1 00:00:00,366 --> 00:00:03,433 ♪ ♪ 2 00:00:05,533 --> 00:00:08,133 ♪ ♪ 3 00:00:12,566 --> 00:00:15,833 ♪ ♪ 4 00:00:34,833 --> 00:00:37,076 Today I think it will be probably around four, 5 00:00:37,100 --> 00:00:38,366 six or four. 6 00:00:40,466 --> 00:00:43,976 We're local, so we're not flying out... 7 00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:46,776 STYLIST: I think you're good... 8 00:00:46,800 --> 00:00:49,376 {\an1}I can't believe you filmed that. 9 00:00:49,400 --> 00:00:53,333 {\an1}(indistinct chatter) 10 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:59,642 {\an1}(indistinct chatter) 11 00:00:59,666 --> 00:01:01,476 SPEAKER: About innovation, 12 00:01:01,500 --> 00:01:04,476 {\an1}and really coming into some really innovative... 13 00:01:04,500 --> 00:01:08,309 (indistinct) 14 00:01:08,333 --> 00:01:12,809 {\an1}This is a gentleman who really has reinvented bionics. 15 00:01:12,833 --> 00:01:14,542 And we say the Six Million Dollar Man? 16 00:01:14,566 --> 00:01:17,776 {\an1}I think he's more the 100 Million Dollar Man. 17 00:01:17,800 --> 00:01:19,709 {\an1}Professor Hugh Herr from MIT. 18 00:01:19,733 --> 00:01:25,076 {\an1}(cheers and applause) 19 00:01:25,100 --> 00:01:28,776 {\an8}HUGH HERR: Here you can see my legs, 24 sensors, 20 00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:31,809 {\an1}six microprocessors, and muscle tendon-like actuators. 21 00:01:31,833 --> 00:01:34,309 {\an1}I'm basically a bunch of nuts and bolts from the knee down. 22 00:01:34,333 --> 00:01:38,676 {\an1}I'm a bionic man, but I'm not yet a cyborg. 23 00:01:38,700 --> 00:01:42,009 {\an7}When I touch and move my synthetic limbs, 24 00:01:42,033 --> 00:01:45,142 {\an7}I do not experience normal touch and movement sensations. 25 00:01:45,166 --> 00:01:50,709 {\an8}If I were a cyborg and could feel my legs, 26 00:01:50,733 --> 00:01:53,676 {\an7}it would fundamentally change my relationship 27 00:01:53,700 --> 00:01:55,776 {\an7}to my synthetic body. 28 00:01:55,800 --> 00:01:57,242 ♪ ♪ 29 00:01:57,266 --> 00:01:59,342 {\an1}Muscles within the body 30 00:01:59,366 --> 00:02:02,009 {\an1}can be reconfigured for the control 31 00:02:02,033 --> 00:02:04,076 {\an1}of powerful motors 32 00:02:04,100 --> 00:02:07,676 {\an1}and to feel and sense exoskeletal movements, 33 00:02:07,700 --> 00:02:09,709 {\an1}augmenting humans' strength, 34 00:02:09,733 --> 00:02:11,342 jumping height, and running speed. 35 00:02:11,366 --> 00:02:14,376 {\an1}During the twilight years of this century, 36 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:17,042 {\an1}I believe humans will be unrecognizable 37 00:02:17,066 --> 00:02:20,242 {\an1}in morphology and dynamics from what we are today. 38 00:02:20,266 --> 00:02:23,166 {\an1}Humanity will take flight and soar. 39 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:32,133 ♪ ♪ 40 00:02:38,033 --> 00:02:39,409 {\an1}(machine whirring) 41 00:02:39,433 --> 00:02:40,410 (strikes match) 42 00:02:40,434 --> 00:02:42,009 ♪ ♪ 43 00:02:42,033 --> 00:02:45,342 {\an1}I don't use the word disabled. 44 00:02:45,366 --> 00:02:48,676 {\an1}The word disabled implies that there's a weakness. 45 00:02:48,700 --> 00:02:50,909 {\an1}Just because a person has an unusual body 46 00:02:50,933 --> 00:02:53,876 {\an1}or mind doesn't mean there's weakness. 47 00:02:53,900 --> 00:02:57,109 {\an1}Society is obsessed with this idea of a normal human, 48 00:02:57,133 --> 00:02:59,742 {\an1}a normal body, a normal mind. 49 00:02:59,766 --> 00:03:02,809 {\an1}And that we're so convinced that normalcy 50 00:03:02,833 --> 00:03:04,309 {\an1}is the pinnacle of capability. 51 00:03:04,333 --> 00:03:07,909 {\an1}That's now collapsing, it's breaking down. 52 00:03:07,933 --> 00:03:15,376 {\an8}♪ ♪ 53 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:17,576 As a young man, I imagined a future 54 00:03:17,600 --> 00:03:22,900 {\an1}where artificial limbs weren't these passive, inert tools. 55 00:03:24,433 --> 00:03:26,142 MATTHEW CARTY: If we are able 56 00:03:26,166 --> 00:03:28,242 {\an1}to come up with a better way of doing amputation, 57 00:03:28,266 --> 00:03:32,542 {\an1}that fully augments a person's ability 58 00:03:32,566 --> 00:03:35,676 {\an7}to achieve increased levels of function, 59 00:03:35,700 --> 00:03:38,642 {\an1}that is a much different package. 60 00:03:38,666 --> 00:03:40,342 ♪ ♪ 61 00:03:40,366 --> 00:03:41,709 HERR: I think in 20 years, 62 00:03:41,733 --> 00:03:44,376 {\an1}limb amputation will not be a disability, 63 00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:46,876 {\an1}and there'll be several dimensions 64 00:03:46,900 --> 00:03:49,109 {\an1}that are actual augmentation. 65 00:03:49,133 --> 00:03:53,700 ♪ ♪ 66 00:04:05,966 --> 00:04:08,866 (birds chirping) 67 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:17,000 {\an8}(indistinct chatter) 68 00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:31,433 {\an8}(birds twittering) 69 00:04:35,566 --> 00:04:39,642 {\an8}HERR: It's a giant bird's nest. 70 00:04:39,666 --> 00:04:41,600 {\an8}(sighs) 71 00:04:49,333 --> 00:04:53,742 {\an1}Most of my hardest rock climbs were done in these babies. 72 00:04:53,766 --> 00:04:58,809 {\an8}INTERVIEWER: Is there a reason to keep them kind of short 73 00:04:58,833 --> 00:04:59,810 {\an8}and stubby? 74 00:04:59,834 --> 00:05:01,242 {\an7}Yeah, it's an advantage. 75 00:05:01,266 --> 00:05:05,142 {\an7}You can get your center of mass closer to the wall 76 00:05:05,166 --> 00:05:08,466 {\an1}if your feet are baby-sized. 77 00:05:10,166 --> 00:05:14,300 ♪ ♪ 78 00:05:17,233 --> 00:05:22,066 (voiceover): I would love to become a cyborg. 79 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:27,476 {\an1}I don't have yet that bilateral brain connection 80 00:05:27,500 --> 00:05:29,542 {\an1}between my nervous system 81 00:05:29,566 --> 00:05:34,142 {\an1}and my synthetic powered ankles. 82 00:05:34,166 --> 00:05:39,442 {\an1}I would love to experience that neurological embodiment 83 00:05:39,466 --> 00:05:43,776 {\an1}that I can architect my own body and it can become me. 84 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:46,276 {\an1}It can become part of my own identity. 85 00:05:46,300 --> 00:05:48,133 {\an1}I would love to experience it. 86 00:05:51,333 --> 00:05:53,742 I'm lucky. 87 00:05:53,766 --> 00:05:56,776 Both of my legs were amputated, 88 00:05:56,800 --> 00:05:59,942 {\an1}and that affords me the ability to adjust my height. 89 00:05:59,966 --> 00:06:01,842 {\an1}Here, I'm really tall. (audience laughter) 90 00:06:01,866 --> 00:06:04,442 {\an1}Like, really, really, really tall. 91 00:06:04,466 --> 00:06:06,842 {\an1}Think Inspector Gadget. (audience laughter) 92 00:06:06,866 --> 00:06:10,476 INTERVIEWER: Do you think back to your accident and say, like, 93 00:06:10,500 --> 00:06:13,600 {\an1}I wish it didn't happen or was it, like, a gift? 94 00:06:15,133 --> 00:06:16,776 HERR: I don't regret 95 00:06:16,800 --> 00:06:21,709 {\an1}the change in my body at all. 96 00:06:21,733 --> 00:06:24,042 Regarding the scratch that I experienced, it's... 97 00:06:24,066 --> 00:06:26,566 {\an1}I think it's pretty cool. (chuckles) 98 00:06:31,100 --> 00:06:35,742 {\an1}HERR (voiceover): I sometimes have nightmares 99 00:06:35,766 --> 00:06:41,142 {\an1}where I see myself at the age of 11, 13, 15, 100 00:06:41,166 --> 00:06:44,433 {\an1}up thousands of feet without a rope in a remote region. 101 00:06:46,566 --> 00:06:49,766 {\an1}It's watching a time bomb about to go off. 102 00:06:51,866 --> 00:06:55,866 {\an1}And I wake up sweating and terrified. 103 00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:00,409 ♪ ♪ 104 00:07:00,433 --> 00:07:04,409 {\an1}I was, I believe, six years old when I first went rock climbing. 105 00:07:04,433 --> 00:07:07,176 {\an1}And it was near my parents' farm 106 00:07:07,200 --> 00:07:09,709 {\an1}in the foothills of Pennsylvania. 107 00:07:09,733 --> 00:07:13,342 {\an1}My brothers and I, we saw climbing on the television. 108 00:07:13,366 --> 00:07:16,576 {\an1}Henry Barber was being filmed 109 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:19,042 {\an1}climbing a rock in Wales. 110 00:07:19,066 --> 00:07:20,043 {\an1}And we're like, "What's that? 111 00:07:20,067 --> 00:07:22,076 {\an1}We want to do that." 112 00:07:22,100 --> 00:07:25,576 {\an1}And we actually went out and bought a how-to manual 113 00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:28,676 {\an1}from an outdoors shop on how to climb. 114 00:07:28,700 --> 00:07:30,909 {\an1}And we'd go into the woods of Pennsylvania 115 00:07:30,933 --> 00:07:33,809 {\an1}and be looking up what a piton is, 116 00:07:33,833 --> 00:07:35,109 {\an1}and when a carabiner is... (chuckles) 117 00:07:35,133 --> 00:07:39,942 {\an1}And making our way up this mossy, wet cliff. 118 00:07:39,966 --> 00:07:41,576 {\an1}It's truly remarkable 119 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:43,909 {\an1}that we lived through our childhood, actually. 120 00:07:43,933 --> 00:07:46,576 (chuckling) 121 00:07:46,600 --> 00:07:48,776 ALISON OSIUS: Hugh just wanted to climb. 122 00:07:48,800 --> 00:07:50,476 {\an1}He wanted to climb all the time. 123 00:07:50,500 --> 00:07:52,576 {\an1}It was dark, he wanted to climb, it was freezing cold, 124 00:07:52,600 --> 00:07:54,442 {\an7}and nobody else wants to be out there, 125 00:07:54,466 --> 00:07:55,942 {\an7}and people are breathing in, 126 00:07:55,966 --> 00:07:57,842 {\an7}huge clouds of frost are coming out of their mouths, 127 00:07:57,866 --> 00:07:59,242 {\an7}and Hugh is up there climbing. 128 00:07:59,266 --> 00:08:04,142 HERR: It immediately became an extraordinary passion 129 00:08:04,166 --> 00:08:07,642 {\an1}and it only increased with age. 130 00:08:07,666 --> 00:08:12,376 {\an1}By the time I was 11, 12, 13, it's all I thought about. 131 00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:14,242 JEFF BATZER: I would say that there was just a, 132 00:08:14,266 --> 00:08:15,776 {\an8}a natural chemistry. 133 00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:17,309 {\an8}You know, Hugh and I liked each other. 134 00:08:17,333 --> 00:08:19,809 {\an7}The rock climbing definitely brought us together. 135 00:08:19,833 --> 00:08:23,409 {\an1}We shared a remarkable passion for climbing. 136 00:08:23,433 --> 00:08:25,742 {\an1}That led to, you know, 137 00:08:25,766 --> 00:08:28,009 Jeff being my full-time climbing partner. 138 00:08:28,033 --> 00:08:30,776 BATZER: And so we would just get together and climb a good bit, 139 00:08:30,800 --> 00:08:32,076 {\an1}and ended up going on all these 140 00:08:32,100 --> 00:08:35,009 {\an1}New York Shawangunks climbing trips. 141 00:08:35,033 --> 00:08:37,976 {\an1}That was the east coast Mecca for rock climbing. 142 00:08:38,000 --> 00:08:40,742 {\an1}And he would rope up and he may take a fall or two, 143 00:08:40,766 --> 00:08:42,342 {\an1}and in some cases not fall 144 00:08:42,366 --> 00:08:45,176 {\an7}on a really hard climb, and he'd pull it off. 145 00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:46,842 And that word, in the climbing world, 146 00:08:46,866 --> 00:08:48,276 {\an1}gets around really quickly, 147 00:08:48,300 --> 00:08:50,566 {\an1}and so he became known as Hot Hugh. 148 00:08:52,300 --> 00:08:57,342 HERR: By ten, 11 years old, I was a, considered a child prodigy. 149 00:08:57,366 --> 00:09:02,142 {\an1}I had national recognition for my climbing prowess. 150 00:09:02,166 --> 00:09:05,909 {\an1}I studied Zen and meditation. 151 00:09:05,933 --> 00:09:07,709 {\an1}I would often sit alone, 152 00:09:07,733 --> 00:09:11,309 {\an1}and kind of rock back and forth and meditate for... 153 00:09:11,333 --> 00:09:14,209 {\an1}I mean, my poor parents thought I was mad. 154 00:09:14,233 --> 00:09:15,809 ♪ ♪ 155 00:09:15,833 --> 00:09:18,609 BATZER: I always said that Hugh was known in the United States 156 00:09:18,633 --> 00:09:21,076 {\an1}as being in the top handful of the best climbers, 157 00:09:21,100 --> 00:09:24,642 {\an1}even though he's only, you know, 15, 16 years old, 158 00:09:24,666 --> 00:09:26,842 {\an1}and when we were on Mount Washington he was 17. 159 00:09:26,866 --> 00:09:30,066 ♪ ♪ 160 00:09:33,066 --> 00:09:35,642 ANNOUNCER: At 6,288 feet, the view is the beauty 161 00:09:35,666 --> 00:09:38,209 {\an1}and the weather, the beast. 162 00:09:38,233 --> 00:09:40,376 OSIUS: This is like so many of these events 163 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:43,909 {\an1}where it's never just one thing, it's an accrual. 164 00:09:43,933 --> 00:09:45,309 {\an1}It's a whole series, 165 00:09:45,333 --> 00:09:47,009 {\an1}and if you could change any one of those things, 166 00:09:47,033 --> 00:09:48,633 {\an1}it wouldn't happen. 167 00:09:49,966 --> 00:09:52,242 BATZER: I wanted to go to Mount Washington. 168 00:09:52,266 --> 00:09:53,776 {\an1}I said to Hugh, I said, "I'd really like to do 169 00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:54,777 {\an1}"one of the ice gullies, 170 00:09:54,801 --> 00:09:56,309 {\an1}"but go to the top of the mountain 171 00:09:56,333 --> 00:09:58,009 {\an1}"because I want to train more for doing peaks 172 00:09:58,033 --> 00:10:00,342 {\an1}and things like that," and Hugh said, "Sure, you know, 173 00:10:00,366 --> 00:10:01,876 {\an1}glad to do that." 174 00:10:01,900 --> 00:10:03,476 {\an1}We knew it was going to be a little more dangerous 175 00:10:03,500 --> 00:10:06,176 {\an1}than the other things we had done. 176 00:10:06,200 --> 00:10:08,942 ♪ ♪ 177 00:10:08,966 --> 00:10:13,642 OSIUS: Hugh and Jeff drove up to New Hampshire. 178 00:10:13,666 --> 00:10:16,209 BATZER: I probably dominated things with the music there, 179 00:10:16,233 --> 00:10:18,209 {\an1}but it was probably mostly The Police on the way up. 180 00:10:18,233 --> 00:10:20,076 {\an1}And I can remember just remember listening to this one song 181 00:10:20,100 --> 00:10:22,542 {\an1}that says, "You'll be sorry when I'm dead." (laughs) 182 00:10:22,566 --> 00:10:27,109 STING: ♪ You'll be sorry when I'm dead ♪ 183 00:10:27,133 --> 00:10:30,609 {\an1}♪ And all this guilt will be on your head ♪ 184 00:10:30,633 --> 00:10:34,209 {\an1}♪ I guess you'd call it suicide ♪ 185 00:10:34,233 --> 00:10:35,542 {\an1}(song echoes and ends) 186 00:10:35,566 --> 00:10:38,109 {\an1}(footsteps crunching) 187 00:10:38,133 --> 00:10:40,409 BATZER: The first night when we got there was just to get up 188 00:10:40,433 --> 00:10:43,809 {\an1}to stay overnight on the mountain at Harvard Hut. 189 00:10:43,833 --> 00:10:46,542 {\an1}You know, there was very much that warning 190 00:10:46,566 --> 00:10:49,976 {\an1}to the Appalachian Mountain Club folks, that were very careful, 191 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:51,276 {\an1}I think, to warn people like, 192 00:10:51,300 --> 00:10:52,776 {\an1}"Hey, do you know what you're doing here? 193 00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:54,376 {\an1}You know, you're going to go up into a really rough realm." 194 00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:56,280 {\an1}And so there would have been a bit of that, too. 195 00:10:58,666 --> 00:11:01,576 {\an1}That next morning is where we wanted to choose a route 196 00:11:01,600 --> 00:11:03,476 going up through Huntington Ravine, 197 00:11:03,500 --> 00:11:05,733 {\an1}where there are a number of different ice climbs. 198 00:11:06,666 --> 00:11:08,509 {\an1}So, we decided, really, 199 00:11:08,533 --> 00:11:10,842 {\an1}I think it was that morning, to do O'Dell's Gully. 200 00:11:10,866 --> 00:11:11,942 Hugh led it, 201 00:11:11,966 --> 00:11:14,742 and did a number of pitches on up through. 202 00:11:14,766 --> 00:11:16,309 {\an1}And at one point I had 203 00:11:16,333 --> 00:11:17,942 {\an1}these heavy Gore-Tex mittens, 204 00:11:17,966 --> 00:11:21,076 {\an1}and I had slings that were Velcroed on, 205 00:11:21,100 --> 00:11:22,642 {\an1}and so I could let them hang down, 206 00:11:22,666 --> 00:11:25,409 {\an1}so I could work on the tools and take screws in and out. 207 00:11:25,433 --> 00:11:27,976 {\an1}So, the one time I did that, the sling came open 208 00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:30,209 and I looked and the mitten was gone. 209 00:11:30,233 --> 00:11:31,509 {\an1}So that would come in later on 210 00:11:31,533 --> 00:11:33,142 {\an1}as far as being a major problem with, 211 00:11:33,166 --> 00:11:36,609 {\an1}you know, trying to keep my hands from becoming frostbitten. 212 00:11:36,633 --> 00:11:38,509 (wind gusting) 213 00:11:38,533 --> 00:11:40,542 {\an1}So, we're at the top of O'Dell's Gully, 214 00:11:40,566 --> 00:11:43,242 {\an1}which is 800 feet from the ground. 215 00:11:43,266 --> 00:11:45,276 {\an1}We decided we would drive on, 216 00:11:45,300 --> 00:11:47,542 {\an1}and actually try to get to the summit, 217 00:11:47,566 --> 00:11:49,609 {\an1}and just try to knock that all off. 218 00:11:49,633 --> 00:11:53,109 Maybe about 20, 25 minutes or so, 219 00:11:53,133 --> 00:11:54,642 {\an1}and these little wispy wind gusts 220 00:11:54,666 --> 00:11:55,909 {\an1}and snow that was coming down 221 00:11:55,933 --> 00:11:59,742 turned into just hurricane force winds. 222 00:11:59,766 --> 00:12:05,609 HERR: Above Huntington's, we probably walked five minutes at the most. 223 00:12:05,633 --> 00:12:10,342 {\an1}That was the critical decision that led to the accident. 224 00:12:10,366 --> 00:12:12,942 {\an1}You know, among the mistakes that they made 225 00:12:12,966 --> 00:12:14,742 {\an1}was that they didn't have a compass, 226 00:12:14,766 --> 00:12:16,009 {\an1}they didn't have a map and compass. 227 00:12:16,033 --> 00:12:17,842 {\an1}And they were using the wind. 228 00:12:17,866 --> 00:12:22,342 {\an1}And so when they turned around to walk down, 229 00:12:22,366 --> 00:12:24,442 {\an1}they did not realize that the wind had changed 230 00:12:24,466 --> 00:12:26,942 {\an1}and so they walked in the wrong direction. 231 00:12:26,966 --> 00:12:30,276 (wind blowing) 232 00:12:30,300 --> 00:12:32,742 {\an1}Instead of going down where they had come from, 233 00:12:32,766 --> 00:12:34,909 {\an1}they went down the wrong side, 234 00:12:34,933 --> 00:12:36,876 {\an1}and they went into the Great Gulf, 235 00:12:36,900 --> 00:12:40,233 {\an1}which is an immense wilderness. 236 00:12:43,133 --> 00:12:45,909 ♪ ♪ 237 00:12:45,933 --> 00:12:47,842 BATZER: So the day goes on, you know, 238 00:12:47,866 --> 00:12:50,676 {\an1}half an hour after half an hour starts going by 239 00:12:50,700 --> 00:12:52,942 and we're like, "Man, what is going on here?" 240 00:12:52,966 --> 00:12:54,476 {\an1}At some point we've got to break through 241 00:12:54,500 --> 00:12:56,309 to something that looks familiar here. 242 00:12:56,333 --> 00:12:58,276 {\an1}We still thought we were in Huntington Ravine. 243 00:12:58,300 --> 00:13:01,609 {\an1}We thought if we go out, we hook to this one side 244 00:13:01,633 --> 00:13:03,042 {\an1}we're going to hit the Harvard Hut eventually, 245 00:13:03,066 --> 00:13:04,709 {\an1}we'd at least be able to get there, no big deal. 246 00:13:04,733 --> 00:13:07,342 OSIUS: At a certain point, they realized they were lost. 247 00:13:07,366 --> 00:13:09,142 {\an1}But at that point, 248 00:13:09,166 --> 00:13:11,209 {\an1}it was better just to keep going 249 00:13:11,233 --> 00:13:14,176 then try to go all the way back up. 250 00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:16,242 BATZER: We'd gone for hours now, 251 00:13:16,266 --> 00:13:17,942 {\an1}and going in toward evening, and we're thinking, "Okay, 252 00:13:17,966 --> 00:13:19,942 {\an1}"this is starting to get a little more serious. 253 00:13:19,966 --> 00:13:20,976 {\an1}"We don't have anything to eat. 254 00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:23,442 {\an1}"We don't even have water with us. 255 00:13:23,466 --> 00:13:26,176 {\an1}Just some awful events happened that night. 256 00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:29,942 {\an1}There was a river over in that Great Gulf area. 257 00:13:29,966 --> 00:13:31,309 {\an1}Well, let's just follow this, 258 00:13:31,333 --> 00:13:33,042 {\an1}which is going downhill, at least. 259 00:13:33,066 --> 00:13:35,400 {\an1}You know, maybe that'll get to something eventually. 260 00:13:37,233 --> 00:13:39,276 {\an1}And what happened was, Hugh fell through the ice 261 00:13:39,300 --> 00:13:41,466 and was soaked from the waist down. 262 00:13:43,533 --> 00:13:45,342 {\an1}Maybe within an hour or so, it happened again. 263 00:13:45,366 --> 00:13:46,809 {\an1}We were always right next to each other, 264 00:13:46,833 --> 00:13:47,810 {\an1}and he would go through, 265 00:13:47,834 --> 00:13:50,176 {\an1}and the next time he went in up to here. 266 00:13:50,200 --> 00:13:52,542 {\an1}You know, it's minus 20 degrees Fahrenheit 267 00:13:52,566 --> 00:13:54,842 {\an1}and your feet get wet. 268 00:13:54,866 --> 00:13:57,776 {\an1}It's a rapid decay. 269 00:13:57,800 --> 00:13:59,042 (wind blowing) 270 00:13:59,066 --> 00:14:01,209 OSIUS: They crawled under a rock 271 00:14:01,233 --> 00:14:03,376 {\an1}and they were just trying to keep each other warm 272 00:14:03,400 --> 00:14:05,309 {\an7}and give each other hope. 273 00:14:05,333 --> 00:14:06,842 {\an8}BATZER: So we broke a bunch of these trees 274 00:14:06,866 --> 00:14:08,442 {\an7}and got a pile of these branches 275 00:14:08,466 --> 00:14:09,542 {\an8}and laid them on top of the snow, 276 00:14:09,566 --> 00:14:11,309 {\an7}so we were off of the cold snow. 277 00:14:11,333 --> 00:14:13,409 {\an7}What we did is made a huge pile of these 278 00:14:13,433 --> 00:14:15,842 {\an7}that we put on top of us, like a sleeping bag. 279 00:14:15,866 --> 00:14:18,976 {\an1}And we were just encased in these branches in this cave. 280 00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:20,609 {\an1}Given my experience in the mountains, 281 00:14:20,633 --> 00:14:23,409 {\an1}I personally did not believe we would last a night. 282 00:14:23,433 --> 00:14:25,776 {\an1}What I didn't estimate 283 00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:29,142 {\an1}is the power of being with someone else. 284 00:14:29,166 --> 00:14:31,476 {\an1}That's critical because if you're with another human being, 285 00:14:31,500 --> 00:14:33,842 {\an1}you can hug them. 286 00:14:33,866 --> 00:14:37,042 {\an1}And you, you dramatically reduce the surface area 287 00:14:37,066 --> 00:14:41,176 {\an1}of the dual body, but you double the heat source. 288 00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:43,109 {\an1}So, by hugging someone, 289 00:14:43,133 --> 00:14:45,642 {\an1}you can stay alive for a remarkable amount of time 290 00:14:45,666 --> 00:14:48,742 {\an1}in those subarctic conditions. 291 00:14:48,766 --> 00:14:51,042 {\an8}♪ ♪ 292 00:14:51,066 --> 00:14:52,742 {\an8}(birds chirping) 293 00:14:52,766 --> 00:14:55,876 BATZER: Sunday morning was a beautiful morning. 294 00:14:55,900 --> 00:14:58,176 Calm, very cold. 295 00:14:58,200 --> 00:14:59,909 OSIUS: They had no idea 296 00:14:59,933 --> 00:15:03,042 that there was this whole search going on 297 00:15:03,066 --> 00:15:05,366 {\an1}on the other side of the mountain. 298 00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:09,642 BATZER: We didn't come back, so the cabin caretaker, 299 00:15:09,666 --> 00:15:12,442 he alerted the Appalachian Mountain Club 300 00:15:12,466 --> 00:15:14,476 {\an1}that these kids didn't come back. 301 00:15:14,500 --> 00:15:19,142 {\an8}OSIUS: People fanned out and were checking all the routes 302 00:15:19,166 --> 00:15:21,233 {\an8}that you'd expect, the known routes and gullies. 303 00:15:22,900 --> 00:15:24,976 {\an1}(footsteps, heavy breathing) 304 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:27,576 BATZER: What we did was follow these trail markers. 305 00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:29,842 {\an1}And this moving was just very slow. 306 00:15:29,866 --> 00:15:35,209 OSIUS: As they kept walking, Hugh started falling over. 307 00:15:35,233 --> 00:15:36,742 {\an1}By the time my eyes realized I was falling, 308 00:15:36,766 --> 00:15:38,076 {\an1}it was too late to react. 309 00:15:38,100 --> 00:15:41,342 {\an1}So, I'd walk three paces and just fall over. 310 00:15:41,366 --> 00:15:44,242 It was just a very strange feeling. 311 00:15:44,266 --> 00:15:45,842 {\an8}♪ ♪ 312 00:15:45,866 --> 00:15:48,942 {\an8}BATZER: Monday morning, basically, we're definitely thinking 313 00:15:48,966 --> 00:15:50,500 {\an7}we could die, you know, at that point. 314 00:15:51,966 --> 00:15:55,209 {\an1}So that morning, I started going out through this deep snow, 315 00:15:55,233 --> 00:15:57,642 {\an1}trying to follow this path and, 316 00:15:57,666 --> 00:16:00,576 {\an1}oh, maybe made it for a couple of hours 317 00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:02,976 {\an1}and just praying, trudging along. 318 00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:07,942 OSIUS: He walked and walked and then he found himself crossing tracks. 319 00:16:07,966 --> 00:16:09,442 And for a second he was really excited, 320 00:16:09,466 --> 00:16:11,442 {\an1}thinking they were someone's, 321 00:16:11,466 --> 00:16:13,033 {\an1}and then he realized they were his. 322 00:16:15,833 --> 00:16:18,742 BATZER: So I decided, the strength I have, 323 00:16:18,766 --> 00:16:21,209 {\an1}I'm going to return back to Hugh. 324 00:16:21,233 --> 00:16:23,242 {\an1}I just fell back beside him 325 00:16:23,266 --> 00:16:25,409 {\an1}and I said to him, I said, Hugh, I said, I'd failed. 326 00:16:25,433 --> 00:16:26,609 {\an1}I couldn't get out. 327 00:16:26,633 --> 00:16:28,109 {\an1}He said, "That's okay, Jeff." 328 00:16:28,133 --> 00:16:32,700 {\an1}And we didn't say another word for maybe a couple of hours. 329 00:16:35,333 --> 00:16:42,276 {\an8}♪ ♪ 330 00:16:42,300 --> 00:16:44,400 (wind gusting) 331 00:16:48,266 --> 00:16:51,276 HERR: The process of freezing to death 332 00:16:51,300 --> 00:16:54,333 {\an1}is actually very pleasant. 333 00:16:57,433 --> 00:17:00,742 {\an1}Even though it was minus 20 and constantly snowing, 334 00:17:00,766 --> 00:17:02,409 it felt warm. 335 00:17:02,433 --> 00:17:07,009 ♪ ♪ 336 00:17:07,033 --> 00:17:09,109 BATZER: I can remember just having this thing 337 00:17:09,133 --> 00:17:11,776 {\an1}where I just started to hyperventilate. 338 00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:14,709 ♪ ♪ 339 00:17:14,733 --> 00:17:20,533 HERR: I think we both gave up the fight to live. 340 00:17:22,033 --> 00:17:27,709 {\an1}We actually rationalize that the sooner we died, the better. 341 00:17:27,733 --> 00:17:30,109 ♪ ♪ 342 00:17:30,133 --> 00:17:33,600 {\an1}So we actually stopped hugging each other. 343 00:17:36,566 --> 00:17:37,942 OSIUS: It's hard to imagine 344 00:17:37,966 --> 00:17:40,500 {\an1}that they could have survived another night. 345 00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:48,076 (footsteps) 346 00:17:48,100 --> 00:17:51,042 {\an1}And then by incredible miracle, 347 00:17:51,066 --> 00:17:53,142 Cam Bradshaw, 348 00:17:53,166 --> 00:17:57,776 {\an1}a 28-year-old hut manager, was out snowshoeing 349 00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:00,942 {\an1}and she saw these weird tracks and she thought, "Oh, 350 00:18:00,966 --> 00:18:04,676 {\an1}that must be a moose," because they were so inconsistent. 351 00:18:04,700 --> 00:18:09,276 {\an1}So she tracked them for a long time. 352 00:18:09,300 --> 00:18:12,709 ♪ ♪ 353 00:18:12,733 --> 00:18:16,342 BATZER: It was about 2:30, just heard some noises over in the trees, 354 00:18:16,366 --> 00:18:18,076 real close to us 355 00:18:18,100 --> 00:18:19,376 {\an7}and could see this girl, you know, 356 00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:21,242 {\an7}fighting her way through the trees, you know. 357 00:18:21,266 --> 00:18:25,276 She came upon us and was standing there. 358 00:18:25,300 --> 00:18:27,009 {\an1}And at first we were silent, 359 00:18:27,033 --> 00:18:29,342 {\an1}because we didn't trust our minds. 360 00:18:29,366 --> 00:18:32,242 {\an1}And then we shouted and she responded. 361 00:18:32,266 --> 00:18:33,776 (laughs) So... 362 00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:36,209 {\an7}And she said, "Are you the guys that are missing?" 363 00:18:36,233 --> 00:18:38,476 {\an8}And they said, "Yeah, that's us." 364 00:18:38,500 --> 00:18:41,576 {\an1}And then everything went into motion really fast. 365 00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:43,342 {\an1}She went hurrying down the trail 366 00:18:43,366 --> 00:18:44,842 {\an1}and I think she found some skiers 367 00:18:44,866 --> 00:18:46,842 {\an1}and they went even faster and they got to the road, 368 00:18:46,866 --> 00:18:48,442 {\an1}and they got word to people. 369 00:18:48,466 --> 00:18:50,409 ♪ ♪ 370 00:18:50,433 --> 00:18:52,709 {\an1}(helicopter rotors beating) 371 00:18:52,733 --> 00:18:54,609 {\an1}And then the helicopter came in 372 00:18:54,633 --> 00:18:57,142 and got them. 373 00:18:57,166 --> 00:18:59,376 You know, a really good extraction 374 00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:01,242 {\an1}just before it got dark. 375 00:19:01,266 --> 00:19:04,409 ♪ ♪ 376 00:19:04,433 --> 00:19:05,742 BATZER: Actually said to Hugh, 377 00:19:05,766 --> 00:19:07,709 {\an1}I was cheering him on when nobody was around, 378 00:19:07,733 --> 00:19:09,442 {\an1}"Just, come on, Hugh, hang in there, 379 00:19:09,466 --> 00:19:11,026 {\an1}we need to make it a little bit longer." 380 00:19:13,033 --> 00:19:15,809 {\an8}HERR: We felt tremendous elation 381 00:19:15,833 --> 00:19:18,542 {\an8}because we went from being certain of death to, 382 00:19:18,566 --> 00:19:20,676 {\an8}gosh, we might live. 383 00:19:20,700 --> 00:19:22,376 {\an8}BATZER: Little did we know 384 00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:24,176 {\an1}what our bodies would have to go through 385 00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:27,633 {\an1}in these next days and all that in the hospital and everything. 386 00:19:31,433 --> 00:19:36,342 ♪ ♪ 387 00:19:36,366 --> 00:19:37,909 {\an1}One of the staff said, 388 00:19:37,933 --> 00:19:40,233 {\an1}did you know that somebody had died trying to rescue you? 389 00:19:43,133 --> 00:19:45,142 {\an1}So, I broke down and cried 390 00:19:45,166 --> 00:19:47,800 {\an1}and just couldn't believe that that happened. 391 00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:55,309 HERR: Immediately following the accident, my emotional state 392 00:19:55,333 --> 00:19:56,666 {\an1}wasn't that of pity. 393 00:19:59,266 --> 00:20:01,909 {\an1}It was that of extreme anger. 394 00:20:01,933 --> 00:20:06,509 {\an1}I completely blamed myself for the accident 395 00:20:06,533 --> 00:20:10,676 {\an1}and for the death of a rescuer, Albert Dow, 396 00:20:10,700 --> 00:20:14,342 {\an1}was struck by an avalanche searching for myself 397 00:20:14,366 --> 00:20:15,642 {\an1}and my partner, Jeff Batzer. 398 00:20:15,666 --> 00:20:20,209 ♪ ♪ 399 00:20:20,233 --> 00:20:23,509 OSIUS: Albert was out there trying to help somebody else. 400 00:20:23,533 --> 00:20:28,576 {\an1}He and Michael Hartridge checked Huntington. 401 00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,476 Apparently, a cornice collapsed above 402 00:20:31,500 --> 00:20:33,809 {\an1}and they got hit from behind. 403 00:20:33,833 --> 00:20:35,642 (wind blowing) 404 00:20:35,666 --> 00:20:38,876 {\an1}Michael was able to reach into his anorak pocket 405 00:20:38,900 --> 00:20:41,500 {\an1}and pull out the radio and say, "We've been avalanched." 406 00:20:43,700 --> 00:20:47,109 {\an1}And then when the others got to him, 407 00:20:47,133 --> 00:20:51,009 {\an1}it was apparently the most eerie sight anyone had ever seen, 408 00:20:51,033 --> 00:20:55,342 {\an1}to see this one dachstein mitten waving above the snow. 409 00:20:55,366 --> 00:20:57,709 ♪ ♪ 410 00:20:57,733 --> 00:21:00,609 {\an1}And so they dug out Michael, 411 00:21:00,633 --> 00:21:02,309 {\an1}and they were looking for Albert, 412 00:21:02,333 --> 00:21:04,373 {\an1}and it took a little while, and then they found him. 413 00:21:06,233 --> 00:21:09,009 ♪ ♪ 414 00:21:09,033 --> 00:21:11,809 CARYL DOW: His neck had been broken. 415 00:21:11,833 --> 00:21:15,042 {\an1}Probably hitting a tree, 416 00:21:15,066 --> 00:21:18,666 {\an7}and he was killed instantly. 417 00:21:21,566 --> 00:21:26,642 {\an1}Immediately, the impact was shock, absolute disbelief. 418 00:21:26,666 --> 00:21:28,242 SUSAN DOW: It wasn't anger, it was like, 419 00:21:28,266 --> 00:21:31,609 {\an7}"How could this happen?" You know? 420 00:21:31,633 --> 00:21:35,742 {\an7}And, and that was much more my reaction than anger. 421 00:21:35,766 --> 00:21:38,576 {\an1}I was thrilled that they had survived. 422 00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:42,042 {\an1}I think it would have been far worse for me if they had died, 423 00:21:42,066 --> 00:21:46,809 {\an1}because then it would have been in vain, in some ways. 424 00:21:46,833 --> 00:21:49,966 {\an1}And that, just, to me, would have been unacceptable. 425 00:21:52,433 --> 00:21:57,942 HERR: For a very long time, I was enraged. 426 00:21:57,966 --> 00:21:59,742 {\an1}But still having hope 427 00:21:59,766 --> 00:22:05,309 {\an1}that I could climb out of the ashes of the, of the accident, 428 00:22:05,333 --> 00:22:09,309 {\an1}and in memory of the rescuer Albert Dow's, 429 00:22:09,333 --> 00:22:11,676 {\an1}in memory of his sacrifice, 430 00:22:11,700 --> 00:22:14,576 {\an1}to actually do something with my life 431 00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:17,809 {\an1}and to contribute to humanity. 432 00:22:17,833 --> 00:22:20,909 BATZER: I went into surgery after six weeks 433 00:22:20,933 --> 00:22:24,642 {\an1}where they worked on my fingers on my right hand, 434 00:22:24,666 --> 00:22:28,876 {\an1}and removed those, and then also the toes in my right foot. 435 00:22:28,900 --> 00:22:30,209 {\an1}And then a couple of days later, 436 00:22:30,233 --> 00:22:32,276 {\an1}I had my left leg removed six inches below the knee. 437 00:22:32,300 --> 00:22:34,276 {\an1}And then a couple days later, 438 00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:35,909 {\an1}Hugh had both of his legs removed, 439 00:22:35,933 --> 00:22:38,376 {\an1}about seven inches below the knee. 440 00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:41,276 ♪ ♪ 441 00:22:41,300 --> 00:22:45,809 HERR: Lying in the hospital with my limbs amputated, 442 00:22:45,833 --> 00:22:48,676 {\an1}my future was just a black hole. 443 00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:53,476 {\an1}I had never met anyone with limb loss. 444 00:22:53,500 --> 00:22:56,609 {\an1}I'd never met anyone that used a prosthesis. 445 00:22:56,633 --> 00:23:00,600 {\an1}So I had zero information on what life would be. 446 00:23:02,266 --> 00:23:07,009 {\an1}I asked my rehabilitation doctor what I would be able to do. 447 00:23:07,033 --> 00:23:08,176 He said, "What do you want to do?" 448 00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:10,276 And I said, "Well, I want to drive a car, 449 00:23:10,300 --> 00:23:12,276 {\an1}"I want to ride my bicycle, 450 00:23:12,300 --> 00:23:14,242 {\an1}and I really want to return to mountain climbing." 451 00:23:14,266 --> 00:23:17,909 {\an1}And he, without hesitation, said I'd be able to drive a car, 452 00:23:17,933 --> 00:23:19,976 {\an1}but with hand controls, but I'm afraid 453 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:21,376 {\an1}you'll never be able to ride a bicycle 454 00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:23,442 {\an1}nor mountain climb again. 455 00:23:23,466 --> 00:23:26,776 ♪ ♪ 456 00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:30,042 {\an1}I received my first pair of limbs. 457 00:23:30,066 --> 00:23:33,409 {\an1}The mechanical attachment of the limb to my residuum 458 00:23:33,433 --> 00:23:35,676 {\an1}was actually made of plaster of Paris, 459 00:23:35,700 --> 00:23:40,309 {\an1}and they told me, even if you can and want to, 460 00:23:40,333 --> 00:23:43,109 {\an7}do not walk without crutches or canes, 461 00:23:43,133 --> 00:23:45,376 {\an8}because we're afraid the plaster will crack. 462 00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:48,176 {\an1}I cried for about 24 hours. 463 00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:50,042 And I think it's a common experience 464 00:23:50,066 --> 00:23:51,909 {\an1}for people that go through this. 465 00:23:51,933 --> 00:23:53,076 {\an1}They shake their head, 466 00:23:53,100 --> 00:23:55,209 {\an1}in this day and age of space travel 467 00:23:55,233 --> 00:23:57,676 {\an8}and automobiles, are you kidding me? 468 00:23:57,700 --> 00:23:59,009 {\an8}Are you kidding me? 469 00:23:59,033 --> 00:24:03,176 {\an8}And so I sheepishly 470 00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:05,742 {\an7}took what was given to me for prostheses, 471 00:24:05,766 --> 00:24:08,342 {\an7}and with my brother, we ventured 472 00:24:08,366 --> 00:24:11,742 {\an7}into the same mossy wet cliffs in Pennsylvania 473 00:24:11,766 --> 00:24:13,942 {\an8}shortly after my limbs were amputated. 474 00:24:13,966 --> 00:24:18,242 {\an8}I can barely walk, but once I was at the cliff 475 00:24:18,266 --> 00:24:20,142 {\an7}gripping the rock with fingers and toes, 476 00:24:20,166 --> 00:24:22,600 {\an7}I just felt completely at home. 477 00:24:24,966 --> 00:24:28,309 {\an7}It was silly of me to listen to the doctor. 478 00:24:28,333 --> 00:24:30,376 {\an8}It was silly because he didn't know me, 479 00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:34,009 {\an1}and it seemed that he didn't know technology. 480 00:24:34,033 --> 00:24:38,776 {\an8}I began tinkering and designing variants 481 00:24:38,800 --> 00:24:40,409 {\an8}of my prostheses 482 00:24:40,433 --> 00:24:41,809 {\an7}that were more conducive to the vertical world 483 00:24:41,833 --> 00:24:43,442 {\an7}of rock and ice climbing. 484 00:24:43,466 --> 00:24:46,900 ♪ ♪ 485 00:24:50,266 --> 00:24:55,242 {\an8}JIM EWING: Hugh, climbing as strongly as he did back then, 486 00:24:55,266 --> 00:24:59,409 {\an7}was kind of a challenge to people; it was, you know, 487 00:24:59,433 --> 00:25:01,342 {\an7}kind of putting his finger in their eye. 488 00:25:01,366 --> 00:25:03,609 {\an1}So, people were looking for excuses 489 00:25:03,633 --> 00:25:08,709 {\an1}for why he was a stronger climber than they were, perhaps. 490 00:25:08,733 --> 00:25:12,476 {\an7}Maybe he can stand on smaller edges than everybody else, 491 00:25:12,500 --> 00:25:15,209 {\an1}or maybe he can extend his leg longer 492 00:25:15,233 --> 00:25:19,142 {\an1}so he can reach the hold easier, but having witnessed 493 00:25:19,166 --> 00:25:21,109 the struggles that he went through 494 00:25:21,133 --> 00:25:25,076 {\an1}as a bilateral amputee, 495 00:25:25,100 --> 00:25:26,809 {\an1}that's, that's a bunch of hogwash. 496 00:25:26,833 --> 00:25:29,776 HERR: I realized firsthand 497 00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:32,176 {\an1}the extraordinary capacity of technology 498 00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:35,009 {\an1}to heal, to rehabilitate, and in my own case, 499 00:25:35,033 --> 00:25:39,176 {\an1}to extend physicality beyond natural levels. 500 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:41,376 {\an1}And that is what inspired me to go to school, 501 00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:44,609 {\an1}and to more deeply learn mathematics, 502 00:25:44,633 --> 00:25:47,109 {\an1}engineering, and design. 503 00:25:47,133 --> 00:25:51,009 {\an1}Because I thought to myself, if I had this level of success 504 00:25:51,033 --> 00:25:52,976 with just skills in the machine shop, 505 00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:55,142 {\an1}imagine what I could do 506 00:25:55,166 --> 00:25:58,842 {\an7}if I deeply understood physics and engineering. 507 00:25:58,866 --> 00:26:03,500 {\an7}So there I found myself in mathematics class. 508 00:26:04,466 --> 00:26:08,400 ♪ ♪ 509 00:26:23,666 --> 00:26:28,533 {\an8}(crowd cheering) 510 00:26:37,966 --> 00:26:40,676 (explosion) 511 00:26:40,700 --> 00:26:46,842 {\an1}(people screaming) 512 00:26:46,866 --> 00:26:49,609 {\an1}POLICE RADIO VOICE 1: What was that on Boylston Street? 513 00:26:49,633 --> 00:26:54,842 {\an1}POLICE RADIO VOICE 2: 833, something just exploded at the finish line. 514 00:26:54,866 --> 00:26:58,342 {\an1}POLICE RADIO VOICE 3: Two devices just went off at Boylston and Exeter. 515 00:26:58,366 --> 00:27:02,376 {\an1}All units, extreme caution. 516 00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:06,109 CARTY: I'll never forget when we heard about the bombing. 517 00:27:06,133 --> 00:27:09,309 {\an1}(people screaming) 518 00:27:09,333 --> 00:27:11,176 {\an1}Someone came into the O.R. and said, 519 00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:14,876 {\an1}"I think there has been a bombing at the marathon." 520 00:27:14,900 --> 00:27:17,009 {\an7}I also happened to be on call 521 00:27:17,033 --> 00:27:20,942 {\an8}for plastic surgery at the Brigham on that day. 522 00:27:20,966 --> 00:27:22,942 {\an1}POLICE RADIO VOICE 1: Delta 984, sir, go. 523 00:27:22,966 --> 00:27:24,376 {\an1}POLICE RADIO VOICE 3: We need help from the medical tent. 524 00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:28,109 {\an1}Get as many people as you can up here from the medical tent. 525 00:27:28,133 --> 00:27:30,342 CARTY: Here were all these young, healthy patients 526 00:27:30,366 --> 00:27:33,109 {\an1}who had amputations in the field 527 00:27:33,133 --> 00:27:34,576 {\an1}or were requiring amputations after the fact 528 00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:35,942 {\an1}because of the severity of their injury. 529 00:27:35,966 --> 00:27:38,376 {\an1}But they still had material 530 00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:41,076 {\an1}that could be used for reconstructive purposes 531 00:27:41,100 --> 00:27:42,776 {\an1}that we were throwing away at the time, 532 00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:44,942 {\an1}because that's how standard amputations are done. 533 00:27:44,966 --> 00:27:47,042 {\an1}(sirens, police radios) 534 00:27:47,066 --> 00:27:52,376 {\an1}If we are able to come up with a better way of doing amputation 535 00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:56,076 {\an1}that fully augments a person's ability 536 00:27:56,100 --> 00:27:58,909 {\an1}to achieve increased levels of function, 537 00:27:58,933 --> 00:28:00,809 {\an1}that is a much different package. 538 00:28:00,833 --> 00:28:06,209 {\an1}So, what the marathon inspired was really, frankly, 539 00:28:06,233 --> 00:28:08,542 {\an1}for me to get off my ass... (chuckles) 540 00:28:08,566 --> 00:28:10,842 {\an1}and crystallize this into something 541 00:28:10,866 --> 00:28:12,809 {\an1}that was operationalizable. 542 00:28:12,833 --> 00:28:17,942 ♪ ♪ 543 00:28:17,966 --> 00:28:19,842 TYLER CLITES: For hundreds, thousands of years, 544 00:28:19,866 --> 00:28:23,409 {\an1}amputation has been viewed as a procedure that's done 545 00:28:23,433 --> 00:28:25,676 {\an1}when there are no other options. 546 00:28:25,700 --> 00:28:28,342 {\an1}So we try to fix it in all these different ways. 547 00:28:28,366 --> 00:28:29,976 {\an7}And that doesn't work. 548 00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:33,142 {\an7}And the last thing we do is we take the leg. 549 00:28:33,166 --> 00:28:36,542 {\an7}Because of that, not much scientific effort has been put 550 00:28:36,566 --> 00:28:38,642 {\an7}into changing the way that that surgery is done. 551 00:28:38,666 --> 00:28:40,476 {\an7}And so, fundamentally, the surgery hasn't changed 552 00:28:40,500 --> 00:28:42,842 {\an8}since, really, the Civil War era. 553 00:28:42,866 --> 00:28:47,709 ♪ ♪ 554 00:28:47,733 --> 00:28:49,842 CARTY: Now, to understand the limitations 555 00:28:49,866 --> 00:28:52,076 {\an1}of traditional approaches to amputation, 556 00:28:52,100 --> 00:28:54,242 it's critical to first understand 557 00:28:54,266 --> 00:28:55,942 {\an1}how our limbs work normally. 558 00:28:55,966 --> 00:28:59,142 {\an1}Muscles in our limbs work in tandem with each other, 559 00:28:59,166 --> 00:29:01,342 {\an1}with each pair joined by a tendon. 560 00:29:01,366 --> 00:29:04,942 {\an1}So when I bend my wrist, muscles on one side contract, 561 00:29:04,966 --> 00:29:08,076 {\an1}and complementary muscles on the opposing side stretch. 562 00:29:08,100 --> 00:29:10,142 {\an1}Or, when I point my foot up, 563 00:29:10,166 --> 00:29:11,876 {\an7}a muscle in the front of my leg contracts, 564 00:29:11,900 --> 00:29:14,276 {\an1}and a muscle in the back expands. 565 00:29:14,300 --> 00:29:16,576 {\an1}Sensory nerves located in muscles and joints, 566 00:29:16,600 --> 00:29:20,409 {\an1}called proprioceptors, detect each stretch and contraction 567 00:29:20,433 --> 00:29:23,842 {\an7}and send signals to the brain via the nervous system. 568 00:29:23,866 --> 00:29:26,476 {\an7}The brain actually uses this awareness of the movement 569 00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:29,409 {\an1}of those muscle pairs and creates a spatial, 570 00:29:29,433 --> 00:29:33,109 {\an1}almost visualized, map of where the limb is in space. 571 00:29:33,133 --> 00:29:36,142 {\an1}This feedback is how we sense the motion of our limbs 572 00:29:36,166 --> 00:29:39,976 {\an1}and joints and their position with exceptional accuracy. 573 00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:42,942 {\an1}It's how I can touch my nose with my eyes closed. 574 00:29:42,966 --> 00:29:44,542 {\an7}Or walk up a flight of stairs 575 00:29:44,566 --> 00:29:46,509 {\an7}without having to look down at my feet. 576 00:29:46,533 --> 00:29:48,276 {\an1}We call this proprioception, 577 00:29:48,300 --> 00:29:51,476 {\an1}and it's essential for our ability to move naturally. 578 00:29:51,500 --> 00:29:53,576 ♪ ♪ 579 00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:57,742 {\an1}SHRIYA SRINIVASAN: Proprioception is our ability to sense the world around us. 580 00:29:57,766 --> 00:30:00,442 {\an1}It's the way that we know our joints move in space, 581 00:30:00,466 --> 00:30:02,442 {\an1}how fast they're moving, how hard they're pushing, 582 00:30:02,466 --> 00:30:03,609 {\an1}how stiff they are. 583 00:30:03,633 --> 00:30:05,542 {\an7}The amputation paradigm today 584 00:30:05,566 --> 00:30:09,576 {\an7}basically throws sand over the whole thing and calls it a day. 585 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:11,942 {\an8}And so it leaves all these wires just hanging. 586 00:30:11,966 --> 00:30:13,909 {\an7}Nothing's connected properly. 587 00:30:13,933 --> 00:30:16,742 {\an8}CARTY: In a standard below-knee amputation, 588 00:30:16,766 --> 00:30:19,476 {\an7}there's an incision that's made in the front part of the leg. 589 00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:21,809 {\an7}And we go down and we basically, we cut the bone, 590 00:30:21,833 --> 00:30:23,676 {\an7}and the tissues in the back part of the calf 591 00:30:23,700 --> 00:30:27,009 {\an7}are left a bit longer and essentially are able to flap up 592 00:30:27,033 --> 00:30:29,109 {\an1}and provide coverage at the end of the limb. 593 00:30:29,133 --> 00:30:33,042 {\an1}That muscle flap turns into a big ball of scar. 594 00:30:33,066 --> 00:30:34,442 {\an1}It provides good padding, 595 00:30:34,466 --> 00:30:36,542 {\an1}but the muscle pairs are no longer connected, 596 00:30:36,566 --> 00:30:38,209 {\an1}leading to the loss of proprioception 597 00:30:38,233 --> 00:30:39,809 {\an1}in the residual limb. 598 00:30:39,833 --> 00:30:42,609 {\an7}If that patient thinks about moving their phantom ankle, 599 00:30:42,633 --> 00:30:45,276 {\an7}muscles in the front part of their leg may contract, 600 00:30:45,300 --> 00:30:47,742 {\an7}but the ones in the back no longer stretch in connection, 601 00:30:47,766 --> 00:30:49,409 {\an8}and vice versa. 602 00:30:49,433 --> 00:30:51,809 {\an7}This causes the brain to receive conflicting 603 00:30:51,833 --> 00:30:53,476 {\an7}and confusing signals, 604 00:30:53,500 --> 00:30:55,476 {\an7}creating all sorts of issues for the patient, 605 00:30:55,500 --> 00:30:57,509 {\an7}including phantom limb pain, 606 00:30:57,533 --> 00:31:00,909 {\an8}and difficulty using the newest prosthetic limbs. 607 00:31:00,933 --> 00:31:02,476 {\an8}HERR: So my limbs were amputated, obviously, 608 00:31:02,500 --> 00:31:03,976 {\an7}in a conventional way. 609 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:05,076 {\an8}What that means is 610 00:31:05,100 --> 00:31:07,576 {\an1}the muscles in my residuum here 611 00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:10,242 {\an1}were stitched down a constant length. 612 00:31:10,266 --> 00:31:12,976 {\an8}When I try to move my foot ankle, 613 00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:16,709 {\an7}it feels like my feet are in rigid ski boots. 614 00:31:16,733 --> 00:31:18,309 {\an8}CLITES: Now we have all this technology. 615 00:31:18,333 --> 00:31:20,709 {\an7}We have advanced robotic limbs, 616 00:31:20,733 --> 00:31:24,042 {\an1}we have advanced ways of talking to nerves and muscles, 617 00:31:24,066 --> 00:31:26,276 {\an1}and yet we're still doing amputation the same way. 618 00:31:26,300 --> 00:31:28,509 {\an1}So, our goal in designing this procedure 619 00:31:28,533 --> 00:31:30,742 {\an1}was to fundamentally change the way 620 00:31:30,766 --> 00:31:32,076 {\an1}that amputations are done 621 00:31:32,100 --> 00:31:34,976 {\an1}to optimize the limb for communication 622 00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:38,966 with an advanced external robotic device. 623 00:31:40,700 --> 00:31:42,909 HERR: The inception of the idea 624 00:31:42,933 --> 00:31:45,809 {\an7}came from little domains of knowledge 625 00:31:45,833 --> 00:31:48,942 {\an7}of how, A, the musculoskeletal system works 626 00:31:48,966 --> 00:31:50,842 {\an7}linked to the nervous system, 627 00:31:50,866 --> 00:31:55,142 {\an7}and, B, knowledge about how the body is controlled, 628 00:31:55,166 --> 00:31:58,400 {\an1}and how robots are controlled. 629 00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:02,742 {\an1}And I also knew that the fundamental motor unit 630 00:32:02,766 --> 00:32:06,342 {\an1}of biological systems is not one muscle, 631 00:32:06,366 --> 00:32:09,876 {\an1}but two muscles working in agonist-antagonist pairs. 632 00:32:09,900 --> 00:32:13,409 {\an7}It's fundamental to how we work as humans. 633 00:32:13,433 --> 00:32:16,542 {\an1}So one day I just thought of, 634 00:32:16,566 --> 00:32:19,942 let's link them and take two motor nerves 635 00:32:19,966 --> 00:32:21,742 {\an1}and get the motor nerves to grow in 636 00:32:21,766 --> 00:32:24,242 and create a little biological joint. 637 00:32:24,266 --> 00:32:28,042 {\an7}My level of education in surgeries was almost zero. 638 00:32:28,066 --> 00:32:30,742 {\an7}So I did not know what was possible. 639 00:32:30,766 --> 00:32:31,842 {\an1}How are you feeling? 640 00:32:31,866 --> 00:32:32,843 Yeah, they just got the IV in you? 641 00:32:32,867 --> 00:32:34,609 Just now, yeah. Okay. 642 00:32:34,633 --> 00:32:38,409 HERR: It was around then that I met Matt Carty. 643 00:32:38,433 --> 00:32:42,542 CARTY: Hugh and I were both interested in revamping limb amputation, 644 00:32:42,566 --> 00:32:45,342 {\an1}and ultimately decided to focus, at least in part, 645 00:32:45,366 --> 00:32:47,242 {\an1}on how we restore proprioception. 646 00:32:47,266 --> 00:32:49,942 {\an1}We had done a series of early conceptual drawings 647 00:32:49,966 --> 00:32:52,576 {\an1}and discussed the idea of creating a biological joint 648 00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:54,376 {\an1}to maintain the muscle pairings 649 00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:56,842 {\an1}typically lost during amputation. 650 00:32:56,866 --> 00:32:59,876 {\an1}Using tendons and bones we typically throw away, 651 00:32:59,900 --> 00:33:03,142 {\an1}we designed a series of pulleys and small pivot points 652 00:33:03,166 --> 00:33:06,042 {\an1}to connect muscles, so that they work in the dynamic way 653 00:33:06,066 --> 00:33:08,509 {\an1}they were intended to by nature. 654 00:33:08,533 --> 00:33:11,309 {\an1}Our hope was that by restoring proprioception, 655 00:33:11,333 --> 00:33:13,409 {\an1}patients would be able to not only perceive 656 00:33:13,433 --> 00:33:15,476 {\an1}where their phantom limb was in space, 657 00:33:15,500 --> 00:33:18,842 {\an1}but actually would be able to better use a prothesis 658 00:33:18,866 --> 00:33:21,000 {\an1}that was specially adapted to their modified limb. 659 00:33:23,633 --> 00:33:25,709 By the time 660 00:33:25,733 --> 00:33:28,542 {\an1}we had ironed out those details, 661 00:33:28,566 --> 00:33:31,509 {\an1}we felt pretty confident that we would be able 662 00:33:31,533 --> 00:33:33,976 {\an1}to do this safely in a live human being. 663 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:36,409 {\an1}The first subject we looked for, 664 00:33:36,433 --> 00:33:40,742 {\an8}someone that was generally healthy. 665 00:33:40,766 --> 00:33:46,376 {\an7}Someone that was mentally prepared, mentally tough. 666 00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:49,866 {\an1}We then needed somebody who, of course, needed an amputation. 667 00:33:51,700 --> 00:33:54,442 INTERVIEWER: All right, I think we're ready to go. 668 00:33:54,466 --> 00:33:59,809 CARTY: I like to make the comparison to recruiting the first astronaut. 669 00:33:59,833 --> 00:34:01,609 INTERVIEWER: Just count to five one more time. 670 00:34:01,633 --> 00:34:04,576 {\an1}One, two, three, four, five. 671 00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:11,933 ♪ ♪ 672 00:34:15,200 --> 00:34:20,609 ♪ ♪ 673 00:34:20,633 --> 00:34:23,276 JIM EWING: We're on our way to Boston, 674 00:34:23,300 --> 00:34:25,476 to... 675 00:34:25,500 --> 00:34:29,242 {\an1}say goodbye to my left foot. 676 00:34:29,266 --> 00:34:31,376 CATHY KING: How are you feeling emotionally? 677 00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:34,909 {\an1}I am absolutely terrified. 678 00:34:34,933 --> 00:34:37,209 {\an1}(Cathy chuckling) 679 00:34:37,233 --> 00:34:40,166 {\an1}But I'm also very excited. 680 00:34:47,300 --> 00:34:48,776 C'mon, Hugh. 681 00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:51,376 Oh, I see the family of ants. 682 00:34:51,400 --> 00:34:55,109 {\an1}Yeah, isn't that cool? Yeah. 683 00:34:55,133 --> 00:34:57,376 {\an1}JIM EWING (voiceover): Hugh and I first met maybe 684 00:34:57,400 --> 00:35:00,342 in 1984 or 1985, somewhere in there. 685 00:35:00,366 --> 00:35:01,842 {\an1}Here, you wanna carry that? 686 00:35:01,866 --> 00:35:04,500 No. Would you carry that? 687 00:35:06,033 --> 00:35:07,776 {\an1}HERR (voiceover): Yeah, I was a climbing bum 688 00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:10,776 {\an7}living in New Hampshire, 689 00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:12,509 {\an1}and putting up first ascents 690 00:35:12,533 --> 00:35:15,176 {\an1}on the cliffs near North Conway. 691 00:35:15,200 --> 00:35:19,676 {\an7}That's where I met Jim, we kind of... 692 00:35:19,700 --> 00:35:22,176 {\an7}lived in the same quarters. 693 00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:24,976 JIM EWING: Back around the time that I met Hugh, 694 00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:27,076 {\an1}I had a much darker view of the world. 695 00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:30,476 {\an1}I had kind of drawn all over my climbing shoes 696 00:35:30,500 --> 00:35:32,142 {\an1}a bunch of weird designs, 697 00:35:32,166 --> 00:35:34,742 {\an1}and then I wrote on the side of a left shoe, 698 00:35:34,766 --> 00:35:38,976 {\an1}I said, "Life sucks," and on the right shoe, "Then you die." 699 00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:40,242 {\an1}And Hugh saw that, 700 00:35:40,266 --> 00:35:42,942 {\an8}with his legs off, and he looked at me, 701 00:35:42,966 --> 00:35:46,876 {\an7}and he said, "Does life really suck, Jim?" 702 00:35:46,900 --> 00:35:49,642 {\an7}And what do I say to a guy who's sitting there, 703 00:35:49,666 --> 00:35:51,776 {\an7}bilateral amputee, like, 704 00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:53,933 {\an1}maybe it doesn't suck so bad. 705 00:35:55,900 --> 00:35:58,242 HERR: He's an extraordinary climber, a very gifted climber, 706 00:35:58,266 --> 00:36:02,742 {\an1}and, you know, like me, has been climbing forever. 707 00:36:02,766 --> 00:36:05,209 {\an7}This is Jim's number one love, 708 00:36:05,233 --> 00:36:07,476 {\an7}besides me and his daughter, of course. 709 00:36:07,500 --> 00:36:09,976 {\an8}He's been climbing since he was 12. 710 00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:13,676 {\an1}And from that moment, I think he just took to it, 711 00:36:13,700 --> 00:36:16,933 {\an1}like it just hit his soul and a spirituality for him, I'd say. 712 00:36:18,700 --> 00:36:21,042 JIM EWING: When I look back on my climbing career, 713 00:36:21,066 --> 00:36:25,576 {\an1}the things that I cherish the most are the experiences. 714 00:36:25,600 --> 00:36:28,809 {\an1}I don't always remember the name of the climbs that I did, 715 00:36:28,833 --> 00:36:32,342 {\an1}but I remember the person that I did it with. 716 00:36:32,366 --> 00:36:34,842 {\an7}I was seven the first time my dad took me 717 00:36:34,866 --> 00:36:38,176 {\an7}outside rock climbing and it was just me and him. 718 00:36:38,200 --> 00:36:40,342 {\an7}I liked it, but I was terrified. 719 00:36:40,366 --> 00:36:42,109 {\an1}We'd always go on trips, 720 00:36:42,133 --> 00:36:44,409 {\an1}and we'd definitely do a lot of climbing then, 721 00:36:44,433 --> 00:36:45,933 {\an1}up until the accident. 722 00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:53,909 JIM EWING: The accident was on December 26, 2014. 723 00:36:53,933 --> 00:36:57,976 {\an1}My daughter, Maxine, and I were climbing a cliff 724 00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:00,476 on Cayman Brac, in the Cayman Islands, 725 00:37:00,500 --> 00:37:03,342 {\an1}that I hadn't been to before. 726 00:37:03,366 --> 00:37:04,976 MAXINE EWING: My dad was doing 727 00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:08,709 a harder route that I hadn't attempted, 728 00:37:08,733 --> 00:37:13,209 {\an1}and I was belaying him, he was... pretty high up. 729 00:37:13,233 --> 00:37:18,709 JIM EWING: I started up the final headwall 730 00:37:18,733 --> 00:37:22,876 {\an1}and realized that I had kind of the wrong sequence set up, 731 00:37:22,900 --> 00:37:25,076 {\an1}and so I went to step down 732 00:37:25,100 --> 00:37:28,176 {\an1}back to a ledge and take a rest, 733 00:37:28,200 --> 00:37:30,376 {\an1}so that I could figure it out. 734 00:37:30,400 --> 00:37:34,209 {\an1}In sort of shifting myself, getting back to the ledge, 735 00:37:34,233 --> 00:37:36,376 {\an1}my right foot slipped off. 736 00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:42,576 {\an1}I fell maybe five feet, and stopped briefly. 737 00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:46,976 {\an1}And then fell again, just a couple of feet, stopped briefly, 738 00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:50,142 {\an1}and then went all the way to the ground. 739 00:37:50,166 --> 00:37:54,142 {\an1}They tell me that I fell approximately 50 feet. 740 00:37:54,166 --> 00:37:57,409 I was breathing, taking deep breaths, 741 00:37:57,433 --> 00:38:00,676 {\an1}I'd really gotten the wind knocked out of me, so I said, 742 00:38:00,700 --> 00:38:03,542 {\an1}"As soon as I catch my breath, I'll roll over 743 00:38:03,566 --> 00:38:04,776 {\an1}and get more comfortable." 744 00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:06,209 {\an1}And even though I never caught my breath, 745 00:38:06,233 --> 00:38:07,409 {\an1}I tried to roll over anyway 746 00:38:07,433 --> 00:38:10,142 {\an1}and realized my pelvis was broken. 747 00:38:10,166 --> 00:38:12,509 I was calm. 748 00:38:12,533 --> 00:38:14,776 {\an1}Everybody else around me was hysterical. 749 00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:17,976 {\an1}The injuries were my left ankle. 750 00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:20,276 {\an1}My talus bone was crushed. 751 00:38:20,300 --> 00:38:23,076 {\an1}I had fracture of the left wrist. 752 00:38:23,100 --> 00:38:26,142 {\an1}And probably at the time the worst injury was 753 00:38:26,166 --> 00:38:28,142 {\an1}I had a full pelvic ring fracture, 754 00:38:28,166 --> 00:38:31,542 {\an1}front and back was completely destroyed. 755 00:38:31,566 --> 00:38:34,176 {\an1}Then there were a bunch of minor things 756 00:38:34,200 --> 00:38:37,176 {\an1}like compression fractures in my vertebrae 757 00:38:37,200 --> 00:38:41,642 {\an1}and ribs that were torn away from my sternum, bruised lungs. 758 00:38:41,666 --> 00:38:46,142 {\an7}Sounds like enough, really, but it was, it was a lot. 759 00:38:46,166 --> 00:38:48,309 {\an8}KING: I remember one time approaching the ICU 760 00:38:48,333 --> 00:38:51,109 {\an1}with Maxine and I could hear this, this screaming, 761 00:38:51,133 --> 00:38:53,842 {\an1}and I'm thinking to myself, "Oh, my God, that's horrible. 762 00:38:53,866 --> 00:38:55,409 {\an1}Like, that can't be Jim." 763 00:38:55,433 --> 00:38:58,276 {\an1}And sure enough, it was Jim and it was awful. 764 00:38:58,300 --> 00:39:00,442 {\an1}As a nurse, I've been a nurse for nine years, 765 00:39:00,466 --> 00:39:03,142 {\an1}and I've never seen anything like that. 766 00:39:03,166 --> 00:39:05,376 (birds chirping) 767 00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:08,542 {\an1}Maxine had her own struggle and process with this whole thing. 768 00:39:08,566 --> 00:39:10,376 JIM EWING: Unfortunately, I set things up 769 00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:14,876 {\an1}kind of carelessly that day in a way that made it 770 00:39:14,900 --> 00:39:17,242 {\an1}impossible for her to hold the fall. 771 00:39:17,266 --> 00:39:19,676 MAXINE EWING: There are occasional moments where I felt 772 00:39:19,700 --> 00:39:22,942 {\an1}guilty and then I would tell myself that it was my fault. 773 00:39:22,966 --> 00:39:27,976 {\an1}But I do know that it wasn't. 774 00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:32,109 JIM EWING: You know, I spent six months basically off my feet. 775 00:39:32,133 --> 00:39:37,509 {\an1}It reached a point of recovery that was unsatisfactory, 776 00:39:37,533 --> 00:39:39,842 {\an1}and then started going downhill. 777 00:39:39,866 --> 00:39:44,109 {\an1}Once the cartilage in the ankle started to break down, 778 00:39:44,133 --> 00:39:48,200 {\an1}and the bone had died, it was all downhill from there. 779 00:39:49,600 --> 00:39:51,409 {\an1}Every step was painful. 780 00:39:51,433 --> 00:39:54,576 {\an1}Stepping off a curb or having a sudden change in angle 781 00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:57,176 {\an7}of the foot was excruciating. 782 00:39:57,200 --> 00:39:59,376 {\an8}KING: The only option for the pain relief 783 00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:01,376 {\an7}would have been to have a fusion, 784 00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:05,042 {\an1}and that would have made him lose a lot of mobility 785 00:40:05,066 --> 00:40:07,842 {\an1}and functionality, and that would have put 786 00:40:07,866 --> 00:40:11,742 {\an1}a huge damper on all of his outdoor activities. 787 00:40:11,766 --> 00:40:15,376 JIM EWING: That was when I started really thinking about amputation. 788 00:40:15,400 --> 00:40:16,609 I contacted Hugh 789 00:40:16,633 --> 00:40:20,209 {\an1}to talk about what life would be like for me 790 00:40:20,233 --> 00:40:22,842 {\an1}if I chose to have my foot amputated. 791 00:40:22,866 --> 00:40:24,742 {\an1}(indistinct chatter) 792 00:40:24,766 --> 00:40:29,609 HERR: In the beginning, it was just trying to help him as a friend. 793 00:40:29,633 --> 00:40:32,009 {\an1}And we met several times, 794 00:40:32,033 --> 00:40:36,342 {\an1}and he relayed to me how much pain he was in. 795 00:40:36,366 --> 00:40:39,842 {\an7}At one point, we were sitting in my car just outside the lab, 796 00:40:39,866 --> 00:40:42,076 {\an7}and he just started to weep 797 00:40:42,100 --> 00:40:44,942 {\an7}'cause he was in so much pain. 798 00:40:44,966 --> 00:40:48,509 {\an7}He just, he sat there in my car and sobbed. 799 00:40:48,533 --> 00:40:49,866 {\an8}That was... (sighs) 800 00:40:51,800 --> 00:40:55,876 {\an7}And that's, I think, that's when I realized that, you know, 801 00:40:55,900 --> 00:40:59,442 {\an1}pursuing an amputation would, 802 00:40:59,466 --> 00:41:02,109 {\an1}would dramatically improve his life. 803 00:41:02,133 --> 00:41:05,476 {\an1}Just getting rid of that pain is just a necessity. 804 00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:09,209 {\an1}There's no life with such excruciating pain. 805 00:41:09,233 --> 00:41:10,966 It never stops. 806 00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:15,776 {\an1}A lot of those early conversations was me 807 00:41:15,800 --> 00:41:18,409 {\an1}describing to him exactly what my life is like, 808 00:41:18,433 --> 00:41:23,409 {\an1}what I'm able to do, what my limitations are, 809 00:41:23,433 --> 00:41:25,509 {\an1}and also where technology's going, 810 00:41:25,533 --> 00:41:26,742 {\an1}where we'll be five years from now, 811 00:41:26,766 --> 00:41:30,409 {\an1}ten years from now, and so on. 812 00:41:30,433 --> 00:41:32,076 {\an1}And of course, I mentioned what 813 00:41:32,100 --> 00:41:35,276 {\an1}we were working on, and... 814 00:41:35,300 --> 00:41:38,276 {\an1}I had basically no expectation 815 00:41:38,300 --> 00:41:42,509 {\an1}that he would want to be the first human 816 00:41:42,533 --> 00:41:45,376 {\an1}to undergo this procedure. 817 00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:48,142 {\an1}So I was actually surprised, in the end, 818 00:41:48,166 --> 00:41:49,909 {\an1}how everything unfolded. 819 00:41:49,933 --> 00:41:51,742 (chuckles) 820 00:41:51,766 --> 00:41:53,209 {\an1}I think right then and there 821 00:41:53,233 --> 00:41:56,800 {\an1}I decided that was time to amputate. 822 00:41:59,366 --> 00:42:01,842 {\an1}There was a pretty long vetting process that we did together, 823 00:42:01,866 --> 00:42:03,742 {\an7}and he needed to think about things, 824 00:42:03,766 --> 00:42:05,642 {\an8}and we needed to think about things. 825 00:42:05,666 --> 00:42:07,709 ♪ ♪ 826 00:42:07,733 --> 00:42:09,142 JIM EWING: You know, I thought, 827 00:42:09,166 --> 00:42:11,776 {\an1}I'm just this guy from Maine 828 00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:15,409 {\an1}and I'm meeting this big Boston surgeon, 829 00:42:15,433 --> 00:42:18,476 {\an7}but Dr. Carty put me at ease pretty much straight away, 830 00:42:18,500 --> 00:42:22,476 {\an7}and he stayed in the room with me, answering lots of questions. 831 00:42:22,500 --> 00:42:25,376 {\an1}We needed to be sure that Jim understood 832 00:42:25,400 --> 00:42:26,842 {\an1}that this was a little bit of a black box 833 00:42:26,866 --> 00:42:28,376 {\an1}and that we're going to be making up some of it 834 00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:29,409 {\an1}as we went along. 835 00:42:29,433 --> 00:42:31,976 {\an1}And he was very thoughtful, 836 00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:33,542 {\an1}and at the end of the day 837 00:42:33,566 --> 00:42:35,476 provided consent and then we moved forward. 838 00:42:35,500 --> 00:42:38,309 {\an8}♪ ♪ 839 00:42:38,333 --> 00:42:41,542 KING: If someone said to me, "You have to cut that foot off," 840 00:42:41,566 --> 00:42:45,376 {\an1}if I had to put myself in his shoes, it would be terrifying. 841 00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:51,666 ♪ ♪ 842 00:42:55,933 --> 00:43:02,300 ♪ ♪ 843 00:43:09,566 --> 00:43:12,876 {\an8}JIM EWING: How long are we expected to be under today? 844 00:43:12,900 --> 00:43:14,076 {\an1}About four hours. 845 00:43:14,100 --> 00:43:16,676 {\an1}About four hours, okay. 846 00:43:16,700 --> 00:43:18,409 {\an1}A typical amputation usually takes about two-and-a half, 847 00:43:18,433 --> 00:43:20,242 Yeah. And building in additional time 848 00:43:20,266 --> 00:43:22,242 {\an1}for what we're planning on doing, I'm guessing around four. 849 00:43:22,266 --> 00:43:23,876 Sure. 850 00:43:23,900 --> 00:43:26,609 Okay. Okay? 851 00:43:26,633 --> 00:43:28,042 {\an1}All right, my friend. 852 00:43:28,066 --> 00:43:32,042 {\an1}CARTY (voiceover): To think that, here's a guy who 853 00:43:32,066 --> 00:43:33,842 {\an1}is jumping off this cliff, 854 00:43:33,866 --> 00:43:35,642 {\an1}no pun intended for him, 855 00:43:35,666 --> 00:43:37,909 {\an1}but we're all doing this together, 856 00:43:37,933 --> 00:43:39,642 and, um, 857 00:43:39,666 --> 00:43:41,309 {\an1}we were suitably nervous, 858 00:43:41,333 --> 00:43:42,933 {\an1}just because it was a little bit unknown. 859 00:43:44,400 --> 00:43:46,142 {\an1}...is sixty... For now. 860 00:43:46,166 --> 00:43:48,100 Scared? 861 00:43:50,166 --> 00:43:52,800 Emotional? 862 00:43:54,766 --> 00:43:58,376 {\an1}It's going to be good, it's going to be great. 863 00:43:58,400 --> 00:44:02,609 ♪ ♪ 864 00:44:02,633 --> 00:44:04,809 Bye, hon, love you. Love you, too. 865 00:44:04,833 --> 00:44:06,433 Good luck, see you later! 866 00:44:09,133 --> 00:44:12,300 ♪ ♪ 867 00:44:16,633 --> 00:44:21,933 {\an8}(machinery beeping) 868 00:44:30,466 --> 00:44:33,400 ♪ ♪ 869 00:44:35,500 --> 00:44:38,800 {\an8}CLITES (voiceover): We were invited to participate in the actual amputation. 870 00:44:41,500 --> 00:44:45,142 {\an7}SRINIVASAN (voiceover): We'd practiced and rehearsed the surgery with Matt many times, 871 00:44:45,166 --> 00:44:49,609 {\an1}and so on that day, we were there to just see it happen 872 00:44:49,633 --> 00:44:53,076 {\an1}and provide a little bit of input wherever we could. 873 00:44:53,100 --> 00:44:56,942 {\an1}CLITES (voiceover): I'm sitting up in an observation room with a microphone, 874 00:44:56,966 --> 00:44:59,276 it goes directly to Dr. Carty's ear 875 00:44:59,300 --> 00:45:00,376 {\an1}as he's doing the surgery. 876 00:45:00,400 --> 00:45:03,042 {\an1}I'm telling him things like, 877 00:45:03,066 --> 00:45:04,809 {\an1}"Hey, we had talked about putting these there," 878 00:45:04,833 --> 00:45:06,042 {\an1}or "Hey, we should measure that." 879 00:45:06,066 --> 00:45:09,442 {\an7}He's asking me questions as we're going, 880 00:45:09,466 --> 00:45:11,566 {\an8}so it was very much an interactive process. 881 00:45:13,466 --> 00:45:15,709 {\an8}CARTY: This really was a reflection of the fact 882 00:45:15,733 --> 00:45:18,442 {\an7}that we had been building up to this for several years 883 00:45:18,466 --> 00:45:21,276 {\an7}before ever implementing it in a human being. 884 00:45:21,300 --> 00:45:23,342 {\an7}So, part of the point of our communication 885 00:45:23,366 --> 00:45:25,509 {\an1}was to remind each other of all the steps 886 00:45:25,533 --> 00:45:28,742 {\an1}that we had defined in the animal lab, and the cadaver lab, 887 00:45:28,766 --> 00:45:30,242 {\an1}to make sure that we did it right 888 00:45:30,266 --> 00:45:31,876 {\an1}when it came time to do it with Jim. 889 00:45:31,900 --> 00:45:34,709 {\an8}CLITES (voiceover): It was great to be a part of that. 890 00:45:34,733 --> 00:45:39,242 {\an8}(machinery beeping) 891 00:45:39,266 --> 00:45:41,209 {\an8}CARTY: Things went fine, he's safe, he's awake. 892 00:45:41,233 --> 00:45:42,509 {\an8}KING: Oh, awesome. 893 00:45:42,533 --> 00:45:43,976 {\an8}CARTY: It's a complicated operation, 894 00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:45,609 {\an1}it's the first time anybody's ever done it, so... 895 00:45:45,633 --> 00:45:48,076 {\an5}KING: Yeah. it was, so we took time in order to see everything. 896 00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:49,909 {\an5}This is Tyler, this is Shriya. Hi, Tyler. 897 00:45:49,933 --> 00:45:51,109 CLITES: Nice to meet you. 898 00:45:51,133 --> 00:45:53,876 {\an1}They both work with Hugh at MIT. 899 00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:56,376 {\an4}Oh, okay, you're observing So, they're going to be some of the, 900 00:45:56,400 --> 00:45:58,042 {\an1}yeah, they're gonna be some of the bridge team 901 00:45:58,066 --> 00:46:01,576 {\an4}and as Jim starts working with the prosthetic element. Okay. 902 00:46:01,600 --> 00:46:03,576 {\an1}So, we'll get him through the acute recovery, 903 00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:06,209 {\an1}and then we'll get working in terms of his rehabilitation. 904 00:46:06,233 --> 00:46:07,842 {\an1}And then, as I said, 905 00:46:07,866 --> 00:46:09,742 {\an1}there'll be a, there'll be a transition when, 906 00:46:09,766 --> 00:46:12,242 {\an1}when you all start seeing these guys a lot more. 907 00:46:12,266 --> 00:46:18,266 ♪ ♪ 908 00:46:28,166 --> 00:46:30,342 {\an1}JIM EWING (voiceover): It's hard emotionally, 909 00:46:30,366 --> 00:46:32,242 just day-to-day. 910 00:46:32,266 --> 00:46:34,242 {\an1}Sometimes it feels like 911 00:46:34,266 --> 00:46:37,842 {\an1}two steps forward, a few steps back. 912 00:46:37,866 --> 00:46:41,509 {\an7}When I'm in a lot of pain, you know, 913 00:46:41,533 --> 00:46:46,542 {\an7}I start to have doubts about was this the right thing to do? 914 00:46:46,566 --> 00:46:49,633 {\an1}Of course, there's, there's no going back at this point. 915 00:46:51,233 --> 00:46:53,976 {\an1}The pain that I experienced in my ankle 916 00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:57,576 {\an1}before my foot was removed, that is pretty much completely gone. 917 00:46:57,600 --> 00:47:02,742 {\an1}The only thing remaining is the nerve pains. 918 00:47:02,766 --> 00:47:05,909 {\an1}I can actually stop the pain a little bit temporarily 919 00:47:05,933 --> 00:47:11,242 {\an1}by just waving my hand or my other foot below my stump 920 00:47:11,266 --> 00:47:13,809 {\an1}it, and if I look at it and do that, 921 00:47:13,833 --> 00:47:17,009 {\an1}it just kind of tells my brain, you know, 922 00:47:17,033 --> 00:47:23,009 {\an1}"You can forget about that pain, that pain isn't actually there." 923 00:47:23,033 --> 00:47:24,442 {\an1}You're probably the best possible person 924 00:47:24,466 --> 00:47:26,409 {\an1}that we could have as a first, 925 00:47:26,433 --> 00:47:28,609 {\an1}first patient to go through this. 926 00:47:28,633 --> 00:47:31,942 {\an1}Because you're actually strong, you have a lot of stamina, 927 00:47:31,966 --> 00:47:33,742 {\an1}you understand the broader context of what 928 00:47:33,766 --> 00:47:35,842 {\an1}we're trying to do, and you're also incredibly nice. 929 00:47:35,866 --> 00:47:38,976 {\an4}And so I really appreciate that, I know, I know. (laughs) 930 00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:41,242 {\an1}My daughter will laugh when she hears that. (laughter) 931 00:47:41,266 --> 00:47:47,109 {\an1}So what we can say today is that things appear 932 00:47:47,133 --> 00:47:48,676 {\an1}as though they're continuing to be moving 933 00:47:48,700 --> 00:47:50,042 {\an1}the way that we want them to be. 934 00:47:50,066 --> 00:47:54,876 {\an1}At this point, it's all about healing and rehabilitation. 935 00:47:54,900 --> 00:47:56,742 {\an1}That's with regards to the biology, 936 00:47:56,766 --> 00:48:00,209 {\an1}With regards to the technological side, 937 00:48:00,233 --> 00:48:05,742 {\an1}we're going to soon segue to Jim 938 00:48:05,766 --> 00:48:09,242 {\an1}working with our partners across town, 939 00:48:09,266 --> 00:48:12,309 {\an1}to get fitted with a prosthesis 940 00:48:12,333 --> 00:48:15,776 {\an1}that can utilize some of the unique capabilities 941 00:48:15,800 --> 00:48:18,376 {\an1}that his revised limb will offer. 942 00:48:18,400 --> 00:48:26,400 ♪ ♪ 943 00:48:33,733 --> 00:48:36,542 HERR: The mission of my research group 944 00:48:36,566 --> 00:48:39,142 is to advance 945 00:48:39,166 --> 00:48:42,209 {\an1}design technology that normalizes, 946 00:48:42,233 --> 00:48:44,209 {\an1}or extends, human physicality. 947 00:48:44,233 --> 00:48:46,676 ♪ ♪ 948 00:48:46,700 --> 00:48:48,076 So here you see 949 00:48:48,100 --> 00:48:52,209 {\an1}the bit of the history of our knee and ankle work. 950 00:48:52,233 --> 00:48:53,909 {\an1}This was the first mechanism 951 00:48:53,933 --> 00:48:56,842 {\an1}that we actually tested on a human, 952 00:48:56,866 --> 00:49:00,742 {\an1}and their metabolic cost of gait was reduced. 953 00:49:00,766 --> 00:49:03,642 {\an1}This was eventually commercialized into a package 954 00:49:03,666 --> 00:49:04,643 {\an1}that looks like this, 955 00:49:04,667 --> 00:49:06,242 {\an1}called the BiOM Ankle, 956 00:49:06,266 --> 00:49:09,109 {\an7}and today I'm wearing the most recent, 957 00:49:09,133 --> 00:49:11,176 {\an8}which is called the emPower Ankle. 958 00:49:11,200 --> 00:49:14,009 {\an7}So here's the packaged battery, 959 00:49:14,033 --> 00:49:18,142 {\an7}a modular battery that just snaps in, 960 00:49:18,166 --> 00:49:22,242 {\an7}and you push here to boot up. 961 00:49:22,266 --> 00:49:23,776 {\an7}We now have a product 962 00:49:23,800 --> 00:49:27,409 {\an1}that's been fit on approximately 2,000 people, 963 00:49:27,433 --> 00:49:31,000 {\an1}half of which have been wounded U.S. soldiers. 964 00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:37,442 {\an1}I've always been intrigued 965 00:49:37,466 --> 00:49:39,642 {\an1}by human augmentation. 966 00:49:39,666 --> 00:49:42,609 {\an1}It's a great human narrative. 967 00:49:42,633 --> 00:49:44,576 {\an1}It's about human improvement. 968 00:49:44,600 --> 00:49:46,809 {\an1}It's about technology and tools. 969 00:49:46,833 --> 00:49:49,642 {\an1}It's what humans do. 970 00:49:49,666 --> 00:49:54,676 {\an1}Oh, my God, I can't believe it! (laughter) 971 00:49:54,700 --> 00:49:58,476 {\an1}It's just like I've got a, a real leg! 972 00:49:58,500 --> 00:50:01,976 HERR: Of course, I'm not alone in that excitement. 973 00:50:02,000 --> 00:50:05,976 {\an7}Every student in this lab is just utterly fascinated 974 00:50:06,000 --> 00:50:09,000 {\an7}and intrigued by the process of human augmentation. 975 00:50:13,500 --> 00:50:17,976 {\an1}CLITES (voiceover): Hugh is my PhD adviser. 976 00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:20,109 {\an1}The logistics of our relationship is that 977 00:50:20,133 --> 00:50:22,509 {\an1}I'm a research assistant in the lab. 978 00:50:22,533 --> 00:50:23,876 {\an1}It's Hugh's vision, 979 00:50:23,900 --> 00:50:26,976 {\an1}and he delegates projects to his students 980 00:50:27,000 --> 00:50:29,276 {\an7}and he's always very involved in those projects. 981 00:50:29,300 --> 00:50:35,842 {\an7}And then we find ways to make those things happen. 982 00:50:35,866 --> 00:50:39,166 {\an1}And kind of... we're the foot soldiers, we do the groundwork. 983 00:50:41,266 --> 00:50:43,742 {\an1}EMILY ROGERS (voiceover): We have so many different types of projects going on, you know, 984 00:50:43,766 --> 00:50:46,942 {\an1}from the neural engineering to mechanical design, 985 00:50:46,966 --> 00:50:50,042 {\an8}so they're... you know, therefore 986 00:50:50,066 --> 00:50:52,426 {\an7}putting in a lot of hours trying to get these projects done. 987 00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:55,276 {\an1}SRINIVASAN (voiceover): It has been a challenging place, 988 00:50:55,300 --> 00:50:57,209 {\an1}and I love the challenge, 989 00:50:57,233 --> 00:50:59,776 {\an1}and I love the opportunities that come with that challenge. 990 00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:04,200 {\an7}I probably work about 80 hours a week, so quite a bit. 991 00:51:05,666 --> 00:51:07,309 MATTHEW CARNEY: I think it looks pretty sweet. 992 00:51:07,333 --> 00:51:10,966 {\an1}I don't know how well it's going to work yet. 993 00:51:12,366 --> 00:51:14,509 {\an1}I think the expectations for us are insane. 994 00:51:14,533 --> 00:51:16,509 {\an7}The way I always say it to myself is, 995 00:51:16,533 --> 00:51:18,909 {\an7}Hugh's like, "At the end of the day, I want new legs!" 996 00:51:18,933 --> 00:51:20,342 {\an8}(chuckles) 997 00:51:20,366 --> 00:51:22,776 {\an1}"Give me better legs... What can we do, we're at MIT. 998 00:51:22,800 --> 00:51:24,276 {\an1}Make me nice legs." 999 00:51:24,300 --> 00:51:27,476 {\an1}Uh, but... and it's true, like, what can we do? 1000 00:51:27,500 --> 00:51:28,900 {\an1}I think it's important to push hard. 1001 00:51:31,466 --> 00:51:34,209 (voiceover): We're building a four degree of freedom leg 1002 00:51:34,233 --> 00:51:35,309 that has a knee, 1003 00:51:35,333 --> 00:51:39,509 {\an7}an ankle, a sub-taylor, and an MTP joint. 1004 00:51:39,533 --> 00:51:42,676 {\an1}It's a substantial improvement over the BiOM, 1005 00:51:42,700 --> 00:51:45,609 {\an1}according to the numbers, if it actually performs that well. 1006 00:51:45,633 --> 00:51:47,309 {\an1}This has a way larger range of motion 1007 00:51:47,333 --> 00:51:50,242 {\an1}and more power, also. 1008 00:51:50,266 --> 00:51:51,542 MAN: Has Hugh seen it yet? 1009 00:51:51,566 --> 00:51:52,809 CARNEY: No. 1010 00:51:52,833 --> 00:51:55,176 {\an1}I just built this at like 3:00 a.m. last night. 1011 00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:56,842 (chuckles) 1012 00:51:56,866 --> 00:51:59,609 {\an1}(phone keyboard clicking) 1013 00:51:59,633 --> 00:52:02,042 {\an1}I was just responding to Hugh. 1014 00:52:02,066 --> 00:52:04,176 He said, "Sexy." 1015 00:52:04,200 --> 00:52:06,442 I'll take that. (chuckles) 1016 00:52:06,466 --> 00:52:08,976 {\an1}I think he'll be happy with it once he gets to wear it. 1017 00:52:09,000 --> 00:52:13,076 Especially... hopefully, it'll perform better. 1018 00:52:13,100 --> 00:52:15,409 {\an1}All right, let's do this thing. 1019 00:52:15,433 --> 00:52:18,509 HERR: I take very seriously the culture of the group. 1020 00:52:18,533 --> 00:52:20,742 It's critical 1021 00:52:20,766 --> 00:52:22,776 {\an1}that I accept people into the lab 1022 00:52:22,800 --> 00:52:25,109 {\an1}that are passionate about what we're working on. 1023 00:52:25,133 --> 00:52:27,676 {\an1}In times when a lot of work 1024 00:52:27,700 --> 00:52:29,442 {\an1}needs to get done, 1025 00:52:29,466 --> 00:52:31,676 {\an1}it's probably at least 70 hours a week. 1026 00:52:31,700 --> 00:52:36,009 {\an1}In more mellow, relaxed times, maybe 50 hours a week. 1027 00:52:36,033 --> 00:52:40,576 {\an1}So, it's MIT, it's, it's not a walk in the park. 1028 00:52:40,600 --> 00:52:45,509 {\an1}CLITES: I basically say, T-one minus T-two, 1029 00:52:45,533 --> 00:52:47,742 {\an1}which is the total torque applied to the joint, 1030 00:52:47,766 --> 00:52:52,842 {\an1}equals a dynamic equation that represents the joint. 1031 00:52:52,866 --> 00:52:55,009 {\an1}And that's the inertia matrix? 1032 00:52:55,033 --> 00:52:57,442 {\an1}CLITES: Yes. 1033 00:52:57,466 --> 00:53:00,976 (voiceover): Often in research, one of the problems that we have 1034 00:53:01,000 --> 00:53:02,409 {\an1}is that the people doing the research 1035 00:53:02,433 --> 00:53:04,442 {\an1}are not the same people affected by the thing 1036 00:53:04,466 --> 00:53:05,443 {\an1}that they're researching. 1037 00:53:05,467 --> 00:53:08,376 {\an1}(prosthesis whirring) 1038 00:53:08,400 --> 00:53:13,476 {\an1}Hugh breaks that dynamic in a very powerful way. 1039 00:53:13,500 --> 00:53:17,909 {\an1}HERR (voiceover): There's a very interesting dynamic on how society views 1040 00:53:17,933 --> 00:53:22,809 {\an1}the human body, and human ability, and human disability. 1041 00:53:22,833 --> 00:53:27,109 {\an1}My legs were amputated, and the whole world says, 1042 00:53:27,133 --> 00:53:28,742 {\an1}"Oh, that's such a sad story." 1043 00:53:28,766 --> 00:53:30,942 {\an1}The whole world said, 1044 00:53:30,966 --> 00:53:34,309 {\an1}"You're now a cripple and your life is kind of over." 1045 00:53:34,333 --> 00:53:37,842 {\an1}After 12 months post-surgery, 1046 00:53:37,866 --> 00:53:40,342 {\an1}I started climbing better 1047 00:53:40,366 --> 00:53:43,242 {\an1}than I achieved before my limbs were amputated, 1048 00:53:43,266 --> 00:53:47,476 {\an7}climbing wall surfaces that no human had ever climbed before, 1049 00:53:47,500 --> 00:53:50,176 {\an7}whether with biologic or synthetic limbs. 1050 00:53:50,200 --> 00:53:51,742 {\an8}And then suddenly, 1051 00:53:51,766 --> 00:53:54,142 {\an7}the narrative changed overnight to statements of, 1052 00:53:54,166 --> 00:53:57,742 {\an1}"You're cheating, that's not fair, how dare you." 1053 00:53:57,766 --> 00:53:58,942 {\an1}To being a threat. 1054 00:53:58,966 --> 00:54:00,876 {\an1}I actually had one competitor 1055 00:54:00,900 --> 00:54:03,509 {\an1}that threatened to cut his own legs off to compete. 1056 00:54:03,533 --> 00:54:05,609 ♪ ♪ 1057 00:54:05,633 --> 00:54:09,976 {\an1}When we have all these bionic interventions at our disposal, 1058 00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:13,909 {\an1}the individual will be able to design their own physicality, 1059 00:54:13,933 --> 00:54:18,442 {\an1}design their own cognition and emotional experience, 1060 00:54:18,466 --> 00:54:21,509 {\an1}will be able to sculpt their own identity. 1061 00:54:21,533 --> 00:54:23,276 In that future, 1062 00:54:23,300 --> 00:54:27,742 {\an1}when we look at the normal, innate biological body, 1063 00:54:27,766 --> 00:54:31,109 {\an1}we will go... (yawns)... "So boring." 1064 00:54:31,133 --> 00:54:32,376 (chuckles) 1065 00:54:32,400 --> 00:54:38,009 ♪ ♪ 1066 00:54:38,033 --> 00:54:40,476 KEISHA RAY: I think society, in response to enhancement, 1067 00:54:40,500 --> 00:54:43,009 in response to bionic body parts, 1068 00:54:43,033 --> 00:54:46,509 {\an1}will be a lot of people who will be scared, right? 1069 00:54:46,533 --> 00:54:49,476 {\an7}They may call out things like cheating. 1070 00:54:49,500 --> 00:54:52,109 {\an7}They may say that things are unfair 1071 00:54:52,133 --> 00:54:54,642 {\an7}if someone with bionic body parts 1072 00:54:54,666 --> 00:54:56,842 {\an1}has easier access to things. 1073 00:54:56,866 --> 00:54:58,976 {\an1}And I think that's really at the heart of it. 1074 00:54:59,000 --> 00:55:01,542 {\an1}So, there's already disparities 1075 00:55:01,566 --> 00:55:04,776 {\an1}that are beyond our control that affect our lives. 1076 00:55:04,800 --> 00:55:07,242 {\an1}You can think of disparities in access to health insurance, 1077 00:55:07,266 --> 00:55:09,276 {\an1}particularly private health insurance. 1078 00:55:09,300 --> 00:55:11,742 {\an1}So if Black and Latinx people, for example, 1079 00:55:11,766 --> 00:55:13,876 {\an1}have lesser access to health insurance, 1080 00:55:13,900 --> 00:55:17,209 {\an1}that means they have lesser access to artificial limbs, 1081 00:55:17,233 --> 00:55:20,576 {\an1}particularly those that are very technologically advanced, 1082 00:55:20,600 --> 00:55:22,042 {\an1}like bionic limbs. 1083 00:55:22,066 --> 00:55:24,509 One way that we can rethink access 1084 00:55:24,533 --> 00:55:26,976 {\an1}and make it more equitable to people 1085 00:55:27,000 --> 00:55:29,909 {\an1}is to rethink the way that we think 1086 00:55:29,933 --> 00:55:32,276 {\an1}about these artificial limbs and bionic limbs. 1087 00:55:32,300 --> 00:55:34,109 {\an1}We think of them as enhancement, 1088 00:55:34,133 --> 00:55:36,642 {\an1}almost, like, cosmetic, right? 1089 00:55:36,666 --> 00:55:39,342 {\an1}That you don't really need these limbs to live a good life, 1090 00:55:39,366 --> 00:55:41,009 {\an1}and if you do want them, 1091 00:55:41,033 --> 00:55:42,376 {\an1}then you're going to have to pay for them, 1092 00:55:42,400 --> 00:55:46,576 {\an1}because we think of it similar to, like, a rhinoplasty 1093 00:55:46,600 --> 00:55:49,709 {\an1}or, you know, augmenting the body in some cosmetic way. 1094 00:55:49,733 --> 00:55:53,742 {\an1}But if we think about bionic limbs as more of therapy, 1095 00:55:53,766 --> 00:55:55,942 as treatment, as more of something 1096 00:55:55,966 --> 00:55:58,509 {\an1}that helps people live an average life, 1097 00:55:58,533 --> 00:56:02,376 {\an1}then we can start to take away some of the disparate access 1098 00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:06,466 {\an1}to artificial limbs that are very technologically advanced. 1099 00:56:10,066 --> 00:56:13,409 {\an1}HERR (voiceover): We want to really provide a delivery platform for bionics 1100 00:56:13,433 --> 00:56:14,642 {\an1}to everyone in the world. 1101 00:56:14,666 --> 00:56:17,876 {\an1}So we want to launch a mobile delivery platform 1102 00:56:17,900 --> 00:56:18,877 for bionic limbs 1103 00:56:18,901 --> 00:56:21,376 {\an1}in Sierra Leone, Africa. 1104 00:56:21,400 --> 00:56:25,042 {\an1}So the framework is to have a mobile, rugged vehicle 1105 00:56:25,066 --> 00:56:29,209 {\an1}and inside it has CT scanning, 3D printing, 1106 00:56:29,233 --> 00:56:31,542 {\an1}computational computers. 1107 00:56:31,566 --> 00:56:34,976 {\an1}And we'll literally drive around from village to remote village 1108 00:56:35,000 --> 00:56:37,642 and build limbs and fit people with limbs. 1109 00:56:37,666 --> 00:56:39,742 {\an1}We not only want to, you know, 1110 00:56:39,766 --> 00:56:43,276 {\an1}create the future of functionality in bionics, 1111 00:56:43,300 --> 00:56:44,742 {\an1}but we also want to create the future 1112 00:56:44,766 --> 00:56:47,509 {\an1}on how that technology is delivered to people, 1113 00:56:47,533 --> 00:56:51,676 {\an1}independent of where they live across the world. 1114 00:56:51,700 --> 00:56:54,266 ♪ ♪ 1115 00:57:00,300 --> 00:57:03,442 When you look at the human timeline, 1116 00:57:03,466 --> 00:57:07,342 {\an1}us human animals are extraordinary 1117 00:57:07,366 --> 00:57:11,209 {\an1}at devising tools and using tools. 1118 00:57:11,233 --> 00:57:14,042 {\an1}I mean, no other animal comes close. 1119 00:57:14,066 --> 00:57:16,409 {\an1}(machinery whirring) 1120 00:57:16,433 --> 00:57:18,109 {\an1}We design and build hammers, and we pick them up 1121 00:57:18,133 --> 00:57:19,576 {\an1}and we drive in nails. 1122 00:57:19,600 --> 00:57:21,342 ♪ ♪ 1123 00:57:21,366 --> 00:57:22,709 It's a tool, 1124 00:57:22,733 --> 00:57:24,409 {\an1}it's separate from our bodies. 1125 00:57:24,433 --> 00:57:27,576 {\an1}It's something we use, but it's not an integral part of self. 1126 00:57:27,600 --> 00:57:30,366 ♪ ♪ 1127 00:57:34,966 --> 00:57:38,176 {\an1}We're now entering a new era 1128 00:57:38,200 --> 00:57:42,409 {\an7}of human technology interaction that's non-tool-like, 1129 00:57:42,433 --> 00:57:44,942 {\an7}where there's a seamless integration 1130 00:57:44,966 --> 00:57:49,233 {\an1}between human physiology and electro-mechanics. 1131 00:57:54,366 --> 00:57:56,909 {\an8}CLITES (voiceover): I've been on this project since I started my PhD. 1132 00:57:56,933 --> 00:58:00,709 {\an7}When I came in, it was sort of a set of ideas 1133 00:58:00,733 --> 00:58:02,676 {\an7}that was in the process of coalescing. 1134 00:58:02,700 --> 00:58:06,366 {\an1}And then I started to drive it through to where it is today. 1135 00:58:08,166 --> 00:58:09,409 How strong was the contraction? 1136 00:58:09,433 --> 00:58:13,509 {\an1}Maybe, um... two. 1137 00:58:13,533 --> 00:58:16,309 CLITES (voiceover): If we're successful here, we hope that 1138 00:58:16,333 --> 00:58:19,242 {\an1}we'll be able to demonstrate the first real time 1139 00:58:19,266 --> 00:58:20,776 {\an1}that a robotic limb 1140 00:58:20,800 --> 00:58:25,242 {\an1}has been truly integrated with a patient's sense of self 1141 00:58:25,266 --> 00:58:26,909 {\an1}via proprioceptive sensation. 1142 00:58:26,933 --> 00:58:28,676 {\an1}For that to happen, 1143 00:58:28,700 --> 00:58:30,509 {\an1}a lot of different pieces have to come together. 1144 00:58:30,533 --> 00:58:33,009 {\an1}The surgery has to work. 1145 00:58:33,033 --> 00:58:34,309 {\an1}The control system has to work. 1146 00:58:34,333 --> 00:58:36,842 {\an1}The robotic limb has to work. 1147 00:58:36,866 --> 00:58:38,809 Any pain there? 1148 00:58:38,833 --> 00:58:40,976 Nope. 1149 00:58:41,000 --> 00:58:43,376 {\an1}CLITES (voiceover): Our goal in the first session testing with Jim 1150 00:58:43,400 --> 00:58:45,509 {\an1}was to get a sense for exactly what 1151 00:58:45,533 --> 00:58:47,342 {\an1}types of signals we would be looking at, 1152 00:58:47,366 --> 00:58:49,609 {\an1}and the ways in which we could use those 1153 00:58:49,633 --> 00:58:51,066 {\an1}to control the prosthesis. 1154 00:58:52,600 --> 00:58:53,842 {\an1}CARTY (voiceover): This type of technology, 1155 00:58:53,866 --> 00:58:56,442 {\an1}these newer approaches to prosthetic development, 1156 00:58:56,466 --> 00:58:58,809 {\an1}hinge on use being able to connect technology 1157 00:58:58,833 --> 00:59:00,376 {\an1}to the human body. 1158 00:59:00,400 --> 00:59:03,576 {\an1}The primary way we do that is through the use of electrodes, 1159 00:59:03,600 --> 00:59:06,642 {\an1}which are small wires that are able to pick up the action 1160 00:59:06,666 --> 00:59:10,876 {\an1}of muscles in Jim's limb and transmit them to the technology. 1161 00:59:10,900 --> 00:59:13,276 {\an1}There are two ways that we can do that. 1162 00:59:13,300 --> 00:59:15,542 One is through a surface-based electrode, 1163 00:59:15,566 --> 00:59:18,442 {\an1}which is essentially a sticker that goes on his leg, 1164 00:59:18,466 --> 00:59:20,809 {\an1}and is positioned directly over these moving muscles. 1165 00:59:20,833 --> 00:59:23,509 {\an1}One of these wires is able to pick up the motion 1166 00:59:23,533 --> 00:59:26,842 {\an1}of these muscles and transmit it to his prosthetic device. 1167 00:59:26,866 --> 00:59:29,209 CLITES: Okay, go ahead and pick up. 1168 00:59:29,233 --> 00:59:30,876 {\an1}CARTY (voiceover): There's another version of this, however, 1169 00:59:30,900 --> 00:59:33,009 {\an1}which is referred to as a needle electrode, 1170 00:59:33,033 --> 00:59:34,342 {\an1}which basically goes through the skin, 1171 00:59:34,366 --> 00:59:36,842 {\an1}and is able to penetrate directly into the muscle 1172 00:59:36,866 --> 00:59:39,776 {\an1}and not only pick up information like a surface electrode, 1173 00:59:39,800 --> 00:59:42,142 {\an1}but actually receive information back 1174 00:59:42,166 --> 00:59:45,276 {\an1}in the form of functional electrical stimulation. 1175 00:59:45,300 --> 00:59:48,142 {\an1}At this point, we need to see if this works, 1176 00:59:48,166 --> 00:59:51,876 {\an7}and see if we can connect Jim's body to this newer technology 1177 00:59:51,900 --> 00:59:53,300 {\an7}through the use of these electrodes. 1178 00:59:55,466 --> 00:59:59,309 {\an8}CLITES (voiceover): We focused our efforts primarily on these needle-based electrodes 1179 00:59:59,333 --> 01:00:00,676 {\an1}to get a sense for what it was going to be like 1180 01:00:00,700 --> 01:00:02,042 {\an1}to work with those 1181 01:00:02,066 --> 01:00:03,676 {\an1}and what types of signals we'd see from them. 1182 01:00:03,700 --> 01:00:05,233 {\an1}And we ended up seeing a lot of noise. 1183 01:00:06,966 --> 01:00:08,942 {\an1}I ended up spending a bunch of time running around 1184 01:00:08,966 --> 01:00:13,842 {\an1}trying to denoise the signal, and had trouble with that. 1185 01:00:13,866 --> 01:00:16,309 Rest, two, three. 1186 01:00:16,333 --> 01:00:19,042 Dorsiflex, two, three. 1187 01:00:19,066 --> 01:00:22,133 Rest, two three. 1188 01:00:26,800 --> 01:00:28,709 Do it one more time, invert. 1189 01:00:28,733 --> 01:00:32,009 It's too... it's not behaving. 1190 01:00:32,033 --> 01:00:34,733 ♪ ♪ 1191 01:00:42,100 --> 01:00:45,142 {\an8}(voiceover): So about a month after the first session, 1192 01:00:45,166 --> 01:00:48,409 {\an1}we put the needles back in and we recreated the test setup 1193 01:00:48,433 --> 01:00:51,042 {\an1}from the first session and we also had the robot present. 1194 01:00:51,066 --> 01:00:54,809 {\an1}And we're kind of focusing our efforts on that. 1195 01:00:54,833 --> 01:00:57,976 {\an1}The EMG signals were still not where we ended up 1196 01:00:58,000 --> 01:01:00,409 {\an1}wanting them to be, but they were better, 1197 01:01:00,433 --> 01:01:01,976 {\an1}and so we were able to connect Jim 1198 01:01:02,000 --> 01:01:03,876 {\an1}to the robot for the first time. 1199 01:01:03,900 --> 01:01:05,576 {\an1}I want you to cycle up and down. 1200 01:01:05,600 --> 01:01:07,233 {\an1}(prosthesis whirring) 1201 01:01:11,566 --> 01:01:13,276 {\an1}Stop. 1202 01:01:13,300 --> 01:01:17,209 (voiceover): There wasn't much of a feeling of connectedness to it. 1203 01:01:17,233 --> 01:01:19,942 CARTY: Is there any value in calibrating 1204 01:01:19,966 --> 01:01:23,609 his control with his right leg first? 1205 01:01:23,633 --> 01:01:25,209 {\an1}It's the electrodes that were... 1206 01:01:25,233 --> 01:01:26,876 {\an1}yeah, I think the controls are... 1207 01:01:26,900 --> 01:01:29,309 {\an1}I mean, they're, they're... we know they work. 1208 01:01:29,333 --> 01:01:32,276 {\an1}Um, I think something's happening with the signal. 1209 01:01:32,300 --> 01:01:36,209 {\an7}Tap your foot. (prosthesis whirring) 1210 01:01:36,233 --> 01:01:38,409 {\an8}JIM EWING: The movements are very sensitive 1211 01:01:38,433 --> 01:01:40,209 {\an8}and very subtle, 1212 01:01:40,233 --> 01:01:44,209 {\an7}just the slightest contraction causes movement. 1213 01:01:44,233 --> 01:01:46,242 {\an7}I'm trying to make it so you don't have to work harder. 1214 01:01:46,266 --> 01:01:47,442 {\an8}Right. 1215 01:01:47,466 --> 01:01:49,076 {\an7}Would you like it to be less sensitive? No, 1216 01:01:49,100 --> 01:01:51,842 {\an7}I think I want it like this for right now, 1217 01:01:51,866 --> 01:01:55,776 {\an8}and let my brain adapt to the softer motions. 1218 01:01:55,800 --> 01:01:57,142 {\an8}Okay. 1219 01:01:57,166 --> 01:01:59,442 (voiceover): Jim is the right person for the job. 1220 01:01:59,466 --> 01:02:01,476 {\an1}Part of it is that he is 1221 01:02:01,500 --> 01:02:05,109 {\an7}unselfishly willing to sort of put himself out there 1222 01:02:05,133 --> 01:02:07,209 {\an7}and try something new, 1223 01:02:07,233 --> 01:02:08,913 {\an8}not knowing exactly what's going to happen. 1224 01:02:09,600 --> 01:02:11,309 {\an1}Painful? Stop yup, yup, yup. 1225 01:02:11,333 --> 01:02:12,642 {\an1}Okay. (groans) 1226 01:02:12,666 --> 01:02:16,376 {\an1}Where was that? That was on the surface. 1227 01:02:16,400 --> 01:02:18,176 {\an1}JIM EWING (voiceover): I can speak to them about what I'm sensing 1228 01:02:18,200 --> 01:02:20,976 {\an1}and what I'm feeling with the robot leg. 1229 01:02:21,000 --> 01:02:23,409 {\an8}That's the big toe. 1230 01:02:23,433 --> 01:02:26,409 {\an7}What's actually happening with the big toe? 1231 01:02:26,433 --> 01:02:31,009 {\an8}I feel like I'm just bending it over. 1232 01:02:31,033 --> 01:02:32,409 {\an7}With the big toe? 1233 01:02:32,433 --> 01:02:33,909 {\an8}With just the big toe. We might be in the, 1234 01:02:33,933 --> 01:02:35,976 {\an7}the electrode might be in the wrong muscle. 1235 01:02:36,000 --> 01:02:39,676 {\an8}HERR (voiceover): So much of it is the human telling the researchers 1236 01:02:39,700 --> 01:02:42,542 {\an1}what he or she feels. 1237 01:02:42,566 --> 01:02:44,242 {\an1}So we needed that very robust level of communication 1238 01:02:44,266 --> 01:02:45,442 {\an1}with the patient. 1239 01:02:45,466 --> 01:02:50,742 That's about a 60 percent contraction. 1240 01:02:50,766 --> 01:02:53,042 {\an1}CLITES (voiceover): The things that we're doing here in this lab, 1241 01:02:53,066 --> 01:02:54,346 {\an1}Jim will not take home with him. 1242 01:02:55,500 --> 01:02:57,442 {\an1}So, we're a research institution. 1243 01:02:57,466 --> 01:03:00,309 {\an1}What we're doing is pushing forward the boundaries 1244 01:03:00,333 --> 01:03:02,976 {\an1}of human knowledge in this area. 1245 01:03:03,000 --> 01:03:05,809 {\an1}The hope is that it will lead to commercial products 1246 01:03:05,833 --> 01:03:07,909 {\an1}that are covered by insurance, 1247 01:03:07,933 --> 01:03:09,842 {\an1}that people are able to go out and purchase 1248 01:03:09,866 --> 01:03:13,442 {\an1}and put on and take home and use. 1249 01:03:13,466 --> 01:03:16,509 {\an1}But are our goal here is not to create something 1250 01:03:16,533 --> 01:03:18,342 {\an1}that Jim would then take home. 1251 01:03:18,366 --> 01:03:20,009 How's it going? 1252 01:03:20,033 --> 01:03:21,509 {\an1}CLITES: We're still, we're still working; 1253 01:03:21,533 --> 01:03:22,676 {\an1}we're still getting some data. 1254 01:03:22,700 --> 01:03:24,876 {\an1}We're doing some stim now. 1255 01:03:24,900 --> 01:03:26,609 HERR: Okay, cool. 1256 01:03:26,633 --> 01:03:27,909 Call you later. 1257 01:03:27,933 --> 01:03:30,509 All right, sounds good. 1258 01:03:30,533 --> 01:03:32,909 (quietly): Call me, baby. 1259 01:03:32,933 --> 01:03:34,842 {\an1}What are you guys working on now? 1260 01:03:34,866 --> 01:03:37,542 We're moving on to electrical shocks. 1261 01:03:37,566 --> 01:03:39,909 (laughter) 1262 01:03:39,933 --> 01:03:42,009 {\an1}Tyler likes to call it stimulation. 1263 01:03:42,033 --> 01:03:43,010 (laughs) 1264 01:03:43,034 --> 01:03:44,476 {\an1}CLITES: Shock therapy. 1265 01:03:44,500 --> 01:03:46,909 {\an1}You know, Tyler, you don't have to turn it up quite so high. 1266 01:03:46,933 --> 01:03:49,909 (laughter) 1267 01:03:49,933 --> 01:03:53,300 {\an8}♪ ♪ 1268 01:03:57,766 --> 01:04:01,076 {\an8}CLITES (voiceover): We got off to a slow start. 1269 01:04:01,100 --> 01:04:03,409 {\an8}Jim, contract. 1270 01:04:03,433 --> 01:04:05,109 {\an8}And relax. 1271 01:04:05,133 --> 01:04:06,709 {\an8}(voiceover): We were worried at first 1272 01:04:06,733 --> 01:04:09,009 {\an8}because we spent quite a bit of time 1273 01:04:09,033 --> 01:04:10,776 {\an7}placing the fine wire electrodes, 1274 01:04:10,800 --> 01:04:12,609 {\an8}which are the ones that go into the muscle. 1275 01:04:12,633 --> 01:04:15,342 {\an8}Continue to bump, and see if there's a... 1276 01:04:15,366 --> 01:04:16,976 {\an8}Right there. 1277 01:04:17,000 --> 01:04:19,442 {\an8}You relaxed, Jim? 1278 01:04:19,466 --> 01:04:21,976 {\an8}Contract, relax. 1279 01:04:22,000 --> 01:04:25,976 {\an8}(voiceover): We had him put his liner on and then the socket on over it. 1280 01:04:26,000 --> 01:04:29,376 {\an1}The hope was that that would help pull things in place. 1281 01:04:29,400 --> 01:04:30,976 {\an1}We left the clinical space, 1282 01:04:31,000 --> 01:04:33,609 came down here, plugged the electrodes in, 1283 01:04:33,633 --> 01:04:35,600 {\an1}and none of them were working. 1284 01:04:36,900 --> 01:04:38,076 {\an1}Tyler, we're sure that none of these are, 1285 01:04:38,100 --> 01:04:40,309 {\an1}none of these are working? 1286 01:04:40,333 --> 01:04:42,876 {\an1}I'm double checking. All right. 1287 01:04:42,900 --> 01:04:44,976 {\an1}One of them is disconnected right now, by the way. 1288 01:04:45,000 --> 01:04:46,642 {\an1}CLITES: Yeah, I know, it's the LG. 1289 01:04:46,666 --> 01:04:48,942 {\an1}Can you lift the liner? 1290 01:04:48,966 --> 01:04:50,809 Sorry, lift the socket off the chair. 1291 01:04:50,833 --> 01:04:52,100 Just going to hold that up. 1292 01:04:54,100 --> 01:04:55,909 {\an8}CARTY (voiceover): There were a couple of challenges 1293 01:04:55,933 --> 01:04:58,809 {\an7}that we didn't anticipate with the needle electrodes. 1294 01:04:58,833 --> 01:05:01,242 {\an7}First of all, it was difficult to find Jim's muscles 1295 01:05:01,266 --> 01:05:02,876 {\an8}the first time. 1296 01:05:02,900 --> 01:05:04,409 {\an7}The needles were actually a little bit painful for him 1297 01:05:04,433 --> 01:05:06,509 for placements, so we needed to make sure 1298 01:05:06,533 --> 01:05:07,809 {\an1}that he was comfortable with us placing them. 1299 01:05:07,833 --> 01:05:10,876 {\an7}They tended to fall out when he put on his socket, 1300 01:05:10,900 --> 01:05:13,409 {\an7}and the stickers weren't adhering appropriately 1301 01:05:13,433 --> 01:05:14,410 {\an7}in order to hold them in place. 1302 01:05:14,434 --> 01:05:16,333 {\an1}So, it was basically a failure. 1303 01:05:17,766 --> 01:05:19,642 {\an1}CLITES (voiceover): So that was, that was tough, 1304 01:05:19,666 --> 01:05:23,076 {\an7}it caused us to kind of pause and reconsider our options. 1305 01:05:23,100 --> 01:05:24,842 {\an7}And what we decided to do is move forward 1306 01:05:24,866 --> 01:05:27,209 {\an7}with some of the surface electrodes that we had 1307 01:05:27,233 --> 01:05:30,176 {\an7}so that we could give Jim the opportunity 1308 01:05:30,200 --> 01:05:32,209 {\an1}to at least control the prosthesis. 1309 01:05:32,233 --> 01:05:33,993 {\an1}And we weren't sure how well they would work. 1310 01:05:35,433 --> 01:05:36,966 Invert. 1311 01:05:41,166 --> 01:05:42,542 {\an1}It's close. 1312 01:05:42,566 --> 01:05:45,200 {\an5}There you go. CARTY: Wow. 1313 01:05:46,733 --> 01:05:49,242 {\an1}Got it. 1314 01:05:49,266 --> 01:05:50,742 {\an1}Tell me how it feels compared to last time. 1315 01:05:50,766 --> 01:05:53,376 Much smoother, 1316 01:05:53,400 --> 01:05:56,909 {\an1}more matching what I'm doing in my brain. 1317 01:05:56,933 --> 01:05:58,076 {\an1}Last time you were complaining about it 1318 01:05:58,100 --> 01:05:59,542 {\an1}being very, very sensitive. Yeah. 1319 01:05:59,566 --> 01:06:00,709 {\an1}So now it's much less sensitive. 1320 01:06:00,733 --> 01:06:02,109 {\an1}Do you feel that? Yeah. 1321 01:06:02,133 --> 01:06:03,110 Okay. 1322 01:06:03,134 --> 01:06:04,709 {\an1}It's more predictable. 1323 01:06:04,733 --> 01:06:06,909 {\an1}I mean, it's more what I think I'm doing. 1324 01:06:06,933 --> 01:06:11,942 {\an8}CLITES (voiceover): It was really immediately apparent 1325 01:06:11,966 --> 01:06:13,742 {\an1}that things were going well. 1326 01:06:13,766 --> 01:06:15,542 {\an8}♪ ♪ 1327 01:06:15,566 --> 01:06:19,066 {\an7}Okay, very gently. 1328 01:06:26,700 --> 01:06:28,566 {\an1}Gabby, can you power it up? 1329 01:06:32,700 --> 01:06:34,876 {\an1}How does it feel having it on? 1330 01:06:34,900 --> 01:06:37,642 It's pretty amazing, actually, 1331 01:06:37,666 --> 01:06:39,442 to have the foot moving 1332 01:06:39,466 --> 01:06:43,609 {\an1}in the directions that I'm thinking it's moving. 1333 01:06:43,633 --> 01:06:46,609 I mean, it... looking at it sitting over here, 1334 01:06:46,633 --> 01:06:48,676 is not the same as it being there. 1335 01:06:48,700 --> 01:06:50,542 {\an7}That's really good to know. 1336 01:06:50,566 --> 01:06:53,042 {\an8}(voiceover): As soon as we put the robotic prosthesis 1337 01:06:53,066 --> 01:06:57,142 {\an8}onto Jim's socket and mounted it to his leg, 1338 01:06:57,166 --> 01:06:59,409 {\an1}there was this moment where he just sort of 1339 01:06:59,433 --> 01:07:02,276 {\an1}started to play with it. 1340 01:07:02,300 --> 01:07:04,033 {\an1}(prosthesis whirring) 1341 01:07:08,566 --> 01:07:11,466 {\an1}It's really cool to feel it through my knee. 1342 01:07:15,166 --> 01:07:18,709 {\an7}Feels like there's a foot there. 1343 01:07:18,733 --> 01:07:20,976 ♪ ♪ 1344 01:07:21,000 --> 01:07:22,176 {\an1}This is intuitive for him, 1345 01:07:22,200 --> 01:07:25,533 that's huge, it's like the iPhone. 1346 01:07:26,800 --> 01:07:28,276 CLITES: Hugh's going to be pissed. 1347 01:07:28,300 --> 01:07:29,909 (chuckles) Why? 1348 01:07:29,933 --> 01:07:31,809 He wasn't here. 1349 01:07:31,833 --> 01:07:33,542 {\an1}He's also gonna be pissed that you're way better at this 1350 01:07:33,566 --> 01:07:35,376 than he is. 1351 01:07:35,400 --> 01:07:38,300 {\an1}It's his own damn fault. Yeah. 1352 01:07:39,700 --> 01:07:41,433 {\an7}Trying to flip the block over here. 1353 01:07:43,133 --> 01:07:46,876 {\an8}Nice, that was awesome. Yeah. 1354 01:07:46,900 --> 01:07:48,809 All right. 1355 01:07:48,833 --> 01:07:50,376 {\an1}JIM EWING (voiceover): The muscle actions aren't exactly the same 1356 01:07:50,400 --> 01:07:52,176 {\an1}as a natural foot. 1357 01:07:52,200 --> 01:07:54,076 {\an1}My brain had to adapt a little bit 1358 01:07:54,100 --> 01:07:56,209 {\an1}to make things work the way I wanted, 1359 01:07:56,233 --> 01:07:58,209 {\an1}but it happens so quick. 1360 01:07:58,233 --> 01:08:02,009 {\an1}Literally, within minutes of having it all connected, 1361 01:08:02,033 --> 01:08:06,009 {\an7}it starts becoming part of me. 1362 01:08:06,033 --> 01:08:08,742 {\an7}That's what we're going for, you know. 1363 01:08:08,766 --> 01:08:13,242 {\an7}To whatever extent we can get people to feel 1364 01:08:13,266 --> 01:08:17,376 {\an7}as though they haven't lost a limb, that is in some ways 1365 01:08:17,400 --> 01:08:20,576 {\an7}our minimum bar, and that was 1366 01:08:20,600 --> 01:08:24,076 {\an7}the energy in the room that day, it was Jim feeling whole again. 1367 01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:26,842 {\an1}And that was kind of a spiritual experience. 1368 01:08:26,866 --> 01:08:31,576 {\an1}I've chosen a special song for this. (chuckles) 1369 01:08:31,600 --> 01:08:33,800 {\an8}("Walk this Way" by Aerosmith playing) 1370 01:08:38,433 --> 01:08:39,876 {\an1}You know this song, right? 1371 01:08:39,900 --> 01:08:42,176 JIM EWING: Yeah, of course. 1372 01:08:42,200 --> 01:08:45,400 {\an8}♪ ♪ 1373 01:08:57,133 --> 01:08:58,876 CLITES: Okay, I am recording now. 1374 01:08:58,900 --> 01:09:00,742 Go ahead, Jim. 1375 01:09:00,766 --> 01:09:04,876 {\an8}HERR (voiceover): There's a debate within the bionics world as to... 1376 01:09:04,900 --> 01:09:06,642 {\an8}Okay, and stop. 1377 01:09:06,666 --> 01:09:09,242 {\an8}HERR (voiceover): how good the neural connection would have to be 1378 01:09:09,266 --> 01:09:12,333 {\an7}for things to just be completely intuitive. 1379 01:09:15,433 --> 01:09:17,433 {\an7}CLITES: Jim, you can step. 1380 01:09:20,166 --> 01:09:21,876 {\an8}Wow. 1381 01:09:21,900 --> 01:09:24,809 {\an8}HERR (voiceover): So, what we just saw there was Jim step down a step 1382 01:09:24,833 --> 01:09:26,676 {\an7}and not even think anything consciously. 1383 01:09:26,700 --> 01:09:29,042 {\an7}The foot did the right thing. 1384 01:09:29,066 --> 01:09:31,476 {\an7}When he went up the step, toes went toes up, dorsiflex, 1385 01:09:31,500 --> 01:09:33,942 {\an7}and when he went down, it reached down. 1386 01:09:33,966 --> 01:09:37,409 {\an7}So those spinal-level circuits are still active. 1387 01:09:37,433 --> 01:09:40,442 {\an7}He feels enough feedback to the spinal cord 1388 01:09:40,466 --> 01:09:42,576 {\an7}that everything triggers naturally. 1389 01:09:42,600 --> 01:09:44,609 CLITES: Hugh, did you put on cologne today? 1390 01:09:44,633 --> 01:09:45,776 {\an3}No. 1391 01:09:45,800 --> 01:09:47,042 You smell very... Did you? 1392 01:09:47,066 --> 01:09:48,309 It's very nice. 1393 01:09:48,333 --> 01:09:50,076 {\an1}Somebody's got a nice fragrance smell going. 1394 01:09:50,100 --> 01:09:51,242 You know I have to sign your thesis? 1395 01:09:51,266 --> 01:09:53,576 (chuckles) 1396 01:09:53,600 --> 01:09:58,742 {\an8}HERR (voiceover): What we observed with the emergent reflexive biomechanics 1397 01:09:58,766 --> 01:10:01,709 mediated through the mechatronic device 1398 01:10:01,733 --> 01:10:05,576 {\an1}is what we thought would occur, 1399 01:10:05,600 --> 01:10:07,909 {\an1}but didn't quite believe that it would occur. 1400 01:10:07,933 --> 01:10:09,342 (chuckles) 1401 01:10:09,366 --> 01:10:15,076 {\an1}So when I saw it, it supported the really intellectual idea 1402 01:10:15,100 --> 01:10:17,142 that if you give the nervous system 1403 01:10:17,166 --> 01:10:19,976 {\an1}enough sensory information via nerves, 1404 01:10:20,000 --> 01:10:21,909 {\an1}that the brain knows exactly 1405 01:10:21,933 --> 01:10:23,900 how to control the mechatronic device. 1406 01:10:25,033 --> 01:10:28,509 {\an8}All right, give me a lift. 1407 01:10:28,533 --> 01:10:33,076 {\an8}CLITES (voiceover): With everything we do, there's always a desire 1408 01:10:33,100 --> 01:10:36,542 {\an1}to explore not only how these systems work 1409 01:10:36,566 --> 01:10:38,409 in the confines of the laboratory, 1410 01:10:38,433 --> 01:10:39,976 but also out in the real world, 1411 01:10:40,000 --> 01:10:43,842 {\an1}and that's a challenge because all of our measuring equipment 1412 01:10:43,866 --> 01:10:46,476 {\an1}is confined to the lab space. 1413 01:10:46,500 --> 01:10:50,642 {\an1}So knowing full well that Jim was an avid climber, 1414 01:10:50,666 --> 01:10:54,409 {\an1}the decision was made to design 1415 01:10:54,433 --> 01:10:58,109 {\an1}a robotic leg specifically for rock climbing 1416 01:10:58,133 --> 01:11:01,176 {\an1}that Jim could use in the field. 1417 01:11:01,200 --> 01:11:05,442 {\an1}And a series of studies could be run on Jim 1418 01:11:05,466 --> 01:11:09,100 {\an1}while he's climbing on a wall using this new robotic limb. 1419 01:11:11,400 --> 01:11:14,309 JIM EWING: It's really kind of futuristic looking. 1420 01:11:14,333 --> 01:11:18,242 {\an1}Adequately futuristic looking. 1421 01:11:18,266 --> 01:11:19,576 {\an8}CLITES (voiceover): Emily Rogers is a graduate student 1422 01:11:19,600 --> 01:11:21,009 {\an7}who kind of took point on that project, 1423 01:11:21,033 --> 01:11:24,909 {\an7}and she designed this phenomenal system that is field ready. 1424 01:11:24,933 --> 01:11:27,209 Height is good. 1425 01:11:27,233 --> 01:11:32,442 {\an8}ROGERS (voiceover): It will allow the wearer to plantarflex and dorsiflex, 1426 01:11:32,466 --> 01:11:35,209 {\an7}and also will provide inversion and eversion. 1427 01:11:35,233 --> 01:11:38,342 {\an7}The power requirements are going to be fairly low 1428 01:11:38,366 --> 01:11:43,309 {\an7}compared to a powered prosthesis that you would use for walking. 1429 01:11:43,333 --> 01:11:46,609 {\an7}They'll be able to manipulate their foot in free space 1430 01:11:46,633 --> 01:11:49,742 {\an7}and position their ankle to whatever location they want it. 1431 01:11:49,766 --> 01:11:52,609 {\an7}And then when they place it back on the wall, 1432 01:11:52,633 --> 01:11:54,542 {\an8}the ankle will lock in that position. 1433 01:11:54,566 --> 01:11:56,666 {\an8}JIM EWING: This is going to be fun on the wall. 1434 01:11:58,833 --> 01:12:01,776 {\an8}CLITES (voiceover): As we're brainstorming different ways to do this, 1435 01:12:01,800 --> 01:12:05,742 {\an7}Hugh had the idea to go back to the Cayman Islands, 1436 01:12:05,766 --> 01:12:07,042 {\an8}to enable Jim 1437 01:12:07,066 --> 01:12:10,942 {\an7}to climb in the same place where he was injured. 1438 01:12:10,966 --> 01:12:12,876 ♪ ♪ 1439 01:12:12,900 --> 01:12:16,642 {\an1}JIM EWING (voiceover): I always knew that I would go back, 1440 01:12:16,666 --> 01:12:20,976 {\an1}so going back now with this cutting edge technology 1441 01:12:21,000 --> 01:12:22,576 {\an1}is kind of fitting. 1442 01:12:22,600 --> 01:12:26,609 {\an1}It's showing that the human spirit, let's say, 1443 01:12:26,633 --> 01:12:30,933 {\an1}and ingenuity can overcome a lot of things. 1444 01:12:38,133 --> 01:12:39,866 ♪ ♪ 1445 01:12:43,333 --> 01:12:45,976 {\an1}Do you notice that the Cayman Airways logo 1446 01:12:46,000 --> 01:12:48,009 {\an1}is a turtle with a prosthetic leg? (chuckles) 1447 01:12:48,033 --> 01:12:49,276 {\an1}I hadn't noticed that before. 1448 01:12:49,300 --> 01:12:51,800 {\an1}I think I'm offended. 1449 01:12:53,733 --> 01:12:56,276 ♪ ♪ 1450 01:12:56,300 --> 01:12:59,376 The hard part is always finding, like, 1451 01:12:59,400 --> 01:13:01,566 {\an1}where the trail is in here. 1452 01:13:06,833 --> 01:13:09,342 {\an1}The route goes up through those tufas, 1453 01:13:09,366 --> 01:13:15,576 {\an1}so I fell from, basically, where the tufas are and landed... 1454 01:13:15,600 --> 01:13:17,342 {\an1}There's one actual stalactite coming down. 1455 01:13:17,366 --> 01:13:19,442 {\an1}Yeah, so to the right of it. 1456 01:13:19,466 --> 01:13:20,842 To the right of that, in that area. 1457 01:13:20,866 --> 01:13:22,709 Yes. Holy cow. 1458 01:13:22,733 --> 01:13:24,776 {\an1}I guess it is like 40 or 50 feet. 1459 01:13:24,800 --> 01:13:26,342 {\an1}(chuckles) 1460 01:13:26,366 --> 01:13:29,042 So, anyway. How did you survive that? 1461 01:13:29,066 --> 01:13:30,909 {\an1}This sucks, right? 1462 01:13:30,933 --> 01:13:32,676 {\an4}Like, it sucks that this happened. Yeah. 1463 01:13:32,700 --> 01:13:37,442 {\an1}Um, but to see where all that started has been... 1464 01:13:37,466 --> 01:13:39,576 {\an7}It's come full circle now. 1465 01:13:39,600 --> 01:13:43,309 {\an7}Like, you know, we're back here climbing with a robot foot. 1466 01:13:43,333 --> 01:13:44,776 {\an8}I mean... Yeah, it's crazy. 1467 01:13:44,800 --> 01:13:47,442 {\an7}How incredible is that? 1468 01:13:47,466 --> 01:13:50,533 ♪ ♪ 1469 01:14:18,766 --> 01:14:19,942 {\an1}HERR (voiceover): I am, I would say, 1470 01:14:19,966 --> 01:14:22,742 {\an1}green with envy of Jim, 1471 01:14:22,766 --> 01:14:25,866 {\an7}because I don't have that level of neural implant yet. 1472 01:14:28,033 --> 01:14:30,276 {\an1}I've met with Dr. Carty as a patient 1473 01:14:30,300 --> 01:14:33,576 {\an1}and the next step is to image my legs 1474 01:14:33,600 --> 01:14:37,042 {\an7}and look at my nerves, and neuromas, 1475 01:14:37,066 --> 01:14:41,500 {\an7}and muscles, and see, see what can be done surgically. 1476 01:14:43,566 --> 01:14:45,809 {\an8}Even I have no idea 1477 01:14:45,833 --> 01:14:48,609 {\an7}what my physicality will be a decade from now. 1478 01:14:48,633 --> 01:14:50,909 {\an7}I'm sure it'll be very spectacular. 1479 01:14:50,933 --> 01:14:56,576 (waves crashing) 1480 01:14:56,600 --> 01:14:59,109 ♪ ♪ 1481 01:14:59,133 --> 01:15:03,976 {\an1}CLITES (voiceover): We're moving to a place where it no longer matters 1482 01:15:04,000 --> 01:15:05,976 {\an1}what your body parts are made out of. 1483 01:15:06,000 --> 01:15:08,509 {\an1}Whether they're muscle and bone 1484 01:15:08,533 --> 01:15:11,566 {\an1}or whether they're metal and carbon fiber, 1485 01:15:13,000 --> 01:15:14,509 {\an1}It's this beautiful merging 1486 01:15:14,533 --> 01:15:18,642 of the synthetic and biological into a body. 1487 01:15:18,666 --> 01:15:23,933 ♪ ♪ 1488 01:15:29,300 --> 01:15:30,942 {\an1}(crowd applauding) 1489 01:15:30,966 --> 01:15:33,309 HERR: Ladies and gentleman, Jim Ewing, the first cyborg rock climber. 1490 01:15:33,333 --> 01:15:37,109 {\an1}(cheers and applause) 1491 01:15:37,133 --> 01:15:41,276 NEWS ANCHOR: Remember that bionic arm that Luke Skywalker got 1492 01:15:41,300 --> 01:15:42,642 {\an8}in one of the "Star Wars" movies? 1493 01:15:42,666 --> 01:15:43,742 {\an7}Well, modern medicine is getting closer 1494 01:15:43,766 --> 01:15:46,576 {\an7}and closer to making sci-fi a reality. 1495 01:15:46,600 --> 01:15:49,476 {\an8}NEWS ANCHOR: These smart limbs being developed at MIT are possible 1496 01:15:49,500 --> 01:15:52,142 {\an7}because of the Ewing amputation. 1497 01:15:52,166 --> 01:15:53,309 {\an8}CARTY (voiceover): We were able 1498 01:15:53,333 --> 01:15:55,442 {\an7}to obtain a pretty significant grant 1499 01:15:55,466 --> 01:15:56,776 {\an7}from the Department of Defense. 1500 01:15:56,800 --> 01:15:59,342 {\an1}So we're gonna have a total of 20 patients 1501 01:15:59,366 --> 01:16:01,242 {\an1}who are undergoing the Ewing amputation, 1502 01:16:01,266 --> 01:16:04,876 {\an1}or it's above-knee analog, and be able to compare those 1503 01:16:04,900 --> 01:16:07,260 {\an1}to a group of 20 patients who undergo a standard amputation. 1504 01:16:10,833 --> 01:16:12,209 {\an1}Am I going stump nude? 1505 01:16:12,233 --> 01:16:13,676 SRINIVASAN: Yes, please. 1506 01:16:13,700 --> 01:16:15,376 {\an1}Stump nude. 1507 01:16:15,400 --> 01:16:17,042 {\an1}SRINIVASAN (voiceover): So far, the data 1508 01:16:17,066 --> 01:16:19,709 {\an1}has been really encouraging. 1509 01:16:19,733 --> 01:16:22,409 {\an1}These patients have seen an incredible transformation 1510 01:16:22,433 --> 01:16:24,076 {\an7}in their general quality of life, 1511 01:16:24,100 --> 01:16:25,809 {\an7}before and after the amputation. 1512 01:16:25,833 --> 01:16:27,809 {\an1}(prosthesis whirring) 1513 01:16:27,833 --> 01:16:30,542 {\an7}When you see a patient move their robotic prostheses 1514 01:16:30,566 --> 01:16:32,276 {\an8}for the first time. 1515 01:16:32,300 --> 01:16:34,276 {\an8}I can do ballet with my foot. 1516 01:16:34,300 --> 01:16:35,277 {\an7}SRINIVASAN (voiceover): The smile on their face 1517 01:16:35,301 --> 01:16:37,109 {\an1}is just incredible. 1518 01:16:37,133 --> 01:16:39,276 {\an1}I don't know, it just feels like it makes sense. 1519 01:16:39,300 --> 01:16:41,642 {\an1}We've also had three patients 1520 01:16:41,666 --> 01:16:44,642 {\an1}who have had an above-knee or transfemoral amputation. 1521 01:16:44,666 --> 01:16:46,509 {\an1}For the first time, you know, 1522 01:16:46,533 --> 01:16:50,009 {\an1}some of them have been able to actually move their ankle joint. 1523 01:16:50,033 --> 01:16:52,409 {\an1}It's like a weird connection because it's, like, 1524 01:16:52,433 --> 01:16:54,109 {\an1}I know it's a foot, you know, it's not... 1525 01:16:54,133 --> 01:16:56,242 {\an1}it doesn't look like my foot. Mm-hmm. 1526 01:16:56,266 --> 01:17:00,042 {\an1}But it's, like, I'm moving it, so it's my foot. 1527 01:17:00,066 --> 01:17:03,309 If that makes sense. Yeah, no, that's good. 1528 01:17:03,333 --> 01:17:05,676 {\an1}Foot in, and relax. 1529 01:17:05,700 --> 01:17:09,342 {\an1}PATIENT (voiceover): You run into these same patients throughout the study, 1530 01:17:09,366 --> 01:17:10,909 {\an1}or going to, you know, check in with Dr. Carty. 1531 01:17:10,933 --> 01:17:12,942 {\an1}And you come in and, "Oh, look at this, you're missing a leg. 1532 01:17:12,966 --> 01:17:14,209 Are you one?" 1533 01:17:14,233 --> 01:17:15,909 {\an1}"Oh, I'm number this, I'm number that." 1534 01:17:15,933 --> 01:17:18,842 {\an1}And so, now we're like Facebook friends, it's kind of nice. 1535 01:17:18,866 --> 01:17:19,843 {\an1}It's a little community. 1536 01:17:19,867 --> 01:17:22,276 ♪ ♪ 1537 01:17:22,300 --> 01:17:24,309 {\an7}JIM EWING (voiceover): Here it is almost two years later 1538 01:17:24,333 --> 01:17:26,142 {\an8}since my surgery 1539 01:17:26,166 --> 01:17:28,376 and coming back to where it all started 1540 01:17:28,400 --> 01:17:31,776 {\an1}in support of patient number nine. 1541 01:17:31,800 --> 01:17:33,342 {\an1}(indistinct chatter) 1542 01:17:33,366 --> 01:17:35,609 (voiceover): I know what the patients are going through, 1543 01:17:35,633 --> 01:17:37,742 {\an1}it's a difficult decision. 1544 01:17:37,766 --> 01:17:39,876 {\an1}And once you make the decision, 1545 01:17:39,900 --> 01:17:42,009 {\an1}it's quite the emotional roller coaster 1546 01:17:42,033 --> 01:17:44,209 {\an1}while you're waiting for the surgery. 1547 01:17:44,233 --> 01:17:46,576 {\an1}They bring in heated blankets? 1548 01:17:46,600 --> 01:17:48,609 {\an1}CARTY (voiceover): We believe that the amputation by itself 1549 01:17:48,633 --> 01:17:49,876 {\an1}is just a better amputation, 1550 01:17:49,900 --> 01:17:52,509 {\an1}and that that has certain intrinsic advantages, 1551 01:17:52,533 --> 01:17:55,809 {\an1}even if those patients never had access to a high-fidelity 1552 01:17:55,833 --> 01:17:57,642 {\an1}next-generation prosthesis. 1553 01:17:57,666 --> 01:18:01,142 {\an1}But when you combine the modified amputation 1554 01:18:01,166 --> 01:18:02,909 {\an1}with the next generation prosthesis, 1555 01:18:02,933 --> 01:18:07,842 {\an1}that's when really magical things start to happen. 1556 01:18:07,866 --> 01:18:09,976 {\an1}The amputation we call the agonist-antagonist 1557 01:18:10,000 --> 01:18:12,376 {\an1}myoneural interface, or AMI for short, 1558 01:18:12,400 --> 01:18:15,442 {\an1}we refer to it as the Ewing amputation 1559 01:18:15,466 --> 01:18:16,776 {\an1}when it's below the knee. 1560 01:18:16,800 --> 01:18:18,676 {\an1}Since those early days, 1561 01:18:18,700 --> 01:18:20,909 {\an1}we've applied the AMI amputation above the knee, 1562 01:18:20,933 --> 01:18:23,909 below the elbow, and above the elbow. 1563 01:18:23,933 --> 01:18:28,109 {\an1}Over 30 people have now received the AMI amputation. 1564 01:18:28,133 --> 01:18:31,242 {\an1}So, we've amassed a tremendous amount of scientific data 1565 01:18:31,266 --> 01:18:34,209 {\an1}to more deeply understand the impact 1566 01:18:34,233 --> 01:18:37,176 {\an1}and the clinical efficacy of the technique. 1567 01:18:37,200 --> 01:18:41,509 {\an1}We have further evidence that it improves bionic limb control. 1568 01:18:41,533 --> 01:18:44,776 {\an1}We've also measured reductions in pain. 1569 01:18:44,800 --> 01:18:48,242 {\an1}And furthermore, with fMRI imaging of the central brain, 1570 01:18:48,266 --> 01:18:51,209 {\an1}we've shown with direct evidence 1571 01:18:51,233 --> 01:18:53,109 {\an1}that the amount of proprioception 1572 01:18:53,133 --> 01:18:56,009 {\an1}as a person's moving their phantom limb, 1573 01:18:56,033 --> 01:18:58,009 {\an1}in the case of an AMI amputation, 1574 01:18:58,033 --> 01:19:01,542 {\an1}is the same level, statistically, 1575 01:19:01,566 --> 01:19:04,942 {\an1}than a person with intact biological limbs, 1576 01:19:04,966 --> 01:19:06,642 {\an1}which is truly remarkable. 1577 01:19:06,666 --> 01:19:08,876 {\an8}♪ ♪ 1578 01:19:08,900 --> 01:19:10,542 {\an8}I think in 20 years, 1579 01:19:10,566 --> 01:19:13,542 {\an1}limb amputation will not be a disability, 1580 01:19:13,566 --> 01:19:15,509 {\an1}and there will be several 1581 01:19:15,533 --> 01:19:19,509 {\an1}dimensions that are actual augmentation. 1582 01:19:19,533 --> 01:19:23,109 {\an1}That is to say, people with limb amputation can do 1583 01:19:23,133 --> 01:19:25,409 {\an1}certain things that people with innate, 1584 01:19:25,433 --> 01:19:27,176 {\an1}natural bodies are not able to do. 1585 01:19:27,200 --> 01:19:29,142 {\an1}To run faster, to jump higher, 1586 01:19:29,166 --> 01:19:31,933 {\an1}to do all kinds of things that we can't even imagine today. 1587 01:19:34,766 --> 01:19:37,476 {\an7}If I don't want to alter my body, but I see that 1588 01:19:37,500 --> 01:19:40,176 {\an1}altered people are getting the rewards 1589 01:19:40,200 --> 01:19:42,809 {\an1}and the spoils of the world, they're getting the money, 1590 01:19:42,833 --> 01:19:45,509 {\an1}they're getting the fame, right, they're getting the fortune, 1591 01:19:45,533 --> 01:19:47,109 {\an1}then I might say, 1592 01:19:47,133 --> 01:19:49,809 {\an1}"If that's what it takes to get those things, then I will." 1593 01:19:49,833 --> 01:19:51,442 {\an1}So, whenever we attach 1594 01:19:51,466 --> 01:19:53,909 {\an1}things that are of great consequence to people 1595 01:19:53,933 --> 01:19:55,142 {\an1}to their abilities, 1596 01:19:55,166 --> 01:19:57,876 {\an1}that's when we have to start thinking about, 1597 01:19:57,900 --> 01:19:59,309 is it coercive 1598 01:19:59,333 --> 01:20:03,109 to attach goods to the abilities of the body? 1599 01:20:03,133 --> 01:20:05,876 {\an1}I think we really have to educate people. 1600 01:20:05,900 --> 01:20:07,176 {\an1}We have to educate people 1601 01:20:07,200 --> 01:20:08,976 {\an1}in the same way that we had to educate them 1602 01:20:09,000 --> 01:20:10,509 {\an1}about racism and sexism, 1603 01:20:10,533 --> 01:20:12,976 {\an1}is the same way we'll have to educate people 1604 01:20:13,000 --> 01:20:18,242 {\an1}about able bodies and disabled bodies, 1605 01:20:18,266 --> 01:20:19,976 {\an1}and enhanced bodies, right? 1606 01:20:20,000 --> 01:20:22,676 {\an1}Because we really are creating another category of person. 1607 01:20:22,700 --> 01:20:25,576 {\an1}And when you create another category of person, 1608 01:20:25,600 --> 01:20:29,076 {\an1}that's going to really tug at people's sense of self, 1609 01:20:29,100 --> 01:20:31,542 {\an1}but also how people operate in the world. 1610 01:20:31,566 --> 01:20:33,842 {\an1}How they hire people, 1611 01:20:33,866 --> 01:20:37,276 {\an1}how they put people in the classrooms, that kind of thing. 1612 01:20:37,300 --> 01:20:39,909 {\an1}So, we really have to make sure that people are understanding 1613 01:20:39,933 --> 01:20:42,342 {\an1}of what it means to be this enhanced body, 1614 01:20:42,366 --> 01:20:44,376 {\an1}and what it means to be an enhanced body 1615 01:20:44,400 --> 01:20:47,233 {\an1}among other unenhanced bodies. 1616 01:20:58,433 --> 01:21:02,376 CEREMONY HOST: Since 1849, there have been over 150 casualties 1617 01:21:02,400 --> 01:21:04,076 {\an1}in and around Mount Washington 1618 01:21:04,100 --> 01:21:06,009 {\an1}in the presidential range. 1619 01:21:06,033 --> 01:21:08,209 {\an1}None of them have been insignificant. 1620 01:21:08,233 --> 01:21:10,476 {\an1}We're here today to honor and pay tribute 1621 01:21:10,500 --> 01:21:13,742 {\an1}to Albert Dow by dedicating this sudden weather exhibit. 1622 01:21:13,766 --> 01:21:16,376 CEREMONY HOST: So, the plaque you're about to see 1623 01:21:16,400 --> 01:21:19,476 {\an1}says, "Albert H. Dow III, 1624 01:21:19,500 --> 01:21:22,109 {\an1}climber, rescuer, friend." 1625 01:21:22,133 --> 01:21:25,176 {\an1}(cheers and applause) 1626 01:21:25,200 --> 01:21:27,476 HERR: After we were pulled from the mountain, 1627 01:21:27,500 --> 01:21:30,009 {\an1}I was profoundly confused as to why 1628 01:21:30,033 --> 01:21:33,476 I was alive and Albert had perished, 1629 01:21:33,500 --> 01:21:36,033 {\an1}and I still don't understand. 1630 01:21:39,800 --> 01:21:44,376 {\an1}But I... the only thing I could control was to... 1631 01:21:44,400 --> 01:21:46,442 {\an1}how I, how I live my life, 1632 01:21:46,466 --> 01:21:51,542 {\an1}and Albert put forth tremendous service in his life, 1633 01:21:51,566 --> 01:21:55,809 {\an1}and I thought it would be a disgrace to his memory 1634 01:21:55,833 --> 01:21:56,810 to give up. 1635 01:21:56,834 --> 01:21:59,709 {\an1}So, thank you, Albert, 1636 01:21:59,733 --> 01:22:05,209 {\an1}for all your inspiration to me, and to so many other people. 1637 01:22:05,233 --> 01:22:08,009 {\an1}And thank you so much for venturing out 1638 01:22:08,033 --> 01:22:11,576 {\an1}in the young winter of 1982, in search of two lost boys. 1639 01:22:11,600 --> 01:22:12,776 Thank you. 1640 01:22:12,800 --> 01:22:16,733 {\an1}(cheers and applause) 1641 01:22:18,266 --> 01:22:22,109 (voiceover): My goal was to not give up, 1642 01:22:22,133 --> 01:22:24,642 {\an1}to not succumb to pity, 1643 01:22:24,666 --> 01:22:27,042 {\an1}to use every cell in my body 1644 01:22:27,066 --> 01:22:31,142 {\an1}to try to do something worthwhile with my life 1645 01:22:31,166 --> 01:22:33,576 {\an1}because of Albert's ultimate sacrifice. 1646 01:22:33,600 --> 01:22:36,800 {\an1}I'm certainly still on that journey. 1647 01:22:39,833 --> 01:22:43,233 {\an1}I really feel that we're, we're just getting started. 1648 01:22:45,633 --> 01:22:50,333 ♪ ♪ 1649 01:23:04,200 --> 01:23:09,633 ♪ ♪ 1650 01:23:21,066 --> 01:23:24,833 ♪ ♪ 1651 01:23:37,066 --> 01:23:41,066 ♪ ♪ 1652 01:23:43,533 --> 01:23:47,133 ♪ ♪ 1653 01:23:59,233 --> 01:24:03,366 ♪ ♪ 1654 01:24:14,866 --> 01:24:18,609 {\an8}ANNOUNCER: To order this program on DVD, visit ShopPBS 1655 01:24:18,633 --> 01:24:22,009 {\an7}or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS. 1656 01:24:22,033 --> 01:24:24,809 {\an7}Episodes of "NOVA" are available with Passport. 1657 01:24:24,833 --> 01:24:28,476 {\an7}"NOVA" is also available on Amazon Prime Video. 1658 01:24:28,500 --> 01:24:31,800 {\an8}♪ ♪