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(bright bouncy music)

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Did you know

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that a surprising number of objects you use every day

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are thanks to accidents?

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(metallic banging)
(glass breaking)

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Let me show you what I mean.

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On this episode, we learn how a failed gun sight

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leads to the invention of Super Glue.

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No!
(explosion booming)

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Find out how an explosive accident

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opens up a whole new branch of science.

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Not only does he just get up and starts walking,

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he's also talking.

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And learn how a sewing machine lubricant

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connects to civil rights.
(crowd shouting)

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He's accidentally discovered

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the world's first hair-straightening cream.

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(explosion booms)

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"Oops I Changed The World!"

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(metallic clicking)

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Sit back and get ready

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because this is the story of super glue,

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and it starts with a bang.

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Pew.
(explosion banging)

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That's not quite what I meant.

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(gunshots ringing)

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Anyway, not many people know

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that the discovery of super glue is tied to the rifle.

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Modern guns have incredible range,

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but without being able to accurately aim them,

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the range is pretty much useless.

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The eyepiece on the top of the gun is crucial

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and provides some amazing advantages on modern weaponry.

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There are sniper rifles with telescopic sights

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that allow you to fire an object miles away.

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In fact,

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the record for shooting something completely accurately

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is 2.2 miles away.

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I mean, that's amazing.

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It's the surge

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to create these telescopic sights

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that leads to the invention of the sticky stuff, glue.

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(fighters shouting)

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Firearms are first used in 10th century China

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when various dynasties are fighting for control.

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And the weapon that emerges at this time

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is something called a spear of fire.

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It's a bamboo shoot into which gunpowder is put,

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and that allows spears, or even bits of pottery shard,

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kind of 10th century shrapnel, to be fired at the enemy.

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(fighters shouting)
(explosions booming)

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By the 12th century,

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this technology has advanced to being a thick bronze pipe

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which you can pretty much hold in your hands,

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and you still put gunpowder in,

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but now the projectile is a small metal ball.

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What you have, in effect, is the first handgun.

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The ammunition would be loose in the barrel,

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bouncing off the sides as it's fired.

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Shooters would struggle to hit water from a pier.

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You would just fill it with gunpowder,

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pack some wadding and a ball in the end

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and hope for the best.

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That is until 1498,

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when a German armourer invents rifling,

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which makes the projectile spin as it leaves the barrel,

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making it much more predictable.

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For the first time, you really need to aim your weapon.

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The first gun sight may look primitive to us.

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It were little beads on top of the gun

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that you looked through at your target,

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but it really was a game changer.

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For hundreds of years

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there's a steady increase in the accuracy of weaponry

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and the optics that go with them.

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(dramatic music)
(gunshots ringing)

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Until the early 20th century,

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when sights hit a stumbling block.

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In the lead up to World War II,

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there's a really crucial need

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to develop even better gun sights,

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and especially ones that aren't made out of glass,

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which keep shattering.

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(glass cracking)
(intense music)

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Enter Harry Coover.

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Harry is working for a company called Kodak.

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Yes, that Kodak.

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(breezy music)

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Back then, Kodak was contracted by the government

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to do many things for the war effort,

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including providing spies with these teeny tiny cameras

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they would fit in a matchbox.

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As Kodak were experts in optics for cameras,

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it makes sense that they would use their expertise

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to develop new gun sights.

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Harry is looking for a substance

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that can replace breakable glass

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because if you have a broken sight,

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it's not a very useful weapon.

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Harry tries to develop a new type of plastic

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that's both clear and virtually indestructible.

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(industrious music)

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Harry is working in his lab,

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trying lots of different formulas.

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Now, Harry stumbles upon this formula called cyanoacrylate

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and the difficulty he's having

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is that it sticks to everything.

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This new plastic is fine in anything airtight,

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but as soon as it comes into contact with any moisture,

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it becomes very sticky,

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which is something you don't want out of a gun sight.

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Now, sticking to everything

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isn't something they're trying to do,

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so the project is deemed a failure

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and the government pulls out.

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So Harry gets a new job.

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He's looking for a transparent material

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to replace the glass in fighter jet canopies.

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I know, I know, bear with us,

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we're almost at the invention of super glue.

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In their search for the right substance,

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Harry and his team,

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they're studying various different materials

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and they're looking at their properties,

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and to help them do this,

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they're using a lot of fancy equipment, like refractometers.

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A refractometer is an instrument

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that allows you to characterize a material

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based on how lights interacts with it.

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What Harry needs this time

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is a substance that can withstand

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the extreme heat and pressure a jet is put under.

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(jet engine roaring)

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One day Harry decides, for whatever reason,

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to show one of his younger colleagues that cyanoacrylate.

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If you remember,

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that's the sticky, failed, gun sight material,

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and that colleague is a man named Fred Joyner.

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Now we don't have any photographs of Fred

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so we're using a picture

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of "Wonder Years" star, Fred Savage, instead.

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I love that guy.

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Harry says, hey, whatever you do,

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do not put it in the refractometer

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because it's probably gonna ruin it.

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What does Fred go and do?

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(elastic twanging)

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Fred don't do it.

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(elastic twanging)

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(liquid sloshes)

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He goes, he sticks it in a refractometer,

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and the prisms inside the machine stick together,

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wrecking it completely.

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(intense music)

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No!

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$30,000 worth of equipment,

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in today's money, ruined.

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Damn you Fred Savage. I mean Fred Joyner.

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Man, that must have been a rough day.

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This accident gets Harry thinking.

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This material is no good for gun sights,

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it's no good for cockpits,

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but it's really, really good at being sticky.

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(air hissing)

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He decides to go ahead

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and start grabbing other things in the lab

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and sticking those together,

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and it seems to stick to everything.

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(guitar twanging)
(liquid squelching)

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The glue that he seems to have accidentally discovered

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is super.

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See what I did there.

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Okay, Tony, try not to give the game away,

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but you do make a point

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because Harry has accidentally created

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an incredibly strong glue

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that transforms from a liquid to a solid adhesive

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extremely quickly.

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The substance in the bottle stays gloopy,

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but the moment that you expose it to air,

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you kickstart a chain reaction.

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The hydroxyl ions in the air

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encourage the monomers in the cyanoacrylate

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to join together.

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The more they join together,

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the more the others want to join together

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in a serious case of FOMO.

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In doing this,

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the bonds that they form are incredibly strong.

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Polymer chains form in all the

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tiny little cracks and pores of any object

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and this is how it's formed such a strong bond.

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Harry and the team

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tweak the formula for commercial use and name it Super Glue.

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So in fact, Tony did give it away earlier.

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And by 1959, they've developed this glue

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to the point that it's shown on television.

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Super Glue band.

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We let the thing swing long enough

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to assure ourselves the adhesive power would remain strong.

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It did. Only Super Glue was strong enough to hold a car.

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Previous glues

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worked by the liquid they've been dissolved in evaporating,

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which could take minutes or even hours.

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(smooth music)

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(plastic tapping)
(piano keys gliding)

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Suddenly here you have this glue,

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it would set in as little as 45 seconds

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so you can just imagine everyone's astonishment

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at this new super glue.

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People rush into the shops

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to get their hands on this new wonder product.

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Look, just a few drops of Permabond adhesive

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make a bond strong enough to move a 10 room house

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that weighs nearly 70 tons.

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Permabond, no mixing, no clamping, no mess.

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Use Permabond, the house-holding, household adhesive.

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Super glue became the new must have,

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and people went out in their millions and bought it

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and, of course, were able to repair those old broken mugs,

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broken teapots, and even articles of clothing like shoes.

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But super glue

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can repair more than just precious crockery,

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as Harry Coover's son is about to discover.

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He's just sitting at home, he's making some kind of model.

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What happens is he accidentally cuts his finger

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and he just happens to have a sample

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of his dad's super glue just hanging around from the lab,

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and for whatever reason, he decides to reach for that

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and seals the cut in seconds.

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Now Harry starts to become intrigued

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by the medical possibilities of this super glue.

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And it's a good thing he does.

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By the 1960s,

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Harry Coover is on TV advertising his super glue,

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but at the same time the United States

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has become drawn into the conflict in Vietnam.

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(dramatic music)

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One of the generals of the Vietnam War

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has heard of Harry's new glue

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and thinks that this could be a useful solution

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for quickly treating injuries on the battlefield.

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He approaches Harry

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and says, I want some of this glue for my men.

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Harry developed this, actually, into a spray

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so that it can be sprayed across a wound

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covering a large area for traumatic injuries.

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It worked so well at closing cuts and wounds

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that nowadays,

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super glue isn't just found in a medic's army pack,

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it's also in your local doctor's bag.

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Formulas evolved since the Vietnam War

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but it's still has a medical application,

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so it's used when there are small, deep wounds

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that need to be put back together,

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where stitches might be painful,

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and they still need, of course, a barrier to infection.

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The impact of super glue doesn't end there.

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As well as sticking together, people and plates,

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the super substance can also help stick together clues

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to help nab criminals.

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(siren wailing)

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Thanks to super glue,

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we're able to pick up old fingerprints

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that have been left on a crime scene from many years ago.

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Oils and moisture occur naturally on the skin

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so when we touch things,

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we leave the unique print of the tiny ridges

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on each of our fingers.

270
00:12:04,580 --> 00:12:07,150
These delicate prints can be hard to dust

271
00:12:07,150 --> 00:12:09,780
and too fragile to take more than once,

272
00:12:09,780 --> 00:12:11,590
that is before super glue.

273
00:12:13,400 --> 00:12:16,330
They flood the chamber with super glue vapor.

274
00:12:16,330 --> 00:12:18,290
Now, as this can only react

275
00:12:18,290 --> 00:12:20,320
when it's in the presence of moisture,

276
00:12:20,320 --> 00:12:23,240
the leftover moisture and oils from the fingerprint

277
00:12:23,240 --> 00:12:25,280
react with the super glue.

278
00:12:25,280 --> 00:12:28,210
This forms a kind of cast of the fingerprint,

279
00:12:28,210 --> 00:12:31,600
which can be lifted away and used for identification.

280
00:12:33,510 --> 00:12:34,630
By using super glue,

281
00:12:34,630 --> 00:12:37,330
the fingerprint can be made semi-permanent,

282
00:12:37,330 --> 00:12:40,450
allowing it to be dusted and lifted many times.

283
00:12:41,930 --> 00:12:45,120
Now this technique can also be used to get fingerprints

284
00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:47,160
that would be otherwise really difficult to get,

285
00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:48,880
like on uneven surfaces.

286
00:12:50,080 --> 00:12:51,830
So here's to Harry Coover,

287
00:12:51,830 --> 00:12:53,480
not only catching criminals

288
00:12:53,480 --> 00:12:56,980
but saving countless lives and mugs around the world,

289
00:12:56,980 --> 00:13:00,570
not bad for a gun sight designer who was well off target.

290
00:13:00,570 --> 00:13:05,570
(dramatic music)
(bullet zinging)

291
00:13:09,420 --> 00:13:12,000
(bright music)

292
00:13:14,650 --> 00:13:17,390
Coming up, how an unintentional dog groomer

293
00:13:17,390 --> 00:13:18,400
changed the world.

294
00:13:20,290 --> 00:13:24,540
Magically the dog's hair goes completely straight,

295
00:13:24,540 --> 00:13:26,210
so he tries it on himself.

296
00:13:26,210 --> 00:13:27,880
Makes sense.

297
00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:28,710
And the story

298
00:13:28,710 --> 00:13:31,250
behind the planet's poshest drink.

299
00:13:31,250 --> 00:13:33,040
Now at the time people looked at this

300
00:13:33,040 --> 00:13:35,930
as simply badly made wine.

301
00:13:35,930 --> 00:13:40,930
But first this, the human brain,

302
00:13:41,580 --> 00:13:44,830
the most complex thing in the known universe,

303
00:13:44,830 --> 00:13:45,850
well, some of them.

304
00:13:45,850 --> 00:13:48,640
Three pounds of pure processing power,

305
00:13:48,640 --> 00:13:52,160
but while it only takes up about 2% of our body weight,

306
00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:55,820
it uses an incredible 20% of our energy.

307
00:13:55,820 --> 00:13:57,040
It needs all this energy

308
00:13:57,040 --> 00:13:59,580
because, of course, your brain is always working,

309
00:13:59,580 --> 00:14:01,240
always keeping your body going,

310
00:14:01,240 --> 00:14:04,870
and keeping your thoughts going, even when you sleep.

311
00:14:04,870 --> 00:14:08,480
The brain is made up of tiny little neurons,

312
00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:09,390
billions of them.

313
00:14:10,710 --> 00:14:13,480
The neuron is a special cell for communication.

314
00:14:13,480 --> 00:14:15,960
It can receive information on one end

315
00:14:15,960 --> 00:14:18,470
and pass that along through its cell body,

316
00:14:18,470 --> 00:14:21,570
sending it out to other cells on the other end.

317
00:14:22,560 --> 00:14:24,630
It's thought that these intricate connections

318
00:14:24,630 --> 00:14:26,520
and the way they interact with each other

319
00:14:26,520 --> 00:14:29,890
is what creates thoughts, movement, and memories.

320
00:14:31,180 --> 00:14:36,030
A single note on a piano, it doesn't mean much by itself

321
00:14:36,030 --> 00:14:38,250
but if you take a lot of those notes

322
00:14:38,250 --> 00:14:40,530
and you put them together in a pattern,

323
00:14:40,530 --> 00:14:43,520
suddenly you get something magical.

324
00:14:43,520 --> 00:14:46,430
(soft piano music)

325
00:14:49,710 --> 00:14:51,290
Your brain is kind of like this,

326
00:14:51,290 --> 00:14:53,730
by creating a combination of neurons

327
00:14:53,730 --> 00:14:57,320
that are triggered like the notes, we get meaning.

328
00:14:58,490 --> 00:15:00,220
With so much complexity,

329
00:15:00,220 --> 00:15:02,810
the human brain remains somewhat of a mystery.

330
00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:08,000
Some call it the last and greatest biological frontier,

331
00:15:10,220 --> 00:15:13,980
but it hasn't always been thought of with such reverence.

332
00:15:13,980 --> 00:15:15,310
Ancient Egyptians believed

333
00:15:15,310 --> 00:15:18,810
that the center of emotion and intelligence was the heart,

334
00:15:18,810 --> 00:15:20,990
and so during the mummification process,

335
00:15:20,990 --> 00:15:24,750
they discarded all other organs, including the brain.

336
00:15:24,750 --> 00:15:27,620
Even Aristotle, the great philosopher

337
00:15:27,620 --> 00:15:29,640
and, in many ways, great biologist,

338
00:15:29,640 --> 00:15:32,010
thought that the brain was just a radiator,

339
00:15:32,010 --> 00:15:33,680
allowing the heart not to overheat.

340
00:15:33,680 --> 00:15:36,370
(heartbeat thumping)

341
00:15:36,370 --> 00:15:38,680
It's not until the early 19th century

342
00:15:38,680 --> 00:15:41,530
that we start to think with our heads and not our hearts.

343
00:15:43,390 --> 00:15:46,870
Guided by Viennese physician Franz Joseph Gall

344
00:15:46,870 --> 00:15:48,480
and his science of phrenology.

345
00:15:50,020 --> 00:15:50,970
From a young age,

346
00:15:50,970 --> 00:15:54,350
Franz is really interested in how the brain works.

347
00:15:54,350 --> 00:15:55,880
He's really fascinated

348
00:15:55,880 --> 00:16:00,380
by the differences between himself and his siblings.

349
00:16:00,380 --> 00:16:01,820
Whilst at medical school,

350
00:16:01,820 --> 00:16:05,450
Franz notices that some of the most intelligent students

351
00:16:05,450 --> 00:16:08,570
have got protruding eye sockets,

352
00:16:08,570 --> 00:16:11,190
and he starts thinking, could there be a relationship

353
00:16:11,190 --> 00:16:14,830
between intelligence and the shape of our skulls?

354
00:16:15,870 --> 00:16:17,290
He comes up with a theory

355
00:16:17,290 --> 00:16:18,570
that will revolutionize

356
00:16:18,570 --> 00:16:21,260
Western medicine's understanding of the brain.

357
00:16:21,260 --> 00:16:23,770
Franz was one of the first to actually suggest

358
00:16:23,770 --> 00:16:26,530
that the brain, that was the organ of the mind,

359
00:16:26,530 --> 00:16:29,660
rather than the heart as the center of personality.

360
00:16:31,470 --> 00:16:33,720
So by assessing their skulls

361
00:16:33,720 --> 00:16:36,290
and looking at the different bumps and lumps,

362
00:16:36,290 --> 00:16:40,060
he believed that you could determine how kind someone was,

363
00:16:40,060 --> 00:16:43,200
their personality, and even how intelligent they were.

364
00:16:43,200 --> 00:16:45,530
There's a little bit of a bump here,

365
00:16:45,530 --> 00:16:48,380
I think my personality is awesome.

366
00:16:50,380 --> 00:16:52,360
We now know that the bumps, dents,

367
00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:54,850
and shape of your skull form during infancy,

368
00:16:54,850 --> 00:16:57,570
(bright music)

369
00:16:57,570 --> 00:16:59,870
and Franz rockets to fame,

370
00:16:59,870 --> 00:17:02,050
touring the world with his new theory.

371
00:17:03,450 --> 00:17:06,600
Franz then writes books on the science of phrenology,

372
00:17:06,600 --> 00:17:10,230
which sells hundreds of thousands of copies.

373
00:17:11,330 --> 00:17:14,620
By the 19th century, phrenology's so widespread

374
00:17:14,620 --> 00:17:17,430
that getting your head measured is a popular activity.

375
00:17:19,040 --> 00:17:22,770
Queen Victoria even had her own children's heads examined,

376
00:17:22,770 --> 00:17:25,560
but of course, the way our skulls develop

377
00:17:25,560 --> 00:17:28,630
is affected by our hair and our muscles.

378
00:17:28,630 --> 00:17:32,200
Phrenology isn't based on any real science,

379
00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:35,950
so in reality, it's like checking your horoscope.

380
00:17:35,950 --> 00:17:37,830
(train whistle blowing)

381
00:17:37,830 --> 00:17:39,940
But then a humble railroad man

382
00:17:39,940 --> 00:17:41,340
called Phineas Gage,

383
00:17:41,340 --> 00:17:44,740
would reshape the way we thought about thought forever.

384
00:17:47,240 --> 00:17:50,770
The fateful day was September 13th, 1848.

385
00:17:50,770 --> 00:17:52,640
It was a Wednesday.

386
00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:54,270
Phineas sets off for work,

387
00:17:54,270 --> 00:17:57,120
blissfully unaware that he's about to go down in history.

388
00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:01,790
(guitar vibrating)

389
00:18:01,790 --> 00:18:04,390
Phineas Gage is working on building a railroad

390
00:18:04,390 --> 00:18:06,170
near Cavendish, Vermont,

391
00:18:06,170 --> 00:18:08,170
and is in charge of a team of people

392
00:18:08,170 --> 00:18:10,310
who are blasting through the rock

393
00:18:10,310 --> 00:18:12,160
just to build this rail network.

394
00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:14,880
(brooding music)

395
00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:18,300
(electronic whistling)
(stones hissing)

396
00:18:18,300 --> 00:18:22,170
He's working away, doing what he does every day on the job.

397
00:18:22,170 --> 00:18:25,430
He places a dynamite in a hole in a rock,

398
00:18:25,430 --> 00:18:27,150
fills the hole with clay.

399
00:18:32,190 --> 00:18:35,350
He's out, tamping down some dynamite

400
00:18:35,350 --> 00:18:38,040
that they're going to use to blow apart some rock

401
00:18:38,040 --> 00:18:41,370
to lay the rail line, and something goes wrong.

402
00:18:41,370 --> 00:18:42,720
Boom.

403
00:18:42,720 --> 00:18:44,730
(wooden thumping)
(explosion booming)

404
00:18:44,730 --> 00:18:47,220
The spark ignites the gunpowder

405
00:18:47,220 --> 00:18:50,800
and the tampering rod blows out of the hole

406
00:18:50,800 --> 00:18:53,220
and goes straight through, actually up through his orbit

407
00:18:53,220 --> 00:18:55,140
and out the top of his skull,

408
00:18:55,140 --> 00:18:58,490
and lands 100 meters away, or about 30 meters away.

409
00:18:58,490 --> 00:18:59,540
Something ridiculous.

410
00:18:59,540 --> 00:19:03,300
The rod weighs 13 pounds and is 1 1/2 inch thick,

411
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:06,730
so it lands with a few fragments of his skull.

412
00:19:06,730 --> 00:19:08,220
That's gross.

413
00:19:08,220 --> 00:19:10,040
Well, I guess that's it for him then, isn't it,

414
00:19:10,040 --> 00:19:11,090
what's next?

415
00:19:11,090 --> 00:19:12,960
(explosion rustling)
Uh-oh.

416
00:19:12,960 --> 00:19:13,830
Hang on,

417
00:19:13,830 --> 00:19:16,170
people were made of sterner stuff back then.

418
00:19:18,760 --> 00:19:22,840
Like the T-1000 he gets up and says, have you seen this boy?

419
00:19:24,270 --> 00:19:25,320
Okay. Not quite.

420
00:19:26,530 --> 00:19:29,070
(dramatic music)

421
00:19:29,070 --> 00:19:32,340
He gets up and walked up to an oxcart

422
00:19:32,340 --> 00:19:34,120
and says, take me into town.

423
00:19:34,120 --> 00:19:36,400
His colleagues, man, they are shocked,

424
00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:38,810
they've never seen anything like it before.

425
00:19:38,810 --> 00:19:42,050
Not only does he just get up and starts walking,

426
00:19:42,050 --> 00:19:43,590
he's also talking.

427
00:19:43,590 --> 00:19:47,340
He gets himself home, but he does see the doctor,

428
00:19:47,340 --> 00:19:50,840
tells him what happens and the doctor doesn't believe him.

429
00:19:50,840 --> 00:19:53,220
Phineas drifts in and out of consciousness.

430
00:19:53,220 --> 00:19:56,140
His family and friends think it's just a matter of time

431
00:19:56,140 --> 00:19:58,490
so they start paying their respects.

432
00:19:59,790 --> 00:20:02,910
They even have his clothes and coffin ready for him,

433
00:20:02,910 --> 00:20:05,540
but miraculously, he pulls through.

434
00:20:06,790 --> 00:20:07,620
Phineas Gage

435
00:20:07,620 --> 00:20:09,650
appears to have come away with a hole in his head

436
00:20:09,650 --> 00:20:11,080
but otherwise fine.

437
00:20:11,970 --> 00:20:12,800
Or is he?

438
00:20:14,090 --> 00:20:15,280
He can walk. He can talk.

439
00:20:15,280 --> 00:20:18,560
He can do everything that he used to be able to,

440
00:20:18,560 --> 00:20:20,490
but something's radically different.

441
00:20:22,690 --> 00:20:25,480
Before the accident, he was very energetic.

442
00:20:25,480 --> 00:20:29,080
He was a motivated person and also very friendly.

443
00:20:29,080 --> 00:20:32,360
But after the accident, he becomes an aggressive alcoholic

444
00:20:32,360 --> 00:20:34,470
who is unable to hold down a job.

445
00:20:34,470 --> 00:20:36,700
His personality is so changed

446
00:20:36,700 --> 00:20:38,620
that many of his friends describe him

447
00:20:38,620 --> 00:20:41,270
as being a completely different person.

448
00:20:41,270 --> 00:20:43,470
This drastic change in personality

449
00:20:43,470 --> 00:20:45,930
excites every doctor and neuroscientist

450
00:20:45,930 --> 00:20:47,800
who hears about his story.

451
00:20:47,800 --> 00:20:51,320
Here is this living, breathing, walking experiment

452
00:20:51,320 --> 00:20:54,520
that no researcher would ever dare to recreate.

453
00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:57,160
Phineas's accidental lobotomy

454
00:20:57,160 --> 00:20:59,240
gives scientists the case study they need

455
00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:01,850
to better understand how the brain works.

456
00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:05,740
So if this is the face and this is the back of the head,

457
00:21:05,740 --> 00:21:07,970
the tamping rod came up through here

458
00:21:07,970 --> 00:21:11,930
and severely damaged Phineas Gage's frontal lobe,

459
00:21:11,930 --> 00:21:14,190
and they realized that this is the part, now,

460
00:21:14,190 --> 00:21:16,980
that they can associate with personality,

461
00:21:16,980 --> 00:21:19,130
which is why Phineas Gage had changed

462
00:21:19,130 --> 00:21:22,850
from being an affable, lovely, generous person,

463
00:21:22,850 --> 00:21:25,210
to an absolute grump.

464
00:21:25,210 --> 00:21:28,550
This part of the brain is particularly big in humans,

465
00:21:28,550 --> 00:21:32,940
suggesting that it's important to what makes us, us.

466
00:21:32,940 --> 00:21:34,420
Phineas Gage's accident

467
00:21:34,420 --> 00:21:37,750
gives scientists the idea that different parts of the brain

468
00:21:37,750 --> 00:21:39,910
are responsible for different functions.

469
00:21:42,210 --> 00:21:44,450
The emerging understanding that the frontal lobe

470
00:21:44,450 --> 00:21:47,810
plays such a huge part in shaping personality,

471
00:21:47,810 --> 00:21:49,900
it sparks a field of psychiatry

472
00:21:49,900 --> 00:21:51,990
that attempts to cure patients

473
00:21:51,990 --> 00:21:54,290
through the targeted surgery of the brain.

474
00:21:57,320 --> 00:22:00,370
Schizophrenia is a terrible disorder

475
00:22:00,370 --> 00:22:03,570
that affects up to 20 million people worldwide right now,

476
00:22:03,570 --> 00:22:06,790
and we still don't really know what causes it.

477
00:22:06,790 --> 00:22:09,190
It can be incredibly distressing for the patient

478
00:22:09,190 --> 00:22:12,600
because they often have hallucinations and delusions

479
00:22:12,600 --> 00:22:13,850
about the real world.

480
00:22:15,180 --> 00:22:17,140
40 years after Phineas,

481
00:22:17,140 --> 00:22:20,310
Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burkhardt

482
00:22:20,310 --> 00:22:22,320
thinks that a psychosurgical operation

483
00:22:22,320 --> 00:22:23,830
could help with the condition.

484
00:22:25,460 --> 00:22:27,650
Gottlieb puts this theory into practice

485
00:22:27,650 --> 00:22:31,210
and performs open brain surgery on some of his patients

486
00:22:31,210 --> 00:22:34,280
who haven't responded to other forms of treatment.

487
00:22:34,280 --> 00:22:35,110
Did it work?

488
00:22:37,450 --> 00:22:40,350
Well, they weren't cured, if that's what you're asking.

489
00:22:40,350 --> 00:22:44,940
His results range from successfully quieting the patient

490
00:22:44,940 --> 00:22:48,050
to one who died from complications from the procedure.

491
00:22:48,900 --> 00:22:51,250
Gottlieb's research is initially rejected

492
00:22:51,250 --> 00:22:54,210
for being too disturbing and not effective enough.

493
00:22:56,150 --> 00:22:58,880
But medical history is filled with ineffective treatments

494
00:22:58,880 --> 00:23:00,420
that stand the test of time.

495
00:23:02,280 --> 00:23:06,960
The first lobotomy is performed in America in 1936.

496
00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:09,960
Dr. Freeman develops this technique further

497
00:23:09,960 --> 00:23:11,950
and really popularizes it,

498
00:23:11,950 --> 00:23:15,570
to the point where he's able to simply take a probe,

499
00:23:15,570 --> 00:23:20,050
a metal sharp stick, and lift up the patient's eyelid,

500
00:23:20,050 --> 00:23:23,820
punch it up into their brain, and separate the frontal lobe.

501
00:23:23,820 --> 00:23:26,170
Oh man, my eyes, just thinking about it.

502
00:23:28,690 --> 00:23:30,590
Gradually, lobotomies were replaced

503
00:23:30,590 --> 00:23:32,160
with more effective treatments,

504
00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:35,880
like psychoactive drugs and psychotherapy.

505
00:23:35,880 --> 00:23:37,410
Today, America's psychiatrists

506
00:23:37,410 --> 00:23:40,930
have long waiting lists of such maladjusted people.

507
00:23:40,930 --> 00:23:43,750
But why do I keep getting so depressed, doctor,

508
00:23:43,750 --> 00:23:45,400
that's what I can figure out?

509
00:23:46,480 --> 00:23:48,940
Let's go over what you've already told me.

510
00:23:48,940 --> 00:23:49,770
But lobotomies

511
00:23:49,770 --> 00:23:52,450
still have a place in modern medicine.

512
00:23:52,450 --> 00:23:55,170
Epilepsy is a relatively common condition.

513
00:23:55,170 --> 00:23:57,250
There are up to 50 million people worldwide

514
00:23:57,250 --> 00:23:58,480
who suffer from this.

515
00:23:58,480 --> 00:24:00,100
It can be as mild

516
00:24:00,100 --> 00:24:03,530
as somebody staring for a while, straight forward,

517
00:24:03,530 --> 00:24:07,050
to suffering from convulsions on the ground.

518
00:24:08,040 --> 00:24:09,330
In extreme cases

519
00:24:09,330 --> 00:24:12,170
these seizures can cause severe brain damage,

520
00:24:13,690 --> 00:24:14,600
but the treatment

521
00:24:14,600 --> 00:24:17,380
inspired by Phineas Gage's bolt through the brain

522
00:24:17,380 --> 00:24:19,500
can actually help some patients.

523
00:24:22,950 --> 00:24:25,070
There's the case, for example, of Ben Tondelier

524
00:24:25,070 --> 00:24:27,270
who is suffering from severe epilepsy,

525
00:24:27,270 --> 00:24:30,920
so much that he really couldn't go on with a normal life.

526
00:24:30,920 --> 00:24:32,550
In 2021,

527
00:24:32,550 --> 00:24:35,040
doctors perform a lobotomy inspired surgery

528
00:24:35,040 --> 00:24:37,300
that would change his life forever.

529
00:24:37,300 --> 00:24:40,580
Just to be clear, this was a world away from Frank's

530
00:24:40,580 --> 00:24:43,760
stick it in the eye and give it a good wiggle technique.

531
00:24:43,760 --> 00:24:45,760
It was incredibly precise.

532
00:24:45,760 --> 00:24:47,640
With the help of imaging techniques,

533
00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:51,660
surgeons were able to remove a pea-sized area of the brain

534
00:24:51,660 --> 00:24:53,600
that was causing the seizures,

535
00:24:53,600 --> 00:24:56,120
and since then, Ben has lived seizure free

536
00:24:56,120 --> 00:24:58,750
and says his life is transformed.

537
00:25:00,390 --> 00:25:02,440
Not only did Phineas Gage's accident

538
00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:05,360
provide us with a fundamental understanding of our brains,

539
00:25:07,580 --> 00:25:10,600
it also inspired a school of science that eventually led

540
00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:13,270
to a whole new realm of medical developments

541
00:25:13,270 --> 00:25:15,110
that changed lives around the world.

542
00:25:20,040 --> 00:25:22,630
(bright music)

543
00:25:24,640 --> 00:25:28,420
Coming up, super monk versus the devil's wine.

544
00:25:29,360 --> 00:25:31,750
Bottles start to explode everywhere.

545
00:25:31,750 --> 00:25:33,730
(explosions booming)

546
00:25:33,730 --> 00:25:36,150
But first, this.

547
00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:41,220
Hair, we've all got it on our heads.

548
00:25:41,220 --> 00:25:42,130
Well, most of us.

549
00:25:44,450 --> 00:25:49,120
And unless your Chewbacca, chances are you style it

550
00:25:49,120 --> 00:25:51,220
and try to keep up with the latest trends.

551
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:57,120
Guess my personal hate is mullets from the 80s, early 90s,

552
00:25:57,120 --> 00:26:00,890
the decked up here, down over the ears,

553
00:26:00,890 --> 00:26:02,630
and then down the back.

554
00:26:02,630 --> 00:26:05,070
I mean, just horrible.

555
00:26:05,070 --> 00:26:07,980
But hair is more than just bowl cuts and bangs,

556
00:26:07,980 --> 00:26:09,530
low fades and Afros.

557
00:26:09,530 --> 00:26:11,560
Hair has always been really important

558
00:26:11,560 --> 00:26:13,770
in cultures all around the world.

559
00:26:14,900 --> 00:26:19,900
In Africa, it was a marker of family status, social status,

560
00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:24,240
marital status, what tribe you're in, and so on.

561
00:26:27,130 --> 00:26:30,230
The Himba tribe in Namibia has a particular hairstyle

562
00:26:30,230 --> 00:26:32,940
that denotes someone's availability.

563
00:26:32,940 --> 00:26:35,080
Young teenage girls will wear their hair

564
00:26:35,080 --> 00:26:37,690
in short braids that cover their face,

565
00:26:37,690 --> 00:26:39,000
but once they're ready to marry,

566
00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:42,300
they would sweep this back, showing their faces.

567
00:26:42,300 --> 00:26:43,650
Men, on the other hand,

568
00:26:43,650 --> 00:26:46,660
have a single braid to show they're available.

569
00:26:46,660 --> 00:26:49,160
Once they're married, they have a head covering.

570
00:26:49,160 --> 00:26:52,050
It's kind of like a wedding ring in Western culture.

571
00:26:54,810 --> 00:26:56,720
Then came the Age of Discovery,

572
00:26:56,720 --> 00:26:59,010
the dawn of the New World.

573
00:26:59,010 --> 00:27:03,600
If we transport ourselves back to the 1700s in America

574
00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:06,370
and we go to the huge plantations,

575
00:27:06,370 --> 00:27:08,730
the owners there are living in massive luxury.

576
00:27:08,730 --> 00:27:10,550
They're wearing fine silk,

577
00:27:10,550 --> 00:27:14,020
they're eating splendid meals with silver cutlery

578
00:27:14,020 --> 00:27:17,380
and beautifully, ornately carved furniture.

579
00:27:17,380 --> 00:27:20,310
Life has never been better for them.

580
00:27:20,310 --> 00:27:22,640
The aristocratic class are the landowners

581
00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:25,060
who had wealth and privileges.

582
00:27:25,060 --> 00:27:26,950
And what makes this possible

583
00:27:26,950 --> 00:27:31,950
is the fact that there are ships that are going to Africa

584
00:27:32,050 --> 00:27:35,880
and kidnapping people into slavery, brutalizing them,

585
00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:37,850
bringing them back to America

586
00:27:37,850 --> 00:27:41,390
where they work for free for their entire lives,

587
00:27:42,520 --> 00:27:47,070
and they don't have what they had at home.

588
00:27:47,070 --> 00:27:50,440
The African people, at home, had a way of living,

589
00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:52,690
they had a way of taking care of themselves,

590
00:27:52,690 --> 00:27:54,150
but when they come to America,

591
00:27:54,150 --> 00:27:55,950
all of that is taken away from them,

592
00:27:58,290 --> 00:28:03,290
and in particular, black hair care is not looked after

593
00:28:04,810 --> 00:28:06,570
the way it was back home.

594
00:28:06,570 --> 00:28:08,430
In fact, when they're sold in the slavery,

595
00:28:08,430 --> 00:28:11,720
they're made to shave their heads in a humiliating way.

596
00:28:11,720 --> 00:28:14,150
The laboring class of the slaves

597
00:28:14,150 --> 00:28:16,760
who had little wealth and few privileges.

598
00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:18,380
As a growing number of slaves

599
00:28:18,380 --> 00:28:20,800
were able to earn their freedom,

600
00:28:20,800 --> 00:28:22,710
they began to dress as they wanted to

601
00:28:22,710 --> 00:28:25,230
and to style their hair as they wished.

602
00:28:25,230 --> 00:28:29,660
This created a panic among the elite in Louisiana,

603
00:28:29,660 --> 00:28:34,000
who were fearful that white men and black women would marry

604
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:35,350
and raise families,

605
00:28:35,350 --> 00:28:38,710
so they wanted to ensure that the separation,

606
00:28:38,710 --> 00:28:40,930
the racial separation continued.

607
00:28:40,930 --> 00:28:43,440
The governor of Louisiana passes a law

608
00:28:43,440 --> 00:28:44,890
that requires black women,

609
00:28:44,890 --> 00:28:48,590
whether they're enslaved or free, to cover up their hair

610
00:28:48,590 --> 00:28:51,880
to indicate that they belong to the lower class.

611
00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:53,690
But guess who got the last laugh?

612
00:28:53,690 --> 00:28:55,370
(woman laughing)

613
00:28:55,370 --> 00:28:57,130
Black women know how to do style,

614
00:28:57,130 --> 00:28:59,130
so when they had to cover their hair,

615
00:28:59,130 --> 00:29:01,110
they used these elaborate cloths,

616
00:29:01,110 --> 00:29:03,380
some of them put jewels on them,

617
00:29:03,380 --> 00:29:05,970
and they made themselves look good

618
00:29:05,970 --> 00:29:08,260
even while wearing these hair dresses.

619
00:29:12,900 --> 00:29:14,970
Fast forward to 1877,

620
00:29:14,970 --> 00:29:18,070
where we meet a trailblazing, life-changing inventor,

621
00:29:18,070 --> 00:29:19,080
Garrett Morgan.

622
00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:21,670
(upbeat music)

623
00:29:25,080 --> 00:29:28,350
Garrett is born in Kentucky to a huge family,

624
00:29:28,350 --> 00:29:30,470
he was one of 11 children.

625
00:29:30,470 --> 00:29:33,220
That's a lot of kids, I only have two and that's a lot.

626
00:29:36,070 --> 00:29:37,560
This guy, he's smart,

627
00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:40,530
he's an inventor and he's an entrepreneur.

628
00:29:40,530 --> 00:29:42,670
His mother has a mixed heritage,

629
00:29:42,670 --> 00:29:45,520
his father is a recently freed slave,

630
00:29:45,520 --> 00:29:48,590
and that background is going to play a huge role

631
00:29:48,590 --> 00:29:49,420
in his life.

632
00:29:51,190 --> 00:29:52,700
After leaving elementary school,

633
00:29:52,700 --> 00:29:54,360
Garrett moves to Cleveland

634
00:29:54,360 --> 00:29:56,820
and lands a job as a sewing machine mechanic.

635
00:29:57,670 --> 00:29:59,930
Cleveland is one of the countries leading hubs

636
00:29:59,930 --> 00:30:01,330
for producing clothes.

637
00:30:01,330 --> 00:30:05,010
The city is full of sewing factories, and around this time,

638
00:30:05,010 --> 00:30:07,670
one in seven people who lived in Cleveland

639
00:30:07,670 --> 00:30:09,220
worked in the garment industry.

640
00:30:10,890 --> 00:30:11,830
He lands a job

641
00:30:11,830 --> 00:30:14,740
at fixing sewing machines in the Garment District,

642
00:30:14,740 --> 00:30:16,760
and travels from place to place

643
00:30:16,760 --> 00:30:18,900
fixing all kinds of problems,

644
00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:23,790
learning a huge amount about the machinery in the process.

645
00:30:23,790 --> 00:30:24,940
He comes up with an idea

646
00:30:24,940 --> 00:30:27,760
that will improve the sewing machines, he patents it,

647
00:30:27,760 --> 00:30:29,160
and then he quits.

648
00:30:31,060 --> 00:30:33,320
He sets up his own business.

649
00:30:33,320 --> 00:30:36,090
This is the beginning of his financial freedom

650
00:30:36,090 --> 00:30:38,410
and this is what would allow him to start a life

651
00:30:38,410 --> 00:30:39,670
as an inventor.

652
00:30:39,670 --> 00:30:42,460
His wife, Mary, has tailoring experience

653
00:30:42,460 --> 00:30:44,940
so they decide to open a shop

654
00:30:44,940 --> 00:30:48,740
that basically does sewing machine repair and tailoring.

655
00:30:48,740 --> 00:30:51,140
Now he's repairing a sewing machine one day

656
00:30:51,140 --> 00:30:52,750
that he notices

657
00:30:52,750 --> 00:30:55,620
the problem is that it's scorching woolen fabric.

658
00:30:57,890 --> 00:30:59,820
As the sewing machine is being used,

659
00:30:59,820 --> 00:31:02,520
the needle is moving in and out of the material

660
00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:04,660
incredibly quickly.

661
00:31:04,660 --> 00:31:07,580
This high speed generates a lot of friction,

662
00:31:07,580 --> 00:31:10,540
which in turn generates a huge amount of heat,

663
00:31:10,540 --> 00:31:14,270
so much so that the material can actually become scorched.

664
00:31:15,850 --> 00:31:18,130
Morgan does what any good inventor would do

665
00:31:18,130 --> 00:31:20,980
and chucks some chemicals together to create a lubricant.

666
00:31:24,940 --> 00:31:27,830
He puts it on, wipes his hands on a piece of cloth

667
00:31:27,830 --> 00:31:28,730
and walks away.

668
00:31:30,170 --> 00:31:31,910
When Garrett returns to his work table,

669
00:31:31,910 --> 00:31:35,170
he noticed the fabric that he wiped his hands on

670
00:31:35,170 --> 00:31:36,720
is now different.

671
00:31:36,720 --> 00:31:39,000
It's made from curly animal hair,

672
00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:41,340
except now the curls are all gone.

673
00:31:41,340 --> 00:31:44,400
It's like smooth and straight.

674
00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:46,530
Intrigued, Garrett experiments

675
00:31:46,530 --> 00:31:49,250
on the nearest, unsuspecting test subject.

676
00:31:49,250 --> 00:31:52,160
Now Garrett's neighbor just happens to have a dog

677
00:31:52,160 --> 00:31:54,300
that has curly hair.

678
00:31:54,300 --> 00:31:55,640
Guess what he did next?

679
00:31:58,360 --> 00:32:02,590
Magically, the dog's hair goes completely straight,

680
00:32:02,590 --> 00:32:04,240
so he tries it on himself.

681
00:32:04,240 --> 00:32:07,070
Makes sense.
(dog whines)

682
00:32:07,070 --> 00:32:08,480
And it works.

683
00:32:08,480 --> 00:32:10,380
He's accidentally discovered

684
00:32:10,380 --> 00:32:14,010
the world's first hair-straightening cream.

685
00:32:14,010 --> 00:32:16,420
Garrett's chemical mixture remains a secret,

686
00:32:16,420 --> 00:32:18,380
but modern hair-straightening cream, or relaxer,

687
00:32:18,380 --> 00:32:19,830
works the same way.

688
00:32:23,280 --> 00:32:24,720
Here's Suze to explain how.

689
00:32:25,820 --> 00:32:28,380
Hair is made of a protein called keratin

690
00:32:28,380 --> 00:32:31,760
and keratin has lots of sulfur on the outside of it.

691
00:32:33,610 --> 00:32:36,330
If the hair grows out of a round follicle,

692
00:32:36,330 --> 00:32:38,560
that keratin doesn't really have a chance

693
00:32:38,560 --> 00:32:39,740
to come into contact

694
00:32:39,740 --> 00:32:42,480
with any of the rest of the strand of hair,

695
00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:44,400
and that's why it stays straight.

696
00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:49,250
However, when the follicle is oval,

697
00:32:49,250 --> 00:32:51,900
the hair is growing out at a bit of an angle,

698
00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:56,900
and as it grows out, it tilts, folding back in on itself

699
00:32:59,130 --> 00:33:02,060
that actually turn the hair from being straight

700
00:33:02,060 --> 00:33:04,480
into being much, much curlier.

701
00:33:06,020 --> 00:33:07,450
Garrett's invention works

702
00:33:07,450 --> 00:33:09,770
by breaking down the disulfide bond

703
00:33:09,770 --> 00:33:11,960
that's created in the keratin.

704
00:33:11,960 --> 00:33:15,220
As you break those bonds down, the hair becomes straight.

705
00:33:16,250 --> 00:33:17,550
Thanks, Suze.

706
00:33:19,590 --> 00:33:21,990
Garrett's hair-straightening cream arrived at a time

707
00:33:21,990 --> 00:33:25,280
where racist notions of what made good hair were evolving.

708
00:33:28,660 --> 00:33:32,850
With slavery only just being abolished in 1865,

709
00:33:32,850 --> 00:33:36,390
black people were finally free to start working their way up

710
00:33:36,390 --> 00:33:38,830
from the bottom of American society,

711
00:33:38,830 --> 00:33:41,460
but they face a lot of racism.

712
00:33:41,460 --> 00:33:44,660
(smooth music)

713
00:33:44,660 --> 00:33:47,020
There was an expectation in the workplace

714
00:33:47,020 --> 00:33:51,970
that hair would be tidy, and that meant sleek and straight,

715
00:33:51,970 --> 00:33:54,220
which is not what African hair is like.

716
00:33:57,080 --> 00:34:01,250
Basically, natural African hair was a huge disadvantage

717
00:34:01,250 --> 00:34:04,210
and could be the difference between getting a job

718
00:34:04,210 --> 00:34:05,370
and not getting one.

719
00:34:06,640 --> 00:34:09,290
Garrett's hair cream provided a solution

720
00:34:09,290 --> 00:34:11,580
for many African-Americans.

721
00:34:11,580 --> 00:34:12,410
All of a sudden,

722
00:34:12,410 --> 00:34:16,170
here's this wonder product that is so easy to use

723
00:34:16,170 --> 00:34:19,210
and it keeps your hair straight for days.

724
00:34:19,210 --> 00:34:20,180
Garrett's success

725
00:34:20,180 --> 00:34:22,360
gave him the freedom to continue inventing,

726
00:34:23,820 --> 00:34:26,240
and he puts his mind to saving lives.

727
00:34:28,190 --> 00:34:30,890
First, he comes up with an emergency safety hood

728
00:34:30,890 --> 00:34:32,150
for use in fires.

729
00:34:33,230 --> 00:34:34,510
(explosion booming)

730
00:34:34,510 --> 00:34:36,010
It encompasses the head

731
00:34:36,010 --> 00:34:38,620
but has tubes that run to the floor,

732
00:34:38,620 --> 00:34:41,660
on the ends of the tubes are some wet sponges,

733
00:34:41,660 --> 00:34:46,310
which not only filter the air but also cool the air down.

734
00:34:49,410 --> 00:34:50,580
So, what, in effect, he's done

735
00:34:50,580 --> 00:34:53,720
is created the world's first gas mask.

736
00:34:54,660 --> 00:34:57,930
It's so good, the US military start using it,

737
00:34:57,930 --> 00:35:00,670
but Garrett isn't done saving lives.

738
00:35:00,670 --> 00:35:02,680
After witnessing a fatal car accident,

739
00:35:03,810 --> 00:35:07,200
he develops a T-shaped signaling system with moving arms

740
00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:10,200
which warns drivers when a signal's about to change.

741
00:35:14,510 --> 00:35:16,590
This was a much needed life saving tool

742
00:35:16,590 --> 00:35:20,030
because America really was going through a car boom.

743
00:35:20,030 --> 00:35:23,410
In 1909, there were 200,000 motorized cars

744
00:35:23,410 --> 00:35:24,750
in the United States.

745
00:35:24,750 --> 00:35:29,470
Seven years later, in 1916, there were more than 2 million.

746
00:35:30,390 --> 00:35:35,390
(dramatic music)
(Wooden thumping)

747
00:35:39,360 --> 00:35:41,550
Meanwhile, Garrett's hair-straightening cream

748
00:35:41,550 --> 00:35:43,810
is flying off the shelves.

749
00:35:43,810 --> 00:35:45,460
The early 1900s,

750
00:35:45,460 --> 00:35:48,370
now that this hair-straightening cream was around,

751
00:35:48,370 --> 00:35:51,280
black people in America wanted to straighten their hair.

752
00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:52,160
Why?

753
00:35:52,160 --> 00:35:54,650
Well in the slavery system,

754
00:35:54,650 --> 00:35:57,460
there was also a psychological component

755
00:35:57,460 --> 00:35:59,540
and one element of that was,

756
00:35:59,540 --> 00:36:03,080
hate yourself and worship the people who have enslaved you.

757
00:36:03,080 --> 00:36:05,870
And what characterized them more than anything

758
00:36:05,870 --> 00:36:08,330
was skin color and hair texture,

759
00:36:08,330 --> 00:36:11,480
so black people in America wanted to lighten their skin

760
00:36:11,480 --> 00:36:12,780
and straighten their hair.

761
00:36:14,390 --> 00:36:15,900
Many felt the social pressures

762
00:36:15,900 --> 00:36:18,910
to just fit in with mainstream white society,

763
00:36:18,910 --> 00:36:21,930
so they would adjust their hair to fit in.

764
00:36:21,930 --> 00:36:23,230
♪ Freedom ♪

765
00:36:23,230 --> 00:36:25,410
What do we want now?
♪ Freedom ♪

766
00:36:25,410 --> 00:36:28,170
Then came the civil rights movement.

767
00:36:28,170 --> 00:36:30,050
♪ Freedom ♪

768
00:36:30,050 --> 00:36:33,220
The 1960s sees the civil rights movement take off

769
00:36:33,220 --> 00:36:36,000
with Martin Luther King, and Malcolm X,

770
00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:38,980
but also female figures like Angela Davis

771
00:36:38,980 --> 00:36:40,730
and, of course, the Black Panthers.

772
00:36:40,730 --> 00:36:43,440
And there is a much more strident tone

773
00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:45,820
with black people saying, you know what?

774
00:36:45,820 --> 00:36:49,410
This is our hair, this is our identity, you can get lost.

775
00:36:50,850 --> 00:36:52,730
And so what do you see in the 60s?

776
00:36:52,730 --> 00:36:55,190
You see big Angela Davis Afros,

777
00:36:55,190 --> 00:36:59,140
and you see people standing up for their kinky hair,

778
00:36:59,140 --> 00:37:00,920
men and women.

779
00:37:00,920 --> 00:37:03,730
Malcolm X went from having a perm, straightened hair,

780
00:37:03,730 --> 00:37:05,710
to having nappy hair like me.

781
00:37:05,710 --> 00:37:06,540
Some people

782
00:37:06,540 --> 00:37:08,410
still call straight hair, good hair,

783
00:37:08,410 --> 00:37:10,210
because it looks like white hair.

784
00:37:10,210 --> 00:37:12,540
These days, many young black men

785
00:37:12,540 --> 00:37:14,860
find the whole process demeaning.

786
00:37:14,860 --> 00:37:17,490
It's going out of fashion even in the ghetto.

787
00:37:17,490 --> 00:37:19,540
It takes pain to become like a white man

788
00:37:19,540 --> 00:37:21,870
and more pain when you know you can't make it.

789
00:37:21,870 --> 00:37:23,470
Black people start to rebel

790
00:37:23,470 --> 00:37:26,670
and reclaim their natural hair as an identity.

791
00:37:26,670 --> 00:37:28,120
They start embracing it

792
00:37:28,120 --> 00:37:30,620
as a symbol of freedom and empowerment.

793
00:37:32,350 --> 00:37:33,240
Through the decades,

794
00:37:33,240 --> 00:37:36,040
there have been shifts towards and away from hair relaxers

795
00:37:36,040 --> 00:37:38,100
like Garrett Morgan first invented.

796
00:37:39,670 --> 00:37:42,730
I also straightened my hair when I was a kid in the 70s,

797
00:37:42,730 --> 00:37:43,800
you did it as a family.

798
00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:47,760
And back then we used a thing called a conch

799
00:37:47,760 --> 00:37:52,230
where you took lye, yes, the harsh, basic chemical lye,

800
00:37:52,230 --> 00:37:56,290
and you used potatoes to serve as a base,

801
00:37:56,290 --> 00:37:57,390
and you put this on your hair

802
00:37:57,390 --> 00:38:00,080
and it took out all the texture and straightened it.

803
00:38:00,080 --> 00:38:01,350
Many African-Americans

804
00:38:01,350 --> 00:38:04,880
still feel pressure to adhere to racist beauty standards.

805
00:38:05,810 --> 00:38:09,880
In a survey that was done in 2019, 50% of black women

806
00:38:09,880 --> 00:38:13,380
said that they knew someone who had been sent home from work

807
00:38:13,380 --> 00:38:15,230
because of their hairstyle.

808
00:38:15,230 --> 00:38:18,610
Until 2016, a Google image search

809
00:38:18,610 --> 00:38:21,400
for the term, unprofessional hairstyles,

810
00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:25,550
yielded only pictures of black women with natural hair,

811
00:38:25,550 --> 00:38:27,790
or wearing braids or twists.

812
00:38:27,790 --> 00:38:30,260
The battle for equality continues

813
00:38:30,260 --> 00:38:33,390
and slowly, positive changes are happening.

814
00:38:33,390 --> 00:38:36,240
In recent years, many states across the USA

815
00:38:36,240 --> 00:38:39,250
have started to ban any policies in the workplace

816
00:38:39,250 --> 00:38:42,020
that discriminate people from wearing their hair

817
00:38:42,020 --> 00:38:45,820
showcasing their heritage and their natural style.

818
00:38:45,820 --> 00:38:47,980
Creating a better working environment

819
00:38:47,980 --> 00:38:49,030
for everyone.

820
00:38:49,030 --> 00:38:50,620
Research shows that companies

821
00:38:50,620 --> 00:38:52,960
which have diversity in their teams

822
00:38:52,960 --> 00:38:55,340
significantly outperform their rivals.

823
00:38:56,610 --> 00:38:58,970
Garrett's accidental hair-straightening cream

824
00:38:58,970 --> 00:39:00,700
played a part in giving black people

825
00:39:00,700 --> 00:39:02,520
the opportunity to get a job,

826
00:39:02,520 --> 00:39:04,440
empowering them to fight for freedom.

827
00:39:05,920 --> 00:39:09,290
It's not just hair, it's tied up in identity,

828
00:39:09,290 --> 00:39:12,150
race, discrimination, emotion.

829
00:39:12,150 --> 00:39:13,680
I mean, there's so much more to it

830
00:39:13,680 --> 00:39:15,850
than a few kinks or curls.

831
00:39:15,850 --> 00:39:17,490
♪ Freedom ♪

832
00:39:17,490 --> 00:39:20,070
(bright music)

833
00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:23,480
Hey.
(liquid fizzing)

834
00:39:23,480 --> 00:39:27,230
Beer, glorious cold beer.

835
00:39:27,230 --> 00:39:29,690
As the philosopher Homer once said,

836
00:39:29,690 --> 00:39:33,070
alcohol, the cause of and solution to

837
00:39:33,070 --> 00:39:34,630
all of life's problems.

838
00:39:35,740 --> 00:39:40,740
This story begins in a truly dark time, a time before beer.

839
00:39:41,770 --> 00:39:44,460
(woman screaming)

840
00:39:44,460 --> 00:39:46,830
10,000 years ago.

841
00:39:46,830 --> 00:39:47,970
For thousands of years

842
00:39:47,970 --> 00:39:52,130
humans have roamed the Earth looking for food and shelter,

843
00:39:52,130 --> 00:39:54,540
but it was only when they discovered agriculture

844
00:39:54,540 --> 00:39:56,340
that they started to settle.

845
00:39:56,340 --> 00:39:58,970
The first place they did so was in Mesopotamia,

846
00:39:58,970 --> 00:40:00,670
which we now call the Middle East.

847
00:40:02,030 --> 00:40:03,100
Agriculture was probably

848
00:40:03,100 --> 00:40:07,050
one of the most revolutionary inventions in human history,

849
00:40:07,050 --> 00:40:10,020
because rather than having to go out and search for food,

850
00:40:10,020 --> 00:40:13,390
you can literally make it, and create it, and survive.

851
00:40:14,320 --> 00:40:15,840
Tending to crops

852
00:40:15,840 --> 00:40:18,370
means that you have to give up that nomadic lifestyle,

853
00:40:18,370 --> 00:40:20,730
stay in one place, and create a settlement.

854
00:40:23,250 --> 00:40:25,240
People started growing wheat and barley,

855
00:40:25,240 --> 00:40:28,210
and in fact, bread has been part of humanities diet

856
00:40:28,210 --> 00:40:29,980
for thousands of years.

857
00:40:29,980 --> 00:40:33,050
There was actually a piece of bread found in Jordan

858
00:40:33,050 --> 00:40:35,950
that dates back to about 14,000 years ago,

859
00:40:35,950 --> 00:40:39,590
which was actually just before agriculture was invented

860
00:40:39,590 --> 00:40:41,050
and people settled down.

861
00:40:41,900 --> 00:40:45,310
How does bread lead to the discovery of beer?

862
00:40:45,310 --> 00:40:47,220
Well, no one's exactly sure.

863
00:40:47,220 --> 00:40:49,770
It did happen over 10,000 years ago,

864
00:40:49,770 --> 00:40:51,440
but it was something like this.

865
00:40:55,010 --> 00:40:57,580
Someone is outside making bread,

866
00:40:57,580 --> 00:41:00,520
they've got their dough nice and ready to go,

867
00:41:00,520 --> 00:41:04,110
but suddenly, (lightning crashes)

868
00:41:04,110 --> 00:41:05,660
a little thunderstorm comes in.

869
00:41:05,660 --> 00:41:07,260
Now, trying to avoid the rain,

870
00:41:07,260 --> 00:41:11,270
they run inside and forget about their dough.

871
00:41:11,270 --> 00:41:14,330
Several days pass, and then they remember,

872
00:41:14,330 --> 00:41:16,840
oh gosh, better go and check on that outside.

873
00:41:16,840 --> 00:41:17,670
So off they go

874
00:41:17,670 --> 00:41:22,250
to find this kind of gloopy, soupy, almost porridgey mess.

875
00:41:22,250 --> 00:41:23,740
And probably the initial reaction

876
00:41:23,740 --> 00:41:27,080
is, oh, crud, we just ruined a good bunch of bread,

877
00:41:27,080 --> 00:41:29,620
but then when they taste it,

878
00:41:29,620 --> 00:41:33,060
they realize that it's got some interesting other effects.

879
00:41:33,060 --> 00:41:35,520
(light music)

880
00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:37,710
And thus beer was born.

881
00:41:37,710 --> 00:41:40,870
(people cheering)
(glasses clinking)

882
00:41:40,870 --> 00:41:42,460
When grain is left in water,

883
00:41:42,460 --> 00:41:44,040
it starts to germinate.

884
00:41:44,040 --> 00:41:45,810
This produces lots of enzymes,

885
00:41:45,810 --> 00:41:48,600
which convert the natural starches into sugar.

886
00:41:50,230 --> 00:41:51,460
The water from the rain

887
00:41:51,460 --> 00:41:53,650
helps the grains release their starch

888
00:41:53,650 --> 00:41:55,700
and convert those complex sugars

889
00:41:55,700 --> 00:41:58,210
into simple sugars like glucose.

890
00:41:58,210 --> 00:42:01,470
The glucose is then further broken down by yeast,

891
00:42:01,470 --> 00:42:03,940
which occurs naturally in the air.

892
00:42:03,940 --> 00:42:05,480
The yeast breaks the sugar down

893
00:42:05,480 --> 00:42:09,090
and converts it into both ethanol, which is alcohol,

894
00:42:09,090 --> 00:42:10,350
and carbon dioxide,

895
00:42:10,350 --> 00:42:13,610
which is where you get delicious boozy bubbles.

896
00:42:15,170 --> 00:42:16,260
Some anthropologists

897
00:42:16,260 --> 00:42:18,780
say that it was actually wheat grains left in storage

898
00:42:18,780 --> 00:42:20,940
that got damp and fermented to produce beer,

899
00:42:20,940 --> 00:42:24,010
but until someone accidentally invents time travel,

900
00:42:24,010 --> 00:42:25,310
we'll never know for sure.

901
00:42:26,430 --> 00:42:27,980
Well, how'd you like that, huh?

902
00:42:27,980 --> 00:42:29,540
Humans thought that this boozy beverage

903
00:42:29,540 --> 00:42:32,130
was a gift from the goddess Ninkasi

904
00:42:32,130 --> 00:42:34,660
to promote health and happiness.

905
00:42:34,660 --> 00:42:35,570
Cheers to her.

906
00:42:36,470 --> 00:42:37,530
Drunk throughout history

907
00:42:37,530 --> 00:42:41,550
in almost all civilizations, this accidental discovery

908
00:42:41,550 --> 00:42:44,090
shapes our collective human history.

909
00:42:44,090 --> 00:42:45,600
Beer was a great supplement

910
00:42:45,600 --> 00:42:48,200
for a diet that was perhaps lower in calories

911
00:42:48,200 --> 00:42:49,610
than it needed to be.

912
00:42:49,610 --> 00:42:53,400
It was also rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals,

913
00:42:53,400 --> 00:42:55,300
more so than bread.

914
00:42:55,300 --> 00:42:59,200
People used to drink it as a safe alternative to water,

915
00:42:59,200 --> 00:43:02,590
which at the time had lots of bacteria in it

916
00:43:02,590 --> 00:43:05,570
and was potentially unsafe to drink.

917
00:43:07,010 --> 00:43:10,150
In Ancient Egypt, beer was a form of payment.

918
00:43:10,150 --> 00:43:12,720
Some of the people who built the pyramids

919
00:43:12,720 --> 00:43:15,030
were actually paid in beer.

920
00:43:15,030 --> 00:43:18,180
But beer provides more than just sustenance,

921
00:43:18,180 --> 00:43:21,570
it holds cultural and religious significance.

922
00:43:21,570 --> 00:43:23,200
Now the Incas from South America

923
00:43:23,200 --> 00:43:25,320
would actually brew Chicha beer,

924
00:43:25,320 --> 00:43:26,520
and they would then pour it

925
00:43:26,520 --> 00:43:29,020
through these really cool carved altars.

926
00:43:29,020 --> 00:43:32,290
Whereas the Ethiopians would pour beer onto the ground

927
00:43:32,290 --> 00:43:34,210
to try and feed their ancestors

928
00:43:34,210 --> 00:43:37,170
and with hopes of bringing good harvest and good health.

929
00:43:40,620 --> 00:43:42,560
Today, beer is by far

930
00:43:42,560 --> 00:43:44,840
the most popular alcoholic drink in the world,

931
00:43:44,840 --> 00:43:47,690
both in terms of volume drunk and value.

932
00:43:48,780 --> 00:43:49,860
Many could argue,

933
00:43:49,860 --> 00:43:53,340
it's one of man's greatest accidental inventions.

934
00:43:53,340 --> 00:43:54,170
It's currently

935
00:43:54,170 --> 00:43:57,040
the third most popular alternative as a beverage

936
00:43:57,040 --> 00:43:58,880
behind water and tea.

937
00:43:58,880 --> 00:44:00,540
In fact, up to a quarter

938
00:44:00,540 --> 00:44:03,480
of all the grains grown in Sub-Saharan Africa

939
00:44:03,480 --> 00:44:05,650
are actually made for beer production.

940
00:44:07,160 --> 00:44:09,020
Beer isn't just a drink,

941
00:44:09,020 --> 00:44:12,680
it's a proud statement of the communities that drink it.

942
00:44:12,680 --> 00:44:14,990
You'd be hard pushed to go to a country,

943
00:44:14,990 --> 00:44:18,820
arrive at a local bar, and not be greeted by the locals

944
00:44:18,820 --> 00:44:21,920
that want to share their special beer with you

945
00:44:21,920 --> 00:44:23,830
(crowd cheering)

946
00:44:23,830 --> 00:44:25,220
whether it's a national beer

947
00:44:25,220 --> 00:44:27,710
or a local brewery close to them.

948
00:44:27,710 --> 00:44:30,400
It's one of my favorite things to do when I travel,

949
00:44:30,400 --> 00:44:32,160
and a really exciting way

950
00:44:32,160 --> 00:44:35,350
to learn not just about the culture of the country,

951
00:44:35,350 --> 00:44:36,700
but to share something with them

952
00:44:36,700 --> 00:44:37,900
that they're really proud of.

953
00:44:37,900 --> 00:44:40,900
(glass clinking)
(accordion music)

954
00:44:40,900 --> 00:44:41,730
One country

955
00:44:41,730 --> 00:44:44,240
that's particularly proud of their beer, is Germany.

956
00:44:45,500 --> 00:44:49,020
Germany is Europe's biggest beer producing nation.

957
00:44:49,020 --> 00:44:53,900
In 2018, it made a whopping 9 billion liters of it.

958
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:56,200
This is extremely important for the German economy

959
00:44:56,200 --> 00:45:00,190
because they raise as much as €7 billion a year,

960
00:45:00,190 --> 00:45:01,480
just because of beer.

961
00:45:02,710 --> 00:45:04,420
And they celebrate this golden nectar

962
00:45:04,420 --> 00:45:06,700
every year at Oktoberfest,

963
00:45:06,700 --> 00:45:08,690
the world's biggest beer festival.

964
00:45:09,730 --> 00:45:12,450
Oktoberfest has been running for 200 years,

965
00:45:12,450 --> 00:45:15,480
and each year over 6 million people flock to it

966
00:45:15,480 --> 00:45:17,130
from across the world.

967
00:45:17,980 --> 00:45:19,040
While we're in Europe

968
00:45:19,040 --> 00:45:20,780
and on the subject of alcohol,

969
00:45:20,780 --> 00:45:22,470
we may as well talk about another drink

970
00:45:22,470 --> 00:45:24,690
that came to us by accident.

971
00:45:24,690 --> 00:45:27,250
First of all, let's change the music,

972
00:45:27,250 --> 00:45:29,410
(light music)

973
00:45:29,410 --> 00:45:33,620
skip across the border to France, and head northeast

974
00:45:33,620 --> 00:45:36,160
to a small remote village called Champagne.

975
00:45:37,230 --> 00:45:39,760
Champagne is a beautiful region,

976
00:45:39,760 --> 00:45:42,240
about a hundred miles from Paris.

977
00:45:42,240 --> 00:45:45,780
In the 17th century, monks are trying to create a wine

978
00:45:45,780 --> 00:45:48,320
that can compete with their rivals in Burgundy.

979
00:45:48,320 --> 00:45:49,590
The alcohol in champagne

980
00:45:49,590 --> 00:45:51,580
is made in a very similar way to beer,

981
00:45:51,580 --> 00:45:54,410
except instead of using barley, or wheat,

982
00:45:54,410 --> 00:45:58,440
or some kind of grain as the sugar source, we use grapes.

983
00:45:59,550 --> 00:46:01,520
This area high in the mountains

984
00:46:01,520 --> 00:46:05,690
experiences a long succession of unprecedented cold winters.

985
00:46:06,880 --> 00:46:10,440
The big freeze spells big trouble for the region's wine

986
00:46:10,440 --> 00:46:12,430
as it's left to ferment over winter.

987
00:46:13,730 --> 00:46:16,800
Fermentation stops as the temperature drops.

988
00:46:16,800 --> 00:46:20,090
When spring comes around again, the yeast start to wake up

989
00:46:20,090 --> 00:46:22,060
in the slightly warmer temperatures

990
00:46:22,060 --> 00:46:24,900
and the whole wine goes through a second fermentation.

991
00:46:26,650 --> 00:46:28,850
It's in this second fermentation

992
00:46:28,850 --> 00:46:31,250
that carbon dioxide is produced.

993
00:46:31,250 --> 00:46:32,630
The wine is now filled

994
00:46:32,630 --> 00:46:34,880
with little bubbles of carbon dioxide,

995
00:46:34,880 --> 00:46:37,130
which is how we get the bubbles in champagne.

996
00:46:38,250 --> 00:46:39,150
Now at the time,

997
00:46:39,150 --> 00:46:43,050
people looked at this as simply badly made wine.

998
00:46:43,050 --> 00:46:44,330
The Champagne vineyards

999
00:46:44,330 --> 00:46:48,180
are left with batches of bubbly booze to try and sell.

1000
00:46:48,180 --> 00:46:52,680
It could prove they're ruin, and that's not the only thing.

1001
00:46:52,680 --> 00:46:55,300
As the carbon dioxide builds up in the bottle,

1002
00:46:55,300 --> 00:46:56,780
so does the pressure.

1003
00:46:56,780 --> 00:46:59,340
Bottles start to explode everywhere.

1004
00:46:59,340 --> 00:47:00,980
(explosion booming)

1005
00:47:00,980 --> 00:47:03,080
In fact, it's such a risky business

1006
00:47:03,080 --> 00:47:05,020
being involved in any of this wine,

1007
00:47:05,020 --> 00:47:08,770
that they call it le vin du diable, the wine of the devil.

1008
00:47:08,770 --> 00:47:10,390
(devil laughing evilly)

1009
00:47:10,390 --> 00:47:12,180
Think about if you've ever had a can of soda

1010
00:47:12,180 --> 00:47:14,810
and you shake it and you go to open it, it explodes.

1011
00:47:14,810 --> 00:47:16,340
(can hissing)

1012
00:47:16,340 --> 00:47:18,300
These bubbles are basically air pockets

1013
00:47:18,300 --> 00:47:20,450
and they're getting pushed up against each other,

1014
00:47:20,450 --> 00:47:22,200
it's causing an outward pressure

1015
00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:24,290
and it wants to just escape.

1016
00:47:24,290 --> 00:47:27,030
But if your bottle is not strong enough

1017
00:47:27,030 --> 00:47:30,120
and not sealed tightly, not thick enough glass,

1018
00:47:30,120 --> 00:47:33,030
it can be enough pressure to explode.

1019
00:47:33,030 --> 00:47:35,020
(explosion booming)

1020
00:47:35,020 --> 00:47:36,550
(monk humming)

1021
00:47:36,550 --> 00:47:37,640
The Catholic Church

1022
00:47:37,640 --> 00:47:40,170
wants to put a stop to this exploding devil wine

1023
00:47:40,170 --> 00:47:41,490
as soon as possible.

1024
00:47:42,330 --> 00:47:46,580
They need a super monk and find one in Dom Pierre Perignon.

1025
00:47:50,590 --> 00:47:53,830
He tries to stop this second fermentation

1026
00:47:53,830 --> 00:47:56,670
so that the wine tastes good,

1027
00:47:56,670 --> 00:47:58,990
and also so that the bottles stop exploding.

1028
00:47:58,990 --> 00:48:00,770
(rousing music)

1029
00:48:00,770 --> 00:48:04,330
But he doesn't get very far and this peculiar fizzy wine

1030
00:48:04,330 --> 00:48:07,820
begins getting drunk by some people in very high places.

1031
00:48:09,140 --> 00:48:10,580
The royal courts of Versailles

1032
00:48:10,580 --> 00:48:12,610
start serving this sparkling wine

1033
00:48:12,610 --> 00:48:15,430
during official dinners at the royal palace,

1034
00:48:15,430 --> 00:48:18,120
and whatever the royalty does, the rest follow.

1035
00:48:18,960 --> 00:48:21,750
Demand for an even bubblier wine emerges,

1036
00:48:21,750 --> 00:48:25,010
and so, Dom Perignon gets to work, slowly.

1037
00:48:25,010 --> 00:48:30,010
("The Prince of Denmark's March" by Jeremiah Clarke)

1038
00:48:30,580 --> 00:48:32,760
Then a couple of decades later.

1039
00:48:32,760 --> 00:48:33,680
(bell clanging)

1040
00:48:33,680 --> 00:48:36,120
Dom finally perfects his wine,

1041
00:48:36,120 --> 00:48:38,920
creating something that he deems so delicious

1042
00:48:38,920 --> 00:48:40,650
that he calls to the other monks

1043
00:48:40,650 --> 00:48:44,000
saying, come quickly, I am tasting the stars.

1044
00:48:45,170 --> 00:48:46,330
Dom's new formula

1045
00:48:46,330 --> 00:48:48,780
gets tongues bubbling with excitement

1046
00:48:48,780 --> 00:48:51,270
and every who's who of 18th century Europe

1047
00:48:51,270 --> 00:48:52,820
wants in on the action.

1048
00:48:54,520 --> 00:48:56,880
Legend has it, it was Napoleon and his troops

1049
00:48:56,880 --> 00:48:59,580
who started the trend of taking a sword

1050
00:48:59,580 --> 00:49:02,010
and chopping off the top of a champagne bottle.

1051
00:49:02,010 --> 00:49:03,740
(metallic clanging)

1052
00:49:03,740 --> 00:49:06,100
They would do this in celebration of a victory,

1053
00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:07,250
right after a battle.

1054
00:49:08,970 --> 00:49:11,290
It's possible that Napoleon influenced

1055
00:49:11,290 --> 00:49:15,140
the way that we now associate champagne with celebration,

1056
00:49:15,140 --> 00:49:18,400
whether it's a birthday, or wedding, even a new job.

1057
00:49:18,400 --> 00:49:19,860
Soon champagne features

1058
00:49:19,860 --> 00:49:23,610
at all the royal weddings and coronations across Europe,

1059
00:49:23,610 --> 00:49:25,740
its popularity is spreading.

1060
00:49:25,740 --> 00:49:28,150
(upbeat music)

1061
00:49:28,150 --> 00:49:30,260
By the turn of the 20th century,

1062
00:49:30,260 --> 00:49:34,960
almost 30 million bottles of champagne are being exported.

1063
00:49:34,960 --> 00:49:37,450
It seems like everyone's falling over themselves

1064
00:49:37,450 --> 00:49:38,880
to taste the stars,

1065
00:49:38,880 --> 00:49:40,880
as well as literally falling out themselves

1066
00:49:40,880 --> 00:49:41,740
from the alcohol.

1067
00:49:44,000 --> 00:49:46,050
As the champagne craze takes hold,

1068
00:49:46,050 --> 00:49:49,280
it moves from silver service to the silver screen.

1069
00:49:49,280 --> 00:49:51,450
You really mean you pay $8 for that?

1070
00:49:51,450 --> 00:49:54,840
Hollywood is soaked in the stuff. Literally.

1071
00:49:54,840 --> 00:49:56,270
It's actually reported

1072
00:49:56,270 --> 00:50:01,270
that Marilyn Monroe once bathed in 350 bottles of champagne.

1073
00:50:01,430 --> 00:50:02,970
Now, whether it's true or not,

1074
00:50:02,970 --> 00:50:05,640
Marilyn is the epitome of Hollywood glamor

1075
00:50:05,640 --> 00:50:06,940
and so it's no wonder

1076
00:50:06,940 --> 00:50:08,890
that champagne was her drink of choice.

1077
00:50:10,480 --> 00:50:12,820
Champagne becomes the go-to guzzle

1078
00:50:12,820 --> 00:50:15,210
for all types of celebrations.

1079
00:50:15,210 --> 00:50:19,230
Then in the 1960s, someone really shakes things up.

1080
00:50:19,230 --> 00:50:21,550
An auto driver named Dan Gurney

1081
00:50:21,550 --> 00:50:24,100
was doing the Le Mans race and he won,

1082
00:50:24,100 --> 00:50:27,000
and at the end they gave him a bottle of champagne,

1083
00:50:27,000 --> 00:50:28,140
which was traditional,

1084
00:50:28,140 --> 00:50:31,220
but instead of drinking it, he decided to shake it up

1085
00:50:31,220 --> 00:50:32,810
and spray it all over the crowd

1086
00:50:32,810 --> 00:50:34,720
because he was just so excited to have won.

1087
00:50:34,720 --> 00:50:36,320
And of course it caught on,

1088
00:50:36,320 --> 00:50:39,760
and it is done today at the end of nearly every race,

1089
00:50:39,760 --> 00:50:42,600
and it's all thanks to him.

1090
00:50:42,600 --> 00:50:44,110
And while the champagne

1091
00:50:44,110 --> 00:50:47,000
keeps flowing and spraying everywhere,

1092
00:50:47,000 --> 00:50:49,650
it means big bucks for this little village in France.

1093
00:50:51,290 --> 00:50:53,960
("Can Can" by Jacques Offenbach)

1094
00:50:53,960 --> 00:50:57,470
The current global market price is about €4.2 billion,

1095
00:50:58,410 --> 00:51:01,250
and the biggest consumers of champagne are the US,

1096
00:51:01,250 --> 00:51:04,680
followed by the UK, and just after that is Japan.

1097
00:51:06,260 --> 00:51:08,390
Champagne has conquered the globe,

1098
00:51:08,390 --> 00:51:11,790
all thanks to cold winters in France, exploding bottles,

1099
00:51:11,790 --> 00:51:13,200
and an innovative monk.

1100
00:51:18,930 --> 00:51:21,510
(jaunty music)

1101
00:51:49,520 --> 00:51:52,100
(logo chiming)