1 00:00:00,833 --> 00:00:03,200 ♪ ♪ 2 00:00:05,566 --> 00:00:07,766 {\an1}KIMBERLY: I'm going to say more numbers. 3 00:00:07,766 --> 00:00:12,066 {\an1}After I say them, I want you to put them backward. 4 00:00:12,066 --> 00:00:17,566 {\an1}Two, eight, five, one, six. 5 00:00:17,566 --> 00:00:20,866 {\an1}Six, one, five, eight, two. 6 00:00:24,666 --> 00:00:30,166 {\an1}Four, one, six, four, three. 7 00:00:30,166 --> 00:00:34,666 Three, four, six... One, four, two? 8 00:00:34,666 --> 00:00:36,700 ♪ ♪ 9 00:00:36,700 --> 00:00:38,333 Hi, Mama. 10 00:00:38,333 --> 00:00:42,866 (laughing) 11 00:00:42,866 --> 00:00:45,133 BARB: I think I have probably a little greater 12 00:00:45,133 --> 00:00:46,800 {\an1}than 50% chance of getting it. 13 00:00:46,800 --> 00:00:49,166 {\an1}I have lately thought, 14 00:00:49,166 --> 00:00:52,900 {\an1}"You know, you got about another ten years of memory left 15 00:00:52,900 --> 00:00:55,066 before you hit your mom's stage." 16 00:00:55,066 --> 00:00:58,066 ♪ ♪ 17 00:00:58,066 --> 00:01:00,900 {\an1}I absolutely am terrified of it. 18 00:01:00,900 --> 00:01:03,233 ♪ ♪ 19 00:01:03,233 --> 00:01:05,933 KIMBERLY: I'm going to read you a list of words. 20 00:01:05,933 --> 00:01:09,566 {\an1}I want you to tell me as many words as you can remember. 21 00:01:09,566 --> 00:01:11,566 Okay. All right. 22 00:01:11,566 --> 00:01:15,266 {\an1}Flute, dress, alarm, 23 00:01:15,266 --> 00:01:17,933 juice, office, 24 00:01:17,933 --> 00:01:21,933 {\an1}mother, pond. 25 00:01:21,933 --> 00:01:27,766 {\an1}Flute, dress, juice, alarm, office, mother... 26 00:01:27,766 --> 00:01:31,700 {\an1}Draw on the hands at 20 minutes after 7:00. 27 00:01:31,700 --> 00:01:34,933 KAREN: I knew it was too late for my mom. 28 00:01:34,933 --> 00:01:37,433 But I have to think about my son. 29 00:01:37,433 --> 00:01:40,733 {\an7}Hopefully, if not in my lifetime, in his lifetime, 30 00:01:40,733 --> 00:01:42,766 {\an1}they can find a cure. 31 00:01:42,766 --> 00:01:47,333 {\an1}It takes generations, sometimes, to find a cure. 32 00:01:47,333 --> 00:01:49,500 ♪ ♪ 33 00:01:49,500 --> 00:01:53,000 SIGRID: I'm noticing in my journey through memory 34 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:55,066 {\an1}that when you give a really long list, 35 00:01:55,066 --> 00:01:57,333 {\an1}then things start to get really confused, 36 00:01:57,333 --> 00:01:59,333 {\an1}and I can't track it anymore. 37 00:01:59,333 --> 00:02:00,866 Mm-hmm. 38 00:02:00,866 --> 00:02:02,366 SIGRID: I read that 39 00:02:02,366 --> 00:02:04,733 {\an1}if you were a daughter of someone with Alzheimer's, 40 00:02:04,733 --> 00:02:07,400 {\an1}that you had a much higher chance of having it. 41 00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:10,933 {\an1}My mother had passed away from Alzheimer's. 42 00:02:10,933 --> 00:02:12,666 {\an1}I had three daughters, 43 00:02:12,666 --> 00:02:15,566 {\an1}and that's when they told me about the study. 44 00:02:15,566 --> 00:02:18,700 {\an1}And I said, "Oh, sign me up!" 45 00:02:18,700 --> 00:02:23,400 NARRATOR: An estimated 50 million people worldwide 46 00:02:23,400 --> 00:02:27,100 {\an1}live with Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. 47 00:02:27,100 --> 00:02:29,333 {\an1}Having a parent with Alzheimer's 48 00:02:29,333 --> 00:02:31,666 {\an1}more than doubles a person's risk of getting it. 49 00:02:31,666 --> 00:02:37,066 {\an1}Now, some are joining a groundbreaking medical study 50 00:02:37,066 --> 00:02:38,866 {\an1}to try to find out what, 51 00:02:38,866 --> 00:02:41,600 if anything, could make a difference 52 00:02:41,600 --> 00:02:44,300 {\an1}for future generations. 53 00:02:44,300 --> 00:02:47,566 "Determined: Fighting Alzheimer's," 54 00:02:47,566 --> 00:02:49,766 {\an1}right now, on "NOVA." 55 00:02:49,766 --> 00:02:54,266 ♪ ♪ 56 00:03:13,066 --> 00:03:19,366 ♪ ♪ 57 00:03:19,366 --> 00:03:22,066 STERLING JOHNSON: This study is about adult children 58 00:03:22,066 --> 00:03:25,266 of people who have Alzheimer's disease. 59 00:03:25,266 --> 00:03:26,700 {\an1}We bring our participants in 60 00:03:26,700 --> 00:03:30,866 {\an7}in mid-life, and we follow them as they age. 61 00:03:30,866 --> 00:03:33,266 {\an7}We want to know who goes on to develop dementia 62 00:03:33,266 --> 00:03:34,633 and who doesn't. 63 00:03:34,633 --> 00:03:37,733 We want to be able to prevent this disease. 64 00:03:37,733 --> 00:03:39,000 In order to do that, 65 00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:42,633 {\an1}we have to identify it as early as we possibly can. 66 00:03:42,633 --> 00:03:46,033 We also want to know if there's a drug 67 00:03:46,033 --> 00:03:48,166 {\an1}or a lifestyle intervention 68 00:03:48,166 --> 00:03:51,766 {\an1}that will slow the rate of cognitive decline. 69 00:03:51,766 --> 00:03:54,966 Ultimately, we want to prevent dementia. 70 00:03:54,966 --> 00:03:57,466 {\an8}So we call our study 71 00:03:57,466 --> 00:04:00,433 {\an7}the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention, 72 00:04:00,433 --> 00:04:04,800 {\an8}or WRAP. 73 00:04:04,800 --> 00:04:07,733 {\an8}WRAP, to me, is super-groundbreaking, 74 00:04:07,733 --> 00:04:11,233 {\an7}because when it was started, it was one of the first 75 00:04:11,233 --> 00:04:13,933 to actually look at the adult caregiver, 76 00:04:13,933 --> 00:04:15,266 um, the adult child. 77 00:04:15,266 --> 00:04:19,466 {\an8}♪ ♪ 78 00:04:19,466 --> 00:04:22,433 {\an8}(birds chirping) 79 00:04:22,433 --> 00:04:26,066 {\an8}MARK SAGER: My wife and I were sitting in the backyard, 80 00:04:26,066 --> 00:04:28,200 {\an1}and it was a summer evening in Madison, 81 00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:30,500 and we were having a drink before supper. 82 00:04:30,500 --> 00:04:32,433 I was commenting that at the time, 83 00:04:32,433 --> 00:04:36,033 {\an1}there was almost no Alzheimer's disease research here on campus. 84 00:04:36,033 --> 00:04:37,400 And my wife said, 85 00:04:37,400 --> 00:04:40,533 {\an7}"You need to study someone like me." 86 00:04:46,233 --> 00:04:48,366 (inhales) 87 00:04:50,833 --> 00:04:53,000 (voice trembling): And her mother had developed Alzheimer's disease. 88 00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:56,766 (sniffs): And I said, "Well, it sounds like, you know, 89 00:04:56,766 --> 00:04:58,666 {\an1}it's a good idea," and actually, it was a very good idea. 90 00:04:58,666 --> 00:05:02,266 Alzheimer's disease is defined by two things, 91 00:05:02,266 --> 00:05:06,233 {\an8}amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. 92 00:05:06,233 --> 00:05:07,533 {\an8}These things show up in the brain 93 00:05:07,533 --> 00:05:10,800 in our 50s and 60s, and eventually, 94 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:13,000 {\an1}they become toxic to the cells 95 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:15,833 that are vital for brain function. 96 00:05:15,833 --> 00:05:19,466 After so long, symptoms of dementia develop. 97 00:05:27,566 --> 00:05:31,700 {\an8}KAREN: My mom didn't think it could happen to her. 98 00:05:31,700 --> 00:05:34,733 {\an7}She read, she was active. 99 00:05:34,733 --> 00:05:38,400 {\an7}And she didn't think it would hit her, and it did. 100 00:05:38,400 --> 00:05:42,566 She couldn't escape. 101 00:05:42,566 --> 00:05:45,200 ♪ ♪ 102 00:05:45,200 --> 00:05:48,500 {\an1}My mom always made things fun. 103 00:05:48,500 --> 00:05:50,533 {\an1}She would go outside, play kickball with me. 104 00:05:50,533 --> 00:05:52,600 {\an1}She even made housework fun. 105 00:05:52,600 --> 00:05:54,833 {\an1}Until I got smart enough and realized, 106 00:05:54,833 --> 00:05:57,000 "No, I shouldn't be enjoying this!" 107 00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:58,000 (laughing) 108 00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:01,966 {\an1}She always kept us laughing. 109 00:06:01,966 --> 00:06:03,966 {\an1}But I started noticing, 110 00:06:03,966 --> 00:06:07,700 {\an1}she just didn't seem herself. 111 00:06:07,700 --> 00:06:09,666 {\an1}She wasn't reading as much. 112 00:06:09,666 --> 00:06:12,033 {\an1}She wasn't laughing as much. 113 00:06:12,033 --> 00:06:13,700 {\an1}And she had mentioned that she thought 114 00:06:13,700 --> 00:06:15,666 {\an1}she was losing her memory. 115 00:06:15,666 --> 00:06:18,900 {\an1}Her sisters and her brother had Alzheimer's, 116 00:06:18,900 --> 00:06:21,666 {\an1}and I was kind of worried that was going on. 117 00:06:21,666 --> 00:06:23,600 {\an1}And if it wasn't Alzheimer's, 118 00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:26,333 {\an1}I wanted to find out what it was to get her treatment, 119 00:06:26,333 --> 00:06:27,766 to get her help. 120 00:06:27,766 --> 00:06:29,933 And, uh... 121 00:06:29,933 --> 00:06:32,300 (crying): Unfortunately, it was Alzheimer's. 122 00:06:32,300 --> 00:06:34,133 ♪ ♪ 123 00:06:34,133 --> 00:06:37,900 {\an1}And she would become angry when you would try to help her. 124 00:06:37,900 --> 00:06:39,633 {\an1}And I tried to explain, 125 00:06:39,633 --> 00:06:41,666 {\an1}"I'm not trying to treat you like a child. 126 00:06:41,666 --> 00:06:44,800 {\an1}I'm just trying to help you." 127 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:47,666 {\an1}Imagine seeing someone wither away 128 00:06:47,666 --> 00:06:51,633 {\an1}to where they don't know when to go to the bathroom. 129 00:06:51,633 --> 00:06:53,000 How to walk. 130 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:55,666 {\an1}How to move their arms, their head. 131 00:06:55,666 --> 00:06:58,900 {\an1}It got to a point where I couldn't keep her at home. 132 00:06:58,900 --> 00:07:01,000 {\an1}I had to start giving it thought 133 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:04,733 to her being placed in a nursing home. 134 00:07:04,733 --> 00:07:08,666 {\an1}It was the toughest decision I ever had to make in my life. 135 00:07:11,900 --> 00:07:14,833 {\an8}♪♪ ♪ 136 00:07:14,833 --> 00:07:19,366 {\an8}My son was three when she was diagnosed. 137 00:07:19,366 --> 00:07:20,566 {\an8}XAVIER: She loved me. 138 00:07:20,566 --> 00:07:23,066 {\an7}Like, she would never get mad at me at all. 139 00:07:23,066 --> 00:07:25,933 {\an7}She'll get mad at other people. 140 00:07:25,933 --> 00:07:27,266 {\an7}But not me, for some reason. 141 00:07:27,266 --> 00:07:30,633 {\an8}We was like twins. 142 00:07:30,633 --> 00:07:32,500 KAREN: Had my son in daycare, 143 00:07:32,500 --> 00:07:36,200 {\an1}working full-time, now having to worry about her safety. 144 00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:39,066 Stress was... 145 00:07:39,066 --> 00:07:42,033 {\an1}You know, just, part of my life, everyday life. 146 00:07:42,033 --> 00:07:46,833 Up until she died. 147 00:07:55,666 --> 00:08:01,366 XAVIER: It doesn't feel the same without my grandma being alive. 148 00:08:01,366 --> 00:08:06,233 {\an1}The person who loved me the, really the, really the most, 149 00:08:06,233 --> 00:08:08,900 passed away. 150 00:08:10,333 --> 00:08:12,033 KAREN: I want him 151 00:08:12,033 --> 00:08:15,666 {\an1}to graduate from high school, go to college. 152 00:08:15,666 --> 00:08:17,233 {\an1}Find a career, have a family. 153 00:08:17,233 --> 00:08:21,333 {\an1}I want us to rekindle our relationship. 154 00:08:21,333 --> 00:08:24,000 {\an1}I missed a lot of time as he grew up 155 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:25,933 {\an1}taking care of my mother. 156 00:08:25,933 --> 00:08:28,600 I always thought, "There'll be more time." 157 00:08:28,600 --> 00:08:30,166 {\an1}Always, "We'll do this later." 158 00:08:30,166 --> 00:08:31,266 Xavier! 159 00:08:31,266 --> 00:08:33,233 KAREN: We'll have the fun later. 160 00:08:33,233 --> 00:08:36,966 And later turned into 12 years later. 161 00:08:36,966 --> 00:08:38,466 ♪ ♪ 162 00:08:38,466 --> 00:08:41,033 {\an1}If by some chance you lose capacity 163 00:08:41,033 --> 00:08:42,566 {\an1}when you're in this study, 164 00:08:42,566 --> 00:08:45,066 {\an1}do you want to continue doing this study, 165 00:08:45,066 --> 00:08:46,766 {\an1}or do you want to withdraw? 166 00:08:46,766 --> 00:08:48,033 Yes, continue. 167 00:08:48,033 --> 00:08:50,500 {\an1}Okay, could you initial there? 168 00:08:52,400 --> 00:08:55,533 {\an1}And then we ask for a name of someone who can speak for you 169 00:08:55,533 --> 00:08:58,533 {\an1}if that's the case-- if you lose capacity. 170 00:09:03,666 --> 00:09:06,433 KAREN: I don't care what test it is. 171 00:09:06,433 --> 00:09:09,933 I don't care if it's a lumbar puncture, a MRI, 172 00:09:09,933 --> 00:09:12,033 blood work. 173 00:09:12,033 --> 00:09:13,300 {\an1}I don't care, I'll do it. 174 00:09:13,300 --> 00:09:16,133 {\an1}Only part I don't like is the cognitive testing. 175 00:09:16,133 --> 00:09:19,533 {\an1}Chicken, orange, pond. 176 00:09:19,533 --> 00:09:23,433 KAREN: That, although it's painless, 177 00:09:23,433 --> 00:09:27,033 {\an1}it does make you feel stupid, and, uh, 178 00:09:27,033 --> 00:09:29,800 {\an1}I just wonder why I'm able to roam around free 179 00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:32,566 {\an1}after I take those tests. 180 00:09:32,566 --> 00:09:36,166 ♪ ♪ 181 00:09:39,500 --> 00:09:42,066 CYNTHIA CARLSSON: Take a breath and hold it. 182 00:09:42,066 --> 00:09:44,100 (Sigrid inhales) 183 00:09:44,100 --> 00:09:46,566 {\an8}Okay, take a breath again. 184 00:09:46,566 --> 00:09:49,100 {\an7}(inhales) And then hold it. 185 00:09:49,100 --> 00:09:51,400 {\an8}SIGRID: My mother was just 186 00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:54,466 {\an7}such a very talented person. 187 00:09:54,466 --> 00:09:57,233 {\an7}Plus, she was also very bright. 188 00:09:57,233 --> 00:10:01,233 {\an1}But I can remember being at my mother's one time. 189 00:10:01,233 --> 00:10:02,733 {\an1}She held her head and she said, 190 00:10:02,733 --> 00:10:05,233 {\an1}"Oh, I think I'm going crazy, I just think I'm going crazy! 191 00:10:05,233 --> 00:10:07,166 {\an1}I can't remember anything!" 192 00:10:07,166 --> 00:10:08,833 {\an1}And we said, "Oh, Mother! 193 00:10:08,833 --> 00:10:11,133 {\an1}We can't remember where our car keys are, either." 194 00:10:11,133 --> 00:10:13,700 {\an1}You know, "Nothing's wrong," we just sort of blew her off. 195 00:10:13,700 --> 00:10:17,166 (sighs): I think even when you, 196 00:10:17,166 --> 00:10:19,433 you do understand intellectually... 197 00:10:19,433 --> 00:10:23,666 (sniffles): ...it's very hard to experience someone with Alzheimer's 198 00:10:23,666 --> 00:10:26,833 up front and close. 199 00:10:28,766 --> 00:10:33,100 {\an1}She followed me around like a, like a toddler, 200 00:10:33,100 --> 00:10:36,166 or a, a, like a dog. 201 00:10:36,166 --> 00:10:39,700 (voice trembling): I remember turning around, 202 00:10:39,700 --> 00:10:44,200 {\an1}and really just shouting at her, "Stop following me around!" 203 00:10:44,200 --> 00:10:48,566 (crying) 204 00:10:48,566 --> 00:10:52,666 {\an1}And I'm so sorry for that. (sniffles) 205 00:10:52,666 --> 00:10:56,300 ♪ ♪ 206 00:10:56,300 --> 00:10:58,266 CARLSSON: You doing okay still? 207 00:10:58,266 --> 00:11:00,166 {\an1}SIGRID: I'm fine. 208 00:11:02,300 --> 00:11:05,366 {\an8}CARLSSON: If you're trying to diagnose someone 209 00:11:05,366 --> 00:11:07,966 {\an7}at risk for Alzheimer's, you want to go back 210 00:11:07,966 --> 00:11:10,600 {\an8}before they're ever having memory symptoms. 211 00:11:10,600 --> 00:11:12,666 CARLSSON: Okay, the needle's out, you can lift your head and relax. 212 00:11:12,666 --> 00:11:14,100 {\an4}NURSE: Lift your head. You feeling okay? 213 00:11:14,100 --> 00:11:15,666 {\an4}SIGRID: Yeah, and I don't have a headache yet. Good! 214 00:11:15,666 --> 00:11:18,166 There you go. 215 00:11:18,166 --> 00:11:20,333 And I'll go get a warm blanket, okay? 216 00:11:20,333 --> 00:11:22,166 BARBARA BENDLIN: At the very earliest stages, 217 00:11:22,166 --> 00:11:25,100 {\an1}people actually can have normal cognitive function. 218 00:11:25,100 --> 00:11:28,600 {\an8}We're looking at a silent process. 219 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:33,000 {\an7}So we're really trying to map out those early changes 220 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:36,833 in fine detail, using sensitive methods. 221 00:11:36,833 --> 00:11:40,900 CARLSSON: There are two main proteins that we focus in on. 222 00:11:40,900 --> 00:11:42,666 {\an1}So one is amyloid protein. 223 00:11:42,666 --> 00:11:44,066 {\an1}Amyloid that's in the spinal fluid 224 00:11:44,066 --> 00:11:46,433 {\an1}gives us an idea about how much is in the brain. 225 00:11:46,433 --> 00:11:48,300 And then I'll have you lie down here. 226 00:11:48,300 --> 00:11:50,400 {\an4}Watch your head so you don't hit the coil. Right. 227 00:11:52,800 --> 00:11:55,333 {\an1}(MRI scanner whirring) 228 00:11:55,333 --> 00:11:56,966 JOHNSON: Traditionally, 229 00:11:56,966 --> 00:11:58,966 the way to diagnose Alzheimer's disease 230 00:11:58,966 --> 00:12:01,633 {\an1}was with neuropathology examinations 231 00:12:01,633 --> 00:12:03,766 {\an1}after a person has died. 232 00:12:03,766 --> 00:12:05,100 {\an7}Now, that's really still the way 233 00:12:05,100 --> 00:12:07,800 {\an7}to get a definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. 234 00:12:07,800 --> 00:12:09,266 {\an7}But brain imaging is now a window 235 00:12:09,266 --> 00:12:10,466 {\an7}into the living brain. 236 00:12:10,466 --> 00:12:14,233 JOHNSON: Let's look at that hippocampus, Ron. 237 00:12:14,233 --> 00:12:17,533 Here's the hippocampus right here. 238 00:12:17,533 --> 00:12:20,766 So we're able to observe very subtle changes 239 00:12:20,766 --> 00:12:23,533 in the hippocampus, the structure that's very important 240 00:12:23,533 --> 00:12:25,566 in forming new memories. 241 00:12:25,566 --> 00:12:27,700 {\an1}This is really interesting, 242 00:12:27,700 --> 00:12:30,466 because this individual is only 64 years old 243 00:12:30,466 --> 00:12:32,200 and is cognitively normal. 244 00:12:32,200 --> 00:12:36,066 {\an1}But they happen to have a parent with Alzheimer's disease. 245 00:12:36,066 --> 00:12:38,800 {\an1}So the question that we're trying to address 246 00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:42,933 {\an1}is whether this kind of profile, 247 00:12:42,933 --> 00:12:44,833 {\an1}where you've got normal metabolism, 248 00:12:44,833 --> 00:12:47,233 {\an1}but you're already seeing budding signs 249 00:12:47,233 --> 00:12:49,133 {\an1}of Alzheimer's disease, 250 00:12:49,133 --> 00:12:52,400 {\an1}will this person go on to get symptoms? 251 00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:57,033 Or will they remain stable for their entire adulthood? 252 00:12:57,033 --> 00:12:59,833 {\an8}DAVID: What? 253 00:12:59,833 --> 00:13:01,633 {\an8}SIGRID: Did you find your glasses? 254 00:13:01,633 --> 00:13:03,066 {\an8}DAVID: They're the old-style glasses. 255 00:13:05,066 --> 00:13:07,466 {\an7}They are just someplace very, you know, 256 00:13:07,466 --> 00:13:11,666 {\an7}like, out, laying somewhere. 257 00:13:11,666 --> 00:13:14,066 {\an1}I don't know what to do. 258 00:13:14,066 --> 00:13:19,566 {\an1}Other than, other than try and find them. 259 00:13:19,566 --> 00:13:20,966 Oh, dear. 260 00:13:20,966 --> 00:13:23,200 Dear, oh, dear. 261 00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:26,100 DAVID: I guess I am slipping. 262 00:13:26,100 --> 00:13:28,000 {\an1}A lot of things I do forget. 263 00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:29,733 {\an1}Sigrid says I'm always 264 00:13:29,733 --> 00:13:33,433 {\an1}having a fresh new experience every day, 265 00:13:33,433 --> 00:13:34,700 even though it, I may have actually done it 266 00:13:34,700 --> 00:13:36,100 some time recently. (chuckles) 267 00:13:36,100 --> 00:13:39,766 {\an1}I don't have the sense of being confused or in a fog. 268 00:13:39,766 --> 00:13:44,666 {\an1}It's just, I don't, uh, can't keep track of things as well. 269 00:13:44,666 --> 00:13:48,466 {\an1}When we started the study in 2001, 270 00:13:48,466 --> 00:13:50,500 {\an1}it was just people who have a family history 271 00:13:50,500 --> 00:13:51,500 {\an1}of Alzheimer's disease. 272 00:13:51,500 --> 00:13:54,100 {\an1}But we soon became aware 273 00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:56,733 {\an1}that having that kind of a focused group 274 00:13:56,733 --> 00:14:00,033 {\an1}may not be representative of the general population, 275 00:14:00,033 --> 00:14:03,100 and so we developed a control group. 276 00:14:04,833 --> 00:14:07,800 {\an5}NURSE: And... (scale beeps) 277 00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:09,700 Okay. 278 00:14:09,700 --> 00:14:11,733 {\an8}And you can bring your head forward... 279 00:14:11,733 --> 00:14:15,066 {\an8}Up, nope, just head, there you go, just like that. 280 00:14:15,066 --> 00:14:16,300 {\an8}Now bring this down, 281 00:14:16,300 --> 00:14:18,200 {\an8}and try not to crush you there. 282 00:14:18,200 --> 00:14:19,900 Does that feel tight? 283 00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:22,766 68.7 inches. 284 00:14:22,766 --> 00:14:23,833 Five... Five-eight. 285 00:14:23,833 --> 00:14:25,066 {\an1}Just a hair under five-nine. 286 00:14:25,066 --> 00:14:27,233 {\an5}I know. I used to be five-ten- and-a-half, so... 287 00:14:27,233 --> 00:14:28,466 Did you? Yeah. 288 00:14:28,466 --> 00:14:30,833 DAVID: Well, uh, we do the same tests 289 00:14:30,833 --> 00:14:33,100 {\an1}that everybody else does in the program. 290 00:14:33,100 --> 00:14:35,733 {\an1}We have the blood test 291 00:14:35,733 --> 00:14:38,933 {\an1}and, like, a three-hour cognitive inventory. 292 00:14:38,933 --> 00:14:41,766 {\an7}So they are doing everything, I think, 293 00:14:41,766 --> 00:14:43,533 {\an7}that they're doing with the regular group 294 00:14:43,533 --> 00:14:47,033 {\an8}with us. 295 00:14:47,033 --> 00:14:49,666 {\an8}I'm feeling like if I'm gonna have memory problems, 296 00:14:49,666 --> 00:14:53,000 {\an8}then you're not gonna have my assistance, 297 00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:56,400 {\an7}and you're going to be left with all this stuff behind. 298 00:14:56,400 --> 00:14:57,866 {\an8}Yup. 299 00:14:57,866 --> 00:15:01,400 {\an7}Of course, obviously, we gotta throw away stuff. 300 00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:03,733 {\an8}Would you say that louder? 301 00:15:03,733 --> 00:15:07,466 {\an7}We gotta throw away stuff, but I, I... 302 00:15:07,466 --> 00:15:10,400 {\an7}Having saved it for ten years... 303 00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:12,000 Ten years? ...to look at. 304 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:13,500 You have college, 305 00:15:13,500 --> 00:15:15,600 you have college course notes. 306 00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:17,100 {\an1}Yup. 307 00:15:17,100 --> 00:15:19,700 SIGRID: Throw them out. 308 00:15:19,700 --> 00:15:23,166 I want some peace. 309 00:15:23,166 --> 00:15:24,800 ♪ ♪ 310 00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:27,500 {\an8}Put that one on top. 311 00:15:27,500 --> 00:15:28,666 {\an8}Good load. 312 00:15:28,666 --> 00:15:30,433 {\an7}Put the other one on top. 313 00:15:36,333 --> 00:15:40,233 {\an8}BARB: You like your maple and brown sugar, Dad says. 314 00:15:41,733 --> 00:15:45,000 {\an1}BARB: Take your warm blanket off you? 315 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:47,566 (Irene moaning lightly) 316 00:15:47,566 --> 00:15:50,500 {\an1}I'm going to hold it up around her arms while you change her. 317 00:15:50,500 --> 00:15:53,300 Just 'cause she gets so cold. 318 00:15:53,300 --> 00:15:58,233 {\an8}It's okay, Mama. (Irene moaning) 319 00:15:58,233 --> 00:16:03,100 {\an8}(Irene moaning) 320 00:16:03,100 --> 00:16:05,800 {\an8}Here we go. 321 00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:07,600 {\an8}Down we go. 322 00:16:07,600 --> 00:16:09,800 {\an8}DOREN: If she made a little noise, 323 00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:12,533 {\an7}they'd give her Ativan, knock her out, 324 00:16:12,533 --> 00:16:15,666 {\an1}so she wouldn't make any noise. 325 00:16:15,666 --> 00:16:18,933 {\an1}And, uh, I just fought all, all seven months up there. 326 00:16:18,933 --> 00:16:21,266 {\an1}♪ Ay, ay, ay, ay ♪ 327 00:16:21,266 --> 00:16:24,766 ♪ Ay, ay, ay, ay ♪ 328 00:16:24,766 --> 00:16:26,933 {\an1}♪ My little señorita ♪ 329 00:16:26,933 --> 00:16:28,466 {\an1}(chanting wordlessly) 330 00:16:28,466 --> 00:16:31,433 {\an1}BARB: She's gonna get you singing. 331 00:16:31,433 --> 00:16:34,300 (laughs) She's trying to copy you. 332 00:16:34,300 --> 00:16:36,500 CRICKET: I know, she usually does. 333 00:16:36,500 --> 00:16:38,533 BARB: She knows his voice. 334 00:16:38,533 --> 00:16:43,133 {\an1}He walks in the room and speaks, and she's listening. 335 00:16:43,133 --> 00:16:45,733 Oh, there. 336 00:16:45,733 --> 00:16:49,300 {\an1}Oh, there... (babbling) 337 00:16:49,300 --> 00:16:52,866 BARB: I live five hours away from my parents. 338 00:16:52,866 --> 00:16:55,200 {\an7}I try to get up there as frequently as I can, 339 00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:57,466 {\an7}at least every few weeks, um, 340 00:16:57,466 --> 00:17:00,233 {\an7}but it's hard when you get a call that there's a crisis 341 00:17:00,233 --> 00:17:02,266 {\an7}and you can't be there. 342 00:17:02,266 --> 00:17:05,066 {\an7}He would always stress, "Well, I can take care of her myself." 343 00:17:05,066 --> 00:17:07,900 {\an8}But we said, "No," I told him right out, 344 00:17:07,900 --> 00:17:09,766 {\an7}I would not let her come home if 345 00:17:09,766 --> 00:17:13,266 {\an1}he wouldn't agree to having help come into the home. 346 00:17:13,266 --> 00:17:14,666 Ready to have a sip? 347 00:17:14,666 --> 00:17:15,966 (whistles) 348 00:17:15,966 --> 00:17:19,033 SUE: Part of this disease is that eventually 349 00:17:19,033 --> 00:17:21,666 {\an1}they will get so that they can't swallow. 350 00:17:21,666 --> 00:17:23,733 {\an1}That's why I'm concerned about 351 00:17:23,733 --> 00:17:26,933 {\an1}how fast she's given things to drink. 352 00:17:26,933 --> 00:17:29,066 {\an1}Feeding her slow is okay. 353 00:17:29,066 --> 00:17:32,266 CRICKET: I was giving her a drink of water one day, 354 00:17:32,266 --> 00:17:34,566 {\an8}and she choked. 355 00:17:34,566 --> 00:17:37,366 {\an8}We all panicked. 356 00:17:37,366 --> 00:17:41,600 {\an7}And I know if I'm feeding my mom something, 357 00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:45,900 and she choked and didn't recover from it, 358 00:17:45,900 --> 00:17:48,400 {\an1}I know my dad would hold it against me. 359 00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:50,733 {\an1}The girls, they all said, 360 00:17:50,733 --> 00:17:53,733 {\an1}"Well, Dad, how are you gonna, 361 00:17:53,733 --> 00:17:54,966 "how are you going to take care of her? 362 00:17:54,966 --> 00:17:57,033 "How are you going to take care of her? 363 00:17:57,033 --> 00:17:59,166 {\an1}How are you going change her?" 364 00:17:59,166 --> 00:18:03,533 And I said, "Just let Dad do it. 365 00:18:03,533 --> 00:18:05,866 {\an1}I'll show you I can do it." 366 00:18:08,166 --> 00:18:11,900 {\an1}I guess I feel the same about her 367 00:18:11,900 --> 00:18:13,366 {\an1}that I did back then. 368 00:18:13,366 --> 00:18:15,800 ♪ ♪ 369 00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:20,066 {\an1}Well, we've had 59 years of very good marriage. 370 00:18:20,066 --> 00:18:24,800 {\an1}We worked hard together, she was always right by me, and... 371 00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:27,666 You just got to keep on loving her 372 00:18:27,666 --> 00:18:30,100 {\an1}and taking care of her. 373 00:18:30,100 --> 00:18:33,666 (Irene murmurs) 374 00:18:33,666 --> 00:18:35,466 You okay? Hm? 375 00:18:35,466 --> 00:18:38,100 All right. I guess so. 376 00:18:39,933 --> 00:18:42,300 (car signal beeping) 377 00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:44,900 KAREN: For the last several years of our marriage, 378 00:18:44,900 --> 00:18:48,700 I felt a strain. 379 00:18:48,700 --> 00:18:52,100 {\an1}In my mother's last six months of life, 380 00:18:52,100 --> 00:18:55,200 {\an1}the one thing I always felt was, I was alone. 381 00:18:56,633 --> 00:19:01,233 {\an1}I would be there 23 hours, a day. 382 00:19:02,866 --> 00:19:05,433 {\an1}I'm trying to deal with my mom, 383 00:19:05,433 --> 00:19:07,833 {\an1}trying to get my son to school... 384 00:19:07,833 --> 00:19:10,200 Whatever. (alarm chirps) 385 00:19:10,200 --> 00:19:14,766 KAREN: ...raising a teenager, and trying to adapt life 386 00:19:14,766 --> 00:19:17,766 {\an1}to meet my mother's needs. 387 00:19:17,766 --> 00:19:21,433 {\an7}When I think about the lack of support, 388 00:19:21,433 --> 00:19:23,933 {\an7}there's a lot of hurt and a lot of anger. 389 00:19:23,933 --> 00:19:29,233 {\an1}(basketball bouncing) 390 00:19:47,300 --> 00:19:49,366 {\an1}I do not like school at all. 391 00:19:49,366 --> 00:19:51,400 It is stressful. 392 00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:57,200 KAREN: My son can't go back to school because of his grades. 393 00:19:58,566 --> 00:20:01,700 (chuckling) 394 00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:03,500 (sighs and sniffles) 395 00:20:06,666 --> 00:20:09,566 ♪ ♪ 396 00:20:09,566 --> 00:20:12,233 DIANE: I'm going to show you a sheet that has six figures on it, 397 00:20:12,233 --> 00:20:15,300 {\an7}and I want you to study the figures so that you can remember 398 00:20:15,300 --> 00:20:17,366 {\an1}as many of them as possible. 399 00:20:17,366 --> 00:20:20,333 You'll have ten seconds to study the entire display. 400 00:20:20,333 --> 00:20:21,833 ♪ ♪ 401 00:20:21,833 --> 00:20:24,100 {\an1}When I take it away, that's when you start drawing. 402 00:20:28,866 --> 00:20:32,000 Now draw as many of the figures as you can. 403 00:20:50,033 --> 00:20:52,400 {\an1}Can't do it. All right. 404 00:20:52,400 --> 00:20:53,600 Well, that was fine. 405 00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:55,000 I'd like to see whether you can remember more 406 00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:56,966 if I give you another chance. 407 00:21:08,333 --> 00:21:10,366 {\an1}That's all I could think of. 408 00:21:10,366 --> 00:21:12,666 {\an1}Try not to forget this display, 409 00:21:12,666 --> 00:21:15,366 {\an1}because I may ask you about the figures again later. 410 00:21:15,366 --> 00:21:17,500 Okay. Okay. 411 00:21:17,500 --> 00:21:21,166 DIANE: I'll present the display again for ten seconds. 412 00:21:21,166 --> 00:21:24,166 {\an1}Try to remember as many of the figures as you can this time, 413 00:21:24,166 --> 00:21:29,800 including the ones you remembered in your last attempt. 414 00:21:36,900 --> 00:21:38,166 (stopwatch clicks) 415 00:21:38,166 --> 00:21:40,566 {\an1}Now draw as many of the figures as you can. 416 00:21:54,833 --> 00:21:56,633 {\an1}(chuckling) 417 00:21:56,633 --> 00:21:59,733 {\an1}I was going to really remember that one, but I don't. 418 00:22:01,666 --> 00:22:04,300 Okay, that was fine. 419 00:22:04,300 --> 00:22:06,866 {\an1}When you took it, did you feel 420 00:22:06,866 --> 00:22:08,633 {\an1}like you did better two years ago? 421 00:22:08,633 --> 00:22:10,666 {\an1}I mean, do you feel... Oh, I'm sure I did better... 422 00:22:10,666 --> 00:22:12,800 {\an1}You did, so you feel like you're failing a little bit, too. 423 00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:15,633 Absolutely, absolutely. Absolutely. 424 00:22:15,633 --> 00:22:18,333 {\an1}I always feel badly about myself. 425 00:22:18,333 --> 00:22:20,866 {\an1}When I do this. Yeah. 426 00:22:22,466 --> 00:22:24,100 {\an1}'Cause I think it's kinda startling 427 00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:27,366 {\an1}to really have to face your memory gaps 428 00:22:27,366 --> 00:22:31,033 and what that means. 429 00:22:31,033 --> 00:22:32,333 Yeah, it is. 430 00:22:32,333 --> 00:22:36,233 It's hard to take-- it's hard to take. 431 00:22:36,233 --> 00:22:38,566 {\an1}Well, I guess my question... And I realized, 432 00:22:38,566 --> 00:22:40,100 I summed it up... My question to you is this, 433 00:22:40,100 --> 00:22:44,566 {\an1}is, did you at any point really feel taken aback or shaken? 434 00:22:44,566 --> 00:22:46,166 Today? Yes. 435 00:22:46,166 --> 00:22:48,100 No. No, see? 436 00:22:48,100 --> 00:22:51,000 I did, so, there's a message in that. 437 00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:52,900 Yeah. 438 00:22:52,900 --> 00:22:55,200 Right? Yeah. 439 00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:56,666 Well, I know. 440 00:22:56,666 --> 00:22:59,466 {\an1}I know that you're worried, I know. 441 00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:04,066 {\an7}So now, what you know about Alzheimer's? 442 00:23:04,066 --> 00:23:06,600 {\an7}I gotta ask you, you know I do. 443 00:23:06,600 --> 00:23:09,700 {\an7}WOMAN: Oh, my momma's getting a touch of some sort of dementia. 444 00:23:09,700 --> 00:23:12,433 GREEN-HARRIS: Dementia is the loss of this cognitive function. 445 00:23:12,433 --> 00:23:14,033 {\an1}Thinking, remembering, reasoning. 446 00:23:14,033 --> 00:23:17,300 {\an1}It really is that broad-brush definition. 447 00:23:17,300 --> 00:23:19,900 {\an1}Alzheimer's disease, this is the umbrella for dementia. 448 00:23:19,900 --> 00:23:21,266 {\an1}If we were to have a spoke, 449 00:23:21,266 --> 00:23:22,866 {\an1}Alzheimer's disease would be a spoke. 450 00:23:22,866 --> 00:23:24,400 {\an1}It is a type of dementia. 451 00:23:24,400 --> 00:23:26,866 Alzheimer's disease, or dementia, 452 00:23:26,866 --> 00:23:29,800 {\an1}can be in the brain for years and not show. 453 00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:31,466 Does it affect us differently? 454 00:23:31,466 --> 00:23:32,600 {\an1}CELENA: Well, we're two times more likely 455 00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:35,566 {\an1}with getting this disease, and being a woman, 456 00:23:35,566 --> 00:23:36,900 {\an1}we're also two times more likely 457 00:23:36,900 --> 00:23:38,466 {\an1}with getting Alzheimer's disease. 458 00:23:38,466 --> 00:23:42,466 {\an1}Have you ever thought about getting part of research? 459 00:23:42,466 --> 00:23:44,566 {\an1}Can I at least talk to you about it? (laughs) 460 00:23:44,566 --> 00:23:47,733 {\an1}So if I were to ask you to be a part of our research study, 461 00:23:47,733 --> 00:23:49,566 {\an1}what would your, what would your thoughts be? 462 00:23:49,566 --> 00:23:50,833 {\an1}What would some of your challenges be? 463 00:23:50,833 --> 00:23:52,833 I would, I would say, I probably wouldn't be. 464 00:23:52,833 --> 00:23:55,533 MAN: You know, we, as African Americans, 465 00:23:55,533 --> 00:23:56,700 {\an1}are skeptical about research. 466 00:23:56,700 --> 00:23:58,166 GREEN-HARRIS: Mm-hmm. 467 00:23:58,166 --> 00:24:01,966 {\an1}We haven't had any past history of good fortune in research. 468 00:24:01,966 --> 00:24:05,500 {\an4}And we feel apprehensive about people experimenting on us. GREEN-HARRIS: Yeah. 469 00:24:05,500 --> 00:24:08,533 GREEN-HARRIS: Even though we know folks don't want to be involved, 470 00:24:08,533 --> 00:24:10,200 {\an1}we know we have to be involved, 471 00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:11,700 {\an1}because we're two times more likely 472 00:24:11,700 --> 00:24:12,900 {\an1}to develop some kind of dementia 473 00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:14,000 {\an4}in the Black community. MAN: Yeah. 474 00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:16,033 Why is that? Why is that? 475 00:24:16,033 --> 00:24:17,800 {\an4}It has a lot to do with our health. (inaudible) 476 00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:20,200 {\an1}It has a lot to do with our social determinants of health. 477 00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:22,633 {\an1}Stress, and we're trying to, but you know what? 478 00:24:22,633 --> 00:24:24,333 {\an1}The biggest thing is the question mark, 479 00:24:24,333 --> 00:24:26,733 {\an1}that's why we need you to be involved in our research study. 480 00:24:26,733 --> 00:24:29,900 So we can find out. So we can find out. 481 00:24:29,900 --> 00:24:31,600 I don't think it was intentional, 482 00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:34,600 {\an1}but there was just a lapse of recruitment of African Americans 483 00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:36,066 {\an1}in the beginning of the study. 484 00:24:36,066 --> 00:24:39,000 {\an1}Over time, it obviously became recognizable 485 00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:42,233 {\an1}that there was the absence of folks of color. 486 00:24:42,233 --> 00:24:47,733 {\an1}So in 2006, they started trying to recruit African Americans, 487 00:24:47,733 --> 00:24:50,100 {\an1}but it was fairly unsuccessful. 488 00:24:50,100 --> 00:24:51,866 {\an1}And I think the original thought was that, 489 00:24:51,866 --> 00:24:53,333 {\an1}"Oh, we just haven't asked." 490 00:24:53,333 --> 00:24:56,266 But there was the misunderstanding of how to ask. 491 00:24:56,266 --> 00:24:59,966 Oftentime, you have Caucasian investigators 492 00:24:59,966 --> 00:25:02,400 {\an1}coming into Black communities and saying, 493 00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:04,233 "Okay, I'm here in my white coat, 494 00:25:04,233 --> 00:25:07,433 {\an1}"I'm here as the white knight, I'm coming to save you, 495 00:25:07,433 --> 00:25:09,466 {\an1}and I've got all these ideas." 496 00:25:09,466 --> 00:25:12,500 {\an1}And never asking the community for their ideas. 497 00:25:12,500 --> 00:25:15,600 {\an1}MAN: I've noticed in our community there's a lot of stigma. 498 00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:17,866 {\an1}And a lot of information that has been old information 499 00:25:17,866 --> 00:25:19,866 {\an1}that people are continuing to recycle over and over again. 500 00:25:19,866 --> 00:25:21,000 {\an1}Is there any materials 501 00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:23,666 that we're able to actually have to be able 502 00:25:23,666 --> 00:25:24,833 to talk to these individuals? 503 00:25:24,833 --> 00:25:25,966 {\an1}'Cause there's not a lot of education 504 00:25:25,966 --> 00:25:27,833 that's going out there. 505 00:25:27,833 --> 00:25:30,066 GREEN-HARRIS: We still have the issue around Tuskegee. 506 00:25:30,066 --> 00:25:34,400 {\an1}The level of offensiveness that occurred with Tuskegee 507 00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:37,166 {\an1}has also continued to happen over the years. 508 00:25:37,166 --> 00:25:41,266 {\an1}And so that is also in the forefronts of our mind. 509 00:25:41,266 --> 00:25:43,700 ♪ ♪ 510 00:25:43,700 --> 00:25:45,300 {\an8}DAVID DICK: For 40 years, 511 00:25:45,300 --> 00:25:48,133 {\an7}the general public in Tuskegee and Macon County, Alabama, 512 00:25:48,133 --> 00:25:49,766 {\an7}was unaware the federal government 513 00:25:49,766 --> 00:25:53,633 {\an8}was experimenting with 430 local Black men 514 00:25:53,633 --> 00:25:54,766 {\an1}who had contracted syphilis. 515 00:25:54,766 --> 00:25:55,866 They were used as human guinea pigs 516 00:25:55,866 --> 00:25:59,500 {\an1}to determine the effects of the disease. 517 00:25:59,500 --> 00:26:02,133 {\an1}28 men died as a result of the untreated syphilis. 518 00:26:02,133 --> 00:26:04,100 {\an1}When the program became public knowledge last year, 519 00:26:04,100 --> 00:26:05,566 it was halted. 520 00:26:05,566 --> 00:26:09,266 {\an1}But so far, a citizens' panel has been unable to force H.E.W. 521 00:26:09,266 --> 00:26:11,033 {\an1}to help those who survived. 522 00:26:11,033 --> 00:26:15,700 {\an7}I want to see the citizens of Macon County and Tuskegee 523 00:26:15,700 --> 00:26:20,200 {\an7}who were utilized in this study receive adequate compensation. 524 00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:25,166 GREEN-HARRIS: Any investigator that does not understand the impact 525 00:26:25,166 --> 00:26:29,266 {\an1}of how communities of color have been unfairly treated 526 00:26:29,266 --> 00:26:31,466 {\an1}when it comes to research, 527 00:26:31,466 --> 00:26:33,833 {\an1}they're doing themselves a disservice. 528 00:26:33,833 --> 00:26:36,300 {\an1}We had to actually convince the community, 529 00:26:36,300 --> 00:26:38,166 {\an1}and we had to say what made us different. 530 00:26:38,166 --> 00:26:39,733 {\an1}So what made us different? 531 00:26:39,733 --> 00:26:40,966 {\an1}We didn't just go out and say, 532 00:26:40,966 --> 00:26:42,833 {\an1}"Hey, can you be a part of our research?" 533 00:26:42,833 --> 00:26:45,166 {\an1}We actually started by developing 534 00:26:45,166 --> 00:26:46,900 {\an1}our community advisory board 535 00:26:46,900 --> 00:26:49,833 to talk about, how do we address this thing 536 00:26:49,833 --> 00:26:53,033 {\an1}called Alzheimer's and dementia in the Black community 537 00:26:53,033 --> 00:26:58,466 {\an1}so that we can build this new research model? 538 00:26:58,466 --> 00:27:02,766 {\an1}The question is: what do you do with all that data? 539 00:27:02,766 --> 00:27:08,166 {\an1}And how come we never see it after you get this information? 540 00:27:08,166 --> 00:27:12,333 {\an7}We curate this data and share it with people all over the world. 541 00:27:12,333 --> 00:27:16,400 {\an7}We're part of a consortium of, of other cohorts 542 00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:17,966 {\an8}like the WRAP study. 543 00:27:17,966 --> 00:27:20,166 {\an1}But we share our data with any investigator 544 00:27:20,166 --> 00:27:22,466 {\an1}throughout the world who has a question 545 00:27:22,466 --> 00:27:24,600 that we can answer. 546 00:27:36,066 --> 00:27:38,266 {\an8}All right, we have one more consent form. 547 00:27:38,266 --> 00:27:41,233 {\an1}We do have permission now to give you some 548 00:27:41,233 --> 00:27:43,733 {\an1}more results about your memory testing. 549 00:27:43,733 --> 00:27:46,100 {\an1}So are you somebody who would want to know... 550 00:27:46,100 --> 00:27:47,333 Yes. ...some more information 551 00:27:47,333 --> 00:27:48,700 {\an1}if there was some cognitive changes or not? Okay. 552 00:27:48,700 --> 00:27:51,566 {\an1}So how this is going to work is, Dr. Sager and the scientists 553 00:27:51,566 --> 00:27:53,700 {\an1}will review your memory testing. 554 00:27:53,700 --> 00:27:54,833 {\an1}If they see anything, 555 00:27:54,833 --> 00:27:57,433 {\an1}they'll give you an overview of the concerns. 556 00:27:57,433 --> 00:27:58,900 SIGRID: When I failed 557 00:27:58,900 --> 00:28:02,866 {\an1}to be able to reproduce these figures on my piece of paper, 558 00:28:02,866 --> 00:28:07,500 {\an1}and couldn't do it three times and broke down and cried, 559 00:28:07,500 --> 00:28:11,566 {\an1}I was convinced it had to be Alzheimer's. 560 00:28:11,566 --> 00:28:13,066 {\an1}This was the beginning, 561 00:28:13,066 --> 00:28:14,900 {\an1}this was the beginning of, of the end. 562 00:28:14,900 --> 00:28:17,366 {\an1}And so when he called and said to me, 563 00:28:17,366 --> 00:28:22,900 {\an1}um, "I don't see any signs of early Alzheimer's, 564 00:28:22,900 --> 00:28:24,566 {\an1}"but are there other things 565 00:28:24,566 --> 00:28:27,400 {\an1}in your life that might be causing this?" 566 00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:29,566 And I said, "Well, 567 00:28:29,566 --> 00:28:33,000 {\an1}"my 46-year-old daughter died of heart arrhythmia 568 00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:35,500 {\an1}"very, you know, very suddenly and unexpectedly, 569 00:28:35,500 --> 00:28:40,466 {\an1}and it was such a shock, and yes, I'm depressed." 570 00:28:40,466 --> 00:28:45,166 {\an1}I'm trying to get to her, the depression scores. 571 00:28:45,166 --> 00:28:47,300 Yeah, here we are. 572 00:28:50,700 --> 00:28:51,933 {\an1}Depression and low mood, 573 00:28:51,933 --> 00:28:54,366 {\an1}even anxiety and stress, those things affect memory. 574 00:28:54,366 --> 00:28:58,233 {\an1}Depressed mood can cause memory dysfunction to such a degree 575 00:28:58,233 --> 00:29:00,700 {\an1}that it can fool some physicians into thinking 576 00:29:00,700 --> 00:29:02,700 {\an1}it's Alzheimer's disease. 577 00:29:04,233 --> 00:29:06,500 SIGRID: And I thought, "Okay, I gotta get depression 578 00:29:06,500 --> 00:29:09,300 {\an1}off the table if I can." 579 00:29:09,300 --> 00:29:12,400 {\an7}And also, you know, up my game, so to speak, on exercise 580 00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:15,800 {\an7}and things that I know might delay Alzheimer's. 581 00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:17,100 {\an7}TRAINER: Good, bend the elbows a little bit, 582 00:29:17,100 --> 00:29:18,500 {\an7}just like you had it. 583 00:29:18,500 --> 00:29:19,700 {\an7}SIGRID: Bend the elbows a little bit. 584 00:29:19,700 --> 00:29:22,266 {\an7}TRAINER: There we go. Good. Bring them up. Good. 585 00:29:22,266 --> 00:29:24,233 {\an8}TRAINER: Fine, chin up. 586 00:29:27,300 --> 00:29:29,200 {\an8}Three. 587 00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:30,200 {\an8}Nicely done! 588 00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:32,133 {\an8}Are these light for you? 589 00:29:32,133 --> 00:29:33,833 {\an7}I don't want to say that, 590 00:29:33,833 --> 00:29:35,133 {\an8}because then you'll, you'll make it harder. Yeah, I know. (laughs) 591 00:29:35,133 --> 00:29:37,400 {\an8}Right there. Good! Good! 592 00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:38,700 {\an8}Right there. Perfect. 593 00:29:38,700 --> 00:29:41,666 {\an8}Right where the forearm and the bicep touch. Good! 594 00:29:41,666 --> 00:29:44,800 SIGRID: The thing that's going to make me the most determined is this 595 00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:47,933 {\an1}scare of becoming the next in my family 596 00:29:47,933 --> 00:29:50,533 {\an1}to come down with Alzheimer's. 597 00:29:50,533 --> 00:29:54,066 ♪ ♪ 598 00:29:54,066 --> 00:29:55,566 {\an1}NEWS REPORTER (on TV): Reporting live from Milwaukee, 599 00:29:55,566 --> 00:29:57,500 {\an7}Crystal Gantner, Fox 6 News. 600 00:29:57,500 --> 00:29:59,000 {\an7}Teachers are here, and again, 601 00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:00,400 {\an7}everyone will be coming very shortly, 602 00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:02,366 {\an8}because in just about 20 minutes, 603 00:30:02,366 --> 00:30:04,433 {\an7}that's when that bell-ringing ceremony is scheduled... 604 00:30:04,433 --> 00:30:05,466 {\an8}KAREN: Come on, people. 605 00:30:05,466 --> 00:30:08,566 {\an7}Move, move. 606 00:30:08,566 --> 00:30:10,766 {\an7}I better get my Boo-Boo to school. 607 00:30:10,766 --> 00:30:13,433 Don't call me that. 608 00:30:13,433 --> 00:30:14,733 {\an1}What, Boo-Boo? 609 00:30:14,733 --> 00:30:18,300 No. Don't call me that. 610 00:30:18,300 --> 00:30:21,000 KAREN: He's at that age, being 16, 611 00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:23,633 {\an1}where, you know, they try to act all tough. 612 00:30:23,633 --> 00:30:26,066 {\an1}But here he's starting off at a new school. 613 00:30:26,066 --> 00:30:28,333 {\an1}He, I don't think, knows what to expect. 614 00:30:28,333 --> 00:30:31,333 I don't know. 615 00:30:31,333 --> 00:30:34,066 {\an1}He wasn't really clueing me in this morning. 616 00:30:34,066 --> 00:30:35,800 XAVIER: All right. See you. 617 00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:38,466 {\an1}KAREN: All right. I'll see you at 4:00. 618 00:30:38,466 --> 00:30:42,633 {\an1}You're my baby. 619 00:30:42,633 --> 00:30:45,733 {\an1}(calling): Bye, Boo-Boo! 620 00:30:45,733 --> 00:30:49,266 {\an1}I know you hear me. 621 00:30:49,266 --> 00:30:55,600 {\an7}(talking in background) 622 00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:58,133 {\an8}WOMAN: Although the research is important, 623 00:30:58,133 --> 00:31:00,833 there's still reaching out to the caregivers. 624 00:31:00,833 --> 00:31:02,900 {\an5}Because when you go down, who helps her? WOMAN: That's right. 625 00:31:02,900 --> 00:31:05,866 GREEN-HARRIS: The caregiver is the great denominator, right? 626 00:31:05,866 --> 00:31:07,566 And that's why we have the relationships 627 00:31:07,566 --> 00:31:09,766 {\an1}with the folks around this table. 628 00:31:09,766 --> 00:31:12,433 {\an1}Let's start talking about what we're learning 629 00:31:12,433 --> 00:31:13,433 {\an1}from that research. 630 00:31:13,433 --> 00:31:15,766 {\an1}We do know that lifestyle 631 00:31:15,766 --> 00:31:19,133 {\an1}and behavior changes, eating modifications, 632 00:31:19,133 --> 00:31:21,733 {\an1}we know that has some impact. 633 00:31:21,733 --> 00:31:27,800 {\an1}With my mom, her diet changed as her dementia progressed. 634 00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:31,300 {\an1}Has someone looked at that difference? 635 00:31:31,300 --> 00:31:32,633 {\an1}BENDLIN: That's a really good question, 636 00:31:32,633 --> 00:31:35,033 {\an1}and it's part of the reason why we want to look at 637 00:31:35,033 --> 00:31:37,200 {\an1}people who are healthier, as well, 638 00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:39,166 {\an1}and may not have diet changes. 639 00:31:39,166 --> 00:31:42,166 KAREN: Being part of this board is 640 00:31:42,166 --> 00:31:43,733 {\an1}super-important for me. 641 00:31:43,733 --> 00:31:46,200 {\an1}It gives me a sense of purpose. 642 00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:50,300 {\an1}I'm not just, you know, being a test subject, 643 00:31:50,300 --> 00:31:53,033 but having a voice. 644 00:31:53,033 --> 00:31:56,866 {\an7}I believe that there will be an intervention. 645 00:31:56,866 --> 00:31:59,333 {\an7}There will also, at some point, be a cure. 646 00:31:59,333 --> 00:32:03,866 {\an1}And I often liken what will happen if we're not 647 00:32:03,866 --> 00:32:07,200 participating to what happened with things 648 00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:09,066 {\an1}such as hypertension. 649 00:32:09,066 --> 00:32:12,333 {\an1}Hypertension was studied in, primarily, white males. 650 00:32:12,333 --> 00:32:14,433 When an intervention for hypertension 651 00:32:14,433 --> 00:32:18,000 was initially found, it worked in white males. 652 00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:22,333 {\an1}We want to be sure that when there is something there, 653 00:32:22,333 --> 00:32:25,933 {\an1}we have been in the numbers and we will definitely be able to 654 00:32:25,933 --> 00:32:29,833 {\an1}benefit from whatever intervention, cure 655 00:32:29,833 --> 00:32:33,833 {\an1}comes from this research. 656 00:32:33,833 --> 00:32:37,900 OZIOMA OKONKWO: With advance in age, the amount of atrophy 657 00:32:37,900 --> 00:32:41,133 {\an1}that you see in the hippocampus actually is minimal. 658 00:32:41,133 --> 00:32:44,500 {\an7}Whereas when you look at those individuals who do not meet 659 00:32:44,500 --> 00:32:46,733 {\an7}the guidelines for being physically active, 660 00:32:46,733 --> 00:32:49,700 {\an1}that is when you tend to see the most shrinkage 661 00:32:49,700 --> 00:32:52,600 {\an1}in hippocampal volume over time. 662 00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:54,400 {\an1}SAGER: The data is really compelling. 663 00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:55,933 If you remember, about 33% 664 00:32:55,933 --> 00:32:57,866 of the population are considered 665 00:32:57,866 --> 00:32:59,233 {\an1}physically inactive. 666 00:32:59,233 --> 00:33:03,100 {\an1}And so, this is a huge reversible, you know, 667 00:33:03,100 --> 00:33:05,500 {\an4}risk factor. BENDLIN: Right, and so, 668 00:33:05,500 --> 00:33:06,866 what are the instructions? 669 00:33:06,866 --> 00:33:10,466 {\an1}OKONKWO: So for this, you put someone on a treadmill 670 00:33:10,466 --> 00:33:13,066 {\an7}and have them walk or run until they 671 00:33:13,066 --> 00:33:16,533 {\an7}are exhausted, you know, pretty much. 672 00:33:16,533 --> 00:33:18,966 SAGER: It takes about six to eight minutes to do. 673 00:33:18,966 --> 00:33:20,933 And it requires a blood pressure, a pulse, 674 00:33:20,933 --> 00:33:23,666 and a stopwatch. 675 00:33:23,666 --> 00:33:25,333 {\an1}That's it. And that's it. 676 00:33:25,333 --> 00:33:26,633 {\an1}And two cones. 677 00:33:26,633 --> 00:33:27,666 And some cones. 678 00:33:27,666 --> 00:33:29,500 (all laughing) 679 00:33:29,500 --> 00:33:32,733 ♪ ♪ 680 00:33:32,733 --> 00:33:34,800 OKONKWO: This morning, we're going to be working you 681 00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:38,166 {\an7}real hard to see how hard and how far 682 00:33:38,166 --> 00:33:40,133 {\an7}you can get before you... 683 00:33:40,133 --> 00:33:41,100 {\an8}Pass out? 684 00:33:41,100 --> 00:33:42,466 {\an7}Well, hopefully not! (laughing) 685 00:33:42,466 --> 00:33:44,866 {\an7}During the exercise test, you'll be wearing a mask 686 00:33:44,866 --> 00:33:46,233 {\an7}that's kind of a blue, rubbery mask. 687 00:33:46,233 --> 00:33:49,766 SCHULTZ: And what that does is, when you breathe in air, 688 00:33:49,766 --> 00:33:52,533 {\an1}all the air that you exhale will be captured 689 00:33:52,533 --> 00:33:56,000 and transmitted to a gas analyzer. 690 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:58,300 {\an1}JEAN: Ten percent, three-and-a-half. 691 00:33:58,300 --> 00:34:00,333 SCHULTZ: And that gives us a really good 692 00:34:00,333 --> 00:34:02,200 {\an1}indication of overall physical fitness. 693 00:34:02,200 --> 00:34:03,800 {\an3}JEAN: 42! Thank you! 694 00:34:03,800 --> 00:34:06,266 SCHULTZ: Then we can use this data to relate it to 695 00:34:06,266 --> 00:34:08,533 {\an1}some of your other measures that you've been collected in. 696 00:34:08,533 --> 00:34:12,133 So we can relate physical fitness to cognition. 697 00:34:12,133 --> 00:34:13,900 BARB: Whew! 698 00:34:14,966 --> 00:34:16,400 Good job! 699 00:34:17,666 --> 00:34:21,066 Five percent, three miles an hour. 700 00:34:21,066 --> 00:34:23,966 OKONKWO: Physical inactivity is well known to be 701 00:34:23,966 --> 00:34:25,500 {\an1}a modifiable risk factor 702 00:34:25,500 --> 00:34:28,400 {\an1}for all kinds of cognitive changes in late life. 703 00:34:28,400 --> 00:34:30,300 {\an1}Okay, we're going to go up another hill. 704 00:34:30,300 --> 00:34:32,800 {\an1}Nice, even, big breaths. 705 00:34:36,700 --> 00:34:38,833 Nice work. 706 00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:41,833 OKONKWO: And the measurement 707 00:34:41,833 --> 00:34:46,233 {\an1}of the highest oxygen inhalation that we were able to record 708 00:34:46,233 --> 00:34:49,500 {\an1}has been shown to correlate with a slower rate 709 00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:51,966 of cognitive change in late life. 710 00:34:51,966 --> 00:34:53,266 There you go! 711 00:34:53,266 --> 00:34:54,266 Excellent work! 712 00:34:54,266 --> 00:34:55,366 {\an1}Whoo! 713 00:34:55,366 --> 00:34:56,833 {\an1}You killed that, that test. You killed it. 714 00:34:56,833 --> 00:34:58,200 (Sigrid chuckling) 715 00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:00,866 {\an1}That, that is one of the best tests we've ever had here. 716 00:35:00,866 --> 00:35:02,033 {\an1}Absolutely, it was. 717 00:35:02,033 --> 00:35:03,066 {\an1}You killed it. 718 00:35:03,066 --> 00:35:04,266 You're very kind. You killed it. 719 00:35:04,266 --> 00:35:07,700 {\an1}You went as high up as one could possibly go. 720 00:35:07,700 --> 00:35:10,800 ♪ ♪ 721 00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:14,133 DAVID: You! 722 00:35:14,133 --> 00:35:16,866 {\an1}You are a frenzy of activity. 723 00:35:16,866 --> 00:35:20,566 SIGRID: I think you really do need to think about exercising. 724 00:35:20,566 --> 00:35:23,033 DAVID: Mm-hmm. Yeah, that's true. 725 00:35:23,033 --> 00:35:25,033 But the more time you exercise, 726 00:35:25,033 --> 00:35:27,100 and then you're tired at the end of it. 727 00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:28,700 And so your, that... 728 00:35:28,700 --> 00:35:31,533 That moment of mental... 729 00:35:31,533 --> 00:35:32,800 SIGRID: I'm not tired. 730 00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:34,800 I, I just exercised. 731 00:35:34,800 --> 00:35:36,433 {\an5}DAVID: I get tired at the end of it. SIGRID: I know. 732 00:35:36,433 --> 00:35:37,933 I just exercised, 733 00:35:37,933 --> 00:35:42,366 {\an1}and what it does is, it boosts my energy. 734 00:35:42,366 --> 00:35:44,466 What it does to me is, I want to take a nap. 735 00:35:44,466 --> 00:35:47,233 (laughs) But maybe if you exercise more... 736 00:35:47,233 --> 00:35:48,933 I want to move around mentally. 737 00:35:48,933 --> 00:35:50,066 That's, I mean... 738 00:35:50,066 --> 00:35:51,766 {\an1}No, you still have to physically move around. 739 00:35:51,766 --> 00:35:53,800 {\an1}You have to physically move around. 740 00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:55,533 {\an1}And circulate, you know, 741 00:35:55,533 --> 00:35:57,433 {\an1}the blood throughout your whole body. 742 00:35:57,433 --> 00:35:59,366 {\an1}Studies are showing you shouldn't sit more than for, 743 00:35:59,366 --> 00:36:02,433 {\an1}for, you know, 30 minutes or something, 744 00:36:02,433 --> 00:36:07,733 {\an1}and you're supposed to get up and move around. 745 00:36:07,733 --> 00:36:10,900 {\an8}CHORUS: ♪ Jingle bells, jingle bells ♪ 746 00:36:10,900 --> 00:36:14,600 {\an7}♪ Jingle all the way ♪ 747 00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:19,333 {\an1}♪ Oh, what fun it is to ride ♪ 748 00:36:19,333 --> 00:36:21,166 {\an1}♪ In a one-horse open sleigh ♪ 749 00:36:21,166 --> 00:36:22,766 {\an8}♪ Hey ♪ 750 00:36:22,766 --> 00:36:26,600 {\an7}♪ Jingle bells, jingle bells ♪ 751 00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:30,500 {\an1}♪ Jingle all the way ♪ 752 00:36:30,500 --> 00:36:35,200 {\an1}♪ Oh, what fun it is to ride ♪ 753 00:36:35,200 --> 00:36:41,100 {\an1}♪ In a one-horse open sleigh ♪ 754 00:36:41,100 --> 00:36:42,533 {\an1}(cheers and applause) 755 00:36:42,533 --> 00:36:45,200 GREEN-HARRIS: A diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease 756 00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:46,500 {\an1}does not mean a death sentence. 757 00:36:46,500 --> 00:36:49,133 You can still have quality of life! 758 00:36:49,133 --> 00:36:51,000 {\an1}And caregivers need support. 759 00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:52,800 {\an1}We're here to support that. 760 00:36:52,800 --> 00:36:56,033 {\an1}If I see somebody in need, I want to be there for 'em. 761 00:36:56,033 --> 00:36:59,033 {\an1}'Cause I would want somebody to be there for me. 762 00:36:59,033 --> 00:37:00,300 ♪ ♪ 763 00:37:00,300 --> 00:37:01,300 {\an1}BARB: Come see Auntie Barb! 764 00:37:01,300 --> 00:37:02,333 {\an1}Come see Auntie Barb! 765 00:37:02,333 --> 00:37:03,533 {\an1}(gasps) 766 00:37:03,533 --> 00:37:05,133 {\an1}Peeks! Peeks! 767 00:37:05,133 --> 00:37:07,800 BARB: We were trying to count 768 00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:09,333 great-grandchildren last night. 769 00:37:09,333 --> 00:37:11,366 I ran out at 15. 770 00:37:11,366 --> 00:37:13,433 {\an1}No, Nana-Banana! 771 00:37:13,433 --> 00:37:15,666 {\an8}She's putting something on top of Gavin's head, 772 00:37:15,666 --> 00:37:17,600 {\an8}and he's saying, "Look at my head." 773 00:37:17,600 --> 00:37:18,800 (chuckles) 774 00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:20,033 Okay, there it is, Mama. 775 00:37:20,033 --> 00:37:21,833 {\an1}(child shrieking, laughing) 776 00:37:21,833 --> 00:37:23,066 Sippy. 777 00:37:23,066 --> 00:37:25,533 DOREN: Hey, hey, hey... 778 00:37:25,533 --> 00:37:26,900 {\an1}Quiet down a little bit. 779 00:37:26,900 --> 00:37:31,100 {\an8}Sue and I always make the appointment at the same time. 780 00:37:31,100 --> 00:37:33,766 {\an8}And then we go and have our brains tested. 781 00:37:33,766 --> 00:37:35,966 {\an8}That's what I call it. 782 00:37:35,966 --> 00:37:37,433 We play games. 783 00:37:37,433 --> 00:37:39,766 {\an1}BARB: Okay, everybody smile. 784 00:37:39,766 --> 00:37:42,000 {\an1}Ada Potato, are you showing your biceps? 785 00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:44,600 (all laughing) You got muscles there? 786 00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:45,566 (laughing) 787 00:37:45,566 --> 00:37:48,433 Oooh! Look at those pretty eyes! 788 00:37:48,433 --> 00:37:50,033 {\an6}BARB: Well, look at that! Yeah! 789 00:37:50,033 --> 00:37:51,600 She is in there after all. 790 00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:53,666 {\an1}You've pretty eyes, ain't you, honey? 791 00:37:53,666 --> 00:37:55,600 Yeah. 792 00:37:55,600 --> 00:37:58,033 {\an1}Yeah. Daddy's sweetheart, aren't ya? 793 00:37:58,033 --> 00:37:59,700 {\an1}(babbling) 794 00:37:59,700 --> 00:38:04,866 {\an1}(wind blowing, birds twittering) 795 00:38:09,800 --> 00:38:14,933 ♪ ♪ 796 00:38:18,333 --> 00:38:23,466 (birds twittering) 797 00:38:34,766 --> 00:38:37,966 DOREN: I knew it was coming. 798 00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:44,400 {\an1}Yup, the last four days... 799 00:38:46,733 --> 00:38:48,833 It was terrible. 800 00:38:52,866 --> 00:38:54,966 {\an1}(smacks lips) 801 00:39:05,466 --> 00:39:07,700 (speaks softly) Okay. 802 00:39:09,633 --> 00:39:13,700 Dust to dust, ashes to ashes. 803 00:39:13,700 --> 00:39:16,833 (weeping) 804 00:39:21,166 --> 00:39:23,766 It's okay. 805 00:39:23,766 --> 00:39:26,766 {\an1}(weeping) 806 00:39:26,766 --> 00:39:28,800 {\an3}MAN: Would you like me to walk her out for you, Doren, 807 00:39:28,800 --> 00:39:30,866 or would you like to take Irene? 808 00:39:30,866 --> 00:39:31,900 {\an1}No, I'll carry her out. 809 00:39:31,900 --> 00:39:33,000 {\an1}I'll take her. 810 00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:36,866 You let me know when you're ready. Okay? 811 00:39:46,733 --> 00:39:49,666 BARB: Monday morning, when we brought hospice in, 812 00:39:49,666 --> 00:39:51,500 {\an1}you could see a grimace on her face. 813 00:39:51,500 --> 00:39:54,333 {\an1}So you could tell that she was having pain 814 00:39:54,333 --> 00:39:56,466 {\an1}and she wasn't able to eat. 815 00:40:00,666 --> 00:40:02,333 {\an1}Yeah, look it. Isn't it beautiful? 816 00:40:02,333 --> 00:40:06,300 Oh, wow, that is very beautiful. 817 00:40:06,300 --> 00:40:08,900 {\an1}BARB: Oh, I've never seen that one. 818 00:40:08,900 --> 00:40:11,466 DOREN: We both put on a little weight there. 819 00:40:11,466 --> 00:40:13,800 {\an1}BARB: Look at how curly her hair was. 820 00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:17,166 {\an1}DOREN: Ah, she, she was curly-headed. 821 00:40:17,166 --> 00:40:19,266 {\an4}(Barb chuckles) DOREN: That's a cutie. 822 00:40:19,266 --> 00:40:21,133 {\an1}BARB: I love her smile. 823 00:40:21,133 --> 00:40:23,266 (laughing): That's you! 824 00:40:23,266 --> 00:40:24,566 {\an1}Oh, I know it. 825 00:40:24,566 --> 00:40:28,366 {\an1}1984. 826 00:40:28,366 --> 00:40:30,333 CONGREGATION: ♪ And He walks ♪ 827 00:40:30,333 --> 00:40:34,566 ♪ With me and He talks with me ♪ 828 00:40:34,566 --> 00:40:40,066 {\an1}♪ And He tells me I am His own ♪ 829 00:40:40,066 --> 00:40:43,633 {\an1}♪ And the joy we share ♪ 830 00:40:43,633 --> 00:40:47,433 {\an1}♪ As we tarry there ♪ 831 00:40:47,433 --> 00:40:54,166 {\an1}♪ None other has ever known ♪ 832 00:40:54,166 --> 00:40:55,266 {\an8}(song ends) 833 00:41:03,400 --> 00:41:08,500 {\an8}(birds twittering) 834 00:41:17,333 --> 00:41:19,100 ADAM GONZALES: The setting is the annex. 835 00:41:19,100 --> 00:41:20,266 {\an1}When they say an "annex," 836 00:41:20,266 --> 00:41:22,533 {\an8}it means a secret hiding place. 837 00:41:22,533 --> 00:41:23,533 {\an9}GIRL: That's Anne? 838 00:41:23,533 --> 00:41:26,066 That is Anne. That's Anne Frank. 839 00:41:26,066 --> 00:41:29,100 Anne Frank had something in her 840 00:41:29,100 --> 00:41:31,433 that not a lot of people today have: 841 00:41:31,433 --> 00:41:34,833 {\an1}a positive outlook on everybody and everything. 842 00:41:34,833 --> 00:41:38,533 KAREN: He's never been a behavior issue. 843 00:41:38,533 --> 00:41:42,366 {\an1}Just, teachers are concerned 844 00:41:42,366 --> 00:41:44,933 {\an1}because he wouldn't talk. 845 00:41:44,933 --> 00:41:48,900 {\an7}He's actually tried to answer questions in class. 846 00:41:48,900 --> 00:41:50,566 {\an7}Raise his hand a little bit more. 847 00:41:50,566 --> 00:41:51,600 {\an1}Say some things. 848 00:41:51,600 --> 00:41:53,833 {\an1}It's not... We can still go further. 849 00:41:53,833 --> 00:41:56,433 {\an1}But I can clearly see that he has been trying. 850 00:41:56,433 --> 00:41:58,600 {\an1}And that's a good start. 851 00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:02,900 ♪ ♪ 852 00:42:16,766 --> 00:42:18,633 {\an1}She weighed 40 kilograms. 853 00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:23,933 {\an1}She's appearing older than the stated age of 73 years. 854 00:42:28,166 --> 00:42:30,833 {\an1}"The hippocampal sections of left and right 855 00:42:30,833 --> 00:42:33,266 {\an1}"(C and R, respectively) are remarkable 856 00:42:33,266 --> 00:42:37,000 {\an1}for attenuation of the fornix..." 857 00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:42,366 ♪ ♪ 858 00:42:42,366 --> 00:42:45,166 SIGRID: Oh, good, it's not too busy. 859 00:42:45,166 --> 00:42:48,133 (exhaling) 860 00:42:48,133 --> 00:42:52,333 DAVID: Some people just get a buzz out of the whole thing, and 861 00:42:52,333 --> 00:42:55,100 {\an1}I've never been a gym person. (laughs) 862 00:42:55,100 --> 00:42:57,200 ♪ ♪ 863 00:42:57,200 --> 00:42:58,900 DAVID (breathing heavily): Well, you're still standing, so... 864 00:42:58,900 --> 00:43:02,000 {\an1}SIGRID (breathing heavily): Well, yeah, I'm still standing. 865 00:43:04,400 --> 00:43:07,066 {\an1}How is your heart rate now? 866 00:43:07,066 --> 00:43:09,500 125. Good! 867 00:43:11,500 --> 00:43:14,533 ♪ ♪ 868 00:43:14,533 --> 00:43:17,933 (birds twittering) 869 00:43:17,933 --> 00:43:21,433 {\an1}So this person was 61 when they started with WRAP. 870 00:43:21,433 --> 00:43:23,466 {\an1}They're 73 now. 871 00:43:23,466 --> 00:43:26,166 {\an1}Ton of amyloid. 872 00:43:26,166 --> 00:43:29,433 {\an1}The participant doesn't report any memory problems. 873 00:43:29,433 --> 00:43:32,866 {\an1}There may be some opportunities here to study 874 00:43:32,866 --> 00:43:35,100 {\an1}what is it that makes a person 875 00:43:35,100 --> 00:43:38,133 {\an1}steady over time in the presence of disease. 876 00:43:38,133 --> 00:43:40,966 {\an7}It's very interesting seeing how some of the things 877 00:43:40,966 --> 00:43:42,233 {\an7}that people do every day 878 00:43:42,233 --> 00:43:44,200 {\an1}are actually very critical. 879 00:43:44,200 --> 00:43:45,533 Do you read newspapers? 880 00:43:45,533 --> 00:43:46,833 {\an1}Or play games? 881 00:43:46,833 --> 00:43:48,500 Puzzles, checkers? 882 00:43:48,500 --> 00:43:50,433 The findings have been compelling that 883 00:43:50,433 --> 00:43:53,433 {\an1}the things that you do to keep your brain engaged 884 00:43:53,433 --> 00:43:55,700 {\an1}actually do kind of help you 885 00:43:55,700 --> 00:43:59,333 {\an1}push back against what one might have expected. 886 00:43:59,333 --> 00:44:01,666 It will be curious to see how all of this 887 00:44:01,666 --> 00:44:03,733 {\an1}pans out in the WRAP sample over time. 888 00:44:03,733 --> 00:44:06,800 ♪ ♪ 889 00:44:06,800 --> 00:44:08,700 {\an1}Draw the lines as fast as you can. 890 00:44:08,700 --> 00:44:11,333 {\an1}Ready... Begin. 891 00:44:11,333 --> 00:44:16,666 ♪ ♪ 892 00:44:21,933 --> 00:44:23,866 {\an8}MAN: I'm wondering if any of you can touch on any 893 00:44:23,866 --> 00:44:26,900 {\an1}evidence we have of the reversibility 894 00:44:26,900 --> 00:44:30,733 {\an1}or at least the ability to slow the onset or progression. 895 00:44:30,733 --> 00:44:34,866 {\an1}Let's say we have a biomarker or we identify people at risk. 896 00:44:34,866 --> 00:44:38,233 {\an1}What can we do if they then, as a 55-year-old, 897 00:44:38,233 --> 00:44:39,800 improve those? 898 00:44:39,800 --> 00:44:41,766 JOHNSON: We've seen that people who have 899 00:44:41,766 --> 00:44:43,900 certain healthy lifestyle patterns-- 900 00:44:43,900 --> 00:44:45,166 sleeping well, 901 00:44:45,166 --> 00:44:48,066 keeping cognitively and physically fit and active, 902 00:44:48,066 --> 00:44:51,900 modifiable things like hypertension, diabetes-- 903 00:44:51,900 --> 00:44:54,600 {\an1}and it may be that if we can treat these things effectively, 904 00:44:54,600 --> 00:44:58,166 {\an1}that may slow the progression of Alzheimer's pathology. 905 00:44:58,166 --> 00:45:01,500 {\an7}This is tremendously important, because it tells us 906 00:45:01,500 --> 00:45:04,766 {\an7}that there may be an avenue of slowing down this disease 907 00:45:04,766 --> 00:45:08,633 {\an1}in midlife, or in fact, preventing it entirely. 908 00:45:08,633 --> 00:45:12,866 BENDLIN: In our studies, we've seen effects on the brain 909 00:45:12,866 --> 00:45:16,300 {\an1}of a lot of different modifiable factors. 910 00:45:16,300 --> 00:45:20,200 {\an1}That said, you can do all those things right and 911 00:45:20,200 --> 00:45:23,466 {\an7}you might still develop dementia. 912 00:45:25,166 --> 00:45:26,866 DAVID: Let us get onto breakfast. 913 00:45:26,866 --> 00:45:28,500 (Sigrid laughs) Bring me my breakfast! 914 00:45:28,500 --> 00:45:30,500 {\an1}Frozen kale from our garden. 915 00:45:30,500 --> 00:45:33,600 (blender whirring) 916 00:45:35,833 --> 00:45:38,866 {\an8}So today, 917 00:45:38,866 --> 00:45:43,233 {\an8}as I understand it, they're going to inject... 918 00:45:43,233 --> 00:45:46,100 {\an7}It's not like, it's not like a dye, it's actually... 919 00:45:46,100 --> 00:45:49,700 She explained sort of like radiation? 920 00:45:49,700 --> 00:45:52,566 Some form of, you know, radiation? 921 00:45:52,566 --> 00:45:55,266 CARLSSON: What we're doing today is, 922 00:45:55,266 --> 00:45:58,466 {\an1}Sigrid's coming in to be evaluated for participation 923 00:45:58,466 --> 00:46:00,633 {\an1}in a clinical drug trial. 924 00:46:00,633 --> 00:46:03,266 {\an1}If she has any amyloid build-up in her brain, 925 00:46:03,266 --> 00:46:05,633 {\an1}then she'll be eligible to receive this medicine 926 00:46:05,633 --> 00:46:08,033 {\an7}that'll help clear out some of that amyloid. 927 00:46:08,033 --> 00:46:10,566 {\an7}And then we'll see if the medicine not only clears out 928 00:46:10,566 --> 00:46:12,133 {\an8}the amyloid, but more importantly, 929 00:46:12,133 --> 00:46:15,366 {\an1}if it helps protect her thinking abilities over time. 930 00:46:15,366 --> 00:46:18,166 ♪ ♪ 931 00:46:18,166 --> 00:46:19,600 {\an5}WOMAN: It's a good reminder... Mm-hmm. 932 00:46:19,600 --> 00:46:22,066 ...that when you speak, not to... 933 00:46:22,066 --> 00:46:24,600 ...move your head. 934 00:46:24,600 --> 00:46:29,866 {\an7}And Sigrid, I am now injecting very slowly. 935 00:46:29,866 --> 00:46:31,766 {\an8}And Sandy has started the scanner, so we're 936 00:46:31,766 --> 00:46:36,400 starting the imaging right now. 937 00:46:38,266 --> 00:46:40,700 SIGRID (voiceover): It's going to be physical evidence. 938 00:46:40,700 --> 00:46:45,733 {\an1}They are gonna sit down with me and they'll go over the results. 939 00:46:45,733 --> 00:46:49,733 {\an1}That will be very difficult. 940 00:46:49,733 --> 00:46:51,433 {\an1}This is one of the most important studies being done 941 00:46:51,433 --> 00:46:54,466 {\an1}worldwide right now for Alzheimer's prevention. 942 00:46:54,466 --> 00:46:56,833 {\an1}I think it's going to be a critical point in time 943 00:46:56,833 --> 00:46:59,200 {\an1}for us to see, if we get rid of amyloid, 944 00:46:59,200 --> 00:47:02,566 {\an1}does it really help prevent Alzheimer's disease? 945 00:47:02,566 --> 00:47:04,433 {\an1}And if we get rid of the amyloid 946 00:47:04,433 --> 00:47:05,866 {\an1}and it doesn't help thinking abilities, 947 00:47:05,866 --> 00:47:08,100 {\an1}and doesn't help people, then that's going to give us 948 00:47:08,100 --> 00:47:11,000 {\an1}a kickstart to go look in a different direction. 949 00:47:11,000 --> 00:47:12,333 {\an1}Hi! Good to see you! 950 00:47:12,333 --> 00:47:15,333 {\an1}Hi, good to see you. (speaks softly) 951 00:47:17,200 --> 00:47:19,100 CARLSSON: These are two separate people. 952 00:47:19,100 --> 00:47:22,733 {\an1}So this is one single individual at one point in time. 953 00:47:22,733 --> 00:47:24,666 {\an1}And this another individual. 954 00:47:24,666 --> 00:47:27,000 And both of these people have Alzheimer's disease. 955 00:47:27,000 --> 00:47:30,166 {\an1}They've had memory symptoms for probably years. 956 00:47:30,166 --> 00:47:33,100 {\an1}They've had amyloid build-up in the brain for probably decades. 957 00:47:33,100 --> 00:47:34,900 The warmer colors-- so yellow, oranges, 958 00:47:34,900 --> 00:47:36,500 and especially the reds-- 959 00:47:36,500 --> 00:47:39,200 {\an1}those are the areas where there's some amyloid build-up. 960 00:47:39,200 --> 00:47:43,866 Now, these two people are both healthy older adults. 961 00:47:43,866 --> 00:47:45,433 {\an1}This person has some amyloid build-up, though. 962 00:47:45,433 --> 00:47:49,033 You can see that there are some areas that have some red. 963 00:47:49,033 --> 00:47:50,600 Some warmer colors. 964 00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:52,866 But they don't have any memory problems. 965 00:47:52,866 --> 00:47:55,333 And they do not have Alzheimer's disease. 966 00:47:55,333 --> 00:47:58,800 {\an1}So, at this point, again, 967 00:47:58,800 --> 00:48:00,600 {\an1}you are in this category. 968 00:48:00,600 --> 00:48:03,000 SIGRID: You're kidding! 969 00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:04,133 {\an1}CARLSSON: No, I'm not. 970 00:48:04,133 --> 00:48:05,766 Am I ever happy. 971 00:48:05,766 --> 00:48:08,633 (laughing): We can go out for fish tonight and drink double Manhattans! 972 00:48:08,633 --> 00:48:10,900 {\an5}All right, but you'll miss all the fun. Oh! 973 00:48:10,900 --> 00:48:13,000 That is huge. 974 00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:15,366 Huge! 975 00:48:15,366 --> 00:48:16,300 Huge! 976 00:48:16,300 --> 00:48:17,466 Sigrid is rejected. Yeah. 977 00:48:17,466 --> 00:48:19,233 {\an1}Sigrid is rejected! 978 00:48:19,233 --> 00:48:20,400 Huge. 979 00:48:20,400 --> 00:48:21,633 Yes. Very good. Good to see you. 980 00:48:21,633 --> 00:48:23,666 Enjoyed it. Okay. Yes. Good news. 981 00:48:23,666 --> 00:48:25,600 Enjoyed it. Yeah. Enjoyed it. 982 00:48:25,600 --> 00:48:26,800 (laughing) 983 00:48:26,800 --> 00:48:28,166 {\an5}Something to enjoy. CARLSSON: That's right. 984 00:48:28,166 --> 00:48:29,233 {\an1}All right. You take care. 985 00:48:29,233 --> 00:48:30,733 {\an1}I'll send Ben back in. 986 00:48:30,733 --> 00:48:32,166 GLORIA GAYNOR: ♪ I could never live without you by my side ♪ 987 00:48:32,166 --> 00:48:33,666 {\an1}Give me a kiss. 988 00:48:33,666 --> 00:48:36,566 ♪ But then I spent so many nights ♪ 989 00:48:36,566 --> 00:48:37,600 Good job, Sigrid! 990 00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:39,633 Who knows what's lurking in my brain? 991 00:48:39,633 --> 00:48:42,133 {\an1}I know! 992 00:48:42,133 --> 00:48:43,333 {\an1}♪ But now you're back ♪ 993 00:48:43,333 --> 00:48:45,933 ♪ From outer space ♪ 994 00:48:45,933 --> 00:48:47,433 ♪ I just walked in to find you here ♪ 995 00:48:47,433 --> 00:48:49,866 ♪ With that sad look upon your face ♪ 996 00:48:49,866 --> 00:48:51,466 {\an1}♪ I should have changed that stupid lock ♪ 997 00:48:51,466 --> 00:48:53,466 {\an1}♪ I should have made you leave your key ♪ 998 00:48:53,466 --> 00:48:54,800 ♪ If I'd have known for just one second ♪ 999 00:48:54,800 --> 00:48:56,000 {\an1}♪ You'd be back to bother me ♪ 1000 00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:59,233 {\an1}Well, I guess the question is, where's the car? 1001 00:48:59,233 --> 00:49:00,433 (laughing): Yeah. 1002 00:49:00,433 --> 00:49:03,833 You sure you've got the ticket? 1003 00:49:03,833 --> 00:49:05,666 {\an8}I've missed ya. 1004 00:49:05,666 --> 00:49:07,166 {\an8}Thought about you lots. 1005 00:49:07,166 --> 00:49:08,900 {\an8}Oh? Think about calling you at 5:30 in the morning. 1006 00:49:08,900 --> 00:49:11,166 {\an7}Well, I'm probably laying there awake. And then I figure, 1007 00:49:11,166 --> 00:49:12,966 {\an8}"I think he's sleeping." No. 1008 00:49:12,966 --> 00:49:15,066 WOMAN: One, two, three. 1009 00:49:15,066 --> 00:49:16,433 SUE: Irene's Sunbeams. 1010 00:49:16,433 --> 00:49:17,500 CRICKET: Thanks. 1011 00:49:17,500 --> 00:49:19,600 (laughing) 1012 00:49:19,600 --> 00:49:21,833 {\an1}BARB: Whoo! 1013 00:49:21,833 --> 00:49:22,833 {\an1}Keep going, right? 1014 00:49:22,833 --> 00:49:23,833 {\an1}Speed up? 1015 00:49:23,833 --> 00:49:25,166 (car horn honks) 1016 00:49:26,133 --> 00:49:28,566 {\an1}GIRL: Hi, Grandpa! 1017 00:49:28,566 --> 00:49:32,500 DOREN: We got quite a family. 1018 00:49:32,500 --> 00:49:37,600 {\an7}(shrieking, laughing) 1019 00:49:47,733 --> 00:49:51,400 {\an1}("Pomp and Circumstance" playing) 1020 00:49:51,400 --> 00:49:55,166 {\an1}(people talking in background) 1021 00:50:02,300 --> 00:50:04,433 {\an1}(cheering, whistling) 1022 00:50:04,433 --> 00:50:05,766 {\an1}All right. 1023 00:50:05,766 --> 00:50:07,166 {\an1}Now it's time. 1024 00:50:07,166 --> 00:50:11,233 The NOVA, NOVA Tech graduates! 1025 00:50:11,233 --> 00:50:12,266 {\an1}(cheers and applause) 1026 00:50:12,266 --> 00:50:13,800 Keanu Avery. 1027 00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:15,333 {\an1}(cheers and applause) 1028 00:50:15,333 --> 00:50:17,766 {\an1}Kevin McCall! 1029 00:50:17,766 --> 00:50:20,833 {\an1}(cheers and applause) 1030 00:50:20,833 --> 00:50:22,566 {\an1}And our salutatorian, 1031 00:50:22,566 --> 00:50:24,833 {\an1}number two in the class, 1032 00:50:24,833 --> 00:50:28,600 {\an1}Xavier McElwee Lloyd! 1033 00:50:28,600 --> 00:50:31,400 {\an1}(cheers and applause) 1034 00:50:31,400 --> 00:50:36,166 {\an1}(cheering and yelling in background) 1035 00:50:38,766 --> 00:50:44,066 {\an1}(people talking in background) 1036 00:50:44,066 --> 00:50:48,033 {\an1}I'm so very proud of you. 1037 00:50:48,033 --> 00:50:51,066 {\an1}I love you. 1038 00:50:51,066 --> 00:50:52,200 KAREN: He's my Boo-Boo. 1039 00:50:52,200 --> 00:50:53,400 He's my Boo-Boo. 1040 00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:55,300 {\an1}He's my Boo-Boo. I'm a man. I'm a man. 1041 00:50:55,300 --> 00:50:56,433 I ain't no Boo-Boo. 1042 00:50:57,533 --> 00:50:58,733 Mama, I made it. 1043 00:50:58,733 --> 00:50:59,933 {\an1}Yes, you made it. 1044 00:50:59,933 --> 00:51:03,766 {\an1}(cheers and applause) 1045 00:51:03,766 --> 00:51:07,900 If it hits my mom, I just want to have that cure 1046 00:51:07,900 --> 00:51:11,433 that I could just give it to her. 1047 00:51:11,433 --> 00:51:13,933 {\an1}I'm actually glad that she's trying to help 1048 00:51:13,933 --> 00:51:16,333 {\an1}people with Alzheimer's. 1049 00:51:16,333 --> 00:51:17,900 I'm proud of it. 1050 00:51:17,900 --> 00:51:23,033 ♪ ♪ 1051 00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:36,266 {\an1}To think that this disease was first described in 1906 1052 00:51:36,266 --> 00:51:42,666 {\an1}and we didn't even have a diagnostic criteria till 1984. 1053 00:51:42,666 --> 00:51:45,733 {\an1}Like, how to actually say that someone has Alzheimer's 1054 00:51:45,733 --> 00:51:47,933 {\an1}took almost 100 years. 1055 00:51:47,933 --> 00:51:50,300 {\an1}And then to think of all we've learned, 1056 00:51:50,300 --> 00:51:52,066 {\an1}this is quantum leaps. 1057 00:51:52,066 --> 00:51:57,200 ♪ ♪ 1058 00:52:09,133 --> 00:52:13,266 ♪ ♪ 1059 00:52:29,466 --> 00:52:34,100 ♪ ♪ 1060 00:52:44,700 --> 00:52:49,300 {\an8}ANNOUNCER: To order this program on DVD, visit ShopPBS 1061 00:52:49,300 --> 00:52:52,200 {\an7}or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS. 1062 00:52:52,200 --> 00:52:55,233 {\an7}Episodes of "NOVA" are available with Passport. 1063 00:52:55,233 --> 00:52:59,166 {\an7}"NOVA" is also available on Amazon Prime Video. 1064 00:52:59,166 --> 00:53:04,166 ♪ ♪ 1065 00:53:17,266 --> 00:53:19,266 ♪ ♪