1
00:00:24,258 --> 00:00:26,625
(machinery clanging)

2
00:00:31,732 --> 00:00:34,463
(machinery whirring)

3
00:00:39,306 --> 00:00:41,673
(indistinct conversations)

4
00:01:03,497 --> 00:01:05,864
(indistinct chatter)

5
00:01:14,541 --> 00:01:17,136
(indistinct remarks)

6
00:01:20,847 --> 00:01:23,407
(speaking foreign language)

7
00:02:07,527 --> 00:02:10,554
This is Kailash Satyarthi.

8
00:02:10,597 --> 00:02:14,295
His organization
Bachpan Bachao Andolan,

9
00:02:14,334 --> 00:02:16,428
Save Childhood Movement,

10
00:02:16,470 --> 00:02:20,339
conducts secrets raids
with or without local police.

11
00:02:23,810 --> 00:02:26,439
They have saved
over 80,000 children

12
00:02:26,480 --> 00:02:29,507
from child trafficking
and slave labor.

13
00:02:47,334 --> 00:02:49,735
(indistinct conversations)

14
00:02:49,770 --> 00:02:51,363
They were not just child labor.

15
00:02:51,405 --> 00:02:52,896
Let me underscore here

16
00:02:52,939 --> 00:02:54,498
that they were traffic children,

17
00:02:54,541 --> 00:02:55,873
they were bondage
child laborers.

18
00:02:55,909 --> 00:02:57,810
So it's a virtual slavery.

19
00:02:58,979 --> 00:03:02,916
Rescuing these children
is a violent undertaking.

20
00:03:10,691 --> 00:03:13,320
Kailash has been
severely beaten,

21
00:03:13,360 --> 00:03:15,761
and members
of his organization murdered

22
00:03:15,796 --> 00:03:17,856
during these rescues.

23
00:03:17,898 --> 00:03:20,458
(indistinct chatter)

24
00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:22,867
(horns honking)

25
00:03:22,903 --> 00:03:25,498
(speaking foreign language)

26
00:03:28,775 --> 00:03:31,335
(indistinct remarks)

27
00:03:39,419 --> 00:03:41,445
No, no, no, stop!

28
00:03:41,488 --> 00:03:43,855
(speaking foreign language)

29
00:03:49,362 --> 00:03:51,854
Let him come here, let him
come here, let him come here,

30
00:03:51,898 --> 00:03:54,595
let him come here,
let him come here!

31
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In many places in the world,

32
00:04:03,310 --> 00:04:06,803
the children are working

33
00:04:06,847 --> 00:04:08,873
day in and day out as slaves.

34
00:04:11,551 --> 00:04:14,715
At least animals
can roam around freely,

35
00:04:14,755 --> 00:04:16,656
but these children can't.

36
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They have no dream.

37
00:05:25,826 --> 00:05:29,024
In many ways, globalization
has been a force of good

38
00:05:29,062 --> 00:05:30,963
in developing countries,

39
00:05:30,997 --> 00:05:34,798
bringing opportunities,
education, and infrastructure

40
00:05:34,835 --> 00:05:37,634
to some of the world's
poorest regions.

41
00:05:38,839 --> 00:05:42,469
But it's not always
a pretty picture.

42
00:05:42,509 --> 00:05:45,843
For decades, deep-pocketed
multi-national corporations

43
00:05:45,879 --> 00:05:48,678
have been exploiting workers
in developing countries.

44
00:05:49,916 --> 00:05:52,147
Violating international
labor laws,

45
00:05:52,385 --> 00:05:55,514
and paying workers
the bare minimum.

46
00:05:55,555 --> 00:05:58,491
Keeping costs low, profits high,

47
00:05:58,525 --> 00:06:01,051
and consumers
coming back for more.

48
00:06:04,631 --> 00:06:08,432
And while consumers expect
an abundance of cheap goods,

49
00:06:08,468 --> 00:06:11,961
it's often children
who pay the highest price.

50
00:06:16,443 --> 00:06:18,810
(indistinct conversations)

51
00:06:18,845 --> 00:06:21,747
Child labor refers to work
that deprives children

52
00:06:21,781 --> 00:06:24,842
of an education
or compromises their physical,

53
00:06:24,885 --> 00:06:28,151
mental, and social development.

54
00:06:28,188 --> 00:06:29,884
There are child laborers

55
00:06:29,923 --> 00:06:32,154
in almost every country
in the world.

56
00:06:34,427 --> 00:06:36,055
Countries shaded in dark red

57
00:06:36,096 --> 00:06:38,190
have higher concentrations
of children

58
00:06:38,431 --> 00:06:40,559
between the ages of 5 to 14

59
00:06:40,600 --> 00:06:42,091
in their workforce.

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00:06:46,506 --> 00:06:49,442
There's somewhere
around 200 million

61
00:06:49,476 --> 00:06:51,638
child laborers
in the world today.

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00:06:52,846 --> 00:06:56,715
Virtually no country
is immune to child labor,

63
00:06:56,750 --> 00:07:00,016
and virtually no industry
is immune to child labor.

64
00:07:05,892 --> 00:07:07,588
Setting aside
all the definitions,

65
00:07:07,627 --> 00:07:09,926
and all of the laws and policies
and economics of it,

66
00:07:09,963 --> 00:07:12,489
child labor really means this.

67
00:07:12,532 --> 00:07:16,230
It means the innocence

68
00:07:16,469 --> 00:07:19,064
and purity of childhood

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00:07:19,105 --> 00:07:23,668
is transformed
into grinding, menial labor,

70
00:07:23,710 --> 00:07:26,236
which is in turn transformed
into the delightful things

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00:07:26,479 --> 00:07:29,210
we consume every day.

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That's really
what child labor is.

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00:07:31,017 --> 00:07:33,577
It's their suffering
turned into our clothes

74
00:07:33,620 --> 00:07:36,920
and our food and our jewelry
and our chocolate.

75
00:07:36,957 --> 00:07:40,724
Companies look for low-wage,

76
00:07:40,760 --> 00:07:44,197
under-regulated labor markets
in order to maximize return

77
00:07:44,230 --> 00:07:46,222
on shareholder value, et cetera.

78
00:07:46,266 --> 00:07:48,701
So, in the era
of global capitalism

79
00:07:48,735 --> 00:07:51,034
where you can ship things
from one corner of the world

80
00:07:51,071 --> 00:07:52,937
to another
for a very inexpensive cost,

81
00:07:52,973 --> 00:07:56,068
you can also look for labor
in any corner of the world,

82
00:07:56,109 --> 00:08:00,570
and low wages are often afforded
by the use of children,

83
00:08:00,613 --> 00:08:04,175
because they are,
by definition, more vulnerable.

84
00:08:14,794 --> 00:08:17,628
Palm oil is a vegetable oil
that is present

85
00:08:17,664 --> 00:08:19,826
in a majority
of consumer products.

86
00:08:22,102 --> 00:08:25,698
Its primary purpose
is to extend shelf life.

87
00:08:31,978 --> 00:08:35,745
Indonesia is the largest source
of palm oil.

88
00:08:36,950 --> 00:08:39,852
Its valuable rainforests
are being destroyed

89
00:08:39,886 --> 00:08:42,185
by this multibillion-dollar
industry.

90
00:08:44,324 --> 00:08:46,919
In Indonesia,
you see a lot of focus

91
00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:48,189
in the palm oil conversation

92
00:08:48,228 --> 00:08:50,891
on the environmental
degradation.

93
00:08:51,965 --> 00:08:55,629
The industry has been
literally burning

94
00:08:55,668 --> 00:08:59,196
one of the oldest growth
rainforests in the world.

95
00:09:04,044 --> 00:09:06,912
What is frequently overlooked

96
00:09:06,946 --> 00:09:10,178
is that those that are actually
doing the burning,

97
00:09:10,216 --> 00:09:12,879
preparing the plantations,

98
00:09:12,919 --> 00:09:16,822
spraying the herbicides,
which are in many cases,

99
00:09:16,856 --> 00:09:18,950
banned in other parts
of the world,

100
00:09:18,992 --> 00:09:20,688
and doing so
without protection--

101
00:09:20,727 --> 00:09:23,720
these workers, too often,

102
00:09:23,763 --> 00:09:25,959
are children.

103
00:09:28,601 --> 00:09:30,968
(engine rumbling)

104
00:09:37,677 --> 00:09:40,340
This plantation,
like most in the region,

105
00:09:40,380 --> 00:09:43,009
pays its workers
below the minimum wage

106
00:09:43,049 --> 00:09:45,348
and forces them
to hit a daily quota.

107
00:09:47,887 --> 00:09:49,753
If the quota is not met,

108
00:09:49,789 --> 00:09:52,020
they will be fined or fired.

109
00:09:52,058 --> 00:09:54,653
(speaking foreign language)

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00:10:32,899 --> 00:10:34,834
This plantation is one of many

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00:10:34,868 --> 00:10:36,769
that supplies Wilmar,

112
00:10:36,803 --> 00:10:39,238
the world's largest
palm oil producer.

113
00:12:00,486 --> 00:12:03,149
The children cannot form
the trade unions.

114
00:12:03,189 --> 00:12:05,454
They cannot go
to the court of law.

115
00:12:05,491 --> 00:12:08,928
They cannot go on strikes,
they cannot bargain their wages

116
00:12:08,962 --> 00:12:10,931
or their living
working conditions.

117
00:12:10,964 --> 00:12:13,365
So, they're always preferred

118
00:12:13,399 --> 00:12:15,868
than the parents
of these children.

119
00:12:45,999 --> 00:12:47,490
(laughing)

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00:12:49,469 --> 00:12:52,371
Throughout Indonesia's
palm oil plantations,

121
00:12:52,405 --> 00:12:55,432
children suffer injuries
from the rugged terrain,

122
00:12:55,475 --> 00:12:59,276
heavy lifting,
and the use of dangerous tools.

123
00:13:24,837 --> 00:13:26,931
(engine whirring)

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00:13:35,982 --> 00:13:39,248
If companies were to provide
safety gear to children

125
00:13:39,285 --> 00:13:42,517
it would be an admission
that they use child labor.

126
00:13:44,590 --> 00:13:47,219
Just by working
on the plantation

127
00:13:47,260 --> 00:13:49,889
children are exposed
to toxic chemicals

128
00:13:49,929 --> 00:13:52,489
such as the herbicide paraquat,

129
00:13:52,532 --> 00:13:55,468
which is known to cause
Parkinson's disease.

130
00:13:58,404 --> 00:14:01,568
Children with these
pesticide backpacks,

131
00:14:01,607 --> 00:14:03,508
no protection on their backs,

132
00:14:03,543 --> 00:14:07,036
no respirators, no mask,

133
00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:09,106
they get chemical burns.

134
00:14:09,148 --> 00:14:11,879
The ultimate effects
on their health

135
00:14:11,918 --> 00:14:13,580
won't be known for
a couple of years,

136
00:14:13,619 --> 00:14:15,212
but these are genotoxins.

137
00:14:15,254 --> 00:14:17,120
It's not gonna be good.

138
00:14:18,658 --> 00:14:21,025
After the palm fruit is picked,

139
00:14:21,060 --> 00:14:22,392
it is loaded onto trucks

140
00:14:22,428 --> 00:14:25,660
and delivered to a mill
within 24 hours.

141
00:14:27,066 --> 00:14:29,535
The mill sterilizes
and presses the fruit,

142
00:14:29,569 --> 00:14:32,004
creating crude palm oil.

143
00:14:33,473 --> 00:14:36,204
From there,
it is refined, separated,

144
00:14:36,242 --> 00:14:38,973
and sold to corporate giants.

145
00:14:39,011 --> 00:14:41,207
Unilever, Proctor and Gamble,

146
00:14:41,247 --> 00:14:43,307
Nestle, Kellogg's,

147
00:14:43,349 --> 00:14:45,215
and Colgate-Palmolive

148
00:14:45,251 --> 00:14:48,312
all buy palm oil from Wilmar.

149
00:14:48,354 --> 00:14:51,256
Palm oil gets everywhere.

150
00:14:51,290 --> 00:14:54,260
It's in the stuff
that we use every day.

151
00:15:00,099 --> 00:15:02,466
New Colgate
Enamel Health toothpaste.

152
00:15:02,502 --> 00:15:04,061
Kraft Mac and Cheese.

153
00:15:12,078 --> 00:15:13,944
Real cheese matters.

154
00:15:13,980 --> 00:15:16,142
Coffee-Mate, stir things up.

155
00:15:21,387 --> 00:15:23,982
(indistinct chatter)

156
00:15:45,178 --> 00:15:47,977
So, we look into
these instances immediately.

157
00:15:48,014 --> 00:15:50,210
So, if you have
concrete examples,

158
00:15:50,249 --> 00:15:52,582
please give them to me.

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00:15:57,590 --> 00:16:02,187
In a 2016 report titled
"The Great Palm Oil Scandal,"

160
00:16:02,228 --> 00:16:03,719
Amnesty International cites

161
00:16:03,763 --> 00:16:06,392
child labor
and forced labor abuses

162
00:16:06,432 --> 00:16:09,493
on Wilmar's palm oil
plantations.

163
00:16:09,535 --> 00:16:11,401
According to the report,

164
00:16:11,437 --> 00:16:13,702
Nestle, along with Kellogg's,

165
00:16:13,739 --> 00:16:16,208
acknowledged that
they received palm oil

166
00:16:16,242 --> 00:16:18,268
from these Wilmar plantations.

167
00:16:19,479 --> 00:16:22,540
So, yes, we have been in
conversation with Amnesty,

168
00:16:22,582 --> 00:16:27,077
and we take this situation
very seriously.

169
00:16:27,119 --> 00:16:30,453
Wilmar is a big supplier,
indeed.

170
00:16:30,490 --> 00:16:34,188
In palm oil, the challenge

171
00:16:34,227 --> 00:16:37,197
is that you have
to have traceability

172
00:16:37,230 --> 00:16:40,530
to the plantation
in order to be able

173
00:16:40,566 --> 00:16:43,434
to completely remediate
the situation.

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00:16:43,469 --> 00:16:45,165
You will often hear,

175
00:16:45,204 --> 00:16:48,697
"Well, we just don't know
about those conditions.

176
00:16:48,741 --> 00:16:50,334
How can we know, right?

177
00:16:50,376 --> 00:16:52,106
We're buying from a supplier.

178
00:16:52,144 --> 00:16:53,737
The supplier's sourcing

179
00:16:53,779 --> 00:16:57,147
from a big farm.

180
00:16:57,183 --> 00:17:00,244
The farm subcontracts out

181
00:17:00,286 --> 00:17:02,482
to smaller producers,

182
00:17:02,522 --> 00:17:05,253
and it's impossible
for us to find out."

183
00:17:06,125 --> 00:17:07,821
And that's not true.

184
00:17:08,060 --> 00:17:11,360
That's willful ignorance.

185
00:17:12,565 --> 00:17:16,161
These companies,
if they want to,

186
00:17:16,202 --> 00:17:18,262
can find out.

187
00:17:18,304 --> 00:17:19,738
Many of the companies,

188
00:17:19,772 --> 00:17:23,675
they have good social
responsibility documents,

189
00:17:23,709 --> 00:17:26,474
and they publish them
on their websites,

190
00:17:26,512 --> 00:17:30,415
and that is there because of
the consumer's consciousness.

191
00:17:31,617 --> 00:17:35,520
But when it comes
to realization,

192
00:17:35,555 --> 00:17:38,218
then they pass on
the responsibility

193
00:17:38,257 --> 00:17:39,850
to the second level
or third level

194
00:17:40,092 --> 00:17:42,288
of their contractors
or subcontractors.

195
00:17:43,696 --> 00:17:47,155
In 2016, Amnesty International

196
00:17:47,199 --> 00:17:49,327
exposed that children
as young as four

197
00:17:49,368 --> 00:17:51,132
are working in cobalt mines

198
00:17:51,170 --> 00:17:53,696
across the Democratic Republic
of Congo.

199
00:17:56,242 --> 00:17:59,508
The cobalt from these mines
is used in lithium-ion batteries

200
00:17:59,545 --> 00:18:02,447
found in products
from Samsung, Microsoft,

201
00:18:02,481 --> 00:18:04,643
Apple, and Sony.

202
00:18:06,152 --> 00:18:08,815
Fourteen months after
this report was released,

203
00:18:08,854 --> 00:18:11,585
Apple was the only company
to suspend use

204
00:18:11,624 --> 00:18:13,616
of cobalt from these mines.

205
00:18:15,728 --> 00:18:18,857
Globally, 168 million children

206
00:18:18,898 --> 00:18:21,197
are in full-time jobs.

207
00:18:21,233 --> 00:18:25,432
Ironically, 200 million adults
are jobless.

208
00:18:25,471 --> 00:18:27,337
Many of these jobless adults

209
00:18:27,373 --> 00:18:29,774
are none but the very parents
of these children.

210
00:18:30,876 --> 00:18:34,176
If children are freed
from child labor,

211
00:18:34,213 --> 00:18:39,481
then huge
employment opportunities

212
00:18:39,518 --> 00:18:41,282
would be created.

213
00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:44,757
Most companies haven't gone
about setting up a system

214
00:18:44,790 --> 00:18:46,588
of transparency and auditing

215
00:18:46,626 --> 00:18:49,494
to ensure that
there aren't child laborers

216
00:18:49,528 --> 00:18:51,622
in their supply chains.

217
00:18:51,664 --> 00:18:54,600
Companies often
aren't interested

218
00:18:54,634 --> 00:18:56,569
in finding out
what is actually happening.

219
00:18:56,602 --> 00:19:01,233
They don't own the farm
or factory itself,

220
00:19:01,273 --> 00:19:03,742
and so they feel
less reputational risk,

221
00:19:03,776 --> 00:19:06,405
but even if their name
isn't on that farm

222
00:19:06,445 --> 00:19:08,539
or isn't on that factory
or isn't on that ship,

223
00:19:08,581 --> 00:19:12,541
they are buying those products
and turning a blind eye

224
00:19:12,585 --> 00:19:13,848
to what is going on below them.

225
00:19:14,954 --> 00:19:17,685
Companies 50 years ago,

226
00:19:17,723 --> 00:19:20,557
the first way that they thought
about their success

227
00:19:20,593 --> 00:19:22,926
when they talked about how
successful their company was--

228
00:19:22,962 --> 00:19:25,261
by how many people
they employed,

229
00:19:25,297 --> 00:19:28,392
how many people did they give

230
00:19:28,434 --> 00:19:31,268
a living wage, a good wage.

231
00:19:31,303 --> 00:19:35,798
Today, it's about stock price,
it's about profits.

232
00:19:35,841 --> 00:19:40,643
We reported total revenue
of more than $482 billion.

233
00:19:40,680 --> 00:19:43,275
(cheering)

234
00:19:44,483 --> 00:19:46,543
Across the developing world,

235
00:19:46,585 --> 00:19:48,713
global companies
pressure suppliers

236
00:19:48,754 --> 00:19:50,484
to slash production costs.

237
00:19:52,925 --> 00:19:54,655
In order to meet these demands,

238
00:19:54,694 --> 00:19:56,720
suppliers subcontract the work,

239
00:19:56,762 --> 00:19:59,664
which shields the companies
from accountability.

240
00:20:02,535 --> 00:20:04,231
Even if companies are concerned

241
00:20:04,270 --> 00:20:05,795
about child labor
in their supply chains,

242
00:20:05,838 --> 00:20:08,000
they will seek
for some assurance

243
00:20:08,240 --> 00:20:10,573
from that first factory,

244
00:20:10,609 --> 00:20:13,602
but that first factory
might be subcontracting

245
00:20:13,646 --> 00:20:15,945
down two, three,
and four levels,

246
00:20:15,981 --> 00:20:17,973
all the way out to rural areas

247
00:20:18,017 --> 00:20:20,714
where no one's looking.

248
00:20:20,753 --> 00:20:23,689
Old Navy
and its parent company Gap

249
00:20:23,723 --> 00:20:26,352
use a multi-layered supply chain

250
00:20:26,392 --> 00:20:29,885
and reap the benefits
of cheap underage labor.

251
00:20:35,601 --> 00:20:38,435
This factory in Istanbul
employs children

252
00:20:38,471 --> 00:20:41,305
making clothes
for fast fashion outlets

253
00:20:41,340 --> 00:20:44,708
such as ASOS
and Marks and Spencer.

254
00:20:44,744 --> 00:20:47,976
ASOS says it has zero tolerance
for children labor.

255
00:20:48,013 --> 00:20:50,505
The company accepts
its clothes were made here,

256
00:20:50,549 --> 00:20:53,348
but says it's not
an authorized factory.

257
00:20:54,553 --> 00:20:57,546
In order for companies
to clean up their supply chain,

258
00:20:57,590 --> 00:21:01,027
it takes a realistic assessment

259
00:21:01,060 --> 00:21:03,586
of what their supply chain is,

260
00:21:03,629 --> 00:21:05,325
and that starts with mapping.

261
00:21:14,073 --> 00:21:15,974
When we go in and talk

262
00:21:16,008 --> 00:21:18,876
to many of these big brands
and retailers,

263
00:21:18,911 --> 00:21:22,575
they, in many cases,
have not only not heard

264
00:21:22,615 --> 00:21:25,608
of the suppliers
that we're talking about,

265
00:21:25,651 --> 00:21:28,450
but they haven't heard
of the geographic area

266
00:21:28,487 --> 00:21:30,979
where we've been focusing
our investigation.

267
00:21:37,429 --> 00:21:39,830
(indistinct conversations)

268
00:21:41,066 --> 00:21:44,594
Indonesia is the world's
fifth-largest tobacco producer.

269
00:21:45,805 --> 00:21:48,502
There are more than
half a million tobacco farms.

270
00:21:49,608 --> 00:21:52,339
Tobacco in any form
contains nicotine,

271
00:21:52,378 --> 00:21:54,745
and when workers are out
in the fields handling tobacco,

272
00:21:54,780 --> 00:21:57,648
they can actually absorb that
nicotine through their skin.

273
00:21:58,851 --> 00:22:01,980
Nicotine is both
water and lipid soluble.

274
00:22:02,021 --> 00:22:04,013
So, when you go into a field
of tobacco

275
00:22:04,056 --> 00:22:06,548
and rub against it on your skin,

276
00:22:06,592 --> 00:22:08,686
you absorb nicotine.

277
00:22:08,727 --> 00:22:11,595
If you go into a wet field
of tobacco,

278
00:22:11,630 --> 00:22:13,826
all the water
on those tobacco plants

279
00:22:13,866 --> 00:22:15,129
is filled with nicotine.

280
00:22:16,468 --> 00:22:18,903
The immediate effect
is acute nicotine poisoning.

281
00:22:20,072 --> 00:22:21,904
Nausea, vomiting,

282
00:22:21,941 --> 00:22:24,376
headache, insomnia.

283
00:22:25,578 --> 00:22:27,046
Nicotine has long-term

284
00:22:27,079 --> 00:22:29,048
neurological
developmental effects.

285
00:22:31,550 --> 00:22:35,453
Now you put a child
into that situation.

286
00:22:35,487 --> 00:22:37,456
The child is smaller,

287
00:22:37,489 --> 00:22:39,651
has not quite developed

288
00:22:39,692 --> 00:22:42,560
physically or neurologically.

289
00:22:44,630 --> 00:22:46,155
Children shouldn't be there.

290
00:23:01,714 --> 00:23:04,115
(indistinct chatter)

291
00:23:25,738 --> 00:23:28,139
The tobacco that children
are helping to produce

292
00:23:28,173 --> 00:23:31,109
is bought by the biggest
tobacco companies in the world.

293
00:24:31,637 --> 00:24:34,129
The law in Indonesia
is actually pretty strong.

294
00:24:34,173 --> 00:24:35,903
Indonesia has good
child labor laws

295
00:24:35,941 --> 00:24:37,876
that are aligned with
international standards.

296
00:24:37,910 --> 00:24:40,675
They've ratified
international labor organization

297
00:24:40,713 --> 00:24:42,875
conventions on child labor.

298
00:24:42,915 --> 00:24:44,508
The problem
is really enforcement.

299
00:24:50,889 --> 00:24:53,586
Haji Masarun is the head
of the Labor Department

300
00:24:53,625 --> 00:24:54,820
of Central Lombok.

301
00:24:54,860 --> 00:24:56,829
(speaking foreign language)

302
00:24:56,862 --> 00:24:58,524
He is in charge of making sure

303
00:24:58,564 --> 00:25:00,533
that all the companies
in the region

304
00:25:00,566 --> 00:25:02,899
are following Indonesia's
labor laws.

305
00:25:04,136 --> 00:25:07,937
Except, he doesn't seem
to know the labor laws.

306
00:25:22,821 --> 00:25:24,847
The minimum working age
in Indonesia

307
00:25:24,890 --> 00:25:27,792
is 15, not 17.

308
00:25:27,826 --> 00:25:30,125
And the workers
on this plantation

309
00:25:30,162 --> 00:25:32,028
are as young as six.

310
00:26:00,793 --> 00:26:03,194
(indistinct chatter)

311
00:26:06,365 --> 00:26:08,925
(speaking foreign language)

312
00:26:14,606 --> 00:26:16,871
In the United States today,

313
00:26:16,909 --> 00:26:19,674
it is legal for children
as young as 12

314
00:26:19,711 --> 00:26:22,146
to work on any farm of any size.

315
00:26:26,051 --> 00:26:28,213
For small farms or family farms,

316
00:26:28,253 --> 00:26:30,745
there is no minimum
age requirement.

317
00:26:33,292 --> 00:26:35,625
Hundreds of thousands
of American kids

318
00:26:35,661 --> 00:26:38,290
pick blueberries,
strawberries, sweet potatoes,

319
00:26:38,330 --> 00:26:40,890
and other crops sold nationwide.

320
00:26:44,103 --> 00:26:47,835
Because many of these children
don't finish school,

321
00:26:47,873 --> 00:26:51,241
they often remain trapped
in a cycle of poverty.

322
00:26:54,012 --> 00:26:56,140
The history
of agricultural labor is one

323
00:26:56,181 --> 00:26:59,982
that comes right out of slavery
into the Jim Crow South,

324
00:27:00,018 --> 00:27:02,715
and now relies largely
on immigrant labor

325
00:27:02,754 --> 00:27:05,815
that's often underpaid
and overworked.

326
00:27:05,858 --> 00:27:08,987
In 1938 as part of the New Deal,

327
00:27:09,027 --> 00:27:12,794
the U.S. Congress passed
the Fair Labor Standards Act,

328
00:27:12,831 --> 00:27:15,733
which attempted to keep children
under the age of 16

329
00:27:15,767 --> 00:27:17,736
out of the workforce.

330
00:27:19,138 --> 00:27:21,300
The agricultural sector,
however,

331
00:27:21,340 --> 00:27:23,104
was excluded.

332
00:27:24,309 --> 00:27:27,871
Franklin Roosevelt
pushed those laws through,

333
00:27:27,913 --> 00:27:31,281
but the Democratic Party
was this strange alliance

334
00:27:31,316 --> 00:27:35,048
of Northern urban citizens

335
00:27:35,087 --> 00:27:36,919
and labor unions,

336
00:27:36,955 --> 00:27:40,983
and Southern white supremacists

337
00:27:41,026 --> 00:27:45,828
whose economy rested
on low-wage labor

338
00:27:45,864 --> 00:27:47,856
and who also didn't want

339
00:27:47,900 --> 00:27:50,836
African American workers

340
00:27:50,869 --> 00:27:53,896
to be able to organize
for any purpose,

341
00:27:53,939 --> 00:27:57,842
because organizing
for labor unions

342
00:27:57,876 --> 00:28:00,971
might be a stepping stone
toward organizing

343
00:28:01,013 --> 00:28:02,379
for civil rights.

344
00:28:10,489 --> 00:28:13,823
I started working in tobacco
because my parents,

345
00:28:13,859 --> 00:28:16,727
sometimes they couldn't like--
sometimes the money

346
00:28:16,762 --> 00:28:18,424
was kinda short
for them to pay the bills.

347
00:28:18,463 --> 00:28:22,366
So, I couldn't get,
like, supplies for school,

348
00:28:22,401 --> 00:28:25,838
and, yeah, that's mainly
the main reason why

349
00:28:25,871 --> 00:28:26,998
I work in the fields.

350
00:28:30,209 --> 00:28:33,077
I had to work, because my mom

351
00:28:33,111 --> 00:28:36,479
didn't have enough money
for us, so.

352
00:28:36,515 --> 00:28:40,816
A single parent making $7.25
or even $8.25

353
00:28:40,852 --> 00:28:42,946
doing seasonal agricultural work

354
00:28:42,988 --> 00:28:45,116
can't afford
to feed their family.

355
00:28:45,157 --> 00:28:46,420
It's just not a possibility,

356
00:28:46,458 --> 00:28:49,485
and so, families
have to come together.

357
00:28:49,528 --> 00:28:53,465
They have to have as many people
as possible working,

358
00:28:53,498 --> 00:28:56,468
and that's really, you know,
the main root cause

359
00:28:56,501 --> 00:28:59,096
of why so many young people
are doing work

360
00:28:59,137 --> 00:29:00,901
that's often dangerous.

361
00:29:00,939 --> 00:29:03,238
I've been working in the fields
since I was eight,

362
00:29:03,275 --> 00:29:06,404
and I'm 17 now, and I'm still
working in tobacco fields.

363
00:29:06,445 --> 00:29:07,913
Yes, ma'am.

364
00:29:13,252 --> 00:29:15,949
We would start
around five or six,

365
00:29:15,988 --> 00:29:19,322
and get out until seven or eight
in the night.

366
00:29:19,358 --> 00:29:22,351
- That's a long day.
- Yeah, it is.

367
00:29:22,394 --> 00:29:24,954
What was it like
working in the fields?

368
00:29:24,997 --> 00:29:28,229
It was bad, it was bad.

369
00:29:28,267 --> 00:29:30,293
Like throwing up,
and stuff like that.

370
00:29:32,004 --> 00:29:33,495
It's like harsh conditions,

371
00:29:33,538 --> 00:29:37,236
and especially since the sun
is beating down on you.

372
00:29:37,276 --> 00:29:39,245
You need a lot of water,

373
00:29:39,278 --> 00:29:42,009
and like, you can't get
a lot of breaks.

374
00:29:42,047 --> 00:29:43,879
If I were caught
getting a break,

375
00:29:43,915 --> 00:29:46,248
I would probably get fired.

376
00:29:52,491 --> 00:29:53,925
Yes, ma'am.

377
00:29:56,828 --> 00:29:59,889
Um, well, what I do

378
00:29:59,931 --> 00:30:03,993
is, like, I find woods,

379
00:30:04,036 --> 00:30:07,029
and if there's no woods
I have to find a place

380
00:30:07,072 --> 00:30:09,337
where there's no workers at.

381
00:30:11,943 --> 00:30:13,275
They didn't have paper
or nothing like that,

382
00:30:13,312 --> 00:30:16,248
and so, I had to use leaves.

383
00:30:17,349 --> 00:30:19,978
In 2015, a group of scientists

384
00:30:20,018 --> 00:30:21,884
uncovered that nicotine levels

385
00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:24,014
from working in tobacco fields

386
00:30:24,056 --> 00:30:26,116
greatly exceeded nicotine levels

387
00:30:26,158 --> 00:30:27,626
from smoking cigarettes.

388
00:30:29,061 --> 00:30:32,361
We did a study where
we looked at cotinine in urine

389
00:30:32,397 --> 00:30:35,060
of farm workers
compared to non-farm workers.

390
00:30:40,172 --> 00:30:41,970
The urinary cotinine levels

391
00:30:42,007 --> 00:30:44,909
of non-smoking farm workers

392
00:30:44,943 --> 00:30:48,311
was 541 nanograms
per milliliter,

393
00:30:48,347 --> 00:30:50,475
whereas the urinary
cotinine levels

394
00:30:50,515 --> 00:30:52,575
of smoking non-farm workers

395
00:30:52,617 --> 00:30:55,485
was 199 nanograms
per milliliter.

396
00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:57,421
So, the farm workers
had two and a half times

397
00:30:57,456 --> 00:30:59,891
as much cotinine,
even though they did not smoke.

398
00:31:01,093 --> 00:31:03,426
When I threw up,
the owner told me,

399
00:31:03,462 --> 00:31:05,260
he said,
"You can keep on working.

400
00:31:05,297 --> 00:31:08,358
I mean,
everybody goes through that.

401
00:31:08,400 --> 00:31:09,595
Not only you."

402
00:31:12,270 --> 00:31:15,934
Protections are not reaching
children in the fields.

403
00:31:15,974 --> 00:31:18,273
Companies like Philip Morris
International,

404
00:31:18,310 --> 00:31:20,245
British American Tobacco,

405
00:31:20,278 --> 00:31:22,543
Altria Group, Reynolds American.

406
00:31:22,581 --> 00:31:24,106
They've set up a system

407
00:31:24,149 --> 00:31:26,675
where they don't have
the responsibility

408
00:31:26,918 --> 00:31:29,149
for what happens on the farm.

409
00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:33,954
I would get rashes.

410
00:31:33,992 --> 00:31:37,258
Then my body start hurting
and the leaves are kinda--

411
00:31:37,295 --> 00:31:39,230
they got something like--

412
00:31:39,264 --> 00:31:41,165
something they put
in the leaves.

413
00:31:41,199 --> 00:31:43,464
The tobacco fields
that supply companies

414
00:31:43,502 --> 00:31:45,698
like Philip Morris and Reynolds

415
00:31:45,937 --> 00:31:47,530
are sprayed
with an enormous amount

416
00:31:47,572 --> 00:31:50,167
of pesticides and herbicides,

417
00:31:50,208 --> 00:31:53,508
many of which are banned
in other countries.

418
00:31:54,713 --> 00:31:56,477
The chemicals can get on you

419
00:31:56,515 --> 00:31:59,349
and they can make you really,
really sick and hurt you.

420
00:31:59,384 --> 00:32:01,979
I was in the hospital for a week
because of it.

421
00:32:03,255 --> 00:32:05,554
The chemicals, it was going
through my bloodstream.

422
00:32:05,590 --> 00:32:08,389
Plus, I was coughing up blood
because of the chemicals.

423
00:32:08,427 --> 00:32:10,953
It is unclear which chemical
caused illness

424
00:32:10,996 --> 00:32:12,988
among the children interviewed,

425
00:32:13,031 --> 00:32:16,661
but a commonly used pesticide
is chlorpyrifos.

426
00:32:16,701 --> 00:32:18,567
It is made by Dow Chemical

427
00:32:18,603 --> 00:32:21,038
and is banned
on three continents.

428
00:32:22,407 --> 00:32:25,571
The Obama administration
attempted to ban this chemical

429
00:32:25,610 --> 00:32:29,103
in favor of less toxic
alternatives.

430
00:32:29,147 --> 00:32:32,481
The EPA scientists
under the Obama administration

431
00:32:32,517 --> 00:32:34,452
found that the chemical
could interfere

432
00:32:34,486 --> 00:32:36,352
with children's brain
development.

433
00:32:36,388 --> 00:32:40,519
Reduced IQ,
lower working memory scores,

434
00:32:40,559 --> 00:32:42,357
increased ADHD.

435
00:32:43,562 --> 00:32:45,463
Regulating these poisons

436
00:32:45,497 --> 00:32:47,693
that endanger American children

437
00:32:47,732 --> 00:32:49,223
is now unlikely.

438
00:32:50,435 --> 00:32:54,167
Please raise your right hand
and repeat after me.

439
00:32:54,206 --> 00:32:57,472
Every regulation should
have to pass a simple test.

440
00:32:57,509 --> 00:33:00,570
Does it make life
better or safer

441
00:33:00,612 --> 00:33:02,604
for American workers
or consumers?

442
00:33:02,647 --> 00:33:06,607
In February 2017,
President Donald Trump

443
00:33:06,651 --> 00:33:09,348
ordered the Environmental
Protection Agency

444
00:33:09,387 --> 00:33:13,017
to remove restrictions
on several harmful pesticides,

445
00:33:13,058 --> 00:33:16,085
including Dow Chemical's
chlorpyrifos.

446
00:33:17,229 --> 00:33:20,495
Dow Chemical
had just donated $1 million

447
00:33:20,532 --> 00:33:23,297
to President Trump's
inauguration.

448
00:33:24,669 --> 00:33:26,535
President-elect Trump,
I can't tell you--

449
00:33:26,571 --> 00:33:28,437
I tingle with pride
listening to you.

450
00:33:28,473 --> 00:33:31,466
Dow Chemical's CEO,
Andrew Liveris,

451
00:33:31,510 --> 00:33:34,412
was at the president's side
when this order was signed.

452
00:33:34,446 --> 00:33:36,642
Behind me, and Andrew,
I'd like to thank you

453
00:33:36,681 --> 00:33:38,809
for initially
getting the group together.

454
00:33:39,050 --> 00:33:41,576
Three months after
Trump's executive order,

455
00:33:41,620 --> 00:33:44,647
a farm in California
was forced to close

456
00:33:44,689 --> 00:33:49,252
after dozens of workers
were poisoned by chlorpyrifos.

457
00:33:49,294 --> 00:33:50,819
Top story here at five.

458
00:33:51,062 --> 00:33:54,521
More than 50 farm workers
exposed to a pesticide drift

459
00:33:54,566 --> 00:33:57,058
this morning
southwest of Bakersfield.

460
00:33:57,102 --> 00:34:00,698
The active ingredient in
the insecticide is chlorpyrifos.

461
00:34:00,739 --> 00:34:05,507
It is reported to cause severe
neurotoxic symptoms in humans.

462
00:34:05,544 --> 00:34:08,639
Chlorpyrifos is manufactured
by the AgroSciences division

463
00:34:08,680 --> 00:34:10,239
of Dow Chemical Company.

464
00:34:12,317 --> 00:34:16,345
Chlorpyrifos will continue
to be used in tobacco farming.

465
00:34:16,388 --> 00:34:18,823
(indistinct conversations)

466
00:34:18,857 --> 00:34:21,383
He kept telling us he was sick,
he was feeling sick.

467
00:34:22,427 --> 00:34:24,259
And he passed out and he laid--

468
00:34:24,296 --> 00:34:26,162
we just laid him up
under the leaves

469
00:34:26,197 --> 00:34:28,689
until we could get
the ambulance to get there.

470
00:34:28,733 --> 00:34:32,864
And it's like--that was like
the scariest day of my life

471
00:34:33,104 --> 00:34:35,437
that I thought I was gonna lose
my best friend because of it.

472
00:34:35,473 --> 00:34:38,102
- How old was he?
- He was 12.

473
00:34:38,143 --> 00:34:40,703
We were--I was 13,
I'd just turned 13, he was 12.

474
00:34:44,215 --> 00:34:45,877
- I'm sorry.
- It's okay.

475
00:34:51,156 --> 00:34:53,250
Work in tobacco farming
is treated just like work

476
00:34:53,291 --> 00:34:55,522
in any other agricultural crop,
which means, you know,

477
00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:56,892
12-year-olds can be out
in the field

478
00:34:57,128 --> 00:34:58,858
working 50 or 60 hours a week,

479
00:34:58,897 --> 00:35:00,763
and that's perfectly legal.

480
00:35:00,799 --> 00:35:03,769
A few years back,
the Obama administration

481
00:35:03,802 --> 00:35:08,536
proposed regulations
to label tobacco as hazardous.

482
00:35:08,573 --> 00:35:10,735
Powerful agricultural
lobbying groups

483
00:35:10,775 --> 00:35:13,643
came out strongly opposed
to these regulations,

484
00:35:13,678 --> 00:35:15,738
and in the end,
the Obama administration caved

485
00:35:15,780 --> 00:35:18,614
to these groups and really
abandoned child farm workers.

486
00:35:22,921 --> 00:35:25,584
We need to see more political
will from our policymakers

487
00:35:25,624 --> 00:35:27,855
in Washington to protect kids
who are at risk

488
00:35:27,892 --> 00:35:29,793
working on farms in our country.

489
00:35:36,568 --> 00:35:40,835
So many of our kids
in our country and Europe,

490
00:35:40,872 --> 00:35:42,738
around the world,
enjoy eating chocolate.

491
00:35:42,774 --> 00:35:45,300
I mean, who doesn't enjoy
eating chocolate?

492
00:35:45,343 --> 00:35:47,471
We all love chocolate,

493
00:35:47,512 --> 00:35:51,176
or hot chocolate,
or chocolates of any form.

494
00:35:51,216 --> 00:35:53,481
And to think that so many
of our kids who--

495
00:35:53,518 --> 00:35:55,817
people who enjoy chocolate,

496
00:35:55,854 --> 00:35:59,382
we don't know
that it's being produced

497
00:35:59,424 --> 00:36:01,620
by forced child labor
in many cases.

498
00:36:01,660 --> 00:36:03,686
Kids that are deprived
of their childhood,

499
00:36:03,728 --> 00:36:06,857
kids that are basically
child slaves.

500
00:36:18,510 --> 00:36:21,275
There are nearly
two million child laborers

501
00:36:21,312 --> 00:36:24,305
ages 5 to 14 working in Ghana.

502
00:36:25,417 --> 00:36:27,613
Some work in the gold mines,

503
00:36:27,652 --> 00:36:30,884
but a majority of them
work in the cocoa fields

504
00:36:30,922 --> 00:36:34,256
that supply companies
like Hershey, Cadbury,

505
00:36:34,292 --> 00:36:35,954
Mars, and Nestle.

506
00:37:08,393 --> 00:37:10,294
Anas Aremeyaw Anas

507
00:37:10,328 --> 00:37:12,661
is the Ghanaian
investigative journalist

508
00:37:12,697 --> 00:37:14,495
who has spent
the last two decades

509
00:37:14,532 --> 00:37:18,264
exposing corruption and crime
across Africa.

510
00:37:19,537 --> 00:37:21,529
A master of disguise,

511
00:37:21,573 --> 00:37:25,442
he works undercover
and never reveals his face.

512
00:37:56,074 --> 00:37:58,634
My name is Comfort Aklugu.

513
00:37:58,676 --> 00:38:00,338
How old are you?

514
00:38:00,378 --> 00:38:02,347
I am 11 years old.

515
00:38:06,985 --> 00:38:08,476
Three years.

516
00:38:08,520 --> 00:38:09,715
Three years?

517
00:38:11,589 --> 00:38:12,613
Yes.

518
00:38:13,825 --> 00:38:17,956
Do all of the children
go to school or...?

519
00:38:17,996 --> 00:38:20,625
Yeah, some of them
don't go to school.

520
00:38:20,665 --> 00:38:23,794
They just work
on the cocoa farm for me.

521
00:38:25,103 --> 00:38:27,572
They like money,

522
00:38:27,605 --> 00:38:29,767
so they will come
and work for me

523
00:38:29,808 --> 00:38:31,333
so that they get money.

524
00:39:12,517 --> 00:39:13,576
Yes.

525
00:39:21,826 --> 00:39:23,795
The Cocoa Board and PBC

526
00:39:23,828 --> 00:39:26,093
are the Ghanaian
government organizations

527
00:39:26,130 --> 00:39:29,430
responsible for
cocoa production and sales.

528
00:39:30,635 --> 00:39:32,968
They claim that they have
dozens of inspectors

529
00:39:33,004 --> 00:39:36,099
auditing the cocoa farms
regularly.

530
00:40:02,767 --> 00:40:06,169
In the 10 years you have
been working on this farm...

531
00:40:06,204 --> 00:40:08,435
- Yes...
- How many times

532
00:40:08,473 --> 00:40:10,738
has the Cocoa Board
come and audited?

533
00:40:10,775 --> 00:40:12,903
It's only last year
that they came.

534
00:40:12,944 --> 00:40:14,037
- Last year.
- Yeah.

535
00:40:14,078 --> 00:40:15,944
- 2015.
- Yes.

536
00:40:15,980 --> 00:40:17,676
And what did they do here?

537
00:40:17,715 --> 00:40:20,480
They just came to see
what we are using,

538
00:40:20,518 --> 00:40:24,046
the insecticide
and the pesticide.

539
00:40:24,088 --> 00:40:26,956
That's all they came
and looked for.

540
00:40:26,991 --> 00:40:30,018
They didn't look
at the workers?

541
00:40:30,061 --> 00:40:31,495
No, no.

542
00:40:31,529 --> 00:40:34,624
They didn't ask you
how many workers are here?

543
00:40:34,666 --> 00:40:36,931
- No.
- How old they are,

544
00:40:36,968 --> 00:40:39,597
- what they do.
- They didn't ask.

545
00:40:39,637 --> 00:40:40,696
- Nothing.
- Yes.

546
00:41:43,634 --> 00:41:46,160
I met a group of children

547
00:41:46,204 --> 00:41:48,571
working in cocoa beans
production.

548
00:41:49,974 --> 00:41:53,570
And I said,
"How do you like chocolates?"

549
00:41:54,879 --> 00:41:57,144
The children smiled,
"What is chocolate?"

550
00:42:00,685 --> 00:42:02,551
During the course
of our filming,

551
00:42:02,587 --> 00:42:04,783
we realized that
some of the child laborers

552
00:42:04,822 --> 00:42:07,724
on this plantation
had been trafficked

553
00:42:07,759 --> 00:42:09,728
from other countries.

554
00:42:09,761 --> 00:42:13,892
Are all the children
who work here from Ghana

555
00:42:13,931 --> 00:42:16,059
or are some of them
from other countries?

556
00:42:16,100 --> 00:42:19,628
Yeah, some of them
are from other countries,

557
00:42:19,670 --> 00:42:22,037
like Nigeria
and Côte d'lvoire,

558
00:42:22,073 --> 00:42:24,736
Burkina too, yeah.

559
00:42:24,776 --> 00:42:25,971
Yeah.

560
00:42:27,311 --> 00:42:30,213
And they come to Ghana for--
just for working?

561
00:42:30,248 --> 00:42:32,342
Yes, yes.

562
00:42:32,583 --> 00:42:34,211
For how long?

563
00:42:34,252 --> 00:42:38,053
Some two years,
five years.

564
00:42:38,089 --> 00:42:40,649
Some also don't go back again.

565
00:43:03,614 --> 00:43:05,879
What if they want to go home
after one month?

566
00:43:08,052 --> 00:43:10,146
Can they go home or,
no, they have to stay?

567
00:43:11,389 --> 00:43:13,654
If they decide
to go one month,

568
00:43:13,691 --> 00:43:17,184
then I have to collect
my money back,

569
00:43:17,228 --> 00:43:21,666
the money that I gave
to their owner, yes.

570
00:43:22,934 --> 00:43:24,095
And so...

571
00:43:26,037 --> 00:43:29,701
...the owners of these kids
don't let them go.

572
00:43:29,740 --> 00:43:30,708
Yes.

573
00:43:30,741 --> 00:43:32,232
If they have to give you
your money back.

574
00:43:32,276 --> 00:43:33,642
Yeah.

575
00:43:35,246 --> 00:43:37,875
The options in poor countries
tend to be pretty bad.

576
00:43:37,915 --> 00:43:41,352
You can sell fruit
in the vegetable market,

577
00:43:41,385 --> 00:43:44,753
you can sell cigarettes
one by one,

578
00:43:44,789 --> 00:43:48,692
you can work in a factory
making cheap sandals.

579
00:43:50,194 --> 00:43:53,289
So, a labor broker
will go to a village

580
00:43:53,331 --> 00:43:56,995
and offer jobs
to village kids

581
00:43:57,034 --> 00:44:00,198
and promise wages
that sound really good.

582
00:44:01,706 --> 00:44:04,403
And then
those kids show up

583
00:44:04,442 --> 00:44:08,777
and it turns out that
they're not getting paid

584
00:44:08,813 --> 00:44:10,281
or not getting paid
very much,

585
00:44:10,314 --> 00:44:12,283
their identity cards
are taken from them,

586
00:44:12,316 --> 00:44:13,716
if they have them at all.

587
00:44:13,751 --> 00:44:15,777
They may not
speak the language

588
00:44:15,820 --> 00:44:18,153
in the place
they're working.

589
00:44:18,189 --> 00:44:24,754
They become pawns in this
international economic process,

590
00:44:24,795 --> 00:44:26,263
and completely deprived
of rights

591
00:44:26,297 --> 00:44:29,461
in ways that truly are analogous
to 19th century slaves.

592
00:44:29,700 --> 00:44:31,726
The United Nations estimates

593
00:44:31,769 --> 00:44:35,103
that approximately
200,000 slaves

594
00:44:35,139 --> 00:44:38,041
are working in various trades
in West Africa,

595
00:44:38,075 --> 00:44:40,067
and the State Department
has estimated

596
00:44:40,111 --> 00:44:44,981
that about 15,000 children
between the ages of 9 and 12

597
00:44:45,016 --> 00:44:46,484
have been sold
into forced labor.

598
00:44:46,717 --> 00:44:48,879
The Harkin-Engel Protocol,

599
00:44:48,920 --> 00:44:51,151
created by
Senator Tom Harkin

600
00:44:51,189 --> 00:44:53,385
and Representative Eliot Engel,

601
00:44:53,424 --> 00:44:56,861
is an international agreement
between governments

602
00:44:56,894 --> 00:44:59,227
and global
cocoa companies

603
00:44:59,263 --> 00:45:02,097
aimed at ending the worst forms
of child labor

604
00:45:02,133 --> 00:45:05,103
in the production of cocoa
in West Africa.

605
00:45:07,805 --> 00:45:10,775
These are essentially
American industries,

606
00:45:10,808 --> 00:45:13,903
American companies,
and, you know,

607
00:45:13,945 --> 00:45:17,507
we should be very concerned
about child slave labor.

608
00:45:17,748 --> 00:45:19,876
And I said, you know,
I'm a congressman,

609
00:45:19,917 --> 00:45:21,283
I should try to do
something about this,

610
00:45:21,319 --> 00:45:22,309
this is outrageous.

611
00:45:23,387 --> 00:45:26,448
Despite the best efforts
on the part of government,

612
00:45:26,490 --> 00:45:28,823
the Cocoa industry
repeatedly failed

613
00:45:28,859 --> 00:45:32,091
to meet the deadlines
set out by the protocol.

614
00:45:32,129 --> 00:45:35,122
And we laid out a series
of date-specific actions,

615
00:45:35,166 --> 00:45:37,829
including the development
of industry-wide standards

616
00:45:37,868 --> 00:45:39,336
of public certification,

617
00:45:39,370 --> 00:45:43,398
which was supposed to be done
by July 1st, 2005.

618
00:45:46,377 --> 00:45:48,937
Though I was disappointed
that the July 1st deadline

619
00:45:48,980 --> 00:45:51,540
was not fully met
by the industry,

620
00:45:51,782 --> 00:45:53,375
they have given us
a commitment,

621
00:45:53,417 --> 00:45:56,910
a commitment to achieving
a certification system

622
00:45:56,954 --> 00:45:58,820
which can be expanded across

623
00:45:58,856 --> 00:46:01,155
the coca-growing areas
of West Africa.

624
00:46:01,192 --> 00:46:03,354
The certification system
will be in place

625
00:46:03,394 --> 00:46:06,193
by July 1st of 2008.

626
00:46:10,167 --> 00:46:14,832
In 2013, 12 years after
the protocol was initiated,

627
00:46:14,872 --> 00:46:18,274
a U.S. government funded study
by Tulane University

628
00:46:18,309 --> 00:46:19,800
found that children engaged

629
00:46:19,844 --> 00:46:22,541
in inappropriate forms
of child labor

630
00:46:22,580 --> 00:46:26,073
had risen 21% in Ghana
and Côte d'lvoire.

631
00:46:27,385 --> 00:46:30,253
The study noted that
over a million children

632
00:46:30,288 --> 00:46:31,586
were trapped
in exploitative labor

633
00:46:31,822 --> 00:46:35,190
in the cocoa sector
of just those two countries.

634
00:46:36,093 --> 00:46:39,120
Since the failure
of the Harkin-Engel Protocol,

635
00:46:39,163 --> 00:46:41,291
the chocolate companies
are taking cover

636
00:46:41,332 --> 00:46:44,496
under other certifications,
such as UTZ,

637
00:46:44,535 --> 00:46:48,267
which routinely failed
to protect child laborers.

638
00:46:49,440 --> 00:46:53,070
So, it's 100% UTZ Certified,

639
00:46:53,110 --> 00:46:55,409
the cocoa comes
from the cocoa plant,

640
00:46:55,446 --> 00:46:58,041
which means that
it's completely traceable,

641
00:46:58,082 --> 00:47:00,108
so we know
where it comes from

642
00:47:00,151 --> 00:47:03,383
and we know
how it has been produced.

643
00:47:04,588 --> 00:47:06,887
But just because something
is UTZ Certified

644
00:47:06,924 --> 00:47:12,556
does not mean that
it is free of forced labor

645
00:47:12,596 --> 00:47:15,464
or trafficking
or child labor.

646
00:47:15,499 --> 00:47:17,400
It means the product
is traceable

647
00:47:17,435 --> 00:47:22,373
and it has been
responsibly sourced,

648
00:47:22,406 --> 00:47:23,931
to the extent possible.

649
00:47:23,974 --> 00:47:27,001
Are you aware that
there is child trafficking

650
00:47:27,044 --> 00:47:31,880
on cocoa farms across Ghana
and Côte d'lvoire?

651
00:47:31,916 --> 00:47:35,353
Again, these are
very rare cases.

652
00:47:35,386 --> 00:47:40,620
When we detect such cases
through our system,

653
00:47:40,658 --> 00:47:43,492
we immediately alert
the authorities.

654
00:47:43,527 --> 00:47:45,894
When I was in Ghana
in December,

655
00:47:45,930 --> 00:47:47,558
on all the farms I visited

656
00:47:47,598 --> 00:47:50,329
I found incidences
of trafficked children.

657
00:47:50,368 --> 00:47:52,064
Didn't seem very rare to me.

658
00:47:53,504 --> 00:47:56,997
Is it common
for a lot of cocoa farmers

659
00:47:57,041 --> 00:47:59,510
to order kids
from other countries?

660
00:47:59,543 --> 00:48:00,977
Yes.

661
00:48:01,011 --> 00:48:02,172
- It is?
- Yes.

662
00:48:03,214 --> 00:48:05,240
Does everyone do it?

663
00:48:05,282 --> 00:48:06,272
Yes.

664
00:48:08,285 --> 00:48:10,481
Do you know the word
trafficking?

665
00:48:12,423 --> 00:48:13,447
No, please.

666
00:48:13,491 --> 00:48:14,959
- Hm?
- No.

667
00:48:14,992 --> 00:48:16,255
Do you know the meaning?

668
00:48:16,293 --> 00:48:17,591
No, I don't know
the meaning.

669
00:48:17,628 --> 00:48:20,097
Have you ever heard that word,
"trafficking"?

670
00:48:20,131 --> 00:48:21,565
- Yes, miss.
- You have heard it?

671
00:48:21,599 --> 00:48:23,659
- Yes.
- Do you know the meaning?

672
00:48:23,701 --> 00:48:25,260
I don't know the meaning.

673
00:49:04,408 --> 00:49:06,968
(commotion)

674
00:50:50,180 --> 00:50:51,409
We are not talking
about a figment

675
00:50:51,448 --> 00:50:53,383
of anybody's imagination.

676
00:50:54,451 --> 00:50:56,283
These are human beings

677
00:50:56,320 --> 00:50:58,516
whose rights
are being trampled upon,

678
00:50:58,556 --> 00:51:01,151
some of them being taken
against their wish.

679
00:52:05,789 --> 00:52:08,349
(commotion)

680
00:53:45,255 --> 00:53:48,487
Between 1990 and 2010,

681
00:53:48,525 --> 00:53:50,460
China grew from being
the seventh largest

682
00:53:50,494 --> 00:53:52,463
manufacturing country
in the world

683
00:53:52,496 --> 00:53:53,657
to the first.

684
00:53:56,800 --> 00:53:59,463
In the early years
of this rapid growth,

685
00:53:59,503 --> 00:54:01,836
sweatshops accounted
for a high percentage

686
00:54:01,872 --> 00:54:03,465
of manufacturing,

687
00:54:03,507 --> 00:54:06,033
and child labor violations
were rampant.

688
00:54:07,044 --> 00:54:10,879
Much of the East Asian
economic model

689
00:54:10,914 --> 00:54:15,784
was built around taking
rural labor, especially girls,

690
00:54:15,819 --> 00:54:20,985
and...and having them
work in sweatshops

691
00:54:21,024 --> 00:54:23,755
to make toys or garments.

692
00:54:23,794 --> 00:54:25,990
But in the late 1990s,

693
00:54:26,029 --> 00:54:28,021
a transformation occurred.

694
00:54:29,066 --> 00:54:32,662
China implemented
universal primary education,

695
00:54:32,703 --> 00:54:36,435
making school compulsory for
tens of millions of children.

696
00:54:38,342 --> 00:54:40,538
School attendance soared,

697
00:54:40,577 --> 00:54:43,411
significantly reducing
child labor.

698
00:54:45,649 --> 00:54:51,589
Today, China has pulled most of
its population out of poverty,

699
00:54:51,622 --> 00:54:55,457
but despites China's success
in reducing child labor,

700
00:54:55,492 --> 00:54:57,893
global corporations
have found a loophole

701
00:54:57,928 --> 00:54:59,794
to maximize production.

702
00:55:02,966 --> 00:55:07,631
These are high school students,
many of them freshmen.

703
00:55:07,671 --> 00:55:11,039
They're at this factory
during their summer vacation,

704
00:55:11,074 --> 00:55:13,942
and are part of what
the Chinese government calls

705
00:55:13,977 --> 00:55:15,912
a student internship program.

706
00:55:17,447 --> 00:55:18,972
But it's nothing of the sort.

707
00:55:20,651 --> 00:55:23,644
For 30 million
of these Chinese students,

708
00:55:23,687 --> 00:55:26,680
their summer internships
consist of forced labor

709
00:55:26,723 --> 00:55:30,057
at manufacturing facilities
for global multinationals.

710
00:55:31,495 --> 00:55:34,693
A lot of vocational schools
in China

711
00:55:34,731 --> 00:55:38,691
are not really designed
to provide students

712
00:55:38,735 --> 00:55:41,432
with training
in a particular trade.

713
00:55:41,471 --> 00:55:44,999
They are there simply
to provide factories

714
00:55:45,042 --> 00:55:48,570
with cheap labor
at short notice.

715
00:55:53,617 --> 00:55:56,485
If a particular factory
is short of workers,

716
00:55:56,520 --> 00:55:59,456
they go to a vocational school
and say,

717
00:55:59,489 --> 00:56:02,584
"We need 1,000 workers
for 2 months."

718
00:56:02,626 --> 00:56:05,619
And the students really
have no say in the matter.

719
00:56:06,997 --> 00:56:09,967
When the students
go to the factory,

720
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:11,992
they realize
that what they are doing

721
00:56:12,035 --> 00:56:14,595
is just like manual labor,
repetitive labor,

722
00:56:14,638 --> 00:56:17,767
which is irrelevant
to their studies.

723
00:56:17,808 --> 00:56:20,539
But if they do not finish
the internship,

724
00:56:20,577 --> 00:56:21,977
they cannot graduate.

725
00:56:35,893 --> 00:56:39,489
These students are spending
their summer working for Gree,

726
00:56:39,529 --> 00:56:41,896
the world's largest
air conditioning company.

727
00:56:43,033 --> 00:56:46,435
Their products are sold
at Best Buy, Home Depot,

728
00:56:46,470 --> 00:56:50,669
Target, Walmart,
Sears, and Staples.

729
00:56:50,707 --> 00:56:52,642
They will live
at the factory,

730
00:56:52,676 --> 00:56:55,510
be forced to do
compulsory overtime,

731
00:56:55,545 --> 00:56:57,980
and will be paid very little.

732
00:57:10,627 --> 00:57:13,688
Some of the students,
they are only 15 years old,

733
00:57:13,730 --> 00:57:18,725
and then some are like--
their average age is around 16.

734
00:57:46,964 --> 00:57:49,729
The students are
essentially held captive.

735
00:57:59,543 --> 00:58:02,536
There are an estimated
30 million child laborers

736
00:58:02,579 --> 00:58:05,811
under the age of 14
working in India.

737
00:58:07,551 --> 00:58:10,578
The children
are often bonded laborers

738
00:58:10,620 --> 00:58:13,852
working in embroidery,
jewelry making,

739
00:58:13,890 --> 00:58:17,793
carpet making,
agriculture, and mining.

740
01:00:26,056 --> 01:00:28,321
U.S. companies
import a wide variety

741
01:00:28,358 --> 01:00:30,918
of embroidered goods
and carpets from India.

742
01:00:32,162 --> 01:00:34,290
These products retail
in American stores

743
01:00:34,331 --> 01:00:37,233
for up to $3 billion annually.

744
01:00:40,036 --> 01:00:41,800
The average wage
for Indian workers

745
01:00:41,838 --> 01:00:44,933
in the carpet industry
is 20 cents an hour.

746
01:00:46,676 --> 01:00:49,111
The children
often make nothing.

747
01:00:51,047 --> 01:00:54,449
People think of slavery
as this ancient thing

748
01:00:54,684 --> 01:00:56,880
that exists in these
old sepia photographs,

749
01:00:56,920 --> 01:00:58,786
and, in fact, you know,

750
01:00:58,822 --> 01:01:02,850
modern day slavery
is all around the world.

751
01:01:02,893 --> 01:01:05,385
And American
supply chains,

752
01:01:05,428 --> 01:01:07,090
European
supply chains

753
01:01:07,130 --> 01:01:09,861
do include elements
of this kind of child labor.

754
01:01:12,102 --> 01:01:14,401
Mica is a sparkly mineral

755
01:01:14,437 --> 01:01:17,930
widely used
in makeup and car paint.

756
01:01:17,974 --> 01:01:21,103
And most of the world's mica
is produced in India.

757
01:01:24,314 --> 01:01:26,806
Crippling poverty
forces young children

758
01:01:26,850 --> 01:01:28,341
to work in these mines.

759
01:01:36,092 --> 01:01:38,425
The mica powder
is exported globally

760
01:01:38,461 --> 01:01:40,327
and used in products
from companies

761
01:01:40,363 --> 01:01:44,357
such as Revlon,
L'Oréal, Estée Lauder,

762
01:01:44,401 --> 01:01:46,768
Rimmel, and Maybelline.

763
01:01:46,803 --> 01:01:53,334
And automobiles from Audi,
BMW, Volkswagen, and GM.

764
01:01:53,376 --> 01:01:56,505
Many of these companies have
pledged to eliminate child labor

765
01:01:56,746 --> 01:01:59,147
in their mica supply chains,

766
01:01:59,182 --> 01:02:03,244
but only the BMW Group has
stopped purchasing Indian mica

767
01:02:03,286 --> 01:02:05,414
until their suppliers
guarantee

768
01:02:05,455 --> 01:02:08,050
that their product
is child labor free.

769
01:02:09,459 --> 01:02:12,327
Our fight is not against
the big brands and companies.

770
01:02:12,362 --> 01:02:15,230
The fight is against
the evil of child labor,

771
01:02:15,265 --> 01:02:16,893
the crime of child labor.

772
01:02:16,933 --> 01:02:19,767
So we have to see that
how we can engage consumers,

773
01:02:19,803 --> 01:02:20,862
on one hand,

774
01:02:20,904 --> 01:02:24,864
and the power of consumers
could be converted

775
01:02:24,908 --> 01:02:26,968
into some pressure
on the big companies

776
01:02:27,010 --> 01:02:29,241
that they are not
using child labor.

777
01:02:29,279 --> 01:02:33,774
In 1994, Kailash Satyarthi
founded GoodWeave,

778
01:02:33,817 --> 01:02:36,446
a program that allows
rug manufacturers

779
01:02:36,486 --> 01:02:41,322
that pass rigorous inspections
to attach a logo to their rugs

780
01:02:41,358 --> 01:02:44,055
that certify
they are child labor free.

781
01:02:45,395 --> 01:02:50,129
I thought that why can't
there be a labeling system,

782
01:02:50,166 --> 01:02:52,533
after thorough monitoring
and certification,

783
01:02:52,569 --> 01:02:56,165
on carpets that they are
free of child labor.

784
01:02:58,942 --> 01:03:03,004
With very little investment
of money,

785
01:03:03,046 --> 01:03:05,413
but strong resolve,

786
01:03:05,448 --> 01:03:07,974
the companies
can find the solutions.

787
01:03:09,853 --> 01:03:11,344
The total cost
to the consumer

788
01:03:11,388 --> 01:03:14,586
of ensuring a rug
is child labor free

789
01:03:14,824 --> 01:03:17,953
is less than 1%
of the retail price.

790
01:03:19,262 --> 01:03:20,992
Consumers can
make a difference

791
01:03:21,031 --> 01:03:23,091
by supporting
labeling systems,

792
01:03:23,133 --> 01:03:27,195
such as Child Labor Free,
Fairtrade, and GoodWeave,

793
01:03:27,237 --> 01:03:30,537
and pressuring companies
to join these certifications.

794
01:03:32,175 --> 01:03:33,507
In any market-driven economy,

795
01:03:33,543 --> 01:03:36,240
consumers are
the supreme power.

796
01:03:37,047 --> 01:03:38,345
Five years ago,

797
01:03:38,381 --> 01:03:42,182
out of the largest 175
economic entities in the world,

798
01:03:42,218 --> 01:03:46,849
50% were corporations,
50% were countries.

799
01:03:46,890 --> 01:03:50,292
Today, 65% are corporations,

800
01:03:50,327 --> 01:03:52,922
and that trend line
isn't going down.

801
01:03:52,962 --> 01:03:55,227
Corporations,
increasingly, in the world,

802
01:03:55,265 --> 01:03:58,565
are the most important actors.

803
01:03:58,601 --> 01:04:00,570
And, critically,

804
01:04:00,603 --> 01:04:02,469
and this should give us
all some hope,

805
01:04:02,505 --> 01:04:06,306
corporations can do
in 48 hours

806
01:04:06,343 --> 01:04:10,075
what it takes governments
10 years to think about doing,

807
01:04:10,113 --> 01:04:13,208
to debate doing,
and then never enforce

808
01:04:13,249 --> 01:04:15,343
at the district
and the local levels.

809
01:04:16,152 --> 01:04:20,021
I was part
of an investigation team

810
01:04:20,056 --> 01:04:23,458
for an organization called
the Worker Rights Consortium,

811
01:04:23,493 --> 01:04:26,122
which inspects factories
around the world

812
01:04:26,162 --> 01:04:29,132
that make
collegiate merchandise.

813
01:04:30,667 --> 01:04:33,535
There was a Nike factory
in Mexico

814
01:04:33,570 --> 01:04:36,404
where the workers
were being hit

815
01:04:36,439 --> 01:04:39,500
with hammers
by supervisors.

816
01:04:39,542 --> 01:04:42,239
There was, effectively,
an organized crime group

817
01:04:42,278 --> 01:04:43,678
that had control
of the factory

818
01:04:43,913 --> 01:04:46,644
that was calling itself
a union.

819
01:04:46,683 --> 01:04:49,209
We put pressure on Nike,

820
01:04:49,252 --> 01:04:52,313
and Nike went to
the state government and said,

821
01:04:52,355 --> 01:04:57,020
"No, you gotta get
your organized crime group

822
01:04:57,060 --> 01:04:59,996
out of the factory
and stop siphoning off money."

823
01:05:00,029 --> 01:05:03,693
And like that,
everything changed down there.

824
01:05:07,437 --> 01:05:09,929
It's easy enough to write
on a piece of paper,

825
01:05:09,973 --> 01:05:11,373
"No child labor."

826
01:05:11,408 --> 01:05:14,310
But the headquarters
of the multinationals

827
01:05:14,344 --> 01:05:16,404
have to send people out,

828
01:05:16,446 --> 01:05:22,386
have to do aggressive,
ongoing investigations,

829
01:05:22,419 --> 01:05:27,380
and have to be willing to say
to the local factory or farm,

830
01:05:27,424 --> 01:05:29,120
"You will be cut off."

831
01:05:30,326 --> 01:05:33,091
Do you know who helped
make your iPhone's battery?

832
01:05:33,129 --> 01:05:37,260
Amnesty International says
children may have had a hand.

833
01:05:37,300 --> 01:05:38,666
Forced overtime,
underaged labor

834
01:05:38,701 --> 01:05:40,329
after explosions
and chemicals

835
01:05:40,370 --> 01:05:42,305
killed and harmed
workers over there.

836
01:05:42,338 --> 01:05:43,567
Apple's been taking
increasing heat

837
01:05:43,606 --> 01:05:45,438
for the way they run
their factories.

838
01:05:45,475 --> 01:05:48,138
(applause)

839
01:05:48,178 --> 01:05:52,343
After facing years of criticism
and harsh media exposure,

840
01:05:52,382 --> 01:05:55,409
Apple, the world's
largest tech company,

841
01:05:55,452 --> 01:05:59,548
now conducts hundreds of audits
across its global supply chain,

842
01:05:59,589 --> 01:06:03,651
and severely punishes suppliers
for child labor violations.

843
01:06:05,995 --> 01:06:09,397
If underaged children are found
in Apple's supply chain,

844
01:06:09,432 --> 01:06:10,730
Apple forces
the supplier

845
01:06:10,767 --> 01:06:14,135
to immediately return
the underaged worker home,

846
01:06:14,170 --> 01:06:16,071
ensure they attend school,

847
01:06:16,105 --> 01:06:20,099
and pay their wages until
they reach legal working age.

848
01:06:22,479 --> 01:06:25,643
It is also setting new standards
for transparency.

849
01:06:27,584 --> 01:06:30,110
Publishing a list
of its suppliers

850
01:06:30,153 --> 01:06:34,454
and publicly reporting all
grievances and labor violations,

851
01:06:34,491 --> 01:06:37,051
including instances
of child labor.

852
01:06:38,428 --> 01:06:41,455
Focusing energy
on getting corporations

853
01:06:41,498 --> 01:06:43,626
to understand
their responsibility

854
01:06:43,666 --> 01:06:46,261
is energy well spent.

855
01:06:46,302 --> 01:06:49,329
Consumers have the power
to determine

856
01:06:49,372 --> 01:06:51,500
whether these supply chains
get cleaned up.

857
01:06:51,541 --> 01:06:53,407
Consumers can vote
with their wallet,

858
01:06:53,443 --> 01:06:56,140
and companies
will hear them.

859
01:06:56,179 --> 01:06:59,513
If somebody was to buy
the cheapest goods,

860
01:06:59,549 --> 01:07:03,509
from Bangladesh
or made in India or in Cambodia,

861
01:07:03,553 --> 01:07:06,113
then there are chances that
the children are involved.

862
01:07:08,258 --> 01:07:10,454
As individual consumers,

863
01:07:10,493 --> 01:07:13,793
one can simply ask
the shopkeeper

864
01:07:13,830 --> 01:07:15,298
how they are going
to guarantee

865
01:07:15,331 --> 01:07:18,597
that these things are not made
by children or slaves.

866
01:07:20,103 --> 01:07:24,564
If hundreds of consumers
ask the same question every day,

867
01:07:24,607 --> 01:07:29,477
that shopkeeper will call back
to the supplier or the brand

868
01:07:29,512 --> 01:07:31,743
that many consumers
are asking the question

869
01:07:31,781 --> 01:07:33,511
and they are not going
to buy the things

870
01:07:33,550 --> 01:07:35,849
if it is made by children.

871
01:07:36,085 --> 01:07:39,214
Little sacrifice will make
this world a better place.

872
01:07:40,790 --> 01:07:42,088
There's no magic wand

873
01:07:42,125 --> 01:07:44,492
that is gonna make
this problem go away.

874
01:07:44,527 --> 01:07:46,428
It's intimately linked
to poverty as a whole.

875
01:07:46,462 --> 01:07:50,297
But together we can chip away
at it and mitigate it

876
01:07:50,333 --> 01:07:53,565
so that modern slavery
goes the way

877
01:07:53,603 --> 01:07:55,731
that 19th century slavery did.

878
01:08:25,768 --> 01:08:27,737
Kailash Satyarthi's
organization

879
01:08:27,770 --> 01:08:30,296
established
rehabilitation centers,

880
01:08:30,340 --> 01:08:33,902
such as Bal Ashram
and Mukti Ashram,

881
01:08:34,143 --> 01:08:35,805
giving rescued child laborers

882
01:08:35,845 --> 01:08:38,781
a second chance at a childhood.

883
01:11:05,328 --> 01:11:07,695
(children singing)

884
01:11:21,744 --> 01:11:23,645
Child labor fuels poverty.

885
01:11:25,515 --> 01:11:27,950
If you employ children today,

886
01:11:27,984 --> 01:11:31,011
you're ensuring poverty
in the rest of their life.

887
01:11:33,623 --> 01:11:35,524
That link has to be broken.

888
01:11:35,558 --> 01:11:37,925
(children singing)