1
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For thousands of years, King
Tut was little more than a footnote.

2
00:00:03,909 --> 00:00:07,443
<i>A minor pharaoh who died
before he could leave his mark.</i>

3
00:00:07,510 --> 00:00:10,909
But today, the Boy King
reigned supreme.

4
00:00:10,910 --> 00:00:15,510
In pop culture, he has become
virtually synonymous with ancient Egypt,

5
00:00:15,511 --> 00:00:18,710
eclipsing his far more
accomplished predecessors.

6
00:00:18,711 --> 00:00:22,310
And that is largely thanks
to the 1922 discovery

7
00:00:22,311 --> 00:00:24,611
of Tut's
treasure filled tomb.

8
00:00:24,612 --> 00:00:27,911
<i>While greater kings had their
burials plundered right away,</i>

9
00:00:27,912 --> 00:00:31,589
<i>Tut was so undervalued that
within a few years of his death,</i>

10
00:00:31,613 --> 00:00:33,211
he was all but forgotten.

11
00:00:33,212 --> 00:00:36,312
But once his tomb was found,
a legend was born.

12
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[Josh] <i>From the moment</i>
<i>they were first uncovered,</i>

13
00:00:40,814 --> 00:00:44,146
<i>the treasures of King Tut
have captivated the world,</i>

14
00:00:44,147 --> 00:00:45,847
<i>overshadowing Tut himself.</i>

15
00:00:47,815 --> 00:00:50,114
<i>But what can the riches
he left behind</i>

16
00:00:50,115 --> 00:00:52,814
<i>teach us about the Boy King?</i>

17
00:00:52,815 --> 00:00:56,615
<i>Now on the 100th anniversary
of the discovery of his tomb,</i>

18
00:00:56,616 --> 00:00:58,549
<i>Tut's treasures
are being transferred</i>

19
00:00:58,616 --> 00:01:02,629
<i>to a state-of-the-art new museum
in the shadow of the pyramids.</i>

20
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<i>But before they're moved,
famed Egyptologist Zahi Hawass</i>

21
00:01:07,416 --> 00:01:12,249
<i>has gained special access to
examine them at the old Cairo Museum.</i>

22
00:01:12,250 --> 00:01:15,051
<i>For Zahi,
this is a golden opportunity</i>

23
00:01:15,118 --> 00:01:18,817
<i>to look for details other
experts might have missed.</i>

24
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[Zahi] <i>The burial of Tutankhamun</i>

25
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contained 5398 objects.

26
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<i>It's like a story.</i>

27
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It gives us a lot about
the life of Tutankhamun.

28
00:01:30,153 --> 00:01:32,033
It gives us a lot about
the life of Tutankhamun.

29
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[Josh] <i>So the race is on to
reexamine these precious artifacts</i>

30
00:01:36,219 --> 00:01:40,154
<i>and uncover new clues
about the life of King Tut,</i>

31
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<i>along with answers to some of
history's most persistent questions.</i>

32
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<i>Why did he turn against
the religion of his father?</i>

33
00:01:47,922 --> 00:01:50,521
<i>Was he a mere pawn
of his advisers</i>

34
00:01:50,522 --> 00:01:53,021
<i>or a mighty king
in his own right?</i>

35
00:01:53,022 --> 00:01:57,421
<i>And most mysteriously,
how did King Tut die?</i>

36
00:01:57,422 --> 00:01:58,688
<i>To learn the truth,</i>

37
00:01:58,689 --> 00:02:02,196
<i>Zahi will need to look at
more than Tut's treasures.</i>

38
00:02:02,256 --> 00:02:05,524
<i>He and his team will cast
their net across Egypt.</i>

39
00:02:06,724 --> 00:02:09,623
<i>Investigating
spectacular temples,</i>

40
00:02:09,624 --> 00:02:13,024
<i>lost palaces
and long forgotten tombs</i>

41
00:02:13,025 --> 00:02:17,824
<i>that hold unexpected secrets
about the golden Boy King.</i>

42
00:02:17,825 --> 00:02:20,223
<i>Finally, a full picture
of the man</i>

43
00:02:20,224 --> 00:02:22,825
<i>behind the treasure
can be revealed</i>

44
00:02:22,826 --> 00:02:25,725
<i>as we explore 100 years of myth</i>

45
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<i>and unearth 3000 year old
secrets from the life of Tutankhamun.</i>

46
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<i>Since the discovery of his tomb by
Howard Carter in November 1922,</i>

47
00:02:44,628 --> 00:02:50,327
<i>the Boy King Tutankhamun has been
a mystery that refuses to be solved.</i>

48
00:02:50,328 --> 00:02:52,728
[Sara] I think
a lot of people think

49
00:02:52,729 --> 00:02:55,428
they know who Tutankhamun was,

50
00:02:55,429 --> 00:03:01,405
but actually his backstory is very
mysterious and very, very debated.

51
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[Josh] <i>Most people believe Tut</i>
<i>was the incestuous offspring</i>

52
00:03:04,731 --> 00:03:08,730
<i>of King Akhenaten
and one of his sisters.</i>

53
00:03:08,731 --> 00:03:12,531
<i>This could explain why Tut
suffered from multiple abnormalities,</i>

54
00:03:12,532 --> 00:03:14,365
<i>including difficulty walking.</i>

55
00:03:16,165 --> 00:03:18,531
<i>He died
under mysterious circumstances</i>

56
00:03:18,532 --> 00:03:21,732
<i>around the age of 18 or 19.</i>

57
00:03:21,733 --> 00:03:23,832
<i>And was buried in a tiny tomb</i>

58
00:03:23,833 --> 00:03:27,932
<i>that nevertheless contained
a king's ransom in treasure.</i>

59
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[Sara] <i>Here he was with a
beautiful gilded golden mask</i>

60
00:03:31,734 --> 00:03:33,467
<i>that everyone looked at
and thought,</i>

61
00:03:33,534 --> 00:03:35,694
<i>"This must have been someone
really, really important."</i>

62
00:03:38,535 --> 00:03:42,233
[Josh] <i>This golden mask is an
exquisite piece of craftsmanship.</i>

63
00:03:42,234 --> 00:03:44,734
<i>But this face may be
all that people know</i>

64
00:03:44,735 --> 00:03:46,469
<i>about the Golden Boy King.</i>

65
00:03:50,269 --> 00:03:54,770
<i>But it is also a potent symbol for the
myth we have built around King Tut.</i>

66
00:03:57,270 --> 00:04:01,713
<i>The mask is a facade beautiful, enigmatic,</i>

67
00:04:01,737 --> 00:04:03,671
<i>but ultimately unreadable.</i>

68
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[Zahi] <i>This is the most</i>
<i>beautiful object</i>

69
00:04:09,337 --> 00:04:12,838
ever seen in my life.

70
00:04:12,839 --> 00:04:14,938
<i>Look at the face.</i>

71
00:04:14,939 --> 00:04:17,437
<i>The round chin,</i>

72
00:04:17,438 --> 00:04:19,838
<i>the wide eyes.</i>

73
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<i>It is shining with the sun...</i>

74
00:04:23,273 --> 00:04:26,173
as if it's telling me now

75
00:04:26,239 --> 00:04:28,941
hieroglyphic
"I'm the golden boy."

76
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<i>This is a public face</i>

77
00:04:33,041 --> 00:04:34,740
<i>that everyone recognize.</i>

78
00:04:34,741 --> 00:04:40,340
But to know about Tutankhamen
as a boy,

79
00:04:40,341 --> 00:04:44,775
as a man, as a king,
to know his personality,

80
00:04:44,842 --> 00:04:48,943
we have to go and see other
objects found in the tomb.

81
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[Josh] <i>These objects</i>
<i>are important</i>

82
00:04:52,943 --> 00:04:56,543
<i>because the contents of the
tomb were found completely intact</i>

83
00:04:56,544 --> 00:04:59,677
<i>just as they were left
3300 years ago.</i>

84
00:05:00,944 --> 00:05:03,528
Most ancient Egyptian tombs,
when discovered,

85
00:05:03,645 --> 00:05:07,978
are found empty or maybe
with just scraps left in there.

86
00:05:08,045 --> 00:05:10,444
<i>They were robbed
in ancient times.</i>

87
00:05:12,179 --> 00:05:16,445
[Josh] <i>Tut's tomb is regarded as the
only such burial to have escaped plunder.</i>

88
00:05:17,746 --> 00:05:18,979
<i>Or did it?</i>

89
00:05:19,046 --> 00:05:21,180
<i>An examination
of the sealed doorways</i>

90
00:05:21,246 --> 00:05:24,280
<i>found by Howard Carter
tells a different story.</i>

91
00:05:25,647 --> 00:05:28,346
[Aiden] <i>As soon as Carter</i>
<i>looked at the sealed doorway</i>

92
00:05:28,347 --> 00:05:32,824
of the tomb, he realized it had been
opened and then closed again in the past.

93
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<i>You can see the original
sealings from the burial.</i>

94
00:05:35,948 --> 00:05:39,082
<i>Then you can see two
further sets of seal impressions</i>

95
00:05:39,149 --> 00:05:42,282
<i>where the holes have been
blocked up by the necropolis guards.</i>

96
00:05:48,283 --> 00:05:50,282
[Josh] <i>When Howard Carter</i>
<i>saw those seals,</i>

97
00:05:50,283 --> 00:05:52,249
<i>he knew he had found
something special.</i>

98
00:05:53,550 --> 00:05:55,551
<i>But what exactly
did they tell him?</i>

99
00:05:56,984 --> 00:05:59,750
This is what I'm looking for.

100
00:05:59,751 --> 00:06:02,506
The seals that Howard Carter found

101
00:06:02,652 --> 00:06:04,051
at the entrance of the tomb.

102
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To this all he read the name
Tut-Ankh-A-Mun.

103
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Then he was sure that he found
the tomb that was looking for.

104
00:06:13,653 --> 00:06:17,852
Six years of research
and excavation.

105
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The tomb is completely intact.

106
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Big day.

107
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[Josh] <i>Those seals also tell us</i>

108
00:06:26,754 --> 00:06:28,388
<i>that the necropolis guards</i>

109
00:06:28,454 --> 00:06:31,631
<i>responsible for protecting
the contents of Tut's tomb</i>

110
00:06:31,655 --> 00:06:35,088
<i>stopped it from being robbed
not once, but twice.</i>

111
00:06:38,156 --> 00:06:39,889
<i>Each time a seal was broken,</i>

112
00:06:39,956 --> 00:06:43,789
<i>the Necropolis guards resealed
the chamber to prevent looting.</i>

113
00:06:43,856 --> 00:06:44,990
<i>Without those seals,</i>

114
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<i>there would be no artifacts
left to discover</i>

115
00:06:47,557 --> 00:06:50,990
<i>and no legend of King Tut
to explore.</i>

116
00:06:51,057 --> 00:06:52,890
<i>The guards had done their job,</i>

117
00:06:52,957 --> 00:06:55,891
<i>but now the tomb was in
the hands of Howard Carter.</i>

118
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[Aiden] <i>Carter then created
a hole in that sealed wall,</i>

119
00:07:00,559 --> 00:07:02,680
<i>thinking when he looked
through, he'd just see a mess.</i>

120
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<i>But as his eyes grew
accustomed to the light,</i>

121
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<i>all he could see
was the glitter of gold.</i>

122
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And he was asked
over his shoulder,

123
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"Can you see anything?"

124
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And he says,
"Yes, I see wonderful things."

125
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[Josh] <i>Those wonderful things</i>

126
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<i>are a window into not just
the young pharaoh,</i>

127
00:07:23,294 --> 00:07:25,594
<i>but everyday life
in ancient Egypt.</i>

128
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<i>That's because to the Egyptians,</i>

129
00:07:28,662 --> 00:07:32,275
<i>the afterlife was more than
just an abstract concept.</i>

130
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<i>It's the reason their tombs were packed
full of treasures in the first place.</i>

131
00:07:37,663 --> 00:07:39,496
[Arto] <i>The ancient Egyptians</i>
<i>believed that</i>

132
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all the things you brought
in your tomb

133
00:07:42,063 --> 00:07:44,663
you would have had
in the afterlife.

134
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[Aiden] And that does
imply that there is a belief

135
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<i>that you could take it with you</i>

136
00:07:49,664 --> 00:07:50,997
<i>that these things were there</i>

137
00:07:51,064 --> 00:07:54,363
<i>to allow you to furnish
your home in the next world</i>

138
00:07:54,364 --> 00:07:56,898
in the way you'd furnished
yours in this world.

139
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[Sara] <i>Of course, certain items
could have been just symbolic,</i>

140
00:08:00,165 --> 00:08:01,277
<i>but there are some elements</i>

141
00:08:02,365 --> 00:08:04,999
that most likely Tutankhamun

142
00:08:05,066 --> 00:08:09,065
or in general ancient Egyptian pharaoh
would have chosen for themselves.

143
00:08:09,066 --> 00:08:11,400
[Arto] <i>We have things in there</i>

144
00:08:11,466 --> 00:08:15,200
<i>that he used in life
that he cherished,</i>

145
00:08:15,266 --> 00:08:19,301
and this can tell us a
lot about him as a person

146
00:08:19,367 --> 00:08:20,668
and how he lived.

147
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[Josh] <i>One item tucked away</i>
<i>in the antechamber</i>

148
00:08:24,968 --> 00:08:27,202
<i>sheds new light
on Tut's personal life.</i>

149
00:08:28,669 --> 00:08:31,945
<i>It has long been assumed that
Tut was forced into an incestuous</i>

150
00:08:31,969 --> 00:08:35,468
<i>and loveless marriage
to his sister Ankhesenamun.</i>

151
00:08:35,469 --> 00:08:38,669
<i>An alliance designed
to save a crumbling dynasty</i>

152
00:08:38,670 --> 00:08:40,970
<i>by keeping
the royal bloodline pure.</i>

153
00:08:44,071 --> 00:08:48,304
<i>This beautiful golden throne
tells a different story.</i>

154
00:08:48,370 --> 00:08:50,104
<i>The crowds who flocked to see it</i>

155
00:08:50,171 --> 00:08:52,304
<i>may not even notice
the intimate code</i>

156
00:08:52,370 --> 00:08:54,672
<i>engraved into its exquisite
artwork.</i>

157
00:08:56,872 --> 00:08:59,671
<i>It's only up close
with the glass removed</i>

158
00:08:59,672 --> 00:09:03,607
<i>that the true nature of the
couple's relationship is revealed.</i>

159
00:09:04,673 --> 00:09:07,906
[Zahi] I am going
to tell you a love story.

160
00:09:07,973 --> 00:09:11,472
This love story happened
3,000 years ago

161
00:09:11,473 --> 00:09:16,007
between a young king
and young queen,

162
00:09:16,074 --> 00:09:21,108
<i>Tutankhamun and his
beautiful queen, Ankhesenamun.</i>

163
00:09:21,175 --> 00:09:25,174
<i>Look the way that Ankhesenamun</i>

164
00:09:25,175 --> 00:09:28,175
<i>touching the shoulder of the boy</i>

165
00:09:28,176 --> 00:09:30,776
<i>was love and affection.</i>

166
00:09:30,776 --> 00:09:32,776
She is offering him oil

167
00:09:32,876 --> 00:09:36,710
maybe to make
his face beautiful.

168
00:09:36,777 --> 00:09:38,676
This is love.

169
00:09:38,677 --> 00:09:42,275
But the other important
evidence is unique.

170
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On Tutankhamun's left leg,

171
00:09:45,377 --> 00:09:47,977
there is one sandal only.

172
00:09:47,978 --> 00:09:49,577
<i>Nothing in the right one.</i>

173
00:09:49,578 --> 00:09:53,477
<i>On the right leg of the queen,
there is one sandal.</i>

174
00:09:53,478 --> 00:09:55,812
<i>This is actually a sign</i>

175
00:09:55,879 --> 00:10:01,813
that they are one person and are in love.

176
00:10:02,379 --> 00:10:04,979
[Josh] <i>The symbols of the
couple's love for one another</i>

177
00:10:04,980 --> 00:10:08,379
<i>are not the only secrets the
throne hides in plain sight.</i>

178
00:10:10,081 --> 00:10:13,680
<i>For example, most people
only know Tut by one name</i>

179
00:10:13,681 --> 00:10:18,480
<i>Tutankhamun, but that's not
the name he was born with.</i>

180
00:10:18,481 --> 00:10:22,782
[Zahi] One of the most important
secrets about this throne.

181
00:10:23,882 --> 00:10:28,215
It proves it was made
on the first year

182
00:10:28,216 --> 00:10:29,782
of the reign of Tutankhamun

183
00:10:29,783 --> 00:10:34,784
because the name in the
cartouche Tutankhaten,

184
00:10:35,018 --> 00:10:37,317
the living image of Aten.

185
00:10:39,017 --> 00:10:42,583
[Josh] <i>Tutankhaten is the name
Tut had when he took the throne.</i>

186
00:10:42,584 --> 00:10:43,884
<i>A few years later, though,</i>

187
00:10:43,885 --> 00:10:46,518
<i>the young king changed it
to Tutankhamun.</i>

188
00:10:48,685 --> 00:10:50,383
<i>To uncover his motivation.</i>

189
00:10:50,384 --> 00:10:52,519
<i>Egyptologist Aliaa Ismail</i>

190
00:10:52,586 --> 00:10:55,785
<i>has traveled more
than 200 miles north of Luxor</i>

191
00:10:55,786 --> 00:10:58,218
<i>to the remote region of Amarna.</i>

192
00:10:58,219 --> 00:11:01,087
<i>There she is searching
for a key piece of evidence</i>

193
00:11:01,088 --> 00:11:04,288
<i>from the controversial reign
of Tut's father, Akhenaten.</i>

194
00:11:04,887 --> 00:11:08,385
<i>One that might explain why the
Boy King would go even further</i>

195
00:11:08,386 --> 00:11:12,687
<i>than just changing his name
to betray his father completely</i>

196
00:11:12,688 --> 00:11:14,921
<i>and change Egypt forever.</i>

197
00:11:20,622 --> 00:11:24,387
<i>On a temple wall in Abydos, one
of the oldest cities in ancient Egypt.</i>

198
00:11:24,388 --> 00:11:27,388
There is a famous inscription
called the Kings List,

199
00:11:27,389 --> 00:11:31,223
commissioned by the
19th dynasty pharaoh Seti I.

200
00:11:31,289 --> 00:11:35,090
<i>It honors 76 pharaohs
who ruled Egypt before him.</i>

201
00:11:35,091 --> 00:11:37,489
Going back over 1000 years.

202
00:11:37,490 --> 00:11:39,323
But notably missing
from the list

203
00:11:39,324 --> 00:11:40,824
are two of his predecessors,

204
00:11:40,891 --> 00:11:44,324
<i>King Tut and Tut's father,
Akhenaten.</i>

205
00:11:44,325 --> 00:11:47,325
Why? Why would these
two pharaohs be excluded?

206
00:11:47,391 --> 00:11:51,168
What could they have done to be
deliberately erased from history?

207
00:11:51,192 --> 00:11:53,226
The answer lies in Amarna.

208
00:11:59,826 --> 00:12:00,994
Wow.

209
00:12:01,927 --> 00:12:05,227
This is the boundary
Stelae of Akhenaten.

210
00:12:05,293 --> 00:12:09,393
He erected these stelae
as a boundary for the cities

211
00:12:09,394 --> 00:12:14,327
that he's erecting
in his fifth year of reign.

212
00:12:14,328 --> 00:12:18,494
[Josh] <i>Akhenaten forced a move of
the capital city from Thebes to here,</i>

213
00:12:18,495 --> 00:12:22,127
<i>Amarna, a location over 200 miles away.</i>

214
00:12:22,596 --> 00:12:24,995
<i>These inscribed stones or stelae</i>

215
00:12:24,996 --> 00:12:28,495
<i>describe Akhenaten's reasons
for choosing this area.</i>

216
00:12:28,496 --> 00:12:31,396
<i>An upheaval which sparked
widespread outrage.</i>

217
00:12:33,396 --> 00:12:35,597
<i>Thebes, known today as Luxor,</i>

218
00:12:35,598 --> 00:12:38,731
<i>was then the center of worship
for Amun-Ra</i>

219
00:12:38,798 --> 00:12:41,597
<i>considered the supreme God
in ancient Egypt,</i>

220
00:12:41,598 --> 00:12:44,698
<i>representing both
fertility and war.</i>

221
00:12:44,699 --> 00:12:47,231
<i>Akhenaten instead built
his new city</i>

222
00:12:47,232 --> 00:12:51,171
<i>to exclusively worship the Sun God Aten.</i>

223
00:12:51,433 --> 00:12:54,799
[Aiden] The Aten
started off its existence

224
00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:57,599
well before Akhenaten's time
as simply

225
00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:00,499
a word for the physical body
of the sun.

226
00:13:00,500 --> 00:13:05,000
<i>And then what Akhenaten does
is actually promotes the Aten</i>

227
00:13:05,001 --> 00:13:07,434
<i>to being a full,
fully fledged God.</i>

228
00:13:07,500 --> 00:13:08,801
<i>And not only that,</i>

229
00:13:08,802 --> 00:13:11,435
<i>but the only God
he is prepared to worship.</i>

230
00:13:15,902 --> 00:13:17,636
[Josh] <i>To most</i>
<i>ancient Egyptians,</i>

231
00:13:17,703 --> 00:13:20,036
<i>this was little short of heresy.</i>

232
00:13:20,103 --> 00:13:23,263
<i>It also upset the established
order of the God Amun-Ra,</i>

233
00:13:24,003 --> 00:13:27,402
<i>whose priests now had to lurk
in the great temples at Thebes,</i>

234
00:13:27,403 --> 00:13:29,337
<i>waiting for Akhenaten to die.</i>

235
00:13:31,437 --> 00:13:34,904
<i>His edict enforcing the
exclusive worship of the Aten</i>

236
00:13:34,905 --> 00:13:38,204
<i>would have a profound effect
on young Tutankhaten,</i>

237
00:13:38,205 --> 00:13:41,705
<i>who would begin his own reign
earlier than anyone expected.</i>

238
00:13:44,339 --> 00:13:48,805
<i>Akhenaten died 17 years
into his tumultuous rule.</i>

239
00:13:48,806 --> 00:13:53,259
<i>It's debated whether his wife,
Queen Nefertiti, outlived him or not.</i>

240
00:13:53,607 --> 00:13:55,106
<i>The latest known image of her</i>

241
00:13:55,107 --> 00:13:57,840
<i>is dated to five years
before his death.</i>

242
00:14:00,341 --> 00:14:02,607
<i>Replacing them
as leader of Egypt</i>

243
00:14:02,608 --> 00:14:06,108
<i>was Akhenaten's nine year old
son Tutankhamun.</i>

244
00:14:09,609 --> 00:14:12,042
<i>Ultimately, the mummies
of both royals,</i>

245
00:14:12,109 --> 00:14:15,508
<i>as well as their capital city,
disappeared from history.</i>

246
00:14:18,810 --> 00:14:21,382
<i>But what happened to
Akhenaten and Nefertiti?</i>

247
00:14:23,509 --> 00:14:28,409
<i>Dr. Zahi Hawass has been on the
hunt for their mummies for years.</i>

248
00:14:28,410 --> 00:14:32,409
<i>In 2010, he turned his attention
to three mummies from Tut's era,</i>

249
00:14:32,410 --> 00:14:38,245
<i>the 18th dynasty found in temporary
tombs in the Valley of the Kings.</i>

250
00:14:38,311 --> 00:14:41,510
<i>Zahi speculated that the
skeleton of a mummified male</i>

251
00:14:41,511 --> 00:14:44,912
<i>from a tomb
referred to as KV 55,</i>

252
00:14:44,913 --> 00:14:52,745
<i>which had its face violently hacked off
in ancient times, could be Tut's father.</i>

253
00:14:54,914 --> 00:14:58,246
<i>To determine any genetic
connection to Tutankhamun,</i>

254
00:14:58,247 --> 00:15:01,814
<i>Zahi arranged for DNA tests
to be conducted</i>

255
00:15:01,815 --> 00:15:04,148
<i>to compare the genomes
from these mummies</i>

256
00:15:04,215 --> 00:15:09,248
<i>with that of both Tut and his
grandfather, Amenhotep III.</i>

257
00:15:09,249 --> 00:15:11,915
Who is the father of King Tut.

258
00:15:11,916 --> 00:15:16,116
[Josh] <i>Here, Zahi receives
the results he's been waiting for.</i>

259
00:15:16,117 --> 00:15:19,016
We show you
who's the father of king Tut.

260
00:15:19,017 --> 00:15:21,229
So, this DNA, which is the label in blue,

261
00:15:21,316 --> 00:15:24,249
is transmitted
from the father to the son.

262
00:15:24,250 --> 00:15:25,751
And they're all identical,
you know.

263
00:15:25,818 --> 00:15:29,817
- KV55, the mummy of the...
- Is the father of Tutankhamun.

264
00:15:29,818 --> 00:15:31,350
[Carsten] Yes, exactly.

265
00:15:31,351 --> 00:15:32,919
[Zahi] I'm very happy.

266
00:15:35,352 --> 00:15:37,218
[Josh] <i>For Zahi, the DNA test</i>

267
00:15:37,219 --> 00:15:39,752
<i>proves that the badly
preserved male mummy</i>

268
00:15:39,819 --> 00:15:41,819
<i>was none other than Tut's father</i>

269
00:15:41,820 --> 00:15:44,253
<i>and son of Amenhotep III,</i>

270
00:15:44,319 --> 00:15:47,919
<i>the heretic pharaoh, Akhenaten.</i>

271
00:15:47,920 --> 00:15:54,520
<i>But not every scholar agrees that the
man found in Tomb KV55, is Akhenaten.</i>

272
00:15:54,552 --> 00:15:57,353
It's almost impossible
that he can be Akhenaten

273
00:15:57,354 --> 00:15:58,855
for a number of reasons.

274
00:15:58,922 --> 00:16:00,921
First of all, is
the age at death.

275
00:16:00,922 --> 00:16:05,121
The vast majority of anatomists
have examined the body,

276
00:16:05,122 --> 00:16:07,521
have proclaimed him
to be in his 20s.

277
00:16:07,522 --> 00:16:10,622
It's far too young
to be Akhenaten.

278
00:16:10,623 --> 00:16:14,222
[Josh] <i>The team working with
Zahi points to other evidence.</i>

279
00:16:14,223 --> 00:16:16,823
<i>They believe a close
examination of the bones</i>

280
00:16:16,824 --> 00:16:19,123
<i>suggests an older age.</i>

281
00:16:19,124 --> 00:16:21,596
[Ashraf] <i>With age, the
discs will lose their height</i>

282
00:16:22,624 --> 00:16:27,224
and then bones will react with
formation of small speckles of bones,

283
00:16:27,225 --> 00:16:29,124
what we call the osteophytes.

284
00:16:29,125 --> 00:16:32,058
And it's quite apparent
in the spine here

285
00:16:32,125 --> 00:16:36,125
that we have many
of these osteophytes.

286
00:16:36,126 --> 00:16:41,325
For sure, it cannot be at 20
or 20 something age group.

287
00:16:41,326 --> 00:16:43,960
[Josh] <i>Those who dispute</i>
<i>Zahi's findings believe</i>

288
00:16:44,027 --> 00:16:48,226
<i>that the mummy may be an
enigmatic royal called Menkaure,</i>

289
00:16:48,227 --> 00:16:50,261
<i>who reigned briefly as a co-pharaoh</i>

290
00:16:50,527 --> 00:16:53,927
<i>in the last years
of Akhenaten's rule.</i>

291
00:16:53,928 --> 00:16:57,426
[Arto] <i>My view, and again</i>
<i>there are various views around</i>

292
00:16:57,427 --> 00:17:00,361
<i>is that Menkaure
was Akhenaten's brother.</i>

293
00:17:00,362 --> 00:17:04,628
<i>He died some years prior to
the end of Akhenaten's reign,</i>

294
00:17:04,629 --> 00:17:07,563
<i>having been co-region for
perhaps only a year or two.</i>

295
00:17:08,763 --> 00:17:11,463
[Josh] <i>If Menkaure</i>
<i>was the brother of Akhenaten,</i>

296
00:17:11,529 --> 00:17:16,064
<i>then genetically he could
be the mummy in KV55.</i>

297
00:17:16,131 --> 00:17:17,764
They would share the same DNA,

298
00:17:17,831 --> 00:17:22,322
so therefore it would make a
difference to the overall DNA situation.

299
00:17:22,864 --> 00:17:26,430
[Josh] <i>Others believe Menkaure
was a brother not of Akhenaten,</i>

300
00:17:26,431 --> 00:17:28,530
<i>but of Tut himself.</i>

301
00:17:28,531 --> 00:17:30,565
<i>More evidence
is needed to find out</i>

302
00:17:30,632 --> 00:17:32,833
<i>if Tut was the only male heir.</i>

303
00:17:35,332 --> 00:17:36,732
<i>And to find that evidence,</i>

304
00:17:36,733 --> 00:17:39,266
<i>more scrutiny is needed
at Amarna,</i>

305
00:17:39,332 --> 00:17:41,467
<i>the capital city
Akhenaten founded.</i>

306
00:17:42,934 --> 00:17:46,067
We're at the small
Aten temple now,

307
00:17:46,134 --> 00:17:48,432
and these Aten temples

308
00:17:48,433 --> 00:17:51,846
<i>were the reason this city
was erected in the first place.</i>

309
00:17:52,334 --> 00:17:55,034
<i>For Akhenaten to show
the strong relationship</i>

310
00:17:55,035 --> 00:17:58,469
<i>between himself
and the God Aten,</i>

311
00:17:58,535 --> 00:18:00,135
<i>there would have been
a lot of depictions</i>

312
00:18:00,136 --> 00:18:05,969
<i>of the royal family through
statuary and through paintings.</i>

313
00:18:06,036 --> 00:18:09,670
[Josh] <i>Despite the information that
survived on the city's stone markers,</i>

314
00:18:09,737 --> 00:18:13,137
<i>nothing here depicts the
entirety of Akhenaten's family.</i>

315
00:18:14,738 --> 00:18:17,370
<i>In an act of defiance
against his dead father,</i>

316
00:18:17,371 --> 00:18:20,271
<i>he not only changed his
name from Tutankhaten,</i>

317
00:18:20,638 --> 00:18:23,337
<i>stripping out
the Sun God Aten's name,</i>

318
00:18:23,338 --> 00:18:25,838
<i>he restored the worship
of Amun-Ra,</i>

319
00:18:25,839 --> 00:18:29,138
<i>an abandoned Amarna,
which was later destroyed.</i>

320
00:18:29,139 --> 00:18:32,573
<i>Though some artifacts remain,
others must be sought.</i>

321
00:18:34,140 --> 00:18:37,373
[Aiden] When the whole atheist
experiment came to an end.

322
00:18:37,439 --> 00:18:39,538
The buildings of the Amarna
were demolished

323
00:18:39,539 --> 00:18:42,439
and the blocks taken
across the river to Ashmolean

324
00:18:42,440 --> 00:18:47,740
to be used in the foundations of
structures constructed by later kings.

325
00:18:47,741 --> 00:18:50,275
[Josh] <i>It was feared that the
blocks would be lost forever</i>

326
00:18:50,642 --> 00:18:54,375
<i>until Zahi tracked one down
across the Nile from Amarna</i>

327
00:18:54,441 --> 00:18:58,142
<i>in a warehouse beside
the ruins of Ashmolean.</i>

328
00:18:58,143 --> 00:19:01,076
<i>What was written on it
was a revelation.</i>

329
00:19:01,143 --> 00:19:04,643
[Zahi speaking in
Ancient Egyptian]

330
00:19:09,277 --> 00:19:14,244
[Josh] <i>King son of his body,</i>
<i>his beloved Tutankhaten.</i>

331
00:19:14,245 --> 00:19:17,543
[Aiden] The king
on the Ashmolean blocks

332
00:19:17,544 --> 00:19:20,278
is almost certainly going to be Akhenaten,

333
00:19:20,344 --> 00:19:21,944
<i>but he's the only male king</i>

334
00:19:21,945 --> 00:19:26,145
<i>who appears anywhere
on the blocks from Ashmolean.</i>

335
00:19:26,146 --> 00:19:28,378
[Zahi] <i>This is very</i>
<i>important evidence</i>

336
00:19:28,379 --> 00:19:31,545
<i>that King Tut is a son
of Akhenaten.</i>

337
00:19:31,546 --> 00:19:35,747
[Josh] <i>It's certain that this tableau
was in one of the Aten temples.</i>

338
00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,647
<i>And crucially,
Tut is the only son mentioned</i>

339
00:19:40,648 --> 00:19:42,546
<i>suggesting that he was indeed</i>

340
00:19:42,547 --> 00:19:45,781
<i>the only male heir to Akhenaten.</i>

341
00:19:45,848 --> 00:19:49,048
<i>So, the desecration
of Akhenaten's face,</i>

342
00:19:49,049 --> 00:19:51,301
<i>as well as the dismantling of his religion</i>

343
00:19:51,548 --> 00:19:53,882
<i>and the destruction
of his capital city,</i>

344
00:19:53,949 --> 00:19:56,382
<i>may all have been the acts
of the young king</i>

345
00:19:56,448 --> 00:19:59,548
<i>who changed his name
to Tutankhamun.</i>

346
00:19:59,549 --> 00:20:01,348
<i>There is, however, someone else</i>

347
00:20:01,349 --> 00:20:03,983
<i>who was frequently
depicted with Akhenaten,</i>

348
00:20:04,050 --> 00:20:06,884
<i>his now much more famous wife,
Nefertiti.</i>

349
00:20:08,384 --> 00:20:10,283
<i>If Tut's father can be confirmed</i>

350
00:20:10,284 --> 00:20:13,449
<i>as the ragged mummy found
in the Valley of the Kings,</i>

351
00:20:13,450 --> 00:20:17,985
<i>could the nearby female mummy
be his great royal wife, Nefertiti?</i>

352
00:20:19,752 --> 00:20:24,313
<i>And was Nefertiti
actually Tut's mother?</i>

353
00:20:25,953 --> 00:20:27,451
You may not have heard
of Akhenaten,

354
00:20:27,452 --> 00:20:30,451
but you've certainly heard
of his powerful wife Nefertiti.

355
00:20:30,452 --> 00:20:32,753
<i>An unfinished sculpture
of the Queen</i>

356
00:20:32,754 --> 00:20:35,653
<i>has made her the most
famous face of antiquity,</i>

357
00:20:35,654 --> 00:20:38,352
<i>the ultimate icon
of ancient beauty.</i>

358
00:20:38,353 --> 00:20:42,888
<i>The bust itself is also one of the most
hotly contested artifacts in the world.</i>

359
00:20:42,955 --> 00:20:46,154
You see, Nefertiti
is no longer in Egypt.

360
00:20:46,155 --> 00:20:49,055
Since 1924,
she's been housed in Germany,

361
00:20:49,056 --> 00:20:51,655
where millions of visitors
to the Berlin Museum

362
00:20:51,656 --> 00:20:55,289
have bought tickets to see
history's most beautiful woman.

363
00:20:55,455 --> 00:20:58,956
She was taken underground
during World War II for safekeeping.

364
00:20:58,957 --> 00:21:02,355
And in the '70s came to
represent national identities

365
00:21:02,356 --> 00:21:04,590
on both sides
of the Berlin Wall.

366
00:21:04,657 --> 00:21:06,556
She even appeared
on a postage stamp

367
00:21:06,557 --> 00:21:09,391
in West Germany in 1989.

368
00:21:09,457 --> 00:21:11,657
Yet, as Germany continues
to claim her,

369
00:21:11,658 --> 00:21:14,557
Egyptian authorities have
been struggling for decades

370
00:21:14,558 --> 00:21:17,792
to repatriate Nefertiti
back to her homeland.

371
00:21:17,859 --> 00:21:20,658
So, the battle
for the Great Queen continues

372
00:21:20,659 --> 00:21:23,760
with neither side appearing
to let up anytime soon.

373
00:21:27,293 --> 00:21:29,292
<i>In honor
of the 100th anniversary</i>

374
00:21:29,293 --> 00:21:31,459
<i>of the discovery
of King Tut's tomb,</i>

375
00:21:31,460 --> 00:21:35,293
<i>Zahi Hawass has again
gathered his DNA research team</i>

376
00:21:35,294 --> 00:21:38,494
<i>to further investigate
the 18th Dynasty mummies</i>

377
00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:40,395
<i>found in the Valley
of the Kings.</i>

378
00:21:41,662 --> 00:21:44,695
<i>Could the mummy be
the famous queen, Nefertiti?</i>

379
00:21:47,195 --> 00:21:50,396
Dr. Yahia, the work
that you did is incredible,

380
00:21:50,462 --> 00:21:51,561
and this is why...

381
00:21:51,562 --> 00:21:52,996
[Josh] <i>The investigation reveals</i>

382
00:21:53,063 --> 00:21:56,439
<i>that the mummy shares the same DNA as Tut</i>

383
00:21:56,463 --> 00:21:58,764
<i>and almost certainly
was his mother.</i>

384
00:22:01,164 --> 00:22:04,562
<i>And considering that Tut's
father was married to Nefertiti,</i>

385
00:22:04,563 --> 00:22:07,764
<i>we're left
with two important questions.</i>

386
00:22:07,765 --> 00:22:09,464
<i>Is Tut's mother, Nefertiti?</i>

387
00:22:10,498 --> 00:22:12,165
<i>And could this be her mummy?</i>

388
00:22:14,766 --> 00:22:15,899
<i>To understand that,</i>

389
00:22:15,966 --> 00:22:19,099
<i>we have to dive deeper
into the mummy's DNA.</i>

390
00:22:19,166 --> 00:22:21,065
<i>The genetic signature
from the mummy</i>

391
00:22:21,066 --> 00:22:23,966
<i>indicates that along
with being Tut's mother,</i>

392
00:22:23,967 --> 00:22:29,844
<i>she is also either the sister of
Tut's father or his father's first cousin.</i>

393
00:22:30,067 --> 00:22:34,466
<i>Since historians widely hold that
Nefertiti was Akhenaten's cousin.</i>

394
00:22:34,467 --> 00:22:37,301
<i>This is an important
genetic mystery to solve.</i>

395
00:22:38,467 --> 00:22:40,102
<i>With speculation swirling,</i>

396
00:22:40,169 --> 00:22:43,302
<i>Zahi seeks further clarity
from his DNA team.</i>

397
00:22:44,402 --> 00:22:49,269
Dr. Yahya, if there is any
possible circumstances

398
00:22:49,270 --> 00:22:55,003
that we can think that the younger
lady in KV35 could be a cousin,

399
00:22:55,070 --> 00:22:57,871
not a sister of Akhenaten.

400
00:22:58,111 --> 00:23:03,304
A kinship analysis getting
a result with 99.99

401
00:23:03,370 --> 00:23:09,005
negates the possibility of being
other than the daughter of Queen Tiye.

402
00:23:09,072 --> 00:23:10,671
- And I'm...
- [Zahi] For sure?

403
00:23:10,672 --> 00:23:11,972
- For sure.
- [Zahi] Yes. Okay.

404
00:23:13,406 --> 00:23:15,371
[Josh] <i>If this analysis</i>
<i>is correct,</i>

405
00:23:15,372 --> 00:23:19,272
<i>it means that despite Tut's
father being married to Nefertiti,</i>

406
00:23:19,273 --> 00:23:22,973
<i>Tut himself is the incestuous
offspring of his father</i>

407
00:23:22,974 --> 00:23:24,907
<i>and his father's unnamed sister.</i>

408
00:23:27,674 --> 00:23:31,307
<i>And depictions of Tut's father
with Nefertiti and her children</i>

409
00:23:31,308 --> 00:23:33,808
<i>do seem to support
this conclusion.</i>

410
00:23:33,875 --> 00:23:36,373
<i>Nowhere is a male child visible,</i>

411
00:23:36,374 --> 00:23:38,308
<i>only six daughters.</i>

412
00:23:38,309 --> 00:23:42,309
<i>In Tut's own tomb, no siblings
of any kind are represented.</i>

413
00:23:43,309 --> 00:23:45,509
If you look at all the art
at that time,

414
00:23:45,575 --> 00:23:49,210
it seemed that he was not
depicted with his sisters.

415
00:23:49,277 --> 00:23:51,110
[Aiden] <i>And in that it follows</i>

416
00:23:51,177 --> 00:23:53,110
<i>thousands of years
of Egyptian precedent.</i>

417
00:23:53,177 --> 00:23:55,310
<i>Because, again, when
you show the royal family,</i>

418
00:23:55,678 --> 00:23:58,911
you never, ever show
royal princes.

419
00:23:58,978 --> 00:24:02,576
[Josh] <i>But Akhenaten clearly had
no problem breaking with precedent.</i>

420
00:24:02,577 --> 00:24:07,912
<i>He did, after all, include Tut on the
Amarna block found in Ashmolean.</i>

421
00:24:07,979 --> 00:24:11,678
<i>So why exclude Prince Tut
from the paintings?</i>

422
00:24:11,679 --> 00:24:13,679
God knows.
But that's the whole point.

423
00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:17,179
It changes in the latter years
of Akhenaten.

424
00:24:17,180 --> 00:24:21,479
He'd make the decision to do something
no pharaoh has ever done before,

425
00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:24,180
which is to put his son
on the temple wall.

426
00:24:24,181 --> 00:24:26,157
[Aliaa] <i>This leads you to think that</i>

427
00:24:26,181 --> 00:24:29,314
<i>he might have
not been a son of Nefertiti,</i>

428
00:24:29,380 --> 00:24:32,815
<i>but from a secondary wife
of Akhenaten.</i>

429
00:24:32,882 --> 00:24:35,682
And that's why he wouldn't
have been depicted.

430
00:24:36,815 --> 00:24:40,182
[Josh] <i>So if Tut was not</i>
<i>one of Nefertiti's children,</i>

431
00:24:40,183 --> 00:24:44,116
<i>then the identity of his
mother remains a mystery.</i>

432
00:24:44,183 --> 00:24:47,983
<i>According to Zahi, since she
doesn't appear in any inscriptions,</i>

433
00:24:47,984 --> 00:24:51,417
<i>it's likely that she died
early, perhaps in childbirth.</i>

434
00:24:54,084 --> 00:24:55,318
<i>To confirm this theory,</i>

435
00:24:55,484 --> 00:24:58,118
<i>Zahi travels across the Nile
from Amarna</i>

436
00:24:58,185 --> 00:25:00,185
<i>to the burial fields of Saqqara.</i>

437
00:25:01,418 --> 00:25:04,319
<i>Here he enters a recently
opened tomb which</i>

438
00:25:04,385 --> 00:25:08,185
<i>has been stabilized with
supports to prevent collapse.</i>

439
00:25:08,186 --> 00:25:10,685
<i>He's searching
for a unique piece of evidence</i>

440
00:25:10,686 --> 00:25:13,286
<i>which could prove
that King Tut was raised</i>

441
00:25:13,287 --> 00:25:15,187
<i>without any mother at all.</i>

442
00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:21,220
King Tut was buried in the
historic Valley of the Kings.

443
00:25:21,221 --> 00:25:24,721
But this royal cemetery was
only in use for a few hundred years

444
00:25:24,788 --> 00:25:28,221
<i>during Egypt's new kingdom,
far older and populated</i>

445
00:25:28,288 --> 00:25:31,688
with far more mummies
is the necropolis of Saqqara.

446
00:25:31,689 --> 00:25:33,021
I've been there many times,

447
00:25:33,022 --> 00:25:36,122
and I have to say one of my
favorite sites is the Serapeum,

448
00:25:36,189 --> 00:25:39,323
because, well, it's so
unusual, you have to love it.

449
00:25:39,389 --> 00:25:42,223
<i>It's a crypt
full of oversize coffins,</i>

450
00:25:42,290 --> 00:25:44,623
<i>each one for a sacred bull.</i>

451
00:25:44,690 --> 00:25:46,524
High priest of the atheist cult

452
00:25:46,590 --> 00:25:48,420
that worshiped the God Ptah

453
00:25:48,691 --> 00:25:50,790
would scour Egypt
looking for a bull

454
00:25:50,791 --> 00:25:54,090
that had just the right
pattern of spots on its back.

455
00:25:54,091 --> 00:25:56,291
Once found,
the bull was venerated.

456
00:25:56,292 --> 00:25:59,225
And upon its death,
buried in the Serapeum.

457
00:25:59,292 --> 00:26:02,725
Over the ages, at least
70 coffins were added.

458
00:26:02,792 --> 00:26:05,226
You've got to wonder what went
through archeologist's minds

459
00:26:05,293 --> 00:26:07,092
when they opened
the stone tombs,

460
00:26:07,093 --> 00:26:09,692
expecting to find
a mountain of gold

461
00:26:09,693 --> 00:26:13,893
instead gazing back at them
was a herd of mummified steer.

462
00:26:13,894 --> 00:26:16,326
The lesson here,
when history gets weird,

463
00:26:16,327 --> 00:26:18,462
you just have to embrace it.

464
00:26:21,494 --> 00:26:24,728
<i>Saqqara,
Egypt's City of the Dead.</i>

465
00:26:24,795 --> 00:26:27,228
<i>Zahi Hawass has come
to visit a tomb</i>

466
00:26:27,295 --> 00:26:29,594
<i>that may provide
further confirmation</i>

467
00:26:29,595 --> 00:26:33,695
<i>that Tut's mother
was not Queen Nefertiti.</i>

468
00:26:33,696 --> 00:26:38,197
<i>In fact, depictions here show
Tut raised as a motherless child.</i>

469
00:26:39,330 --> 00:26:44,196
[Zahi] We are looking
at a unique scene for a lady.

470
00:26:44,197 --> 00:26:45,997
Her name is Mia.

471
00:26:45,998 --> 00:26:47,998
<i>She had a unique title,</i>

472
00:26:47,998 --> 00:26:49,698
<i>The Lady of the Harem.</i>

473
00:26:49,998 --> 00:26:53,897
<i>And she was the one
who nursed the god.</i>

474
00:26:53,898 --> 00:26:57,732
And the god here means
Tutankhamun.

475
00:26:57,799 --> 00:27:00,597
What is in the wall to tell us?

476
00:27:00,598 --> 00:27:03,498
The one who is seated on the lap
of Mia is Tutankhamun

477
00:27:03,499 --> 00:27:08,899
is the cartouche Neb-kheperu-re,

478
00:27:08,900 --> 00:27:11,901
the throne name of Tutankhamun.

479
00:27:13,701 --> 00:27:15,900
[Josh] <i>The tomb was damaged</i>
<i>in antiquity,</i>

480
00:27:15,901 --> 00:27:18,509
<i>destroying half of the image.</i>

481
00:27:18,901 --> 00:27:24,135
[Zahi] <i>But we can imagine
3,000 years ago how it looked like.</i>

482
00:27:24,202 --> 00:27:26,002
Very colorful.

483
00:27:31,236 --> 00:27:34,601
This is a very unique image.

484
00:27:34,602 --> 00:27:37,502
We never see a scene like this

485
00:27:37,503 --> 00:27:41,603
with any king of dynasty
or the new kingdom in general.

486
00:27:42,704 --> 00:27:45,538
<i>It's shows that
they had no mother</i>

487
00:27:45,604 --> 00:27:50,473
<i>and Mia became the mother
and the wet nurse of the king</i>

488
00:27:50,605 --> 00:27:53,503
because she's very proud
to say about herself.

489
00:27:53,504 --> 00:27:56,604
I nursed the god,

490
00:27:56,605 --> 00:27:59,806
and the god meant Tutankhamun.

491
00:28:01,439 --> 00:28:03,505
[Josh] <i>The opulence</i>
<i>of this tomb shows that</i>

492
00:28:03,506 --> 00:28:08,040
<i>Mia had an important place
in Tutankhamun's heart...</i>

493
00:28:08,107 --> 00:28:11,541
<i>and perhaps she helped shape
the man he grew up to become.</i>

494
00:28:13,041 --> 00:28:17,207
[Zahi] <i>I really believe</i>
<i>that Tutankhamun,</i>

495
00:28:17,208 --> 00:28:21,909
<i>we can see from the
scenes of him and his queen.</i>

496
00:28:22,238 --> 00:28:24,208
<i>Love and affection.</i>

497
00:28:24,209 --> 00:28:28,009
Maybe the man did learn love
from Mia

498
00:28:28,010 --> 00:28:31,143
because Mia, look at her face.

499
00:28:31,210 --> 00:28:33,843
<i>She's looking at him with love,</i>

500
00:28:33,910 --> 00:28:37,744
<i>her right hand touching him
with love.</i>

501
00:28:37,811 --> 00:28:41,544
And the Boy King
grow up with love.

502
00:28:43,510 --> 00:28:45,945
[Josh] <i>So, Tut grew up</i>
<i>with Queen Nefertiti,</i>

503
00:28:46,012 --> 00:28:48,840
<i>not as his mother, but his stepmother.</i>

504
00:28:48,912 --> 00:28:52,444
<i>She would share responsibility
for decisions in his personal life</i>

505
00:28:52,445 --> 00:28:55,346
<i>and one key to her
own personal safety,</i>

506
00:28:55,412 --> 00:28:58,846
<i>his marriage
to one of her daughters.</i>

507
00:28:58,913 --> 00:29:03,446
[Aliaa] Tutankhamun later on
marries his sister Ankhesenpaaten,

508
00:29:03,447 --> 00:29:09,612
<i>it seemed that Nefertiti was trying
to line up the girls for the throne.</i>

509
00:29:09,613 --> 00:29:12,914
[Sara] You have a situation
where Akhenaten and Nefertiti

510
00:29:12,915 --> 00:29:14,814
were left with no male heirs,

511
00:29:14,815 --> 00:29:18,590
<i>so not having a male
heir kind of puts Nefertiti</i>

512
00:29:18,614 --> 00:29:20,448
<i>in a position
where she's thinking,</i>

513
00:29:20,449 --> 00:29:24,614
<i>"How do I make sure that
we stay royal in a situation</i>

514
00:29:24,615 --> 00:29:27,215
<i>where Akhenaten
was behind this revolution,</i>

515
00:29:27,216 --> 00:29:28,716
<i>suddenly has disappeared?"</i>

516
00:29:28,717 --> 00:29:31,350
<i>So, it could have been
from a desire</i>

517
00:29:31,416 --> 00:29:34,650
<i>to grant her and her daughters
more security,</i>

518
00:29:34,717 --> 00:29:37,051
but it could have been
also the most logical

519
00:29:37,118 --> 00:29:40,551
and practical step to take.

520
00:29:40,617 --> 00:29:43,350
[Josh] <i>It would appear that the
Queen wished to set up a rule</i>

521
00:29:43,351 --> 00:29:44,952
<i>that would protect her</i>

522
00:29:45,019 --> 00:29:49,367
<i>and continue the revolution
started by her husband.</i>

523
00:29:51,719 --> 00:29:55,819
<i>But Nefertiti would not be the
only influence on Young Tut.</i>

524
00:29:55,820 --> 00:29:59,919
<i>Egyptologist Aliaa Ismail is
in a remote region of the Nile</i>

525
00:29:59,920 --> 00:30:04,020
<i>at a town called Akhmim
to explore the tomb of a man</i>

526
00:30:04,021 --> 00:30:08,021
<i>who may have directed Young
Tut to betray his father's legacy.</i>

527
00:30:18,222 --> 00:30:19,223
Wow.

528
00:30:19,823 --> 00:30:26,122
Finally, this tomb has been carved
out in the rock in the middle of nowhere.

529
00:30:26,123 --> 00:30:28,023
<i>It would have been put up here</i>

530
00:30:28,024 --> 00:30:30,123
<i>so that it's probably
out of reach.</i>

531
00:30:30,124 --> 00:30:33,823
And for sure, the individual
who owned this tomb

532
00:30:33,824 --> 00:30:36,024
was very rich and of high status

533
00:30:36,025 --> 00:30:38,224
because he would afford

534
00:30:38,225 --> 00:30:42,924
to have a tomb carved in stone
all the way up here.

535
00:30:42,925 --> 00:30:48,702
<i>It says that it belongs to
Overseer of Tutors, Sennedjem.</i>

536
00:30:48,726 --> 00:30:51,725
And Overseer of Tutors
was no ordinary title.

537
00:30:51,726 --> 00:30:53,826
It was actually referring to him

538
00:30:53,827 --> 00:30:55,860
being the highest rank of tutors

539
00:30:55,927 --> 00:30:58,526
and therefore
the tutor of the king.

540
00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:03,627
[Josh] <i>This is the forgotten
tomb of a man called Sennedjem.</i>

541
00:31:04,728 --> 00:31:07,161
<i>And as Aliaa is about
to discover,</i>

542
00:31:07,228 --> 00:31:10,328
<i>Sennedjem had a uniquely
privileged position</i>

543
00:31:10,329 --> 00:31:13,328
<i>which gave him
access to the king.</i>

544
00:31:13,329 --> 00:31:16,527
[Aliaa] <i>If we look close
because it's a little faded out,</i>

545
00:31:16,528 --> 00:31:19,059
<i>we can see an image of a king on a chariot.</i>

546
00:31:19,529 --> 00:31:22,163
And that king is probably
Tutankhamun.

547
00:31:22,230 --> 00:31:26,864
But right in front of the
king's face, we can see an arc.

548
00:31:26,931 --> 00:31:29,031
<i>And that arc represents a fan.</i>

549
00:31:30,331 --> 00:31:33,564
<i>And if there is a fan,
there has to be someone</i>

550
00:31:33,630 --> 00:31:36,465
<i>holding that fan
and fanning the king.</i>

551
00:31:36,531 --> 00:31:39,131
<i>And in that case,
we're going to assume</i>

552
00:31:39,132 --> 00:31:41,465
<i>that this person is Sennedjem.</i>

553
00:31:41,531 --> 00:31:44,832
But this is not just
a dull assumption.

554
00:31:44,833 --> 00:31:49,109
This is referring to the title that
he actually mentions on the lintel,

555
00:31:49,133 --> 00:31:52,532
<i>which says fan
bearer to the king.</i>

556
00:31:52,533 --> 00:31:55,432
And being the fan bearer
of the king

557
00:31:55,433 --> 00:31:57,967
means basically
you were stuck to the king.

558
00:31:58,034 --> 00:31:59,833
And if you were stuck
to the king,

559
00:31:59,834 --> 00:32:02,234
then you have the king's ear.

560
00:32:02,235 --> 00:32:06,368
[Josh] <i>This puts Sennedjem
in a very influential situation.</i>

561
00:32:06,434 --> 00:32:09,234
[Aliaa] <i>If the king is learning
from you, he's looking up to you.</i>

562
00:32:09,235 --> 00:32:11,735
That means
you're spoon feeding him

563
00:32:11,736 --> 00:32:16,534
what you want him to feel,
believe and know about Egypt.

564
00:32:16,535 --> 00:32:18,713
[Josh] <i>But would a tutor be so bold</i>

565
00:32:18,737 --> 00:32:22,270
<i>as to manipulate
the entire future of Egypt,</i>

566
00:32:22,337 --> 00:32:26,237
<i>or was he working with
other more powerful forces?</i>

567
00:32:29,471 --> 00:32:31,337
King Tut was not yet 10
when he became Pharaoh,

568
00:32:31,338 --> 00:32:34,171
<i>a shockingly young age
to lead a nation.</i>

569
00:32:34,238 --> 00:32:37,272
<i>But he's not the youngest
child to ascend to a throne.</i>

570
00:32:37,339 --> 00:32:42,072
<i>Aisin-Gioro Puyi became the
last emperor of China at age two,</i>

571
00:32:42,139 --> 00:32:44,873
and Mary, Queen of Scots
became a national leader

572
00:32:44,940 --> 00:32:47,339
when she was just six days old.

573
00:32:47,340 --> 00:32:50,273
Both rulers lived
much longer lives than Tut,

574
00:32:50,340 --> 00:32:53,874
but neither enjoyed the same
royal send off at their deaths.

575
00:32:53,941 --> 00:32:57,439
<i>Mary was thrown into prison
by her rival Elizabeth I</i>

576
00:32:57,440 --> 00:32:59,434
<i>and was beheaded at age 44.</i>

577
00:33:00,041 --> 00:33:02,141
<i>Puyi was replaced
after four years</i>

578
00:33:02,142 --> 00:33:05,275
<i>and lived a tumultuous life
in and out of power,</i>

579
00:33:05,342 --> 00:33:09,976
<i>ultimately dying at age 61
as a commoner in 1967.</i>

580
00:33:10,043 --> 00:33:12,842
Quick movie plug here for
<i>The Last Emperor,</i> by the way.

581
00:33:12,843 --> 00:33:15,942
1987 Bernardo Bertolucci,
check it out.

582
00:33:15,943 --> 00:33:17,276
You can thank me later.

583
00:33:17,343 --> 00:33:19,743
Anyway, Tut's life span
was much shorter,

584
00:33:19,744 --> 00:33:21,843
but ultimately
much more productive.

585
00:33:21,844 --> 00:33:24,642
He changed a religion,
restored a capital city,

586
00:33:24,643 --> 00:33:28,045
and today he's known as the
most famous pharaoh of all time.

587
00:33:30,378 --> 00:33:33,844
<i>King Tut took the throne under
the name his father gave him,</i>

588
00:33:33,845 --> 00:33:38,245
<i>Tutankhaten, which honored
the God of the sun Aten.</i>

589
00:33:38,246 --> 00:33:40,644
<i>But we know him as Tutankhamun,</i>

590
00:33:40,645 --> 00:33:44,680
<i>honoring the God of war
and fertility, Amun.</i>

591
00:33:44,747 --> 00:33:46,380
<i>How quickly after his ascension,</i>

592
00:33:46,446 --> 00:33:48,546
<i>did this change of allegiance
take place?</i>

593
00:33:50,580 --> 00:33:53,446
<i>One clue lies
in the Cairo museum</i>

594
00:33:53,447 --> 00:33:56,247
<i>with one of the most
enigmatic depictions of Tut</i>

595
00:33:56,248 --> 00:33:57,647
<i>to emerge from his tomb.</i>

596
00:33:58,748 --> 00:34:00,948
[Zahi] Beautiful face.

597
00:34:00,949 --> 00:34:04,447
Look at the oval shape.

598
00:34:04,448 --> 00:34:06,182
It's wonderful.

599
00:34:06,249 --> 00:34:08,149
Something very elegant.

600
00:34:09,883 --> 00:34:12,349
[Josh] <i>Here, Tut is shown</i>
<i>as a young boy,</i>

601
00:34:12,350 --> 00:34:15,949
<i>suggesting this statue
was made early in his reign.</i>

602
00:34:15,950 --> 00:34:18,050
<i>A close look
at the shape of his crown</i>

603
00:34:18,051 --> 00:34:21,050
<i>suggests that he may have
already switched allegiance</i>

604
00:34:21,051 --> 00:34:23,384
<i>from Aten to Amun by this time.</i>

605
00:34:24,951 --> 00:34:26,650
[Zahi] Look at the hat.

606
00:34:26,651 --> 00:34:27,952
It's rounded.

607
00:34:28,985 --> 00:34:32,650
But also, it is a typical type

608
00:34:32,651 --> 00:34:36,252
of a crown of the God Amun
that we see it everywhere.

609
00:34:36,253 --> 00:34:38,286
<i>If you take the cobra out,</i>

610
00:34:38,353 --> 00:34:43,187
<i>you will think that Tutankhamun
united himself was Amun.</i>

611
00:34:44,754 --> 00:34:47,753
[Josh] <i>So, the hat itself</i>
<i>represents a switch</i>

612
00:34:47,754 --> 00:34:50,887
<i>from the worship of Aten
to the worship of Amun.</i>

613
00:34:50,954 --> 00:34:52,754
<i>And a reversal of everything</i>

614
00:34:52,755 --> 00:34:56,288
<i>that Akhenaten would have
hoped his son Tut would represent.</i>

615
00:34:57,888 --> 00:35:00,009
<i>But the hat was the least of his betrayal.</i>

616
00:35:00,455 --> 00:35:04,055
<i>Back in Thebes, Tut also
returned to the Temple of Karnak,</i>

617
00:35:04,056 --> 00:35:05,655
<i>to the priesthood of Amun.</i>

618
00:35:07,056 --> 00:35:11,555
<i>Here at the 10th Pylon Gate
of Karnak is decisive evidence</i>

619
00:35:11,556 --> 00:35:16,690
<i>that Tut completely rejected his
father, Akhenaten and his legacy.</i>

620
00:35:16,758 --> 00:35:19,057
[Zahi] We are
in Pylon number ten,

621
00:35:19,058 --> 00:35:22,957
which was built by Amenhotep III

622
00:35:22,958 --> 00:35:26,592
and you can see this avenue
of the sphinxes

623
00:35:26,658 --> 00:35:29,392
is a part of the big avenue, the sphinxes

624
00:35:29,428 --> 00:35:33,993
that connecting the Temple of
Karnak to the Temple of Luxor.

625
00:35:34,060 --> 00:35:37,359
[Josh] <i>For millennia, a double
line of ram headed sphinxes</i>

626
00:35:37,360 --> 00:35:39,393
<i>representing the God Amun</i>

627
00:35:39,459 --> 00:35:42,460
<i>flanked the route all the way
to the Luxor temple.</i>

628
00:35:44,261 --> 00:35:47,361
<i>But in the time of the Aten,
all that changed.</i>

629
00:35:48,694 --> 00:35:50,659
<i>When Akhenaten came to power,</i>

630
00:35:50,660 --> 00:35:53,861
<i>he tore down the statues
representing Amun</i>

631
00:35:53,862 --> 00:35:56,494
<i>and replaced them
with images of himself</i>

632
00:35:56,495 --> 00:35:59,638
<i>and his great royal wife, Nefertiti.</i>

633
00:35:59,662 --> 00:36:04,495
<i>The avenue of the sphinxes
became the avenue of the Aten</i>

634
00:36:04,496 --> 00:36:06,962
<i>until Tutankhamun.</i>

635
00:36:06,963 --> 00:36:10,497
Tutankhamun came
and took this head out

636
00:36:10,563 --> 00:36:15,462
and put the head of Amun as ram.

637
00:36:15,463 --> 00:36:17,364
[Josh] <i>Tut replaced</i>
<i>the head of his father</i>

638
00:36:17,365 --> 00:36:21,098
<i>with the head of the God
whom Akhenaten had rejected.</i>

639
00:36:21,165 --> 00:36:25,599
<i>It was a complete betrayal of
all that Akhenaten had stood for</i>

640
00:36:25,665 --> 00:36:29,742
<i>and an unmistakable
declaration from the new king.</i>

641
00:36:29,766 --> 00:36:33,565
[Zahi] <i>What we see everywhere</i>
<i>is trying to tell the people,</i>

642
00:36:33,566 --> 00:36:35,800
<i>I'm worshiping Amun,</i>

643
00:36:35,867 --> 00:36:40,465
I'm restoring the country
to be back to power.

644
00:36:40,466 --> 00:36:43,601
[Josh] <i>But why would the boy</i>
<i>who was named for the Aten</i>

645
00:36:43,667 --> 00:36:46,767
<i>turn his back on his father's
religion so quickly</i>

646
00:36:46,768 --> 00:36:48,368
<i>and with such finality?</i>

647
00:36:51,702 --> 00:36:55,768
<i>The answer lies back in the
crowded halls of the Cairo Museum,</i>

648
00:36:55,769 --> 00:37:00,146
<i>where a gigantic stone tablet
details the sins of Akhenaten</i>

649
00:37:00,170 --> 00:37:03,402
<i>that a young Tut
set out to write.</i>

650
00:37:03,403 --> 00:37:07,169
[Zahi] The restoration stela
of Tutankhamun

651
00:37:07,170 --> 00:37:11,104
is very important
for us to understand

652
00:37:11,171 --> 00:37:13,604
the time and the life
of Tutankhamun.

653
00:37:13,670 --> 00:37:16,271
<i>This is telling us
what happened to the temples.</i>

654
00:37:16,272 --> 00:37:18,805
<i>The temples were in ruins.</i>

655
00:37:18,872 --> 00:37:21,971
<i>The gods of Egypt left Egypt.</i>

656
00:37:21,972 --> 00:37:23,871
<i>The country collapsed.</i>

657
00:37:23,872 --> 00:37:27,706
What he did, he began
to restore the temples.

658
00:37:27,773 --> 00:37:33,507
<i>I gave statues of gold to the
Temple of Amun at Karnak.</i>

659
00:37:33,573 --> 00:37:37,307
<i>I gave the priests all
the wealth that they need.</i>

660
00:37:37,374 --> 00:37:41,373
Means the country came
to power again under Amun.

661
00:37:41,374 --> 00:37:46,208
And Tutankhamun is
declaring this to all of us.

662
00:37:46,275 --> 00:37:49,573
[Josh] <i>This decision changed
the course of Egyptian history,</i>

663
00:37:49,574 --> 00:37:53,209
<i>but most experts believe that
Tut did not make it on his own.</i>

664
00:37:54,675 --> 00:37:55,952
[Aiden] <i>It's important
to recognize</i>

665
00:37:55,976 --> 00:37:59,233
<i>that Tutankhamun probably had very little
to do with any of the decisions here.</i>

666
00:37:59,277 --> 00:38:03,076
<i>He was a child,
been subject to a regency,</i>

667
00:38:03,077 --> 00:38:06,510
and therefore he would have
had to go along

668
00:38:06,576 --> 00:38:09,077
with what his regents
were telling him to do.

669
00:38:09,078 --> 00:38:12,611
This approximately
ten year old child

670
00:38:12,677 --> 00:38:16,178
who was in charge of one of the
most powerful countries in the world

671
00:38:16,179 --> 00:38:20,712
<i>at a time when Egypt was
experiencing this many difficulties</i>

672
00:38:20,779 --> 00:38:23,511
<i>and perhaps a suggestion
of one of his courtiers,</i>

673
00:38:23,512 --> 00:38:27,779
maybe Ay that may be all of this

674
00:38:27,780 --> 00:38:33,114
is because of Akhenaten's
religious changes.

675
00:38:33,514 --> 00:38:35,880
[Josh] <i>It seems likely that</i>
<i>at the start of his reign,</i>

676
00:38:35,881 --> 00:38:38,413
<i>the young King Tut
was surrounded by adults</i>

677
00:38:38,414 --> 00:38:40,280
<i>telling him what to do.</i>

678
00:38:40,281 --> 00:38:43,215
<i>Key among them
was a family member named Ay,</i>

679
00:38:43,282 --> 00:38:45,681
<i>who proclaimed himself
to be Tut's advisor.</i>

680
00:38:47,715 --> 00:38:49,816
[Zahi] <i>Tutankhamun was a boy.</i>

681
00:38:49,883 --> 00:38:53,681
He cannot think,
to worship Aten or Amun,

682
00:38:53,682 --> 00:38:57,415
but his advisor Ay was the one

683
00:38:57,416 --> 00:39:01,442
<i>who took him and advised
him to leave Amarna</i>

684
00:39:01,483 --> 00:39:06,184
<i>and come to the Thebes and
return the image of Amun again.</i>

685
00:39:08,518 --> 00:39:12,018
[Josh] <i>Ay was a minor member
of the royal family by marriage</i>

686
00:39:12,085 --> 00:39:17,285
<i>and inserted himself as one of the most
prominent figures in the Young King's court.</i>

687
00:39:17,286 --> 00:39:21,685
<i>And he had a clear agenda to
have Tut bring back the old religion.</i>

688
00:39:22,786 --> 00:39:26,186
<i>Tut had another formidable
adviser, Horemheb,</i>

689
00:39:26,187 --> 00:39:28,120
<i>the commander
of the king's army,</i>

690
00:39:28,187 --> 00:39:31,287
<i>who had no royal blood.</i>

691
00:39:31,399 --> 00:39:33,987
<i>But it was Ay who was able
to exert the most influence</i>

692
00:39:33,988 --> 00:39:38,445
<i>through his association
with Tut's tutor, Sennadjem.</i>

693
00:39:38,487 --> 00:39:40,121
[Aliaa] <i>When this tomb</i>
<i>was erected,</i>

694
00:39:40,188 --> 00:39:43,888
<i>Ay was the main advisor
of Tutankhamun.</i>

695
00:39:43,889 --> 00:39:49,488
So, Ay surrounded Tutankhamun
with people from his team.

696
00:39:49,489 --> 00:39:51,923
So basically, Sennedjem

697
00:39:51,990 --> 00:39:55,923
<i>in this role as fan bearer
and Overseer of Tutors</i>

698
00:39:55,990 --> 00:40:00,043
was the voice of Ay inside the king's ear.

699
00:40:00,291 --> 00:40:06,290
And this is why the decision
was made in that time by Ay.

700
00:40:06,291 --> 00:40:09,690
And he made this propaganda
to tell the Egyptians

701
00:40:09,691 --> 00:40:14,225
that Amun power was back.

702
00:40:14,292 --> 00:40:17,691
[Josh] <i>Most historians believe</i>
<i>the return to worship of Amun</i>

703
00:40:17,692 --> 00:40:20,892
<i>happened in the first years
of King Tut's reign.</i>

704
00:40:20,893 --> 00:40:23,727
<i>But as is often the case
with ancient history,</i>

705
00:40:23,794 --> 00:40:25,894
<i>contradictions
have been uncovered.</i>

706
00:40:27,627 --> 00:40:30,607
<i>Zahi has special permission
to inspect the royal symbols</i>

707
00:40:31,294 --> 00:40:35,828
<i>unique to Tut's reign,
known as crooks and flails.</i>

708
00:40:35,895 --> 00:40:39,928
You know,
that is six crooks and flails

709
00:40:39,995 --> 00:40:42,995
found inside the tomb
of Tutankhamun.

710
00:40:42,996 --> 00:40:45,829
But what's amazing,
if you look at this two,

711
00:40:45,896 --> 00:40:49,996
one is a small one
and one is a big one.

712
00:40:49,997 --> 00:40:53,930
When Tutankhamun
was a child in the year one

713
00:40:53,997 --> 00:40:59,473
lived in Amarna, he
had this crook as a child.

714
00:40:59,497 --> 00:41:00,531
Why?

715
00:41:00,597 --> 00:41:05,530
Because his name is written
as Tutankhaten

716
00:41:05,531 --> 00:41:08,898
means the living image of Aten.

717
00:41:08,899 --> 00:41:13,597
But when he grew up
and he became a man,

718
00:41:13,598 --> 00:41:18,099
he wanted to prove to the
Egyptians, I am the power.

719
00:41:18,100 --> 00:41:20,933
I am the king
of upper and lower Egypt.

720
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:26,499
And he changes his name here
to be Tutankhamun

721
00:41:26,500 --> 00:41:29,653
means the living image of Amun.

722
00:41:31,101 --> 00:41:33,135
[Arto] <i>So, this tells us that</i>

723
00:41:33,202 --> 00:41:36,835
<i>King Tutankhamun would have made</i>

724
00:41:36,902 --> 00:41:40,836
<i>this significant move
back to traditional religion</i>

725
00:41:40,903 --> 00:41:43,902
sometime in his early teens,

726
00:41:43,903 --> 00:41:47,102
<i>such that when he was
adult sized,</i>

727
00:41:47,103 --> 00:41:52,004
<i>he had a normal size crook and
flail with the name Tutankhamun.</i>

728
00:41:53,703 --> 00:41:56,537
[Josh] <i>Whether or not Tut
changed his name right away,</i>

729
00:41:56,603 --> 00:42:01,097
<i>he appears to have embraced the
return to worship of Amun completely.</i>

730
00:42:01,504 --> 00:42:04,838
<i>He not only restored
the Temple of Karnak in Luxor,</i>

731
00:42:04,905 --> 00:42:07,306
<i>but the majestic
Luxor temple itself.</i>

732
00:42:09,206 --> 00:42:11,205
<i>This center of the cult of Amun</i>

733
00:42:11,206 --> 00:42:12,939
<i>on the banks of the River Nile</i>

734
00:42:13,006 --> 00:42:16,306
<i>had been stripped
of its power by Akhenaten.</i>

735
00:42:16,307 --> 00:42:18,106
<i>But Tut embraced it</i>

736
00:42:18,107 --> 00:42:19,906
<i>and would make
his support public</i>

737
00:42:19,907 --> 00:42:23,741
<i>during one of the most important
religious festivals of the year,</i>

738
00:42:23,808 --> 00:42:25,008
<i>the Opet Feast.</i>

739
00:42:31,508 --> 00:42:34,942
<i>Luxor Temple and the avenue
of the sphinxes,</i>

740
00:42:35,009 --> 00:42:37,708
<i>cult center
of the Egyptian god, Amun.</i>

741
00:42:39,342 --> 00:42:41,109
<i>In November 2021,</i>

742
00:42:41,110 --> 00:42:44,009
<i>the Egyptian authorities
put on a lavish spectacle</i>

743
00:42:44,010 --> 00:42:45,810
<i>to mark the reopening
of the site.</i>

744
00:42:46,810 --> 00:42:48,344
<i>But this was not the first time</i>

745
00:42:48,411 --> 00:42:51,144
<i>that such a procession had
marked the temple's renewal.</i>

746
00:42:56,011 --> 00:42:58,345
<i>Similar celebrations
would have occurred here</i>

747
00:42:58,412 --> 00:43:02,372
<i>when Tut returned to Egypt
to the worship of Amun.</i>

748
00:43:02,845 --> 00:43:06,646
<i>Now, Zahi has come here to
spotlight a remarkable artifact</i>

749
00:43:06,712 --> 00:43:09,312
<i>that details one
of the most important rituals</i>

750
00:43:09,313 --> 00:43:11,746
<i>that returned
with Tut's great act.</i>

751
00:43:13,713 --> 00:43:17,013
[Zahi] <i>We are actually</i>
<i>inside the temple Luxor</i>

752
00:43:17,014 --> 00:43:21,612
<i>and the hall that contained
the 14 pillars.</i>

753
00:43:21,613 --> 00:43:24,814
<i>But the most important,
it contains</i>

754
00:43:24,815 --> 00:43:28,725
<i>the Opet feast of Tut-Ankh-ah.</i>

755
00:43:29,115 --> 00:43:31,714
[Josh] <i>The Opet Frieze</i>
<i>is a monumental wall carving</i>

756
00:43:31,715 --> 00:43:34,815
<i>that runs the entire length
of the colonnaded hall</i>

757
00:43:34,816 --> 00:43:39,516
<i>erected in the center of Luxor by
Tut's grandfather, Amenhotep III.</i>

758
00:43:41,550 --> 00:43:44,150
<i>It depicts
the Opet Feast of Amun,</i>

759
00:43:44,217 --> 00:43:45,950
<i>a fertility festival
that featured</i>

760
00:43:46,017 --> 00:43:48,517
<i>statues of the God Amun
and his family.</i>

761
00:43:50,351 --> 00:43:53,051
[Zahi] <i>The Opet Feast</i>
<i>is a sacred feast</i>

762
00:43:53,118 --> 00:43:55,551
<i>for the God Amun
and his wife Mut</i>

763
00:43:55,617 --> 00:43:57,652
<i>and their son Khonsu.</i>

764
00:43:57,718 --> 00:44:00,798
To make a trip
from Karnak Temple to Luxor,

765
00:44:00,919 --> 00:44:04,218
this happened once a year,

766
00:44:04,219 --> 00:44:08,819
and this celebration continued
for about 11 days

767
00:44:08,820 --> 00:44:10,853
during the reign of Tutankhamun.

768
00:44:12,619 --> 00:44:15,754
[Josh] <i>The feast marked the
beginning of the flood season on the Nile,</i>

769
00:44:15,821 --> 00:44:17,453
<i>and its return under Tut</i>

770
00:44:17,454 --> 00:44:20,554
<i>proves that he fully embraced
the worship of Amun.</i>

771
00:44:21,620 --> 00:44:23,355
[Zahi] <i>The flood</i>
<i>for the Egyptian</i>

772
00:44:23,422 --> 00:44:26,321
<i>meant good things
for Egypt, fertility</i>

773
00:44:26,322 --> 00:44:28,455
<i>and therefore they're waiting every year</i>

774
00:44:28,521 --> 00:44:30,221
<i>for that trip of Amun.</i>

775
00:44:30,222 --> 00:44:33,721
Without the Amun trip
from Karnak structure,

776
00:44:33,722 --> 00:44:35,721
there is no flood.

777
00:44:35,722 --> 00:44:38,455
[Josh] <i>And because it was</i>
<i>a festival heralding floods,</i>

778
00:44:38,456 --> 00:44:41,257
<i>the statues were transported
on sacred boats.</i>

779
00:44:42,957 --> 00:44:45,923
[Zahi] <i>The priest will hold</i>
<i>the three boats of the gods,</i>

780
00:44:45,924 --> 00:44:50,924
<i>Amun, Mut and Khons on
their shoulders around them.</i>

781
00:44:50,925 --> 00:44:55,723
<i>Singers, dancers, the king,
the queen, all the public.</i>

782
00:44:55,724 --> 00:44:59,902
<i>Because this is the big feast in
the mind of the ancient Egyptian.</i>

783
00:44:59,926 --> 00:45:02,225
[Josh] <i>The boats were carried</i>
<i>in a grand procession</i>

784
00:45:02,226 --> 00:45:04,025
<i>along the avenue of the sphinxes</i>

785
00:45:04,026 --> 00:45:07,927
<i>on a ceremonial journey from
Karnak Temple to Luxor Temple.</i>

786
00:45:09,626 --> 00:45:11,525
<i>At the time of Tutankhamun,</i>

787
00:45:11,526 --> 00:45:13,561
<i>they would also sail
along the Nile.</i>

788
00:45:15,361 --> 00:45:19,560
This is a divine marriage
between Amun and Mut.

789
00:45:19,561 --> 00:45:21,361
It means in the mind
of the Egyptian,

790
00:45:21,428 --> 00:45:25,329
the flood will come to Egypt
and means fertility to the land.

791
00:45:29,262 --> 00:45:30,628
[Josh] <i>This right of fertility</i>

792
00:45:30,629 --> 00:45:32,463
<i>may have had
personal significance</i>

793
00:45:32,529 --> 00:45:35,663
<i>to Tutankhamun
and his wife, Ankhesenamun,</i>

794
00:45:35,729 --> 00:45:39,131
<i>who statues here watch over the
entrance of the Opet colonnade.</i>

795
00:45:40,831 --> 00:45:46,164
<i>A study of more items found in
Tut's tomb sheds some light on why.</i>

796
00:45:46,231 --> 00:45:49,231
[Zahi] <i>Tutankhamun</i>
<i>did not have children.</i>

797
00:45:49,232 --> 00:45:54,131
And we know that two fetuses
were found inside the treasure room.

798
00:45:54,132 --> 00:45:56,465
They died on birth.

799
00:45:56,466 --> 00:45:58,809
[Josh] <i>This is one of the
most poignant discoveries</i>

800
00:45:58,833 --> 00:46:01,032
<i>from the tomb of Tutankhamun.</i>

801
00:46:01,033 --> 00:46:04,434
<i>The mummified remains
of two miscarried fetuses.</i>

802
00:46:09,034 --> 00:46:11,632
<i>So, the fertility rites
of the Opet festival</i>

803
00:46:11,633 --> 00:46:15,568
<i>may have been especially
important to Tut and his sister bride.</i>

804
00:46:18,035 --> 00:46:19,934
[Zahi] <i>I really think</i>
<i>that the reason</i>

805
00:46:19,935 --> 00:46:21,269
<i>they're depicted here</i>

806
00:46:21,336 --> 00:46:24,634
<i>is since Amun is giving
fertility to the land,</i>

807
00:46:24,635 --> 00:46:28,136
<i>Amun could also give them fertility.</i>

808
00:46:28,137 --> 00:46:32,419
So, we really have to put
ourselves in Tutankhamun's shoes.

809
00:46:32,837 --> 00:46:36,735
[Sara] <i>Particularly</i>
<i>as he was trying to navigate</i>

810
00:46:36,736 --> 00:46:41,137
<i>his transition from childhood
to adulthood, his marriage,</i>

811
00:46:41,138 --> 00:46:44,837
diplomacy, his health
condition, everything.

812
00:46:44,838 --> 00:46:47,838
It could have been easy
for Tutankhamen

813
00:46:47,839 --> 00:46:50,738
<i>to listen to his advisors,
to go back to the old ways.</i>

814
00:46:52,039 --> 00:46:53,972
[Arto] <i>So, it might very well be</i>

815
00:46:54,039 --> 00:46:56,139
<i>that as a consequence of this</i>

816
00:46:56,140 --> 00:46:58,473
<i>that Tutankhamun embraced</i>

817
00:46:58,539 --> 00:47:03,739
the return to traditional
religion so enthusiastically.

818
00:47:03,740 --> 00:47:06,539
It's only human
that when we're facing

819
00:47:06,540 --> 00:47:09,174
really, really
difficult times, then...

820
00:47:09,241 --> 00:47:13,740
then we then try to find
a solution to that,

821
00:47:13,741 --> 00:47:16,142
even if that means embracing
a new belief system.

822
00:47:17,475 --> 00:47:19,740
[Josh] <i>Tut and Ankhesenamun</i>
<i>miscarriages</i>

823
00:47:19,741 --> 00:47:23,776
<i>likely were caused
by their incestuous ancestry.</i>

824
00:47:23,843 --> 00:47:27,876
[Arto] Intermarriage, especially
long term over multiple generations,

825
00:47:27,943 --> 00:47:30,244
can have extremely
adverse effects

826
00:47:30,264 --> 00:47:32,677
on the new generation
being born.

827
00:47:32,743 --> 00:47:36,343
<i>Congenital diseases,
physical disabilities,</i>

828
00:47:36,344 --> 00:47:38,743
<i>all kinds of things
you don't want.</i>

829
00:47:38,744 --> 00:47:41,844
[Josh] <i>This also affected</i>
<i>Tut's own health.</i>

830
00:47:41,845 --> 00:47:43,078
[Sara] <i>He had a cleft palate</i>

831
00:47:43,145 --> 00:47:45,678
and a lot of health
impairments as well,

832
00:47:45,744 --> 00:47:49,579
due to the fact that his
parents were related by blood.

833
00:47:49,645 --> 00:47:51,679
[Josh] <i>He also had problems</i>
<i>with his feet</i>

834
00:47:51,745 --> 00:47:55,047
<i>caused by an inherited
syndrome called Kohler's disease.</i>

835
00:47:57,180 --> 00:47:59,198
<i>This was discovered when Zahi and his team</i>

836
00:47:59,347 --> 00:48:02,080
<i>conducted a CT scan
of King Tut's mummy.</i>

837
00:48:03,848 --> 00:48:06,081
<i>Now, armed
with the latest technology,</i>

838
00:48:06,148 --> 00:48:07,881
<i>Zahi examines the many myths</i>

839
00:48:07,948 --> 00:48:11,781
<i>that swirl around
Tutankhamun's physical condition.</i>

840
00:48:11,849 --> 00:48:17,048
From what we saw from the
CT scan, he was not healthy.

841
00:48:17,049 --> 00:48:20,583
In the sense
he has some anomaly,

842
00:48:20,649 --> 00:48:23,783
for example,
regarding his left foot.

843
00:48:23,850 --> 00:48:27,049
It is something
a congenital malformation

844
00:48:27,050 --> 00:48:28,483
that he was born with.

845
00:48:28,549 --> 00:48:31,684
The toes are inclined inwards,

846
00:48:31,750 --> 00:48:33,684
<i>a deformity of the foot.</i>

847
00:48:33,750 --> 00:48:36,484
<i>Because of that,
he cannot walk properly</i>

848
00:48:36,550 --> 00:48:40,484
<i>and probably used
some walking canes.</i>

849
00:48:40,485 --> 00:48:44,585
[Zahi] <i>This is why</i>
<i>he had 130 sticks in his tomb.</i>

850
00:48:44,651 --> 00:48:47,353
<i>One of them he said
I made it by myself.</i>

851
00:48:48,586 --> 00:48:51,452
[Sara] <i>Amongst</i>
<i>his 130 walking canes.</i>

852
00:48:51,453 --> 00:48:53,086
<i>Some do have evidence of use.</i>

853
00:48:54,587 --> 00:48:58,487
They are a good example
of us having a sneak peek

854
00:48:58,488 --> 00:49:01,354
of what he must have been
like in his life.

855
00:49:02,454 --> 00:49:04,121
[Josh] <i>Like so much about Tut,</i>

856
00:49:04,122 --> 00:49:07,754
<i>the revelation that he had
disabilities has sparked intense debate.</i>

857
00:49:08,955 --> 00:49:11,154
<i>He is depicted all over his tomb</i>

858
00:49:11,155 --> 00:49:14,189
<i>as an active huntsmen
and charioteer.</i>

859
00:49:14,256 --> 00:49:17,589
<i>But some dismiss the art
as mere propaganda.</i>

860
00:49:17,655 --> 00:49:22,590
[Aiden] One has to bear in mind
that Egyptian art is very rarely original.

861
00:49:22,656 --> 00:49:25,056
<i>All the pictures we have
of Tutankhamun,</i>

862
00:49:25,057 --> 00:49:28,633
<i>whether they are actively
hunting or in warfare,</i>

863
00:49:28,657 --> 00:49:31,756
all have parallels
from earlier periods.

864
00:49:31,757 --> 00:49:34,590
[Sara] <i>Considering</i>
<i>Tutankhamun had cleft foot</i>

865
00:49:34,591 --> 00:49:36,791
<i>and he was quite frail.</i>

866
00:49:36,858 --> 00:49:39,491
I think it's quite hard
to have a figure like that

867
00:49:39,492 --> 00:49:43,259
participate in campaigns
and in hunting episodes.

868
00:49:44,758 --> 00:49:47,593
[Josh] <i>Many of the depictions</i>
<i>of King Tut riding into war</i>

869
00:49:47,659 --> 00:49:50,093
<i>or on the hunt
are indeed quite formulaic.</i>

870
00:49:51,393 --> 00:49:52,859
<i>But hidden within the shrines</i>

871
00:49:52,860 --> 00:49:54,659
<i>that surrounded his sarcophagus</i>

872
00:49:54,660 --> 00:49:57,160
<i>was one uniquely personal item</i>

873
00:49:57,161 --> 00:49:59,172
<i>that might completely shatter our beliefs</i>

874
00:49:59,660 --> 00:50:02,261
<i>about the physical abilities
of the Boy King.</i>

875
00:50:06,761 --> 00:50:08,361
One of the most prized
treasures in ancient Egypt

876
00:50:08,362 --> 00:50:12,796
was not silver or gold, but
instead the humble ostrich.

877
00:50:12,863 --> 00:50:14,996
Not native to the Nile,
these huge birds

878
00:50:15,063 --> 00:50:17,262
were often given
as a tribute to Egypt

879
00:50:17,263 --> 00:50:20,363
by conquered lands
such as Nubia and Ethiopia.

880
00:50:20,364 --> 00:50:24,662
Rare and exotic ostriches
were highly coveted by the elite.

881
00:50:24,663 --> 00:50:28,064
Women turned their eggs into
perfume holders and jewelry.

882
00:50:28,065 --> 00:50:30,598
Royal doctors ground them up
for medicine.

883
00:50:30,664 --> 00:50:33,098
Priests placed feathers
on coffins

884
00:50:33,165 --> 00:50:37,342
to help lift up mummies and
speed their journey to the afterlife.

885
00:50:37,366 --> 00:50:40,065
<i>But only a pharaoh
could acquire enough plumes</i>

886
00:50:40,066 --> 00:50:42,365
<i>to create
the greatest treasure of all,</i>

887
00:50:42,366 --> 00:50:46,367
a royal fan to keep him cool
in the hot Egyptian weather.

888
00:50:50,400 --> 00:50:51,700
<i>In the last ten years,</i>

889
00:50:51,766 --> 00:50:53,901
<i>CT scans of King Tut's feet</i>

890
00:50:53,968 --> 00:50:55,566
<i>have lent credence to the theory</i>

891
00:50:55,567 --> 00:50:57,467
<i>that the Boy King was so weak</i>

892
00:50:57,468 --> 00:50:59,766
<i>and had such
significant disabilities</i>

893
00:50:59,767 --> 00:51:03,169
<i>that he could not ride a
chariot to hunt or go to war.</i>

894
00:51:04,902 --> 00:51:06,704
<i>But back in 1922,</i>

895
00:51:06,768 --> 00:51:09,567
<i>as Howard Carter began
dismantling the shrines</i>

896
00:51:09,568 --> 00:51:13,069
<i>nested around the sarcophagus
in King Tut's burial chamber,</i>

897
00:51:13,070 --> 00:51:15,069
<i>he discovered a telltale item</i>

898
00:51:15,070 --> 00:51:17,869
<i>that suggests that Tut
might have been much stronger</i>

899
00:51:17,870 --> 00:51:20,304
<i>than modern scholars
give him credit for.</i>

900
00:51:20,371 --> 00:51:22,970
[Arto] <i>There's this</i>
<i>fascinating, very long fan,</i>

901
00:51:22,971 --> 00:51:26,171
the kind that you see
in movies and things

902
00:51:26,238 --> 00:51:28,005
where there's people
fanning the king.

903
00:51:28,072 --> 00:51:30,671
<i>It's topped
with ostrich feathers.</i>

904
00:51:31,705 --> 00:51:34,105
<i>And at the top you have a scene</i>

905
00:51:34,172 --> 00:51:36,849
<i>of the king hunting ostriches.</i>

906
00:51:36,873 --> 00:51:38,239
<i>And it gets better.</i>

907
00:51:38,240 --> 00:51:39,906
There's an inscription on it

908
00:51:39,973 --> 00:51:45,273
that says feathers of
ostriches brought by His Majesty

909
00:51:45,274 --> 00:51:48,273
<i>when he was hunting ostriches.</i>

910
00:51:48,274 --> 00:51:50,507
So, we have here
this fascinating inscription

911
00:51:50,573 --> 00:51:55,608
that's telling us that Tutankhamen,
in fact, hunted ostriches.

912
00:51:55,674 --> 00:51:58,108
It shows him hunting.

913
00:51:58,175 --> 00:52:01,809
Tools inside the tombs,
shows him hunting.

914
00:52:01,876 --> 00:52:06,509
Even with all what he
suffered of physical problems,

915
00:52:06,675 --> 00:52:09,376
he still... he loved hunting.

916
00:52:10,776 --> 00:52:14,376
[Josh] <i>In Giza, more evidence
lies in the shadow of the Sphinx</i>

917
00:52:14,377 --> 00:52:17,244
<i>at one of the most popular
tourist sites in Egypt.</i>

918
00:52:21,511 --> 00:52:25,911
<i>Near the stalls of a bazaar below
the Sphinx is a pile of dried mud.</i>

919
00:52:25,978 --> 00:52:29,812
<i>Unremarkable, except that it
houses an extraordinary secret.</i>

920
00:52:31,612 --> 00:52:35,078
[Zahi] This mud brick,
it's nothing to the public.

921
00:52:35,079 --> 00:52:36,916
But for us it's very important

922
00:52:37,579 --> 00:52:41,279
because this can make us
to reconstruct history.

923
00:52:41,280 --> 00:52:45,980
<i>This is the remains of the
hunting lodge of Tutankhamun.</i>

924
00:52:45,981 --> 00:52:48,714
<i>We call it Palace
because it's royal.</i>

925
00:52:48,780 --> 00:52:50,280
When this was excavated,

926
00:52:50,281 --> 00:52:53,815
they found the cartouche
of Tutankhamun on it

927
00:52:53,882 --> 00:52:56,515
and the cartouche
of Ankh-es-en-Amun.

928
00:52:58,115 --> 00:53:01,081
[Josh] <i>In truth, this palace</i>
<i>of Tut and his queen</i>

929
00:53:01,082 --> 00:53:03,082
<i>is a modest mud brick building</i>

930
00:53:03,083 --> 00:53:07,878
<i>and hard to distinguish
because so little of it remains.</i>

931
00:53:07,983 --> 00:53:09,882
[Zahi] <i>I close my eyes.</i>

932
00:53:09,883 --> 00:53:14,283
<i>We can imagine a palace
for the King and the Queen.</i>

933
00:53:14,284 --> 00:53:18,117
<i>And they depicted scenes
of Tutankhamun</i>

934
00:53:18,184 --> 00:53:22,085
<i>and the cartouches of
Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun.</i>

935
00:53:24,185 --> 00:53:27,885
<i>I think from a window
he could be looking</i>

936
00:53:27,886 --> 00:53:29,919
<i>at the pyramid of Khafre.</i>

937
00:53:29,986 --> 00:53:33,085
<i>That palace could be beautiful,</i>

938
00:53:33,086 --> 00:53:37,762
<i>shining in the shadow of
the pyramids and the Sphinx.</i>

939
00:53:38,187 --> 00:53:42,785
I really believe that
the existence of this palace

940
00:53:42,786 --> 00:53:44,887
is an important evidence

941
00:53:44,888 --> 00:53:49,621
that actually Tutankhamun
hunted wild animals.

942
00:53:51,687 --> 00:53:53,188
[Josh] <i>It's a dramatic image.</i>

943
00:53:53,189 --> 00:53:56,288
<i>The young pharaoh riding
his chariot across the valley,</i>

944
00:53:56,289 --> 00:53:58,422
<i>indulging in the sport of kings.</i>

945
00:54:00,089 --> 00:54:02,688
<i>These depictions show
that in ancient times,</i>

946
00:54:02,689 --> 00:54:07,565
<i>physical limitations did not
stop Tut from enjoying his life.</i>

947
00:54:07,589 --> 00:54:09,890
[Aiden] <i>I don't think one
should go into the whole thing</i>

948
00:54:09,891 --> 00:54:11,890
<i>of being a disabled person</i>

949
00:54:11,891 --> 00:54:14,990
and all the negative sides
of that,

950
00:54:14,991 --> 00:54:18,191
particularly nowadays
with Paralympians,

951
00:54:18,192 --> 00:54:22,258
<i>we now recognize
that in no way does it mean</i>

952
00:54:22,259 --> 00:54:24,625
<i>you're going to have
a less active life</i>

953
00:54:24,691 --> 00:54:26,926
<i>if you don't want
to have a less active life?</i>

954
00:54:26,993 --> 00:54:29,591
Exactly, because Egyptians knew

955
00:54:29,592 --> 00:54:33,192
<i>that to be sick was part
of being normal.</i>

956
00:54:33,193 --> 00:54:35,293
[Aiden] <i>Tutankhamun</i>
<i>is a teenager.</i>

957
00:54:35,294 --> 00:54:37,410
<i>If he's been an active hunter all his life,</i>

958
00:54:37,693 --> 00:54:41,194
he's not going
to not be an active hunter

959
00:54:41,261 --> 00:54:42,693
for as long
as he possibly can do.

960
00:54:44,395 --> 00:54:45,994
[Josh] <i>Back at the Cairo Museum,</i>

961
00:54:45,995 --> 00:54:48,494
<i>Zahi has spotted
an ornamental box</i>

962
00:54:48,495 --> 00:54:53,095
<i>that may suggest how Tut was
able to maintain his active life.</i>

963
00:54:53,096 --> 00:54:55,794
<i>By making sure to rest.</i>

964
00:54:55,795 --> 00:55:02,030
[Zahi] This box tells us
about Tutankhamun's health.

965
00:55:02,097 --> 00:55:06,973
<i>His seated shooting
arrow and his queen down</i>

966
00:55:06,997 --> 00:55:10,997
<i>also was love and affection,
giving him an arrow.</i>

967
00:55:10,998 --> 00:55:13,531
To my knowledge,
as an Egyptologist,

968
00:55:13,597 --> 00:55:18,398
I have never seen
any scene of a king

969
00:55:18,399 --> 00:55:21,697
seated while hunting at all.

970
00:55:21,698 --> 00:55:23,597
<i>It confirms to me</i>

971
00:55:23,598 --> 00:55:30,399
why Tutankhamun had 130 sticks
in his tomb.

972
00:55:30,400 --> 00:55:34,900
<i>It was really keen to hold
the stick and walk with it.</i>

973
00:55:34,901 --> 00:55:37,297
<i>It was very important for him that stick</i>

974
00:55:37,800 --> 00:55:39,900
<i>because he was not healthy.</i>

975
00:55:39,901 --> 00:55:42,934
[Josh] <i>This could even explain
the existence of the hunting lodge</i>

976
00:55:43,001 --> 00:55:44,635
<i>in the first place.</i>

977
00:55:44,701 --> 00:55:46,501
[Sara] <i>I think it's not always</i>

978
00:55:46,502 --> 00:55:48,101
<i>so straightforward
of Tutankhamun</i>

979
00:55:48,102 --> 00:55:50,800
<i>about how much he was
physically capable of doing,</i>

980
00:55:50,801 --> 00:55:53,136
but the hunting lodge
indicates that

981
00:55:53,203 --> 00:55:55,636
there could have been
an attempt at him

982
00:55:55,702 --> 00:55:57,701
actually partaking
in these activities.

983
00:55:57,702 --> 00:55:59,601
He is the only king

984
00:55:59,602 --> 00:56:04,103
that built hunting lodge
because he needs rest.

985
00:56:04,104 --> 00:56:07,819
All the kings at Al-Wadi al-Jadid,
they did not do that except him

986
00:56:08,271 --> 00:56:10,504
because he had
some physical problems.

987
00:56:10,505 --> 00:56:11,804
He needs to rest.

988
00:56:14,405 --> 00:56:16,304
[Josh] <i>The very presence</i>
<i>of the hunting lodge</i>

989
00:56:16,305 --> 00:56:18,704
<i>could prove that
Tutankhamun went hunting</i>

990
00:56:18,705 --> 00:56:21,006
<i>despite having problems
with his mobility.</i>

991
00:56:24,306 --> 00:56:26,639
[Sara] It could be
also trying really hard

992
00:56:26,640 --> 00:56:31,206
to show that Tutankhamen
was physically capable

993
00:56:31,207 --> 00:56:34,841
of ruling Egypt
through being a huntsman.

994
00:56:34,908 --> 00:56:36,783
[Josh] <i>Or perhaps his physical challenges</i>

995
00:56:36,807 --> 00:56:38,741
<i>did not interfere
with his movements</i>

996
00:56:38,807 --> 00:56:41,007
<i>as much as has been suggested.</i>

997
00:56:41,008 --> 00:56:43,508
<i>Zahi's bone expert,
Dr. Ashraf,</i>

998
00:56:43,509 --> 00:56:45,342
<i>believes he may have
spotted something</i>

999
00:56:45,409 --> 00:56:48,209
<i>that suggests that by the time
Tut was going hunting,</i>

1000
00:56:48,276 --> 00:56:50,009
<i>he was no longer in pain.</i>

1001
00:56:53,410 --> 00:56:55,409
By the time of King Tut
in the new kingdom,

1002
00:56:55,410 --> 00:56:58,608
<i>hunting was an activity reserved
for the king and his entourage</i>

1003
00:56:58,609 --> 00:57:01,410
<i>as a way to display
strength and valor.</i>

1004
00:57:01,411 --> 00:57:03,709
<i>For the elite, game reserves
were set up</i>

1005
00:57:03,710 --> 00:57:07,910
<i>to chase lions from chariots
or kill crocodiles in swamps.</i>

1006
00:57:07,911 --> 00:57:11,710
But for this great spectacle of
bravery, the Egyptian nobles,

1007
00:57:11,711 --> 00:57:14,610
well, there's no nice way
of putting it, they cheated.

1008
00:57:14,611 --> 00:57:16,312
To ensure the humans prevailed

1009
00:57:16,379 --> 00:57:19,146
extremely unsporting measures
were taken.

1010
00:57:19,213 --> 00:57:22,546
The animal's legs were often tied
together to make them easy targets.

1011
00:57:23,013 --> 00:57:25,712
There's even a papyrus
from the time that suggests

1012
00:57:25,713 --> 00:57:29,413
that dead animals were moved
across the swamp by servants,

1013
00:57:29,414 --> 00:57:32,314
ringers to ensure
a successful hunt.

1014
00:57:32,381 --> 00:57:35,114
On the other hand,
for farmers and laborers,

1015
00:57:35,115 --> 00:57:37,548
wild game was expensive
and hard to find,

1016
00:57:37,614 --> 00:57:39,813
so it was rarely on the menu.

1017
00:57:39,814 --> 00:57:44,415
Instead, they lived mostly off
of bread, vegetables, dried fish

1018
00:57:44,416 --> 00:57:46,715
and the world's first
known recipe, beer.

1019
00:57:49,549 --> 00:57:52,016
<i>The CT scans
of Tutankhamun's feet</i>

1020
00:57:52,017 --> 00:57:54,219
<i>contain an often overlooked detail,</i>

1021
00:57:54,317 --> 00:57:57,516
<i>which might explain how Tut
could have been an active hunter</i>

1022
00:57:57,517 --> 00:57:59,918
<i>despite suffering
from various ailments.</i>

1023
00:58:02,218 --> 00:58:05,318
<i>Dr. Ashraf shares his insight
with Zahi Hawass.</i>

1024
00:58:06,451 --> 00:58:07,517
[Ashraf] Okay.

1025
00:58:07,518 --> 00:58:10,717
Now we have here
the CTs of the feet,

1026
00:58:10,718 --> 00:58:13,385
and you can see
that the acquired disease

1027
00:58:13,386 --> 00:58:16,818
is this tiny little piece
of bone.

1028
00:58:16,819 --> 00:58:19,853
<i>Some people call it
Freiburg's disease.</i>

1029
00:58:19,920 --> 00:58:24,096
<i>This happens when the blood
supply is diminished to this area.</i>

1030
00:58:24,120 --> 00:58:28,719
So, this piece of bone
becomes dead.

1031
00:58:28,720 --> 00:58:31,120
Usually this is a teenage...

1032
00:58:31,121 --> 00:58:32,654
- [Zahi] A teenager?
- Disease.

1033
00:58:32,720 --> 00:58:36,921
Yes, maybe 12 or 13 years,
up to 19 years.

1034
00:58:36,922 --> 00:58:39,121
Sometimes it's great pain.

1035
00:58:39,122 --> 00:58:42,423
He couldn't do anything,
even walking on his foot.

1036
00:58:44,722 --> 00:58:46,655
[Josh] <i>This suggests</i>
<i>that Tut would have started</i>

1037
00:58:46,656 --> 00:58:48,721
<i>to experience symptoms
a few years</i>

1038
00:58:48,722 --> 00:58:50,722
<i>after he ascended to the throne</i>

1039
00:58:50,723 --> 00:58:53,057
<i>around the same time
that he changed his name</i>

1040
00:58:53,124 --> 00:58:55,424
<i>and turned against
the religion of his father.</i>

1041
00:58:57,324 --> 00:58:59,057
[Ashraf] <i>This is a
self-limiting disease,</i>

1042
00:58:59,125 --> 00:59:01,823
meaning it takes
maybe one or two years

1043
00:59:01,824 --> 00:59:04,424
till it becomes pain free

1044
00:59:04,425 --> 00:59:07,926
and well, that he can walk
again on this foot.

1045
00:59:09,326 --> 00:59:12,325
[Josh] <i>So, if the onset</i>
<i>of the disease was at age 12,</i>

1046
00:59:12,326 --> 00:59:15,724
<i>Tut could have been free
of pain by the time he was 14,</i>

1047
00:59:15,725 --> 00:59:20,060
<i>leaving him able to hunt and run
for the next five years until his death.</i>

1048
00:59:22,560 --> 00:59:26,727
<i>But what then caused his premature
death at just 19 years of age?</i>

1049
00:59:28,028 --> 00:59:30,027
<i>The state of Tutankhamun's mummy</i>

1050
00:59:30,028 --> 00:59:32,661
<i>has prompted many theories
about how he died.</i>

1051
00:59:34,562 --> 00:59:37,428
[Aiden] <i>First of all,</i>
<i>they're appeared to be a patch</i>

1052
00:59:37,429 --> 00:59:39,328
<i>at the back of the skull,</i>

1053
00:59:39,329 --> 00:59:41,328
which seemed consistent with him

1054
00:59:41,329 --> 00:59:43,429
having had a blow to the back
of the head.

1055
00:59:43,430 --> 00:59:45,296
And there are all these
theories about the fact

1056
00:59:45,297 --> 00:59:46,429
that he was murdered

1057
00:59:46,430 --> 00:59:50,231
or that he had been killed
in battle.

1058
00:59:50,298 --> 00:59:52,429
[Aiden] <i>The whole front
of the chest of the mummy,</i>

1059
00:59:52,430 --> 00:59:54,710
<i>including the heart,
was missing,</i>

1060
00:59:54,831 --> 00:59:57,231
which led to various theories

1061
00:59:57,298 --> 01:00:00,665
that he might have died from some
kind of crushing injury to the chest.

1062
01:00:00,731 --> 01:00:02,531
<i>Gored by hippopotamus,</i>

1063
01:00:02,532 --> 01:00:04,564
kicked by a horse,
run over by chariot.

1064
01:00:04,565 --> 01:00:07,933
A whole range of possibilities
have been put in the literature.

1065
01:00:09,333 --> 01:00:12,333
[Josh] <i>But an examination</i>
<i>of Tut's mummy by Zahi's team</i>

1066
01:00:12,400 --> 01:00:15,132
<i>offers a surprisingly
simple explanation</i>

1067
01:00:15,133 --> 01:00:17,832
<i>for the mutilated condition
of his remains,</i>

1068
01:00:17,833 --> 01:00:21,033
<i>one that traces back not
to the time of Tut's death,</i>

1069
01:00:21,034 --> 01:00:24,135
<i>but to Howard Carter's
discovery of the tomb.</i>

1070
01:00:25,235 --> 01:00:27,534
<i>When Carter opened up
the burial chamber,</i>

1071
01:00:27,535 --> 01:00:29,833
<i>he discovered that the body
of Tutankhamun</i>

1072
01:00:29,834 --> 01:00:33,435
<i>was encased within three
magnificent golden coffins,</i>

1073
01:00:33,436 --> 01:00:36,036
<i>sealed within the sarcophagus
at its center.</i>

1074
01:00:38,169 --> 01:00:40,668
[Zahi] <i>Each one</i>
<i>was inside the other one,</i>

1075
01:00:40,669 --> 01:00:43,436
<i>and therefore
he had to do the police</i>

1076
01:00:43,437 --> 01:00:46,304
<i>and take one coffin
by one coffin.</i>

1077
01:00:49,137 --> 01:00:52,571
<i>These photographs that
we see of Howard Carter</i>

1078
01:00:52,938 --> 01:00:54,736
<i>taking the three coffins out</i>

1079
01:00:54,737 --> 01:01:00,138
<i>show how hard work it was for
him to open the burial chamber.</i>

1080
01:01:00,139 --> 01:01:01,972
It was really a difficult job.

1081
01:01:02,039 --> 01:01:05,472
The whole process of going
from opening the sarcophagus

1082
01:01:05,539 --> 01:01:07,838
until actually getting
to the mummy

1083
01:01:07,839 --> 01:01:09,572
<i>is something like two years.</i>

1084
01:01:09,573 --> 01:01:13,838
<i>Although a part of that is taken
up with his dealings with the courts.</i>

1085
01:01:13,839 --> 01:01:16,940
[Josh] <i>And in 1924,</i>
<i>halfway through the process</i>

1086
01:01:16,941 --> 01:01:18,874
<i>of removing Tut from his coffin,</i>

1087
01:01:18,941 --> 01:01:22,574
<i>the Egyptian court locked
Howard Carter out of the tomb.</i>

1088
01:01:23,041 --> 01:01:27,175
The trouble was that Sir Carter
had always been a prickly individual

1089
01:01:27,242 --> 01:01:32,776
<i>and this culminated with a major
falling out with the Egyptian authorities.</i>

1090
01:01:32,842 --> 01:01:35,243
It was over
something quite minor,

1091
01:01:35,310 --> 01:01:37,042
but there was a major blow up

1092
01:01:37,043 --> 01:01:39,542
<i>and he effectively decided
to close the tomb</i>

1093
01:01:39,543 --> 01:01:42,443
<i>and say, "Just get on with it.
I've had it."</i>

1094
01:01:42,444 --> 01:01:44,077
[Josh] <i>Carter walked out</i>
<i>of the tomb,</i>

1095
01:01:44,144 --> 01:01:47,742
<i>leaving the coffins still
hanging above the sarcophagus.</i>

1096
01:01:47,743 --> 01:01:51,444
[Zahi] This was February
in 1924.

1097
01:01:51,445 --> 01:01:55,507
And after that, he went to
the States to give lectures.

1098
01:01:55,844 --> 01:02:01,578
I think that the Carter's rather
rash flouncing away from the tomb,

1099
01:02:01,579 --> 01:02:04,844
<i>played into the hands of those
who were against him.</i>

1100
01:02:04,845 --> 01:02:07,780
[Josh] <i>The next year found
Carter embroiled in legal suits</i>

1101
01:02:07,846 --> 01:02:12,446
<i>and countersuits with the Egyptian
government to regain access.</i>

1102
01:02:12,447 --> 01:02:17,181
<i>He was not allowed back into
the tomb until January of 1925,</i>

1103
01:02:17,248 --> 01:02:18,846
<i>and it wasn't until October</i>

1104
01:02:18,847 --> 01:02:20,581
<i>that he was ready
to lift the lid</i>

1105
01:02:20,647 --> 01:02:22,581
<i>on Tutankhamun's final coffin.</i>

1106
01:02:23,148 --> 01:02:25,048
When he opens
the innermost coffin,

1107
01:02:25,049 --> 01:02:30,048
what he finds in front of him
is a black mass,

1108
01:02:30,049 --> 01:02:33,749
<i>relieved by a brilliant
golden mask.</i>

1109
01:02:39,350 --> 01:02:43,184
[Zahi] Now Howard Carter
try to take the mask out.

1110
01:02:43,251 --> 01:02:44,849
He couldn't.

1111
01:02:44,850 --> 01:02:48,450
Because when the Egyptian
buried King Tut quickly,

1112
01:02:48,451 --> 01:02:49,785
<i>they put in resin,</i>

1113
01:02:49,851 --> 01:02:53,395
<i>and the resins made the
mask stuck to the mummy.</i>

1114
01:02:53,419 --> 01:02:56,584
[Aiden] <i>So, it had to be
fairly brutal, shall we say,</i>

1115
01:02:56,585 --> 01:03:00,352
<i>about removing it, including
cutting the body in half</i>

1116
01:03:00,353 --> 01:03:06,052
across the thorax and then gradually
removing the body piecemeal effectively.

1117
01:03:06,053 --> 01:03:11,686
And he damaged the mummy
to 18 pieces.

1118
01:03:11,687 --> 01:03:13,587
I don't think
Carter had any other option.

1119
01:03:13,653 --> 01:03:16,588
It was either leave
the mummy exactly where it was

1120
01:03:16,654 --> 01:03:18,354
or pull the wrappings off

1121
01:03:18,355 --> 01:03:20,255
and then leave
the whole thing stuck in.

1122
01:03:21,588 --> 01:03:23,998
Or take the... take the drastic approach.

1123
01:03:25,256 --> 01:03:28,455
[Zahi] <i>Now, me</i>
<i>as an archeologist,</i>

1124
01:03:28,456 --> 01:03:33,755
<i>I imagined myself as Howard
Carter and I found this mask.</i>

1125
01:03:33,756 --> 01:03:37,423
<i>Am I going to leave the mask
on the mummy</i>

1126
01:03:37,424 --> 01:03:40,857
or I will do
what Howard Carter did?

1127
01:03:41,857 --> 01:03:45,324
Honestly, I will do

1128
01:03:45,325 --> 01:03:47,325
what Howard Carter did.

1129
01:03:48,758 --> 01:03:50,892
[Josh] <i>The damage done</i>
<i>to the mummy by Carter</i>

1130
01:03:50,959 --> 01:03:54,560
<i>led many to believe that
Tutankhamun had been murdered.</i>

1131
01:03:56,492 --> 01:04:00,160
<i>But Zahi Hawass' CT scans
tell the full story.</i>

1132
01:04:01,960 --> 01:04:05,658
[Ashraf] <i>They could see</i>
<i>a loose bone inside the skull.</i>

1133
01:04:05,659 --> 01:04:09,094
So, they assumed that this
was the cause of his death,

1134
01:04:09,161 --> 01:04:11,160
murdered by a blow to the head.

1135
01:04:11,161 --> 01:04:14,760
And a depressed bone
just get inside the skull.

1136
01:04:14,761 --> 01:04:16,860
- Is it true?
- [Ashraf] No, on the contrary.

1137
01:04:16,861 --> 01:04:19,195
<i>Because this piece of bone came</i>

1138
01:04:19,262 --> 01:04:21,095
<i>when they tried to remove
the golden mask.</i>

1139
01:04:21,162 --> 01:04:24,344
They broke it, and this piece of bone

1140
01:04:24,430 --> 01:04:26,761
just got inside the skull

1141
01:04:26,762 --> 01:04:29,062
<i>because of what Carter
did to the mummy.</i>

1142
01:04:29,063 --> 01:04:30,862
<i>Not before he died.</i>

1143
01:04:31,997 --> 01:04:35,597
Because if this piece of bone
was there

1144
01:04:35,663 --> 01:04:38,862
before embalming
or before mummification,

1145
01:04:38,863 --> 01:04:43,464
it would have been stuck
to the resin inside the skull.

1146
01:04:43,465 --> 01:04:45,964
Can we say, now we are sure

1147
01:04:45,965 --> 01:04:48,598
that Tutankhamun
was not murdered?

1148
01:04:48,599 --> 01:04:50,165
Yes.

1149
01:04:50,166 --> 01:04:52,599
[Josh] <i>But if that's true,
why did Tutankhamun die</i>

1150
01:04:52,765 --> 01:04:54,499
<i>at such an early age?</i>

1151
01:04:54,566 --> 01:04:56,866
<i>And what could have killed
the Boy King?</i>

1152
01:05:00,467 --> 01:05:02,900
<i>Over 3,000 years
since his burial</i>

1153
01:05:02,967 --> 01:05:05,801
<i>and 100 years since
the discovery of his tomb,</i>

1154
01:05:05,867 --> 01:05:09,368
<i>questions remain about the
exact cause of King Tut's death.</i>

1155
01:05:10,701 --> 01:05:12,866
<i>Now, in their studies
of Tut's mummy,</i>

1156
01:05:12,867 --> 01:05:14,701
<i>Dr. Zahi Hawass team</i>

1157
01:05:14,702 --> 01:05:17,968
<i>believes they've found the
answer in a surprising location,</i>

1158
01:05:17,969 --> 01:05:20,702
<i>a compound fracture
above Tut's left knee.</i>

1159
01:05:22,269 --> 01:05:24,436
[Ashraf] What made
this fracture peculiar

1160
01:05:24,437 --> 01:05:27,203
is that we noticed two things.

1161
01:05:27,270 --> 01:05:31,085
There was a big wound
at the site of the fracture

1162
01:05:31,271 --> 01:05:34,271
so that when they did
the mummification process,

1163
01:05:34,338 --> 01:05:37,170
<i>the resin is liquid,
went inside the wound</i>

1164
01:05:37,171 --> 01:05:41,171
and get into the edges
of the bone.

1165
01:05:41,172 --> 01:05:44,770
All the other fractures
were induced by Howard Carter.

1166
01:05:44,771 --> 01:05:48,339
[Josh] <i>The ancient wound seems</i>
<i>to have been infected.</i>

1167
01:05:48,340 --> 01:05:50,172
[Ashraf] He might have
developed infection

1168
01:05:50,173 --> 01:05:51,638
that reached the blood.

1169
01:05:51,639 --> 01:05:53,339
We call it septicemia.

1170
01:05:53,340 --> 01:05:56,773
And septicemia might be one
of the causes of his death.

1171
01:05:59,007 --> 01:06:01,689
[Josh] <i>On its own, this infection
might not have killed King Tut,</i>

1172
01:06:02,607 --> 01:06:05,208
<i>but it does not appear
to be his only affliction.</i>

1173
01:06:06,708 --> 01:06:09,808
<i>During their studies, Zahi's
team discovers the markers</i>

1174
01:06:09,874 --> 01:06:13,374
<i>for a virulent disease
lurking in Tut's body.</i>

1175
01:06:13,375 --> 01:06:15,275
He had malaria.

1176
01:06:15,276 --> 01:06:18,075
<i>In the presence
of high inbreeding</i>

1177
01:06:18,076 --> 01:06:21,375
<i>and malaria and weak health.</i>

1178
01:06:21,376 --> 01:06:25,977
It might predispose him to infection
that can kill him with septicemia.

1179
01:06:27,344 --> 01:06:29,610
[Josh] <i>So, after all the
outrageous theories,</i>

1180
01:06:29,710 --> 01:06:33,577
<i>the simple truth may be that
Tutankhamun died of malaria</i>

1181
01:06:33,578 --> 01:06:36,811
<i>complicated by blood poisoning
due to a leg fracture.</i>

1182
01:06:38,711 --> 01:06:41,212
<i>But what caused the fracture?</i>

1183
01:06:41,279 --> 01:06:45,445
Is it possible that
Tutankhamun had an accident?

1184
01:06:45,446 --> 01:06:47,545
Maybe he was riding a chariot.

1185
01:06:47,546 --> 01:06:51,113
[Ashraf] <i>Of course. Any type of
accident might be the cause. Of course.</i>

1186
01:06:51,180 --> 01:06:53,878
<i>Now it has to be a speed
because of the big wound.</i>

1187
01:06:53,879 --> 01:06:55,778
<i>So, if he is riding a chariot,</i>

1188
01:06:55,779 --> 01:07:00,424
this makes more sense than
just falling down on the ground.

1189
01:07:00,448 --> 01:07:02,014
[Josh] <i>Though impossible</i>
<i>to prove,</i>

1190
01:07:02,081 --> 01:07:05,015
<i>Zahi would like to believe
that the Young King Tut died</i>

1191
01:07:05,082 --> 01:07:08,181
<i>trying to show he could ride
a chariot once again.</i>

1192
01:07:08,182 --> 01:07:14,182
I really think that he was riding a
chariot in the desert of Memphis.

1193
01:07:14,183 --> 01:07:19,616
<i>I'm sure that he died in an
accident in the Valley of Giza.</i>

1194
01:07:22,117 --> 01:07:24,083
[Josh] <i>The exact cause</i>
<i>of Tut's death</i>

1195
01:07:24,084 --> 01:07:25,817
<i>may never truly be known,</i>

1196
01:07:25,883 --> 01:07:28,782
<i>but we do know that his court
was surprised by it.</i>

1197
01:07:28,783 --> 01:07:31,300
<i>Few could have been prepared
for the Young King to die</i>

1198
01:07:31,552 --> 01:07:33,385
<i>just ten years into his reign.</i>

1199
01:07:36,018 --> 01:07:39,784
<i>The small size of his tomb,
seemingly not built for a king,</i>

1200
01:07:39,785 --> 01:07:42,186
<i>suggests he was placed there
in haste.</i>

1201
01:07:44,919 --> 01:07:46,919
<i>But the cramped space
was still packed</i>

1202
01:07:46,986 --> 01:07:49,354
<i>with more than 5,000 artifacts.</i>

1203
01:07:53,987 --> 01:07:56,653
<i>Some of the most beautiful
were stored in the treasury</i>

1204
01:07:56,654 --> 01:07:58,288
<i>behind the burial chamber,</i>

1205
01:07:58,355 --> 01:08:00,503
<i>guarded by the Jackal God, Anubis.</i>

1206
01:08:03,687 --> 01:08:06,722
<i>Among them was a magnificent
alabaster cabinet</i>

1207
01:08:06,788 --> 01:08:08,489
<i>containing the canopic jars</i>

1208
01:08:08,556 --> 01:08:10,888
<i>that held King Tut's
internal organs.</i>

1209
01:08:12,556 --> 01:08:17,090
<i>This is considered to be one of the
most beautiful objects from the tomb.</i>

1210
01:08:19,390 --> 01:08:23,024
<i>Nestled inside
were four miniature coffinets,</i>

1211
01:08:23,091 --> 01:08:26,024
<i>each holding
one of Tut's organs.</i>

1212
01:08:27,091 --> 01:08:29,391
<i>But hidden within them
is a secret that shows</i>

1213
01:08:29,392 --> 01:08:31,753
<i>just how unprepared
his people were</i>

1214
01:08:31,791 --> 01:08:34,925
<i>for Tutankhamun's
untimely death.</i>

1215
01:08:34,992 --> 01:08:38,726
<i>Zahi has gained permission to
open one of these fragile treasures</i>

1216
01:08:38,792 --> 01:08:40,393
<i>to study what's inside.</i>

1217
01:08:41,826 --> 01:08:44,691
[Zahi] <i>This is another</i>
<i>beautiful object.</i>

1218
01:08:44,692 --> 01:08:49,293
It is a small version of
the coffins of the big ones.

1219
01:08:49,294 --> 01:08:52,460
Look, the vulture and the cobra,

1220
01:08:52,461 --> 01:08:56,295
the flail and the cloak
and the beautiful inscription.

1221
01:08:56,362 --> 01:09:00,704
Nebkheperure, the third
name of Tutankhamun.

1222
01:09:00,728 --> 01:09:04,694
But what's important here,
look at the faces

1223
01:09:04,695 --> 01:09:07,729
are not faces of a boy.

1224
01:09:07,795 --> 01:09:09,495
They are faces of a woman.

1225
01:09:09,496 --> 01:09:12,729
Not really for Tutankhamun
at all.

1226
01:09:12,730 --> 01:09:14,996
It has to be for someone else.

1227
01:09:14,997 --> 01:09:16,130
My proof!

1228
01:09:16,197 --> 01:09:17,996
If I open this,

1229
01:09:17,997 --> 01:09:21,730
you will see how the name
Tutankhamun

1230
01:09:21,731 --> 01:09:26,796
was put instead of another
name Kheperkheperure

1231
01:09:26,797 --> 01:09:33,993
which I believe could be the name
of Queen Nefertiti or Neferneferuaten.

1232
01:09:35,732 --> 01:09:40,199
[Josh] <i>It does appear that Tut's
cartouche was placed on top of another one.</i>

1233
01:09:40,200 --> 01:09:43,133
<i>But these coffins that
were clearly made for a ruler</i>

1234
01:09:43,200 --> 01:09:46,133
<i>as only pharaohs were depicted
with the double crown</i>

1235
01:09:46,200 --> 01:09:49,134
<i>and crook and flail
included here.</i>

1236
01:09:49,201 --> 01:09:50,401
<i>And the only known woman</i>

1237
01:09:50,468 --> 01:09:54,100
<i>who could have held that
status is Nefertiti.</i>

1238
01:09:54,101 --> 01:09:59,635
The identification Neferneferuaten
remained a certain amount of debate.

1239
01:09:59,701 --> 01:10:02,900
I think the majority
would argue it's Nefertiti

1240
01:10:02,901 --> 01:10:08,003
<i>because Nefertiti's full name
was Neferneferuaten Nefertiti.</i>

1241
01:10:10,203 --> 01:10:12,570
[Josh] <i>The Luxor temple</i>
<i>holds another clue</i>

1242
01:10:12,571 --> 01:10:17,404
<i>that supports the theory
that Nefertiti was a pharaoh.</i>

1243
01:10:17,471 --> 01:10:20,804
<i>A pair of blocks
bear a very telling image.</i>

1244
01:10:22,305 --> 01:10:25,505
We can see here
a unique scene for Nefertiti.

1245
01:10:25,572 --> 01:10:27,703
She's smiting an enemy.

1246
01:10:27,704 --> 01:10:30,382
She's smiting an enemy in ancient Egypt

1247
01:10:30,406 --> 01:10:34,039
was actually the task
of a kingship,

1248
01:10:34,106 --> 01:10:36,405
not the task of a queenship.

1249
01:10:36,406 --> 01:10:40,140
I do believe it strongly,
based on this scene

1250
01:10:40,207 --> 01:10:43,040
that the Nefertiti
ruled after Akhenaten

1251
01:10:43,107 --> 01:10:45,807
and she became a king.

1252
01:10:45,906 --> 01:10:47,773
[Josh] <i>Whether or not</i>
<i>she was Nefertiti,</i>

1253
01:10:47,774 --> 01:10:53,507
<i>the mysterious Neferneferuaten did not take
her treasures with her to the afterlife.</i>

1254
01:10:53,508 --> 01:10:57,742
<i>And Nefertiti herself soon
disappeared from the historical record.</i>

1255
01:10:57,808 --> 01:11:01,283
<i>Her death and burial
remaining a mystery to this day.</i>

1256
01:11:03,909 --> 01:11:05,310
<i>Whoever the pharaoh was,</i>

1257
01:11:05,377 --> 01:11:08,742
<i>her Canopic jars, coffin
and other ritual items</i>

1258
01:11:08,743 --> 01:11:12,578
<i>were usurped by Tutankhamun.</i>

1259
01:11:16,211 --> 01:11:18,577
<i>It also seems almost certain
that the tomb</i>

1260
01:11:18,578 --> 01:11:24,512
<i>in which Tut was laid to rest was
never intended to house a pharaoh.</i>

1261
01:11:26,745 --> 01:11:28,077
<i>To understand why,</i>

1262
01:11:28,078 --> 01:11:32,087
<i>Zahi is visiting a very
different tomb next door.</i>

1263
01:11:33,213 --> 01:11:36,212
<i>Just a few yards away
from the tomb of Tutankhamun</i>

1264
01:11:36,213 --> 01:11:40,213
<i>in the Valley of the Kings
lies the tomb of Ramesses II,</i>

1265
01:11:40,214 --> 01:11:44,381
<i>one of the greatest pharaohs
in all of Egyptian history.</i>

1266
01:11:48,515 --> 01:11:51,813
<i>This tomb has been under
renovation for the last two years.</i>

1267
01:11:51,814 --> 01:11:55,216
<i>It's a monumental task,
so to speak.</i>

1268
01:11:55,583 --> 01:11:59,116
<i>That's because the tomb
was flooded in antiquity.</i>

1269
01:12:01,116 --> 01:12:03,815
When we came
to excavate this tomb,

1270
01:12:03,816 --> 01:12:05,649
we found that the flood

1271
01:12:05,650 --> 01:12:09,016
that entered
the inside actually brought

1272
01:12:09,017 --> 01:12:13,384
stone rubble
and sand everywhere.

1273
01:12:13,385 --> 01:12:16,484
All the scenes
were completely damaged.

1274
01:12:16,485 --> 01:12:21,917
We had to take more
than 700,000 square feet

1275
01:12:21,918 --> 01:12:24,418
of stone rubble and sand

1276
01:12:24,419 --> 01:12:29,218
away and make major important
conservation and restoration

1277
01:12:29,219 --> 01:12:32,499
to the scenes
that we discovered.

1278
01:12:33,420 --> 01:12:37,020
<i>The restoration team have
to start cleaning the wall.</i>

1279
01:12:37,021 --> 01:12:41,521
<i>They use chemical material
to make the scene stable.</i>

1280
01:12:41,588 --> 01:12:45,755
<i>You have to be very careful
in looking at every piece</i>

1281
01:12:45,821 --> 01:12:48,221
<i>because if you are not careful,</i>

1282
01:12:48,222 --> 01:12:50,388
<i>you can lose a part
of the scene.</i>

1283
01:12:50,389 --> 01:12:52,421
This is the first time,
actually,

1284
01:12:52,422 --> 01:12:57,523
that any camera for a documentary
entered inside this tomb.

1285
01:12:57,722 --> 01:12:59,221
[Josh] <i>The vast size of the tomb</i>

1286
01:12:59,222 --> 01:13:02,142
<i>makes the restoration job
especially challenging.</i>

1287
01:13:02,491 --> 01:13:06,023
The Tomb of Ramesses II
is the largest tomb

1288
01:13:06,024 --> 01:13:07,623
in the Valley of the Kings.

1289
01:13:07,624 --> 01:13:11,158
And we can see this
in the burial chamber.

1290
01:13:18,225 --> 01:13:20,225
<i>This is huge.</i>

1291
01:13:20,226 --> 01:13:23,426
<i>It's hundreds of times bigger
than the tomb of Tutankhamun.</i>

1292
01:13:24,626 --> 01:13:31,261
And it has also rooms on
the sides for the furniture.

1293
01:13:34,527 --> 01:13:36,226
[Josh]
<i>This is the grand scale</i>

1294
01:13:36,227 --> 01:13:39,826
<i>on which an Egyptian royal
tomb is meant to be built.</i>

1295
01:13:39,827 --> 01:13:44,495
<i>So why is Tut's so tiny?</i>

1296
01:13:49,795 --> 01:13:53,762
<i>Egyptologist Aliaa Ismail is
inspecting the paintings on the walls</i>

1297
01:13:53,763 --> 01:13:56,663
<i>of the pharaoh
Tutankhamun's tomb.</i>

1298
01:13:56,763 --> 01:13:58,863
[Aliaa] <i>Tut's tomb is very tiny</i>

1299
01:13:58,929 --> 01:14:01,762
<i>because probably
it was unfinished.</i>

1300
01:14:01,763 --> 01:14:04,497
<i>Why else would he be buried
in such a small tomb?</i>

1301
01:14:04,498 --> 01:14:07,064
[Josh] <i>Aliaa is part</i>
<i>of the Factum Foundation</i>

1302
01:14:07,131 --> 01:14:12,065
<i>working to record the paint work in several
key tombs in the Valley of the Kings</i>

1303
01:14:12,132 --> 01:14:15,332
<i>so that replicas of them
can be produced.</i>

1304
01:14:16,232 --> 01:14:21,115
<i>They use sophisticated 3-D scanning
to capture the images on the walls.</i>

1305
01:14:23,333 --> 01:14:28,067
<i>3-D scanning allows you to get all
the intricate details of the surface,</i>

1306
01:14:28,134 --> 01:14:31,932
getting out the cracks
and every little detail

1307
01:14:31,933 --> 01:14:35,932
that one would not be able to
recognize with their own eyes.

1308
01:14:35,933 --> 01:14:37,868
[Josh] <i>Aliaa's work</i>
<i>is so detailed</i>

1309
01:14:37,934 --> 01:14:42,768
<i>that the replicas it helps create
look identical to the real thing.</i>

1310
01:14:42,834 --> 01:14:45,935
<i>Like the tomb
she's standing in now.</i>

1311
01:14:46,136 --> 01:14:49,336
Actually, this is a facsimile.

1312
01:14:49,557 --> 01:14:52,269
[Josh] <i>This isn't the real</i>
<i>tomb of Tutankhamun.</i>

1313
01:14:52,336 --> 01:14:55,070
<i>It's a replica built next
to Howard Carter's house</i>

1314
01:14:55,137 --> 01:14:57,870
<i>outside the Valley of the Kings.</i>

1315
01:14:58,270 --> 01:15:00,870
<i>The duplicate was built
to reduce the foot traffic</i>

1316
01:15:00,936 --> 01:15:03,703
<i>that's wearing away
the real tomb.</i>

1317
01:15:03,704 --> 01:15:06,438
Tourists can visit
and appreciate the art

1318
01:15:06,505 --> 01:15:09,437
<i>without harming the actual tomb.</i>

1319
01:15:09,438 --> 01:15:13,038
[Josh] <i>In the process of 3-D
scanning Tut's tomb for replication,</i>

1320
01:15:13,039 --> 01:15:16,138
<i>Aliaa found something
unexpected.</i>

1321
01:15:16,139 --> 01:15:19,961
Looking here at the head of the boy king,

1322
01:15:21,040 --> 01:15:23,873
and now we go to 3-D.

1323
01:15:24,407 --> 01:15:26,440
So we're looking at a render,

1324
01:15:26,507 --> 01:15:28,706
looking at the brush marks

1325
01:15:28,707 --> 01:15:30,274
that we see here,

1326
01:15:30,341 --> 01:15:32,407
we are very positive

1327
01:15:32,408 --> 01:15:37,075
that the plaster was still wet
when the paint went on it.

1328
01:15:37,242 --> 01:15:41,542
That shows that
it has been done in a rush.

1329
01:15:41,609 --> 01:15:42,940
[Josh] <i>But to Zahi Hawass,</i>

1330
01:15:42,941 --> 01:15:45,609
<i>Tut's burial chamber tells
a darker story</i>

1331
01:15:45,610 --> 01:15:49,876
<i>than mere haste, one of greed and rivalry.</i>

1332
01:15:50,004 --> 01:15:51,876
<i>No. How it can be a rush?</i>

1333
01:15:51,942 --> 01:15:55,344
<i>You have 70 days
to make this mummy.</i>

1334
01:15:55,411 --> 01:15:58,343
<i>They were not rushing
the mummification,</i>

1335
01:15:58,344 --> 01:16:04,444
<i>and therefore, I think 70 days were
enough to make the burial of a king.</i>

1336
01:16:04,445 --> 01:16:08,445
[Josh] <i>So if it took more than two
months to prepare Tut's mummy for burial,</i>

1337
01:16:08,512 --> 01:16:14,179
<i>why wasn't his tomb ready when it
was time for him to be laid to rest?</i>

1338
01:16:18,046 --> 01:16:19,945
<i>Another tomb a few miles away</i>

1339
01:16:19,946 --> 01:16:23,647
<i>in the West Valley
of the Kings offers insight.</i>

1340
01:16:23,880 --> 01:16:27,147
<i>Strikingly, it bears a strong
similarity to the tomb</i>

1341
01:16:27,148 --> 01:16:29,448
<i>in which Tut was buried.</i>

1342
01:16:30,248 --> 01:16:34,981
<i>This is the tomb that was used
for the burial of King Ay,</i>

1343
01:16:35,048 --> 01:16:38,815
<i>who came to the throne
after Tutankhamun.</i>

1344
01:16:39,682 --> 01:16:43,082
[Josh] <i>Ay, although only a
minor member of the royal family,</i>

1345
01:16:43,149 --> 01:16:45,416
<i>was one of Tut's
primary advisors,</i>

1346
01:16:45,417 --> 01:16:49,251
<i>and his tomb is eerily
similar to Tutankhamun's.</i>

1347
01:16:49,350 --> 01:16:51,550
Look at the niches

1348
01:16:51,617 --> 01:16:55,051
that exactly isn't the tomb
of Tutankhamun.

1349
01:16:55,084 --> 01:16:56,749
Look at the scene.

1350
01:16:56,750 --> 01:16:59,451
The goddess Nut in front of Ay.

1351
01:16:59,518 --> 01:17:04,251
<i>She's giving him
a ritual called NiNi.</i>

1352
01:17:04,252 --> 01:17:08,718
<i>It's exactly the same scene
in the tomb of Tutankhamun.</i>

1353
01:17:10,253 --> 01:17:15,353
<i>And finally, in the scene
of the first hour of the night</i>

1354
01:17:15,420 --> 01:17:18,421
<i>of the book called Am-Tuat.</i>

1355
01:17:18,455 --> 01:17:22,620
<i>We can distinguish 12 baboons</i>

1356
01:17:22,621 --> 01:17:26,053
<i>that represent that
12 hours of the night,</i>

1357
01:17:26,054 --> 01:17:31,687
<i>looking south six of them
and other six are looking north.</i>

1358
01:17:31,688 --> 01:17:36,523
<i>This scene is an exact copy
in the tomb of Tutankhamun.</i>

1359
01:17:38,256 --> 01:17:41,688
<i>I really think
the conclusion is very clear.</i>

1360
01:17:41,689 --> 01:17:46,156
<i>These two tombs are similar,
and this is why I do believe</i>

1361
01:17:46,157 --> 01:17:51,398
100 percent, that this tomb was
mainly made for Tutankhamun.

1362
01:17:51,524 --> 01:17:54,823
[Josh] <i>Zahi's theory is that
when Tut died unexpectedly,</i>

1363
01:17:54,824 --> 01:17:58,956
<i>the larger tomb meant for him
was nowhere near ready.</i>

1364
01:17:58,957 --> 01:18:04,359
And therefore, in 70 days,
they need to prepare this tomb.

1365
01:18:04,825 --> 01:18:07,158
[Josh] <i>The only tomb</i>
<i>that could be ready in time</i>

1366
01:18:07,159 --> 01:18:10,792
<i>appears to have been a small
burial site for a royal advisor</i>

1367
01:18:10,793 --> 01:18:13,426
<i>being constructed
in the Valley of the Kings.</i>

1368
01:18:13,427 --> 01:18:16,959
<i>So whose tomb did Tut take over?</i>

1369
01:18:18,727 --> 01:18:21,260
<i>It would have to be someone
with a royal connection.</i>

1370
01:18:21,261 --> 01:18:23,826
<i>The most likely candidate is Ay.</i>

1371
01:18:23,827 --> 01:18:27,728
<i>Back at Tut's tomb,
Zahi explains more.</i>

1372
01:18:28,662 --> 01:18:31,995
<i>I really believe that the tomb
in the West Valley of the Kings</i>

1373
01:18:32,062 --> 01:18:34,795
was originally
the tomb of Tutankhamun.

1374
01:18:34,796 --> 01:18:40,063
And this tomb was originally
was the tomb of Ay.

1375
01:18:41,696 --> 01:18:43,829
[Josh] <i>To fit all</i>
<i>of Tutankhamun's treasures,</i>

1376
01:18:43,830 --> 01:18:45,897
<i>the tomb had to be enlarged,</i>

1377
01:18:45,963 --> 01:18:49,064
<i>and on the back wall of
the burial chamber is a clue,</i>

1378
01:18:49,425 --> 01:18:53,465
<i>which could explain why Ay
might want to do this in a hurry.</i>

1379
01:18:55,065 --> 01:18:58,264
<i>Here Ay is depicted
performing a key ritual</i>

1380
01:18:58,265 --> 01:19:00,532
<i>known as the opening
of the mouth,</i>

1381
01:19:00,533 --> 01:19:04,166
<i>which ushered the dead pharaoh
into the afterlife.</i>

1382
01:19:05,633 --> 01:19:07,566
<i>We don't really understand</i>

1383
01:19:07,633 --> 01:19:10,900
<i>what the full mechanics
were becoming a pharaoh.</i>

1384
01:19:10,966 --> 01:19:13,433
So as far as we can tell,
it was by doing that.

1385
01:19:13,434 --> 01:19:15,466
But Ay became
legitimate pharaoh.

1386
01:19:15,467 --> 01:19:18,168
<i>Ay wants to show to the public</i>

1387
01:19:18,589 --> 01:19:21,101
<i>that Tutankhamen
gave me the privilege</i>

1388
01:19:21,168 --> 01:19:23,167
to take him to the afterlife.

1389
01:19:23,168 --> 01:19:25,734
And therefore, with this scene,

1390
01:19:25,735 --> 01:19:29,535
Ay is telling the public
and the king

1391
01:19:29,536 --> 01:19:34,570
who came to the throne after
the death of Tutankhamun.

1392
01:19:35,203 --> 01:19:37,069
[Josh] <i>But according</i>
<i>to texts from the time</i>

1393
01:19:37,070 --> 01:19:38,768
<i>the heir to Tutankhamun</i>

1394
01:19:38,769 --> 01:19:42,169
<i>was actually supposed
to be Ay's non-royal rival,</i>

1395
01:19:42,170 --> 01:19:44,471
<i>the General Horemheb.</i>

1396
01:19:44,538 --> 01:19:46,704
<i>So what happened?</i>

1397
01:19:47,071 --> 01:19:51,372
<i>The reason why Ay got the
succession rather than Horemheb</i>

1398
01:19:51,439 --> 01:19:55,271
may well-be because he was in
the right place at the right time.

1399
01:19:55,272 --> 01:19:59,538
We know there's military issues going
on at the time of Tutankhamun's death.

1400
01:19:59,539 --> 01:20:02,472
It might have been that
Horemheb was out of the country.

1401
01:20:02,473 --> 01:20:05,272
So Ay, King Ay was a bit sneaky

1402
01:20:05,273 --> 01:20:08,172
because he knew
that his position

1403
01:20:08,173 --> 01:20:10,972
and Horemheb's position
was sort of equal.

1404
01:20:10,973 --> 01:20:13,207
So they were rivals
for this position

1405
01:20:13,274 --> 01:20:15,374
of being successor
to the throne.

1406
01:20:15,441 --> 01:20:18,356
So for him, in order to
get there and do it first,

1407
01:20:18,974 --> 01:20:22,308
he had to rush just before
Horemheb arrived

1408
01:20:22,375 --> 01:20:24,873
and can object to anything.

1409
01:20:24,874 --> 01:20:28,209
[Josh] <i>Horemheb had no
power to seize the throne from Ay.</i>

1410
01:20:28,276 --> 01:20:30,309
<i>So he waited for his turn,</i>

1411
01:20:30,376 --> 01:20:33,776
<i>which came four years later
at Ay's death.</i>

1412
01:20:35,010 --> 01:20:36,975
<i>Ay may have gotten
the grand tomb,</i>

1413
01:20:36,976 --> 01:20:40,477
<i>but his legacy was not well
respected by his successors.</i>

1414
01:20:41,810 --> 01:20:43,477
Look at this tomb

1415
01:20:43,478 --> 01:20:48,554
and see the destruction of
the cartouche of Ay everywhere

1416
01:20:48,578 --> 01:20:50,578
because they hate it,

1417
01:20:50,645 --> 01:20:54,078
the people and the kings
of the Amarna period.

1418
01:20:54,079 --> 01:20:57,645
By this time, Akhenaten has
already been written out of history.

1419
01:20:57,646 --> 01:21:00,812
<i>Ay has now become
persona non grata</i>

1420
01:21:00,813 --> 01:21:06,480
<i>just leaving Tutankhamun this
island in the middle of all this.</i>

1421
01:21:07,280 --> 01:21:11,779
<i>The wrath of Horemheb should have
been directed only at Ay and Akhenaten.</i>

1422
01:21:11,780 --> 01:21:15,114
[Josh] <i>After all, Tutankhamun
restored the worship of Amun</i>

1423
01:21:15,181 --> 01:21:17,762
<i>to the temples of Karnak and Luxor.</i>

1424
01:21:19,848 --> 01:21:21,548
<i>But at the avenue
of the sphinxes,</i>

1425
01:21:21,549 --> 01:21:27,550
<i>one marking suggests that he
may have rejected Tut as well.</i>

1426
01:21:28,882 --> 01:21:30,582
Today, the avenue
of the sphinxes

1427
01:21:30,583 --> 01:21:33,483
is one of the city of Luxor's
most popular attractions.

1428
01:21:33,484 --> 01:21:35,650
<i>It runs two miles long</i>

1429
01:21:35,651 --> 01:21:41,816
<i>and in its heyday displayed
over 1,350 ram-headed sphinxes.</i>

1430
01:21:41,817 --> 01:21:44,983
For centuries, though,
it lay buried and forgotten.

1431
01:21:44,984 --> 01:21:48,551
When the gods of Egypt fell
silent during the Roman occupation,

1432
01:21:48,552 --> 01:21:50,885
the road was swallowed by sand.

1433
01:21:50,952 --> 01:21:52,652
Then, over the centuries,

1434
01:21:52,653 --> 01:21:56,285
modern homes and concrete
streets obscured it further.

1435
01:21:56,286 --> 01:21:58,719
Slowly, it sank below the water table,

1436
01:21:58,819 --> 01:22:00,819
making excavations difficult.

1437
01:22:00,820 --> 01:22:04,020
<i>Today it has at last
been drained and restored</i>

1438
01:22:04,087 --> 01:22:06,386
<i>and visitors can stride down
the same road</i>

1439
01:22:06,387 --> 01:22:11,488
that King Tut used
on the day he became king.

1440
01:22:14,021 --> 01:22:16,787
<i>Tucked in a corner
of the avenue of the sphinxes</i>

1441
01:22:16,788 --> 01:22:20,122
<i>is a faded inscription
that hints at a seismic shift</i>

1442
01:22:20,189 --> 01:22:24,089
<i>in the story of Tutankhamun.</i>

1443
01:22:26,889 --> 01:22:30,659
This is the cartouche of Horemheb.

1444
01:22:30,690 --> 01:22:33,457
But it shows
that this originally

1445
01:22:33,458 --> 01:22:36,290
was the cartouche
of Tutankhamun.

1446
01:22:36,291 --> 01:22:39,690
Neb-kheperu-re.

1447
01:22:39,691 --> 01:22:42,757
This is the name of
Tutankhamun, the throne name.

1448
01:22:42,758 --> 01:22:45,392
Now, Horemheb came

1449
01:22:45,459 --> 01:22:48,191
and he put his name

1450
01:22:48,192 --> 01:22:49,890
above that cartouche.

1451
01:22:49,891 --> 01:22:54,991
And you can see the signs
of Horemheb is clear here.

1452
01:22:54,992 --> 01:22:58,727
[Josh] <i>Though, Horemheb was
commander of Egypt's military under Tut.</i>

1453
01:22:58,793 --> 01:23:01,792
<i>It appears that he intended
to obscure Tut's name</i>

1454
01:23:01,793 --> 01:23:05,460
<i>from all of the major monuments
that represented his reign.</i>

1455
01:23:05,461 --> 01:23:07,128
<i>Why?</i>

1456
01:23:07,195 --> 01:23:11,328
<i>The answer could be linked to
the worship of the God Amun.</i>

1457
01:23:11,395 --> 01:23:15,961
People can say that Horemheb wanted
to remove the name of Tutankhamun.

1458
01:23:15,962 --> 01:23:17,295
I say the opposite.

1459
01:23:17,296 --> 01:23:21,662
I think that
the two cartouches can tell us

1460
01:23:21,663 --> 01:23:25,563
that the two kings wanted
to be united with Amun.

1461
01:23:25,564 --> 01:23:28,597
Horemheb's decision must have
been quite difficult

1462
01:23:28,664 --> 01:23:30,963
because he had no royal blood.

1463
01:23:31,547 --> 01:23:33,197
He was simply a commoner.

1464
01:23:33,198 --> 01:23:35,796
He knew that
he couldn't pass himself

1465
01:23:35,797 --> 01:23:37,863
as belonging to a royal family

1466
01:23:37,864 --> 01:23:39,763
because there was
no royal blood there.

1467
01:23:39,764 --> 01:23:43,897
<i>And so he says that he was the
one who influenced Tutankhamun</i>

1468
01:23:43,898 --> 01:23:45,898
<i>to restore the old system.</i>

1469
01:23:45,965 --> 01:23:49,198
Horemheb wanted
to show the Egyptians,

1470
01:23:49,199 --> 01:23:54,666
"I am demolishing
anything connected

1471
01:23:54,667 --> 01:23:55,899
with the Amarna kings

1472
01:23:55,966 --> 01:23:58,734
and I am restoring the image of Egypt.

1473
01:23:59,101 --> 01:24:03,866
I am the one who is returning
the power of Egypt back.

1474
01:24:03,867 --> 01:24:06,201
I am Horemheb."

1475
01:24:06,868 --> 01:24:08,867
[Josh] <i>While it may not</i>
<i>have been his intention,</i>

1476
01:24:08,868 --> 01:24:11,602
<i>Horemheb's removal of
Tut's name from monuments</i>

1477
01:24:11,669 --> 01:24:15,101
<i>contributed to his near
erasure from Egyptian history</i>

1478
01:24:15,102 --> 01:24:18,203
<i>by the time
of the Ramesses dynasty.</i>

1479
01:24:18,902 --> 01:24:20,868
<i>But it may also
have been the reason</i>

1480
01:24:20,869 --> 01:24:24,970
<i>Tut's treasure survived
the tomb raiders of antiquity.</i>

1481
01:24:25,337 --> 01:24:30,080
<i>Mother Nature and some
good luck played a role as well.</i>

1482
01:24:30,104 --> 01:24:32,137
A few months after the burial,

1483
01:24:32,204 --> 01:24:34,737
<i>a flash flood came
through the valley</i>

1484
01:24:34,738 --> 01:24:38,138
<i>and put a thick layer
above the tomb.</i>

1485
01:24:39,038 --> 01:24:41,305
[Josh] <i>200 years</i>
<i>after Tut's death,</i>

1486
01:24:41,306 --> 01:24:42,971
<i>the tomb of Ramesses VI</i>

1487
01:24:42,972 --> 01:24:46,105
<i>was built on the slope
above Tut's tomb.</i>

1488
01:24:46,106 --> 01:24:49,039
<i>Rubble from its construction
slid down the hill</i>

1489
01:24:49,106 --> 01:24:51,739
<i>to further obscure Tut's burial.</i>

1490
01:24:51,740 --> 01:24:55,507
Therefore, by the time you get
to the time of the tomb robbers,

1491
01:24:55,574 --> 01:24:57,706
the whole thing,
it's so deeply buried.

1492
01:24:57,707 --> 01:25:01,158
It's not where a tomb,
I would think, to look.

1493
01:25:01,608 --> 01:25:03,407
[Josh] <i>And because</i>
<i>he was forgotten,</i>

1494
01:25:03,408 --> 01:25:08,975
<i>King Tut's treasures lay waiting
for history to find them once again.</i>

1495
01:25:10,908 --> 01:25:13,675
<i>I think
the very ironic thing is that</i>

1496
01:25:13,676 --> 01:25:17,509
Ay and Horemheb tried so hard

1497
01:25:17,510 --> 01:25:22,209
<i>to eradicate Akhenaten,
Nefertiti and Tutankhamun</i>

1498
01:25:22,210 --> 01:25:26,244
<i>from ancient Egyptian history
that it backfired</i>

1499
01:25:26,311 --> 01:25:29,986
<i>and they became the most
well-known ancient Egyptian figures</i>

1500
01:25:30,010 --> 01:25:35,745
<i>and one of the most sensational
finds of the 20th century.</i>

1501
01:25:37,878 --> 01:25:39,810
[Josh] <i>We've come</i>
<i>a long way in the 100 years</i>

1502
01:25:39,811 --> 01:25:42,845
<i>since Howard Carter
discovered Tutankhamun.</i>

1503
01:25:42,846 --> 01:25:46,146
<i>We've used science to reveal
the nature of his birth,</i>

1504
01:25:46,213 --> 01:25:52,214
<i>as well as the secrets of his
tomb and the frailty of his body.</i>

1505
01:25:52,414 --> 01:25:54,012
<i>The years of investigation</i>

1506
01:25:54,013 --> 01:25:56,846
<i>have generated
as many questions as answers</i>

1507
01:25:56,847 --> 01:26:01,545
<i>and created new assumptions
about the life of the boy king.</i>

1508
01:26:01,615 --> 01:26:03,813
<i>But drawing
on his unique experience,</i>

1509
01:26:03,814 --> 01:26:06,715
<i>Zahi has been able
to lay some of these to rest,</i>

1510
01:26:06,716 --> 01:26:11,015
<i>searching for clues that
may be hidden in plain sight.</i>

1511
01:26:11,483 --> 01:26:13,781
<i>While the drama
of religious upheavals</i>

1512
01:26:13,782 --> 01:26:17,617
<i>and the splendor of gold
in Tut's tomb are captivating,</i>

1513
01:26:17,684 --> 01:26:23,351
<i>the humanity of the little boy who
took the throne cannot be overlooked.</i>

1514
01:26:23,418 --> 01:26:27,750
When you think about the fact that Tutankhamen
ascended the throne at the age of nine,

1515
01:26:27,751 --> 01:26:29,928
surrounded by all these different adults

1516
01:26:30,118 --> 01:26:32,218
<i>who had their own agendas,</i>

1517
01:26:32,219 --> 01:26:34,352
<i>it must have been very hard,</i>

1518
01:26:34,419 --> 01:26:36,218
<i>especially as a young child</i>

1519
01:26:36,219 --> 01:26:38,918
<i>who had a lot
of health impairments.</i>

1520
01:26:38,985 --> 01:26:40,752
During the reign of Tutankhamun,

1521
01:26:40,753 --> 01:26:42,919
there was a lot happening,

1522
01:26:42,986 --> 01:26:44,885
<i>most of it not good.</i>

1523
01:26:44,886 --> 01:26:47,719
<i>On a personal level,
we know, for example,</i>

1524
01:26:47,720 --> 01:26:52,321
<i>Tutankhamun
had two stillborn children.</i>

1525
01:26:52,521 --> 01:26:54,019
<i>Sometimes on a human level,</i>

1526
01:26:54,020 --> 01:26:56,886
<i>I think that
Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun</i>

1527
01:26:56,887 --> 01:27:01,322
were probably collateral
damage in this whole upheaval.

1528
01:27:01,531 --> 01:27:05,055
<i>It must have been really challenging
to grow up in that environment,</i>

1529
01:27:05,122 --> 01:27:11,590
<i>and that could have made them
latch onto each other psychologically.</i>

1530
01:27:14,624 --> 01:27:17,123
[Josh] <i>The man who made
them famous, Howard Carter,</i>

1531
01:27:17,124 --> 01:27:18,923
<i>died in 1939.</i>

1532
01:27:20,023 --> 01:27:22,423
<i>On his gravestone is a quotation</i>

1533
01:27:22,424 --> 01:27:24,692
<i>from the Wishing Cup
of Tutankhamun.</i>

1534
01:27:26,525 --> 01:27:32,126
"May your life force ka live,

1535
01:27:32,535 --> 01:27:36,725
may your past live
one million years,

1536
01:27:36,726 --> 01:27:42,427
one who loves Thebes
and dwells in it...

1537
01:27:42,627 --> 01:27:45,860
your face see the good place."

1538
01:27:46,926 --> 01:27:49,327
<i>The man loved the Thebes,</i>

1539
01:27:49,328 --> 01:27:54,061
<i>this why God rewarded him
with this great discovery.</i>

1540
01:27:54,128 --> 01:27:56,994
[Josh] <i>And Zahi believes</i>
<i>that even greater discoveries</i>

1541
01:27:56,995 --> 01:27:59,938
<i>are still out there waiting to be found.</i>

1542
01:28:01,028 --> 01:28:04,062
[Zahi] <i>I'm a very</i>
<i>lucky archeologist.</i>

1543
01:28:04,129 --> 01:28:07,229
<i>In my career,
I made major discoveries.</i>

1544
01:28:07,230 --> 01:28:10,529
<i>I'm looking right now
in the Valley of the Kings</i>

1545
01:28:10,530 --> 01:28:11,928
<i>for missing tombs,</i>

1546
01:28:11,929 --> 01:28:14,630
<i>such as the tomb of Amenhotep I,</i>

1547
01:28:14,631 --> 01:28:19,064
<i>Thutmose II, Ramesses VIII,
all the queens in dynasty 18.</i>

1548
01:28:19,131 --> 01:28:23,731
I feel in my heart
that before I end my career,

1549
01:28:23,732 --> 01:28:27,131
I'm going to discover
an intact tomb

1550
01:28:27,132 --> 01:28:28,365
in the Valley of the Kings.

1551
01:28:30,632 --> 01:28:31,998
<i>Perhaps Zahi is right.</i>

1552
01:28:31,999 --> 01:28:34,066
<i>And there is another tomb
out there</i>

1553
01:28:34,133 --> 01:28:37,132
forgotten by history
and hidden by nature.

1554
01:28:37,133 --> 01:28:40,333
But for the moment,
Tut's tomb reigns alone.

1555
01:28:40,334 --> 01:28:43,167
<i>Until another unspoiled
treasure is found,</i>

1556
01:28:43,234 --> 01:28:44,999
<i>Zahi's personal mission</i>

1557
01:28:45,000 --> 01:28:47,900
is to solve the lingering
mysteries of Tut's tomb

1558
01:28:47,901 --> 01:28:49,635
and to continue to investigate

1559
01:28:49,702 --> 01:28:52,368
the many questions
still waiting to be answered

1560
01:28:52,435 --> 01:28:54,933
about the most famous pharaoh
in history,

1561
01:28:54,934 --> 01:28:57,802
the enigmatic
boy King Tutankhamun.