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(dramatic music playing)

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NARRATOR:
The peregrine falcon--

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the world's fastest animal.

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TOM FRENCH:
Falcons in general
have evolved to be fast

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and peregrine falcons
have evolved to the extreme.

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♪

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NARRATOR:
Living on the edge
of what is physically possible,

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they seem to challenge
the very forces of nature.

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♪

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They can reach speeds three
times faster than a cheetah...

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Withstand forces of gravity,

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twice that of fighter pilots...

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And will fearlessly attack prey
double their size.

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To understand
their supernatural abilities,

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we're going to see the world

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through the eyes
of this young peregrine.

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He's going to be
a little pocket rocket I think.

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NARRATOR:
And his unusual family.

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Go, go, go, go!
Hey.

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NARRATOR:
We'll learn what it takes

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to become an elite
high-speed hunter.

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And by following
a young family of peregrines

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in downtown Chicago...

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(squawks)

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Some of the world's
leading scientists...

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He's absolutely
locked on.

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The pupils wide open.

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MAN:
Woo-hoo!

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NARRATOR:
We'll reveal the secrets
of the world's fastest animal.

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Right now, on "NOVA."

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♪

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Major funding for "NOVA"
is provided by the following:

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NARRATOR:
At over 100 miles per hour,

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peregrines can launch
a high-speed attack.

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(squawks)

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They are one of the deadliest
predators on the planet.

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Like their cousins,
the hawks and owls,

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they have sharp talons

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and keen eyesight.

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But what makes them lethal

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is their ability to do something
most other birds of prey cannot.

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♪

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They climb to great heights...

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and dive.

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By folding their wings

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they can reach speeds
around 200 miles per hour...

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to intercept and kill
their fast-moving prey

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in mid-flight.

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♪

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It's a skill so remarkable
it must be seen to be believed.

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Their hunting prowess
has made them

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one of the most
widespread predators on Earth.

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♪

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They live on every continent,
except Antarctica...

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♪

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from coastal cliffs...

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to arctic tundra.

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Peregrine falcons
are almost unique

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in being virtually world-wide.

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The birds from the farthest
north in the Arctic,

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migrate the farthest south, all
the way down to South America.

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Birds at our latitude
in the central United States

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often don't migrate at all,
they're sedentary.

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But they're all recognizable
as peregrine falcons.

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NARRATOR:
Peregrines have adapted
to almost every habitat.

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So what is the secret
of their success?

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To find out,
we need to go back...

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When all the potential
of this high-speed flyer

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is held within one tiny egg.

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♪

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In the waiting room
of a captive breeding facility,

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a rather unusual parent is
patiently awaiting an arrival.

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♪

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It's captive breeding that's
rescued peregrine falcons

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from the brink of extinction.

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You're taking a long time,
aren't you?

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Are you going to come out
and say hello?

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♪

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NARRATOR:
Lloyd Buck grew up
with a passion for birds.

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(Rose whistles)

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Good boy,
clever boy.

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NARRATOR:
Now, he and his wife Rose
have a very special family

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of all types of birds--

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including Arnie,

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Lily,

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and Moses,

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a four-year-old
peregrine falcon.

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Lloyd and Rose love and care
for all of them.

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ROSE:
Good boys.

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NARRATOR:
With their feathered charges,

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like these two barn owl chicks,

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they educate children
about the importance

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of protecting birds in the wild.

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(Rose whooping)

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They also train them
to star in films.

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♪

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But it's the peregrines
that Lloyd most loves to train.

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♪

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As he puts his four-year-old
peregrine Moses to the test--

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he'll reveal what makes
peregrines

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such effective, high-speed
predators.

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LLOYD:
They're my ultimate bird,

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I've loved peregrines
since I was a young boy.

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As much as you fly them
and as much as you get

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that bond with them

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there's always that little bit
of wildness still there.

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NARRATOR:
And now, there will be
a new addition to their family.

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This egg is from a captive
pair of peregrines.

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The chick inside
begins to cut a perfect line,

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using a tiny bump on its beak,
known as an egg tooth.

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(squeaking)

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Finally!

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(chuckles)

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60 hours of waiting.

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No sleep and all of a sudden
they've just gone crazy.

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(chuckles)

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It's amazing to see.

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Wow, look at that!

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(chuckles)

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He's nearly out.

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♪

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And to think
that this little chick,

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in about 45 days' time,
will be fully grown

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and have everything it needs

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to be the fastest animal
on the planet.

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NARRATOR:
Over the next few months,
with Lloyd's expert guidance,

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the tiny chick will learn
to master every skill

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needed to fly and hunt
like a wild peregrine.

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(seagulls squawking)

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In the wild, peregrine parents
have just 12 weeks

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to teach their chicks
everything they need

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to be a high speed predator.

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In traditional coastal habitats

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peregrines raise their young
on cliff ledges

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in nests called eyries.

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(squawking)

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Here there is ample prey
to feed the family,

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and room for juveniles
to chase and learn to hunt.

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But, these adaptable birds
have recently moved

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into a whole new world...

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ours.

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♪

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One city
provides a perfect window

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into their high-speed lives.

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(siren blaring)

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(falcon squawking)

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Chicago,

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home to 2.7 million people...

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and more than 20 pairs
of peregrine falcons.

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(train clattering on tracks)

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This metropolis may not seem
like a wildlife haven,

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but unlike many other animals,

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peregrines are thriving
in cities.

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FRENCH:
Peregrine falcons only need
two things to really prosper.

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One is high spots to nest,

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and so ledges on skyscrapers
and bridges provide

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ample nesting sites and
flying birds as a food source.

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And cities have a wealth
of birds--

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feral pigeons and starlings
and house sparrows.

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So cities are wonderful places
for peregrines to be.

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NARRATOR:
And here in Chicago,
as many as six nests

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can be found in one square mile
of downtown real estate.

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(falcon squawking)

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It's now early May.

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In the window box of this
28th floor apartment,

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a female peregrine
has three hungry mouths to feed.

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(squawking)

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She makes a sharp call
to encourage them

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to open their beaks wide.

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(squawking)

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Her partner soon joins her
on the balcony.

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(squawking)

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This family is called
the Perrys.

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For the last three years,

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they've made their home
on this balcony,

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watched by the man
who lives here, Dacey Arashiba.

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This rare situation provides
an incredible opportunity

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to see what it takes for wild
peregrines to grow up in a city.

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At just a few days old,

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the chicks need
regular brooding.

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FRENCH:
When the chicks first hatch,
they're completely helpless,

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they can't even
keep themselves warm.

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So the female treats them
as if they're still eggs.

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She sits on them, broods them,

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she does that
for the first two or three days.

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NARRATOR:
While the female
tends the chicks,

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the male has his work cut out,
hunting their next meal.

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But city living has
some surprising advantages.

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As the sun beats down
on Chicago's buildings,

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it generates rising thermals
of hot air...

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♪

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Helping him to lift off and soar
almost effortlessly.

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♪

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Chicago's waterfront location
also attracts

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an abundance of migrating
birds-- potential prey.

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Peregrines normally hunt
during the day,

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but street lighting
means 24-hour hunting...

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♪

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Much needed help
when feeding a growing family.

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♪

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(squawking)

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Now, at seven days old,

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the chicks have already
fully opened their eyes.

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(squawking)

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Peregrines rely on their vision
to spot and track their prey

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at incredibly high speeds.

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This sense is critical
for their survival.

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But just how good
is peregrine eyesight?

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♪

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To find out, Lloyd's
headed to the Lake District

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in northern England,
with Moses--

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a peregrine he's raised
over the past four years.

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He's wearing a falconry hood,
to keep him calm.

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♪

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Lloyd's enlisted the help

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of avian sensory expert
Graham Martin.

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They will test how far Moses
can see down the valley.

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First, they fit him
with a GPS telemetry device

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which tracks the exact distance
he's flying.

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Moses is trained to fly
towards a bright yellow lure

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which Lloyd throws and catches.

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For the first run Lloyd
positions himself

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one kilometer,
or .6 miles, away.

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Okay, Graham,
hood is off.

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Hood is off.

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NARRATOR:
He throws the lure
straight up in the air,

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trying to catch Moses' eye.

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Gone, off,
gone, gone, gone.

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00:14:08,766 --> 00:14:10,100
MARTIN (via walkie-talkie):
200 meters.

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00:14:10,133 --> 00:14:11,800
MARTIN:
Very straight track to you,

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400 meters.

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00:14:13,566 --> 00:14:16,466
NARRATOR:
On the GPS,
the straight track shows

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he's locked onto his target.

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00:14:18,466 --> 00:14:20,166
MARTIN (via walkie-talkie):
500 meters.

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00:14:20,200 --> 00:14:22,600
MARTIN:
Crossing the stream now.

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800 meters.

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NARRATOR:
Which is more than can be said
for Lloyd.

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Where is he?

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00:14:28,300 --> 00:14:29,666
MARTIN (via walkie-talkie):
Just crossing over the river.

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Ha, there he is,
here he is!

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Hey, hey hey hey.

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00:14:32,400 --> 00:14:36,733
Hey!

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LLOYD (via walkie-talkie):
I've got him, I've got him.

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I had no idea where you were
my boy till that last second.

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NARRATOR:
Spotting the lure at .6 miles
seems easy enough for Moses.

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00:14:50,133 --> 00:14:53,500
But how will he fare when Lloyd
doubles the distance?

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Now.

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00:14:53,533 --> 00:14:55,233
Hood is off.
Hood is off.

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NARRATOR:
Even at 1.2 miles...

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Come on, Mo.
Come on.

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00:15:02,233 --> 00:15:03,700
NARRATOR:
Moses heads straight
for his target.

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MARTIN (via walkie-talkie):
1.6 kilometers.

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00:15:06,200 --> 00:15:07,600
1.9 kilometers.

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00:15:07,633 --> 00:15:09,033
Oh, here he is,
here he is.

255
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:12,466
MARTIN (via walkie-talkie):
Two kilometers.

256
00:15:12,500 --> 00:15:14,333
Good lad.

257
00:15:12,500 --> 00:15:14,333
MARTIN (via walkie-talkie):
Bird must be with you.

258
00:15:14,366 --> 00:15:15,733
Brilliant.

259
00:15:15,766 --> 00:15:17,466
(chuckling):
Look at that,
it's actually brilliant.

260
00:15:17,500 --> 00:15:19,833
Well what do you think, I think
we can just go for broke.

261
00:15:19,866 --> 00:15:21,200
Do you want to try the three?

262
00:15:21,233 --> 00:15:22,666
I think that would be
a real push

263
00:15:22,700 --> 00:15:25,433
but we ought to try
if he's so easily done 2K.

264
00:15:25,466 --> 00:15:27,633
So yeah, let's try 3K.

265
00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:32,533
LLOYD:
Three kilometers,

266
00:15:32,566 --> 00:15:33,900
1.8 miles.

267
00:15:33,933 --> 00:15:37,800
So Graham's on that track
in the very far distance.

268
00:15:37,833 --> 00:15:39,833
It is amazing though,
it's such a small thing

269
00:15:39,866 --> 00:15:41,733
really for him to see
at that distance.

270
00:15:43,233 --> 00:15:47,300
NARRATOR:
Peregrine eyesight
is twice as sharp as a hawk's.

271
00:15:47,333 --> 00:15:49,266
But spotting a lure
this far away

272
00:15:49,300 --> 00:15:52,566
is an incredible challenge--
no one is sure Moses can do it.

273
00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:53,933
Hood's off, hood is off.

274
00:15:56,366 --> 00:15:59,966
MARTIN (via walkie-talkie):
Still looking down the valley,
still looking for you.

275
00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:01,500
Still looking...
and he's off, he's off.

276
00:16:01,533 --> 00:16:03,833
Keeping quite high.

277
00:16:03,866 --> 00:16:05,733
Moving back towards us.

278
00:16:07,533 --> 00:16:08,766
Coming right overhead now.

279
00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:10,100
Just gone overhead.

280
00:16:10,133 --> 00:16:12,933
NARRATOR:
Moses appears to be struggling--

281
00:16:12,966 --> 00:16:14,800
he circles to try and pick out
the target.

282
00:16:14,833 --> 00:16:15,933
MARTIN (via walkie-talkie):
Moving towards you.

283
00:16:15,966 --> 00:16:18,433
Come on my boy,
come on.

284
00:16:18,466 --> 00:16:19,566
Moving away from us now.

285
00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:21,933
NARRATOR:
And he locks on.

286
00:16:21,966 --> 00:16:24,166
MARTIN:
Definitely picked up
a straight line now.

287
00:16:26,500 --> 00:16:28,366
1.4...

288
00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:30,000
MARTIN (via walkie-talkie):
1.8.

289
00:16:30,033 --> 00:16:31,000
Come on!

290
00:16:31,033 --> 00:16:33,100
Just going directly
away from us.

291
00:16:33,133 --> 00:16:36,133
MARTIN (via walkie-talkie):
2.8 kilometers,
must be very close to you now.

292
00:16:36,166 --> 00:16:37,300
Come on.

293
00:16:37,333 --> 00:16:39,933
MARTIN (via walkie-talkie):
2.9 kilometers.

294
00:16:39,966 --> 00:16:41,100
What a boy!

295
00:16:41,133 --> 00:16:42,866
You top man!

296
00:16:42,900 --> 00:16:44,600
He's on the lure,
he's on the lure,

297
00:16:44,633 --> 00:16:45,733
so he's done it.

298
00:16:45,766 --> 00:16:47,966
(laughs)

299
00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:49,533
You are a mean machine!

300
00:16:49,566 --> 00:16:50,600
Come on.

301
00:16:50,633 --> 00:16:52,500
LLOYD (via walkie-talkie):
Amazing, Graham.

302
00:16:52,533 --> 00:16:54,100
I'm quite impressed with him
to be honest.

303
00:16:54,133 --> 00:16:55,000
Brilliant.

304
00:16:55,033 --> 00:16:56,066
Well done.
Excellent.

305
00:16:56,100 --> 00:16:57,533
Whoo!

306
00:16:57,566 --> 00:17:00,666
NARRATOR:
Incredibly, the GPS telemetry
device shows Moses

307
00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:03,200
spotted the lure from almost
two miles away.

308
00:17:03,233 --> 00:17:04,566
Good boy.

309
00:17:04,599 --> 00:17:05,800
Well done, young man.

310
00:17:05,833 --> 00:17:08,066
NARRATOR:
So exactly how is he able
to do it?

311
00:17:14,166 --> 00:17:16,966
Peregrines have large eyes

312
00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:19,733
taking up at least
50% of their skull.

313
00:17:23,500 --> 00:17:26,433
For us, it's only 5%.

314
00:17:26,466 --> 00:17:32,166
♪

315
00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:34,733
The optics of the eye project
an image of the world

316
00:17:34,766 --> 00:17:37,533
onto the retina--
shown here in red.

317
00:17:42,900 --> 00:17:44,333
The most important part
of the retina

318
00:17:44,366 --> 00:17:47,233
is called the fovea.

319
00:17:47,266 --> 00:17:51,233
It's responsible for seeing
objects in fine detail.

320
00:17:51,266 --> 00:17:55,066
It's where light-sensitive cells
called cones

321
00:17:55,100 --> 00:17:58,166
are most concentrated.

322
00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:02,733
But the peregrine has two foveas
on the retina of each eye

323
00:18:02,766 --> 00:18:05,266
allowing it to see more
of the world in detail.

324
00:18:06,700 --> 00:18:10,933
The first is for spotting
close objects.

325
00:18:10,966 --> 00:18:12,933
Here, the peregrine
looks through both eyes,

326
00:18:12,966 --> 00:18:15,033
using binocular vision.

327
00:18:17,733 --> 00:18:21,066
The second is for spotting
things far away.

328
00:18:22,066 --> 00:18:24,133
Now,
the peregrine looks sideways,

329
00:18:24,166 --> 00:18:25,966
through one eye at a time.

330
00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:31,433
♪

331
00:18:31,466 --> 00:18:35,000
So to spot a target
almost two miles away...

332
00:18:35,033 --> 00:18:38,033
Moses turns his head

333
00:18:38,066 --> 00:18:41,833
as if staring through
a telescope.

334
00:18:41,866 --> 00:18:47,166
♪

335
00:18:47,200 --> 00:18:51,233
As he closes in,
he switches to binocular vision

336
00:18:51,266 --> 00:18:53,700
which gives
very accurate information

337
00:18:53,733 --> 00:18:56,700
on the location
of his fast-moving target.

338
00:19:02,466 --> 00:19:05,100
This superior eyesight
gives peregrines

339
00:19:05,133 --> 00:19:06,766
a big hunting advantage.

340
00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:08,966
Any of the species

341
00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:11,066
that you care to think of
that he preys upon,

342
00:19:11,100 --> 00:19:13,933
his vision
is so much better.

343
00:19:13,966 --> 00:19:15,200
For something like a pigeon,

344
00:19:15,233 --> 00:19:17,200
he's four times better
in his acuity.

345
00:19:17,233 --> 00:19:21,033
NARRATOR:
This means a peregrine
can spot its prey,

346
00:19:21,066 --> 00:19:22,766
and gather speed for an attack,

347
00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:25,833
long before its prey knows
it's coming.

348
00:19:25,866 --> 00:19:29,900
So at three kilometers, say,
he can see the prey,

349
00:19:29,933 --> 00:19:31,400
but the pigeon wouldn't see him

350
00:19:31,433 --> 00:19:33,533
until he was only three quarters
of a kilometer away.

351
00:19:33,566 --> 00:19:35,900
The vision difference
translates

352
00:19:35,933 --> 00:19:38,100
into a really important
time difference

353
00:19:38,133 --> 00:19:39,566
when you're actually
hunting prey.

354
00:19:41,500 --> 00:19:43,633
NARRATOR:
This is a crucial advantage,

355
00:19:43,666 --> 00:19:48,433
especially when it comes
to feeding a growing family.

356
00:19:48,466 --> 00:19:52,600
The Perry family
certainly is growing-- and fast.

357
00:19:52,633 --> 00:19:56,766
♪

358
00:19:56,800 --> 00:20:00,833
(squawking)

359
00:20:00,866 --> 00:20:04,800
♪

360
00:20:04,833 --> 00:20:06,866
The Chicago chicks are now
five weeks old

361
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:10,600
and about 30 times heavier
than when they hatched.

362
00:20:12,233 --> 00:20:13,566
They've been ringed,

363
00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:18,300
sexed, and named by
The Chicago Peregrine Program.

364
00:20:22,066 --> 00:20:24,366
This is Tyler,

365
00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:26,600
his sister, Commodore,

366
00:20:26,633 --> 00:20:28,600
and brother, Fred.

367
00:20:34,666 --> 00:20:37,766
(squawking)

368
00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:40,000
Each will be monitored

369
00:20:40,033 --> 00:20:42,400
as part of North America's
population of peregrines,

370
00:20:42,433 --> 00:20:45,766
which was nearly wiped out
in the 20th century

371
00:20:45,800 --> 00:20:49,300
due to the insecticide DDT.

372
00:20:50,733 --> 00:20:52,066
FRENCH:
We didn't realize at the time

373
00:20:52,100 --> 00:20:56,233
that it accumulated
through the food chain.

374
00:20:56,266 --> 00:20:59,200
And for peregrine falcons,
the primary effect it had,

375
00:20:59,233 --> 00:21:04,133
was to cause the female
to lay thin-shelled eggs.

376
00:21:04,166 --> 00:21:06,033
So they'd break.

377
00:21:06,066 --> 00:21:08,766
It didn't take very long
before populations

378
00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:12,133
of the most affected birds
began to crash.

379
00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:17,466
NARRATOR:
In 1972, DDT was banned,

380
00:21:17,500 --> 00:21:19,266
and soon after
captive peregrines

381
00:21:19,300 --> 00:21:22,500
were bred
and released into the wild.

382
00:21:22,533 --> 00:21:26,533
FRENCH:
Peregrine falcons
have responded dramatically

383
00:21:26,566 --> 00:21:28,066
to conservation efforts.

384
00:21:28,100 --> 00:21:30,600
Their numbers have rebounded
completely.

385
00:21:31,666 --> 00:21:32,966
NARRATOR:
So much so

386
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:35,066
that peregrines
are now thriving

387
00:21:35,100 --> 00:21:38,833
in diverse environments,
even in our homes.

388
00:21:42,633 --> 00:21:45,166
(engine running, stops)

389
00:21:47,366 --> 00:21:50,100
Today the newest member
of Lloyd's family has come home.

390
00:21:51,966 --> 00:21:54,400
It's been 12 weeks
since Lloyd watched him hatch.

391
00:21:54,433 --> 00:21:56,133
Good boy.

392
00:21:56,166 --> 00:21:57,933
NARRATOR:
He's now fully grown.

393
00:22:02,966 --> 00:22:03,966
Hello.

394
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:05,500
Hello.

395
00:22:05,533 --> 00:22:06,566
You all right?

396
00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:08,100
Oh, he's lovely.

397
00:22:08,133 --> 00:22:09,600
He is, isn't he?

398
00:22:09,633 --> 00:22:11,000
He is, he's a real sweetie.

399
00:22:11,033 --> 00:22:12,166
Yeah.

400
00:22:13,766 --> 00:22:16,500
NARRATOR:
Lloyd's called him Rudi.

401
00:22:16,533 --> 00:22:18,100
There he is, little Rudi.

402
00:22:18,133 --> 00:22:20,166
ROSE:
I don't think
we've ever had

403
00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:23,000
a falcon so calm so quickly.

404
00:22:23,033 --> 00:22:25,100
♪

405
00:22:25,133 --> 00:22:27,000
NARRATOR:
Over the next few months,

406
00:22:27,033 --> 00:22:30,966
Lloyd will teach him the skills
a young peregrine needs.

407
00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:34,166
But first, it's critical
that Lloyd earns his trust.

408
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:39,433
He must sit quietly
and avoid eye contact.

409
00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:52,800
This helps Rudi relax and
he tucks in to his first meal.

410
00:22:56,200 --> 00:22:59,533
It's an important step,
as now, training can begin.

411
00:23:01,300 --> 00:23:04,200
Using the traditional art
of falconry,

412
00:23:04,233 --> 00:23:06,733
Lloyd will teach Rudi
to hunt a yellow lure.

413
00:23:10,166 --> 00:23:11,833
♪

414
00:23:11,866 --> 00:23:15,133
He starts with a line attached
to Rudi's foot for safety.

415
00:23:16,733 --> 00:23:18,833
First, a small hop.

416
00:23:18,866 --> 00:23:22,366
That was brilliant,
he's a good boy.

417
00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:24,000
So he's just building that bond,

418
00:23:24,033 --> 00:23:27,466
and now I've got this lure,
and it's a good game.

419
00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:30,900
NARRATOR:
Then a little further...

420
00:23:30,933 --> 00:23:32,633
Rudi!

421
00:23:32,666 --> 00:23:33,633
Rudi!

422
00:23:33,666 --> 00:23:41,100
♪

423
00:23:41,133 --> 00:23:42,700
You didn't brake Rudi,

424
00:23:42,733 --> 00:23:43,733
that's what your tail's for.

425
00:23:43,766 --> 00:23:45,200
Rudi!

426
00:23:45,233 --> 00:23:46,233
Hey!

427
00:23:46,266 --> 00:23:47,833
NARRATOR:
And with no string attached.

428
00:23:49,566 --> 00:23:50,700
(chuckling):
Good boy.

429
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:54,866
So that's his first
free flight today.

430
00:23:54,900 --> 00:23:55,900
He's shortcut

431
00:23:55,933 --> 00:23:57,966
the whole process by about
four days,

432
00:23:58,000 --> 00:23:59,433
because he's progressed
at his own speed,

433
00:23:59,466 --> 00:24:02,000
which is what you want.

434
00:24:02,033 --> 00:24:03,666
Rudi!

435
00:24:03,700 --> 00:24:05,533
NARRATOR:
Finally, he needs to catch it
in the air.

436
00:24:05,566 --> 00:24:07,400
Hey-ah!

437
00:24:07,433 --> 00:24:08,966
Good lad, here.

438
00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:10,900
Here.

439
00:24:10,933 --> 00:24:14,666
♪

440
00:24:14,700 --> 00:24:16,700
Ooh, nearly.

441
00:24:16,733 --> 00:24:22,233
♪

442
00:24:22,266 --> 00:24:23,833
Ooh, good boy.

443
00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:26,800
Good lad!

444
00:24:26,833 --> 00:24:30,700
NARRATOR:
In less than a week, Rudi has
learned the goal of the game.

445
00:24:32,866 --> 00:24:35,366
He responds to the lure
as if it is prey

446
00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:39,166
and understands he needs
to catch it in the air.

447
00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:47,400
Luckily, juvenile peregrines
have a secret to help them

448
00:24:47,433 --> 00:24:49,433
hone their hunting skills.

449
00:24:51,933 --> 00:24:54,033
Of course this year he's in
his juvenile plumage year.

450
00:24:54,066 --> 00:24:56,233
So his tail's a bit longer,

451
00:24:56,266 --> 00:24:58,300
his primaries are little,

452
00:24:58,333 --> 00:25:01,233
and they're slightly
softer feathered

453
00:25:01,266 --> 00:25:02,300
in their juvenile year,

454
00:25:02,333 --> 00:25:04,233
to allow them room for error
it's thought,

455
00:25:04,266 --> 00:25:07,133
so they can hone and learn
their hunting skills.

456
00:25:07,166 --> 00:25:10,200
Next year, that tail will get
a little bit shorter

457
00:25:10,233 --> 00:25:13,866
and the feathers will come
stiffer and harder.

458
00:25:13,900 --> 00:25:16,333
This sleeker plumage is thought
to help adult peregrines

459
00:25:16,366 --> 00:25:17,766
to fly faster.

460
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:22,200
But fewer than half of
peregrines make it to adulthood.

461
00:25:22,233 --> 00:25:26,066
Learning to catch food
at high speeds isn't easy.

462
00:25:26,100 --> 00:25:27,333
You couldn't get a better
example, really,

463
00:25:27,366 --> 00:25:29,666
of survival of the fittest
than with these guys.

464
00:25:29,700 --> 00:25:32,233
They've got to be at the top
of their game all the time.

465
00:25:32,266 --> 00:25:34,933
Once their parents stop feeding
them and they're fledged,

466
00:25:34,966 --> 00:25:37,466
they're on their own, literally.

467
00:25:40,000 --> 00:25:41,600
NARRATOR:
Back in Chicago,

468
00:25:41,633 --> 00:25:44,966
it's just seven weeks
until the chicks go it alone.

469
00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:49,533
And they need up to 11 meals
a day to sate growing appetites.

470
00:25:51,333 --> 00:25:54,466
Luckily, their parents
are expert hunters...

471
00:25:57,300 --> 00:26:01,300
And the city
provides abundant prey.

472
00:26:03,133 --> 00:26:05,566
♪

473
00:26:05,600 --> 00:26:10,500
A city diet can consist of over
a hundred different species,

474
00:26:10,533 --> 00:26:14,700
many not even found in less
developed environments.

475
00:26:14,733 --> 00:26:16,966
♪

476
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:18,733
And their favorite?

477
00:26:19,666 --> 00:26:22,333
(wings flapping)

478
00:26:22,366 --> 00:26:24,866
Pigeons.

479
00:26:24,900 --> 00:26:27,866
But they can be a challenge
to catch.

480
00:26:27,900 --> 00:26:31,666
♪

481
00:26:31,700 --> 00:26:35,300
In a straight chase, a pigeon
can reach 50 miles per hour

482
00:26:35,333 --> 00:26:39,900
and weave and dive among
city buildings for cover.

483
00:26:39,933 --> 00:26:43,033
♪

484
00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:56,233
But even between the buildings,

485
00:26:56,266 --> 00:27:01,000
peregrines can execute a perfect
strike at lightning speeds.

486
00:27:01,033 --> 00:27:02,766
Just like this.

487
00:27:08,100 --> 00:27:10,666
So how do peregrines
catch their prey?

488
00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,733
Lloyd and avian expert
Graham want to find out more.

489
00:27:23,733 --> 00:27:26,766
But first they need
to simulate a hunt.

490
00:27:26,800 --> 00:27:30,266
♪

491
00:27:30,300 --> 00:27:32,966
Meet the prey drone,

492
00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:36,366
designed by gadget guru
Chris Watts.

493
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:41,800
(drone buzzing)

494
00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:48,166
It's capable of performing
aerial maneuvers

495
00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:50,533
that mimic bird flight.

496
00:27:50,566 --> 00:27:54,133
♪

497
00:27:54,166 --> 00:27:57,766
And with safety guards and an
onboard camera,

498
00:27:57,800 --> 00:28:01,833
it's the perfect device to film
a peregrine in hot pursuit.

499
00:28:01,866 --> 00:28:07,000
♪

500
00:28:10,566 --> 00:28:11,866
For the battle arena,

501
00:28:11,900 --> 00:28:15,666
a secluded valley
in the U.K.'s Lake District.

502
00:28:16,866 --> 00:28:17,933
So are you set?

503
00:28:17,966 --> 00:28:19,933
I'm all set, yeah.

504
00:28:17,966 --> 00:28:19,933
Okay.

505
00:28:19,966 --> 00:28:21,133
Okay,
going up now?

506
00:28:21,166 --> 00:28:22,300
Yeah, yeah.

507
00:28:21,166 --> 00:28:22,300
You happy?

508
00:28:22,333 --> 00:28:23,766
Yeah.

509
00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:26,166
NARRATOR:
It's the prey drone.

510
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:27,433
MARTIN:
Get your position.

511
00:28:27,466 --> 00:28:29,533
NARRATOR:
Against Moses,

512
00:28:29,566 --> 00:28:31,000
Lloyd's four-year-old peregrine.

513
00:28:31,033 --> 00:28:32,900
Let's go.

514
00:28:32,933 --> 00:28:35,200
LLOYD:
Go, go, go, go!

515
00:28:35,233 --> 00:28:36,500
Go, my boy.

516
00:28:36,533 --> 00:28:37,766
MARTIN (on radio):
Bird's gone, bird's gone.

517
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:40,233
WATTS:
Wow, look at that,
straight after it.

518
00:28:40,266 --> 00:28:42,233
Not yet, stay as you are, stay
are you are, stay as you are.

519
00:28:42,266 --> 00:28:44,466
Climb, climb, climb, climb,
climb, climb!

520
00:28:44,500 --> 00:28:48,166
♪

521
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:49,233
WATTS:
Okay.

522
00:28:49,266 --> 00:28:50,633
Shall I come back down?

523
00:28:50,666 --> 00:28:54,033
LLOYD:
No, no, hold your height,
hold your height.

524
00:28:54,066 --> 00:28:55,400
Hold it there, hold it there.

525
00:28:57,933 --> 00:28:59,366
Dive, dive,
dive, dive, dive!

526
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:02,233
♪

527
00:29:02,266 --> 00:29:06,300
NARRATOR:
No matter what
the prey drone tries,

528
00:29:06,333 --> 00:29:08,133
the result is the same.

529
00:29:10,433 --> 00:29:11,400
LLOYD:
Got it!

530
00:29:11,433 --> 00:29:12,666
WATT:
Oh, yeah, I felt that.

531
00:29:12,700 --> 00:29:14,766
NARRATOR:
Every time.

532
00:29:14,800 --> 00:29:16,333
LLOYD:
That's it,
I think he got it then.

533
00:29:16,366 --> 00:29:17,166
Just like that.

534
00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:19,366
See that?

535
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:23,900
NARRATOR:
So how does Moses pull off
a perfect strike?

536
00:29:23,933 --> 00:29:28,500
His long, pointed wings offer
little drag,

537
00:29:28,533 --> 00:29:33,733
allowing him to fly faster,
helping him to close in.

538
00:29:33,766 --> 00:29:38,900
But he rarely chases
directly after the drone.

539
00:29:41,066 --> 00:29:46,700
Instead he aims his attack ahead
of the drone's current position.

540
00:29:46,733 --> 00:29:51,866
♪

541
00:29:51,900 --> 00:29:55,400
Recent research suggests that in
order to intercept his target,

542
00:29:55,433 --> 00:29:57,733
as Moses approaches the drone,

543
00:29:57,766 --> 00:29:58,833
he reacts to its movements

544
00:29:58,866 --> 00:30:02,066
to keep it in his line of sight.

545
00:30:05,566 --> 00:30:07,133
He can then close in

546
00:30:07,166 --> 00:30:10,233
to intercept the flight path
of his quarry.

547
00:30:19,866 --> 00:30:21,700
But what about the strike?

548
00:30:21,733 --> 00:30:26,333
The drone camera provides a rare
and unique view of this moment.

549
00:30:26,366 --> 00:30:28,833
Right, Let's have a look.

550
00:30:26,366 --> 00:30:28,833
Here we go.

551
00:30:28,866 --> 00:30:30,666
Just so you know,
this is, this is real time,

552
00:30:30,700 --> 00:30:33,100
this is how quickly
it actually happens.

553
00:30:33,133 --> 00:30:34,166
LLOYD:
Wow.

554
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:34,900
Whoa!

555
00:30:34,933 --> 00:30:36,266
That's so fast.

556
00:30:36,300 --> 00:30:37,866
Wow, real time is very fast.

557
00:30:37,900 --> 00:30:39,633
We'll need to see that
much, much slower

558
00:30:39,666 --> 00:30:41,066
to understand what's going on.

559
00:30:41,100 --> 00:30:43,333
We should be able to just go
through frame by frame and...

560
00:30:43,366 --> 00:30:45,500
LLOYD:
There he is, there he is.

561
00:30:45,533 --> 00:30:48,466
MARTIN:
Look at that, he's still
absolutely stable.

562
00:30:48,500 --> 00:30:50,200
The pupils wide open, absolutely

563
00:30:50,233 --> 00:30:52,600
he's absolutely locked on,
feet well spread, talons spread.

564
00:30:52,633 --> 00:30:56,300
LLOYD:
There then, look.

565
00:30:58,866 --> 00:31:01,700
NARRATOR:
The strike took
just one fifth of a second.

566
00:31:01,733 --> 00:31:06,533
But the final component
of a perfect catch

567
00:31:06,566 --> 00:31:09,900
is a set of deadly tools.

568
00:31:12,266 --> 00:31:15,533
Their feet have
callous-like pads for extra grip

569
00:31:15,566 --> 00:31:20,866
and talons to lock
onto their prey.

570
00:31:20,900 --> 00:31:23,300
Like other raptors,

571
00:31:23,333 --> 00:31:27,166
their long toes work as
a ratchet mechanism.

572
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:29,100
Once their feet grip their prey,

573
00:31:29,133 --> 00:31:31,800
they don't need to clench
their muscles to hang on.

574
00:31:34,233 --> 00:31:36,666
But it's the powerful beak
that makes the kill.

575
00:31:36,700 --> 00:31:40,333
A horn-like bump called
a tomial tooth

576
00:31:40,366 --> 00:31:44,833
is used to dislocate
the prey's neck.

577
00:31:44,866 --> 00:31:48,233
♪

578
00:31:51,933 --> 00:31:56,100
These deadly tools and an
elite targeting system combine

579
00:31:56,133 --> 00:31:58,466
above the Chicago skyline...

580
00:32:02,166 --> 00:32:06,200
to produce
a perfectly timed strike.

581
00:32:25,233 --> 00:32:29,300
This is an essential skill for
all young peregrines to master.

582
00:32:36,633 --> 00:32:39,600
But first,
they need to learn to fly.

583
00:32:42,233 --> 00:32:46,500
And in a city,
this can be treacherous.

584
00:32:46,533 --> 00:32:48,600
♪

585
00:32:48,633 --> 00:32:51,733
FRENCH:
That very first year
after leaving the nest

586
00:32:51,766 --> 00:32:54,133
is the most dangerous year
for them.

587
00:32:55,533 --> 00:32:59,266
And the greatest cause is
hitting stationary objects.

588
00:32:59,300 --> 00:33:01,666
(horn honking)

589
00:33:01,700 --> 00:33:02,766
As young birds,

590
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:05,400
they know how to pour
on the steam,

591
00:33:05,433 --> 00:33:08,033
but they often don't know
how to stop or maneuver,

592
00:33:08,066 --> 00:33:09,300
and they hit things.

593
00:33:11,266 --> 00:33:15,233
NARRATOR:
The nest is down to two.

594
00:33:15,266 --> 00:33:20,633
♪

595
00:33:20,666 --> 00:33:22,833
Tyler has made his way
onto the ledge above.

596
00:33:24,833 --> 00:33:28,833
(squawking)

597
00:33:32,700 --> 00:33:35,966
His siblings seem more cautious.

598
00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:40,133
But their parents are trying to
entice them away from the nest

599
00:33:40,166 --> 00:33:43,300
by carrying their next meal
out of their reach.

600
00:33:47,500 --> 00:33:49,666
If the chicks want food,

601
00:33:49,700 --> 00:33:52,133
they'll need to take
a leap of faith.

602
00:33:52,166 --> 00:33:53,466
♪

603
00:34:04,266 --> 00:34:09,133
Tyler tries for the roof
of an adjacent building,

604
00:34:09,166 --> 00:34:11,033
but landing is tricky.

605
00:34:16,366 --> 00:34:19,100
Luckily, a balcony saves
the day.

606
00:34:20,866 --> 00:34:24,500
And soon,
his courage is rewarded

607
00:34:24,533 --> 00:34:26,400
with a meal from his parent.

608
00:34:30,699 --> 00:34:33,266
♪

609
00:34:33,300 --> 00:34:34,466
A few days later,

610
00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:38,333
Tyler greets his sister
Commodore.

611
00:34:41,900 --> 00:34:44,900
Finally, Fred joins
his siblings.

612
00:34:46,833 --> 00:34:49,033
♪

613
00:34:49,066 --> 00:34:51,633
The trio are unlikely to return
to their birthplace

614
00:34:51,666 --> 00:34:53,633
on the balcony again.

615
00:34:55,933 --> 00:34:57,766
Now that they are fully grown,

616
00:34:57,800 --> 00:35:00,566
the typical size difference
between genders is clear.

617
00:35:00,600 --> 00:35:04,133
Like all female peregrines,

618
00:35:04,166 --> 00:35:06,233
Commodore is roughly
a third bigger

619
00:35:06,266 --> 00:35:08,266
than her brothers.

620
00:35:08,300 --> 00:35:10,100
This difference in size

621
00:35:10,133 --> 00:35:13,200
is thought to allow
a peregrine pair more variety

622
00:35:13,233 --> 00:35:15,833
in the prey
that they are able to hunt.

623
00:35:15,866 --> 00:35:18,066
For the fledglings,

624
00:35:18,100 --> 00:35:22,500
the first few days are full
of challenges.

625
00:35:22,533 --> 00:35:25,566
They have difficulty adapting
to Chicago's famous wind...

626
00:35:27,666 --> 00:35:30,633
♪

627
00:35:37,400 --> 00:35:38,733
Navigating obstacles....

628
00:35:38,766 --> 00:35:43,000
♪

629
00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:51,233
And they simply don't know
which areas to avoid altogether.

630
00:35:51,266 --> 00:35:52,900
♪

631
00:36:01,633 --> 00:36:03,933
Thankfully, their parents are
still providing food,

632
00:36:03,966 --> 00:36:06,866
although not for long.

633
00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:14,233
♪

634
00:36:14,266 --> 00:36:18,100
Time for
a more advanced lesson--

635
00:36:18,133 --> 00:36:20,433
the food pass.

636
00:36:20,466 --> 00:36:24,266
Adults share kills this way.

637
00:36:24,300 --> 00:36:28,433
♪

638
00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:36,066
No luck this time.

639
00:36:36,100 --> 00:36:40,233
♪

640
00:36:44,900 --> 00:36:47,766
So the mother arrives
to show how it's done.

641
00:36:56,166 --> 00:36:59,700
In the wild,
the food pass is instinctual,

642
00:36:59,733 --> 00:37:03,400
but they practice it with
their parents' encouragement.

643
00:37:03,433 --> 00:37:06,866
(squawking)

644
00:37:06,900 --> 00:37:09,966
Lloyd and Rose take the place
of parents

645
00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:13,066
to train five-month old Rudi
how to do it.

646
00:37:16,133 --> 00:37:20,633
Since Lloyd can't fly,
he's using a car.

647
00:37:20,666 --> 00:37:23,400
LLOYD (on radio):
Rose, there's a bit of rain
coming in soon,

648
00:37:23,433 --> 00:37:25,233
so let's head back to base.

649
00:37:25,266 --> 00:37:29,166
NARRATOR:
It can cruise along
at 25 miles an hour,

650
00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:32,666
slow enough as to not tire out
young Rudi.

651
00:37:36,100 --> 00:37:40,633
And its open top allows Lloyd
to safely pass Rudi the lure.

652
00:37:41,666 --> 00:37:44,233
Slower, slower,
hold it there, hold it there.

653
00:37:44,266 --> 00:37:45,333
Quicker, quicker,
quicker.

654
00:37:45,366 --> 00:37:47,900
(gear grinding)

655
00:37:45,366 --> 00:37:47,900
ROSE:
Oh, come on.

656
00:37:47,933 --> 00:37:49,233
There he is,
here he is.

657
00:37:49,266 --> 00:37:50,600
Ooh.

658
00:37:49,266 --> 00:37:50,600
Woo-hoo!

659
00:37:50,633 --> 00:37:51,733
Hey!

660
00:37:51,766 --> 00:37:53,633
LLOYD:
Incoming.

661
00:37:53,666 --> 00:37:54,966
We're nearly at the end.

662
00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:56,133
Yeah.

663
00:37:56,166 --> 00:37:57,733
Ooh.

664
00:37:57,766 --> 00:37:58,966
Have to stop.

665
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:00,633
Yeah, stop.

666
00:38:00,666 --> 00:38:02,633
Rudi, hey!

667
00:38:02,666 --> 00:38:04,366
NARRATOR:
Even after several tries,

668
00:38:04,400 --> 00:38:06,300
Rudi doesn't manage to catch
the lure.

669
00:38:06,333 --> 00:38:08,366
...stop, Rudi.

670
00:38:08,400 --> 00:38:10,066
He's going down.

671
00:38:08,400 --> 00:38:10,066
Yeah.

672
00:38:10,100 --> 00:38:11,433
Yeah, he's down.

673
00:38:10,100 --> 00:38:11,433
Good lad.

674
00:38:11,466 --> 00:38:12,866
On there.

675
00:38:12,900 --> 00:38:14,200
Rudi.

676
00:38:14,233 --> 00:38:15,700
There's a good boy.

677
00:38:15,733 --> 00:38:17,733
NARRATOR:
Time for round two.

678
00:38:17,766 --> 00:38:19,833
Okay, go.

679
00:38:19,866 --> 00:38:21,166
Here he goes.

680
00:38:21,200 --> 00:38:22,400
Go, go, go, go, go, go.

681
00:38:22,433 --> 00:38:23,766
Quicker, quicker,
quicker, quicker.

682
00:38:23,800 --> 00:38:25,233
Quicker, quicker.

683
00:38:25,266 --> 00:38:26,566
Faster, faster.

684
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:28,300
Hey, hey!

685
00:38:28,333 --> 00:38:29,733
Incoming,
slower.

686
00:38:29,766 --> 00:38:30,800
Slower.

687
00:38:30,833 --> 00:38:32,466
Now speed up Rose,
yeah, go for it,

688
00:38:32,500 --> 00:38:34,766
go for it, go for it!

689
00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:36,566
Faster, faster, faster,
flat out,

690
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:38,500
flat out, flat out,
flat out, hey.

691
00:38:38,533 --> 00:38:39,900
Slower.

692
00:38:39,933 --> 00:38:41,000
Incoming.

693
00:38:41,033 --> 00:38:43,433
Hey, hey, incoming.

694
00:38:43,466 --> 00:38:44,733
And slower,

695
00:38:44,766 --> 00:38:47,300
not yet, okay.

696
00:38:47,333 --> 00:38:49,633
That's it, yeah quicker,
quicker, quicker,

697
00:38:49,666 --> 00:38:51,700
go, go, go, go, go, go!

698
00:38:51,733 --> 00:38:52,866
Go, go, go, go!

699
00:38:52,900 --> 00:38:54,533
Hey, hey, hey,
slower, slower.

700
00:38:54,566 --> 00:38:56,833
Ready, ready, ready,
he's yours.

701
00:38:56,866 --> 00:38:57,933
Whoo!

702
00:38:57,966 --> 00:38:59,233
(chuckling):
Good lad.

703
00:38:59,266 --> 00:39:00,566
NARRATOR:
Finally, a perfect strike.

704
00:39:00,600 --> 00:39:03,966
Good boy.

705
00:39:04,000 --> 00:39:05,700
Ah, that was brilliant.

706
00:39:04,000 --> 00:39:05,700
There he goes.

707
00:39:05,733 --> 00:39:09,733
NARRATOR:
Rudi has learned to chase down
and catch a target--

708
00:39:09,766 --> 00:39:12,233
in a simulated food pass.

709
00:39:20,500 --> 00:39:22,233
In Chicago,

710
00:39:22,266 --> 00:39:27,500
the eight-week-old fledglings
have become proficient flyers.

711
00:39:29,900 --> 00:39:31,966
They spend hours chasing
each other.

712
00:39:35,133 --> 00:39:36,900
What looks like play

713
00:39:36,933 --> 00:39:40,000
is also essential
to hone their hunting skills.

714
00:39:42,333 --> 00:39:48,033
♪

715
00:40:07,366 --> 00:40:10,800
But a poorly timed practice
can turn perilous in an instant.

716
00:40:12,566 --> 00:40:15,166
When a fledgling tries to grab
live prey...

717
00:40:19,866 --> 00:40:25,533
it fails and pulls out,

718
00:40:25,566 --> 00:40:28,966
leaving its diligent parent
to pick up the dropped food.

719
00:40:33,533 --> 00:40:36,733
This is unusual behavior
for an urban peregrine.

720
00:40:38,600 --> 00:40:41,200
They rarely venture close
to the ground,

721
00:40:41,233 --> 00:40:43,866
as the city streets are
too dangerous.

722
00:40:54,900 --> 00:40:57,366
(cars honking)

723
00:40:57,400 --> 00:41:01,300
The peregrine parent manages
to fly away unscathed.

724
00:41:01,333 --> 00:41:03,766
(squawking)

725
00:41:05,866 --> 00:41:08,600
But there is still
one final skill

726
00:41:08,633 --> 00:41:13,233
for the fledglings to master
before they reach independence--

727
00:41:13,266 --> 00:41:18,100
perhaps the hardest and
most perilous of them of all.

728
00:41:18,133 --> 00:41:23,033
It is the peregrine's
greatest hunting strategy

729
00:41:23,066 --> 00:41:27,466
and the key to being
the fastest animal in the world.

730
00:41:27,500 --> 00:41:31,066
♪

731
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:34,633
FRENCH:
In flat flight,

732
00:41:34,666 --> 00:41:37,033
a feral pigeon is an even match
for a peregrine falcon,

733
00:41:37,066 --> 00:41:38,200
and it can often get away.

734
00:41:38,233 --> 00:41:41,366
So a peregrine has to have
another strategy.

735
00:41:45,133 --> 00:41:46,433
It builds altitude,

736
00:41:46,466 --> 00:41:48,900
gets the thermals
to help it get up into the air.

737
00:41:48,933 --> 00:41:51,666
♪

738
00:42:01,066 --> 00:42:05,433
And then when it sees
a prey item flying by,

739
00:42:05,466 --> 00:42:10,300
it folds its wings,
and it starts to plummet.

740
00:42:13,366 --> 00:42:16,400
It is evolved to be
the fastest animal on the planet

741
00:42:16,433 --> 00:42:19,200
when it is in a steep dive
or a stoop.

742
00:42:19,233 --> 00:42:22,300
♪

743
00:42:22,333 --> 00:42:25,833
NARRATOR:
In the stoop,
peregrines reach speeds

744
00:42:25,866 --> 00:42:28,666
of around 200 miles an hour,

745
00:42:28,700 --> 00:42:32,466
to catch even the fastest birds.

746
00:42:37,566 --> 00:42:42,033
The stoop is their
most iconic aerial maneuver.

747
00:42:42,066 --> 00:42:44,800
But how do they dive so fast?

748
00:42:47,300 --> 00:42:51,566
♪

749
00:42:55,766 --> 00:42:57,100
To find out,

750
00:42:57,133 --> 00:42:59,533
Lloyd's brought his
four-year-old peregrine, Moses,

751
00:42:59,566 --> 00:43:02,933
to one of the highest cliffs
in Britain.

752
00:43:04,800 --> 00:43:09,400
♪

753
00:43:11,966 --> 00:43:16,466
Fleetwith Pike stands
a staggering 2,126 feet

754
00:43:16,500 --> 00:43:17,966
above the valley floor.

755
00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:23,266
♪

756
00:43:34,200 --> 00:43:36,600
And to entice Moses down?

757
00:43:38,700 --> 00:43:40,466
The drone is back.

758
00:43:46,400 --> 00:43:49,500
At the bottom is aerodynamic
scientist Christoph Bruecker,

759
00:43:49,533 --> 00:43:53,333
recording Moses' speed
using GPS telemetry.

760
00:43:53,366 --> 00:43:54,733
LLOYD:
Come on, Mo.

761
00:43:54,766 --> 00:43:56,933
This is it, my boy.

762
00:43:56,966 --> 00:44:01,100
(drone humming)

763
00:44:01,133 --> 00:44:02,933
He's looking.

764
00:44:02,966 --> 00:44:04,233
(on radio):
He's looking.

765
00:44:04,266 --> 00:44:05,700
Keep moving it around, Chris.

766
00:44:05,733 --> 00:44:07,366
He like... he's gone, he's gone,
he's gone,

767
00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:09,366
full stoop, full stoop.

768
00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:10,733
(exclaims)

769
00:44:13,133 --> 00:44:14,566
LLOYD (on radio):
There he goes.

770
00:44:14,600 --> 00:44:17,366
Holy smoly.

771
00:44:17,400 --> 00:44:20,333
No, it's already
at 150 kilometers per hour.

772
00:44:20,366 --> 00:44:21,633
(chuckling happily)

773
00:44:21,666 --> 00:44:25,800
♪

774
00:44:32,866 --> 00:44:33,966
BRUECKER:
Wow!

775
00:44:34,000 --> 00:44:36,466
Wow, great.

776
00:44:36,500 --> 00:44:39,300
(exclaiming)

777
00:44:39,333 --> 00:44:40,400
LLOYD (on radio):
Hi, Christoph.

778
00:44:40,433 --> 00:44:41,633
He looked pretty good
from up here,

779
00:44:41,666 --> 00:44:42,866
he went off
like a little rocket.

780
00:44:42,900 --> 00:44:44,200
What, what kind of speed
did we get?

781
00:44:44,233 --> 00:44:46,866
So the maximum speed
what we get

782
00:44:46,900 --> 00:44:50,033
(on radio):
was 170 kilometers per hour.

783
00:44:50,066 --> 00:44:53,666
LLOYD (chuckling on radio):
Well done, superb.

784
00:44:53,700 --> 00:44:58,266
♪

785
00:44:58,300 --> 00:45:01,400
NARRATOR:
Moses reached
over a hundred miles an hour

786
00:45:01,433 --> 00:45:02,966
in just two seconds.

787
00:45:04,933 --> 00:45:09,766
Although this is a relatively
leisurely pace for a peregrine.

788
00:45:11,866 --> 00:45:14,566
They will only go as fast
as they need to.

789
00:45:17,533 --> 00:45:20,166
But watching peregrines stoop
like this

790
00:45:20,200 --> 00:45:22,866
has helped Christoph
to understand

791
00:45:22,900 --> 00:45:26,500
how peregrines reach top speeds.

792
00:45:26,533 --> 00:45:28,333
(lights clicking on)

793
00:45:30,433 --> 00:45:31,766
In the laboratory,

794
00:45:31,800 --> 00:45:36,700
he and his team have created
exact replicas of peregrines

795
00:45:36,733 --> 00:45:38,533
and placed them in wind tunnels.

796
00:45:42,066 --> 00:45:45,133
These experiments are revealing
how a specific body position,

797
00:45:45,166 --> 00:45:48,133
called the cupped wing,

798
00:45:48,166 --> 00:45:50,633
might help peregrines reach
high speeds.

799
00:45:50,666 --> 00:45:54,800
♪

800
00:45:56,633 --> 00:45:58,533
In this streamlined shape,

801
00:45:58,566 --> 00:46:03,266
drag is reduced and air
is directed under the wings

802
00:46:03,300 --> 00:46:05,566
through a narrow channel.

803
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:09,900
When air is squeezed into a gap,
it flows faster,

804
00:46:09,933 --> 00:46:12,166
helping to increase
the peregrine's speed.

805
00:46:15,333 --> 00:46:18,966
This is the Venturi effect.

806
00:46:21,600 --> 00:46:24,300
Formula 1 cars use
the same principle

807
00:46:24,333 --> 00:46:28,100
to increase grip and go faster.

808
00:46:28,133 --> 00:46:31,966
Research suggests that by using
the Venturi effect,

809
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:36,600
the peregrine can reach speeds
up to 150 miles an hour.

810
00:46:39,066 --> 00:46:40,766
To increase its speed further,

811
00:46:40,800 --> 00:46:44,233
it's thought the bird wraps
its wings around its body

812
00:46:44,266 --> 00:46:49,133
and effectively goes
into free fall--

813
00:46:49,166 --> 00:46:51,466
a rare, high-risk maneuver,

814
00:46:51,500 --> 00:46:55,333
as no wings means no control.

815
00:46:55,366 --> 00:46:58,400
Any error could result
in a fatal crash.

816
00:46:58,433 --> 00:47:02,333
♪

817
00:47:07,066 --> 00:47:09,433
Maneuvering at such high speeds

818
00:47:09,466 --> 00:47:12,800
exerts huge pressures
on the body.

819
00:47:12,833 --> 00:47:14,933
So what protects the bird?

820
00:47:19,033 --> 00:47:22,600
A membrane covers their eyes
during the stoop,

821
00:47:22,633 --> 00:47:24,466
just like a pair
of built-in goggles.

822
00:47:29,400 --> 00:47:30,466
Nasal cones are thought

823
00:47:30,500 --> 00:47:32,033
to slow airflow,

824
00:47:32,066 --> 00:47:36,266
helping the peregrine
to breathe.

825
00:47:41,466 --> 00:47:44,366
And with strong bones
and a stiff tail,

826
00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:48,266
they can withstand forces
up to 18G

827
00:47:48,300 --> 00:47:49,533
in a high-speed turn--

828
00:47:49,566 --> 00:47:54,300
twice that of fighter pilots.

829
00:47:57,200 --> 00:48:00,833
This means a stooping peregrine
can pull out of a dive

830
00:48:00,866 --> 00:48:02,866
and still maintain high speeds.

831
00:48:02,900 --> 00:48:06,800
This is key
to catching their prey.

832
00:48:11,133 --> 00:48:13,466
Flying at the very limits
of their ability

833
00:48:13,500 --> 00:48:18,700
requires extraordinary control,
skill, and experience,

834
00:48:18,733 --> 00:48:20,800
and it's a lot to learn
for any young bird.

835
00:48:25,800 --> 00:48:27,600
Lloyd has brought
six-month-old Rudi

836
00:48:27,633 --> 00:48:30,933
to a hilltop in Somerset
to teach him this final lesson.

837
00:48:34,800 --> 00:48:35,866
Hey.

838
00:48:35,900 --> 00:48:36,933
Hey-ya.

839
00:48:36,966 --> 00:48:38,900
NARRATOR:
Strong winds generate updrafts,

840
00:48:38,933 --> 00:48:43,100
which should encourage him
to gain height and speed.

841
00:48:43,133 --> 00:48:45,666
Will Rudi master the stoop?

842
00:48:48,666 --> 00:48:49,733
Hey, hey.

843
00:48:49,766 --> 00:48:53,800
NARRATOR:
He makes a few false starts...

844
00:48:53,833 --> 00:48:55,633
but instinct kicks in.

845
00:48:59,433 --> 00:49:02,866
Hey.

846
00:49:02,900 --> 00:49:05,966
NARRATOR:
Rudi performs
his first-ever stoop.

847
00:49:09,500 --> 00:49:13,466
♪

848
00:49:26,633 --> 00:49:31,766
For all peregrines,
wild or human-raised,

849
00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:34,500
the formula
for high-speed diving

850
00:49:34,533 --> 00:49:38,766
is written in their genes.

851
00:49:38,800 --> 00:49:41,200
♪

852
00:49:52,833 --> 00:49:54,366
LLOYD:
It's perfect conditions today.

853
00:49:54,400 --> 00:49:57,100
Really good updraft up through
this gully here behind us

854
00:49:57,133 --> 00:49:58,233
and up onto the hill.

855
00:49:58,266 --> 00:49:59,900
He's absolutely,
really loving it.

856
00:49:59,933 --> 00:50:04,433
♪

857
00:50:09,833 --> 00:50:11,666
And he's fit and strong now,

858
00:50:11,700 --> 00:50:13,633
he's looking nice and strong
and fit on the wing,

859
00:50:13,666 --> 00:50:15,466
he can sustain that speed,

860
00:50:15,500 --> 00:50:17,800
he can tolerate
all that pressure on his muscles

861
00:50:17,833 --> 00:50:19,500
and just keep it going.

862
00:50:21,133 --> 00:50:24,633
NARRATOR:
Rudi has mastered the
major skills a peregrine needs

863
00:50:24,666 --> 00:50:27,166
to be a high-speed hunter.

864
00:50:33,400 --> 00:50:36,266
In Chicago, the fledglings have
also now learned everything

865
00:50:36,300 --> 00:50:40,066
needed for an independent life.

866
00:50:40,100 --> 00:50:45,166
And city living will give them
the best chance possible

867
00:50:45,200 --> 00:50:47,433
since urban peregrines have
a higher chance

868
00:50:47,466 --> 00:50:49,533
of making it
through their first year

869
00:50:49,566 --> 00:50:51,933
than their country cousins.

870
00:50:51,966 --> 00:50:56,633
But it's now up to them to go
it alone when the time comes.

871
00:50:57,933 --> 00:50:59,400
And when they do,

872
00:50:59,433 --> 00:51:01,433
they'll rely
on those special skills

873
00:51:01,466 --> 00:51:04,433
that set peregrines apart.

874
00:51:04,466 --> 00:51:09,033
♪

875
00:51:09,066 --> 00:51:10,433
Oh, come on, come on.

876
00:51:10,466 --> 00:51:13,833
NARRATOR:
Peregrines are able to spot
distant prey.

877
00:51:15,900 --> 00:51:18,133
MARTIN:
Any of the species
that he preys upon,

878
00:51:18,166 --> 00:51:20,100
his vision is so much better.

879
00:51:20,133 --> 00:51:25,233
NARRATOR:
They can calculate
and time a perfect catch.

880
00:51:27,733 --> 00:51:29,533
MARTIN:
Literally in no time at all

881
00:51:29,566 --> 00:51:31,166
those talons
suddenly going bang!

882
00:51:31,200 --> 00:51:33,066
♪

883
00:51:33,100 --> 00:51:36,266
NARRATOR:
And drop out of the sky

884
00:51:36,300 --> 00:51:39,500
to reach world-record speeds.

885
00:51:39,533 --> 00:51:40,766
FRENCH:
Peregrine falcons may be

886
00:51:40,800 --> 00:51:43,333
one of the most specialized
bird of prey,

887
00:51:43,366 --> 00:51:45,066
'cause they're the fastest
of all of them.

888
00:51:46,633 --> 00:51:49,400
They are absolutely spectacular.

889
00:51:51,166 --> 00:51:56,400
NARRATOR:
The peregrine falcon is one of
the most successful predators

890
00:51:56,433 --> 00:51:58,000
and, without a doubt,

891
00:51:58,033 --> 00:52:01,966
the world's fastest animal.

892
00:52:02,800 --> 00:52:07,900
♪

893
00:52:15,466 --> 00:52:17,033
Major funding for "NOVA"

894
00:52:17,066 --> 00:52:19,200
is provided by the following:

895
00:52:35,500 --> 00:52:38,833
To order this "NOVA" program
on DVD,

896
00:52:38,866 --> 00:52:42,833
visit ShopPBS
or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS.

897
00:52:42,866 --> 00:52:47,533
This program is also available
on Amazon Prime Video.

898
00:52:47,566 --> 00:52:48,600
♪