 219 00:11:49,130 --> 00:11:51,310 they even received wages just enough 220 00:11:51,310 --> 00:11:54,540 to cover basic living essentials, but no more. 221 00:11:54,540 --> 00:11:56,360 So there's a case for describing them 222 00:11:56,360 --> 00:11:59,147 in fact as professional savages. 223 00:11:59,147 --> 00:12:00,480 (dramatic music) 224 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:02,730 In London Cunningham made the acquaintance 225 00:12:02,730 --> 00:12:06,160 of Guillermo Antonio Farini the major impresario 226 00:12:06,160 --> 00:12:09,510 for ethnic troupes who exhibited Namibian desert bushmen 227 00:12:09,510 --> 00:12:10,931 at the Royal Aquarium. 228 00:12:10,931 --> 00:12:13,681 (dramatic music) 229 00:12:14,700 --> 00:12:17,100 This famous photograph was taken there 230 00:12:17,100 --> 00:12:18,633 to promote his exhibition. 231 00:12:20,060 --> 00:12:23,500 The white man is dominant posing paternalistically 232 00:12:23,500 --> 00:12:25,543 with a hand on the child's shoulder. 233 00:12:28,160 --> 00:12:31,133 The aborigines were used to being presented in this way. 234 00:12:32,580 --> 00:12:36,580 In London they performed nightly at the Crystal Palace 235 00:12:36,580 --> 00:12:40,053 which was constructed in 1851 for the Great Exhibition. 236 00:12:42,280 --> 00:12:45,710 The Australian cannibals presence was trumpeted abroad, 237 00:12:45,710 --> 00:12:47,520 their show was a stunning success 238 00:12:47,520 --> 00:12:49,333 in the capitol of human zoos. 239 00:12:50,320 --> 00:12:53,070 (dramatic music) 240 00:12:56,307 --> 00:12:57,680 I'm not sure that the people 241 00:12:57,680 --> 00:13:00,693 who went to see the show had that distance. 242 00:13:01,890 --> 00:13:04,610 That they said, it's just a business. 243 00:13:04,610 --> 00:13:06,630 So it isn't really true. 244 00:13:06,630 --> 00:13:08,013 They're just play acting. 245 00:13:09,630 --> 00:13:11,730 I don't think there was that distance. 246 00:13:11,730 --> 00:13:14,330 And that's a very dangerous thing. 247 00:13:14,330 --> 00:13:17,080 (dramatic music) 248 00:13:18,020 --> 00:13:20,180 After England the Aborigines set out 249 00:13:20,180 --> 00:13:23,563 on a grand tour of the Old World's theaters and music halls. 250 00:13:24,590 --> 00:13:27,340 The Panopticum Castile in Berlin. 251 00:13:27,340 --> 00:13:29,353 The Arcadia in St. Petersburg. 252 00:13:31,140 --> 00:13:33,060 The Folies Bergere in Paris 253 00:13:33,060 --> 00:13:35,480 where the survivors were photographed. 254 00:13:35,480 --> 00:13:39,453 Jenny and Toby junior, who would both die from tuberculosis. 255 00:13:41,580 --> 00:13:45,420 The fate of Billy, Tambo's companion is unknown. 256 00:13:45,420 --> 00:13:47,950 The eyes of Billy are very serious. 257 00:13:50,720 --> 00:13:52,880 So he just wondering where he is, 258 00:13:52,880 --> 00:13:54,773 just lookin' at him, he's confused. 259 00:14:00,450 --> 00:14:02,983 He's depressed feeling. 260 00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:08,680 Low, low, low esteem, self-esteem. 261 00:14:08,680 --> 00:14:12,380 Going overseas into another world, you know, 262 00:14:12,380 --> 00:14:17,040 he's been stripped of his powers in a sense of, 263 00:14:17,040 --> 00:14:19,243 he's been humiliated. 264 00:14:19,243 --> 00:14:21,380 Because he's dominated by somebody else 265 00:14:21,380 --> 00:14:22,730 who telling him what to do. 266 00:14:24,270 --> 00:14:28,170 In our society he was respected as a law man. 267 00:14:28,170 --> 00:14:29,133 But now he's not. 268 00:14:30,490 --> 00:14:31,340 And you see that. 269 00:14:32,280 --> 00:14:35,630 (gentle music) 270 00:14:35,630 --> 00:14:37,610 With Australian government help, 271 00:14:37,610 --> 00:14:39,960 Granddad Walter arranged for Tambo's remains 272 00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:43,940 to be repatriated to this plot on Palm Island. 273 00:14:43,940 --> 00:14:47,868 To allow him to rest in peace among his people. 274 00:14:47,868 --> 00:14:50,460 (gentle music) 275 00:14:50,460 --> 00:14:55,460 Tambo's mummified body was located in 1993 in the U.S.A. 276 00:14:55,490 --> 00:14:58,253 in the basement of a funeral parlor in Cleveland. 277 00:15:02,450 --> 00:15:04,320 When we brought Tambo back on the boat, 278 00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:07,900 it was cloudy and the rain was going around the community. 279 00:15:07,900 --> 00:15:10,023 I had to do the smoking ceremony. 280 00:15:11,060 --> 00:15:14,270 And when we laid him to rest here, the trees with the wind 281 00:15:14,270 --> 00:15:17,130 and the season were coming down in the rain. 282 00:15:17,130 --> 00:15:20,230 And when he was completely home and buried, it cleared up, 283 00:15:20,230 --> 00:15:23,180 everything was finish, completed and there was peace, 284 00:15:23,180 --> 00:15:25,474 he was at peace with all. 285 00:15:25,474 --> 00:15:27,604 (dramatic music) 286 00:15:27,604 --> 00:15:32,270 I feel strong because of he's back on his ancestral country. 287 00:15:32,270 --> 00:15:35,450 I feels his strength and his spirit is back home now 288 00:15:35,450 --> 00:15:36,283 and he's free. 289 00:15:37,220 --> 00:15:38,752 He's free. 290 00:15:38,752 --> 00:15:41,335 (gentle music) 291 00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:45,543 This story needs to be told. 292 00:15:47,640 --> 00:15:50,130 Purely because the mistakes 293 00:15:50,130 --> 00:15:54,203 of the past don't revisit us in the future. 294 00:15:55,246 --> 00:15:57,996 (dramatic music) 295 00:16:03,075 --> 00:16:06,075 (people chattering) 296 00:16:17,330 --> 00:16:20,740 In this period when exoticism was all the rage, 297 00:16:20,740 --> 00:16:22,100 showmen were not the only ones 298 00:16:22,100 --> 00:16:24,643 to grasp the interest the exhibitions aroused. 299 00:16:25,979 --> 00:16:28,812 (train whistling) 300 00:16:31,370 --> 00:16:34,670 The colonial powers saw a ready opportunity to introduce 301 00:16:34,670 --> 00:16:36,840 to their citizens both their colonies 302 00:16:36,840 --> 00:16:39,418 and the validity of their imperial policies. 303 00:16:39,418 --> 00:16:42,640 (dramatic music) 304 00:16:42,640 --> 00:16:44,810 At the end of the 19th century in the West, 305 00:16:44,810 --> 00:16:48,160 a renewed impulse to colonize prompted the European powers 306 00:16:48,160 --> 00:16:50,250 together with the U.S.A. and Japan 307 00:16:50,250 --> 00:16:52,130 to freely divide among themselves 308 00:16:52,130 --> 00:16:54,710 those territories still available. 309 00:16:54,710 --> 00:16:56,453 In particular Africa. 310 00:17:01,100 --> 00:17:05,770 There was an effort to divide up the African continent 311 00:17:05,770 --> 00:17:09,860 in this case, into colonial bits 312 00:17:09,860 --> 00:17:11,920 that would keep everybody happy. 313 00:17:11,920 --> 00:17:13,450 So there was the British and the French 314 00:17:13,450 --> 00:17:17,520 and Germany of course got its colonies in West Africa 315 00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:19,010 and in East Africa. 316 00:17:19,010 --> 00:17:20,480 The Portuguese were still there, 317 00:17:20,480 --> 00:17:22,820 the oldest colonial power in Africa. 318 00:17:22,820 --> 00:17:26,340 And then the Italians became interested too in the Northeast 319 00:17:26,340 --> 00:17:29,470 and so they simply carved out the African continent 320 00:17:29,470 --> 00:17:31,033 among themselves. 321 00:17:31,033 --> 00:17:33,616 (gentle music) 322 00:17:36,170 --> 00:17:38,300 The world was gradually appropriated 323 00:17:38,300 --> 00:17:41,393 by those who saw themselves as uniquely civilized. 324 00:17:42,340 --> 00:17:45,010 At the same time, human zoos proliferated 325 00:17:45,010 --> 00:17:47,925 to justify colonial domination of the world. 326 00:17:47,925 --> 00:17:50,675 (dramatic music) 327 00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:58,370 There was undoubtedly a sense 328 00:17:58,370 --> 00:18:01,050 that if you displayed these other people, 329 00:18:01,050 --> 00:18:05,270 you were providing a mirror to yourself. 330 00:18:05,270 --> 00:18:10,270 The supposed elevation in civilization became a part 331 00:18:11,018 --> 00:18:14,510 through having these primitive people 332 00:18:14,510 --> 00:18:18,807 to demonstrate how much more advanced you were. 333 00:18:18,807 --> 00:18:21,390 (gentle music) 334 00:18:22,250 --> 00:18:26,300 Colonized people had to accept, share 335 00:18:26,300 --> 00:18:30,113 and participate in the myth that made them. 336 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:33,600 That occurred in the colonial period. 337 00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:37,622 Not just in Africa, but also in Japan and other places. 338 00:18:37,622 --> 00:18:40,205 (gentle music) 339 00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:44,210 But in order for the savage to exist, 340 00:18:44,210 --> 00:18:47,410 those who are presumed to be savages have 341 00:18:47,410 --> 00:18:50,833 to somehow accept that that is what they really are. 342 00:18:52,416 --> 00:18:54,490 (camel groaning) 343 00:18:54,490 --> 00:18:56,470 At the beginning of the 1890s, 344 00:18:56,470 --> 00:18:58,730 the role of human zoos was shifting. 345 00:18:58,730 --> 00:19:01,360 In response to political objectives. 346 00:19:01,360 --> 00:19:03,963 Which were masterfully staged and orchestrated. 347 00:19:06,060 --> 00:19:07,744 (gun firing) 348 00:19:07,744 --> 00:19:10,494 (dramatic music) 349 00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:15,330 Moliko's story is that of a survivor. 350 00:19:15,330 --> 00:19:17,240 After months of humiliation, 351 00:19:17,240 --> 00:19:20,039 she was able to return to her village and people. 352 00:19:20,039 --> 00:19:22,622 (gentle music) 353 00:19:29,570 --> 00:19:32,350 100 years later, for her descendants, 354 00:19:32,350 --> 00:19:34,340 the memory of her ordeal sheds light 355 00:19:34,340 --> 00:19:36,768 on the trauma of being exhibited. 356 00:19:36,768 --> 00:19:39,351 (gentle music) 357 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,730 Moliko and her companions belong to the Kau'na people, 358 00:19:46,730 --> 00:19:48,750 Amerindians from Guyana who used 359 00:19:48,750 --> 00:19:50,673 to be called Galibees in Europe. 360 00:19:51,750 --> 00:19:54,670 In 1882 Moliko, together with other people 361 00:19:54,670 --> 00:19:57,370 from her village left the banks of the Maroni River 362 00:19:57,370 --> 00:20:00,383 in Guyana accompanied by the sound of drums. 363 00:20:03,420 --> 00:20:05,830 She and 32 others had volunteered 364 00:20:05,830 --> 00:20:07,613 to undertake the journey to Europe. 365 00:20:12,030 --> 00:20:13,210 The elders told us 366 00:20:13,210 --> 00:20:16,703 that just before they left, a big feast took place. 367 00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:20,200 They were able to recall a mast 368 00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:25,090 and that gradually the ship disappeared over the horizon. 369 00:20:25,090 --> 00:20:28,003 Up to that point they could see what happened. 370 00:20:29,050 --> 00:20:32,654 But once the ship was beyond the horizon, there was silence. 371 00:20:32,654 --> 00:20:34,363 (dramatic music) 372 00:20:34,363 --> 00:20:37,050 , The Kua'na didn't know what awaited them. 373 00:20:37,050 --> 00:20:39,300 But the French explorer Francois Levaillant, 374 00:20:39,300 --> 00:20:42,010 sent to them by the Ministry for Colonies had managed 375 00:20:42,010 --> 00:20:43,610 to persuade them. 376 00:20:43,610 --> 00:20:46,250 He had promised them money and marvelous sights 377 00:20:46,250 --> 00:20:48,243 and vouched for their good treatment. 378 00:20:50,214 --> 00:20:51,047 France possessed one 379 00:20:51,047 --> 00:20:52,840 of the greatest colonial empires. 380 00:20:52,840 --> 00:20:54,720 It shared almost one third of the world's surface 381 00:20:54,720 --> 00:20:55,570 with the British. 382 00:20:56,890 --> 00:20:58,560 But people also had to be informed 383 00:20:58,560 --> 00:21:00,780 about this colonial power. 384 00:21:00,780 --> 00:21:04,510 So, human zoos represented a fabulous opportunity 385 00:21:04,510 --> 00:21:05,970 by letting people who didn't travel, 386 00:21:05,970 --> 00:21:08,707 experience these imperial conquests. 387 00:21:08,707 --> 00:21:10,800 (dramatic music) 388 00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:13,270 The Zoological Garden knew exactly how 389 00:21:13,270 --> 00:21:15,143 to publicize every exhibition. 390 00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:19,600 A model among human zoos, 391 00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:21,220 the park with the miniature train 392 00:21:21,220 --> 00:21:23,393 had already received many other peoples. 393 00:21:26,700 --> 00:21:29,733 It was here that the Kua'na were to be exhibited. 394 00:21:30,770 --> 00:21:31,970 Moliko was accompanied 395 00:21:31,970 --> 00:21:34,300 by men, women, and children. 396 00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:36,313 Volunteers who were now kept in cages. 397 00:21:37,690 --> 00:21:40,320 Savages, once again in Paris, they made pottery, 398 00:21:40,320 --> 00:21:42,070 played with pirogues, 399 00:21:42,070 --> 00:21:45,020 they played at being savages for people through their bars. 400 00:21:46,620 --> 00:21:48,590 They were neither recognized for what they were 401 00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:50,813 nor seen as anything other than savages. 402 00:21:51,863 --> 00:21:54,613 (dramatic music) 403 00:21:55,610 --> 00:21:58,430 Subjected to constant humiliation, the Kua'na, 404 00:21:58,430 --> 00:22:01,090 like all the others peoples exhibited were subjected 405 00:22:01,090 --> 00:22:03,479 to racialist scientific studies. 406 00:22:03,479 --> 00:22:06,229 (dramatic music) 407 00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:15,200 The prevailing ideology claimed 408 00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:18,370 that photography proved that humanity could be divided 409 00:22:18,370 --> 00:22:21,221 into civilized races and savages. 410 00:22:21,221 --> 00:22:23,971 (dramatic music) 411 00:22:27,850 --> 00:22:30,580 The exhibition of the Kua'na was a great success. 412 00:22:31,640 --> 00:22:34,363 The public flocked to the zoological garden. 413 00:22:36,380 --> 00:22:38,740 The Kua'na embodied to perfection the idea 414 00:22:38,740 --> 00:22:40,806 of what savages were like. 415 00:22:40,806 --> 00:22:43,310 (dramatic music) 416 00:22:43,310 --> 00:22:47,600 The winter, disease and exhaustion rapidly caused the deaths 417 00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:49,593 of some members of the troupe in Paris. 418 00:22:52,060 --> 00:22:54,652 The show continued none the less. 419 00:22:54,652 --> 00:22:57,402 (dramatic music) 420 00:23:00,450 --> 00:23:04,130 of the 32 Amerindians who had set out for France, 421 00:23:04,130 --> 00:23:06,400 only 10 returned to their village. 422 00:23:06,400 --> 00:23:07,783 Moliko was one of them. 423 00:23:08,702 --> 00:23:11,452 (dramatic music) 424 00:23:14,070 --> 00:23:16,690 The story of the Kau'na. 425 00:23:16,690 --> 00:23:21,690 It's distressing because the Kau'na people were never able 426 00:23:22,270 --> 00:23:24,103 to mourn what had happened. 427 00:23:26,500 --> 00:23:29,443 Mourning is something essential for the Kau'na people. 428 00:23:30,490 --> 00:23:33,713 A century on, they have still not mourned. 429 00:23:45,770 --> 00:23:49,240 Caroline and Lydia are mother and daughter. 430 00:23:49,240 --> 00:23:51,163 They are direct descendants of Moliko. 431 00:23:52,710 --> 00:23:54,640 They had never seen these photographs of her 432 00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:57,973 and her companions in misfortune taken by Roland Boneparte. 433 00:24:00,892 --> 00:24:03,309 That's Moliko. 434 00:24:06,550 --> 00:24:08,710 That was your grandmother's name. 435 00:24:08,710 --> 00:24:09,963 She was called Moliko. 436 00:24:11,390 --> 00:24:13,190 We don't know who the other one was. 437 00:24:14,650 --> 00:24:17,200 She said they were afraid when they reached France. 438 00:24:18,770 --> 00:24:21,170 That's what she used to say about what happened. 439 00:24:22,230 --> 00:24:23,330 It's what she told me. 440 00:24:28,797 --> 00:24:31,297 I feel a little bit sorry for them. 441 00:24:34,290 --> 00:24:35,563 When I see these photos. 442 00:24:38,360 --> 00:24:41,920 My father told me that his grandmother had left, 443 00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:43,463 but I never saw the photos. 444 00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:49,933 Today, is the first time I've seen the photos. 445 00:24:57,130 --> 00:24:58,790 This unspoken trauma 446 00:24:58,790 --> 00:25:02,021 is something the descendants still struggle with today. 447 00:25:02,021 --> 00:25:04,604 (gentle music) 448 00:25:07,793 --> 00:25:09,297 I don't think it's right. 449 00:25:09,297 --> 00:25:14,297 What was it about, the way the whites messed them around. 450 00:25:14,430 --> 00:25:16,180 What did they want to do with them? 451 00:25:17,120 --> 00:25:19,230 If you mess around with somebody, 452 00:25:19,230 --> 00:25:20,880 it means you're mistreating them. 453 00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:24,390 If a white man takes someone away, 454 00:25:24,390 --> 00:25:26,750 he has to respect that person. 455 00:25:26,750 --> 00:25:28,193 It was shameful to do that. 456 00:25:29,050 --> 00:25:31,800 They wanted to make the Kua'na do as they were told. 457 00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:34,420 But maybe the Kua'na wouldn't obey. 458 00:25:34,420 --> 00:25:36,013 Maybe, maybe not. 459 00:25:37,850 --> 00:25:40,650 No one really knows what happened. 460 00:25:40,650 --> 00:25:43,233 (gentle music) 461 00:25:46,780 --> 00:25:48,470 No manual existed. 462 00:25:48,470 --> 00:25:51,390 There were no courses in Amerindian history 463 00:25:51,390 --> 00:25:54,450 and no historian down to the present has worked 464 00:25:54,450 --> 00:25:56,200 on this aspect. 465 00:25:56,200 --> 00:25:59,023 None the less, it's part of our identity of course. 466 00:26:00,100 --> 00:26:03,173 But it's also a facet of the history of France. 467 00:26:04,447 --> 00:26:06,951 And that's what interests us today. 468 00:26:06,951 --> 00:26:09,701 (dramatic music) 469 00:26:19,170 --> 00:26:20,600 The exhibition of the Kua'na 470 00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:23,760 was a first major stage in the use by the state 471 00:26:23,760 --> 00:26:26,617 of colonized peoples for propaganda purposes. 472 00:26:26,617 --> 00:26:29,520 (dramatic music) 473 00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:31,810 Now the Ministry of Colonies took control 474 00:26:31,810 --> 00:26:34,570 of human exhibitions giving its authorization 475 00:26:34,570 --> 00:26:36,200 for all the private shows. 476 00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:39,410 (dramatic music) 477 00:26:39,410 --> 00:26:41,210 The human zoos moved gradually 478 00:26:41,210 --> 00:26:44,970 from scientific racism to run of the mill racism. 479 00:26:44,970 --> 00:26:47,290 We've been asking how the shift occurred. 480 00:26:47,290 --> 00:26:50,790 It wasn't via books or films, there was no cinema. 481 00:26:50,790 --> 00:26:53,680 It wasn't via photos or Jules Verne's novels. 482 00:26:53,680 --> 00:26:56,170 It was via a popular cultural practice of going 483 00:26:56,170 --> 00:26:58,880 to see savages for entertainment at the weekend 484 00:26:58,880 --> 00:27:01,736 at the Zoological Garden or the Eiffel Tower. 485 00:27:01,736 --> 00:27:04,486 (dramatic music) 486 00:27:09,480 --> 00:27:12,270 Of all the peoples exhibited one stood out 487 00:27:12,270 --> 00:27:13,743 in terms of popularity. 488 00:27:14,900 --> 00:27:19,040 Six diminutive Africans attracted everyone's attention. 489 00:27:19,040 --> 00:27:22,303 They were Batwa pygmies from the Belgian Congo. 490 00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:27,200 The Saint Louis Anthropology Department had financed 491 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:29,810 an expedition to Africa under the leadership 492 00:27:29,810 --> 00:27:32,490 of explorer Samuel Verner, to bring them 493 00:27:32,490 --> 00:27:35,033 to be presented exclusively at the exhibition. 494 00:27:36,620 --> 00:27:39,743 Ota Benga was one meter 41 in height. 495 00:27:40,860 --> 00:27:43,910 This young man with an enigmatic smile would soon 496 00:27:43,910 --> 00:27:45,889 be the most popular among them. 497 00:27:45,889 --> 00:27:48,472 (gentle music) 498 00:27:51,120 --> 00:27:55,110 Samuel Verner was commissioned explicitly 499 00:27:55,110 --> 00:28:00,110 to bring back pygmies because it was believed at that time 500 00:28:00,610 --> 00:28:04,300 that they were the least civilized people on the planet. 501 00:28:04,300 --> 00:28:08,910 And so, the whole point of the Saint Louis World's Fair was 502 00:28:08,910 --> 00:28:12,220 to map human progress from the lowest to the highest 503 00:28:12,220 --> 00:28:14,630 with the pygmies said 504 00:28:14,630 --> 00:28:19,152 to represent the lowest form of humanity. 505 00:28:19,152 --> 00:28:21,440 (gentle music) 506 00:28:21,440 --> 00:28:24,270 Since 1885 the Congo had been the property 507 00:28:24,270 --> 00:28:26,123 of the Belgian King Leopold II. 508 00:28:27,530 --> 00:28:29,710 His authority was unchallenged. 509 00:28:29,710 --> 00:28:32,923 And his dominion especially violent and harsh. 510 00:28:33,780 --> 00:28:36,765 Acts of brutality were common place. 511 00:28:36,765 --> 00:28:38,430 (gentle music) 512 00:28:38,430 --> 00:28:42,700 Samuel Verner himself said how he captured the pygmies. 513 00:28:42,700 --> 00:28:45,450 He wrote about how the people were crying 514 00:28:45,450 --> 00:28:48,870 as he was like loading these people onto the ships 515 00:28:48,870 --> 00:28:51,090 and how some got away. 516 00:28:51,090 --> 00:28:56,090 He also indicated how he had gone into villages with force, 517 00:28:56,850 --> 00:29:00,050 he was armed and he had the consent 518 00:29:00,050 --> 00:29:05,050 and the support of a brutal regime to exercise his mission. 519 00:29:07,031 --> 00:29:09,580 (dramatic music) 520 00:29:09,580 --> 00:29:11,530 Of all the specimens presented 521 00:29:11,530 --> 00:29:12,670 at the exhibition, 522 00:29:12,670 --> 00:29:16,143 the pygmies aroused the greatest curiosity among visitors. 523 00:29:17,220 --> 00:29:19,780 They were symbols of absolute savagery. 524 00:29:19,780 --> 00:29:22,530 (dramatic music) 525 00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:28,130 Their small stature was due to a morphological adaptation 526 00:29:28,130 --> 00:29:30,343 to living in the Equatorial Forest. 527 00:29:31,768 --> 00:29:32,601 (dramatic music) 528 00:29:32,601 --> 00:29:34,060 But according to Westerners, 529 00:29:34,060 --> 00:29:36,730 it signified that they were subhuman. 530 00:29:36,730 --> 00:29:40,730 They saw in them confirmation of man's descent from apes. 531 00:29:40,730 --> 00:29:44,020 Proof of Darwin's famous postulated missing link 532 00:29:44,020 --> 00:29:46,694 between man and the animals. 533 00:29:46,694 --> 00:29:49,444 (dramatic music) 534 00:29:52,310 --> 00:29:54,760 Day after day, Ota Benga was treated 535 00:29:54,760 --> 00:29:57,567 to Americans vulgarity and contempt. 536 00:29:57,567 --> 00:30:00,317 (dramatic music) 537 00:30:04,050 --> 00:30:07,480 Ota Benga's teeth were probably most responsible 538 00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:12,480 for the horrendous experience he had in the United States 539 00:30:13,160 --> 00:30:18,060 because of his teeth which were chipped to points. 540 00:30:18,060 --> 00:30:21,580 It's a very common practice in the Congo. 541 00:30:21,580 --> 00:30:24,400 This imagery validated this idea 542 00:30:24,400 --> 00:30:27,494 that he had been a cannibal and of course he was not. 543 00:30:27,494 --> 00:30:30,244 (dramatic music) 544 00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:32,730 This deception 545 00:30:32,730 --> 00:30:35,360 consummated Samuel Verner's success. 546 00:30:35,360 --> 00:30:37,320 He received the St. Louis gold medal 547 00:30:37,320 --> 00:30:39,600 at the closing ceremony of the exhibition 548 00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:42,496 which had attracted 20 million visitors. 549 00:30:42,496 --> 00:30:45,246 (dramatic music) 550 00:30:46,260 --> 00:30:48,320 After traveling to the Congo again, 551 00:30:48,320 --> 00:30:51,303 the explorer finally took Ota Benga to New York. 552 00:30:54,350 --> 00:30:56,630 His American adventure had resumed. 553 00:30:56,630 --> 00:30:57,993 But behind bars. 554 00:30:58,970 --> 00:31:02,850 It was 1906, Samuel Verner was unable to provide 555 00:31:02,850 --> 00:31:06,610 for his pygmy so he loaned him to the head of the Bronx Zoo, 556 00:31:06,610 --> 00:31:08,273 who put him in a monkey cage. 557 00:31:09,690 --> 00:31:13,193 He was made to play the savage with bow and arrows as props. 558 00:31:14,290 --> 00:31:17,590 In a few short years more than 40,000 people came 559 00:31:17,590 --> 00:31:20,920 to see him in this enclosure next to a chimpanzee. 560 00:31:20,920 --> 00:31:23,840 His partner in a number of small acts. 561 00:31:23,840 --> 00:31:25,100 (dramatic music) 562 00:31:25,100 --> 00:31:26,880 THere's an outcry in the press 563 00:31:26,880 --> 00:31:28,710 and not just the African American Press, 564 00:31:28,710 --> 00:31:30,510 but increasingly in the mainstream press 565 00:31:30,510 --> 00:31:33,460 that this is so degrading and so contrary 566 00:31:33,460 --> 00:31:36,060 to what a civilized nation should be doing 567 00:31:36,060 --> 00:31:40,926 that zoo authorities together with some of the ministers 568 00:31:40,926 --> 00:31:43,980 in New York, worked out an arrangement 569 00:31:43,980 --> 00:31:46,103 to have Benga conveyed to an orphanage. 570 00:31:47,162 --> 00:31:49,912 (dramatic music) 571 00:31:51,320 --> 00:31:53,050 Now free and in the care 572 00:31:53,050 --> 00:31:56,130 of a religious community, Ota Benga hoped finally 573 00:31:56,130 --> 00:31:58,893 to be able to integrate into his adopted country. 574 00:31:59,980 --> 00:32:01,850 The black ministers who took him in 575 00:32:01,850 --> 00:32:06,020 in 1910 gave his a Western Christian education. 576 00:32:06,020 --> 00:32:08,793 He went to primary school and took English lessons. 577 00:32:10,700 --> 00:32:13,930 Subsequently he was sent to Lynchburg, Virginia, 578 00:32:13,930 --> 00:32:16,000 where he got to know Anne Spencer, 579 00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:19,373 a respected Afro-American poet and civil rights activist. 580 00:32:20,860 --> 00:32:22,233 She taught him to write. 581 00:32:23,340 --> 00:32:25,930 Protected and supported, Ota Benga tried 582 00:32:25,930 --> 00:32:28,473 to live a normal life and to go to work. 583 00:32:29,660 --> 00:32:32,320 But as a Congo Pygmy, he could not adapt 584 00:32:32,320 --> 00:32:34,443 to the country of the Ku Klux Klan. 585 00:32:37,090 --> 00:32:39,080 Well the end of the story is 586 00:32:39,080 --> 00:32:40,860 the First World War breaks out 587 00:32:40,860 --> 00:32:42,760 and it's clear to Benga 588 00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:44,991 that it's going to be very, very difficult 589 00:32:44,991 --> 00:32:47,510 to get back to the Congo. 590 00:32:47,510 --> 00:32:52,020 And we don't know exactly what precipitated his action 591 00:32:52,020 --> 00:32:54,160 but he takes his own life. 592 00:32:54,160 --> 00:32:59,160 He has a gun and leaves his residence 593 00:32:59,390 --> 00:33:01,960 and shoots himself through the heart. 594 00:33:01,960 --> 00:33:04,710 (dramatic music) 595 00:33:06,086 --> 00:33:07,870 By the time of his death 12 years 596 00:33:07,870 --> 00:33:09,540 after coming to the U.S.A. 597 00:33:09,540 --> 00:33:11,610 he had become the most famous savage 598 00:33:11,610 --> 00:33:13,233 in American show business. 599 00:33:15,650 --> 00:33:18,815 His body was never claimed by the Congo. 600 00:33:18,815 --> 00:33:21,901 (gentle music) 601 00:33:21,901 --> 00:33:25,200 The story of Ota Benga is the story 602 00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:26,750 of racism. 603 00:33:26,750 --> 00:33:29,730 The thousands of people who saw Ota Benga failed 604 00:33:29,730 --> 00:33:31,920 to see a human being. 605 00:33:31,920 --> 00:33:34,640 We can see how throughout history effectively, 606 00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:38,383 certain discourses have de-legitimized men and women. 607 00:33:39,640 --> 00:33:43,210 Certain discourses have constructed the alleged superiority 608 00:33:43,210 --> 00:33:44,053 of white people. 609 00:33:45,234 --> 00:33:47,984 (dramatic music) 610 00:34:00,325 --> 00:34:02,908 (upbeat music) 611 00:34:05,289 --> 00:34:08,039 (dramatic music) 612 00:34:11,597 --> 00:34:13,490 The First World War reset attitudes 613 00:34:13,490 --> 00:34:16,960 to exhibiting people and to colonial populations. 614 00:34:16,960 --> 00:34:20,090 The two great powers, Britain and France chose out 615 00:34:20,090 --> 00:34:22,120 of economic and military opportunism 616 00:34:22,120 --> 00:34:25,183 to enroll people from their colonies from 1914. 617 00:34:26,650 --> 00:34:28,670 They now believed they could be civilized 618 00:34:28,670 --> 00:34:31,487 and were useful when kept under control. 619 00:34:31,487 --> 00:34:34,237 (dramatic music) 620 00:34:38,280 --> 00:34:41,250 Yesterday's savages were today's brave soldiers 621 00:34:41,250 --> 00:34:43,138 or indigenous workers. 622 00:34:43,138 --> 00:34:48,130 (dramatic music) (artillery booming) 623 00:34:48,130 --> 00:34:50,270 States deployed them against those they saw 624 00:34:50,270 --> 00:34:51,975 as even more savage. 625 00:34:51,975 --> 00:34:53,333 The Germans. 626 00:34:54,477 --> 00:34:59,477 (dramatic music) (artillery booming) 627 00:35:02,770 --> 00:35:05,720 After victory was achieved, Afro, Caribbean, 628 00:35:05,720 --> 00:35:09,610 Hindu, Afro-American, Kanak, North African 629 00:35:09,610 --> 00:35:11,300 and Asian soldiers of the French 630 00:35:11,300 --> 00:35:13,120 and Allied armies paraded 631 00:35:13,120 --> 00:35:15,933 on the Champs-Elysees cheered by the crowds. 632 00:35:18,230 --> 00:35:20,870 Post war exhibitions were quite unlike those 633 00:35:20,870 --> 00:35:22,223 before the First World War. 634 00:35:23,353 --> 00:35:25,900 They were no longer savages they were natives. 635 00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:26,930 They were not our equals 636 00:35:26,930 --> 00:35:28,880 but they had emerged from the darkness. 637 00:35:29,750 --> 00:35:32,310 They had entered the civilization phase. 638 00:35:32,310 --> 00:35:33,910 These former savages had to be shown 639 00:35:33,910 --> 00:35:36,840 to be of service to the colonial powers. 640 00:35:36,840 --> 00:35:39,260 These pacified territories must be showcased 641 00:35:39,260 --> 00:35:42,663 by bringing folkloric, exotic, even erotic elements to bear. 642 00:35:43,570 --> 00:35:47,460 The task was to show a world working under Western hegemony, 643 00:35:47,460 --> 00:35:50,320 that means change but the aim was the same. 644 00:35:50,320 --> 00:35:52,437 To show that the masters were here 645 00:35:52,437 --> 00:35:53,833 and the natives over there. 646 00:35:54,738 --> 00:35:57,321 (gentle music) 647 00:35:59,660 --> 00:36:02,500 Marius Kaloie was 21 when he agreed 648 00:36:02,500 --> 00:36:05,070 to leave his native New Caledonia for Paris 649 00:36:05,070 --> 00:36:07,436 with 100 fellow Kanaks. 650 00:36:07,436 --> 00:36:10,186 (dramatic music) 651 00:36:11,300 --> 00:36:13,680 It was 1931. 652 00:36:13,680 --> 00:36:15,140 He trusted the French official 653 00:36:15,140 --> 00:36:18,290 who suggested he and the others present Kanak culture 654 00:36:18,290 --> 00:36:20,991 at the Colonial Exhibition in Vincennes. 655 00:36:20,991 --> 00:36:23,741 (dramatic music) 656 00:36:25,810 --> 00:36:28,043 They were to return in eight months. 657 00:36:29,460 --> 00:36:32,420 Some 100 people agreed to undertake the journey 658 00:36:32,420 --> 00:36:35,600 including teachers, pupils, customs officials, 659 00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:36,943 waiters and seaman. 660 00:36:39,160 --> 00:36:42,180 Little did they know they would become formidable heroes 661 00:36:42,180 --> 00:36:45,956 in one of the greatest humiliations in French history. 662 00:36:45,956 --> 00:36:48,706 (dramatic music) 663 00:36:52,630 --> 00:36:55,130 At the Zoological Garden, Marius was told 664 00:36:55,130 --> 00:36:57,540 he could not leave his enclosure unaccompanied, 665 00:36:57,540 --> 00:36:58,913 rest or pray. 666 00:37:02,207 --> 00:37:04,170 None of the promises made were kept. 667 00:37:04,170 --> 00:37:06,645 He fallen into a trap. 668 00:37:06,645 --> 00:37:08,200 (dramatic music) 669 00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:10,733 It was like a return to the 19th century. 670 00:37:12,202 --> 00:37:14,952 (dramatic music) 671 00:37:18,140 --> 00:37:19,600 It was terrible because I had 672 00:37:19,600 --> 00:37:22,200 to perform Kanak customs all day. 673 00:37:22,200 --> 00:37:24,460 The women had to breastfeed in public, 674 00:37:24,460 --> 00:37:27,263 they had to make pirogues, dance all day. 675 00:37:30,610 --> 00:37:32,320 They were slaves. 676 00:37:32,320 --> 00:37:33,710 I think it shameful. 677 00:37:33,710 --> 00:37:36,170 It makes me feel sad and angry. 678 00:37:36,170 --> 00:37:37,570 Even if no one was killed, 679 00:37:37,570 --> 00:37:40,270 people simply should not treat other people like that. 680 00:37:41,208 --> 00:37:43,958 (dramatic music) 681 00:37:47,290 --> 00:37:49,460 Some of the troupe went to Germany. 682 00:37:49,460 --> 00:37:51,400 While twice a week the others performed 683 00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:53,400 at The Colonial Exhibition in Vincennes. 684 00:37:55,690 --> 00:37:59,600 The organizers exhibited them as natives from New Caledonia, 685 00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:02,463 as part of the colonies official presentation. 686 00:38:03,422 --> 00:38:06,172 (dramatic music) 687 00:38:07,040 --> 00:38:09,050 Unlike the Zoological Garden, 688 00:38:09,050 --> 00:38:11,020 they were not presented as savages, 689 00:38:11,020 --> 00:38:13,163 but as bold natives of the empire. 690 00:38:14,547 --> 00:38:17,547 (people chattering) 691 00:38:18,483 --> 00:38:19,316 (dramatic music) 692 00:38:19,316 --> 00:38:20,800 France wished to showcase the scope 693 00:38:20,800 --> 00:38:23,600 of an Empire which was at its peak. 694 00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:25,860 With a population of 100 million 695 00:38:25,860 --> 00:38:29,073 and an area twice that of the Roman Empire. 696 00:38:29,073 --> 00:38:31,823 (dramatic music) 697 00:38:34,903 --> 00:38:36,610 To picture a Colonial Exhibition you have 698 00:38:36,610 --> 00:38:40,790 to take Disneyland today, multiplied by two or three 699 00:38:40,790 --> 00:38:42,580 and not 30 kilometers away from Paris, 700 00:38:42,580 --> 00:38:45,167 but right in the heart of Paris. 701 00:38:45,167 --> 00:38:50,167 In the former workers districts, completely remodeled. 702 00:38:50,340 --> 00:38:52,920 It's the world of the early days of cinema, 703 00:38:52,920 --> 00:38:54,920 talkies are just arriving 704 00:38:54,920 --> 00:38:57,183 and here's a life sized reconstruction. 705 00:38:58,162 --> 00:38:59,446 It's Hollywood. 706 00:38:59,446 --> 00:39:01,630 (dramatic music) 707 00:39:01,630 --> 00:39:03,210 The exhibition was inaugurated 708 00:39:03,210 --> 00:39:06,740 by President Gaston Doumergue and Marshall Lyaurtey, 709 00:39:06,740 --> 00:39:08,500 joined by the Under-Secretary of State 710 00:39:08,500 --> 00:39:11,180 for Colonies Blaise Diagne. 711 00:39:11,180 --> 00:39:14,936 In just a few months 33 million tickets were sold. 712 00:39:14,936 --> 00:39:18,210 (dramatic music) 713 00:39:18,210 --> 00:39:20,970 The facade of The Colonial Palace in bas-relief, 714 00:39:20,970 --> 00:39:23,880 designed by the sculptor Alfred August Janniot 715 00:39:23,880 --> 00:39:27,720 was a huge fresco of 1,130 square meters 716 00:39:27,720 --> 00:39:30,514 that illustrated the wealth of the French colonies. 717 00:39:30,514 --> 00:39:33,264 (dramatic music) 718 00:39:36,480 --> 00:39:39,330 The interior of the palace included a fresco painted 719 00:39:39,330 --> 00:39:40,693 by Ducos de la Haille. 720 00:39:41,580 --> 00:39:43,420 It's depicted allegories and scenes 721 00:39:43,420 --> 00:39:46,040 from daily life illustrating what France had done 722 00:39:46,040 --> 00:39:46,953 for the colonies. 723 00:39:48,380 --> 00:39:50,810 The end result is a colonial fantasy 724 00:39:50,810 --> 00:39:52,423 around the natives displayed. 725 00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:59,530 I think that 1931 was the peak, 726 00:39:59,530 --> 00:40:02,530 but that means that the decline is really getting under way. 727 00:40:03,871 --> 00:40:06,780 The have to show that there's history which costs money, 728 00:40:06,780 --> 00:40:09,510 investment, which cost all the political debates 729 00:40:09,510 --> 00:40:10,853 and all the Assemblies. 730 00:40:11,780 --> 00:40:13,490 They have to show it wasn't pointless. 731 00:40:13,490 --> 00:40:15,500 And that they had kept some of the promise 732 00:40:15,500 --> 00:40:17,379 to have raised inferior peoples 733 00:40:17,379 --> 00:40:21,710 to something approaching the level of metropolitan France. 734 00:40:21,710 --> 00:40:24,460 (dramatic music) 735 00:40:26,150 --> 00:40:27,330 All over the world, 736 00:40:27,330 --> 00:40:30,640 voices were beginning to denounce human zoos. 737 00:40:30,640 --> 00:40:33,433 For the first time an enormous scandal erupted. 738 00:40:34,500 --> 00:40:37,320 In France, the Human Rights League, the Communists 739 00:40:37,320 --> 00:40:40,393 and even former colonists in New Caledonia protested. 740 00:40:41,240 --> 00:40:44,693 All agreed that such displays were unacceptable. 741 00:40:45,690 --> 00:40:48,050 You could not glorify the civilizing mission 742 00:40:48,050 --> 00:40:52,623 of colonization and at the same time exhibit fake savages. 743 00:40:52,623 --> 00:40:55,593 (dramatic music) 744 00:40:55,593 --> 00:40:57,460 (camera flash popping) 745 00:40:57,460 --> 00:41:01,300 Exhibited in Germany, the Kanaks themselves rebelled. 746 00:41:01,300 --> 00:41:04,085 Less and less willing to play the game. 747 00:41:04,085 --> 00:41:07,400 (dramatic music) 748 00:41:07,400 --> 00:41:10,110 The protest prompted the Minister of Colonies 749 00:41:10,110 --> 00:41:13,490 to order the Zoological Garden to stop the exhibition 750 00:41:13,490 --> 00:41:15,240 and to bring back the part of the troupe 751 00:41:15,240 --> 00:41:16,963 in Germany at Hagenbach. 752 00:41:18,830 --> 00:41:21,630 At stake was the honor of the French Republic 753 00:41:21,630 --> 00:41:24,903 which could not stoop to condoning such displays. 754 00:41:24,903 --> 00:41:27,653 (dramatic music) 755 00:41:28,930 --> 00:41:31,800 The authorities decided to repatriate the troupe. 756 00:41:31,800 --> 00:41:34,510 The Kanaks arrived home in July 1932. 757 00:41:35,585 --> 00:41:38,335 (dramatic music) 758 00:41:41,967 --> 00:41:44,310 (bells clanging) 759 00:41:44,310 --> 00:41:47,480 Marius Kaloie did not wish to return. 760 00:41:47,480 --> 00:41:49,640 He saw his future in France. 761 00:41:49,640 --> 00:41:51,730 He refused to board the ship in Marseille 762 00:41:51,730 --> 00:41:53,480 and returned to the woman he loved. 763 00:41:54,670 --> 00:41:55,930 She was French. 764 00:41:55,930 --> 00:41:58,680 Her name was Juliet Gabrielle Fabre 765 00:41:58,680 --> 00:42:02,145 and she was the only good luck he had in France. 766 00:42:02,145 --> 00:42:04,895 (dramatic music) 767 00:42:08,770 --> 00:42:11,983 A few weeks later the couple married in Bordeaux. 768 00:42:12,972 --> 00:42:15,200 (dramatic music) 769 00:42:15,200 --> 00:42:17,450 There is one surprising thing. 770 00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:21,700 The marriage certificate says the bride has asked 771 00:42:21,700 --> 00:42:24,203 to be able to retain her French nationality. 772 00:42:25,383 --> 00:42:28,693 Because the Kanaks were considered to be foreigners. 773 00:42:29,700 --> 00:42:31,653 Where as it was a French colony. 774 00:42:33,410 --> 00:42:36,480 Sylvette was born one year later. 775 00:42:36,480 --> 00:42:38,860 She was only a few months old when Marius died 776 00:42:38,860 --> 00:42:40,333 in a street car accident. 777 00:42:42,320 --> 00:42:45,553 Her family always hid the fact that her father was a Kanak. 778 00:42:46,440 --> 00:42:49,970 Only in her old age did she discover her origins, 779 00:42:49,970 --> 00:42:51,858 thanks to a journalist friend. 780 00:42:51,858 --> 00:42:54,608 (dramatic music) 781 00:43:00,030 --> 00:43:03,770 Today Sylvette has returned to the Zoological Garden 782 00:43:03,770 --> 00:43:05,795 where her father was exhibited. 783 00:43:05,795 --> 00:43:08,859 (dramatic music) 784 00:43:08,859 --> 00:43:09,692 It's a story about France 785 00:43:09,692 --> 00:43:11,343 and a story about New Caledonia. 786 00:43:12,350 --> 00:43:15,930 But I really am, I'm proud because he was my father, 787 00:43:15,930 --> 00:43:18,963 but the way he was treated it's shocking. 788 00:43:20,690 --> 00:43:22,263 It's not a very nice story. 789 00:43:23,510 --> 00:43:26,503 Especially as I never knew him. 790 00:43:29,720 --> 00:43:31,373 It doesn't happen everyday. 791 00:43:34,730 --> 00:43:37,490 It was French Colonialism, it was the period. 792 00:43:37,490 --> 00:43:38,933 It's shameful I think. 793 00:43:42,840 --> 00:43:45,303 The truth must be told, it has to come out. 794 00:43:46,380 --> 00:43:48,460 We weren't the ones at fault. 795 00:43:48,460 --> 00:43:50,350 What happened, happened. 796 00:43:50,350 --> 00:43:51,923 But it mustn't happen again. 797 00:43:53,443 --> 00:43:56,400 There's something, it's as if this garden is full 798 00:43:56,400 --> 00:43:58,393 of those men you see. 799 00:44:00,643 --> 00:44:03,226 (gentle music) 800 00:44:05,560 --> 00:44:07,960 In 2006 Sylvette arranged 801 00:44:07,960 --> 00:44:10,903 for Marius' remains to be returned to New Caledonia. 802 00:44:12,070 --> 00:44:14,950 Today he rests among his people 803 00:44:14,950 --> 00:44:17,687 in Natalo Cemetery in La Foa. 804 00:44:20,270 --> 00:44:21,690 He returned by ship. 805 00:44:21,690 --> 00:44:23,580 We took him to the tribe. 806 00:44:23,580 --> 00:44:26,650 They prepared food, the children sang. 807 00:44:26,650 --> 00:44:31,650 Everyone spoke about the story, he's returned. 808 00:44:33,100 --> 00:44:34,163 He's returned home. 809 00:44:35,300 --> 00:44:38,050 (dramatic music) 810 00:44:56,850 --> 00:44:58,770 The exhibition of the Kanaks was one 811 00:44:58,770 --> 00:45:00,003 of the last in Europe. 812 00:45:01,250 --> 00:45:02,860 The scandal was so great 813 00:45:02,860 --> 00:45:04,923 that such shows were no longer possible. 814 00:45:06,770 --> 00:45:09,060 In the decade prior to the Second World War, 815 00:45:09,060 --> 00:45:12,313 human zoos and Colonial Exhibitions gradually ceased. 816 00:45:15,370 --> 00:45:17,640 The last such exhibitions took place at the end 817 00:45:17,640 --> 00:45:21,981 of the decade in Britain, Portugal, Germany and Italy. 818 00:45:21,981 --> 00:45:24,420 (dramatic music) 819 00:45:24,420 --> 00:45:26,530 They were no longer profitable. 820 00:45:26,530 --> 00:45:27,980 The public was tired of them. 821 00:45:30,100 --> 00:45:32,770 Only a few diehards hung on. 822 00:45:32,770 --> 00:45:35,530 But their productions were so blatantly mediocre 823 00:45:35,530 --> 00:45:38,022 that visitors would have none of it. 824 00:45:38,022 --> 00:45:41,063 (dramatic music) 825 00:45:41,063 --> 00:45:44,040 (boots thudding) 826 00:45:44,040 --> 00:45:46,460 The end of human zoos marked the start 827 00:45:46,460 --> 00:45:49,547 of revolts heralding decolonization wars. 828 00:45:49,547 --> 00:45:52,890 (dramatic music) 829 00:45:52,890 --> 00:45:56,496 To abandon the zoos was to abandon colonial domination. 830 00:45:56,496 --> 00:45:59,246 (dramatic music) 831 00:46:00,680 --> 00:46:02,590 A new era had begun. 832 00:46:02,590 --> 00:46:05,220 But one of conflict and suffering. 833 00:46:05,220 --> 00:46:09,530 The next 20 years from 1940 to 1960 would be the darkest 834 00:46:09,530 --> 00:46:12,179 and most violent of the 20th century. 835 00:46:12,179 --> 00:46:14,160 (dramatic music) 836 00:46:14,160 --> 00:46:16,880 The Second World War, decolonization, 837 00:46:16,880 --> 00:46:19,730 the revolts against desegregation in the U.S.A., 838 00:46:19,730 --> 00:46:23,123 a wave of violent struggles swept over the world. 839 00:46:23,123 --> 00:46:26,380 (dramatic music) 840 00:46:26,380 --> 00:46:29,070 This long chapter of history really only concluded 841 00:46:29,070 --> 00:46:31,190 when the colonies won their independence 842 00:46:31,190 --> 00:46:33,403 between 1960 and 1970. 843 00:46:34,770 --> 00:46:37,020 Thereafter the West would use any means 844 00:46:37,020 --> 00:46:39,322 to erase the shameful past. 845 00:46:39,322 --> 00:46:41,640 (dramatic music) 846 00:46:41,640 --> 00:46:44,740 For more than 30 years human zoos were banished 847 00:46:44,740 --> 00:46:46,580 from our collective memory, 848 00:46:46,580 --> 00:46:50,320 stowed away in securely locked crates in museums. 849 00:46:50,320 --> 00:46:52,063 It was the age of oblivion. 850 00:46:54,790 --> 00:46:55,623 The History of human zoos faded 851 00:46:55,623 --> 00:46:57,630 because it was that of popular culture. 852 00:46:57,630 --> 00:46:59,800 Not the great colonial adventure. 853 00:46:59,800 --> 00:47:01,360 It was forgotten because researchers 854 00:47:01,360 --> 00:47:05,513 in the 1950s, 60s, 70s and 80s only found fragments of it. 855 00:47:06,360 --> 00:47:07,920 Didn't look in the archives. 856 00:47:07,920 --> 00:47:11,160 Weren't interested in what was behind Buffalo Bill. 857 00:47:11,160 --> 00:47:13,280 What we've begun to rediscover today stems 858 00:47:13,280 --> 00:47:14,910 from a simple question, 859 00:47:14,910 --> 00:47:16,500 how could Westerners believe 860 00:47:16,500 --> 00:47:19,263 that across the seas there were savages. 861 00:47:20,202 --> 00:47:22,952 (dramatic music) 862 00:47:23,890 --> 00:47:26,170 In the mid-1990s researchers 863 00:47:26,170 --> 00:47:29,150 and museum directors began to open the crates, 864 00:47:29,150 --> 00:47:33,169 search the archives and even to exhume remains. 865 00:47:33,169 --> 00:47:35,270 (dramatic music) 866 00:47:35,270 --> 00:47:38,440 They rescued human zoos from oblivion. 867 00:47:38,440 --> 00:47:42,854 In less than two decades silence gave way to words. 868 00:47:42,854 --> 00:47:45,604 (dramatic music) 869 00:47:50,783 --> 00:47:53,300 (camera flash popping) 870 00:47:53,300 --> 00:47:55,210 Understanding the past is important 871 00:47:55,210 --> 00:47:57,403 for understanding what's happening today. 872 00:47:58,520 --> 00:47:59,820 What I mean is that, 873 00:47:59,820 --> 00:48:02,330 if you want to understand why there is racism 874 00:48:02,330 --> 00:48:06,893 in our societies you have to ask questions about human zoos. 875 00:48:08,820 --> 00:48:12,960 You have to ask questions about the history of colonization. 876 00:48:12,960 --> 00:48:16,190 You must ask questions about the history of slavery. 877 00:48:16,190 --> 00:48:18,020 And then you can understand why today 878 00:48:18,020 --> 00:48:19,563 there is still a domination. 879 00:48:20,418 --> 00:48:23,168 (dramatic music) 880 00:48:26,540 --> 00:48:28,260 To lay this past to rest, 881 00:48:28,260 --> 00:48:30,113 the bodies must rest in peace. 882 00:48:31,540 --> 00:48:35,070 In spite of the obstacles, this process has begun. 883 00:48:35,070 --> 00:48:39,020 Especially since the return in 2002 of the bodily remains 884 00:48:39,020 --> 00:48:42,593 of the Hottentot Venus to her home country South Africa. 885 00:48:44,930 --> 00:48:46,160 We're increasingly aware 886 00:48:46,160 --> 00:48:49,180 that this undigested history has really stuck 887 00:48:49,180 --> 00:48:50,513 in the collective memory. 888 00:48:52,390 --> 00:48:54,120 More and more countries are asking 889 00:48:54,120 --> 00:48:55,920 to have their history back in a way. 890 00:48:57,910 --> 00:49:01,220 We still have human remains in our collections. 891 00:49:01,220 --> 00:49:05,460 In museums, in universities, in hospitals everywhere, 892 00:49:05,460 --> 00:49:08,190 we have thousands and thousands of skeletons 893 00:49:08,190 --> 00:49:11,763 in Europe which were brought here illegitimately. 894 00:49:13,520 --> 00:49:14,860 And to give up a skeleton, 895 00:49:14,860 --> 00:49:18,560 is also to acknowledge this colonial history. 896 00:49:18,560 --> 00:49:21,500 (dramatic music) 897 00:49:21,500 --> 00:49:24,050 The issue is now an international one. 898 00:49:26,160 --> 00:49:28,930 Many bodies are still inaccessible. 899 00:49:28,930 --> 00:49:31,680 (dramatic music) 900 00:49:40,699 --> 00:49:41,532 To give back the bodies, 901 00:49:41,532 --> 00:49:42,970 to find the bodies in the museums, 902 00:49:42,970 --> 00:49:45,930 in the exhibition spaces is in a way, 903 00:49:45,930 --> 00:49:47,790 to appease consciences. 904 00:49:47,790 --> 00:49:50,690 Pacify memories and also to allow everyone 905 00:49:50,690 --> 00:49:52,320 to lay this past to rest. 906 00:49:52,320 --> 00:49:53,550 Look it in the face sure. 907 00:49:53,550 --> 00:49:55,650 But also turn the page 908 00:49:55,650 --> 00:49:58,420 so that tomorrow we can overcome racial violence 909 00:49:58,420 --> 00:50:01,090 and construct a new common destiny. 910 00:50:01,090 --> 00:50:03,840 (dramatic music) 911 00:50:05,050 --> 00:50:07,000 Will we one day send home the bodies 912 00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:08,310 of the exhibited? 913 00:50:08,310 --> 00:50:10,353 As we did in the past for Tambo? 914 00:50:12,820 --> 00:50:15,080 Will we one day write the story of Moliko 915 00:50:15,080 --> 00:50:17,973 into the history of Guyana and the history of France? 916 00:50:19,620 --> 00:50:21,630 Or that of Marius Kaloie 917 00:50:21,630 --> 00:50:24,300 to overcome the conflicting memories that persist, 918 00:50:24,300 --> 00:50:26,317 not least in New Caledonia. 919 00:50:26,317 --> 00:50:27,270 (dramatic music) 920 00:50:27,270 --> 00:50:30,110 What can we do, so that one day the body 921 00:50:30,110 --> 00:50:32,970 of Ota Benga is reclaimed by the Congo 922 00:50:32,970 --> 00:50:35,257 and written into his country's history. 923 00:50:35,257 --> 00:50:38,490 (dramatic music) 924 00:50:38,490 --> 00:50:41,900 It is now the duty of a generation to rescue this story 925 00:50:41,900 --> 00:50:45,140 from oblivion in order to pacify memories 926 00:50:45,140 --> 00:50:49,674 and once and for all turn the page on human zoos. 927 00:50:49,674 --> 00:50:52,424 (dramatic music)