The latest science has revealed
paradigm breaking insights into the workings
of the human body.
It is now thought that there is a vast web
of information networks,
just like the internet within our bodies.
The established view on the human body
was that the brain ruled the entire system
and all the other organs obeyed what the brain commanded.
But now this idea has been completely overturned.
It's now been shown that our various organs in the body
are directly talking to one another,
bypassing the brain using their own unique networks.
And it's these networks that could hold the key
to our health and longevity.
Organs need to speak to each other
and there is more to understand physiology
than single cell or single organs.
An entirely new perspective on the human body
has been revealed through cutting edge microscopy.
Have a look here, this is an image from inside our body.
Access into this microscopic world
are now letting us catch the very moments
where our internal organs are exchanging messages.
The latest science about our organs' networks
is also revealing, that most illnesses
are signs of disruptions occurring
in the dialogue between organs.
By intervening in the organs' dialogue
modern medicine may now be able to overcome
many diseases that had previously been thought
as untreatable.
Yes.
(laughing)
We have a better chance of living a longer, healthy life.
The point where we now sit is that evolution
of the human species is happening in real time.
So what do we mean
by the body's internal network?
First let's seek some assistance
from the very latest, cutting edge microscopy
for some answers.
Good morning.
Very lovely to meet you.
Good to meet you too.
This is Dr. Eric Betzig.
He jointly won the Nobel Prize in 2014
for developing innovative microscopy
that widely pushed boundaries.
So the purpose of this microscope
is to be able to watch the dynamics
of living cells in three dimensions.
This complicated device
looks nothing like a traditional optical microscope.
It can scan a tiny cell
and when rendered by a computer
produce a 3D image.
Here's an image from a conventional microscope.
The round particles are immune cells
that protect our bodies from infection.
And through Dr. Betzig's microscope
here's what they look like.
These immune cells are not even 0.01 millimeters across
yet their dynamic motion has been clearly captured.
And at a higher magnification
these spiny microstructures emerging
from the surface of the cell can be seen in 3D.
Astonishingly this microscope can even peer
into the cell's interior from any angle.
This is the moment when an immune cell in green
devours a cancer cell in blue.
The red particles inside the immune cell
are fired off into the cancer cell.
These are chemical weapons of destruction.
This historic clip shows for the first time
an immune cell at work fighting off the body's enemies.
And this image has been captured on an 8K microscope,
it's a world first.
What you can see in red is blood flowing
through our blood vessels.
The green spheres traveling along with the flow
are immune cells.
Immune cells on patrol seeking intruders in our blood
have been captured in vivid detail.
Up until recently microscopes were only able
to observe a very limited area within the human body.
However by using an 8K microscope it becomes possible
to capture a much wider area in more detail,
as much as 16 times wider in one go.
This is a process of clot forming in a blood vessel.
We've managed to catch this mechanism in action
over an extended area for the very first time.
Should this clot be allowed to travel to the brain
it could cause a stroke.
Such innovative technologies have allowed scientists
to observe living cells at a resolution
that can capture images as small
as a hundred thousandth of a grain of sand.
And at last
the crucial moment when a cell releases
a signaling molecule has now been captured.
This critical event was filmed in the intestine.
The organ that absorbs nutrients in our bodies.
If you look in further detail into the wall of the gut
clearly visible are a carpet
of these tiny protrusions called villi,
which are about a millimeter each in length.
A special light is used to observe these in detail.
What you can see in between the mesh of these villi
are capillaries.
Nutrients from food are absorbed by these villi
and are carried throughout the entire body by our blood.
Cells near the surface of the villi have been captured
using a microscope.
The area indicated by the line
is a single cell that forms a part of the intestine.
The interior of this cell is shimmering away.
Now watch as it changes.
Something is about to happen.
Glistening clouds of molecules burst out
from the intestine cell.
At a further magnification
here's what they look like.
These are the signaling molecules.
They are only a hundred thousandth
of a grain of sand in size.
The message they deliver for example could be food's here.
These messages are telling the entire body
that food has been consumed.
Carried in the blood stream,
the message flows throughout the body.
Other organs respond to this message in their own way
such as in controlling appetite
and promoting nutrient absorption.
Recent research has so far discovered
hundreds of different molecules
carrying such messages.
Our internal organs are likely to be using these molecules
to communicate with one another.
To find out more about this community
of organs inside our bodies,
today we will be focusing on
the kidneys.
The kidney is the size of our fist
and are located just above our hips.
Perhaps you may have thought of them
as rather dull organs that just produce urine,
but you couldn't be further from the truth.
They are in fact starting to draw a great deal of attention
from scientists the world over,
more than any other organ.
By sending out signals all throughout our body
they hold a commanding position in the body's networks.
The kidneys may even hold a key to our lifespan.
To reveal more about our incredible kidneys
we've brought you to a very special location.
The elevation of this plateau is over two thousand meters
above sea level.
These people are not here to sight see.
They've come here to train their kidneys.
For many years swimmers preparing for the Olympics
have been coming here for high altitude training.
Straight after finishing a session the athlete's
blood oxygen levels are measured.
At sea level this number never dips
below 96 percent, but here.
(laughing)
Even this swimmer is shocked to see a reading
in the eighties, that is far below normal.
(breathing heavily)
This means that their bodies are suffering
from oxygen deficiency.
But after two weeks of training
now their bodies have plenty of oxygen.
This is altitude acclimatization.
What kind of physiological changes
have taken place in just two short weeks?
Is it in the lungs which take in oxygen?
Or the heart which pumps it throughout the body?
The answer is neither.
The athletes are actually temporarily
training their kidneys even without realizing it.
This body is suffering oxygen deprivation.
The kidneys are releasing a large amount of some molecule.
This tiny molecule is called EPO.
It sends a message to other organs
saying we need more oxygen.
It's carried by the blood stream all throughout the body.
So which parts of the body respond
to this signaling molecule?
The bones for one.
Bones have holes that allow blood vessels in
and are laced with voids filled with bone marrow
where blood is produced.
The messaging molecule flows into the spaces
within the bone.
In response red blood cells, the transporters of oxygen
start multiplying.
With an increased number of red blood cells
more oxygen is now delivered to the muscles
and this improves physical endurance of the athlete's body.
These are the red blood cell data
for the Japanese Olympic gold medalist Rita Koneto.
When she won gold her red blood cell levels
recorded the highest.
The central figure behind this achievement
were her kidneys.
During this course of high altitude training
the proportion of her red blood cells
had also shown an increase.
In every one of us the kidneys are constantly
sending out signals to our bones
to keep our blood oxygen levels at an optimum.
But the messages from our kidneys don't stop there.
Many more have been discovered
and they all play a crucial role in maintaining our health.
And one of them
is regulating blood pressure.
We can see that here.
This hospital has started cutting edge treatments
on their patients.
This is Jurgen Middendorf.
He suffers from serious hypertension
and doctors at another clinic had told him
that nothing more could be done.
(speaking foreign language)
He used to take many different types of drugs
to lower his blood pressure, but they didn't work.
I was anxious as my blood pressure quickly went
from 200 to 110.
Sometimes 215 to 100.
For a very short time, but that's not normal.
Such cases are not unusual
and conventional medicine is unable to help.
Persistent hypertension can lead to strokes
and heart attacks.
Globally it affects over one billion people.
But a revolutionary treatment can now
remove this condition overnight.
It is a surgical procedure.
The doctor who performs the surgery
is a cardiologist, a heart specialist.
But the organs he operates on are the kidneys.
The surgeon threads this device
from an artery in the thigh
through to the kidney.
By applying heat from inside the blood vessel
it decreases the overactivity of the nerves
leading to the kidney.
But how can operating on a kidney
possibly lower blood pressure?
Our kidneys release yet another kind of signaling
molecule to regulate our blood pressure.
The molecule used for this task is called renin.
Renin triggers the contraction of our blood vessels
thereby boosting blood pressure.
So our kidneys are fine tuning renin levels
to control our blood pressure
in a very precise manner.
But it's been found that in many hypertensive patients
the kidneys are releasing too much renin.
Many drugs have already been developed
but their effects are not enough in some cases.
But it's becoming clearer that with surgery
if the neural activity of the kidneys can be suppressed
renin levels can decrease,
which can then result in lower blood pressure.
How did Jurgen's high blood pressure respond
after his procedure?
It was a success.
(dinging)
His blood pressure returned to normal.
Yes I am very happy for my husband
now that he's all better.
We can still experience a lot together.
Yes we want to experience a lot more
in good health together.
Kidneys are very important organ in body.
Cross talk they are connected to all other organs
and they are responsible for our fluid balance
and the fluid control and certainly
one of the main control organs for our blood pressure.
Increasing our red blood cell count with EPO
as well as regulating our blood pressure with renin
why do our kidneys, the organs that also produce urine,
take on so much work?
That's because the fundamental job of the kidneys is this,
they are the managers of our blood.
This is a reconstruction of our circulatory system
based on actual medical data.
Blood vessels extend across our body.
Their total length comes to about 100,000 kilometers,
a distance of about two and a half times around the globe.
They are the body's transportation roots
that deliver oxygen and nutrients to every corner
and take waste products away.
They're also used as information circuits
to carry signaling molecules.
A closer look shows that blood vessels
are particularly concentrated around
the kidneys, astonishingly about one quarter
of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the kidneys.
As our kidneys monitor the amounts of red blood cells
in our body as well as our blood pressure
they are tasked with sending commands all across the body.
But our kidneys are actually doing even more.
They have to manage various components in our blood too.
When we eat food
nutrients are absorbed in the stomach and intestines.
The various chemicals filter into the blood stream.
They include sugar, salt, minerals like calcium and so on.
But if these components in our blood stray
from acceptable levels
alarming things can happen.
Take for example potassium.
Bananas are rich in potassium,
a mineral known to be good for our health.
However, if there is too much of it
it can cause an irregular heartbeat
and could be potentially harmful to life.
But if a healthy person eats bananas potassium
in the blood stream will not rise to critical levels.
And it's our kidneys that are responsible
for regulating these blood chemical levels.
They work away constantly simultaneously fine tuning
the many types of chemicals in our blood.
So our kidneys are the overall managers of our blood,
but how do they get that adjustment job
accomplished so efficiently?
To lift the veil on the inner workings of the kidneys
NHK pioneered a project by enlisting the aid
of imaging specialists and leading experts
in various fields.
If you have a look at the cross section
of a kidney with a microscope
it's tightly packed with tubes
scattered with mysterious spherical structures.
What are these spheres?
By magnifying even further many different images
from multiple angles have been captured.
And by combining hundreds of images
this microscopic world within our kidneys
has been reconstructed in 3D.
They are each about 0.2 millimeters across.
It's a tightly wound bundle of small blood vessels.
It's called the glomerulus,
the very object that filters urine from the blood.
It's 3D structure has been captured in remarkable detail.
The surface is wrapped in strange looking cells
with protrusions like tentacles.
They stretch out their long arms
that intertwine with each other.
These are working together in order to filter out urine.
One single kidney contains about one million
of these glomeruli.
The kidney is said to have the most intricate structure
of any organ in the human body.
These new images have been integral
to reconstructing the configuration of blood vessels
within our kidneys.
In order to observe the dramatic world up close
let's go on a journey inside a kidney.
Take a good look.
This is a glomerulus,
just 0.2 millimeters across.
Blood flows in and out of it
through these two blood vessels on the left.
In the glomerulus blood is filtered to make urine.
Let's go deeper inside.
The blood here contains both waste products
and various kinds of essential chemicals.
Now we're at a section of a blood vessel that's perforated.
We're inside a glomerulus.
These holes are about a ten thousandth of a grain of sand,
too small for red blood cells to pass,
but large enough to pass through waste products.
On closer inspection
you can see the stream of fluid heading out
of the blood vessels.
Let's go along with this, see where it leads.
We've been filtered out from blood.
This fluid, called primitive urine,
is only partway to becoming urine.
Besides waste products it still contains
large amounts of essential chemicals.
Here is where the kidney's main work begins.
While producing urine the kidneys are simultaneously
adjusting the blood content too.
How is this done?
We're inside a duct where primitive urine is flowing.
It resembles a long cave.
The walls of the ducts are thickly lined
with thin, rod like cells called microvilli.
This is where the essential chemicals are selected
to return to the blood stream.
This is a rare clip of a cross section of a renal tubule
where primitive urine flows.
You can see the dense lining of microvilli.
Each strand has ion exchange pumps
that work to reabsorb the essential chemicals.
Tiny molecular pumps are scattered
across the surface of each strand.
Each type of pump absorbs only a specific kind of chemical.
For example here is a salt pump.
It ramps up absorption when the body needs salt.
The amount of chemicals returned to the blood
are fine tuned by countless pumps like these.
Chemicals that have been reabsorbed
by the microvilli are being carried away
and they are going back into
the blood stream again.
Now the fresh blood contains adjusted amounts of chemicals
and no waste products.
The amounts of chemicals that get reabsorbed
aren't just simply decided by the kidneys.
Our kidneys keep closely watching
the messages sent out from various other internal organs
and swiftly responding to the messages
they decide how much of chemicals
should be reabsorbed back into the system.
So for example when it receives a message from the heart
that it's being pushed to the limit
the kidneys decrease the amount of salt that is reabsorbed
and the excess is expelled as urine.
When the salt levels are decreased
blood pressure goes down.
And this in turn lessens the strain on the heart.
Everyday around 180 liters of primitive urine
gets filtered through these glomeruli,
but we only produce about two liters of urine.
This is because 99 percent of it is reabsorbed
and gets turned in to fresh blood.
While producing urine,
the kidneys are thus regulating the components
of our blood through this remarkable mechanism.
Along with this incredibly exquisite mechanism
another discovery has been made about our kidneys recently.
The kidneys are deeply involved with our lifespan.
Each species of animal has an approximate lifespan.
Mice live about three years.
Sheep about 20.
And elephants 70 years.
Body size seems to matter.
The bigger the animal the longer its lifespan.
But there are certain animals that don't fit the trend.
There are naked mole rats,
bats and humans.
Why do these species live longer
than one would expect from their size?
Scientists seeking an answer to this riddle
honed in on a particular chemical.
It is phosphorus, one of the chemicals
that the kidneys regulate.
Let's reformat our graph based on
phosphorus levels in the blood.
Now the line fits perfectly.
The less phosphorus in the blood
the longer the animal's lifespan.
Phosphorus is an important nutrient
found in foods such as meats and lentils.
But a lack of sufficient phosphorus
can cause various diseases and even be fatal.
However, too much phosphorus is now known
to accelerate aging.
This discovery was made while a Japanese scientist
was investigating a unique mouse.
What's special about these mice?
These two mice were born on the same day.
They're the same age.
This one is an ordinary mouse
and this one suffers from accelerated aging.
A mouse will usually live about two and a half years.
This mouse with accelerated aging
will not live past two and a half months.
The mouse was an accidental result
of genetic engineering.
It has a defective gene related
to the regulation of phosphorus by the kidney.
The resulting abnormally high phosphorus level in the blood
accelerates the aging process.
Exactly how this happens is still under study
but calcification may be one cause.
More phosphorus causes vascular calcification
and hardening of the blood vessels.
Impaired kidney function accelerates aging.
That's true of humans and other animals.
So if proper kidney function can be maintained
lifespan can be extended.
There is a very close relationship
between our kidney function and our longevity.
Our kidneys are very precisely
controlling the amount of phosphorus in our body.
To carry out this job they are listening in
to the voices from our bones.
The bones store phosphorus in the form of calcium phosphate
and constantly monitor how much they have.
They send messages to the kidneys
that a sufficient amount of phosphorus is present.
In turn the kidneys stop the phosphorus pumps
to maintain adequate blood phosphorus levels.
And it is this elaborate mechanism by the kidneys
that affects our longevity.
Each one of us has internal organs information networks
that stretch out throughout the entire body.
On these networks, not only the kidneys,
but also many other organs
are vigorously releasing messages
to interact with each other.
And research is now showing that such organs include
even some unexpected parts of our bodies,
they're all playing very important roles
in maintaining our health and well being
through their messages.
For instance our bones also send out messaging substances.
Our bones in fact function as a monitoring sensor
that detects shocks received by the body
when walking and running.
When shocks pass through the bone
our bone cells start sending out various kinds of molecules.
And it's becoming clearer that these can act
to boost virility, muscular power,
memory and even immunity.
Body fat also sends out messages.
It used to be considered nothing more than oily deposits,
but the signals from fat can even work on the brain.
When we take in enough food
and as the amount of sugar and liquid
stored in our body increases
fats start to release the message
that enough energy has now been stored so stop eating.
And when this message is received by the brain
it stimulates the brain to suppress appetite,
which helps us avoid overeating.
Attempts have now begun to build a better picture
of the mechanisms of the body's internal networks
so that new remedies for diseases can be found.
At the forethought of such work is DARPA,
a research institute in the US Department of Defense
who are known to have helped pave the way
to create the internet we know today.
Together with the world's top universities
the institute has been working on a large scale project,
working to reveal a complete picture
of the body's inner networks.
In this special device
cells of various human body organs are being cultured.
It's the human liver.
When the cultured cells are connected
with the canals acting as blood vessels
they form a miniature version
of the human body's internal network
and then something curious happens.
The pink fluid that you see here
represents the blood in the human body
transporting the signals that each organ
secretes to one another allowing the cross talk to happen.
Through using this device
they are aiming to decode the dialogue between organs
so that completely new sets of medicines can be developed.
I do believe that an organ on a chip technology
really could revolutionize the way that we develop drugs.
DARPA's job is to be able to be at the beginning
of these processes, just like ARPANET
we are at the beginning.
A new diagnostic procedure
developed from research of signaling molecules
has also been attracting interest.
Its target is cancer.
Until now a variety of methods have been used
to detect different types of cancers.
Not only are they invasive,
but some can even be unreliable in early stages of cancer.
A new method only uses a single drop of blood
and it enables simultaneous detection
of 13 different types of cancers,
even in their early stages
and its accuracy is over 95 percent.
This blood test is looking for certain kinds
of signaling molecules
and the sources of these messages are
cancer cells.
Like our body organs cancer also sends out messages.
Depending on the type of cancer,
different kinds of signaling molecules
are known to be released.
So by checking the identity of these molecules
it becomes possible to diagnose the specific type of cancer.
Aiming for clinical use of this method
research is forging ahead rapidly.
My wish is for this test to become
widely available to people.
It enables early detection leading to early treatment.
Our ultimate goal is to reduce mortality from cancer
using this new method.
As insights into our bodies
internal networks become deeper
some patients with hard to treat diseases
are even starting to see dramatic results.
This is Emi Shimizu.
Since she became ill at age 11
she has been in a constant battle
with her serious condition.
Emi suffers from rheumatoid arthritis.
There are 70 million sufferers worldwide.
It's a disease that causes terrible pain
and swelling in the joints of the whole body.
As the disease progresses the bones
ultimately become malformed.
These images track the changes
in a patient's joints over 27 years.
Gradually the bones become eroded and start to change shape.
As the disease progresses the space between each bone
becomes smaller until it finally fuses together.
And this results in tremendous amounts
of pain for the patient.
For almost 30 years Emi has tried out
many different kinds of treatments,
but none have been able to put a stop to this disease.
I've been in a dark place for such a long time now.
I worry about the future.
I've even wondered whether there's meaning to my life.
We now know that one of the causes
of this disease is related to problems
with the communication between body organs
through signaling molecules.
So what are the problems inside Emi's body?
The problems are caused by her immune cells.
Immune cells are usually our defenders,
protecting out body against invasion,
fighting off enemies such as pathogens.
However, messages from these immune cells
can cause a disease.
See these immune cells are vigorously
secreting signaling molecules.
It's called TNF Alpha.
It's a substance that sends a red alert out
that there is an enemy within.
These molecules are received by other immune cells
and stimulate them to multiply.
As they increase in number they go into attack mode
and their warning messages get sent out even further.
But in reality there are no enemies in the body.
They have mistaken the tissues in the joints as their foe
and so are just sending out false alarms.
Inside the joints that are now full of these false alerts
flames are being fanned even further.
Huge numbers of immune cells are now amassing here and there
and start merging together.
Then they transform themselves
into cells called osteoclasts
and now they are destroying precious bone furiously.
These fake, incorrect messages of immune cells
are the major cause of rheumatoid arthritis.
The new knowledge of this mechanism
led to the development of a new drug.
Since Emi started taking this new drug four years ago
her progressive disease has been stopped dead in its tracks.
This cutting edge drug,
an immunosuppressant, is injected into the joints
through the blood stream.
They latch on to the signaling molecules
that are circulating false alarms, TNF Alpha,
and block any erroneous messages from being received
by other immune cells.
Having been treated with this new drug
Emi's joints have started to recover.
Even the spaces between her bones are now reappearing.
You can honestly call it a paradigm shift.
I was so surprised by the results,
there's no other way to say this.
The key now will be to see how quickly
and how well we can intervene with this drug.
Emi's life has now turned around completely.
(laughing)
Her dreams of having a child, which had only ever
been a wish up until recently have now become reality.
I'm so lucky.
What other drugs could never do
was done with just one injection.
I expect even more radical treatments will be developed
and we may have very good drugs to remove our symptoms.
Inside our bodies we have vast
communication networks.
Now that more clinicians are becoming aware of this
cutting edge medicine is beginning to use
non-conventional means in practice
and starting to succeed in saving many lives.
At this hospital in the UK
a nurse calls on a patient.
Hello, how are you doing?
This is Pauline.
Yeah, she's got an AKI amber alert
that's popped up.
This is Pauline Marner.
She's been admitted for an infection,
but the hospital's latest system
has detected a kidney issue.
The warning is for acute kidney injury.
A sudden drop in kidney function
can cause multiple organ failure
and even be fatal.
The precise number of acute kidney injury patients
was unknown until this paper sent shock waves
throughout the medical world.
According to this report one in five patients
admitted to hospitals in the developed world
suffered from acute kidney injury.
Why does acute kidney injury occur
in so many patients,
even those with other issues?
It's because the kidneys are the major hub
of the body's internal networks.
So diseases in other areas of the body
can still have a knock on effect on the kidneys.
For example heart failure reduces blood flow.
This inflicts serious damage to the kidneys
that require a constant high blood flow.
The kidneys are also closely tied to other organs.
So problems with any of the body organs
can filter down to the kidneys.
And the reverse is also true.
The chain reactions further continue
and could make a critical situation even worse.
Once the kidneys, the hub of our internal networks go down
the whole body becomes compromised.
This can result in multiple organ failure.
A patient's condition will deteriorate in just a few days
and can possibly end in death.
Many fatalities were once attributed
simply to multiple organ failure,
but many of these cases may have actually
been triggered by a failure in the kidneys.
If hospitals can protect kidneys
perhaps they can save countless more lives.
Acute kidney injury is a major health problem
throughout the world.
By implementation of a relatively easy care button
we simply can reduce the risk significantly
in this group of patients.
How much can we reduce it by?
That's about six of these football stadiums full
of people that die prematurely
from acute kidney injury.
Probably around 200,000 excess deaths a year.
So how can we prevent kidneys from failing?
One method has shown dramatic results.
Well we've stopped them.
So we stopped several drugs that she takes normally,
which are normally good for her,
but now that she's unwell we need to stop them
for a short period of time.
Science has learned that certain drugs
can push weakened kidneys over the edge.
With so much blood passing through them
the kidneys have the highest exposure to drugs.
Their intricate fine structure
also makes them susceptible to damage from drugs.
By suspending medications so that the patient's kidneys
can be encouraged to recover,
this hospital is succeeding in reducing the death rate.
They developed a system to assess the risk to kidneys
in real time using various data.
The system monitors all admitted patients,
not just those with kidney problems.
Just as the heart rate is monitored with the pulse meter,
they believe that the condition of the kidneys
must be monitored as well.
Having taken a break from medication
Pauline is now out of danger and will soon be released.
Okay, thank you very much.
How do you feel now?
Better.
(laughing)
Yeah, I feel better.
Dr. Forni.
Interesting to see the.
Having seen the successful results
achieved by this hospital more than 10 other hospitals
in the UK are now considering the introduction
of such a kidney monitoring system.
Organ cross talk is dependence of one on another,
is a phenomena particularly in critical care
that we're becoming increasingly aware of.
There are so many things that the kidneys do
that people are just not aware of.
And so you know this fine balance
from this fantastic piece of engineering
is vitally important and when they fail
patients are doomed to an early death
and numerous complications.
More and more our body wide
internal networks are beginning to be understood.
Our intestines that take in nutrients
are in fact consulting with our immune cells
to protect the body from attacks
by microscopic invaders such as pathogens and viruses.
The brain uses signaling molecules
to produce endless variations of neural communications
helping us feel our wealth of emotions.
And it's now clearer that these messaging molecules
are also playing key roles in forming a whole human body
from one single fertilized egg.
Indeed without the workings of these messages
we could not have even come into this world.
At this very moment our internal organs
are carrying out this molecular level communication
that makes our lives possible.
Shall we have a listen to their conversations?