♪♪
Genge: We are so dependent on our star for our survival.
We really need to understand.
Fox: The sun's corona is hotter than the surface of the sun.
It breaks the laws of physics.
Genge: These are like bowling balls of gas
Being thrown away from the sun towards the planets.
James: Based on our observations of mercury,
We can determine how the sun is evolving over time,
Understanding our star by looking at individual planets.
Slavin: Mercury is known as the planet of extremes.
It is the planet that formed closest to the sun.
Man: We've identified a tumbling object.
Genge: The solar probe is the next big challenge.
It's the most ambitious mission that we've ever done.
We're gonna go in and we're gonna touch the sun.
Man: Three, two, one...
Zero.
♪♪
Narrator: The more we learn about the sun...
...With help from its closest planet, mercury...
The clearer it becomes that the earth and humanity itself
Are at risk.
That's "goodbye, spacecraft."
♪♪
-- Captions by vitac -- www.Vitac.Com
Captions paid for by discovery communications
♪♪
Fox: Humanity, I think, has a general quest for knowledge.
We tend to just ask questions and wonder why.
The nature is to look up and to look around you
And to want to understand your surroundings.
And so the first thing anyone looked up and wondered about
Was the sun.
Studying the sun has always been difficult,
Mainly because it's so bright.
It burns out your eyes, it burns out photographic plates,
It burns out everything if you don't do it carefully.
Fox: The sun is a constant in our lives.
It rises every morning. It sets every night.
And yet, when you look at the sun,
You will see that it is anything but constant.
It is a continually changing, incredibly active star.
Narrator: Chinese astronomers were the first to record
The sun's behavior 2,800 years ago.
They noted that dark patches appear on its surface
And then disappear.
But it would take the invention of the telescope for humans
To truly begin to unravel the mysteries of our star.
Lucie: The most famous observer of sunspots is galileo,
And he made absolutely fantastic,
Intricate drawings of sunspots and he monitored them
In particular over the summer of 1612,
Allowing us to see where the sun spots were forming.
He was able to show that the sun rotated.
He was able to show that the sun rotated at different rates.
And he really showed us that,
Yes, the sun is not this perfect object.
It is blemished, but it is interesting and is changing.
Narrator: Galileo thought that the sunspots
Were most likely clouds forming in the sun's atmosphere.
Then, 200 years later,
An entirely different set of observations
Began to hint that the earth and the sun might have
Some kind of mysterious, invisible connection.
Lucie: In 1886, prussian explorer and geographer
Called alexander von humboldt, he noticed that during a night
Where there was a strong display of the aurora,
His compass needle veered away from its normal bearing.
Then, when the aurora display subsided,
The compass went back to its previous position.
Today, we call it a geomagnetic storm,
A disturbance of the earth's magnetic field.
Humboldt concluded that whatever was behind the aurora,
The northern and southern lights,
Was having a magnetic impact on the earth.
Narrator: As investigations into the mysteries of the sun continued,
More and more strange phenomena were observed.
In 1859, richard carrington,
A wealthy brewer in surrey in England,
His passion was to watch the sun every day
And draw what he saw on the surface.
He noticed one day in early September
That he saw these two bright regions form.
They sort of flared into brightness.
At the same time, in london's kew gardens observatory,
An extremely sensitive device called a magnetometer
That monitors the earth's magnetic field
Registered a sudden anomaly.
Then, 17 1/2 hours later, the aurora broke out.
Across the united states and England
And other places in india,
Where they had telegraph systems,
They all stopped working.
They generated hundreds of volts of electricity on these lines.
There was a person in washington that was nearly electrocuted.
Apparently, another telegraph station
Was burned down in connecticut.
The aurora borealis,
Which normally hides up in the arctic regions,
Could now be seen in cuba almost directly overhead.
In japan, they were reporting deep crimson red aurora.
Miners up in pikes peak in colorado
Basically broke camp at 1:00 in the morning,
Thinking that it was daylight.
You know, they were fixing breakfast.
[ laughs ]
You know, 'cause it was so light.
♪♪
Narrator: As a result of the amazing observations he made,
Carrington described his findings of solar flares
At the royal astronomical society that November.
It was the first time an event on the sun's surface
Had been directly linked to events on the earth.
But the cause of this strange connection remained a mystery
Until the invention of a new technology.
The real revolution for astronomy
Didn't really happen until the advent of photography,
Beginning with the daguerreotype method.
And that was adapted for telescopic use.
And finally, the first photograph of the sun was taken.
George ellery hale, in the late 1890s,
Was the first to develop an instrument
Called the spectroheliograph,
Where basically, he selected a spectral line --
I think it was h-alpha, the atomic hydrogen line --
And he scanned that line on a photographic plate
To build up an image of the sun seen only in the light
Of that particular transition of that atom.
And so all of a sudden,
That reduced the brightness of the sun by a million times.
And now you can just image the sun
And see this glowing ring of light.
Narrator: Using this technique, hale established
That there were strong magnetic fields and spots
On the sun's surface.
Other technology was used to unravel the sun's secrets.
And it resulted in an even more puzzling discovery.
That hazy atmosphere
That you see during a total solar eclipse --
The sun's corona is hotter than the surface of the sun,
And that really doesn't make sense.
It breaks the laws of physics.
You move away from a hot body, it should get colder,
But something is happening in this region
That really heats this material up to incredible heat.
Genge: And we don't know why.
If it's that hot, why does the gas stay on the sun?
Hot materials move really fast.
And if the gas molecules are traveling faster
Than escape velocity,
There should be a wind streaming away from the sun.
Lucie: And this radical idea was predicted
By an american astronomer, eugene parker.
Narrator: In 1958, space was thought to be a hard vacuum.
And while the light and heat from the sun
Could pass through space, the enormous gravity of the sun
Would prevent any matter, such as gas, from reaching us.
But parker thought differently.
The idea was contradicted by several observations.
Lucie: He went through the mathematics, he went through the physics,
And he predicted the hot atmosphere of the sun
Has a high pressure,
So the gas is wanting to push outwards.
Meanwhile, the gravitational pull of the sun
Is trying to hold the gas in.
So you have this competition of forces.
And if you go up in height in the atmosphere of the sun,
You get to a point where the gravitational pull
Is not able to overcome the outward push of the hot gas.
And there's a really important consequence of that.
The gas streams out into the solar system.
The sun is literally expanding into space.
I realized that we had a supersonic expansion
Of the outer atmosphere of the sun,
A completely radical idea.
Eugene wrote up a scientific paper,
Submitted it to the astrophysical journal,
And it got rejected.
Parker: Hardly anybody took it seriously.
Genge: What eugene parker realized
Was that the sun should be constantly losing gas,
Streaming away to make a wind.
Narrator: Parker asked the then-editor of the astrophysical journal,
Subrahmanyan chandrasekhar, to look at his paper again.
Chandrasekhar couldn't find any mathematical flaws
In parker's work.
Chandra studied stars for many years.
In fact, he goes on to win a nobel prize
Looking at the lifetimes of stars.
He looks at the maths, he looks at the physics.
Lucie: The editor said to eugene, "so, do you really think
There's something in the work you've done?"
And he said, "yes," and the editor published it.
Narrator: But publication didn't guarantee
The scientific community would accept parker's hypothesis.
Man: ...One...Zero.
Narrator: A spacecraft on a completely different mission
Would soon confirm the theory,
Altering our perception of the sun forever.
♪♪
Narrator: When eugene parker's hypothesis of the solar wind was published,
He hoped it would gain traction in the scientific community.
But still, it's ridiculed.
Parker: That's because the paper that was published
Had no positive effect.
They were not behind it because they just believed it was wrong.
Man: Three, two, one, zero.
Parker: Four years after I made the proposal,
There was a spacecraft going to venus.
Lucie: When mariner 2 flew by venus in December 1962,
It became the first successful mission to another planet.
During the journey, it made another first.
It measured the density and composition
Of a constant stream of particles
Racing out from the sun.
And they did indeed discover
That the sun does have this outflow of gas coming from it.
The solar wind does exist.
The rest is history.
♪♪
This discovery was momentous.
Genge: All of a sudden, space is no longer a void.
It's no longer a vacuum. It's filled with material.
Is filled with this wind from the sun.
The speed of the solar winds -- it's almost beyond belief.
It's moving between 250 and 750 kilometers per second.
And it has some real significant effects on our planet.
Odenwald: The earth sort of protects itself
From the large dynamic forces of solar wind
Through this fairly stiff magnetic field that it has.
In the direction of the sun,
The magnetic field gets compressed and strengthened.
On the midnight part of the earth, directly opposite,
The magnetic field gets stretched out
Into a comet-like tail.
That tail actually can snap and reconnect itself magnetically.
And that causes a flow of particles
Into the polar regions of the earth,
And that's why we have the aurora.
♪♪
Fox: So, the first time I really understood
That the sun was having a big impact on our planet
Was when I first saw the northern lights
And I was out in sweden, in kiruna,
In the freezing-cold winter,
And the sudden thought of everything I'm looking at
Is being driven
By what has come from the sun through the solar wind
And is impacting with our planet's magnetic field.
♪♪
Film narrator: Orbiting solar observatories
Carry a number of complex experiments
Devised by scientists in nasa.
Lucie: The orbiting solar observatories
Were eight missions in a series.
They were launched from the early 1960s
Towards the end of the 1970s.
Collectively, these missions gave
Sort of longer-term opportunity
To study the activity of the sun.
There was an instrument on board that allows you to view the sun
Using an artificial solar eclipse,
So place a disk in front of the sun,
Block out its dazzling light,
And monitor the extended atmosphere around the sun.
In 1971, some sort of smudges were noticed in these images.
It transpired that a new discovery had been made.
Today, we call them coronal mass ejections.
Genge: These are like bowling balls of gas
Being thrown away from the sun towards the planets.
Man: 13, 12, 11, 10...
Genge: Skylab made some of the first detailed observations
Of these coronal mass ejection events.
Man: Four...Three...
Lucie: All the astronauts had been trained in solar physics
Before they launched,
And they were operating solar telescopes
That were on board this fantastic space station.
♪♪
One of the real successes of skylab
Comes from the number of coronal mass ejections
That the mission observed.
That allowed us to understand the events of 1859,
The so-called carrington event, because we realized
That the sun can reach out to us in a different way.
And there have been a number of near-carrington events.
In 2012,
There was a carrington-level coronal mass ejection event
That just missed the earth.
As we move to a society
That's more and more dependent on technology,
We become more vulnerable to space weather.
With space weather, it's extremely theoretical
Until your city goes into a blackout
For a couple of weeks at a time.
That hasn't happened yet,
But if we have a carrington-level superstorm,
That event is likely to be very, very real
And quite deadly, as well.
♪♪
Narrator: As humanity becomes more dependent on
Electrical- and space-based technology for daily life,
We're also increasingly vulnerable to space events.
One of the most threatening is a so-called carrington event.
Fox: A carrington-level event has been predicted now
To cause trillions of dollars' worth of damage,
Could wipe out power grids.
Imber: It can cause gps malfunctions,
Satellite instrumentation to be damaged,
Satellites to change their altitude.
It can cause high doses of radiation
To any astronauts out there.
But we never see that big event, because they very rarely happen.
So the reason I want to study mercury
Is because mercury sees that carrington-size event every day.
♪♪
It's so close to the sun,
The dynamics are so much more powerful.
I can study the physics behind the interaction.
And if I can understand that physics at mercury,
I can apply that knowledge to the earth.
Slavin: Mercury is known as the planet of extremes.
It is the planet that formed closest to the sun.
James: One of the things that we do in planetary science is fly by,
And the fly-by enables us to do initial reconnaissance
To determine if we want to come back.
For mercury, its first fly by mariner 10
Really was exciting.
Imber: Mariner 10 was launched in 1973.
We have this issue of not being sucked into the sun,
And so, actually, what we do is laps of the solar system.
And it did three fly-bys of mercury.
We didn't really know what we might find.
♪♪
And they produced a lot of surprises.
They encountered strong magnetic fields.
Surprised us -- mercury has a magnetic field.
Wow. Who would have thought?
Slavin: Then they saw the magnetic field looked like a magnetic tail,
Just like they see at earth.
Imber: But because they were fly-bys
And they took images of the surface spanning around 44%,
They gave us a snapshot in time.
We got no idea about the global picture of mercury.
And so we couldn't really get a good idea about that
Until we sent the next mission, the orbiter.
♪♪
Slavin: Mariner 10 comes back and says, "oh, we're seeing things here
That contradict our previous understanding."
Then, when resources are available
And conditions are favorable, they go back
And they do a mission of exploration.
And that's what messenger was.
Man: Six, five, four, three...
Main engine start.
...Two, one, and zero!
And liftoff of messenger on nasa's mission to mercury.
James: When I became the head of planetary science,
Messenger had launched, and it was on its way to mercury.
Messenger was all about exploring the full surface
That we'd never seen before.
But also we have to really think about
How we develop our technology to survive this environment.
The day side of mercury -- plus 450 degrees.
The night side -- about minus 180.
So the extreme temperatures over 600 degrees
Swing between one side and the other.
Narrator: Messenger orbited mercury every 12 hours
From 2011 to 2015
And took more than 200,000 images of its surface.
Slavin: What messenger did was,
It provided as its top science priority
A high-resolution image of the entire surface of mercury.
But the mystery was that there were bright spots.
There were small bright spots.
And in order for the radar
To produce a bright, high-intensity reflection,
There were thought to be two possibilities.
First possibility is that you have
A highly electrically conducting material.
The other possibility is that you might have
Natural geologic formations,
But it was very hard to imagine.
Nobody's ever seen any kind of geology that would do that.
And then one of the messenger scientists
Took all of the bright spots
In the ground-based radar measurements
And laid them down on the map of mercury.
Every single bright spot that was detected from the earth
Was inside of a crater that is permanently shadow.
We have found what we believe is ice --
Water ice at mercury,
Which is really close to the sun.
It's in one of the hottest regions in our solar system.
So, how did the ice get in there?
Has it been through meteor strikes?
'cause meteors have water.
Has it been through comets hitting the body?
Comets have a lot of water.
It's really an enigma.
♪♪
We have found what we believe is ice --
Water ice at mercury,
Which is really close to the sun.
It's in one of the hottest regions in our solar system.
So, how did the ice get in there?
It used to be thought that earth is the cradle for life.
Therefore, all organic chemistry in the solar system
Is probably concentrated in the band
That the earth's orbit maps out around the sun.
But we're now studying the water cycle
Literally throughout the solar system.
So when you're talking about where life is
And where the kind of chemistry and ultimately biology
That might produce something like us could take place,
At the moment, it's looking like it might be broader
Than just one little planet at the goldilocks distance.
♪♪
We knew that messenger was not gonna go on forever.
We had a nominal mission lifetime of a single year,
And our spacecraft survived incredibly well --
Survived for four earth years.
But there had to be a point
Where the mission came to an end.
Let's end it by impacting the planet.
Now, why would we do that?
And that's because the european space agency
Has a mission called bepicolombo that's going to mercury next,
And it's gonna answer some of the questions
That messenger left behind.
And one of the things that we want to know about is,
When we open the surface up from an impact,
From a new impact, what are we gonna find?
Now, we really have an excellent idea as to where we crashed.
It left a big hole.
And so we really are gonna be able to tell bepicolombo
Where to look for it.
And I think some new science will come out of that.
That's the hope.
One of the things that mercury tells us, and messenger did, is,
By looking carefully at its orbit and how it's changing,
The sun must be losing mass.
We know by studying other stars that the sun's evolution
Will lead it into a phase called red giant,
Where the surface will balloon out
To perhaps further than the orbit of earth.
And when that happens,
All life on this planet will be extinguished.
Now, when is that?
By really looking at the evolution,
Based on our observations of mercury,
We can really fine-tune those answers
And determine how the sun is evolving over time.
This is really spectacular, when you think about it --
Understanding our star by looking at individual planets.
♪♪
Narrator: But our data of the sun was incomplete.
Solar eclipses temporarily halt our observations.
A new mission was planned to fill the information gap
And provide us with an uninterrupted view of our star.
The soho mission launched in 1995.
Man: 10, 9, 8, 7, 6...
5, 4, 3, 2, 1.
Ignition and liftoff of soho and the atlas vehicle
On an international mission of solar physics.
Genge: It made the closest observations yet
Of the surface of the sun,
That really showed how the sun is sculpted by magnetic fields.
One of the big, exciting outcomes of the soho mission
Has been the development in our understanding
Of how coronal mass ejections work.
Soho over the years
Has literally observed thousands of them
Because we have this continuous view of the sun.
And we understood that they are eruptions of magnetic field
That carry mass into the solar system.
The other big discovery that soho helped us make
Was the understanding
About the internal mechanisms inside the sun.
So, when we say "see inside the sun,"
We're actually referring to a technique
In which we use sound waves to see, to probe inside the sun.
So, the sun is this huge ball of gas,
And it has sound waves that bounce around on the inside.
And when those sound waves come to the surface,
They make the surface breathe.
We're able to decipher the sounds,
And then from that, we're able to decipher
What the conditions are like inside the sun.
Genge: One of the most remarkable things about soho
Is it's one of the toughest little spacecraft
In nasa's fleet.
It's still there today,
And the mission has been extended until around 2022.
It's our early-warning system of coronal mass ejections
And geomagnetic storms.
Man: ...One...Zero.
Man #2: We have ignition and we have liftoff
Of nasa's genesis spacecraft,
On a mission to retrieve a piece of the sun.
Genge: Genesis launched in 2001.
Its aim is to measure the composition
Of the solar wind, so the composition of the sun
And the different layers of the sun.
Now, previous missions have done this from a distance,
But genesis is actually gonna collect some of the sun
That's come to it and bring it back to earth,
Because on earth, in a laboratory,
We can measure compositions extremely accurately.
♪♪
The composition of the sun is really important to understand
Because the mass of the sun compared to the planets
Is absolutely huge,
And if we know the composition of the sun,
We know the composition of the solar system as a whole.
The spacecraft is located at a very special point
Where the sun's gravity balances the earth's gravity.
And there it sat for 850 days collecting the solar wind,
Collecting these charged particles from the sun.
And then the collectors were closed,
And it flies back to earth to land in a desert in oregon.
Genesis probe is falling through the atmosphere,
And it gets to 33 kilometers above the ground,
And this is when the drogue parachute
Is supposed to deploy.
And it doesn't.
There is nothing to slow the spacecraft down.
♪♪
Genge: Genesis launched in 2001.
Its aim was to measure the composition of the solar wind.
But genesis is actually gonna collect some of the sun
That's come to it and bring it back to earth.
Man: And mission management, please be advised --
From our vantage point, we do not see a drogue chute.
Negative drogue.
Man #2: ...Vertigo mach, it looks like we have a no-chute, sir.
Vector 200... Man: Mission manager...
Man #2: 8 miles -- look for an impact.
♪♪
[ crash ]
♪♪
Man: We have a good visual on the, uh...
Impacted vehicle on the surface.
♪♪
Genge: The parachute failed to deploy.
The probe splits into two.
Man: The information that we have here
From people on the ground is that nothing deployed,
And therefore, they're treating it as a live spacecraft.
After this dreadful failure, they go to the desert
And they pick out little, tiny pieces of glass
And were picking out little bits of the collectors.
And they actually managed to clean the collectors
And form these really detailed analyses.
And actually, the mission achieved all of its objectives.
It measured the composition of the sun.
It measured the composition of the solar wind.
It did everything we wanted it to do.
But it just did it in pieces.
♪♪
Studying the sun is incredibly important.
We rely on it for light and heat.
And we are so dependent on our star for our survival.
We really need to understand.
The solar probe is the next big challenge.
It's the most ambitious mission that we've ever done.
Parker: We already knew the corona is a million degrees.
But how come?
Genge: The sort of probe is gonna get closer to the sun
Than any spacecraft ever has.
It's gonna be within 10 radii.
That's within the outer parts of the atmosphere of the sun.
It's touching our star.
Fox: It really is, because we have worked so hard over the 60 years
Since gene first wrote his paper
To really hone the technology
That's needed to do this kind of mission.
It really is an incredibly ambitious mission.
So, I actually did have the pleasure of taking gene
Into the clean room
At the johns hopkins applied physics lab,
Where we did most of the assembly
And a lot of the testing.
And it was a really nice moment of taking him in
And seeing his reaction to this incredible piece of technology
That was going to go and do this mission
That he'd really kind of fathered.
And so he got very emotional in the clean room
And watching some of the engineering team
That we're in there that, you know, I introduced him to,
And it was like they were meeting, you know, a rock star.
And they were, you know, very excited to be meeting him.
He was very excited to be meeting them.
And so it was a lovely moment
To just say, you know, "this is your spacecraft,
And she's going into the solar wind and into the corona,
And here are the instruments
That are gonna make the measurements."
And so having that time with him
And, again, watching him get just --
He was mind-blown at the technology he was looking at.
And the first thing he did was immediately give credit
To all of the engineers for their work on that spacecraft.
And, you know, he even said to me, you know,
"really, nicky, I just wrote a paper."
And I said, "yeah, it's a pretty good paper, though, gene."
And he said, "yeah, but, you know,
If it turns out that I'm wrong in what I've predicted,
I can just write another paper."
He said, "but if one of your engineers
Has got any of their calculations wrong,
The mission doesn't succeed."
And so he said, you know, "the pressure on you guys
Is just intense,
And seeing the way you've risen up to every challenge,"
He said, "is just amazing."
And I think his favorite phrase is "I take my hat off
To the men and women of the solar probe team.
Nice to meet you, and good luck with everything.
Thank you so much.
Thanks again.
It's by far the most ambitious solar physics mission
We've ever had.
And, in fact, it has a really fitting name.
The parker solar probe -- named after the person
Who predicted the existence of the solar wind.
The first time we've ever named a mission
After a living scientist.
♪♪
That discovery of the sun wind,
He started a whole new branch of science --
The physics of our sun.
♪♪
She has to be incredibly independent.
She has to look after herself.
Nothing on parker solar probe was easy.
Everything was challenging.
♪♪
Lucie: The parker solar probe -- named after the person
Who predicted the existence of the solar wind.
It's by far the most ambitious solar physics mission
We've ever had.
I had not been present at a launch,
But, of course, we've all seen it on tv.
We were invited to a location
Which had a clear view of the launch,
But it was six miles away.
It's 3:00 in the morning.
Man: ...Eight, seven, six, five...
[ engine roars ] yes! Whoo!
Liftoff of the mighty delta iv heavy rocket
With nasa's parker solar probe --
A daring mission to shed light on the mysteries
Of our closest star, the sun.
Wow!
Go, baby! Go!
You realize it's never coming back.
[ laughs ]
[ cheers and applause ]
♪♪
What a way to start.
Yeah.
♪♪
Woman: Here it comes.
That's "goodbye, spacecraft.
So long, fellas."
[ laughs ]
♪♪
Fox: Nothing on parker solar probe was easy.
Everything was challenging.
You're going into this extreme temperature.
You've got a lot of solar pressure.
You've got a huge amount of heat
Coming just from the light on the sun
Because you're so close to it.
We used venus to do our gravity assist.
It's a little bit like a handbrake turn.
It's counterintuitive 'cause we don't use the planet
To increase our speed, as a lot of missions do.
We actually use it to slow down a little bit.
We give energy to venus. We're very generous.
So it slows down and turns the craft in
A little more towards the sun,
And so that helps us sort of trim our orbits.
And we do 24 of them, very close to the sun on one side,
Out around the planet venus on the other,
And then do that little trim maneuver
Just to keep making that orbit smaller and smaller.
So she will actually get closer and closer to the sun
With each one of those orbits.
She has to be incredibly independent.
She has to look after herself,
Because it takes light eight minutes
To travel from the sun to the earth.
We don't have time to joystick the mission.
If she's in trouble, she needs to take corrective action.
The programing of the corrective action --
Everything is challenging.
Lightweight materials
So that you can stand up to this incredible heat.
We've just started seeing some of the incredible images...
...And some of the secrets
That are being unlocked in these data sets.
So, we're scientists. We get excited about wiggly line plots.
And I've actually heard scientists kind of gasp
Because it's just not quite what you thought
Or it doesn't fit any of the simple models.
There is so much in there, and it's going to take
A long time to kind of unravel all of the mysteries
That are in these data sets.
Right now, we're in a region where we can do co-rotations,
So that means, you know, that the spacecraft
Is sitting above the same part of the sun,
And as the spacecraft is moving, the sun is rotating,
And we're actually getting some time where we're sitting
Over the same part of the sun for a long time.
♪♪
It tends to be visionaries like parker who are responsible
For some of the greatest leap-forwards in science.
I think that the whole parker solar probe science team
Feels a tremendous responsibility
To answer these questions.
They have been around for decades.
But I also think that missions really do inspire
The next generation of scientists,
And so I don't think you necessarily need to aspire
To be a rocket scientist or a propulsion engineer.
You can be anything you want
And really work on a nasa mission.
Genge: They will provide the future science
That allows humanity to survive and thrive.
♪♪