1 00:00:01,360 --> 00:00:03,669 {\an1}inside this rocket is the rover that 2 00:00:03,669 --> 00:00:03,679 {\an1}inside this rocket is the rover that 3 00:00:03,679 --> 00:00:04,309 {\an1}inside this rocket is the rover that could find 4 00:00:04,309 --> 00:00:04,319 {\an1}could find 5 00:00:04,319 --> 00:00:08,310 {\an1}could find life on mars if it lands 6 00:00:08,310 --> 00:00:08,320 {\an1}life on mars if it lands 7 00:00:08,320 --> 00:00:10,709 {\an1}life on mars if it lands we've got to go from thousands of miles 8 00:00:10,709 --> 00:00:10,719 {\an1}we've got to go from thousands of miles 9 00:00:10,719 --> 00:00:11,910 {\an1}we've got to go from thousands of miles an hour 10 00:00:11,910 --> 00:00:11,920 {\an1}an hour 11 00:00:11,920 --> 00:00:13,120 {\an1}an hour to zero 12 00:00:13,120 --> 00:00:13,130 {\an1}to zero 13 00:00:13,130 --> 00:00:15,350 {\an1}to zero [Music] 14 00:00:15,350 --> 00:00:15,360 {\an1}[Music] 15 00:00:15,360 --> 00:00:18,550 {\an1}[Music] and not do a bug on a windshield the new 16 00:00:18,550 --> 00:00:18,560 {\an1}and not do a bug on a windshield the new 17 00:00:18,560 --> 00:00:19,670 {\an1}and not do a bug on a windshield the new rover is called 18 00:00:19,670 --> 00:00:19,680 {\an1}rover is called 19 00:00:19,680 --> 00:00:22,710 {\an1}rover is called perseverance perseverance is the 20 00:00:22,710 --> 00:00:22,720 {\an1}perseverance perseverance is the 21 00:00:22,720 --> 00:00:25,029 {\an1}perseverance perseverance is the most sophisticated piece of robotic 22 00:00:25,029 --> 00:00:25,039 {\an1}most sophisticated piece of robotic 23 00:00:25,039 --> 00:00:25,750 {\an1}most sophisticated piece of robotic hardware 24 00:00:25,750 --> 00:00:25,760 {\an1}hardware 25 00:00:25,760 --> 00:00:28,310 {\an1}hardware ever launched off of the earth it will 26 00:00:28,310 --> 00:00:28,320 {\an1}ever launched off of the earth it will 27 00:00:28,320 --> 00:00:28,790 {\an1}ever launched off of the earth it will search 28 00:00:28,790 --> 00:00:28,800 {\an1}search 29 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:32,470 {\an1}search mars for signs of life while smithsonian 30 00:00:32,470 --> 00:00:32,480 {\an1}mars for signs of life while smithsonian 31 00:00:32,480 --> 00:00:33,350 {\an1}mars for signs of life while smithsonian scientists 32 00:00:33,350 --> 00:00:33,360 {\an1}scientists 33 00:00:33,360 --> 00:00:35,830 {\an1}scientists roam the earth for reference the search 34 00:00:35,830 --> 00:00:35,840 {\an1}roam the earth for reference the search 35 00:00:35,840 --> 00:00:37,350 {\an1}roam the earth for reference the search for life is one of the biggest 36 00:00:37,350 --> 00:00:37,360 {\an1}for life is one of the biggest 37 00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:40,630 {\an1}for life is one of the biggest questions humans have previous rovers 38 00:00:40,630 --> 00:00:40,640 {\an1}questions humans have previous rovers 39 00:00:40,640 --> 00:00:43,270 {\an1}questions humans have previous rovers set the stage 40 00:00:43,270 --> 00:00:43,280 {\an1}set the stage 41 00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:46,229 {\an1}set the stage now perseverance could reset our view of 42 00:00:46,229 --> 00:00:46,239 {\an1}now perseverance could reset our view of 43 00:00:46,239 --> 00:00:47,590 {\an1}now perseverance could reset our view of the universe 44 00:00:47,590 --> 00:00:47,600 {\an1}the universe 45 00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:50,310 {\an1}the universe we're going to get one shot at this meet 46 00:00:50,310 --> 00:00:50,320 {\an1}we're going to get one shot at this meet 47 00:00:50,320 --> 00:00:51,590 {\an1}we're going to get one shot at this meet the rocket 48 00:00:51,590 --> 00:00:51,600 {\an1}the rocket 49 00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:54,869 {\an1}the rocket the rover and the helicopter that could 50 00:00:54,869 --> 00:00:54,879 {\an1}the rover and the helicopter that could 51 00:00:54,879 --> 00:00:55,430 {\an1}the rover and the helicopter that could change 52 00:00:55,430 --> 00:00:55,440 {\an1}change 53 00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:59,029 {\an1}change how we explore mars and beyond 54 00:00:59,029 --> 00:00:59,039 {\an1}how we explore mars and beyond 55 00:00:59,039 --> 00:01:11,590 {\an1}how we explore mars and beyond it's all riding on perseverance 56 00:01:11,590 --> 00:01:11,600 {\an1} 57 00:01:11,600 --> 00:01:15,749 {\an1}february 18 2021 58 00:01:15,749 --> 00:01:15,759 {\an1}february 18 2021 59 00:01:15,759 --> 00:01:19,830 {\an1}february 18 2021 the sky is orange 60 00:01:19,830 --> 00:01:19,840 {\an1} 61 00:01:19,840 --> 00:01:22,469 {\an1}under bright sunshine it's minus 80 62 00:01:22,469 --> 00:01:22,479 {\an1}under bright sunshine it's minus 80 63 00:01:22,479 --> 00:01:24,830 {\an1}under bright sunshine it's minus 80 degrees 64 00:01:24,830 --> 00:01:24,840 {\an1}degrees 65 00:01:24,840 --> 00:01:27,030 {\an1}degrees fahrenheit the eight-year-old 66 00:01:27,030 --> 00:01:27,040 {\an1}fahrenheit the eight-year-old 67 00:01:27,040 --> 00:01:30,710 {\an1}fahrenheit the eight-year-old curiosity rover dutifully carries on 68 00:01:30,710 --> 00:01:30,720 {\an1}curiosity rover dutifully carries on 69 00:01:30,720 --> 00:01:37,910 {\an1}curiosity rover dutifully carries on otherwise mars is quiet as a desert 70 00:01:37,910 --> 00:01:37,920 {\an1} 71 00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:42,389 {\an1}but here comes the new kid on the block 72 00:01:42,389 --> 00:01:42,399 {\an1} 73 00:01:42,399 --> 00:01:44,550 {\an1}after seven months of smooth sailing 74 00:01:44,550 --> 00:01:44,560 {\an1}after seven months of smooth sailing 75 00:01:44,560 --> 00:01:45,830 {\an1}after seven months of smooth sailing through space 76 00:01:45,830 --> 00:01:45,840 {\an1}through space 77 00:01:45,840 --> 00:01:49,510 {\an1}through space the bumpy ride begins 78 00:01:49,510 --> 00:01:49,520 {\an1}the bumpy ride begins 79 00:01:49,520 --> 00:01:52,069 {\an1}the bumpy ride begins as the spacecraft encounters the upper 80 00:01:52,069 --> 00:01:52,079 {\an1}as the spacecraft encounters the upper 81 00:01:52,079 --> 00:01:54,950 {\an1}as the spacecraft encounters the upper part of the atmosphere it will heat up 82 00:01:54,950 --> 00:01:54,960 {\an1}part of the atmosphere it will heat up 83 00:01:54,960 --> 00:01:57,510 {\an1}part of the atmosphere it will heat up once it slows down enough then the heat 84 00:01:57,510 --> 00:01:57,520 {\an1}once it slows down enough then the heat 85 00:01:57,520 --> 00:02:01,270 {\an1}once it slows down enough then the heat shield will come off 86 00:02:01,270 --> 00:02:01,280 {\an1} 87 00:02:01,280 --> 00:02:05,670 {\an1}and we will deploy a parachute 88 00:02:05,670 --> 00:02:05,680 {\an1} 89 00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:07,749 {\an1}but we're still literally hurtling 90 00:02:07,749 --> 00:02:07,759 {\an1}but we're still literally hurtling 91 00:02:07,759 --> 00:02:09,029 {\an1}but we're still literally hurtling towards the surface 92 00:02:09,029 --> 00:02:09,039 {\an1}towards the surface 93 00:02:09,039 --> 00:02:10,949 {\an1}towards the surface even after being on that parachute for 94 00:02:10,949 --> 00:02:10,959 {\an1}even after being on that parachute for 95 00:02:10,959 --> 00:02:15,030 {\an1}even after being on that parachute for ways 96 00:02:15,030 --> 00:02:15,040 {\an1} 97 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:17,750 {\an1}remember this is a car sized object that 98 00:02:17,750 --> 00:02:17,760 {\an1}remember this is a car sized object that 99 00:02:17,760 --> 00:02:18,229 {\an1}remember this is a car sized object that weighs 100 00:02:18,229 --> 00:02:18,239 {\an1}weighs 101 00:02:18,239 --> 00:02:21,670 {\an1}weighs almost a ton no human 102 00:02:21,670 --> 00:02:21,680 {\an1}almost a ton no human 103 00:02:21,680 --> 00:02:25,110 {\an1}almost a ton no human steers it but it has just seven minutes 104 00:02:25,110 --> 00:02:25,120 {\an1}steers it but it has just seven minutes 105 00:02:25,120 --> 00:02:28,229 {\an1}steers it but it has just seven minutes to thread the needle or this next 106 00:02:28,229 --> 00:02:28,239 {\an1}to thread the needle or this next 107 00:02:28,239 --> 00:02:29,430 {\an1}to thread the needle or this next martian explorer 108 00:02:29,430 --> 00:02:29,440 {\an1}martian explorer 109 00:02:29,440 --> 00:02:35,589 {\an1}martian explorer will crash and burn 110 00:02:35,589 --> 00:02:35,599 {\an1} 111 00:02:35,599 --> 00:02:44,470 {\an1}meet perseverance our newest mars rover 112 00:02:44,470 --> 00:02:44,480 {\an1} 113 00:02:44,480 --> 00:02:48,229 {\an1}it's a huge beast of machine and it is 114 00:02:48,229 --> 00:02:48,239 {\an1}it's a huge beast of machine and it is 115 00:02:48,239 --> 00:02:49,990 {\an1}it's a huge beast of machine and it is chock full of scientific instruments 116 00:02:49,990 --> 00:02:50,000 {\an1}chock full of scientific instruments 117 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:51,430 {\an1}chock full of scientific instruments that are going to explore the surface of 118 00:02:51,430 --> 00:02:51,440 {\an1}that are going to explore the surface of 119 00:02:51,440 --> 00:02:52,790 {\an1}that are going to explore the surface of mars 120 00:02:52,790 --> 00:02:52,800 {\an1}mars 121 00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:55,190 {\an1}mars at nasa's jet propulsion laboratory in 122 00:02:55,190 --> 00:02:55,200 {\an1}at nasa's jet propulsion laboratory in 123 00:02:55,200 --> 00:02:56,390 {\an1}at nasa's jet propulsion laboratory in california 124 00:02:56,390 --> 00:02:56,400 {\an1}california 125 00:02:56,400 --> 00:02:58,630 {\an1}california perseverance comes together in a clean 126 00:02:58,630 --> 00:02:58,640 {\an1}perseverance comes together in a clean 127 00:02:58,640 --> 00:03:00,470 {\an1}perseverance comes together in a clean room 128 00:03:00,470 --> 00:03:00,480 {\an1}room 129 00:03:00,480 --> 00:03:02,790 {\an1}room if it's going to find life it can't 130 00:03:02,790 --> 00:03:02,800 {\an1}if it's going to find life it can't 131 00:03:02,800 --> 00:03:06,229 {\an1}if it's going to find life it can't bring any life with it 132 00:03:06,229 --> 00:03:06,239 {\an1}bring any life with it 133 00:03:06,239 --> 00:03:07,990 {\an1}bring any life with it it's really important to make sure that 134 00:03:07,990 --> 00:03:08,000 {\an1}it's really important to make sure that 135 00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:10,070 {\an1}it's really important to make sure that we send a clean rover to mars because 136 00:03:10,070 --> 00:03:10,080 {\an1}we send a clean rover to mars because 137 00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:12,229 {\an1}we send a clean rover to mars because if we do find something on mars we have 138 00:03:12,229 --> 00:03:12,239 {\an1}if we do find something on mars we have 139 00:03:12,239 --> 00:03:13,110 {\an1}if we do find something on mars we have to make sure 140 00:03:13,110 --> 00:03:13,120 {\an1}to make sure 141 00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:14,710 {\an1}to make sure it's something that actually came from 142 00:03:14,710 --> 00:03:14,720 {\an1}it's something that actually came from 143 00:03:14,720 --> 00:03:16,830 {\an1}it's something that actually came from mars and not something that hitched a 144 00:03:16,830 --> 00:03:16,840 {\an1}mars and not something that hitched a 145 00:03:16,840 --> 00:03:18,949 {\an1}mars and not something that hitched a ride 146 00:03:18,949 --> 00:03:18,959 {\an1}ride 147 00:03:18,959 --> 00:03:21,350 {\an1}ride they're building the most complex rover 148 00:03:21,350 --> 00:03:21,360 {\an1}they're building the most complex rover 149 00:03:21,360 --> 00:03:23,030 {\an1}they're building the most complex rover ever 150 00:03:23,030 --> 00:03:23,040 {\an1}ever 151 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:27,589 {\an1}ever including 23 different cameras 152 00:03:27,589 --> 00:03:27,599 {\an1} 153 00:03:27,599 --> 00:03:30,550 {\an1}mast cam z mimics human eyesight by 154 00:03:30,550 --> 00:03:30,560 {\an1}mast cam z mimics human eyesight by 155 00:03:30,560 --> 00:03:31,190 {\an1}mast cam z mimics human eyesight by capturing 156 00:03:31,190 --> 00:03:31,200 {\an1}capturing 157 00:03:31,200 --> 00:03:35,190 {\an1}capturing stereo panoramas a chemistry cam on the 158 00:03:35,190 --> 00:03:35,200 {\an1}stereo panoramas a chemistry cam on the 159 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:36,309 {\an1}stereo panoramas a chemistry cam on the robotic arm 160 00:03:36,309 --> 00:03:36,319 {\an1}robotic arm 161 00:03:36,319 --> 00:03:39,509 {\an1}robotic arm can zero in on the tiniest fragment 162 00:03:39,509 --> 00:03:39,519 {\an1}can zero in on the tiniest fragment 163 00:03:39,519 --> 00:03:41,910 {\an1}can zero in on the tiniest fragment and for the first time ever video 164 00:03:41,910 --> 00:03:41,920 {\an1}and for the first time ever video 165 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:44,309 {\an1}and for the first time ever video cameras will record the rover's descent 166 00:03:44,309 --> 00:03:44,319 {\an1}cameras will record the rover's descent 167 00:03:44,319 --> 00:03:47,990 {\an1}cameras will record the rover's descent and landing from four angles 168 00:03:47,990 --> 00:03:48,000 {\an1}and landing from four angles 169 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:50,390 {\an1}and landing from four angles so with perseverance for the first time 170 00:03:50,390 --> 00:03:50,400 {\an1}so with perseverance for the first time 171 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:51,750 {\an1}so with perseverance for the first time we effectively have the 172 00:03:51,750 --> 00:03:51,760 {\an1}we effectively have the 173 00:03:51,760 --> 00:03:55,509 {\an1}we effectively have the opportunity to make movies 174 00:03:55,509 --> 00:03:55,519 {\an1} 175 00:03:55,519 --> 00:03:58,830 {\an1}some of these cameras reach 5k 176 00:03:58,830 --> 00:03:58,840 {\an1}some of these cameras reach 5k 177 00:03:58,840 --> 00:04:00,550 {\an1}some of these cameras reach 5k resolution 178 00:04:00,550 --> 00:04:00,560 {\an1}resolution 179 00:04:00,560 --> 00:04:04,390 {\an1}resolution that will beat the pixels off of 180 00:04:04,390 --> 00:04:04,400 {\an1} 181 00:04:04,400 --> 00:04:09,350 {\an1} this 182 00:04:09,350 --> 00:04:09,360 {\an1} 183 00:04:09,360 --> 00:04:11,990 {\an1}prior to 1965 the best views of mars 184 00:04:11,990 --> 00:04:12,000 {\an1}prior to 1965 the best views of mars 185 00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:13,990 {\an1}prior to 1965 the best views of mars came from earth-based telescopes 186 00:04:13,990 --> 00:04:14,000 {\an1}came from earth-based telescopes 187 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:15,830 {\an1}came from earth-based telescopes we really had no idea of what the 188 00:04:15,830 --> 00:04:15,840 {\an1}we really had no idea of what the 189 00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:20,550 {\an1}we really had no idea of what the detailed surface of mars looked like 190 00:04:20,550 --> 00:04:20,560 {\an1} 191 00:04:20,560 --> 00:04:25,430 {\an1}in the absence of data humans dreamed 192 00:04:25,430 --> 00:04:25,440 {\an1} 193 00:04:25,440 --> 00:04:27,670 {\an1}we had centuries to conjure up ideas 194 00:04:27,670 --> 00:04:27,680 {\an1}we had centuries to conjure up ideas 195 00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:29,350 {\an1}we had centuries to conjure up ideas about mars 196 00:04:29,350 --> 00:04:29,360 {\an1}about mars 197 00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:32,550 {\an1}about mars some scientific some silly 198 00:04:32,550 --> 00:04:32,560 {\an1}some scientific some silly 199 00:04:32,560 --> 00:04:34,710 {\an1}some scientific some silly the popular view of mars is that it did 200 00:04:34,710 --> 00:04:34,720 {\an1}the popular view of mars is that it did 201 00:04:34,720 --> 00:04:35,990 {\an1}the popular view of mars is that it did have life 202 00:04:35,990 --> 00:04:36,000 {\an1}have life 203 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:37,670 {\an1}have life there were aliens on it you know you 204 00:04:37,670 --> 00:04:37,680 {\an1}there were aliens on it you know you 205 00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:39,189 {\an1}there were aliens on it you know you have this entire sci-fi 206 00:04:39,189 --> 00:04:39,199 {\an1}have this entire sci-fi 207 00:04:39,199 --> 00:04:41,909 {\an1}have this entire sci-fi industry built upon that you speak 208 00:04:41,909 --> 00:04:41,919 {\an1}industry built upon that you speak 209 00:04:41,919 --> 00:04:43,189 {\an1}industry built upon that you speak wisely 210 00:04:43,189 --> 00:04:43,199 {\an1}wisely 211 00:04:43,199 --> 00:04:46,629 {\an1}wisely i will go nothing said martian fantasy 212 00:04:46,629 --> 00:04:46,639 {\an1}i will go nothing said martian fantasy 213 00:04:46,639 --> 00:04:50,070 {\an1}i will go nothing said martian fantasy quite like little green men i know 214 00:04:50,070 --> 00:04:50,080 {\an1}quite like little green men i know 215 00:04:50,080 --> 00:04:51,510 {\an1}quite like little green men i know i don't think he'll be causing any more 216 00:04:51,510 --> 00:04:51,520 {\an1}i don't think he'll be causing any more 217 00:04:51,520 --> 00:04:55,030 {\an1}i don't think he'll be causing any more trouble creative minds careened out of 218 00:04:55,030 --> 00:04:55,040 {\an1}trouble creative minds careened out of 219 00:04:55,040 --> 00:04:57,189 {\an1}trouble creative minds careened out of control 220 00:04:57,189 --> 00:04:57,199 {\an1}control 221 00:04:57,199 --> 00:05:01,550 {\an1}control until july 14 222 00:05:01,550 --> 00:05:01,560 {\an1}until july 14 223 00:05:01,560 --> 00:05:05,430 {\an1}until july 14 1965 earthlings in california 224 00:05:05,430 --> 00:05:05,440 {\an1}1965 earthlings in california 225 00:05:05,440 --> 00:05:07,430 {\an1}1965 earthlings in california anxiously await a signal from their 226 00:05:07,430 --> 00:05:07,440 {\an1}anxiously await a signal from their 227 00:05:07,440 --> 00:05:12,710 {\an1}anxiously await a signal from their latest attempt to reach mars 228 00:05:12,710 --> 00:05:12,720 {\an1} 229 00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:16,469 {\an1}the first two spacecraft failed 230 00:05:16,469 --> 00:05:16,479 {\an1}the first two spacecraft failed 231 00:05:16,479 --> 00:05:19,370 {\an1}the first two spacecraft failed but mariner 4 has a shot 232 00:05:19,370 --> 00:05:19,380 {\an1}but mariner 4 has a shot 233 00:05:19,380 --> 00:05:21,749 {\an1}but mariner 4 has a shot [Music] 234 00:05:21,749 --> 00:05:21,759 {\an1}[Music] 235 00:05:21,759 --> 00:05:24,870 {\an1}[Music] it was intended to take a few pictures 236 00:05:24,870 --> 00:05:24,880 {\an1}it was intended to take a few pictures 237 00:05:24,880 --> 00:05:28,070 {\an1}it was intended to take a few pictures of the surface as it flew by after a 238 00:05:28,070 --> 00:05:28,080 {\an1}of the surface as it flew by after a 239 00:05:28,080 --> 00:05:29,430 {\an1}of the surface as it flew by after a seven month journey 240 00:05:29,430 --> 00:05:29,440 {\an1}seven month journey 241 00:05:29,440 --> 00:05:31,909 {\an1}seven month journey mariner 4 has less than 30 minutes to 242 00:05:31,909 --> 00:05:31,919 {\an1}mariner 4 has less than 30 minutes to 243 00:05:31,919 --> 00:05:35,749 {\an1}mariner 4 has less than 30 minutes to get the first close-ups of mars 244 00:05:35,749 --> 00:05:35,759 {\an1}get the first close-ups of mars 245 00:05:35,759 --> 00:05:37,350 {\an1}get the first close-ups of mars the idea that you're going to see 246 00:05:37,350 --> 00:05:37,360 {\an1}the idea that you're going to see 247 00:05:37,360 --> 00:05:39,430 {\an1}the idea that you're going to see something for the very first time 248 00:05:39,430 --> 00:05:39,440 {\an1}something for the very first time 249 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:42,870 {\an1}something for the very first time if it works is not only cause for 250 00:05:42,870 --> 00:05:42,880 {\an1}if it works is not only cause for 251 00:05:42,880 --> 00:05:43,590 {\an1}if it works is not only cause for tremendous 252 00:05:43,590 --> 00:05:43,600 {\an1}tremendous 253 00:05:43,600 --> 00:05:45,590 {\an1}tremendous excitement but also tremendous 254 00:05:45,590 --> 00:05:45,600 {\an1}excitement but also tremendous 255 00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:53,990 {\an1}excitement but also tremendous trepidation will it work 256 00:05:53,990 --> 00:05:54,000 {\an1} 257 00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:57,110 {\an1}images come in as data taking six 258 00:05:57,110 --> 00:05:57,120 {\an1}images come in as data taking six 259 00:05:57,120 --> 00:05:59,700 {\an1}images come in as data taking six hours per picture 260 00:05:59,700 --> 00:05:59,710 {\an1}hours per picture 261 00:05:59,710 --> 00:06:03,670 {\an1}hours per picture [Music] 262 00:06:03,670 --> 00:06:03,680 {\an1} 263 00:06:03,680 --> 00:06:06,200 {\an1}finally the printer comes to life 264 00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:06,210 {\an1}finally the printer comes to life 265 00:06:06,210 --> 00:06:07,670 {\an1}finally the printer comes to life [Music] 266 00:06:07,670 --> 00:06:07,680 {\an1}[Music] 267 00:06:07,680 --> 00:06:12,550 {\an1}[Music] but mars looks dead 268 00:06:12,550 --> 00:06:12,560 {\an1}but mars looks dead 269 00:06:12,560 --> 00:06:14,950 {\an1}but mars looks dead the initial reaction was oh my gosh it 270 00:06:14,950 --> 00:06:14,960 {\an1}the initial reaction was oh my gosh it 271 00:06:14,960 --> 00:06:18,629 {\an1}the initial reaction was oh my gosh it looks like the moon 272 00:06:18,629 --> 00:06:18,639 {\an1} 273 00:06:18,639 --> 00:06:21,990 {\an1}it was just this sort of dry desolate 274 00:06:21,990 --> 00:06:22,000 {\an1}it was just this sort of dry desolate 275 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:23,350 {\an1}it was just this sort of dry desolate cratered surface 276 00:06:23,350 --> 00:06:23,360 {\an1}cratered surface 277 00:06:23,360 --> 00:06:25,350 {\an1}cratered surface and i think that that kind of punched a 278 00:06:25,350 --> 00:06:25,360 {\an1}and i think that that kind of punched a 279 00:06:25,360 --> 00:06:27,029 {\an1}and i think that that kind of punched a hole in the whole 280 00:06:27,029 --> 00:06:27,039 {\an1}hole in the whole 281 00:06:27,039 --> 00:06:29,670 {\an1}hole in the whole you know romantic idea that there were 282 00:06:29,670 --> 00:06:29,680 {\an1}you know romantic idea that there were 283 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:32,390 {\an1}you know romantic idea that there were martians 284 00:06:32,390 --> 00:06:32,400 {\an1} 285 00:06:32,400 --> 00:06:35,749 {\an1}mariner 4 snaps just 22 photos as it 286 00:06:35,749 --> 00:06:35,759 {\an1}mariner 4 snaps just 22 photos as it 287 00:06:35,759 --> 00:06:37,909 {\an1}mariner 4 snaps just 22 photos as it blows by mars 288 00:06:37,909 --> 00:06:37,919 {\an1}blows by mars 289 00:06:37,919 --> 00:06:40,390 {\an1}blows by mars but they rock our little corner of the 290 00:06:40,390 --> 00:06:40,400 {\an1}but they rock our little corner of the 291 00:06:40,400 --> 00:06:44,309 {\an1}but they rock our little corner of the cosmos 292 00:06:44,309 --> 00:06:44,319 {\an1} 293 00:06:44,319 --> 00:06:47,430 {\an1}that was an enormous surprise and 294 00:06:47,430 --> 00:06:47,440 {\an1}that was an enormous surprise and 295 00:06:47,440 --> 00:06:49,589 {\an1}that was an enormous surprise and the beginning of our understanding that 296 00:06:49,589 --> 00:06:49,599 {\an1}the beginning of our understanding that 297 00:06:49,599 --> 00:06:50,629 {\an1}the beginning of our understanding that mars is not 298 00:06:50,629 --> 00:06:50,639 {\an1}mars is not 299 00:06:50,639 --> 00:06:54,150 {\an1}mars is not the mars of science fiction but i think 300 00:06:54,150 --> 00:06:54,160 {\an1}the mars of science fiction but i think 301 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:56,309 {\an1}the mars of science fiction but i think as a geologist it's an even better place 302 00:06:56,309 --> 00:06:56,319 {\an1}as a geologist it's an even better place 303 00:06:56,319 --> 00:06:58,230 {\an1}as a geologist it's an even better place with all of these amazing things to look 304 00:06:58,230 --> 00:06:58,240 {\an1}with all of these amazing things to look 305 00:06:58,240 --> 00:06:58,940 {\an1}with all of these amazing things to look at 306 00:06:58,940 --> 00:06:58,950 {\an1}at 307 00:06:58,950 --> 00:07:00,550 {\an1}at [Music] 308 00:07:00,550 --> 00:07:00,560 {\an1}[Music] 309 00:07:00,560 --> 00:07:03,189 {\an1}[Music] with each mission mars comes into better 310 00:07:03,189 --> 00:07:03,199 {\an1}with each mission mars comes into better 311 00:07:03,199 --> 00:07:04,290 {\an1}with each mission mars comes into better focus 312 00:07:04,290 --> 00:07:04,300 {\an1}focus 313 00:07:04,300 --> 00:07:06,790 {\an1}focus [Music] 314 00:07:06,790 --> 00:07:06,800 {\an1}[Music] 315 00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:11,189 {\an1}[Music] mariner 6 takes 75 photos 316 00:07:11,189 --> 00:07:11,199 {\an1}mariner 6 takes 75 photos 317 00:07:11,199 --> 00:07:15,670 {\an1}mariner 6 takes 75 photos mariner 7 snaps 126. 318 00:07:15,670 --> 00:07:15,680 {\an1}mariner 7 snaps 126. 319 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:18,790 {\an1}mariner 7 snaps 126. then our first orbiter mariner 9 320 00:07:18,790 --> 00:07:18,800 {\an1}then our first orbiter mariner 9 321 00:07:18,800 --> 00:07:21,670 {\an1}then our first orbiter mariner 9 circles mars for nearly a year and takes 322 00:07:21,670 --> 00:07:21,680 {\an1}circles mars for nearly a year and takes 323 00:07:21,680 --> 00:07:22,710 {\an1}circles mars for nearly a year and takes more than 7 324 00:07:22,710 --> 00:07:22,720 {\an1}more than 7 325 00:07:22,720 --> 00:07:25,990 {\an1}more than 7 000 shots mars was sort of 326 00:07:25,990 --> 00:07:26,000 {\an1}000 shots mars was sort of 327 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:28,710 {\an1}000 shots mars was sort of unveiled globally for the first time to 328 00:07:28,710 --> 00:07:28,720 {\an1}unveiled globally for the first time to 329 00:07:28,720 --> 00:07:31,749 {\an1}unveiled globally for the first time to human eyes 330 00:07:31,749 --> 00:07:31,759 {\an1}human eyes 331 00:07:31,759 --> 00:07:35,110 {\an1}human eyes now we see more than just craters we see 332 00:07:35,110 --> 00:07:35,120 {\an1}now we see more than just craters we see 333 00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:35,909 {\an1}now we see more than just craters we see canyons 334 00:07:35,909 --> 00:07:35,919 {\an1}canyons 335 00:07:35,919 --> 00:07:39,909 {\an1}canyons and what looked like dry riverbeds 336 00:07:39,909 --> 00:07:39,919 {\an1}and what looked like dry riverbeds 337 00:07:39,919 --> 00:07:43,110 {\an1}and what looked like dry riverbeds there were clearly branching systems 338 00:07:43,110 --> 00:07:43,120 {\an1}there were clearly branching systems 339 00:07:43,120 --> 00:07:44,950 {\an1}there were clearly branching systems of channels that were merging in a 340 00:07:44,950 --> 00:07:44,960 {\an1}of channels that were merging in a 341 00:07:44,960 --> 00:07:47,510 {\an1}of channels that were merging in a downhill direction 342 00:07:47,510 --> 00:07:47,520 {\an1}downhill direction 343 00:07:47,520 --> 00:07:49,029 {\an1}downhill direction and of course the most likely and 344 00:07:49,029 --> 00:07:49,039 {\an1}and of course the most likely and 345 00:07:49,039 --> 00:07:50,629 {\an1}and of course the most likely and logical 346 00:07:50,629 --> 00:07:50,639 {\an1}logical 347 00:07:50,639 --> 00:07:54,390 {\an1}logical origin for those was by running water 348 00:07:54,390 --> 00:07:54,400 {\an1}origin for those was by running water 349 00:07:54,400 --> 00:07:57,110 {\an1}origin for those was by running water mariner 9 doesn't reveal when or why the 350 00:07:57,110 --> 00:07:57,120 {\an1}mariner 9 doesn't reveal when or why the 351 00:07:57,120 --> 00:07:59,029 {\an1}mariner 9 doesn't reveal when or why the water disappeared 352 00:07:59,029 --> 00:07:59,039 {\an1}water disappeared 353 00:07:59,039 --> 00:08:02,710 {\an1}water disappeared but it jolts us toward a new theory 354 00:08:02,710 --> 00:08:02,720 {\an1}but it jolts us toward a new theory 355 00:08:02,720 --> 00:08:06,550 {\an1}but it jolts us toward a new theory maybe mars isn't like the moon 356 00:08:06,550 --> 00:08:06,560 {\an1}maybe mars isn't like the moon 357 00:08:06,560 --> 00:08:10,830 {\an1}maybe mars isn't like the moon maybe it used to be more like 358 00:08:10,830 --> 00:08:10,840 {\an1} 359 00:08:10,840 --> 00:08:12,390 {\an1} earth 360 00:08:12,390 --> 00:08:12,400 {\an1}earth 361 00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:15,510 {\an1}earth [Music] 362 00:08:15,510 --> 00:08:15,520 {\an1}[Music] 363 00:08:15,520 --> 00:08:18,550 {\an1}[Music] smithsonian scientist ross irwin studies 364 00:08:18,550 --> 00:08:18,560 {\an1}smithsonian scientist ross irwin studies 365 00:08:18,560 --> 00:08:20,469 {\an1}smithsonian scientist ross irwin studies how water can shape a planet 366 00:08:20,469 --> 00:08:20,479 {\an1}how water can shape a planet 367 00:08:20,479 --> 00:08:24,070 {\an1}how water can shape a planet and possibly spark life 368 00:08:24,070 --> 00:08:24,080 {\an1}and possibly spark life 369 00:08:24,080 --> 00:08:25,990 {\an1}and possibly spark life about three and a half billion years ago 370 00:08:25,990 --> 00:08:26,000 {\an1}about three and a half billion years ago 371 00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:27,990 {\an1}about three and a half billion years ago mars had many rivers on its surface 372 00:08:27,990 --> 00:08:28,000 {\an1}mars had many rivers on its surface 373 00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:29,589 {\an1}mars had many rivers on its surface which were about this size 374 00:08:29,589 --> 00:08:29,599 {\an1}which were about this size 375 00:08:29,599 --> 00:08:31,270 {\an1}which were about this size and carved valleys about the size of the 376 00:08:31,270 --> 00:08:31,280 {\an1}and carved valleys about the size of the 377 00:08:31,280 --> 00:08:34,469 {\an1}and carved valleys about the size of the one behind me 378 00:08:34,469 --> 00:08:34,479 {\an1} 379 00:08:34,479 --> 00:08:36,790 {\an1}when the mariner 9 spacecraft arrived at 380 00:08:36,790 --> 00:08:36,800 {\an1}when the mariner 9 spacecraft arrived at 381 00:08:36,800 --> 00:08:38,630 {\an1}when the mariner 9 spacecraft arrived at mars it was a surprise to see these 382 00:08:38,630 --> 00:08:38,640 {\an1}mars it was a surprise to see these 383 00:08:38,640 --> 00:08:40,949 {\an1}mars it was a surprise to see these river valleys all over the place 384 00:08:40,949 --> 00:08:40,959 {\an1}river valleys all over the place 385 00:08:40,959 --> 00:08:42,949 {\an1}river valleys all over the place subsequent missions revealed other 386 00:08:42,949 --> 00:08:42,959 {\an1}subsequent missions revealed other 387 00:08:42,959 --> 00:08:45,030 {\an1}subsequent missions revealed other earth-like features 388 00:08:45,030 --> 00:08:45,040 {\an1}earth-like features 389 00:08:45,040 --> 00:08:47,430 {\an1}earth-like features in some cases we have alluvial fans 390 00:08:47,430 --> 00:08:47,440 {\an1}in some cases we have alluvial fans 391 00:08:47,440 --> 00:08:49,430 {\an1}in some cases we have alluvial fans where erosion of a mountain front has 392 00:08:49,430 --> 00:08:49,440 {\an1}where erosion of a mountain front has 393 00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:51,430 {\an1}where erosion of a mountain front has deposited sediment and a fan 394 00:08:51,430 --> 00:08:51,440 {\an1}deposited sediment and a fan 395 00:08:51,440 --> 00:08:54,710 {\an1}deposited sediment and a fan out across the floor of a basin and then 396 00:08:54,710 --> 00:08:54,720 {\an1}out across the floor of a basin and then 397 00:08:54,720 --> 00:08:56,949 {\an1}out across the floor of a basin and then we also have deltas 398 00:08:56,949 --> 00:08:56,959 {\an1}we also have deltas 399 00:08:56,959 --> 00:08:58,550 {\an1}we also have deltas and just like river deltas that you see 400 00:08:58,550 --> 00:08:58,560 {\an1}and just like river deltas that you see 401 00:08:58,560 --> 00:09:00,470 {\an1}and just like river deltas that you see here on the earth these 402 00:09:00,470 --> 00:09:00,480 {\an1}here on the earth these 403 00:09:00,480 --> 00:09:03,750 {\an1}here on the earth these river deltas on mars represent deposits 404 00:09:03,750 --> 00:09:03,760 {\an1}river deltas on mars represent deposits 405 00:09:03,760 --> 00:09:04,710 {\an1}river deltas on mars represent deposits of 406 00:09:04,710 --> 00:09:04,720 {\an1}of 407 00:09:04,720 --> 00:09:09,430 {\an1}of sediment out into a standing water 408 00:09:09,430 --> 00:09:09,440 {\an1}sediment out into a standing water 409 00:09:09,440 --> 00:09:11,110 {\an1}sediment out into a standing water all of these eroded river valleys and 410 00:09:11,110 --> 00:09:11,120 {\an1}all of these eroded river valleys and 411 00:09:11,120 --> 00:09:13,030 {\an1}all of these eroded river valleys and sedimentary deposits were compelling 412 00:09:13,030 --> 00:09:13,040 {\an1}sedimentary deposits were compelling 413 00:09:13,040 --> 00:09:14,070 {\an1}sedimentary deposits were compelling evidence 414 00:09:14,070 --> 00:09:14,080 {\an1}evidence 415 00:09:14,080 --> 00:09:16,870 {\an1}evidence of flowing water on the surface of mars 416 00:09:16,870 --> 00:09:16,880 {\an1}of flowing water on the surface of mars 417 00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:18,150 {\an1}of flowing water on the surface of mars but it left a lot of unanswered 418 00:09:18,150 --> 00:09:18,160 {\an1}but it left a lot of unanswered 419 00:09:18,160 --> 00:09:18,949 {\an1}but it left a lot of unanswered questions 420 00:09:18,949 --> 00:09:18,959 {\an1}questions 421 00:09:18,959 --> 00:09:21,750 {\an1}questions how long was the water there were these 422 00:09:21,750 --> 00:09:21,760 {\an1}how long was the water there were these 423 00:09:21,760 --> 00:09:23,190 {\an1}how long was the water there were these environments really favorable 424 00:09:23,190 --> 00:09:23,200 {\an1}environments really favorable 425 00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:26,230 {\an1}environments really favorable for the origin and persistence 426 00:09:26,230 --> 00:09:26,240 {\an1}for the origin and persistence 427 00:09:26,240 --> 00:09:29,350 {\an1}for the origin and persistence of life 428 00:09:29,350 --> 00:09:29,360 {\an1} 429 00:09:29,360 --> 00:09:31,590 {\an1}if ancient mars had surface water long 430 00:09:31,590 --> 00:09:31,600 {\an1}if ancient mars had surface water long 431 00:09:31,600 --> 00:09:34,150 {\an1}if ancient mars had surface water long enough it may have supported life 432 00:09:34,150 --> 00:09:34,160 {\an1}enough it may have supported life 433 00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:38,949 {\an1}enough it may have supported life and left evidence just like on earth 434 00:09:38,949 --> 00:09:38,959 {\an1}and left evidence just like on earth 435 00:09:38,959 --> 00:09:41,190 {\an1}and left evidence just like on earth this type of rock is very good for 436 00:09:41,190 --> 00:09:41,200 {\an1}this type of rock is very good for 437 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:42,470 {\an1}this type of rock is very good for preserving evidence of 438 00:09:42,470 --> 00:09:42,480 {\an1}preserving evidence of 439 00:09:42,480 --> 00:09:44,949 {\an1}preserving evidence of past habitability so it's not just 440 00:09:44,949 --> 00:09:44,959 {\an1}past habitability so it's not just 441 00:09:44,959 --> 00:09:45,829 {\an1}past habitability so it's not just indications 442 00:09:45,829 --> 00:09:45,839 {\an1}indications 443 00:09:45,839 --> 00:09:47,350 {\an1}indications that this environment may have been 444 00:09:47,350 --> 00:09:47,360 {\an1}that this environment may have been 445 00:09:47,360 --> 00:09:49,430 {\an1}that this environment may have been suitable for life but it's also very 446 00:09:49,430 --> 00:09:49,440 {\an1}suitable for life but it's also very 447 00:09:49,440 --> 00:09:50,550 {\an1}suitable for life but it's also very good at preserving 448 00:09:50,550 --> 00:09:50,560 {\an1}good at preserving 449 00:09:50,560 --> 00:09:53,670 {\an1}good at preserving evidence left behind by life itself 450 00:09:53,670 --> 00:09:53,680 {\an1}evidence left behind by life itself 451 00:09:53,680 --> 00:09:55,750 {\an1}evidence left behind by life itself obviously on mars we're not looking for 452 00:09:55,750 --> 00:09:55,760 {\an1}obviously on mars we're not looking for 453 00:09:55,760 --> 00:09:57,110 {\an1}obviously on mars we're not looking for fossils 454 00:09:57,110 --> 00:09:57,120 {\an1}fossils 455 00:09:57,120 --> 00:09:59,430 {\an1}fossils but we're looking for indications of 456 00:09:59,430 --> 00:09:59,440 {\an1}but we're looking for indications of 457 00:09:59,440 --> 00:10:00,949 {\an1}but we're looking for indications of whether there was 458 00:10:00,949 --> 00:10:00,959 {\an1}whether there was 459 00:10:00,959 --> 00:10:04,069 {\an1}whether there was bacteria on the surface of mars 460 00:10:04,069 --> 00:10:04,079 {\an1}bacteria on the surface of mars 461 00:10:04,079 --> 00:10:05,670 {\an1}bacteria on the surface of mars during these wetter periods early in its 462 00:10:05,670 --> 00:10:05,680 {\an1}during these wetter periods early in its 463 00:10:05,680 --> 00:10:07,910 {\an1}during these wetter periods early in its history the only way to look 464 00:10:07,910 --> 00:10:07,920 {\an1}history the only way to look 465 00:10:07,920 --> 00:10:10,310 {\an1}history the only way to look that closely at mars was to get on the 466 00:10:10,310 --> 00:10:10,320 {\an1}that closely at mars was to get on the 467 00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:12,870 {\an1}that closely at mars was to get on the ground 468 00:10:12,870 --> 00:10:12,880 {\an1} 469 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:15,990 {\an1}mariner 4 did a drive-by 470 00:10:15,990 --> 00:10:16,000 {\an1}mariner 4 did a drive-by 471 00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:19,990 {\an1}mariner 4 did a drive-by mariner 9 kept circling around the block 472 00:10:19,990 --> 00:10:20,000 {\an1}mariner 9 kept circling around the block 473 00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:24,550 {\an1}mariner 9 kept circling around the block then viking opened the door 474 00:10:24,550 --> 00:10:24,560 {\an1} 475 00:10:24,560 --> 00:10:26,470 {\an1} [Music] 476 00:10:26,470 --> 00:10:26,480 {\an1}[Music] 477 00:10:26,480 --> 00:10:28,389 {\an1}[Music] the anticipation for these missions was 478 00:10:28,389 --> 00:10:28,399 {\an1}the anticipation for these missions was 479 00:10:28,399 --> 00:10:29,910 {\an1}the anticipation for these missions was very high 480 00:10:29,910 --> 00:10:29,920 {\an1}very high 481 00:10:29,920 --> 00:10:31,590 {\an1}very high these landers were going to soft land on 482 00:10:31,590 --> 00:10:31,600 {\an1}these landers were going to soft land on 483 00:10:31,600 --> 00:10:33,190 {\an1}these landers were going to soft land on the surface and actually look for 484 00:10:33,190 --> 00:10:33,200 {\an1}the surface and actually look for 485 00:10:33,200 --> 00:10:34,630 {\an1}the surface and actually look for evidence of life 486 00:10:34,630 --> 00:10:34,640 {\an1}evidence of life 487 00:10:34,640 --> 00:10:38,310 {\an1}evidence of life in the surface materials of mars 488 00:10:38,310 --> 00:10:38,320 {\an1} 489 00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:41,750 {\an1}in 1976 viking skids into the martian 490 00:10:41,750 --> 00:10:41,760 {\an1}in 1976 viking skids into the martian 491 00:10:41,760 --> 00:10:43,190 {\an1}in 1976 viking skids into the martian atmosphere 492 00:10:43,190 --> 00:10:43,200 {\an1}atmosphere 493 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:46,310 {\an1}atmosphere it will either make history or crash 494 00:10:46,310 --> 00:10:46,320 {\an1}it will either make history or crash 495 00:10:46,320 --> 00:10:53,430 {\an1}it will either make history or crash violently 496 00:10:53,430 --> 00:10:53,440 {\an1} 497 00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:55,350 {\an1}building perseverance to operate 498 00:10:55,350 --> 00:10:55,360 {\an1}building perseverance to operate 499 00:10:55,360 --> 00:10:56,790 {\an1}building perseverance to operate successfully on mars 500 00:10:56,790 --> 00:10:56,800 {\an1}successfully on mars 501 00:10:56,800 --> 00:11:00,150 {\an1}successfully on mars is one challenge getting it to mars 502 00:11:00,150 --> 00:11:00,160 {\an1}is one challenge getting it to mars 503 00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:04,150 {\an1}is one challenge getting it to mars is another about every two years 504 00:11:04,150 --> 00:11:04,160 {\an1}is another about every two years 505 00:11:04,160 --> 00:11:06,550 {\an1}is another about every two years the orbits of earth and mars put them in 506 00:11:06,550 --> 00:11:06,560 {\an1}the orbits of earth and mars put them in 507 00:11:06,560 --> 00:11:07,190 {\an1}the orbits of earth and mars put them in the same 508 00:11:07,190 --> 00:11:07,200 {\an1}the same 509 00:11:07,200 --> 00:11:09,910 {\an1}the same general neighborhood but still millions 510 00:11:09,910 --> 00:11:09,920 {\an1}general neighborhood but still millions 511 00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:11,910 {\an1}general neighborhood but still millions of miles apart 512 00:11:11,910 --> 00:11:11,920 {\an1}of miles apart 513 00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:14,389 {\an1}of miles apart mars is really far away and getting the 514 00:11:14,389 --> 00:11:14,399 {\an1}mars is really far away and getting the 515 00:11:14,399 --> 00:11:16,790 {\an1}mars is really far away and getting the spacecraft there to a specific point 516 00:11:16,790 --> 00:11:16,800 {\an1}spacecraft there to a specific point 517 00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:19,350 {\an1}spacecraft there to a specific point is something that requires incredible 518 00:11:19,350 --> 00:11:19,360 {\an1}is something that requires incredible 519 00:11:19,360 --> 00:11:19,910 {\an1}is something that requires incredible time 520 00:11:19,910 --> 00:11:19,920 {\an1}time 521 00:11:19,920 --> 00:11:22,230 {\an1}time and attention to detail to make sure 522 00:11:22,230 --> 00:11:22,240 {\an1}and attention to detail to make sure 523 00:11:22,240 --> 00:11:23,829 {\an1}and attention to detail to make sure happens correctly 524 00:11:23,829 --> 00:11:23,839 {\an1}happens correctly 525 00:11:23,839 --> 00:11:28,870 {\an1}happens correctly we did it incorrectly plenty of times 526 00:11:28,870 --> 00:11:28,880 {\an1}we did it incorrectly plenty of times 527 00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:31,030 {\an1}we did it incorrectly plenty of times in the very early days we had mishaps on 528 00:11:31,030 --> 00:11:31,040 {\an1}in the very early days we had mishaps on 529 00:11:31,040 --> 00:11:32,470 {\an1}in the very early days we had mishaps on the launch pad 530 00:11:32,470 --> 00:11:32,480 {\an1}the launch pad 531 00:11:32,480 --> 00:11:35,110 {\an1}the launch pad we had spacecraft fail to achieve orbit 532 00:11:35,110 --> 00:11:35,120 {\an1}we had spacecraft fail to achieve orbit 533 00:11:35,120 --> 00:11:36,630 {\an1}we had spacecraft fail to achieve orbit we've had spacecraft 534 00:11:36,630 --> 00:11:36,640 {\an1}we've had spacecraft 535 00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:40,269 {\an1}we've had spacecraft a hard impact on the surface we 536 00:11:40,269 --> 00:11:40,279 {\an1}a hard impact on the surface we 537 00:11:40,279 --> 00:11:44,389 {\an1}a hard impact on the surface we miscalculated trajectories 538 00:11:44,389 --> 00:11:44,399 {\an1}miscalculated trajectories 539 00:11:44,399 --> 00:11:46,870 {\an1}miscalculated trajectories we've had spacecraft that have had 540 00:11:46,870 --> 00:11:46,880 {\an1}we've had spacecraft that have had 541 00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:47,430 {\an1}we've had spacecraft that have had various 542 00:11:47,430 --> 00:11:47,440 {\an1}various 543 00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:49,910 {\an1}various hardware problems the last i heard there 544 00:11:49,910 --> 00:11:49,920 {\an1}hardware problems the last i heard there 545 00:11:49,920 --> 00:11:50,790 {\an1}hardware problems the last i heard there was that there was 546 00:11:50,790 --> 00:11:50,800 {\an1}was that there was 547 00:11:50,800 --> 00:11:52,310 {\an1}was that there was some funny business in the first 10 548 00:11:52,310 --> 00:11:52,320 {\an1}some funny business in the first 10 549 00:11:52,320 --> 00:11:54,470 {\an1}some funny business in the first 10 picture recording 550 00:11:54,470 --> 00:11:54,480 {\an1}picture recording 551 00:11:54,480 --> 00:11:58,069 {\an1}picture recording getting to mars is very very hard 552 00:11:58,069 --> 00:11:58,079 {\an1}getting to mars is very very hard 553 00:11:58,079 --> 00:12:01,190 {\an1}getting to mars is very very hard enter viking america's first attempt 554 00:12:01,190 --> 00:12:01,200 {\an1}enter viking america's first attempt 555 00:12:01,200 --> 00:12:04,629 {\an1}enter viking america's first attempt to land on mars with viking 556 00:12:04,629 --> 00:12:04,639 {\an1}to land on mars with viking 557 00:12:04,639 --> 00:12:06,230 {\an1}to land on mars with viking there was very much of an element of a 558 00:12:06,230 --> 00:12:06,240 {\an1}there was very much of an element of a 559 00:12:06,240 --> 00:12:09,430 {\an1}there was very much of an element of a mission into the unknown 560 00:12:09,430 --> 00:12:09,440 {\an1}mission into the unknown 561 00:12:09,440 --> 00:12:12,389 {\an1}mission into the unknown nasa launches two viking landers hoping 562 00:12:12,389 --> 00:12:12,399 {\an1}nasa launches two viking landers hoping 563 00:12:12,399 --> 00:12:13,750 {\an1}nasa launches two viking landers hoping that at least one 564 00:12:13,750 --> 00:12:13,760 {\an1}that at least one 565 00:12:13,760 --> 00:12:18,150 {\an1}that at least one land safely the huge amount is at stake 566 00:12:18,150 --> 00:12:18,160 {\an1}land safely the huge amount is at stake 567 00:12:18,160 --> 00:12:19,829 {\an1}land safely the huge amount is at stake if you don't land safely you don't get 568 00:12:19,829 --> 00:12:19,839 {\an1}if you don't land safely you don't get 569 00:12:19,839 --> 00:12:21,829 {\an1}if you don't land safely you don't get any science 570 00:12:21,829 --> 00:12:21,839 {\an1}any science 571 00:12:21,839 --> 00:12:25,509 {\an1}any science on july 20 1976 viking 1 572 00:12:25,509 --> 00:12:25,519 {\an1}on july 20 1976 viking 1 573 00:12:25,519 --> 00:12:28,949 {\an1}on july 20 1976 viking 1 begins the landing sequence it's too far 574 00:12:28,949 --> 00:12:28,959 {\an1}begins the landing sequence it's too far 575 00:12:28,959 --> 00:12:30,150 {\an1}begins the landing sequence it's too far away to control 576 00:12:30,150 --> 00:12:30,160 {\an1}away to control 577 00:12:30,160 --> 00:12:33,750 {\an1}away to control in real time 578 00:12:33,750 --> 00:12:33,760 {\an1} 579 00:12:33,760 --> 00:12:37,269 {\an1}viking is on its own 580 00:12:37,269 --> 00:12:37,279 {\an1}viking is on its own 581 00:12:37,279 --> 00:12:39,990 {\an1}viking is on its own famed astronomer carl sagan joins the 582 00:12:39,990 --> 00:12:40,000 {\an1}famed astronomer carl sagan joins the 583 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:40,870 {\an1}famed astronomer carl sagan joins the mission team 584 00:12:40,870 --> 00:12:40,880 {\an1}mission team 585 00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:44,069 {\an1}mission team for the nervous moment it's his first 586 00:12:44,069 --> 00:12:44,079 {\an1}for the nervous moment it's his first 587 00:12:44,079 --> 00:12:48,310 {\an1}for the nervous moment it's his first taste of the seven minutes of terror 588 00:12:48,310 --> 00:12:48,320 {\an1}taste of the seven minutes of terror 589 00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:50,949 {\an1}taste of the seven minutes of terror there's this period of time that the 590 00:12:50,949 --> 00:12:50,959 {\an1}there's this period of time that the 591 00:12:50,959 --> 00:12:51,990 {\an1}there's this period of time that the spacecraft has 592 00:12:51,990 --> 00:12:52,000 {\an1}spacecraft has 593 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:53,690 {\an1}spacecraft has to go through on its own 594 00:12:53,690 --> 00:12:53,700 {\an1}to go through on its own 595 00:12:53,700 --> 00:12:55,509 {\an1}to go through on its own [Music] 596 00:12:55,509 --> 00:12:55,519 {\an1}[Music] 597 00:12:55,519 --> 00:13:01,910 {\an1}[Music] to land on the surface safely 598 00:13:01,910 --> 00:13:01,920 {\an1} 599 00:13:01,920 --> 00:13:03,910 {\an1}that process takes about seven minutes 600 00:13:03,910 --> 00:13:03,920 {\an1}that process takes about seven minutes 601 00:13:03,920 --> 00:13:05,670 {\an1}that process takes about seven minutes from the time it hits the top of mars 602 00:13:05,670 --> 00:13:05,680 {\an1}from the time it hits the top of mars 603 00:13:05,680 --> 00:13:06,949 {\an1}from the time it hits the top of mars atmosphere 604 00:13:06,949 --> 00:13:06,959 {\an1}atmosphere 605 00:13:06,959 --> 00:13:09,430 {\an1}atmosphere until wheels down on the surface so we 606 00:13:09,430 --> 00:13:09,440 {\an1}until wheels down on the surface so we 607 00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:14,150 {\an1}until wheels down on the surface so we call that the seven minutes of terror 608 00:13:14,150 --> 00:13:14,160 {\an1} 609 00:13:14,160 --> 00:13:17,509 {\an1}feet per second come on acs is close to 610 00:13:17,509 --> 00:13:17,519 {\an1}feet per second come on acs is close to 611 00:13:17,519 --> 00:13:18,629 {\an1}feet per second come on acs is close to vertical 612 00:13:18,629 --> 00:13:18,639 {\an1}vertical 613 00:13:18,639 --> 00:13:23,110 {\an1}vertical nav 614 00:13:23,110 --> 00:13:23,120 {\an1} 615 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:36,870 {\an1}signals from the surface 616 00:13:36,870 --> 00:13:36,880 {\an1} 617 00:13:36,880 --> 00:13:40,150 {\an1}oh my gosh i think landing on mars for 618 00:13:40,150 --> 00:13:40,160 {\an1}oh my gosh i think landing on mars for 619 00:13:40,160 --> 00:13:41,430 {\an1}oh my gosh i think landing on mars for the first time 620 00:13:41,430 --> 00:13:41,440 {\an1}the first time 621 00:13:41,440 --> 00:13:43,509 {\an1}the first time i mean it's just the most thrilling and 622 00:13:43,509 --> 00:13:43,519 {\an1}i mean it's just the most thrilling and 623 00:13:43,519 --> 00:13:45,590 {\an1}i mean it's just the most thrilling and exciting thing that you could imagine i 624 00:13:45,590 --> 00:13:45,600 {\an1}exciting thing that you could imagine i 625 00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:47,910 {\an1}exciting thing that you could imagine i mean landing on another planet and then 626 00:13:47,910 --> 00:13:47,920 {\an1}mean landing on another planet and then 627 00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:48,870 {\an1}mean landing on another planet and then having it 628 00:13:48,870 --> 00:13:48,880 {\an1}having it 629 00:13:48,880 --> 00:13:51,189 {\an1}having it open up and get your first image of a 630 00:13:51,189 --> 00:13:51,199 {\an1}open up and get your first image of a 631 00:13:51,199 --> 00:13:51,910 {\an1}open up and get your first image of a place that 632 00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:51,920 {\an1}place that 633 00:13:51,920 --> 00:13:56,150 {\an1}place that no human has ever seen 634 00:13:56,150 --> 00:13:56,160 {\an1} 635 00:13:56,160 --> 00:13:58,470 {\an1}july 20th turned on the tv and there was 636 00:13:58,470 --> 00:13:58,480 {\an1}july 20th turned on the tv and there was 637 00:13:58,480 --> 00:14:00,870 {\an1}july 20th turned on the tv and there was a picture of mars from the surface 638 00:14:00,870 --> 00:14:00,880 {\an1}a picture of mars from the surface 639 00:14:00,880 --> 00:14:03,430 {\an1}a picture of mars from the surface and it didn't look at all like what i 640 00:14:03,430 --> 00:14:03,440 {\an1}and it didn't look at all like what i 641 00:14:03,440 --> 00:14:06,870 {\an1}and it didn't look at all like what i would have guessed 642 00:14:06,870 --> 00:14:06,880 {\an1} 643 00:14:06,880 --> 00:14:08,550 {\an1}it looked like being in the desert 644 00:14:08,550 --> 00:14:08,560 {\an1}it looked like being in the desert 645 00:14:08,560 --> 00:14:10,150 {\an1}it looked like being in the desert southwest of the u.s 646 00:14:10,150 --> 00:14:10,160 {\an1}southwest of the u.s 647 00:14:10,160 --> 00:14:12,389 {\an1}southwest of the u.s people could really relate to what they 648 00:14:12,389 --> 00:14:12,399 {\an1}people could really relate to what they 649 00:14:12,399 --> 00:14:13,990 {\an1}people could really relate to what they were seeing on the surface of mars i 650 00:14:13,990 --> 00:14:14,000 {\an1}were seeing on the surface of mars i 651 00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:16,230 {\an1}were seeing on the surface of mars i think for the very first time because 652 00:14:16,230 --> 00:14:16,240 {\an1}think for the very first time because 653 00:14:16,240 --> 00:14:17,590 {\an1}think for the very first time because it was sort of like you were standing 654 00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:17,600 {\an1}it was sort of like you were standing 655 00:14:17,600 --> 00:14:20,150 {\an1}it was sort of like you were standing there 656 00:14:20,150 --> 00:14:20,160 {\an1} 657 00:14:20,160 --> 00:14:23,269 {\an1}viking 2 lands a few months later 658 00:14:23,269 --> 00:14:23,279 {\an1}viking 2 lands a few months later 659 00:14:23,279 --> 00:14:25,590 {\an1}viking 2 lands a few months later neither lander finds existing life or 660 00:14:25,590 --> 00:14:25,600 {\an1}neither lander finds existing life or 661 00:14:25,600 --> 00:14:27,030 {\an1}neither lander finds existing life or standing water 662 00:14:27,030 --> 00:14:27,040 {\an1}standing water 663 00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:29,670 {\an1}standing water but they begin a new era of space 664 00:14:29,670 --> 00:14:29,680 {\an1}but they begin a new era of space 665 00:14:29,680 --> 00:14:31,189 {\an1}but they begin a new era of space exploration 666 00:14:31,189 --> 00:14:31,199 {\an1}exploration 667 00:14:31,199 --> 00:14:33,430 {\an1}exploration we had landed on another planet and that 668 00:14:33,430 --> 00:14:33,440 {\an1}we had landed on another planet and that 669 00:14:33,440 --> 00:14:34,389 {\an1}we had landed on another planet and that view i 670 00:14:34,389 --> 00:14:34,399 {\an1}view i 671 00:14:34,399 --> 00:14:37,509 {\an1}view i will be forever in the textbooks the 672 00:14:37,509 --> 00:14:37,519 {\an1}will be forever in the textbooks the 673 00:14:37,519 --> 00:14:38,790 {\an1}will be forever in the textbooks the landers send back 674 00:14:38,790 --> 00:14:38,800 {\an1}landers send back 675 00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:42,470 {\an1}landers send back mountains of data but they can't move 676 00:14:42,470 --> 00:14:42,480 {\an1}mountains of data but they can't move 677 00:14:42,480 --> 00:14:44,150 {\an1}mountains of data but they can't move they were fixed in one place on the 678 00:14:44,150 --> 00:14:44,160 {\an1}they were fixed in one place on the 679 00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:46,389 {\an1}they were fixed in one place on the surface and there's always this sort of 680 00:14:46,389 --> 00:14:46,399 {\an1}surface and there's always this sort of 681 00:14:46,399 --> 00:14:48,069 {\an1}surface and there's always this sort of what if we could just get to that rock 682 00:14:48,069 --> 00:14:48,079 {\an1}what if we could just get to that rock 683 00:14:48,079 --> 00:14:49,910 {\an1}what if we could just get to that rock over there 684 00:14:49,910 --> 00:14:49,920 {\an1}over there 685 00:14:49,920 --> 00:14:52,949 {\an1}over there viking was ground breaking but it wasn't 686 00:14:52,949 --> 00:14:52,959 {\an1}viking was ground breaking but it wasn't 687 00:14:52,959 --> 00:14:55,590 {\an1}viking was ground breaking but it wasn't path finding and so i think that there's 688 00:14:55,590 --> 00:14:55,600 {\an1}path finding and so i think that there's 689 00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:57,110 {\an1}path finding and so i think that there's this natural progression 690 00:14:57,110 --> 00:14:57,120 {\an1}this natural progression 691 00:14:57,120 --> 00:14:59,430 {\an1}this natural progression to want to build mobility in the form of 692 00:14:59,430 --> 00:14:59,440 {\an1}to want to build mobility in the form of 693 00:14:59,440 --> 00:15:00,389 {\an1}to want to build mobility in the form of a rover 694 00:15:00,389 --> 00:15:00,399 {\an1}a rover 695 00:15:00,399 --> 00:15:02,949 {\an1}a rover into a subsequent mission that allows us 696 00:15:02,949 --> 00:15:02,959 {\an1}into a subsequent mission that allows us 697 00:15:02,959 --> 00:15:05,509 {\an1}into a subsequent mission that allows us to answer those questions 698 00:15:05,509 --> 00:15:05,519 {\an1}to answer those questions 699 00:15:05,519 --> 00:15:08,389 {\an1}to answer those questions 20 years after the viking missions nasa 700 00:15:08,389 --> 00:15:08,399 {\an1}20 years after the viking missions nasa 701 00:15:08,399 --> 00:15:11,750 {\an1}20 years after the viking missions nasa embarks on a remarkable test drive 702 00:15:11,750 --> 00:15:11,760 {\an1}embarks on a remarkable test drive 703 00:15:11,760 --> 00:15:14,069 {\an1}embarks on a remarkable test drive so sojourner was a very little rover it 704 00:15:14,069 --> 00:15:14,079 {\an1}so sojourner was a very little rover it 705 00:15:14,079 --> 00:15:16,150 {\an1}so sojourner was a very little rover it was basically a microwave on wheels if 706 00:15:16,150 --> 00:15:16,160 {\an1}was basically a microwave on wheels if 707 00:15:16,160 --> 00:15:17,509 {\an1}was basically a microwave on wheels if you think about something 708 00:15:17,509 --> 00:15:17,519 {\an1}you think about something 709 00:15:17,519 --> 00:15:21,350 {\an1}you think about something along a sort of size comparison 710 00:15:21,350 --> 00:15:21,360 {\an1}along a sort of size comparison 711 00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:23,269 {\an1}along a sort of size comparison it's named after civil and women's 712 00:15:23,269 --> 00:15:23,279 {\an1}it's named after civil and women's 713 00:15:23,279 --> 00:15:24,389 {\an1}it's named after civil and women's rights pioneer 714 00:15:24,389 --> 00:15:24,399 {\an1}rights pioneer 715 00:15:24,399 --> 00:15:27,350 {\an1}rights pioneer sojourner truth and it hopes to pioneer 716 00:15:27,350 --> 00:15:27,360 {\an1}sojourner truth and it hopes to pioneer 717 00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:28,230 {\an1}sojourner truth and it hopes to pioneer a new way 718 00:15:28,230 --> 00:15:28,240 {\an1}a new way 719 00:15:28,240 --> 00:15:31,350 {\an1}a new way to explore mars 720 00:15:31,350 --> 00:15:31,360 {\an1}to explore mars 721 00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:33,110 {\an1}to explore mars it was primarily designed to be a 722 00:15:33,110 --> 00:15:33,120 {\an1}it was primarily designed to be a 723 00:15:33,120 --> 00:15:35,749 {\an1}it was primarily designed to be a demonstration that we could 724 00:15:35,749 --> 00:15:35,759 {\an1}demonstration that we could 725 00:15:35,759 --> 00:15:37,829 {\an1}demonstration that we could send a rover to another planet and have 726 00:15:37,829 --> 00:15:37,839 {\an1}send a rover to another planet and have 727 00:15:37,839 --> 00:15:39,829 {\an1}send a rover to another planet and have it operate successfully 728 00:15:39,829 --> 00:15:39,839 {\an1}it operate successfully 729 00:15:39,839 --> 00:15:41,910 {\an1}it operate successfully it's tucked inside a lander called 730 00:15:41,910 --> 00:15:41,920 {\an1}it's tucked inside a lander called 731 00:15:41,920 --> 00:15:42,949 {\an1}it's tucked inside a lander called pathfinder 732 00:15:42,949 --> 00:15:42,959 {\an1}pathfinder 733 00:15:42,959 --> 00:15:45,829 {\an1}pathfinder 100 green board and both rock it off to 734 00:15:45,829 --> 00:15:45,839 {\an1}100 green board and both rock it off to 735 00:15:45,839 --> 00:15:46,550 {\an1}100 green board and both rock it off to try to make 736 00:15:46,550 --> 00:15:46,560 {\an1}try to make 737 00:15:46,560 --> 00:15:50,150 {\an1}try to make history main engines start one zero 738 00:15:50,150 --> 00:15:50,160 {\an1}history main engines start one zero 739 00:15:50,160 --> 00:15:53,110 {\an1}history main engines start one zero and liftoff of the delta rocket was mars 740 00:15:53,110 --> 00:15:53,120 {\an1}and liftoff of the delta rocket was mars 741 00:15:53,120 --> 00:15:55,189 {\an1}and liftoff of the delta rocket was mars pathfinder 742 00:15:55,189 --> 00:15:55,199 {\an1}pathfinder 743 00:15:55,199 --> 00:15:57,910 {\an1}pathfinder separation after landing and waking up 744 00:15:57,910 --> 00:15:57,920 {\an1}separation after landing and waking up 745 00:15:57,920 --> 00:16:00,230 {\an1}separation after landing and waking up the spacecraft rolls out the first 746 00:16:00,230 --> 00:16:00,240 {\an1}the spacecraft rolls out the first 747 00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:05,509 {\an1}the spacecraft rolls out the first martian rover we have imaging data 748 00:16:05,509 --> 00:16:05,519 {\an1}martian rover we have imaging data 749 00:16:05,519 --> 00:16:07,269 {\an1}martian rover we have imaging data even though it never ventures more than 750 00:16:07,269 --> 00:16:07,279 {\an1}even though it never ventures more than 751 00:16:07,279 --> 00:16:08,949 {\an1}even though it never ventures more than 40 feet from the lander 752 00:16:08,949 --> 00:16:08,959 {\an1}40 feet from the lander 753 00:16:08,959 --> 00:16:11,990 {\an1}40 feet from the lander sojourner makes the first tracks on mars 754 00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:12,000 {\an1}sojourner makes the first tracks on mars 755 00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:15,430 {\an1}sojourner makes the first tracks on mars in 1997. 756 00:16:15,430 --> 00:16:15,440 {\an1} 757 00:16:15,440 --> 00:16:18,470 {\an1}this is a game changer sojourner was 758 00:16:18,470 --> 00:16:18,480 {\an1}this is a game changer sojourner was 759 00:16:18,480 --> 00:16:19,910 {\an1}this is a game changer sojourner was kind of a turning point in mars 760 00:16:19,910 --> 00:16:19,920 {\an1}kind of a turning point in mars 761 00:16:19,920 --> 00:16:21,670 {\an1}kind of a turning point in mars exploration because 762 00:16:21,670 --> 00:16:21,680 {\an1}exploration because 763 00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:24,629 {\an1}exploration because until that point i hadn't personally 764 00:16:24,629 --> 00:16:24,639 {\an1}until that point i hadn't personally 765 00:16:24,639 --> 00:16:25,749 {\an1}until that point i hadn't personally fully appreciated 766 00:16:25,749 --> 00:16:25,759 {\an1}fully appreciated 767 00:16:25,759 --> 00:16:29,590 {\an1}fully appreciated what mobility could get for you mobility 768 00:16:29,590 --> 00:16:29,600 {\an1}what mobility could get for you mobility 769 00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:31,060 {\an1}what mobility could get for you mobility is now the main focus 770 00:16:31,060 --> 00:16:31,070 {\an1}is now the main focus 771 00:16:31,070 --> 00:16:34,870 {\an1}is now the main focus [Music] 772 00:16:34,870 --> 00:16:34,880 {\an1}[Music] 773 00:16:34,880 --> 00:16:37,670 {\an1}[Music] the new rover perseverance practices her 774 00:16:37,670 --> 00:16:37,680 {\an1}the new rover perseverance practices her 775 00:16:37,680 --> 00:16:39,590 {\an1}the new rover perseverance practices her moves in what nasa calls 776 00:16:39,590 --> 00:16:39,600 {\an1}moves in what nasa calls 777 00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:42,090 {\an1}moves in what nasa calls the mars yard 778 00:16:42,090 --> 00:16:42,100 {\an1}the mars yard 779 00:16:42,100 --> 00:16:44,230 {\an1}the mars yard [Applause] 780 00:16:44,230 --> 00:16:44,240 {\an1}[Applause] 781 00:16:44,240 --> 00:16:45,749 {\an1}[Applause] so we're here in the mars yard and this 782 00:16:45,749 --> 00:16:45,759 {\an1}so we're here in the mars yard and this 783 00:16:45,759 --> 00:16:48,069 {\an1}so we're here in the mars yard and this is where uh our rovers practice 784 00:16:48,069 --> 00:16:48,079 {\an1}is where uh our rovers practice 785 00:16:48,079 --> 00:16:50,150 {\an1}is where uh our rovers practice uh driving over rocky terrain to make 786 00:16:50,150 --> 00:16:50,160 {\an1}uh driving over rocky terrain to make 787 00:16:50,160 --> 00:16:51,590 {\an1}uh driving over rocky terrain to make sure that we can get the best science 788 00:16:51,590 --> 00:16:51,600 {\an1}sure that we can get the best science 789 00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:53,189 {\an1}sure that we can get the best science possible on mars and go to the most 790 00:16:53,189 --> 00:16:53,199 {\an1}possible on mars and go to the most 791 00:16:53,199 --> 00:16:54,790 {\an1}possible on mars and go to the most exciting places we can we can get to 792 00:16:54,790 --> 00:16:54,800 {\an1}exciting places we can we can get to 793 00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:55,830 {\an1}exciting places we can we can get to with the rover 794 00:16:55,830 --> 00:16:55,840 {\an1}with the rover 795 00:16:55,840 --> 00:16:58,310 {\an1}with the rover [Music] 796 00:16:58,310 --> 00:16:58,320 {\an1}[Music] 797 00:16:58,320 --> 00:17:00,870 {\an1}[Music] each wheel has an independent motor and 798 00:17:00,870 --> 00:17:00,880 {\an1}each wheel has an independent motor and 799 00:17:00,880 --> 00:17:02,230 {\an1}each wheel has an independent motor and cleats for traction 800 00:17:02,230 --> 00:17:02,240 {\an1}cleats for traction 801 00:17:02,240 --> 00:17:05,909 {\an1}cleats for traction in the fine martian sand legs are made 802 00:17:05,909 --> 00:17:05,919 {\an1}in the fine martian sand legs are made 803 00:17:05,919 --> 00:17:07,189 {\an1}in the fine martian sand legs are made of titanium 804 00:17:07,189 --> 00:17:07,199 {\an1}of titanium 805 00:17:07,199 --> 00:17:09,429 {\an1}of titanium the same lightweight metal used in the 806 00:17:09,429 --> 00:17:09,439 {\an1}the same lightweight metal used in the 807 00:17:09,439 --> 00:17:11,669 {\an1}the same lightweight metal used in the best bicycles 808 00:17:11,669 --> 00:17:11,679 {\an1}best bicycles 809 00:17:11,679 --> 00:17:14,309 {\an1}best bicycles perseverance has to be strong and nimble 810 00:17:14,309 --> 00:17:14,319 {\an1}perseverance has to be strong and nimble 811 00:17:14,319 --> 00:17:16,870 {\an1}perseverance has to be strong and nimble if it's going to break new ground 812 00:17:16,870 --> 00:17:16,880 {\an1}if it's going to break new ground 813 00:17:16,880 --> 00:17:19,189 {\an1}if it's going to break new ground often the most exciting geology outcrops 814 00:17:19,189 --> 00:17:19,199 {\an1}often the most exciting geology outcrops 815 00:17:19,199 --> 00:17:20,470 {\an1}often the most exciting geology outcrops that we want to study on mars 816 00:17:20,470 --> 00:17:20,480 {\an1}that we want to study on mars 817 00:17:20,480 --> 00:17:23,350 {\an1}that we want to study on mars are often the most challenging to go to 818 00:17:23,350 --> 00:17:23,360 {\an1}are often the most challenging to go to 819 00:17:23,360 --> 00:17:24,549 {\an1}are often the most challenging to go to but it will not 820 00:17:24,549 --> 00:17:24,559 {\an1}but it will not 821 00:17:24,559 --> 00:17:28,950 {\an1}but it will not go fast top speed is less than 0.1 miles 822 00:17:28,950 --> 00:17:28,960 {\an1}go fast top speed is less than 0.1 miles 823 00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:30,870 {\an1}go fast top speed is less than 0.1 miles per hour 824 00:17:30,870 --> 00:17:30,880 {\an1}per hour 825 00:17:30,880 --> 00:17:33,350 {\an1}per hour interplanetary driving is a cautious 826 00:17:33,350 --> 00:17:33,360 {\an1}interplanetary driving is a cautious 827 00:17:33,360 --> 00:17:34,470 {\an1}interplanetary driving is a cautious business 828 00:17:34,470 --> 00:17:34,480 {\an1}business 829 00:17:34,480 --> 00:17:36,710 {\an1}business we're not talking about daytona speedway 830 00:17:36,710 --> 00:17:36,720 {\an1}we're not talking about daytona speedway 831 00:17:36,720 --> 00:17:39,430 {\an1}we're not talking about daytona speedway in terms of their moving around 832 00:17:39,430 --> 00:17:39,440 {\an1}in terms of their moving around 833 00:17:39,440 --> 00:17:42,390 {\an1}in terms of their moving around but what it lacks in speed it has in 834 00:17:42,390 --> 00:17:42,400 {\an1}but what it lacks in speed it has in 835 00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:43,430 {\an1}but what it lacks in speed it has in scientific 836 00:17:43,430 --> 00:17:43,440 {\an1}scientific 837 00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:46,470 {\an1}scientific bling perseverance is the 838 00:17:46,470 --> 00:17:46,480 {\an1}bling perseverance is the 839 00:17:46,480 --> 00:17:48,710 {\an1}bling perseverance is the most sophisticated piece of robotic 840 00:17:48,710 --> 00:17:48,720 {\an1}most sophisticated piece of robotic 841 00:17:48,720 --> 00:17:49,830 {\an1}most sophisticated piece of robotic hardware ever 842 00:17:49,830 --> 00:17:49,840 {\an1}hardware ever 843 00:17:49,840 --> 00:17:52,710 {\an1}hardware ever launched off of the earth it has a seven 844 00:17:52,710 --> 00:17:52,720 {\an1}launched off of the earth it has a seven 845 00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:54,390 {\an1}launched off of the earth it has a seven foot long robotic arm 846 00:17:54,390 --> 00:17:54,400 {\an1}foot long robotic arm 847 00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:57,990 {\an1}foot long robotic arm to reach out and analyze the terrain 848 00:17:57,990 --> 00:17:58,000 {\an1}to reach out and analyze the terrain 849 00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:01,510 {\an1}to reach out and analyze the terrain lasers to see different wavelengths 850 00:18:01,510 --> 00:18:01,520 {\an1}lasers to see different wavelengths 851 00:18:01,520 --> 00:18:03,990 {\an1}lasers to see different wavelengths spectrometers to identify different 852 00:18:03,990 --> 00:18:04,000 {\an1}spectrometers to identify different 853 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:05,430 {\an1}spectrometers to identify different compounds 854 00:18:05,430 --> 00:18:05,440 {\an1}compounds 855 00:18:05,440 --> 00:18:07,830 {\an1}compounds it's a weather station rockhound and 856 00:18:07,830 --> 00:18:07,840 {\an1}it's a weather station rockhound and 857 00:18:07,840 --> 00:18:09,510 {\an1}it's a weather station rockhound and chemistry lab 858 00:18:09,510 --> 00:18:09,520 {\an1}chemistry lab 859 00:18:09,520 --> 00:18:11,990 {\an1}chemistry lab all of it is designed to finally answer 860 00:18:11,990 --> 00:18:12,000 {\an1}all of it is designed to finally answer 861 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:14,920 {\an1}all of it is designed to finally answer humanity's biggest question 862 00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:14,930 {\an1}humanity's biggest question 863 00:18:14,930 --> 00:18:16,549 {\an1}humanity's biggest question [Music] 864 00:18:16,549 --> 00:18:16,559 {\an1}[Music] 865 00:18:16,559 --> 00:18:20,390 {\an1}[Music] are we unique in the universe 866 00:18:20,390 --> 00:18:20,400 {\an1} 867 00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:22,230 {\an1}perseverance is the first rover that 868 00:18:22,230 --> 00:18:22,240 {\an1}perseverance is the first rover that 869 00:18:22,240 --> 00:18:24,070 {\an1}perseverance is the first rover that really has the capability 870 00:18:24,070 --> 00:18:24,080 {\an1}really has the capability 871 00:18:24,080 --> 00:18:25,909 {\an1}really has the capability to get in and maybe help answer that 872 00:18:25,909 --> 00:18:25,919 {\an1}to get in and maybe help answer that 873 00:18:25,919 --> 00:18:27,430 {\an1}to get in and maybe help answer that question of whether there was ever life 874 00:18:27,430 --> 00:18:27,440 {\an1}question of whether there was ever life 875 00:18:27,440 --> 00:18:29,590 {\an1}question of whether there was ever life on mars 876 00:18:29,590 --> 00:18:29,600 {\an1}on mars 877 00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:32,950 {\an1}on mars the search began with viking 878 00:18:32,950 --> 00:18:32,960 {\an1}the search began with viking 879 00:18:32,960 --> 00:18:37,190 {\an1}the search began with viking continued with pathfinder and sojourner 880 00:18:37,190 --> 00:18:37,200 {\an1}continued with pathfinder and sojourner 881 00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:40,630 {\an1}continued with pathfinder and sojourner but bigger could be better 882 00:18:40,630 --> 00:18:40,640 {\an1}but bigger could be better 883 00:18:40,640 --> 00:18:43,190 {\an1}but bigger could be better nasa starts work on twin rovers that 884 00:18:43,190 --> 00:18:43,200 {\an1}nasa starts work on twin rovers that 885 00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:45,669 {\an1}nasa starts work on twin rovers that dwarf sojourner 886 00:18:45,669 --> 00:18:45,679 {\an1}dwarf sojourner 887 00:18:45,679 --> 00:18:49,029 {\an1}dwarf sojourner spirit and opportunity are a bold 888 00:18:49,029 --> 00:18:49,039 {\an1}spirit and opportunity are a bold 889 00:18:49,039 --> 00:18:54,310 {\an1}spirit and opportunity are a bold gamble 890 00:18:54,310 --> 00:18:54,320 {\an1} 891 00:18:54,320 --> 00:18:57,190 {\an1}the new mars rover perseverance is in 892 00:18:57,190 --> 00:18:57,200 {\an1}the new mars rover perseverance is in 893 00:18:57,200 --> 00:18:58,789 {\an1}the new mars rover perseverance is in final assembly 894 00:18:58,789 --> 00:18:58,799 {\an1}final assembly 895 00:18:58,799 --> 00:19:00,950 {\an1}final assembly scientists can't wait to unleash it on 896 00:19:00,950 --> 00:19:00,960 {\an1}scientists can't wait to unleash it on 897 00:19:00,960 --> 00:19:03,270 {\an1}scientists can't wait to unleash it on the martian surface 898 00:19:03,270 --> 00:19:03,280 {\an1}the martian surface 899 00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:05,270 {\an1}the martian surface my job is to oversee the science that 900 00:19:05,270 --> 00:19:05,280 {\an1}my job is to oversee the science that 901 00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:06,950 {\an1}my job is to oversee the science that the rover will do 902 00:19:06,950 --> 00:19:06,960 {\an1}the rover will do 903 00:19:06,960 --> 00:19:09,669 {\an1}the rover will do once it gets to the surface of mars to 904 00:19:09,669 --> 00:19:09,679 {\an1}once it gets to the surface of mars to 905 00:19:09,679 --> 00:19:11,029 {\an1}once it gets to the surface of mars to get that science 906 00:19:11,029 --> 00:19:11,039 {\an1}get that science 907 00:19:11,039 --> 00:19:12,870 {\an1}get that science mission planners hope it rolls for at 908 00:19:12,870 --> 00:19:12,880 {\an1}mission planners hope it rolls for at 909 00:19:12,880 --> 00:19:14,549 {\an1}mission planners hope it rolls for at least two earth years 910 00:19:14,549 --> 00:19:14,559 {\an1}least two earth years 911 00:19:14,559 --> 00:19:16,860 {\an1}least two earth years and covers at least 12 miles 912 00:19:16,860 --> 00:19:16,870 {\an1}and covers at least 12 miles 913 00:19:16,870 --> 00:19:19,669 {\an1}and covers at least 12 miles [Music] 914 00:19:19,669 --> 00:19:19,679 {\an1}[Music] 915 00:19:19,679 --> 00:19:22,549 {\an1}[Music] by contrast our 20th century martian 916 00:19:22,549 --> 00:19:22,559 {\an1}by contrast our 20th century martian 917 00:19:22,559 --> 00:19:24,070 {\an1}by contrast our 20th century martian explorers didn't explore 918 00:19:24,070 --> 00:19:24,080 {\an1}explorers didn't explore 919 00:19:24,080 --> 00:19:27,270 {\an1}explorers didn't explore very far 920 00:19:27,270 --> 00:19:27,280 {\an1} 921 00:19:27,280 --> 00:19:29,510 {\an1}sojourner didn't venture more than 15 922 00:19:29,510 --> 00:19:29,520 {\an1}sojourner didn't venture more than 15 923 00:19:29,520 --> 00:19:33,430 {\an1}sojourner didn't venture more than 15 yards from the landing spot 924 00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:33,440 {\an1} 925 00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:35,830 {\an1}it's as if a martian spacecraft landed 926 00:19:35,830 --> 00:19:35,840 {\an1}it's as if a martian spacecraft landed 927 00:19:35,840 --> 00:19:37,190 {\an1}it's as if a martian spacecraft landed in your backyard 928 00:19:37,190 --> 00:19:37,200 {\an1}in your backyard 929 00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:41,570 {\an1}in your backyard and only got as far as the fence 930 00:19:41,570 --> 00:19:41,580 {\an1} 931 00:19:41,580 --> 00:19:43,909 {\an1} [Music] 932 00:19:43,909 --> 00:19:43,919 {\an1}[Music] 933 00:19:43,919 --> 00:19:48,390 {\an1}[Music] but in 2004 twin rovers take off 934 00:19:48,390 --> 00:19:48,400 {\an1}but in 2004 twin rovers take off 935 00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:50,230 {\an1}but in 2004 twin rovers take off so the mars exploration rover's spirit 936 00:19:50,230 --> 00:19:50,240 {\an1}so the mars exploration rover's spirit 937 00:19:50,240 --> 00:19:51,510 {\an1}so the mars exploration rover's spirit and opportunity 938 00:19:51,510 --> 00:19:51,520 {\an1}and opportunity 939 00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:53,590 {\an1}and opportunity really became that next step we wanted 940 00:19:53,590 --> 00:19:53,600 {\an1}really became that next step we wanted 941 00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:55,110 {\an1}really became that next step we wanted to follow the water we want to 942 00:19:55,110 --> 00:19:55,120 {\an1}to follow the water we want to 943 00:19:55,120 --> 00:19:56,870 {\an1}to follow the water we want to understand the role of water 944 00:19:56,870 --> 00:19:56,880 {\an1}understand the role of water 945 00:19:56,880 --> 00:20:02,310 {\an1}understand the role of water in shaping the landscape of mars 946 00:20:02,310 --> 00:20:02,320 {\an1} 947 00:20:02,320 --> 00:20:04,789 {\an1}spirit and opportunity visit ancient 948 00:20:04,789 --> 00:20:04,799 {\an1}spirit and opportunity visit ancient 949 00:20:04,799 --> 00:20:07,190 {\an1}spirit and opportunity visit ancient riverbeds for the first close-up look 950 00:20:07,190 --> 00:20:07,200 {\an1}riverbeds for the first close-up look 951 00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:10,470 {\an1}riverbeds for the first close-up look at what water left behind this time 952 00:20:10,470 --> 00:20:10,480 {\an1}at what water left behind this time 953 00:20:10,480 --> 00:20:17,750 {\an1}at what water left behind this time with hands-on tools 954 00:20:17,750 --> 00:20:17,760 {\an1} 955 00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:19,350 {\an1}these guys are about the size of a golf 956 00:20:19,350 --> 00:20:19,360 {\an1}these guys are about the size of a golf 957 00:20:19,360 --> 00:20:21,029 {\an1}these guys are about the size of a golf cart at this point and 958 00:20:21,029 --> 00:20:21,039 {\an1}cart at this point and 959 00:20:21,039 --> 00:20:23,029 {\an1}cart at this point and so they're bigger and they're built as 960 00:20:23,029 --> 00:20:23,039 {\an1}so they're bigger and they're built as 961 00:20:23,039 --> 00:20:26,070 {\an1}so they're bigger and they're built as sort of field geologists 962 00:20:26,070 --> 00:20:26,080 {\an1}sort of field geologists 963 00:20:26,080 --> 00:20:31,430 {\an1}sort of field geologists robotic field geologists on mars 964 00:20:31,430 --> 00:20:31,440 {\an1} 965 00:20:31,440 --> 00:20:34,390 {\an1}both rovers roll for miles and the alien 966 00:20:34,390 --> 00:20:34,400 {\an1}both rovers roll for miles and the alien 967 00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:35,110 {\an1}both rovers roll for miles and the alien landscape 968 00:20:35,110 --> 00:20:35,120 {\an1}landscape 969 00:20:35,120 --> 00:20:38,230 {\an1}landscape starts looking familiar 970 00:20:38,230 --> 00:20:38,240 {\an1}starts looking familiar 971 00:20:38,240 --> 00:20:40,549 {\an1}starts looking familiar and we started seeing rocks that had 972 00:20:40,549 --> 00:20:40,559 {\an1}and we started seeing rocks that had 973 00:20:40,559 --> 00:20:42,230 {\an1}and we started seeing rocks that had ripple marks formed in them 974 00:20:42,230 --> 00:20:42,240 {\an1}ripple marks formed in them 975 00:20:42,240 --> 00:20:43,990 {\an1}ripple marks formed in them ripple marks much like you might see in 976 00:20:43,990 --> 00:20:44,000 {\an1}ripple marks much like you might see in 977 00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:45,909 {\an1}ripple marks much like you might see in a riverbed where the water is flowing 978 00:20:45,909 --> 00:20:45,919 {\an1}a riverbed where the water is flowing 979 00:20:45,919 --> 00:20:46,870 {\an1}a riverbed where the water is flowing and transporting 980 00:20:46,870 --> 00:20:46,880 {\an1}and transporting 981 00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:49,909 {\an1}and transporting sand across the surface you know you can 982 00:20:49,909 --> 00:20:49,919 {\an1}sand across the surface you know you can 983 00:20:49,919 --> 00:20:51,669 {\an1}sand across the surface you know you can walk out your door and go to the local 984 00:20:51,669 --> 00:20:51,679 {\an1}walk out your door and go to the local 985 00:20:51,679 --> 00:20:53,590 {\an1}walk out your door and go to the local pond and see those same kinds of 986 00:20:53,590 --> 00:20:53,600 {\an1}pond and see those same kinds of 987 00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:56,549 {\an1}pond and see those same kinds of features 988 00:20:56,549 --> 00:20:56,559 {\an1} 989 00:20:56,559 --> 00:20:59,270 {\an1}the mission rolls beyond expectations 990 00:20:59,270 --> 00:20:59,280 {\an1}the mission rolls beyond expectations 991 00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:02,950 {\an1}the mission rolls beyond expectations and seems to have a bit of luck 992 00:21:02,950 --> 00:21:02,960 {\an1}and seems to have a bit of luck 993 00:21:02,960 --> 00:21:05,669 {\an1}and seems to have a bit of luck when a wheel fails spirit accidentally 994 00:21:05,669 --> 00:21:05,679 {\an1}when a wheel fails spirit accidentally 995 00:21:05,679 --> 00:21:08,149 {\an1}when a wheel fails spirit accidentally scrapes up a layer of the red sand 996 00:21:08,149 --> 00:21:08,159 {\an1}scrapes up a layer of the red sand 997 00:21:08,159 --> 00:21:11,270 {\an1}scrapes up a layer of the red sand revealing white 998 00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:11,280 {\an1}revealing white 999 00:21:11,280 --> 00:21:13,350 {\an1}revealing white so this bright white material that turns 1000 00:21:13,350 --> 00:21:13,360 {\an1}so this bright white material that turns 1001 00:21:13,360 --> 00:21:16,390 {\an1}so this bright white material that turns out to be almost pure silica tells us 1002 00:21:16,390 --> 00:21:16,400 {\an1}out to be almost pure silica tells us 1003 00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:18,310 {\an1}out to be almost pure silica tells us that it was probably precipitated from 1004 00:21:18,310 --> 00:21:18,320 {\an1}that it was probably precipitated from 1005 00:21:18,320 --> 00:21:19,830 {\an1}that it was probably precipitated from relatively hot water 1006 00:21:19,830 --> 00:21:19,840 {\an1}relatively hot water 1007 00:21:19,840 --> 00:21:23,510 {\an1}relatively hot water in a volcanic area then spirit stumbles 1008 00:21:23,510 --> 00:21:23,520 {\an1}in a volcanic area then spirit stumbles 1009 00:21:23,520 --> 00:21:23,990 {\an1}in a volcanic area then spirit stumbles upon 1010 00:21:23,990 --> 00:21:24,000 {\an1}upon 1011 00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:25,440 {\an1}upon another wild discovery 1012 00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:25,450 {\an1}another wild discovery 1013 00:21:25,450 --> 00:21:27,750 {\an1}another wild discovery [Music] 1014 00:21:27,750 --> 00:21:27,760 {\an1}[Music] 1015 00:21:27,760 --> 00:21:30,310 {\an1}[Music] it beams home a series of images that 1016 00:21:30,310 --> 00:21:30,320 {\an1}it beams home a series of images that 1017 00:21:30,320 --> 00:21:31,350 {\an1}it beams home a series of images that could pass for 1018 00:21:31,350 --> 00:21:31,360 {\an1}could pass for 1019 00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:35,029 {\an1}could pass for oklahoma dust devils direct evidence 1020 00:21:35,029 --> 00:21:35,039 {\an1}oklahoma dust devils direct evidence 1021 00:21:35,039 --> 00:21:38,470 {\an1}oklahoma dust devils direct evidence of martian wind 1022 00:21:38,470 --> 00:21:38,480 {\an1} 1023 00:21:38,480 --> 00:21:40,950 {\an1}then a mars orbiter captures a dust 1024 00:21:40,950 --> 00:21:40,960 {\an1}then a mars orbiter captures a dust 1025 00:21:40,960 --> 00:21:42,470 {\an1}then a mars orbiter captures a dust devil rising a half 1026 00:21:42,470 --> 00:21:42,480 {\an1}devil rising a half 1027 00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:45,270 {\an1}devil rising a half mile high casting a shadow across the 1028 00:21:45,270 --> 00:21:45,280 {\an1}mile high casting a shadow across the 1029 00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:48,470 {\an1}mile high casting a shadow across the landscape 1030 00:21:48,470 --> 00:21:48,480 {\an1} 1031 00:21:48,480 --> 00:21:51,270 {\an1}we know that on earth wind can be a 1032 00:21:51,270 --> 00:21:51,280 {\an1}we know that on earth wind can be a 1033 00:21:51,280 --> 00:21:53,750 {\an1}we know that on earth wind can be a shape shifter 1034 00:21:53,750 --> 00:21:53,760 {\an1}shape shifter 1035 00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:57,029 {\an1}shape shifter smithsonian's mariah baker is an expert 1036 00:21:57,029 --> 00:21:57,039 {\an1}smithsonian's mariah baker is an expert 1037 00:21:57,039 --> 00:21:59,909 {\an1}smithsonian's mariah baker is an expert at recognizing its handiwork when you go 1038 00:21:59,909 --> 00:21:59,919 {\an1}at recognizing its handiwork when you go 1039 00:21:59,919 --> 00:22:01,669 {\an1}at recognizing its handiwork when you go to a desert or a beach like this you can 1040 00:22:01,669 --> 00:22:01,679 {\an1}to a desert or a beach like this you can 1041 00:22:01,679 --> 00:22:03,270 {\an1}to a desert or a beach like this you can see that wind is constantly sculpting 1042 00:22:03,270 --> 00:22:03,280 {\an1}see that wind is constantly sculpting 1043 00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:04,470 {\an1}see that wind is constantly sculpting the landscape 1044 00:22:04,470 --> 00:22:04,480 {\an1}the landscape 1045 00:22:04,480 --> 00:22:06,470 {\an1}the landscape when wind blows over a sandy surface it 1046 00:22:06,470 --> 00:22:06,480 {\an1}when wind blows over a sandy surface it 1047 00:22:06,480 --> 00:22:07,990 {\an1}when wind blows over a sandy surface it can cause ripples to form 1048 00:22:07,990 --> 00:22:08,000 {\an1}can cause ripples to form 1049 00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:11,270 {\an1}can cause ripples to form or dunes like these 1050 00:22:11,270 --> 00:22:11,280 {\an1} 1051 00:22:11,280 --> 00:22:13,830 {\an1}on mars wind does exactly the same thing 1052 00:22:13,830 --> 00:22:13,840 {\an1}on mars wind does exactly the same thing 1053 00:22:13,840 --> 00:22:15,590 {\an1}on mars wind does exactly the same thing in fact it's been the dominant geologic 1054 00:22:15,590 --> 00:22:15,600 {\an1}in fact it's been the dominant geologic 1055 00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:17,190 {\an1}in fact it's been the dominant geologic force for billions of years since all 1056 00:22:17,190 --> 00:22:17,200 {\an1}force for billions of years since all 1057 00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:20,630 {\an1}force for billions of years since all the water dried up 1058 00:22:20,630 --> 00:22:20,640 {\an1} 1059 00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:22,070 {\an1}researchers like me can go to some of 1060 00:22:22,070 --> 00:22:22,080 {\an1}researchers like me can go to some of 1061 00:22:22,080 --> 00:22:23,750 {\an1}researchers like me can go to some of the most mars-like places on earth 1062 00:22:23,750 --> 00:22:23,760 {\an1}the most mars-like places on earth 1063 00:22:23,760 --> 00:22:25,510 {\an1}the most mars-like places on earth like the great sand dunes in colorado 1064 00:22:25,510 --> 00:22:25,520 {\an1}like the great sand dunes in colorado 1065 00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:27,430 {\an1}like the great sand dunes in colorado and the atacama desert in chile 1066 00:22:27,430 --> 00:22:27,440 {\an1}and the atacama desert in chile 1067 00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:29,590 {\an1}and the atacama desert in chile to understand how surface features form 1068 00:22:29,590 --> 00:22:29,600 {\an1}to understand how surface features form 1069 00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:30,870 {\an1}to understand how surface features form on mars 1070 00:22:30,870 --> 00:22:30,880 {\an1}on mars 1071 00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:33,190 {\an1}on mars but at some point the similarities break 1072 00:22:33,190 --> 00:22:33,200 {\an1}but at some point the similarities break 1073 00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:35,990 {\an1}but at some point the similarities break down and the mysteries begin 1074 00:22:35,990 --> 00:22:36,000 {\an1}down and the mysteries begin 1075 00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:37,590 {\an1}down and the mysteries begin so in this dune we can see what are 1076 00:22:37,590 --> 00:22:37,600 {\an1}so in this dune we can see what are 1077 00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:39,190 {\an1}so in this dune we can see what are known as impact ripples which are the 1078 00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:39,200 {\an1}known as impact ripples which are the 1079 00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:39,990 {\an1}known as impact ripples which are the smallest surface 1080 00:22:39,990 --> 00:22:40,000 {\an1}smallest surface 1081 00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:42,310 {\an1}smallest surface features formed by wind the smallest 1082 00:22:42,310 --> 00:22:42,320 {\an1}features formed by wind the smallest 1083 00:22:42,320 --> 00:22:44,149 {\an1}features formed by wind the smallest impact triples that we see are formed in 1084 00:22:44,149 --> 00:22:44,159 {\an1}impact triples that we see are formed in 1085 00:22:44,159 --> 00:22:45,110 {\an1}impact triples that we see are formed in fine sand 1086 00:22:45,110 --> 00:22:45,120 {\an1}fine sand 1087 00:22:45,120 --> 00:22:47,430 {\an1}fine sand but larger coarse sand forms these 1088 00:22:47,430 --> 00:22:47,440 {\an1}but larger coarse sand forms these 1089 00:22:47,440 --> 00:22:49,990 {\an1}but larger coarse sand forms these larger wavelength ripples 1090 00:22:49,990 --> 00:22:50,000 {\an1}larger wavelength ripples 1091 00:22:50,000 --> 00:22:52,149 {\an1}larger wavelength ripples and when we arrived at mars and we saw 1092 00:22:52,149 --> 00:22:52,159 {\an1}and when we arrived at mars and we saw 1093 00:22:52,159 --> 00:22:53,830 {\an1}and when we arrived at mars and we saw that these large ripples were also 1094 00:22:53,830 --> 00:22:53,840 {\an1}that these large ripples were also 1095 00:22:53,840 --> 00:22:55,990 {\an1}that these large ripples were also forming in just fine material 1096 00:22:55,990 --> 00:22:56,000 {\an1}forming in just fine material 1097 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:57,270 {\an1}forming in just fine material we realized that we didn't quite 1098 00:22:57,270 --> 00:22:57,280 {\an1}we realized that we didn't quite 1099 00:22:57,280 --> 00:22:59,909 {\an1}we realized that we didn't quite understand how they form entirely 1100 00:22:59,909 --> 00:22:59,919 {\an1}understand how they form entirely 1101 00:22:59,919 --> 00:23:04,870 {\an1}understand how they form entirely this is where mars gets alien 1102 00:23:04,870 --> 00:23:04,880 {\an1}this is where mars gets alien 1103 00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:07,110 {\an1}this is where mars gets alien on mars we've got about a third of the 1104 00:23:07,110 --> 00:23:07,120 {\an1}on mars we've got about a third of the 1105 00:23:07,120 --> 00:23:07,990 {\an1}on mars we've got about a third of the gravity that we have 1106 00:23:07,990 --> 00:23:08,000 {\an1}gravity that we have 1107 00:23:08,000 --> 00:23:09,830 {\an1}gravity that we have here on earth which makes sand a little 1108 00:23:09,830 --> 00:23:09,840 {\an1}here on earth which makes sand a little 1109 00:23:09,840 --> 00:23:11,190 {\an1}here on earth which makes sand a little bit easier to move 1110 00:23:11,190 --> 00:23:11,200 {\an1}bit easier to move 1111 00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:13,430 {\an1}bit easier to move however we also have an atmosphere 1112 00:23:13,430 --> 00:23:13,440 {\an1}however we also have an atmosphere 1113 00:23:13,440 --> 00:23:14,630 {\an1}however we also have an atmosphere that's about 100 times 1114 00:23:14,630 --> 00:23:14,640 {\an1}that's about 100 times 1115 00:23:14,640 --> 00:23:16,310 {\an1}that's about 100 times less dense than the atmosphere here on 1116 00:23:16,310 --> 00:23:16,320 {\an1}less dense than the atmosphere here on 1117 00:23:16,320 --> 00:23:18,630 {\an1}less dense than the atmosphere here on earth which means that a 40 mile per 1118 00:23:18,630 --> 00:23:18,640 {\an1}earth which means that a 40 mile per 1119 00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:19,590 {\an1}earth which means that a 40 mile per hour wind 1120 00:23:19,590 --> 00:23:19,600 {\an1}hour wind 1121 00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:21,430 {\an1}hour wind might feel like just a breeze on our 1122 00:23:21,430 --> 00:23:21,440 {\an1}might feel like just a breeze on our 1123 00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:23,590 {\an1}might feel like just a breeze on our skin and so we need much higher wind 1124 00:23:23,590 --> 00:23:23,600 {\an1}skin and so we need much higher wind 1125 00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:25,510 {\an1}skin and so we need much higher wind speeds to actually move sand on the 1126 00:23:25,510 --> 00:23:25,520 {\an1}speeds to actually move sand on the 1127 00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:28,470 {\an1}speeds to actually move sand on the surface 1128 00:23:28,470 --> 00:23:28,480 {\an1} 1129 00:23:28,480 --> 00:23:31,430 {\an1}but somehow martian winds can still whip 1130 00:23:31,430 --> 00:23:31,440 {\an1}but somehow martian winds can still whip 1131 00:23:31,440 --> 00:23:36,710 {\an1}but somehow martian winds can still whip the entire planet into a frenzy 1132 00:23:36,710 --> 00:23:36,720 {\an1}the entire planet into a frenzy 1133 00:23:36,720 --> 00:23:39,669 {\an1}the entire planet into a frenzy every year mars throws a few dust storms 1134 00:23:39,669 --> 00:23:39,679 {\an1}every year mars throws a few dust storms 1135 00:23:39,679 --> 00:23:41,190 {\an1}every year mars throws a few dust storms that last for weeks 1136 00:23:41,190 --> 00:23:41,200 {\an1}that last for weeks 1137 00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:45,269 {\an1}that last for weeks but stay local on occasion 1138 00:23:45,269 --> 00:23:45,279 {\an1}but stay local on occasion 1139 00:23:45,279 --> 00:23:48,950 {\an1}but stay local on occasion one of them goes global when you have 1140 00:23:48,950 --> 00:23:48,960 {\an1}one of them goes global when you have 1141 00:23:48,960 --> 00:23:49,430 {\an1}one of them goes global when you have these 1142 00:23:49,430 --> 00:23:49,440 {\an1}these 1143 00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:51,590 {\an1}these occasional global dust storms it can 1144 00:23:51,590 --> 00:23:51,600 {\an1}occasional global dust storms it can 1145 00:23:51,600 --> 00:23:53,990 {\an1}occasional global dust storms it can basically kick up dust into the entire 1146 00:23:53,990 --> 00:23:54,000 {\an1}basically kick up dust into the entire 1147 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:56,230 {\an1}basically kick up dust into the entire atmosphere it completely obscures the 1148 00:23:56,230 --> 00:23:56,240 {\an1}atmosphere it completely obscures the 1149 00:23:56,240 --> 00:23:58,149 {\an1}atmosphere it completely obscures the surface 1150 00:23:58,149 --> 00:23:58,159 {\an1}surface 1151 00:23:58,159 --> 00:24:01,190 {\an1}surface in 2018 the sharp features of mars 1152 00:24:01,190 --> 00:24:01,200 {\an1}in 2018 the sharp features of mars 1153 00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:01,909 {\an1}in 2018 the sharp features of mars disappear 1154 00:24:01,909 --> 00:24:01,919 {\an1}disappear 1155 00:24:01,919 --> 00:24:04,630 {\an1}disappear in just a few months as a thick red 1156 00:24:04,630 --> 00:24:04,640 {\an1}in just a few months as a thick red 1157 00:24:04,640 --> 00:24:05,190 {\an1}in just a few months as a thick red cloud 1158 00:24:05,190 --> 00:24:05,200 {\an1}cloud 1159 00:24:05,200 --> 00:24:08,390 {\an1}cloud envelops the planet the rover 1160 00:24:08,390 --> 00:24:08,400 {\an1}envelops the planet the rover 1161 00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:10,149 {\an1}envelops the planet the rover opportunity is now almost 1162 00:24:10,149 --> 00:24:10,159 {\an1}opportunity is now almost 1163 00:24:10,159 --> 00:24:13,430 {\an1}opportunity is now almost 15 years old and has driven more than 28 1164 00:24:13,430 --> 00:24:13,440 {\an1}15 years old and has driven more than 28 1165 00:24:13,440 --> 00:24:16,070 {\an1}15 years old and has driven more than 28 miles 1166 00:24:16,070 --> 00:24:16,080 {\an1} 1167 00:24:16,080 --> 00:24:20,710 {\an1}but a big storm is coming 1168 00:24:20,710 --> 00:24:20,720 {\an1} 1169 00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:23,669 {\an1}looking down it sees dust accumulating 1170 00:24:23,669 --> 00:24:23,679 {\an1}looking down it sees dust accumulating 1171 00:24:23,679 --> 00:24:25,990 {\an1}looking down it sees dust accumulating on its solar panels 1172 00:24:25,990 --> 00:24:26,000 {\an1}on its solar panels 1173 00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:29,269 {\an1}on its solar panels looking up it sees less and less 1174 00:24:29,269 --> 00:24:29,279 {\an1}looking up it sees less and less 1175 00:24:29,279 --> 00:24:32,310 {\an1}looking up it sees less and less and suddenly the sky literally darkens 1176 00:24:32,310 --> 00:24:32,320 {\an1}and suddenly the sky literally darkens 1177 00:24:32,320 --> 00:24:34,230 {\an1}and suddenly the sky literally darkens over the course of a period of just a 1178 00:24:34,230 --> 00:24:34,240 {\an1}over the course of a period of just a 1179 00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:37,269 {\an1}over the course of a period of just a few short days 1180 00:24:37,269 --> 00:24:37,279 {\an1} 1181 00:24:37,279 --> 00:24:39,750 {\an1}and the last image we have looking 1182 00:24:39,750 --> 00:24:39,760 {\an1}and the last image we have looking 1183 00:24:39,760 --> 00:24:42,149 {\an1}and the last image we have looking towards the sun from opportunity 1184 00:24:42,149 --> 00:24:42,159 {\an1}towards the sun from opportunity 1185 00:24:42,159 --> 00:24:44,830 {\an1}towards the sun from opportunity effectively shows us in being in 1186 00:24:44,830 --> 00:24:44,840 {\an1}effectively shows us in being in 1187 00:24:44,840 --> 00:24:48,390 {\an1}effectively shows us in being in darkness 1188 00:24:48,390 --> 00:24:48,400 {\an1} 1189 00:24:48,400 --> 00:24:50,950 {\an1}the dust storm blocked out all sun light 1190 00:24:50,950 --> 00:24:50,960 {\an1}the dust storm blocked out all sun light 1191 00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:52,950 {\an1}the dust storm blocked out all sun light from reaching the solar panels 1192 00:24:52,950 --> 00:24:52,960 {\an1}from reaching the solar panels 1193 00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:56,470 {\an1}from reaching the solar panels 14 we're project manager 14. 1194 00:24:56,470 --> 00:24:56,480 {\an1}14 we're project manager 14. 1195 00:24:56,480 --> 00:24:59,029 {\an1}14 we're project manager 14. for eight months opportunity's mission 1196 00:24:59,029 --> 00:24:59,039 {\an1}for eight months opportunity's mission 1197 00:24:59,039 --> 00:25:01,350 {\an1}for eight months opportunity's mission team sends ping after ping 1198 00:25:01,350 --> 00:25:01,360 {\an1}team sends ping after ping 1199 00:25:01,360 --> 00:25:04,390 {\an1}team sends ping after ping to try to wake up the teenage rover one 1200 00:25:04,390 --> 00:25:04,400 {\an1}to try to wake up the teenage rover one 1201 00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:05,510 {\an1}to try to wake up the teenage rover one spacecraft id 1202 00:25:05,510 --> 00:25:05,520 {\an1}spacecraft id 1203 00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:09,350 {\an1}spacecraft id 253 it never 1204 00:25:09,350 --> 00:25:09,360 {\an1}253 it never 1205 00:25:09,360 --> 00:25:13,990 {\an1}253 it never never did power on again to call home 1206 00:25:13,990 --> 00:25:14,000 {\an1}never did power on again to call home 1207 00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,269 {\an1}never did power on again to call home finally nasa concedes and this is 1208 00:25:17,269 --> 00:25:17,279 {\an1}finally nasa concedes and this is 1209 00:25:17,279 --> 00:25:18,789 {\an1}finally nasa concedes and this is section 14 on behalf of the 1210 00:25:18,789 --> 00:25:18,799 {\an1}section 14 on behalf of the 1211 00:25:18,799 --> 00:25:24,230 {\an1}section 14 on behalf of the network that's a sad day for all of us 1212 00:25:24,230 --> 00:25:24,240 {\an1}network that's a sad day for all of us 1213 00:25:24,240 --> 00:25:28,149 {\an1}network that's a sad day for all of us her project off the net thank you 1214 00:25:28,149 --> 00:25:28,159 {\an1}her project off the net thank you 1215 00:25:28,159 --> 00:25:31,269 {\an1}her project off the net thank you because opportunity was operating for 14 1216 00:25:31,269 --> 00:25:31,279 {\an1}because opportunity was operating for 14 1217 00:25:31,279 --> 00:25:32,630 {\an1}because opportunity was operating for 14 and a half years people got very 1218 00:25:32,630 --> 00:25:32,640 {\an1}and a half years people got very 1219 00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:35,750 {\an1}and a half years people got very attached to the rover 1220 00:25:35,750 --> 00:25:35,760 {\an1} 1221 00:25:35,760 --> 00:25:37,430 {\an1}and i can tell you that the people who 1222 00:25:37,430 --> 00:25:37,440 {\an1}and i can tell you that the people who 1223 00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:39,510 {\an1}and i can tell you that the people who were on those um 1224 00:25:39,510 --> 00:25:39,520 {\an1}were on those um 1225 00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:41,590 {\an1}were on those um conference calls when we decided to end 1226 00:25:41,590 --> 00:25:41,600 {\an1}conference calls when we decided to end 1227 00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:42,950 {\an1}conference calls when we decided to end the mission were 1228 00:25:42,950 --> 00:25:42,960 {\an1}the mission were 1229 00:25:42,960 --> 00:25:47,190 {\an1}the mission were very sad opportunity broke the mold for 1230 00:25:47,190 --> 00:25:47,200 {\an1}very sad opportunity broke the mold for 1231 00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:49,750 {\an1}very sad opportunity broke the mold for rover longevity 1232 00:25:49,750 --> 00:25:49,760 {\an1}rover longevity 1233 00:25:49,760 --> 00:25:52,149 {\an1}rover longevity perseverance is designed to be even 1234 00:25:52,149 --> 00:25:52,159 {\an1}perseverance is designed to be even 1235 00:25:52,159 --> 00:25:53,669 {\an1}perseverance is designed to be even stronger 1236 00:25:53,669 --> 00:25:53,679 {\an1}stronger 1237 00:25:53,679 --> 00:25:55,430 {\an1}stronger the first thing the rover has to survive 1238 00:25:55,430 --> 00:25:55,440 {\an1}the first thing the rover has to survive 1239 00:25:55,440 --> 00:26:00,149 {\an1}the first thing the rover has to survive of course is all the testing we do to it 1240 00:26:00,149 --> 00:26:00,159 {\an1} 1241 00:26:00,159 --> 00:26:02,710 {\an1}they run perseverance through everything 1242 00:26:02,710 --> 00:26:02,720 {\an1}they run perseverance through everything 1243 00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:04,549 {\an1}they run perseverance through everything mars could throw at it 1244 00:26:04,549 --> 00:26:04,559 {\an1}mars could throw at it 1245 00:26:04,559 --> 00:26:07,510 {\an1}mars could throw at it severe temperature swings down to 200 1246 00:26:07,510 --> 00:26:07,520 {\an1}severe temperature swings down to 200 1247 00:26:07,520 --> 00:26:10,710 {\an1}severe temperature swings down to 200 below zero fahrenheit 1248 00:26:10,710 --> 00:26:10,720 {\an1}below zero fahrenheit 1249 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:13,190 {\an1}below zero fahrenheit blowing dust that could grind gears and 1250 00:26:13,190 --> 00:26:13,200 {\an1}blowing dust that could grind gears and 1251 00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:14,470 {\an1}blowing dust that could grind gears and blind cameras 1252 00:26:14,470 --> 00:26:14,480 {\an1}blind cameras 1253 00:26:14,480 --> 00:26:17,830 {\an1}blind cameras but at least not cut power 1254 00:26:17,830 --> 00:26:17,840 {\an1}but at least not cut power 1255 00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:19,590 {\an1}but at least not cut power perseverance is nuclear power we don't 1256 00:26:19,590 --> 00:26:19,600 {\an1}perseverance is nuclear power we don't 1257 00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:21,590 {\an1}perseverance is nuclear power we don't have to worry about dust storms 1258 00:26:21,590 --> 00:26:21,600 {\an1}have to worry about dust storms 1259 00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:25,269 {\an1}have to worry about dust storms it's called radio power essentially a 1260 00:26:25,269 --> 00:26:25,279 {\an1}it's called radio power essentially a 1261 00:26:25,279 --> 00:26:26,789 {\an1}it's called radio power essentially a nuclear battery 1262 00:26:26,789 --> 00:26:26,799 {\an1}nuclear battery 1263 00:26:26,799 --> 00:26:28,789 {\an1}nuclear battery it converts the heat from the decay of 1264 00:26:28,789 --> 00:26:28,799 {\an1}it converts the heat from the decay of 1265 00:26:28,799 --> 00:26:31,909 {\an1}it converts the heat from the decay of plutonium into electricity 1266 00:26:31,909 --> 00:26:31,919 {\an1}plutonium into electricity 1267 00:26:31,919 --> 00:26:34,950 {\an1}plutonium into electricity it could power perseverance for years 1268 00:26:34,950 --> 00:26:34,960 {\an1}it could power perseverance for years 1269 00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:38,070 {\an1}it could power perseverance for years if it survives the journey you design a 1270 00:26:38,070 --> 00:26:38,080 {\an1}if it survives the journey you design a 1271 00:26:38,080 --> 00:26:39,750 {\an1}if it survives the journey you design a rover for the sort of worst case 1272 00:26:39,750 --> 00:26:39,760 {\an1}rover for the sort of worst case 1273 00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:41,269 {\an1}rover for the sort of worst case scenario 1274 00:26:41,269 --> 00:26:41,279 {\an1}scenario 1275 00:26:41,279 --> 00:26:43,909 {\an1}scenario the worst case shaking on launch the 1276 00:26:43,909 --> 00:26:43,919 {\an1}the worst case shaking on launch the 1277 00:26:43,919 --> 00:26:44,789 {\an1}the worst case shaking on launch the worst case 1278 00:26:44,789 --> 00:26:44,799 {\an1}worst case 1279 00:26:44,799 --> 00:26:52,710 {\an1}worst case hard landing all have to be survived 1280 00:26:52,710 --> 00:26:52,720 {\an1}hard landing all have to be survived 1281 00:26:52,720 --> 00:26:55,510 {\an1}hard landing all have to be survived if perseverance lands safely it will see 1282 00:26:55,510 --> 00:26:55,520 {\an1}if perseverance lands safely it will see 1283 00:26:55,520 --> 00:26:58,870 {\an1}if perseverance lands safely it will see more than what's on the surface of mars 1284 00:26:58,870 --> 00:26:58,880 {\an1}more than what's on the surface of mars 1285 00:26:58,880 --> 00:27:01,669 {\an1}more than what's on the surface of mars it will take a peek underground at 1286 00:27:01,669 --> 00:27:01,679 {\an1}it will take a peek underground at 1287 00:27:01,679 --> 00:27:05,110 {\an1}it will take a peek underground at layers of history 1288 00:27:05,110 --> 00:27:05,120 {\an1} 1289 00:27:05,120 --> 00:27:08,310 {\an1}on earth we see these layers at the most 1290 00:27:08,310 --> 00:27:08,320 {\an1}on earth we see these layers at the most 1291 00:27:08,320 --> 00:27:11,669 {\an1}on earth we see these layers at the most unlikely places 1292 00:27:11,669 --> 00:27:11,679 {\an1} 1293 00:27:11,679 --> 00:27:13,830 {\an1}when we do geology on the earth we often 1294 00:27:13,830 --> 00:27:13,840 {\an1}when we do geology on the earth we often 1295 00:27:13,840 --> 00:27:15,669 {\an1}when we do geology on the earth we often get fortunate enough to have a road cut 1296 00:27:15,669 --> 00:27:15,679 {\an1}get fortunate enough to have a road cut 1297 00:27:15,679 --> 00:27:16,470 {\an1}get fortunate enough to have a road cut like this 1298 00:27:16,470 --> 00:27:16,480 {\an1}like this 1299 00:27:16,480 --> 00:27:18,710 {\an1}like this from building a highway and that road 1300 00:27:18,710 --> 00:27:18,720 {\an1}from building a highway and that road 1301 00:27:18,720 --> 00:27:20,870 {\an1}from building a highway and that road cut allows us to see the layers that 1302 00:27:20,870 --> 00:27:20,880 {\an1}cut allows us to see the layers that 1303 00:27:20,880 --> 00:27:23,190 {\an1}cut allows us to see the layers that have built up over time 1304 00:27:23,190 --> 00:27:23,200 {\an1}have built up over time 1305 00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:25,110 {\an1}have built up over time now in a lot of cases on mars we're not 1306 00:27:25,110 --> 00:27:25,120 {\an1}now in a lot of cases on mars we're not 1307 00:27:25,120 --> 00:27:27,029 {\an1}now in a lot of cases on mars we're not going to be able to get some kind of 1308 00:27:27,029 --> 00:27:27,039 {\an1}going to be able to get some kind of 1309 00:27:27,039 --> 00:27:29,110 {\an1}going to be able to get some kind of cross cut through the terrain like this 1310 00:27:29,110 --> 00:27:29,120 {\an1}cross cut through the terrain like this 1311 00:27:29,120 --> 00:27:30,870 {\an1}cross cut through the terrain like this and what we have to do is use a remote 1312 00:27:30,870 --> 00:27:30,880 {\an1}and what we have to do is use a remote 1313 00:27:30,880 --> 00:27:31,830 {\an1}and what we have to do is use a remote sensing instrument 1314 00:27:31,830 --> 00:27:31,840 {\an1}sensing instrument 1315 00:27:31,840 --> 00:27:35,029 {\an1}sensing instrument called ground penetrating radar 1316 00:27:35,029 --> 00:27:35,039 {\an1}called ground penetrating radar 1317 00:27:35,039 --> 00:27:37,269 {\an1}called ground penetrating radar i work on an instrument called charade 1318 00:27:37,269 --> 00:27:37,279 {\an1}i work on an instrument called charade 1319 00:27:37,279 --> 00:27:38,710 {\an1}i work on an instrument called charade the shallow radar on the mars 1320 00:27:38,710 --> 00:27:38,720 {\an1}the shallow radar on the mars 1321 00:27:38,720 --> 00:27:40,630 {\an1}the shallow radar on the mars reconnaissance orbiter 1322 00:27:40,630 --> 00:27:40,640 {\an1}reconnaissance orbiter 1323 00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:42,870 {\an1}reconnaissance orbiter shrod transmits signals and that pulse 1324 00:27:42,870 --> 00:27:42,880 {\an1}shrod transmits signals and that pulse 1325 00:27:42,880 --> 00:27:43,830 {\an1}shrod transmits signals and that pulse will travel down 1326 00:27:43,830 --> 00:27:43,840 {\an1}will travel down 1327 00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:46,630 {\an1}will travel down through a layer like this and each time 1328 00:27:46,630 --> 00:27:46,640 {\an1}through a layer like this and each time 1329 00:27:46,640 --> 00:27:48,789 {\an1}through a layer like this and each time that signal bounces back to us we build 1330 00:27:48,789 --> 00:27:48,799 {\an1}that signal bounces back to us we build 1331 00:27:48,799 --> 00:27:50,230 {\an1}that signal bounces back to us we build up a cross section 1332 00:27:50,230 --> 00:27:50,240 {\an1}up a cross section 1333 00:27:50,240 --> 00:27:52,710 {\an1}up a cross section just like you see in the road cut here 1334 00:27:52,710 --> 00:27:52,720 {\an1}just like you see in the road cut here 1335 00:27:52,720 --> 00:27:54,710 {\an1}just like you see in the road cut here in order to tell the geologic history of 1336 00:27:54,710 --> 00:27:54,720 {\an1}in order to tell the geologic history of 1337 00:27:54,720 --> 00:27:55,750 {\an1}in order to tell the geologic history of that area 1338 00:27:55,750 --> 00:27:55,760 {\an1}that area 1339 00:27:55,760 --> 00:27:58,789 {\an1}that area they might be differences between sand 1340 00:27:58,789 --> 00:27:58,799 {\an1}they might be differences between sand 1341 00:27:58,799 --> 00:28:01,990 {\an1}they might be differences between sand layers and ice in the polar caps 1342 00:28:01,990 --> 00:28:02,000 {\an1}layers and ice in the polar caps 1343 00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:03,909 {\an1}layers and ice in the polar caps but there's no substitute for being able 1344 00:28:03,909 --> 00:28:03,919 {\an1}but there's no substitute for being able 1345 00:28:03,919 --> 00:28:05,750 {\an1}but there's no substitute for being able to look in greater detail at what's 1346 00:28:05,750 --> 00:28:05,760 {\an1}to look in greater detail at what's 1347 00:28:05,760 --> 00:28:07,669 {\an1}to look in greater detail at what's right below your feet 1348 00:28:07,669 --> 00:28:07,679 {\an1}right below your feet 1349 00:28:07,679 --> 00:28:09,510 {\an1}right below your feet the perseverance rover will carry an 1350 00:28:09,510 --> 00:28:09,520 {\an1}the perseverance rover will carry an 1351 00:28:09,520 --> 00:28:10,950 {\an1}the perseverance rover will carry an instrument called rimfacts 1352 00:28:10,950 --> 00:28:10,960 {\an1}instrument called rimfacts 1353 00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:13,190 {\an1}instrument called rimfacts which will measure the subsurface layers 1354 00:28:13,190 --> 00:28:13,200 {\an1}which will measure the subsurface layers 1355 00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:14,470 {\an1}which will measure the subsurface layers beneath the rover 1356 00:28:14,470 --> 00:28:14,480 {\an1}beneath the rover 1357 00:28:14,480 --> 00:28:16,389 {\an1}beneath the rover down to a shallower depth than charade 1358 00:28:16,389 --> 00:28:16,399 {\an1}down to a shallower depth than charade 1359 00:28:16,399 --> 00:28:17,590 {\an1}down to a shallower depth than charade perhaps 10 meters 1360 00:28:17,590 --> 00:28:17,600 {\an1}perhaps 10 meters 1361 00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:20,710 {\an1}perhaps 10 meters but with much finer detail now someday 1362 00:28:20,710 --> 00:28:20,720 {\an1}but with much finer detail now someday 1363 00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:22,789 {\an1}but with much finer detail now someday astronauts may be able to simply walk up 1364 00:28:22,789 --> 00:28:22,799 {\an1}astronauts may be able to simply walk up 1365 00:28:22,799 --> 00:28:24,789 {\an1}astronauts may be able to simply walk up to an area like this on mars 1366 00:28:24,789 --> 00:28:24,799 {\an1}to an area like this on mars 1367 00:28:24,799 --> 00:28:26,789 {\an1}to an area like this on mars and make observations of the geologic 1368 00:28:26,789 --> 00:28:26,799 {\an1}and make observations of the geologic 1369 00:28:26,799 --> 00:28:28,470 {\an1}and make observations of the geologic history through the layering 1370 00:28:28,470 --> 00:28:28,480 {\an1}history through the layering 1371 00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:30,470 {\an1}history through the layering but for the time being instruments like 1372 00:28:30,470 --> 00:28:30,480 {\an1}but for the time being instruments like 1373 00:28:30,480 --> 00:28:33,750 {\an1}but for the time being instruments like charade and rimfax are invaluable 1374 00:28:33,750 --> 00:28:33,760 {\an1}charade and rimfax are invaluable 1375 00:28:33,760 --> 00:28:35,990 {\an1}charade and rimfax are invaluable perseverance is the first rover that can 1376 00:28:35,990 --> 00:28:36,000 {\an1}perseverance is the first rover that can 1377 00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:37,780 {\an1}perseverance is the first rover that can see underground 1378 00:28:37,780 --> 00:28:37,790 {\an1}see underground 1379 00:28:37,790 --> 00:28:39,029 {\an1}see underground [Applause] 1380 00:28:39,029 --> 00:28:39,039 {\an1}[Applause] 1381 00:28:39,039 --> 00:28:41,510 {\an1}[Applause] but it also carries something that could 1382 00:28:41,510 --> 00:28:41,520 {\an1}but it also carries something that could 1383 00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:48,300 {\an1}but it also carries something that could see over the horizon 1384 00:28:48,300 --> 00:28:48,310 {\an1} 1385 00:28:48,310 --> 00:28:49,990 {\an1} [Music] 1386 00:28:49,990 --> 00:28:50,000 {\an1}[Music] 1387 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:52,470 {\an1}[Music] at nasa's jet propulsion laboratory in 1388 00:28:52,470 --> 00:28:52,480 {\an1}at nasa's jet propulsion laboratory in 1389 00:28:52,480 --> 00:28:53,669 {\an1}at nasa's jet propulsion laboratory in california 1390 00:28:53,669 --> 00:28:53,679 {\an1}california 1391 00:28:53,679 --> 00:28:55,590 {\an1}california perseverance has passed all of its 1392 00:28:55,590 --> 00:28:55,600 {\an1}perseverance has passed all of its 1393 00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:58,389 {\an1}perseverance has passed all of its flight tests 1394 00:28:58,389 --> 00:28:58,399 {\an1}flight tests 1395 00:28:58,399 --> 00:29:01,510 {\an1}flight tests it's a month away from leaving home 1396 00:29:01,510 --> 00:29:01,520 {\an1}it's a month away from leaving home 1397 00:29:01,520 --> 00:29:03,909 {\an1}it's a month away from leaving home it's built on the legacy of the rover 1398 00:29:03,909 --> 00:29:03,919 {\an1}it's built on the legacy of the rover 1399 00:29:03,919 --> 00:29:04,549 {\an1}it's built on the legacy of the rover that came 1400 00:29:04,549 --> 00:29:04,559 {\an1}that came 1401 00:29:04,559 --> 00:29:08,230 {\an1}that came just before it after the spirit and 1402 00:29:08,230 --> 00:29:08,240 {\an1}just before it after the spirit and 1403 00:29:08,240 --> 00:29:10,710 {\an1}just before it after the spirit and opportunity mars exploration rovers 1404 00:29:10,710 --> 00:29:10,720 {\an1}opportunity mars exploration rovers 1405 00:29:10,720 --> 00:29:13,350 {\an1}opportunity mars exploration rovers curiosity became sort of the big sister 1406 00:29:13,350 --> 00:29:13,360 {\an1}curiosity became sort of the big sister 1407 00:29:13,360 --> 00:29:15,029 {\an1}curiosity became sort of the big sister on the block 1408 00:29:15,029 --> 00:29:15,039 {\an1}on the block 1409 00:29:15,039 --> 00:29:18,470 {\an1}on the block in 2012 curiosity became the next rover 1410 00:29:18,470 --> 00:29:18,480 {\an1}in 2012 curiosity became the next rover 1411 00:29:18,480 --> 00:29:20,389 {\an1}in 2012 curiosity became the next rover in line for mars 1412 00:29:20,389 --> 00:29:20,399 {\an1}in line for mars 1413 00:29:20,399 --> 00:29:23,510 {\an1}in line for mars it's a major upgrade so it's about the 1414 00:29:23,510 --> 00:29:23,520 {\an1}it's a major upgrade so it's about the 1415 00:29:23,520 --> 00:29:25,510 {\an1}it's a major upgrade so it's about the size of a small suv 1416 00:29:25,510 --> 00:29:25,520 {\an1}size of a small suv 1417 00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:28,710 {\an1}size of a small suv in terms of its complexity and its size 1418 00:29:28,710 --> 00:29:28,720 {\an1}in terms of its complexity and its size 1419 00:29:28,720 --> 00:29:30,789 {\an1}in terms of its complexity and its size it's just far beyond what we've uh what 1420 00:29:30,789 --> 00:29:30,799 {\an1}it's just far beyond what we've uh what 1421 00:29:30,799 --> 00:29:32,630 {\an1}it's just far beyond what we've uh what we've done before 1422 00:29:32,630 --> 00:29:32,640 {\an1}we've done before 1423 00:29:32,640 --> 00:29:35,269 {\an1}we've done before all around the country curiosity sparks 1424 00:29:35,269 --> 00:29:35,279 {\an1}all around the country curiosity sparks 1425 00:29:35,279 --> 00:29:38,070 {\an1}all around the country curiosity sparks mars mania 1426 00:29:38,070 --> 00:29:38,080 {\an1}mars mania 1427 00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:41,430 {\an1}mars mania on landing day curiosity creates a buzz 1428 00:29:41,430 --> 00:29:41,440 {\an1}on landing day curiosity creates a buzz 1429 00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:45,430 {\an1}on landing day curiosity creates a buzz in new york city at nasa 1430 00:29:45,430 --> 00:29:45,440 {\an1}in new york city at nasa 1431 00:29:45,440 --> 00:29:48,920 {\an1}in new york city at nasa it creates a roar 1432 00:29:48,920 --> 00:29:48,930 {\an1} 1433 00:29:48,930 --> 00:29:51,350 {\an1} [Applause] 1434 00:29:51,350 --> 00:29:51,360 {\an1}[Applause] 1435 00:29:51,360 --> 00:29:55,060 {\an1}[Applause] the biggest rover yet is safely on mars 1436 00:29:55,060 --> 00:29:55,070 {\an1}the biggest rover yet is safely on mars 1437 00:29:55,070 --> 00:30:01,430 {\an1}the biggest rover yet is safely on mars [Applause] 1438 00:30:01,430 --> 00:30:01,440 {\an1} 1439 00:30:01,440 --> 00:30:06,149 {\an1}it lands inside a fascinating landscape 1440 00:30:06,149 --> 00:30:06,159 {\an1}it lands inside a fascinating landscape 1441 00:30:06,159 --> 00:30:08,870 {\an1}it lands inside a fascinating landscape gale crater i think really is the place 1442 00:30:08,870 --> 00:30:08,880 {\an1}gale crater i think really is the place 1443 00:30:08,880 --> 00:30:09,990 {\an1}gale crater i think really is the place on mars where 1444 00:30:09,990 --> 00:30:10,000 {\an1}on mars where 1445 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:15,269 {\an1}on mars where you feel like you are on earth 1446 00:30:15,269 --> 00:30:15,279 {\an1} 1447 00:30:15,279 --> 00:30:17,029 {\an1}there's evidence that curiosity has 1448 00:30:17,029 --> 00:30:17,039 {\an1}there's evidence that curiosity has 1449 00:30:17,039 --> 00:30:18,950 {\an1}there's evidence that curiosity has collected that there was a liquid water 1450 00:30:18,950 --> 00:30:18,960 {\an1}collected that there was a liquid water 1451 00:30:18,960 --> 00:30:19,990 {\an1}collected that there was a liquid water lake 1452 00:30:19,990 --> 00:30:20,000 {\an1}lake 1453 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:23,269 {\an1}lake inside this crater if you had been 1454 00:30:23,269 --> 00:30:23,279 {\an1}inside this crater if you had been 1455 00:30:23,279 --> 00:30:24,630 {\an1}inside this crater if you had been standing there you would have been 1456 00:30:24,630 --> 00:30:24,640 {\an1}standing there you would have been 1457 00:30:24,640 --> 00:30:27,830 {\an1}standing there you would have been knee-deep in running water 1458 00:30:27,830 --> 00:30:27,840 {\an1}knee-deep in running water 1459 00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:29,029 {\an1}knee-deep in running water and it would have been drinkable i mean 1460 00:30:29,029 --> 00:30:29,039 {\an1}and it would have been drinkable i mean 1461 00:30:29,039 --> 00:30:31,029 {\an1}and it would have been drinkable i mean you could you could take a cup and scoop 1462 00:30:31,029 --> 00:30:31,039 {\an1}you could you could take a cup and scoop 1463 00:30:31,039 --> 00:30:31,590 {\an1}you could you could take a cup and scoop it 1464 00:30:31,590 --> 00:30:31,600 {\an1}it 1465 00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:35,590 {\an1}it and drink it curiosity drills into this 1466 00:30:35,590 --> 00:30:35,600 {\an1}and drink it curiosity drills into this 1467 00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:36,070 {\an1}and drink it curiosity drills into this ancient 1468 00:30:36,070 --> 00:30:36,080 {\an1}ancient 1469 00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:38,310 {\an1}ancient lake bed finding thick layers of 1470 00:30:38,310 --> 00:30:38,320 {\an1}lake bed finding thick layers of 1471 00:30:38,320 --> 00:30:39,669 {\an1}lake bed finding thick layers of sediment that took 1472 00:30:39,669 --> 00:30:39,679 {\an1}sediment that took 1473 00:30:39,679 --> 00:30:43,269 {\an1}sediment that took thousands of years to build up for me 1474 00:30:43,269 --> 00:30:43,279 {\an1}thousands of years to build up for me 1475 00:30:43,279 --> 00:30:45,990 {\an1}thousands of years to build up for me that was a real aha moment because 1476 00:30:45,990 --> 00:30:46,000 {\an1}that was a real aha moment because 1477 00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:47,269 {\an1}that was a real aha moment because suddenly here i was 1478 00:30:47,269 --> 00:30:47,279 {\an1}suddenly here i was 1479 00:30:47,279 --> 00:30:49,510 {\an1}suddenly here i was staring in the face sediments that were 1480 00:30:49,510 --> 00:30:49,520 {\an1}staring in the face sediments that were 1481 00:30:49,520 --> 00:30:51,110 {\an1}staring in the face sediments that were very much like the sediments that were 1482 00:30:51,110 --> 00:30:51,120 {\an1}very much like the sediments that were 1483 00:30:51,120 --> 00:30:52,389 {\an1}very much like the sediments that were being deposited 1484 00:30:52,389 --> 00:30:52,399 {\an1}being deposited 1485 00:30:52,399 --> 00:30:53,990 {\an1}being deposited in the lake where i grew up in northern 1486 00:30:53,990 --> 00:30:54,000 {\an1}in the lake where i grew up in northern 1487 00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:54,630 {\an1}in the lake where i grew up in northern new york 1488 00:30:54,630 --> 00:30:54,640 {\an1}new york 1489 00:30:54,640 --> 00:30:58,549 {\an1}new york [Music] 1490 00:30:58,549 --> 00:30:58,559 {\an1}[Music] 1491 00:30:58,559 --> 00:31:00,070 {\an1}[Music] and i was kind of dragged kicking and 1492 00:31:00,070 --> 00:31:00,080 {\an1}and i was kind of dragged kicking and 1493 00:31:00,080 --> 00:31:02,230 {\an1}and i was kind of dragged kicking and screaming into this idea 1494 00:31:02,230 --> 00:31:02,240 {\an1}screaming into this idea 1495 00:31:02,240 --> 00:31:04,470 {\an1}screaming into this idea but by god there was an ancient lake on 1496 00:31:04,470 --> 00:31:04,480 {\an1}but by god there was an ancient lake on 1497 00:31:04,480 --> 00:31:06,789 {\an1}but by god there was an ancient lake on mars and it was there for a good long 1498 00:31:06,789 --> 00:31:06,799 {\an1}mars and it was there for a good long 1499 00:31:06,799 --> 00:31:09,590 {\an1}mars and it was there for a good long time 1500 00:31:09,590 --> 00:31:09,600 {\an1} 1501 00:31:09,600 --> 00:31:11,669 {\an1}we now think water flowed on the surface 1502 00:31:11,669 --> 00:31:11,679 {\an1}we now think water flowed on the surface 1503 00:31:11,679 --> 00:31:13,509 {\an1}we now think water flowed on the surface for up to a billion years 1504 00:31:13,509 --> 00:31:13,519 {\an1}for up to a billion years 1505 00:31:13,519 --> 00:31:16,830 {\an1}for up to a billion years but dissipated about three billion years 1506 00:31:16,830 --> 00:31:16,840 {\an1}but dissipated about three billion years 1507 00:31:16,840 --> 00:31:17,990 {\an1}but dissipated about three billion years ago 1508 00:31:17,990 --> 00:31:18,000 {\an1}ago 1509 00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:20,310 {\an1}ago the reason that the water became less 1510 00:31:20,310 --> 00:31:20,320 {\an1}the reason that the water became less 1511 00:31:20,320 --> 00:31:21,750 {\an1}the reason that the water became less stable on the surface is that the 1512 00:31:21,750 --> 00:31:21,760 {\an1}stable on the surface is that the 1513 00:31:21,760 --> 00:31:22,630 {\an1}stable on the surface is that the atmosphere 1514 00:31:22,630 --> 00:31:22,640 {\an1}atmosphere 1515 00:31:22,640 --> 00:31:25,750 {\an1}atmosphere changed and became very thin eventually 1516 00:31:25,750 --> 00:31:25,760 {\an1}changed and became very thin eventually 1517 00:31:25,760 --> 00:31:29,669 {\an1}changed and became very thin eventually it became very dry and cold 1518 00:31:29,669 --> 00:31:29,679 {\an1}it became very dry and cold 1519 00:31:29,679 --> 00:31:31,830 {\an1}it became very dry and cold perseverance will look at what water 1520 00:31:31,830 --> 00:31:31,840 {\an1}perseverance will look at what water 1521 00:31:31,840 --> 00:31:33,269 {\an1}perseverance will look at what water left behind 1522 00:31:33,269 --> 00:31:33,279 {\an1}left behind 1523 00:31:33,279 --> 00:31:36,950 {\an1}left behind especially in craters perseverance is 1524 00:31:36,950 --> 00:31:36,960 {\an1}especially in craters perseverance is 1525 00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:39,269 {\an1}especially in craters perseverance is landing in a place called jezero crater 1526 00:31:39,269 --> 00:31:39,279 {\an1}landing in a place called jezero crater 1527 00:31:39,279 --> 00:31:41,190 {\an1}landing in a place called jezero crater where we see because of an inlet channel 1528 00:31:41,190 --> 00:31:41,200 {\an1}where we see because of an inlet channel 1529 00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:42,470 {\an1}where we see because of an inlet channel and an outlet channel 1530 00:31:42,470 --> 00:31:42,480 {\an1}and an outlet channel 1531 00:31:42,480 --> 00:31:44,830 {\an1}and an outlet channel that water once filled that up and 1532 00:31:44,830 --> 00:31:44,840 {\an1}that water once filled that up and 1533 00:31:44,840 --> 00:31:46,710 {\an1}that water once filled that up and overflowed 1534 00:31:46,710 --> 00:31:46,720 {\an1}overflowed 1535 00:31:46,720 --> 00:31:48,870 {\an1}overflowed perseverance is going to go and evaluate 1536 00:31:48,870 --> 00:31:48,880 {\an1}perseverance is going to go and evaluate 1537 00:31:48,880 --> 00:31:50,950 {\an1}perseverance is going to go and evaluate those sediments and those rocks 1538 00:31:50,950 --> 00:31:50,960 {\an1}those sediments and those rocks 1539 00:31:50,960 --> 00:31:54,549 {\an1}those sediments and those rocks seeking signs of life the search begins 1540 00:31:54,549 --> 00:31:54,559 {\an1}seeking signs of life the search begins 1541 00:31:54,559 --> 00:31:55,509 {\an1}seeking signs of life the search begins with the rover's 1542 00:31:55,509 --> 00:31:55,519 {\an1}with the rover's 1543 00:31:55,519 --> 00:31:58,470 {\an1}with the rover's amazing arm so i would say the robotic 1544 00:31:58,470 --> 00:31:58,480 {\an1}amazing arm so i would say the robotic 1545 00:31:58,480 --> 00:31:58,789 {\an1}amazing arm so i would say the robotic arm 1546 00:31:58,789 --> 00:31:58,799 {\an1}arm 1547 00:31:58,799 --> 00:32:01,190 {\an1}arm is incredibly important for the mission 1548 00:32:01,190 --> 00:32:01,200 {\an1}is incredibly important for the mission 1549 00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:03,430 {\an1}is incredibly important for the mission because it has everything on its hand 1550 00:32:03,430 --> 00:32:03,440 {\an1}because it has everything on its hand 1551 00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:05,590 {\an1}because it has everything on its hand and in fact as i'm talking to you you 1552 00:32:05,590 --> 00:32:05,600 {\an1}and in fact as i'm talking to you you 1553 00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:07,269 {\an1}and in fact as i'm talking to you you can see me moving my arm because 1554 00:32:07,269 --> 00:32:07,279 {\an1}can see me moving my arm because 1555 00:32:07,279 --> 00:32:11,509 {\an1}can see me moving my arm because it is so intuitive also 1556 00:32:11,509 --> 00:32:11,519 {\an1} 1557 00:32:11,519 --> 00:32:13,350 {\an1}you're thinking about an arm just like 1558 00:32:13,350 --> 00:32:13,360 {\an1}you're thinking about an arm just like 1559 00:32:13,360 --> 00:32:15,350 {\an1}you're thinking about an arm just like yours on arm where the fingers are the 1560 00:32:15,350 --> 00:32:15,360 {\an1}yours on arm where the fingers are the 1561 00:32:15,360 --> 00:32:16,149 {\an1}yours on arm where the fingers are the instruments 1562 00:32:16,149 --> 00:32:16,159 {\an1}instruments 1563 00:32:16,159 --> 00:32:18,310 {\an1}instruments and you immediately can picture exactly 1564 00:32:18,310 --> 00:32:18,320 {\an1}and you immediately can picture exactly 1565 00:32:18,320 --> 00:32:19,430 {\an1}and you immediately can picture exactly what you will do 1566 00:32:19,430 --> 00:32:19,440 {\an1}what you will do 1567 00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:21,430 {\an1}what you will do if you were a geologist standing on the 1568 00:32:21,430 --> 00:32:21,440 {\an1}if you were a geologist standing on the 1569 00:32:21,440 --> 00:32:23,430 {\an1}if you were a geologist standing on the surface of mars bring it down put it 1570 00:32:23,430 --> 00:32:23,440 {\an1}surface of mars bring it down put it 1571 00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:25,430 {\an1}surface of mars bring it down put it here let me see it 1572 00:32:25,430 --> 00:32:25,440 {\an1}here let me see it 1573 00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:27,750 {\an1}here let me see it at the end of the arm is a whole new 1574 00:32:27,750 --> 00:32:27,760 {\an1}at the end of the arm is a whole new 1575 00:32:27,760 --> 00:32:29,110 {\an1}at the end of the arm is a whole new suite of instruments 1576 00:32:29,110 --> 00:32:29,120 {\an1}suite of instruments 1577 00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:33,110 {\an1}suite of instruments that will look for traces of past life 1578 00:32:33,110 --> 00:32:33,120 {\an1}that will look for traces of past life 1579 00:32:33,120 --> 00:32:35,509 {\an1}that will look for traces of past life the robotic arm also has a drill in it 1580 00:32:35,509 --> 00:32:35,519 {\an1}the robotic arm also has a drill in it 1581 00:32:35,519 --> 00:32:37,590 {\an1}the robotic arm also has a drill in it which is the actual unit 1582 00:32:37,590 --> 00:32:37,600 {\an1}which is the actual unit 1583 00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:40,630 {\an1}which is the actual unit that will collect the sample a drill on 1584 00:32:40,630 --> 00:32:40,640 {\an1}that will collect the sample a drill on 1585 00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:41,269 {\an1}that will collect the sample a drill on a rover 1586 00:32:41,269 --> 00:32:41,279 {\an1}a rover 1587 00:32:41,279 --> 00:32:45,029 {\an1}a rover is old news but the fate of the sample 1588 00:32:45,029 --> 00:32:45,039 {\an1}is old news but the fate of the sample 1589 00:32:45,039 --> 00:32:48,470 {\an1}is old news but the fate of the sample could be big news 1590 00:32:48,470 --> 00:32:48,480 {\an1} 1591 00:32:48,480 --> 00:32:51,590 {\an1}perseverance is going to collect and 1592 00:32:51,590 --> 00:32:51,600 {\an1}perseverance is going to collect and 1593 00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:52,950 {\an1}perseverance is going to collect and cash samples 1594 00:32:52,950 --> 00:32:52,960 {\an1}cash samples 1595 00:32:52,960 --> 00:32:54,630 {\an1}cash samples for possible return to earth at some 1596 00:32:54,630 --> 00:32:54,640 {\an1}for possible return to earth at some 1597 00:32:54,640 --> 00:32:56,789 {\an1}for possible return to earth at some time in the future 1598 00:32:56,789 --> 00:32:56,799 {\an1}time in the future 1599 00:32:56,799 --> 00:32:59,269 {\an1}time in the future this rover will begin the most ambitious 1600 00:32:59,269 --> 00:32:59,279 {\an1}this rover will begin the most ambitious 1601 00:32:59,279 --> 00:33:01,029 {\an1}this rover will begin the most ambitious robotic space handoff 1602 00:33:01,029 --> 00:33:01,039 {\an1}robotic space handoff 1603 00:33:01,039 --> 00:33:04,389 {\an1}robotic space handoff ever attempted perseverance 1604 00:33:04,389 --> 00:33:04,399 {\an1}ever attempted perseverance 1605 00:33:04,399 --> 00:33:06,789 {\an1}ever attempted perseverance will drill down and collect samples and 1606 00:33:06,789 --> 00:33:06,799 {\an1}will drill down and collect samples and 1607 00:33:06,799 --> 00:33:08,149 {\an1}will drill down and collect samples and put them in an area 1608 00:33:08,149 --> 00:33:08,159 {\an1}put them in an area 1609 00:33:08,159 --> 00:33:09,750 {\an1}put them in an area where a second rover can come in the 1610 00:33:09,750 --> 00:33:09,760 {\an1}where a second rover can come in the 1611 00:33:09,760 --> 00:33:14,950 {\an1}where a second rover can come in the future and pick them up 1612 00:33:14,950 --> 00:33:14,960 {\an1} 1613 00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:17,590 {\an1}they'll be put inside a small rocket 1614 00:33:17,590 --> 00:33:17,600 {\an1}they'll be put inside a small rocket 1615 00:33:17,600 --> 00:33:19,430 {\an1}they'll be put inside a small rocket that will be launched up into orbit will 1616 00:33:19,430 --> 00:33:19,440 {\an1}that will be launched up into orbit will 1617 00:33:19,440 --> 00:33:20,950 {\an1}that will be launched up into orbit will be captured 1618 00:33:20,950 --> 00:33:20,960 {\an1}be captured 1619 00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:23,909 {\an1}be captured and eventually return to earth at some 1620 00:33:23,909 --> 00:33:23,919 {\an1}and eventually return to earth at some 1621 00:33:23,919 --> 00:33:25,030 {\an1}and eventually return to earth at some time in the future 1622 00:33:25,030 --> 00:33:25,040 {\an1}time in the future 1623 00:33:25,040 --> 00:33:27,830 {\an1}time in the future [Music] 1624 00:33:27,830 --> 00:33:27,840 {\an1}[Music] 1625 00:33:27,840 --> 00:33:30,549 {\an1}[Music] if perseverance finds evidence of life 1626 00:33:30,549 --> 00:33:30,559 {\an1}if perseverance finds evidence of life 1627 00:33:30,559 --> 00:33:32,310 {\an1}if perseverance finds evidence of life we'll need the sample on earth to 1628 00:33:32,310 --> 00:33:32,320 {\an1}we'll need the sample on earth to 1629 00:33:32,320 --> 00:33:33,430 {\an1}we'll need the sample on earth to confirm it 1630 00:33:33,430 --> 00:33:33,440 {\an1}confirm it 1631 00:33:33,440 --> 00:33:35,909 {\an1}confirm it within a decade we could be holding the 1632 00:33:35,909 --> 00:33:35,919 {\an1}within a decade we could be holding the 1633 00:33:35,919 --> 00:33:37,029 {\an1}within a decade we could be holding the first evidence of 1634 00:33:37,029 --> 00:33:37,039 {\an1}first evidence of 1635 00:33:37,039 --> 00:33:40,389 {\an1}first evidence of alien life in our hands the kind of holy 1636 00:33:40,389 --> 00:33:40,399 {\an1}alien life in our hands the kind of holy 1637 00:33:40,399 --> 00:33:43,190 {\an1}alien life in our hands the kind of holy grail is sample return 1638 00:33:43,190 --> 00:33:43,200 {\an1}grail is sample return 1639 00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:45,190 {\an1}grail is sample return and perseverance is the first step along 1640 00:33:45,190 --> 00:33:45,200 {\an1}and perseverance is the first step along 1641 00:33:45,200 --> 00:33:47,830 {\an1}and perseverance is the first step along that path 1642 00:33:47,830 --> 00:33:47,840 {\an1} 1643 00:33:47,840 --> 00:33:50,070 {\an1}packed inside perseverance is another 1644 00:33:50,070 --> 00:33:50,080 {\an1}packed inside perseverance is another 1645 00:33:50,080 --> 00:33:54,149 {\an1}packed inside perseverance is another space first 1646 00:33:54,149 --> 00:33:54,159 {\an1} 1647 00:33:54,159 --> 00:33:57,270 {\an1}it looks like a spider learning to fly 1648 00:33:57,270 --> 00:33:57,280 {\an1}it looks like a spider learning to fly 1649 00:33:57,280 --> 00:33:59,430 {\an1}it looks like a spider learning to fly [Music] 1650 00:33:59,430 --> 00:33:59,440 {\an1}[Music] 1651 00:33:59,440 --> 00:34:04,830 {\an1}[Music] but it's the first interplanetary 1652 00:34:04,830 --> 00:34:04,840 {\an1} 1653 00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:06,630 {\an1} helicopter 1654 00:34:06,630 --> 00:34:06,640 {\an1}helicopter 1655 00:34:06,640 --> 00:34:08,550 {\an1}helicopter ingenuity which is the helicopter that 1656 00:34:08,550 --> 00:34:08,560 {\an1}ingenuity which is the helicopter that 1657 00:34:08,560 --> 00:34:10,470 {\an1}ingenuity which is the helicopter that we're sending to ride along with 1658 00:34:10,470 --> 00:34:10,480 {\an1}we're sending to ride along with 1659 00:34:10,480 --> 00:34:12,950 {\an1}we're sending to ride along with perseverance rover is designed as a 1660 00:34:12,950 --> 00:34:12,960 {\an1}perseverance rover is designed as a 1661 00:34:12,960 --> 00:34:15,030 {\an1}perseverance rover is designed as a technology demonstration to for the very 1662 00:34:15,030 --> 00:34:15,040 {\an1}technology demonstration to for the very 1663 00:34:15,040 --> 00:34:16,230 {\an1}technology demonstration to for the very first time 1664 00:34:16,230 --> 00:34:16,240 {\an1}first time 1665 00:34:16,240 --> 00:34:18,550 {\an1}first time show that we can operate a powered 1666 00:34:18,550 --> 00:34:18,560 {\an1}show that we can operate a powered 1667 00:34:18,560 --> 00:34:19,430 {\an1}show that we can operate a powered flight 1668 00:34:19,430 --> 00:34:19,440 {\an1}flight 1669 00:34:19,440 --> 00:34:22,470 {\an1}flight aerial vehicle on the surface of mars 1670 00:34:22,470 --> 00:34:22,480 {\an1}aerial vehicle on the surface of mars 1671 00:34:22,480 --> 00:34:24,710 {\an1}aerial vehicle on the surface of mars nasa creates a chamber simulating the 1672 00:34:24,710 --> 00:34:24,720 {\an1}nasa creates a chamber simulating the 1673 00:34:24,720 --> 00:34:26,310 {\an1}nasa creates a chamber simulating the atmosphere of mars 1674 00:34:26,310 --> 00:34:26,320 {\an1}atmosphere of mars 1675 00:34:26,320 --> 00:34:28,869 {\an1}atmosphere of mars where liftoff will be 100 times harder 1676 00:34:28,869 --> 00:34:28,879 {\an1}where liftoff will be 100 times harder 1677 00:34:28,879 --> 00:34:30,950 {\an1}where liftoff will be 100 times harder than on earth 1678 00:34:30,950 --> 00:34:30,960 {\an1}than on earth 1679 00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:34,230 {\an1}than on earth with the atmosphere so thin there's very 1680 00:34:34,230 --> 00:34:34,240 {\an1}with the atmosphere so thin there's very 1681 00:34:34,240 --> 00:34:34,950 {\an1}with the atmosphere so thin there's very little 1682 00:34:34,950 --> 00:34:34,960 {\an1}little 1683 00:34:34,960 --> 00:34:38,710 {\an1}little material for the blades to push against 1684 00:34:38,710 --> 00:34:38,720 {\an1}material for the blades to push against 1685 00:34:38,720 --> 00:34:40,629 {\an1}material for the blades to push against so it's it's very light and the blades 1686 00:34:40,629 --> 00:34:40,639 {\an1}so it's it's very light and the blades 1687 00:34:40,639 --> 00:34:42,149 {\an1}so it's it's very light and the blades are very large in order to get enough 1688 00:34:42,149 --> 00:34:42,159 {\an1}are very large in order to get enough 1689 00:34:42,159 --> 00:34:45,430 {\an1}are very large in order to get enough lift to be able to lift off the ground 1690 00:34:45,430 --> 00:34:45,440 {\an1}lift to be able to lift off the ground 1691 00:34:45,440 --> 00:34:49,750 {\an1}lift to be able to lift off the ground the copter passes the test on earth 1692 00:34:49,750 --> 00:34:49,760 {\an1}the copter passes the test on earth 1693 00:34:49,760 --> 00:34:52,550 {\an1}the copter passes the test on earth on mars it will have to fly solo because 1694 00:34:52,550 --> 00:34:52,560 {\an1}on mars it will have to fly solo because 1695 00:34:52,560 --> 00:34:54,950 {\an1}on mars it will have to fly solo because radio signals take an average of 15 1696 00:34:54,950 --> 00:34:54,960 {\an1}radio signals take an average of 15 1697 00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:55,669 {\an1}radio signals take an average of 15 minutes 1698 00:34:55,669 --> 00:34:55,679 {\an1}minutes 1699 00:34:55,679 --> 00:34:57,690 {\an1}minutes to travel between earth and mars 1700 00:34:57,690 --> 00:34:57,700 {\an1}to travel between earth and mars 1701 00:34:57,700 --> 00:35:00,470 {\an1}to travel between earth and mars [Music] 1702 00:35:00,470 --> 00:35:00,480 {\an1}[Music] 1703 00:35:00,480 --> 00:35:02,710 {\an1}[Music] it has to be done completely remotely 1704 00:35:02,710 --> 00:35:02,720 {\an1}it has to be done completely remotely 1705 00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:03,990 {\an1}it has to be done completely remotely you have to be doing it 1706 00:35:03,990 --> 00:35:04,000 {\an1}you have to be doing it 1707 00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:05,910 {\an1}you have to be doing it without any real sort of real-time 1708 00:35:05,910 --> 00:35:05,920 {\an1}without any real sort of real-time 1709 00:35:05,920 --> 00:35:07,349 {\an1}without any real sort of real-time joystick control 1710 00:35:07,349 --> 00:35:07,359 {\an1}joystick control 1711 00:35:07,359 --> 00:35:11,510 {\an1}joystick control of where this thing is going to go 1712 00:35:11,510 --> 00:35:11,520 {\an1} 1713 00:35:11,520 --> 00:35:14,470 {\an1}if it works ingenuity could scout ahead 1714 00:35:14,470 --> 00:35:14,480 {\an1}if it works ingenuity could scout ahead 1715 00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:17,270 {\an1}if it works ingenuity could scout ahead for perseverance 1716 00:35:17,270 --> 00:35:17,280 {\an1}for perseverance 1717 00:35:17,280 --> 00:35:21,270 {\an1}for perseverance take detailed photos and transmit them 1718 00:35:21,270 --> 00:35:21,280 {\an1}take detailed photos and transmit them 1719 00:35:21,280 --> 00:35:22,310 {\an1}take detailed photos and transmit them back to the rover 1720 00:35:22,310 --> 00:35:22,320 {\an1}back to the rover 1721 00:35:22,320 --> 00:35:26,150 {\an1}back to the rover for a sneak peek of where it might go 1722 00:35:26,150 --> 00:35:26,160 {\an1}for a sneak peek of where it might go 1723 00:35:26,160 --> 00:35:28,630 {\an1}for a sneak peek of where it might go all while flying into the history books 1724 00:35:28,630 --> 00:35:28,640 {\an1}all while flying into the history books 1725 00:35:28,640 --> 00:35:29,510 {\an1}all while flying into the history books as the first 1726 00:35:29,510 --> 00:35:29,520 {\an1}as the first 1727 00:35:29,520 --> 00:35:31,990 {\an1}as the first powered flight of an aircraft on another 1728 00:35:31,990 --> 00:35:32,000 {\an1}powered flight of an aircraft on another 1729 00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:35,910 {\an1}powered flight of an aircraft on another planet 1730 00:35:35,910 --> 00:35:35,920 {\an1} 1731 00:35:35,920 --> 00:35:42,069 {\an1}but it has to get off this planet first 1732 00:35:42,069 --> 00:35:42,079 {\an1} 1733 00:35:42,079 --> 00:35:43,750 {\an1}the first step to mars is a 1734 00:35:43,750 --> 00:35:43,760 {\an1}the first step to mars is a 1735 00:35:43,760 --> 00:35:45,190 {\an1}the first step to mars is a cross-country trip from 1736 00:35:45,190 --> 00:35:45,200 {\an1}cross-country trip from 1737 00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:48,630 {\an1}cross-country trip from california to florida 16 1738 00:35:48,630 --> 00:35:48,640 {\an1}california to florida 16 1739 00:35:48,640 --> 00:35:51,030 {\an1}california to florida 16 semis truck in pieces of the capsule 1740 00:35:51,030 --> 00:35:51,040 {\an1}semis truck in pieces of the capsule 1741 00:35:51,040 --> 00:35:53,670 {\an1}semis truck in pieces of the capsule that will carry perseverance to mars 1742 00:35:53,670 --> 00:35:53,680 {\an1}that will carry perseverance to mars 1743 00:35:53,680 --> 00:35:55,750 {\an1}that will carry perseverance to mars those can all be sent separately but the 1744 00:35:55,750 --> 00:35:55,760 {\an1}those can all be sent separately but the 1745 00:35:55,760 --> 00:35:57,349 {\an1}those can all be sent separately but the rover itself 1746 00:35:57,349 --> 00:35:57,359 {\an1}rover itself 1747 00:35:57,359 --> 00:36:01,030 {\an1}rover itself fully assembled was sent on a large 1748 00:36:01,030 --> 00:36:01,040 {\an1}fully assembled was sent on a large 1749 00:36:01,040 --> 00:36:01,670 {\an1}fully assembled was sent on a large airplane 1750 00:36:01,670 --> 00:36:01,680 {\an1}airplane 1751 00:36:01,680 --> 00:36:06,550 {\an1}airplane to cape kennedy 1752 00:36:06,550 --> 00:36:06,560 {\an1} 1753 00:36:06,560 --> 00:36:08,950 {\an1}at the launch site in florida they tuck 1754 00:36:08,950 --> 00:36:08,960 {\an1}at the launch site in florida they tuck 1755 00:36:08,960 --> 00:36:11,030 {\an1}at the launch site in florida they tuck perseverance into the capsule 1756 00:36:11,030 --> 00:36:11,040 {\an1}perseverance into the capsule 1757 00:36:11,040 --> 00:36:12,870 {\an1}perseverance into the capsule cradle it into the top stage of the 1758 00:36:12,870 --> 00:36:12,880 {\an1}cradle it into the top stage of the 1759 00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:14,390 {\an1}cradle it into the top stage of the rocket and 1760 00:36:14,390 --> 00:36:14,400 {\an1}rocket and 1761 00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:18,790 {\an1}rocket and worry you're in a situation 1762 00:36:18,790 --> 00:36:18,800 {\an1}worry you're in a situation 1763 00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:21,589 {\an1}worry you're in a situation where you've got years and years of work 1764 00:36:21,589 --> 00:36:21,599 {\an1}where you've got years and years of work 1765 00:36:21,599 --> 00:36:22,470 {\an1}where you've got years and years of work wrapped up 1766 00:36:22,470 --> 00:36:22,480 {\an1}wrapped up 1767 00:36:22,480 --> 00:36:25,349 {\an1}wrapped up folded origami style almost on the top 1768 00:36:25,349 --> 00:36:25,359 {\an1}folded origami style almost on the top 1769 00:36:25,359 --> 00:36:26,310 {\an1}folded origami style almost on the top of a giant 1770 00:36:26,310 --> 00:36:26,320 {\an1}of a giant 1771 00:36:26,320 --> 00:36:27,470 {\an1}of a giant bomb 1772 00:36:27,470 --> 00:36:27,480 {\an1}bomb 1773 00:36:27,480 --> 00:36:30,790 {\an1}bomb [Music] 1774 00:36:30,790 --> 00:36:30,800 {\an1} 1775 00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:32,710 {\an1}and this thing goes bang and flies off 1776 00:36:32,710 --> 00:36:32,720 {\an1}and this thing goes bang and flies off 1777 00:36:32,720 --> 00:36:34,550 {\an1}and this thing goes bang and flies off into the distance and it does so in a 1778 00:36:34,550 --> 00:36:34,560 {\an1}into the distance and it does so in a 1779 00:36:34,560 --> 00:36:35,460 {\an1}into the distance and it does so in a real hurry 1780 00:36:35,460 --> 00:36:35,470 {\an1}real hurry 1781 00:36:35,470 --> 00:36:37,829 {\an1}real hurry [Music] 1782 00:36:37,829 --> 00:36:37,839 {\an1}[Music] 1783 00:36:37,839 --> 00:36:41,990 {\an1}[Music] and so there's a lot of personal fear 1784 00:36:41,990 --> 00:36:42,000 {\an1}and so there's a lot of personal fear 1785 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:43,670 {\an1}and so there's a lot of personal fear that what happens if something goes 1786 00:36:43,670 --> 00:36:43,680 {\an1}that what happens if something goes 1787 00:36:43,680 --> 00:36:45,829 {\an1}that what happens if something goes wrong 1788 00:36:45,829 --> 00:36:45,839 {\an1}wrong 1789 00:36:45,839 --> 00:36:54,790 {\an1}wrong launch day awaits 1790 00:36:54,790 --> 00:36:54,800 {\an1}launch day awaits 1791 00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:57,349 {\an1}launch day awaits just as the new mars rover prepares to 1792 00:36:57,349 --> 00:36:57,359 {\an1}just as the new mars rover prepares to 1793 00:36:57,359 --> 00:36:59,430 {\an1}just as the new mars rover prepares to launch off the earth 1794 00:36:59,430 --> 00:36:59,440 {\an1}launch off the earth 1795 00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:03,349 {\an1}launch off the earth earth suffers a devastating blow 1796 00:37:03,349 --> 00:37:03,359 {\an1}earth suffers a devastating blow 1797 00:37:03,359 --> 00:37:05,270 {\an1}earth suffers a devastating blow the rover is perfectly named as 1798 00:37:05,270 --> 00:37:05,280 {\an1}the rover is perfectly named as 1799 00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:06,550 {\an1}the rover is perfectly named as perseverance because 1800 00:37:06,550 --> 00:37:06,560 {\an1}perseverance because 1801 00:37:06,560 --> 00:37:09,750 {\an1}perseverance because getting this rover to the launch pad 1802 00:37:09,750 --> 00:37:09,760 {\an1}getting this rover to the launch pad 1803 00:37:09,760 --> 00:37:11,960 {\an1}getting this rover to the launch pad occurred during a global pandemic 1804 00:37:11,960 --> 00:37:11,970 {\an1}occurred during a global pandemic 1805 00:37:11,970 --> 00:37:14,710 {\an1}occurred during a global pandemic [Music] 1806 00:37:14,710 --> 00:37:14,720 {\an1}[Music] 1807 00:37:14,720 --> 00:37:16,790 {\an1}[Music] it's hard enough to get a rover built on 1808 00:37:16,790 --> 00:37:16,800 {\an1}it's hard enough to get a rover built on 1809 00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:18,630 {\an1}it's hard enough to get a rover built on time and with no mistakes in it 1810 00:37:18,630 --> 00:37:18,640 {\an1}time and with no mistakes in it 1811 00:37:18,640 --> 00:37:20,950 {\an1}time and with no mistakes in it and you layer on a global pandemic you 1812 00:37:20,950 --> 00:37:20,960 {\an1}and you layer on a global pandemic you 1813 00:37:20,960 --> 00:37:23,030 {\an1}and you layer on a global pandemic you know there's an extreme amount of stress 1814 00:37:23,030 --> 00:37:23,040 {\an1}know there's an extreme amount of stress 1815 00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:25,170 {\an1}know there's an extreme amount of stress and you know pressure 1816 00:37:25,170 --> 00:37:25,180 {\an1}and you know pressure 1817 00:37:25,180 --> 00:37:27,829 {\an1}and you know pressure [Music] 1818 00:37:27,829 --> 00:37:27,839 {\an1}[Music] 1819 00:37:27,839 --> 00:37:30,310 {\an1}[Music] if something delays the launch mars 1820 00:37:30,310 --> 00:37:30,320 {\an1}if something delays the launch mars 1821 00:37:30,320 --> 00:37:32,550 {\an1}if something delays the launch mars won't line up this closely to the earth 1822 00:37:32,550 --> 00:37:32,560 {\an1}won't line up this closely to the earth 1823 00:37:32,560 --> 00:37:34,710 {\an1}won't line up this closely to the earth for another two years 1824 00:37:34,710 --> 00:37:34,720 {\an1}for another two years 1825 00:37:34,720 --> 00:37:36,140 {\an1}for another two years we're gonna get one shot at this 1826 00:37:36,140 --> 00:37:36,150 {\an1}we're gonna get one shot at this 1827 00:37:36,150 --> 00:37:38,710 {\an1}we're gonna get one shot at this [Music] 1828 00:37:38,710 --> 00:37:38,720 {\an1}[Music] 1829 00:37:38,720 --> 00:37:41,270 {\an1}[Music] perseverance will ride on an atlas v 1830 00:37:41,270 --> 00:37:41,280 {\an1}perseverance will ride on an atlas v 1831 00:37:41,280 --> 00:37:43,190 {\an1}perseverance will ride on an atlas v rocket 1832 00:37:43,190 --> 00:37:43,200 {\an1}rocket 1833 00:37:43,200 --> 00:37:45,910 {\an1}rocket the boosters come from alabama the 1834 00:37:45,910 --> 00:37:45,920 {\an1}the boosters come from alabama the 1835 00:37:45,920 --> 00:37:48,550 {\an1}the boosters come from alabama the payload adapter comes from texas 1836 00:37:48,550 --> 00:37:48,560 {\an1}payload adapter comes from texas 1837 00:37:48,560 --> 00:37:55,829 {\an1}payload adapter comes from texas and the physics come from experience 1838 00:37:55,829 --> 00:37:55,839 {\an1} 1839 00:37:55,839 --> 00:37:58,470 {\an1}it's not easy to hit a moving target at 1840 00:37:58,470 --> 00:37:58,480 {\an1}it's not easy to hit a moving target at 1841 00:37:58,480 --> 00:38:00,310 {\an1}it's not easy to hit a moving target at a cosmic distance 1842 00:38:00,310 --> 00:38:00,320 {\an1}a cosmic distance 1843 00:38:00,320 --> 00:38:02,710 {\an1}a cosmic distance the navigation people are trying to do 1844 00:38:02,710 --> 00:38:02,720 {\an1}the navigation people are trying to do 1845 00:38:02,720 --> 00:38:06,230 {\an1}the navigation people are trying to do this 100 million mile hole in one 1846 00:38:06,230 --> 00:38:06,240 {\an1}this 100 million mile hole in one 1847 00:38:06,240 --> 00:38:08,150 {\an1}this 100 million mile hole in one the spacecraft is actually put to a 1848 00:38:08,150 --> 00:38:08,160 {\an1}the spacecraft is actually put to a 1849 00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:11,270 {\an1}the spacecraft is actually put to a place where mars is going to be 1850 00:38:11,270 --> 00:38:11,280 {\an1}place where mars is going to be 1851 00:38:11,280 --> 00:38:13,349 {\an1}place where mars is going to be so think about a quarterback throwing a 1852 00:38:13,349 --> 00:38:13,359 {\an1}so think about a quarterback throwing a 1853 00:38:13,359 --> 00:38:14,950 {\an1}so think about a quarterback throwing a long bomb downfield 1854 00:38:14,950 --> 00:38:14,960 {\an1}long bomb downfield 1855 00:38:14,960 --> 00:38:16,950 {\an1}long bomb downfield even though the receiver is still 20 30 1856 00:38:16,950 --> 00:38:16,960 {\an1}even though the receiver is still 20 30 1857 00:38:16,960 --> 00:38:18,150 {\an1}even though the receiver is still 20 30 yards away from where he's going to 1858 00:38:18,150 --> 00:38:18,160 {\an1}yards away from where he's going to 1859 00:38:18,160 --> 00:38:19,270 {\an1}yards away from where he's going to catch the ball 1860 00:38:19,270 --> 00:38:19,280 {\an1}catch the ball 1861 00:38:19,280 --> 00:38:20,630 {\an1}catch the ball and knowing that the two are going to 1862 00:38:20,630 --> 00:38:20,640 {\an1}and knowing that the two are going to 1863 00:38:20,640 --> 00:38:22,550 {\an1}and knowing that the two are going to come together at that last second at 1864 00:38:22,550 --> 00:38:22,560 {\an1}come together at that last second at 1865 00:38:22,560 --> 00:38:30,550 {\an1}come together at that last second at just the right time 1866 00:38:30,550 --> 00:38:30,560 {\an1} 1867 00:38:30,560 --> 00:38:32,630 {\an1}what a beautiful morning here on the 1868 00:38:32,630 --> 00:38:32,640 {\an1}what a beautiful morning here on the 1869 00:38:32,640 --> 00:38:34,069 {\an1}what a beautiful morning here on the space coast 1870 00:38:34,069 --> 00:38:34,079 {\an1}space coast 1871 00:38:34,079 --> 00:38:36,790 {\an1}space coast welcome everyone behind us the star of 1872 00:38:36,790 --> 00:38:36,800 {\an1}welcome everyone behind us the star of 1873 00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:39,030 {\an1}welcome everyone behind us the star of the show 1874 00:38:39,030 --> 00:38:39,040 {\an1}the show 1875 00:38:39,040 --> 00:38:41,510 {\an1}the show after years of work the moments before 1876 00:38:41,510 --> 00:38:41,520 {\an1}after years of work the moments before 1877 00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:42,150 {\an1}after years of work the moments before launch 1878 00:38:42,150 --> 00:38:42,160 {\an1}launch 1879 00:38:42,160 --> 00:38:45,030 {\an1}launch are like a vacuum currently working no 1880 00:38:45,030 --> 00:38:45,040 {\an1}are like a vacuum currently working no 1881 00:38:45,040 --> 00:38:46,470 {\an1}are like a vacuum currently working no issues on the range or the 1882 00:38:46,470 --> 00:38:46,480 {\an1}issues on the range or the 1883 00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,550 {\an1}issues on the range or the launch vehicle here's be ready to 1884 00:38:48,550 --> 00:38:48,560 {\an1}launch vehicle here's be ready to 1885 00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:51,349 {\an1}launch vehicle here's be ready to proceed 1886 00:38:51,349 --> 00:38:51,359 {\an1} 1887 00:38:51,359 --> 00:38:53,349 {\an1}they have a lot of their lives invested 1888 00:38:53,349 --> 00:38:53,359 {\an1}they have a lot of their lives invested 1889 00:38:53,359 --> 00:38:57,109 {\an1}they have a lot of their lives invested in these things 1890 00:38:57,109 --> 00:38:57,119 {\an1} 1891 00:38:57,119 --> 00:39:00,370 {\an1}it's as if your child is leaving home 1892 00:39:00,370 --> 00:39:00,380 {\an1}it's as if your child is leaving home 1893 00:39:00,380 --> 00:39:03,430 {\an1}it's as if your child is leaving home [Music] 1894 00:39:03,430 --> 00:39:03,440 {\an1}[Music] 1895 00:39:03,440 --> 00:39:06,710 {\an1}[Music] that is literally what is happening 1896 00:39:06,710 --> 00:39:06,720 {\an1}that is literally what is happening 1897 00:39:06,720 --> 00:39:08,390 {\an1}that is literally what is happening it's just in this case the child is a 1898 00:39:08,390 --> 00:39:08,400 {\an1}it's just in this case the child is a 1899 00:39:08,400 --> 00:39:11,829 {\an1}it's just in this case the child is a robot that is going to another planet 1900 00:39:11,829 --> 00:39:11,839 {\an1}robot that is going to another planet 1901 00:39:11,839 --> 00:39:15,240 {\an1}robot that is going to another planet go atlas go 1902 00:39:15,240 --> 00:39:15,250 {\an1} 1903 00:39:15,250 --> 00:39:26,710 {\an1} [Music] 1904 00:39:26,710 --> 00:39:26,720 {\an1} 1905 00:39:26,720 --> 00:39:28,550 {\an1}the perseverance of humanity launching 1906 00:39:28,550 --> 00:39:28,560 {\an1}the perseverance of humanity launching 1907 00:39:28,560 --> 00:39:30,710 {\an1}the perseverance of humanity launching the next generation of robotic explorers 1908 00:39:30,710 --> 00:39:30,720 {\an1}the next generation of robotic explorers 1909 00:39:30,720 --> 00:39:31,910 {\an1}the next generation of robotic explorers to the red planet 1910 00:39:31,910 --> 00:39:31,920 {\an1}to the red planet 1911 00:39:31,920 --> 00:39:34,550 {\an1}to the red planet barely 30 seconds in it breaks the sound 1912 00:39:34,550 --> 00:39:34,560 {\an1}barely 30 seconds in it breaks the sound 1913 00:39:34,560 --> 00:39:35,190 {\an1}barely 30 seconds in it breaks the sound barrier 1914 00:39:35,190 --> 00:39:35,200 {\an1}barrier 1915 00:39:35,200 --> 00:39:38,390 {\an1}barrier and mach 1 atlas 5 is now supersonic 1916 00:39:38,390 --> 00:39:38,400 {\an1}and mach 1 atlas 5 is now supersonic 1917 00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:41,030 {\an1}and mach 1 atlas 5 is now supersonic 90 miles up the solid rocket boosters 1918 00:39:41,030 --> 00:39:41,040 {\an1}90 miles up the solid rocket boosters 1919 00:39:41,040 --> 00:39:42,069 {\an1}90 miles up the solid rocket boosters peel off 1920 00:39:42,069 --> 00:39:42,079 {\an1}peel off 1921 00:39:42,079 --> 00:39:43,990 {\an1}peel off and we have a good indication of srb 1922 00:39:43,990 --> 00:39:44,000 {\an1}and we have a good indication of srb 1923 00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:46,790 {\an1}and we have a good indication of srb jettison of all four srbs 1924 00:39:46,790 --> 00:39:46,800 {\an1}jettison of all four srbs 1925 00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:49,030 {\an1}jettison of all four srbs just four and a half minutes in the 1926 00:39:49,030 --> 00:39:49,040 {\an1}just four and a half minutes in the 1927 00:39:49,040 --> 00:39:50,710 {\an1}just four and a half minutes in the rocket drops back 1928 00:39:50,710 --> 00:39:50,720 {\an1}rocket drops back 1929 00:39:50,720 --> 00:39:52,390 {\an1}rocket drops back and we have good indication of atlas 1930 00:39:52,390 --> 00:39:52,400 {\an1}and we have good indication of atlas 1931 00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:54,150 {\an1}and we have good indication of atlas centaur separation 1932 00:39:54,150 --> 00:39:54,160 {\an1}centaur separation 1933 00:39:54,160 --> 00:39:57,109 {\an1}centaur separation perseverance puts earth in the rear view 1934 00:39:57,109 --> 00:39:57,119 {\an1}perseverance puts earth in the rear view 1935 00:39:57,119 --> 00:39:58,790 {\an1}perseverance puts earth in the rear view mirror 1936 00:39:58,790 --> 00:39:58,800 {\an1}mirror 1937 00:39:58,800 --> 00:40:01,990 {\an1}mirror to have watched this rover launch to 1938 00:40:01,990 --> 00:40:02,000 {\an1}to have watched this rover launch to 1939 00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:04,150 {\an1}to have watched this rover launch to to mars was an incredible feat 1940 00:40:04,150 --> 00:40:04,160 {\an1}to mars was an incredible feat 1941 00:40:04,160 --> 00:40:06,390 {\an1}to mars was an incredible feat successful separation of mars 2020 with 1942 00:40:06,390 --> 00:40:06,400 {\an1}successful separation of mars 2020 with 1943 00:40:06,400 --> 00:40:07,910 {\an1}successful separation of mars 2020 with the perseverance rover 1944 00:40:07,910 --> 00:40:07,920 {\an1}the perseverance rover 1945 00:40:07,920 --> 00:40:10,230 {\an1}the perseverance rover there we go awesome now it enters the 1946 00:40:10,230 --> 00:40:10,240 {\an1}there we go awesome now it enters the 1947 00:40:10,240 --> 00:40:11,349 {\an1}there we go awesome now it enters the cruise phase 1948 00:40:11,349 --> 00:40:11,359 {\an1}cruise phase 1949 00:40:11,359 --> 00:40:14,710 {\an1}cruise phase six months of silent sailing that will 1950 00:40:14,710 --> 00:40:14,720 {\an1}six months of silent sailing that will 1951 00:40:14,720 --> 00:40:15,349 {\an1}six months of silent sailing that will end 1952 00:40:15,349 --> 00:40:15,359 {\an1}end 1953 00:40:15,359 --> 00:40:17,990 {\an1}end with a terrifying seven-minute leap of 1954 00:40:17,990 --> 00:40:18,000 {\an1}with a terrifying seven-minute leap of 1955 00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:20,470 {\an1}with a terrifying seven-minute leap of faith 1956 00:40:20,470 --> 00:40:20,480 {\an1} 1957 00:40:20,480 --> 00:40:22,230 {\an1}when the spacecraft gets to mars it's 1958 00:40:22,230 --> 00:40:22,240 {\an1}when the spacecraft gets to mars it's 1959 00:40:22,240 --> 00:40:23,990 {\an1}when the spacecraft gets to mars it's literally going thousands of miles 1960 00:40:23,990 --> 00:40:24,000 {\an1}literally going thousands of miles 1961 00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:27,829 {\an1}literally going thousands of miles an hour and so we've got to go 1962 00:40:27,829 --> 00:40:27,839 {\an1}an hour and so we've got to go 1963 00:40:27,839 --> 00:40:31,829 {\an1}an hour and so we've got to go from thousands of miles an hour 1964 00:40:31,829 --> 00:40:31,839 {\an1} 1965 00:40:31,839 --> 00:40:34,950 {\an1}to zero 1966 00:40:34,950 --> 00:40:34,960 {\an1} 1967 00:40:34,960 --> 00:40:38,950 {\an1}and not do a bug on a windshield 1968 00:40:38,950 --> 00:40:38,960 {\an1}and not do a bug on a windshield 1969 00:40:38,960 --> 00:40:41,430 {\an1}and not do a bug on a windshield the heavier the spacecraft the harder it 1970 00:40:41,430 --> 00:40:41,440 {\an1}the heavier the spacecraft the harder it 1971 00:40:41,440 --> 00:40:44,150 {\an1}the heavier the spacecraft the harder it is to slow it down 1972 00:40:44,150 --> 00:40:44,160 {\an1}is to slow it down 1973 00:40:44,160 --> 00:40:46,069 {\an1}is to slow it down viking was light enough to land with a 1974 00:40:46,069 --> 00:40:46,079 {\an1}viking was light enough to land with a 1975 00:40:46,079 --> 00:40:49,910 {\an1}viking was light enough to land with a parachute and some retro rockets 1976 00:40:49,910 --> 00:40:49,920 {\an1}parachute and some retro rockets 1977 00:40:49,920 --> 00:40:51,990 {\an1}parachute and some retro rockets the heavier spirit and opportunity 1978 00:40:51,990 --> 00:40:52,000 {\an1}the heavier spirit and opportunity 1979 00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:53,349 {\an1}the heavier spirit and opportunity rovers needed 1980 00:40:53,349 --> 00:40:53,359 {\an1}rovers needed 1981 00:40:53,359 --> 00:40:57,990 {\an1}rovers needed giant balloons to cushion their impact 1982 00:40:57,990 --> 00:40:58,000 {\an1} 1983 00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:00,710 {\an1}now one ton perseverance will take a far 1984 00:41:00,710 --> 00:41:00,720 {\an1}now one ton perseverance will take a far 1985 00:41:00,720 --> 00:41:02,470 {\an1}now one ton perseverance will take a far trickier path 1986 00:41:02,470 --> 00:41:02,480 {\an1}trickier path 1987 00:41:02,480 --> 00:41:04,950 {\an1}trickier path as the spacecraft encounters the upper 1988 00:41:04,950 --> 00:41:04,960 {\an1}as the spacecraft encounters the upper 1989 00:41:04,960 --> 00:41:07,190 {\an1}as the spacecraft encounters the upper part of the atmosphere will heat up 1990 00:41:07,190 --> 00:41:07,200 {\an1}part of the atmosphere will heat up 1991 00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:09,670 {\an1}part of the atmosphere will heat up once it slows down enough then the heat 1992 00:41:09,670 --> 00:41:09,680 {\an1}once it slows down enough then the heat 1993 00:41:09,680 --> 00:41:11,430 {\an1}once it slows down enough then the heat shield will come off 1994 00:41:11,430 --> 00:41:11,440 {\an1}shield will come off 1995 00:41:11,440 --> 00:41:13,270 {\an1}shield will come off once we've slowed down enough on the 1996 00:41:13,270 --> 00:41:13,280 {\an1}once we've slowed down enough on the 1997 00:41:13,280 --> 00:41:14,870 {\an1}once we've slowed down enough on the parachute then the 1998 00:41:14,870 --> 00:41:14,880 {\an1}parachute then the 1999 00:41:14,880 --> 00:41:19,589 {\an1}parachute then the rover will separate from the back shell 2000 00:41:19,589 --> 00:41:19,599 {\an1}rover will separate from the back shell 2001 00:41:19,599 --> 00:41:21,990 {\an1}rover will separate from the back shell that's when the engines on the descent 2002 00:41:21,990 --> 00:41:22,000 {\an1}that's when the engines on the descent 2003 00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:23,670 {\an1}that's when the engines on the descent stage will actually ignite 2004 00:41:23,670 --> 00:41:23,680 {\an1}stage will actually ignite 2005 00:41:23,680 --> 00:41:26,150 {\an1}stage will actually ignite and slow us down to eventually hovering 2006 00:41:26,150 --> 00:41:26,160 {\an1}and slow us down to eventually hovering 2007 00:41:26,160 --> 00:41:27,990 {\an1}and slow us down to eventually hovering over the surface 2008 00:41:27,990 --> 00:41:28,000 {\an1}over the surface 2009 00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:31,270 {\an1}over the surface the rover itself will actually be gently 2010 00:41:31,270 --> 00:41:31,280 {\an1}the rover itself will actually be gently 2011 00:41:31,280 --> 00:41:31,829 {\an1}the rover itself will actually be gently lowered 2012 00:41:31,829 --> 00:41:31,839 {\an1}lowered 2013 00:41:31,839 --> 00:41:35,270 {\an1}lowered spooled on cables 2014 00:41:35,270 --> 00:41:35,280 {\an1}spooled on cables 2015 00:41:35,280 --> 00:41:37,430 {\an1}spooled on cables once the wheels touch the ground the 2016 00:41:37,430 --> 00:41:37,440 {\an1}once the wheels touch the ground the 2017 00:41:37,440 --> 00:41:38,309 {\an1}once the wheels touch the ground the cables are cut 2018 00:41:38,309 --> 00:41:38,319 {\an1}cables are cut 2019 00:41:38,319 --> 00:41:43,670 {\an1}cables are cut and the descent stage flies away 2020 00:41:43,670 --> 00:41:43,680 {\an1} 2021 00:41:43,680 --> 00:41:46,230 {\an1}and then we have a rover on the surface 2022 00:41:46,230 --> 00:41:46,240 {\an1}and then we have a rover on the surface 2023 00:41:46,240 --> 00:41:49,190 {\an1}and then we have a rover on the surface of mars 2024 00:41:49,190 --> 00:41:49,200 {\an1}of mars 2025 00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:51,589 {\an1}of mars if it lands safely perseverance could 2026 00:41:51,589 --> 00:41:51,599 {\an1}if it lands safely perseverance could 2027 00:41:51,599 --> 00:41:53,670 {\an1}if it lands safely perseverance could provide the first evidence that mars 2028 00:41:53,670 --> 00:41:53,680 {\an1}provide the first evidence that mars 2029 00:41:53,680 --> 00:41:55,910 {\an1}provide the first evidence that mars supported life 2030 00:41:55,910 --> 00:41:55,920 {\an1}supported life 2031 00:41:55,920 --> 00:42:00,829 {\an1}supported life but it will also ask could mars support 2032 00:42:00,829 --> 00:42:00,839 {\an1}but it will also ask could mars support 2033 00:42:00,839 --> 00:42:02,550 {\an1}but it will also ask could mars support us it can be 2034 00:42:02,550 --> 00:42:02,560 {\an1}us it can be 2035 00:42:02,560 --> 00:42:05,030 {\an1}us it can be minus 200 degrees fahrenheit it can be 2036 00:42:05,030 --> 00:42:05,040 {\an1}minus 200 degrees fahrenheit it can be 2037 00:42:05,040 --> 00:42:05,589 {\an1}minus 200 degrees fahrenheit it can be windy 2038 00:42:05,589 --> 00:42:05,599 {\an1}windy 2039 00:42:05,599 --> 00:42:08,470 {\an1}windy can be dusty so it's a pretty tough 2040 00:42:08,470 --> 00:42:08,480 {\an1}can be dusty so it's a pretty tough 2041 00:42:08,480 --> 00:42:09,030 {\an1}can be dusty so it's a pretty tough place 2042 00:42:09,030 --> 00:42:09,040 {\an1}place 2043 00:42:09,040 --> 00:42:12,470 {\an1}place to exist 2044 00:42:12,470 --> 00:42:12,480 {\an1} 2045 00:42:12,480 --> 00:42:14,710 {\an1}one experiment on perseverance called 2046 00:42:14,710 --> 00:42:14,720 {\an1}one experiment on perseverance called 2047 00:42:14,720 --> 00:42:15,510 {\an1}one experiment on perseverance called moxie 2048 00:42:15,510 --> 00:42:15,520 {\an1}moxie 2049 00:42:15,520 --> 00:42:17,349 {\an1}moxie could set the stage for future 2050 00:42:17,349 --> 00:42:17,359 {\an1}could set the stage for future 2051 00:42:17,359 --> 00:42:19,510 {\an1}could set the stage for future astronauts 2052 00:42:19,510 --> 00:42:19,520 {\an1}astronauts 2053 00:42:19,520 --> 00:42:21,270 {\an1}astronauts the moxie instrument is going to take 2054 00:42:21,270 --> 00:42:21,280 {\an1}the moxie instrument is going to take 2055 00:42:21,280 --> 00:42:22,630 {\an1}the moxie instrument is going to take carbon dioxide 2056 00:42:22,630 --> 00:42:22,640 {\an1}carbon dioxide 2057 00:42:22,640 --> 00:42:26,069 {\an1}carbon dioxide out of mars atmosphere strip out oxygen 2058 00:42:26,069 --> 00:42:26,079 {\an1}out of mars atmosphere strip out oxygen 2059 00:42:26,079 --> 00:42:28,870 {\an1}out of mars atmosphere strip out oxygen from those carbon dioxide molecules so 2060 00:42:28,870 --> 00:42:28,880 {\an1}from those carbon dioxide molecules so 2061 00:42:28,880 --> 00:42:30,550 {\an1}from those carbon dioxide molecules so the instrument will be generating 2062 00:42:30,550 --> 00:42:30,560 {\an1}the instrument will be generating 2063 00:42:30,560 --> 00:42:33,589 {\an1}the instrument will be generating oxygen with the materials already 2064 00:42:33,589 --> 00:42:33,599 {\an1}oxygen with the materials already 2065 00:42:33,599 --> 00:42:37,430 {\an1}oxygen with the materials already present on mars maybe future astronauts 2066 00:42:37,430 --> 00:42:37,440 {\an1}present on mars maybe future astronauts 2067 00:42:37,440 --> 00:42:38,150 {\an1}present on mars maybe future astronauts could breathe 2068 00:42:38,150 --> 00:42:38,160 {\an1}could breathe 2069 00:42:38,160 --> 00:42:41,670 {\an1}could breathe oxygen mined from the atmosphere 2070 00:42:41,670 --> 00:42:41,680 {\an1}oxygen mined from the atmosphere 2071 00:42:41,680 --> 00:42:43,829 {\an1}oxygen mined from the atmosphere maybe they could draw water from the ice 2072 00:42:43,829 --> 00:42:43,839 {\an1}maybe they could draw water from the ice 2073 00:42:43,839 --> 00:42:45,910 {\an1}maybe they could draw water from the ice underground 2074 00:42:45,910 --> 00:42:45,920 {\an1}underground 2075 00:42:45,920 --> 00:42:49,180 {\an1}underground and grow food inside their mars base 2076 00:42:49,180 --> 00:42:49,190 {\an1}and grow food inside their mars base 2077 00:42:49,190 --> 00:42:52,069 {\an1}and grow food inside their mars base [Music] 2078 00:42:52,069 --> 00:42:52,079 {\an1}[Music] 2079 00:42:52,079 --> 00:42:54,950 {\an1}[Music] perseverance is blazing the trail for it 2080 00:42:54,950 --> 00:42:54,960 {\an1}perseverance is blazing the trail for it 2081 00:42:54,960 --> 00:42:57,030 {\an1}perseverance is blazing the trail for it all 2082 00:42:57,030 --> 00:42:57,040 {\an1}all 2083 00:42:57,040 --> 00:42:58,630 {\an1}all i think all of us hope eventually humans 2084 00:42:58,630 --> 00:42:58,640 {\an1}i think all of us hope eventually humans 2085 00:42:58,640 --> 00:43:00,870 {\an1}i think all of us hope eventually humans will get there well that's just the 2086 00:43:00,870 --> 00:43:00,880 {\an1}will get there well that's just the 2087 00:43:00,880 --> 00:43:01,910 {\an1}will get there well that's just the latest 2088 00:43:01,910 --> 00:43:01,920 {\an1}latest 2089 00:43:01,920 --> 00:43:04,870 {\an1}latest evolution of doing things on other 2090 00:43:04,870 --> 00:43:04,880 {\an1}evolution of doing things on other 2091 00:43:04,880 --> 00:43:07,589 {\an1}evolution of doing things on other planets 2092 00:43:07,589 --> 00:43:07,599 {\an1} 2093 00:43:07,599 --> 00:43:09,589 {\an1}humans could be off doing scientific 2094 00:43:09,589 --> 00:43:09,599 {\an1}humans could be off doing scientific 2095 00:43:09,599 --> 00:43:12,069 {\an1}humans could be off doing scientific discovery and robots could be left to do 2096 00:43:12,069 --> 00:43:12,079 {\an1}discovery and robots could be left to do 2097 00:43:12,079 --> 00:43:12,790 {\an1}discovery and robots could be left to do some of the 2098 00:43:12,790 --> 00:43:12,800 {\an1}some of the 2099 00:43:12,800 --> 00:43:14,870 {\an1}some of the mundane housekeeping the creating of the 2100 00:43:14,870 --> 00:43:14,880 {\an1}mundane housekeeping the creating of the 2101 00:43:14,880 --> 00:43:18,790 {\an1}mundane housekeeping the creating of the resources needed to survive 2102 00:43:18,790 --> 00:43:18,800 {\an1} 2103 00:43:18,800 --> 00:43:21,270 {\an1}robots are great but again i think they 2104 00:43:21,270 --> 00:43:21,280 {\an1}robots are great but again i think they 2105 00:43:21,280 --> 00:43:22,730 {\an1}robots are great but again i think they can only tell you so much 2106 00:43:22,730 --> 00:43:22,740 {\an1}can only tell you so much 2107 00:43:22,740 --> 00:43:23,990 {\an1}can only tell you so much [Music] 2108 00:43:23,990 --> 00:43:24,000 {\an1}[Music] 2109 00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:27,589 {\an1}[Music] personally i think we should go 2110 00:43:27,589 --> 00:43:27,599 {\an1}personally i think we should go 2111 00:43:27,599 --> 00:43:30,390 {\an1}personally i think we should go a family photo of mars rovers reveals 2112 00:43:30,390 --> 00:43:30,400 {\an1}a family photo of mars rovers reveals 2113 00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:32,230 {\an1}a family photo of mars rovers reveals generations of explorers 2114 00:43:32,230 --> 00:43:32,240 {\an1}generations of explorers 2115 00:43:32,240 --> 00:43:35,690 {\an1}generations of explorers with perseverance at the cutting edge 2116 00:43:35,690 --> 00:43:35,700 {\an1}with perseverance at the cutting edge 2117 00:43:35,700 --> 00:43:38,309 {\an1}with perseverance at the cutting edge [Music] 2118 00:43:38,309 --> 00:43:38,319 {\an1}[Music] 2119 00:43:38,319 --> 00:43:40,550 {\an1}[Music] one day humans might launch in their 2120 00:43:40,550 --> 00:43:40,560 {\an1}one day humans might launch in their 2121 00:43:40,560 --> 00:43:42,069 {\an1}one day humans might launch in their wake 2122 00:43:42,069 --> 00:43:42,079 {\an1}wake 2123 00:43:42,079 --> 00:43:44,309 {\an1}wake and an astronaut could make the first 2124 00:43:44,309 --> 00:43:44,319 {\an1}and an astronaut could make the first 2125 00:43:44,319 --> 00:43:45,990 {\an1}and an astronaut could make the first footprint 2126 00:43:45,990 --> 00:43:46,000 {\an1}footprint 2127 00:43:46,000 --> 00:43:48,470 {\an1}footprint but she might look out and see what made 2128 00:43:48,470 --> 00:43:48,480 {\an1}but she might look out and see what made 2129 00:43:48,480 --> 00:43:49,430 {\an1}but she might look out and see what made her footprint 2130 00:43:49,430 --> 00:43:49,440 {\an1}her footprint 2131 00:43:49,440 --> 00:43:53,349 {\an1}her footprint possible miles and miles 2132 00:43:53,349 --> 00:43:53,359 {\an1}possible miles and miles 2133 00:43:53,359 --> 00:44:02,720 {\an1}possible miles and miles of rover tracks