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♪♪

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NARRATOR: We live on 
a restless planet.

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Every day on Earth,

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around 30 volcanoes 
violently erupt.

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♪♪

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By exploring the planet's 
most active volcanoes today...

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♪♪

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DR. MARLOW: 
This is amazing.

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♪♪

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NARRATOR: ...we discover how 
they hold the secrets

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to the origins of life...

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♪♪

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...how they continue 
to shape our planet...

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DR. GIAMANCO: Without volcanoes, 
there wouldn't be life on Earth.

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NARRATOR: 
...and how life has adapted

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to thrive in their shadows.

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PORTER: 
It's a destructive force,

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but it's also a force 
that makes life possible.

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NARRATOR: Volcanoes are not just 
forces of destruction.

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They are the life blood 
of our planet.

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♪♪

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[ Theme plays ]

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♪♪

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♪♪

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♪♪

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♪♪

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NARRATOR: Our world is bursting 
at the seams.

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There are hundreds of 
active volcanoes on Earth,

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each one capable of exploding 
with little warning.

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At any one time, up to 30 of 
these active volcanoes

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are in an eruptive phase.

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♪♪

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Viewed from space, 
patterns begin to emerge.

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♪♪

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One of the most active volcanoes

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is in the southwest corner 
of the Pacific,

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in the island nation of Vanuatu.

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♪♪

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This tiny archipelago is home 
to a very special volcano.

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Producing more poisonous gas 
than almost any other volcano

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in the world,

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Marum is a sight to behold.

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And at its heart 
is a rare lake of lava.

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♪♪

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The conditions here 
have attracted biologists

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Dr. Jeffrey Marlow

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and Dr. Jens Kallmeyer

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to conduct 
a pioneering expedition.

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♪♪

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DR. MARLOW: So we're in the 
Vanuatu island arc.

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It's a chain of active 
volcanoes, many of them.

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We can see some 
amazing volcanoes off this way.

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We're on an island 
that has two very active ones

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and we're going up there 
right now.

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♪♪

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NARRATOR: Jeff is going 
to descend into the crater

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to search for extremophiles,

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micro-organisms that are some 
of the toughest

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forms of life on Earth.

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DR. MARLOW: I study life 
in extreme environments,

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but this is certainly

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the most extreme environment 
I've been to.

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This is my second expedition 
to Marum,

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but I have no idea 
what to expect.

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Entire cliffs can fall away 
or be created.

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The landscape inside the crater 
is constantly evolving.

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DR. KALLMEYER: Wow. 
Holy crap.

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♪♪

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DR. MARLOW: This lava lake 
is going like crazy!

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♪♪

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DR. KALLMEYER: I'm a geologist 
for 20 years,

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but I've never seen 
anything like that.

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♪♪

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NARRATOR: 
Lava lakes are rare.

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Only a handful of volcanoes 
in the world

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host active pools 
of lava like this.

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♪♪

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Two hundred feet wide,

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it's a giant gateway 
to the planet's beating heart.

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♪♪

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What the team finds here 
could change the way

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we think about the extremes 
of life on Earth...

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♪♪

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...and could also help us 
understand

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the likelihood of finding life 
elsewhere in our universe.

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♪♪

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DR. KALLMEYER: Heck, this is 
where we are about to camp!

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NARRATOR: This small camp 
is going to be home for the team

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for the next few days.

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DR. MARLOW: 
Home sweet home.

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NARRATOR: Meeting the scientists 
on the summit

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is expedition specialist 
Chris Horsley.

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Chris is an expert 
in rope access and rigging.

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He's climbed in some of 
the world's

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most dangerous environments.

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He's been on top of the volcano 
for a week,

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setting up lines and anchors,

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ready for the journey 
to the bottom of the crater.

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He wastes no time 
in getting everyone together

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to discuss 
the challenges ahead.

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HORSLEY: Essentially, guys, 
everything up here

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is trying to kill you.

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We've got volcanic shards of 
glass flying through the air,

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acid rain, sulphuric clouds,

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and a 400-meter vertical cliff

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that if you fall off, 
there's no return.

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Our rigging place 
is just over here.

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That's going to be 
then a 200-meter rappel,

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and we can find 
our best anchor point

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to re-anchor our ropes 
that are going to take us

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all the way down to the bottom

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and to the boulder field 
that's located over here.

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DR. MARLOW: Our main goal 
of being here

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is to see if there's 
any life inside the crater,

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and when we do get down 
to the bottom,

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how close do you think 
it is possible to get?

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HORSLEY: If any point, 
I think it's too dangerous,

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or I'm worried about 
your safety,

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I'm gonna pull the pin 
and take you out of there.

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This is one of these rare 
examples

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of something that is so vicious

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and so angry that more people 
have been in to space

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than have visited 
this insanely magical place.

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DR. MARLOW: So after 
our safety briefing,

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I feel a little bit more nervous 
than I might have been.

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We're going to be sampling 
as we kind of approach

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the lava lake itself,

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and we want to know 
when life stops,

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when it's too hazardous 
for anything to survive.

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The samples we're after 
are extremely rare

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and they're gonna tell us,

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hopefully, some really important 
things about the way life works

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and the possibility 
of how life could exist

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elsewhere in our solar system.

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So I'm hoping 
we can do all that.

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Do it in a safe way 
and kind of meet

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the time constraints 
that we have.

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NARRATOR: The team 
settles into camp

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and starts preparing 
for the descent.

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Earth's volcanoes 
are not limited

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to far-flung tropical islands.

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Erupting volcanoes are found 
on every continent.

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And while Marum continues 
to erupt,

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one of the planet's 
largest volcanoes

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rips the Earth into pieces 
on the southern edge of Europe.

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♪♪

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Mount Etna has been erupting for 
around half a million years...

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...and like Marum, 
it might hold precious clues

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to how Earth became 
a planet fit for life.

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♪♪

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It ebbs and flows...from periods 
of relative peace...

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...to catastrophic eruptions

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that threaten the lives 
of those that live closest.

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Yet for some, living here 
is a gamble worth taking.

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[ Birds chirping ]

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The soil created by Etna's 
eruptions produces

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some of the richest agricultural 
land and finest wines

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in the whole of Italy.

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The unique way of life 
on the slopes

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of Europe's 
most active volcano

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is what drew 
Dr. Salvo Giamanco here.

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It's his job to help predict 
Mount Etna's next move.

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DR. GIAMANCO: Most of the people 
living here

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see Etna as a Mother, 
and like all mothers,

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she gives us life,

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through the vegetation, 
the plants.

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But like all mothers,

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she, you know -- 
sometimes she slaps us

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in the face,

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and she reminds us of the rules 
that are in this environment.

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NARRATOR: Most of the year, 
Etna de-gasses...

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...and the gas offers 
precious clues

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to what's happening 
inside the volcano.

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DR. GIAMANCO: You can think 
of an eruption

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a bit like the opening 
of a Spumante bottle.

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Before opening it, 
you don't see the gas.

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It's a liquid that stays there

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without showing signs 
of any activity.

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But once you start 
to open the bottle,

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You'll see the gas 
suddenly forming bubbles,

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and those bubbles will give 
the final energy to the magma

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to rise to the surface 
and eventually erupt.

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So the gas is the real engine 
of eruptions.

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NARRATOR: As gas drives 
volcanic eruptions,

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Salvo and his team are today

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trying to determine how much 
is coming out of the volcano.

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Different types of gas 
are released

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when the magma rises 
to certain depths.

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An increase in particular gases

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could mean that magma 
is racing towards the surface.

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♪♪

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And this close to the volcano,

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even a small eruption 
could have deadly consequences.

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DR. GIAMANCO: There are many 
risks when working here.

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The gases, 
they are highly corrosive.

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♪♪

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And also we are on the rim 
of the central crater,

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where an explosion may occur 
at any time.

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NARRATOR: It's a race 
against time

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to get the data and get out.

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DR. GIAMANCO: Each time 
the gas passes

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in between the infrared source 
and the sensor,

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we get a lot of dips 
in our spectrum,

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each one corresponding 
to a specific gas species

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and each one giving us

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the concentration 
of that specific gas species.

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NARRATOR: Today, the team 
doesn't see any drastic changes

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in the level of gases, 
yet there is one gas in the data

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that is more important 
than nearly any other.

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DR. GIAMANCO: So we see 
carbon dioxide,

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we see chlorine, 
we see fluorine,

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we see sulphur dioxide.

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But the most important one 
is water vapor.

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From its liquid state 
to its vapor state,

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it increases its volume 
by 1,000 times.

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NARRATOR: Water vapor is 
a driver of volcanic eruptions,

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and on any given day...

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Mount Etna releases 
hundreds of thousands of tons

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of it into the atmosphere.

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DR. GIAMANCO: So every time 
a volcano erupts,

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every time a volcano breathes,

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it emits this life-giving gas.

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NARRATOR: The origins of water 
on Earth have been debated

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by scientists 
for hundreds of years.

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♪♪

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Some believe that water 
was delivered by comets,

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but recently,

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there has been mounting evidence 
for a different explanation.

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♪♪

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To explore this theory,

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we have to wind the geologic 
clock back 4 billion years

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to a time when the Earth was hot 
and still forming.

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The idea is that water 
has always been on Earth.

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Trapped beneath the crust, 
it's locked in liquid magma.

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♪♪

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But as the Earth's surface began 
to cool and harden...

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♪♪

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...volcanoes acted like a tear 
in the fabric of our planet,

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allowing the water 
to slowly escape.

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♪♪

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This water vapor then condensed 
in our atmosphere

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and fell as rain.

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♪♪

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It rained for so long

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that eventually our dry, 
barren Earth

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turned into a Blue Planet.

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♪♪

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DR. GIAMANCO: Water that we see 
on Earth

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mostly comes from volcanoes.

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Without volcanoes, 
there wouldn't be life on Earth.

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Literally.

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♪♪

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NARRATOR: As the sun sets 
in Italy...

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it's slowly rising in Hawaii.

255
00:14:33,500 --> 00:14:36,266
One of the most remote island 
chains on Earth

256
00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:41,100
is continuing to be transformed 
by the raw power of the planet.

257
00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:44,666
It's the perfect place 
to explore

258
00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:49,200
how the interior of Earth 
shapes life at the surface.

259
00:14:49,233 --> 00:14:53,100
♪♪

260
00:14:53,133 --> 00:14:57,800
Kilauea is the most active 
volcano in the United States.

261
00:14:57,833 --> 00:14:59,300
♪♪

262
00:14:59,333 --> 00:15:03,033
Its summit crater is large, 
but it's not necessarily

263
00:15:03,066 --> 00:15:05,900
the most 
dangerous part of the volcano.

264
00:15:05,933 --> 00:15:09,333
♪♪

265
00:15:09,366 --> 00:15:13,233
♪♪

266
00:15:13,266 --> 00:15:16,733
The giant flank eruption in 2018

267
00:15:16,766 --> 00:15:19,800
was the most devastating 
in 200 years.

268
00:15:19,833 --> 00:15:24,733
♪♪

269
00:15:24,766 --> 00:15:28,066
As the volcano's main crater 
collapsed,

270
00:15:28,100 --> 00:15:29,966
millions of tons of lava

271
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,066
drained through a series 
of underground tunnels...

272
00:15:33,100 --> 00:15:36,666
♪♪

273
00:15:36,700 --> 00:15:40,100
...emerging in the heart 
of a residential community.

274
00:15:40,133 --> 00:15:45,266
♪♪

275
00:15:45,300 --> 00:15:51,166
♪♪

276
00:15:51,200 --> 00:15:54,833
Seven hundred homes 
were buried beneath molten rock.

277
00:15:54,866 --> 00:15:59,233
♪♪

278
00:15:59,266 --> 00:16:02,233
And 2,000 people 
were evacuated.

279
00:16:02,266 --> 00:16:04,800
♪♪

280
00:16:04,833 --> 00:16:09,833
Forests burned and fragile 
ecosystems were destroyed.

281
00:16:09,866 --> 00:16:13,200
Amazingly, no lives were lost.

282
00:16:13,233 --> 00:16:16,700
♪♪

283
00:16:16,733 --> 00:16:20,666
♪♪

284
00:16:20,700 --> 00:16:23,066
But the recent outbreak 
in Hawaii

285
00:16:23,100 --> 00:16:27,933
is just the latest in a long 
line of land-creating eruptions.

286
00:16:27,966 --> 00:16:31,100
♪♪

287
00:16:33,733 --> 00:16:36,366
Hawaii was formed by a hot spot

288
00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:40,633
of magma 
beneath the Earth's crust.

289
00:16:40,666 --> 00:16:42,966
As the magma reached 
the surface,

290
00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:46,400
volcanoes broke out, 
creating islands.

291
00:16:46,433 --> 00:16:48,433
♪♪

292
00:16:48,466 --> 00:16:50,733
Over time, the tectonic plate

293
00:16:50,766 --> 00:16:54,300
on which these islands sit 
slowly moved,

294
00:16:54,333 --> 00:16:59,066
and new islands were created 
over the hot spot.

295
00:16:59,100 --> 00:17:01,233
The island chain we see today

296
00:17:01,266 --> 00:17:05,033
is 6 million years' 
worth of eruptive activity.

297
00:17:05,066 --> 00:17:09,666
♪♪

298
00:17:09,700 --> 00:17:12,866
And it's still creating 
new land today.

299
00:17:12,900 --> 00:17:16,733
♪♪

300
00:17:16,766 --> 00:17:21,133
♪♪

301
00:17:21,166 --> 00:17:25,099
Despite the obvious destruction 
caused by the volcano,

302
00:17:25,133 --> 00:17:26,933
it may be having surprising,

303
00:17:26,966 --> 00:17:31,600
positive effects 
on the ocean ecosystem.

304
00:17:31,633 --> 00:17:33,866
Following the recent eruption,

305
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:36,400
scientists from 
the University of Hawaii

306
00:17:36,433 --> 00:17:39,200
saw giant 
phytoplankton blooms,

307
00:17:39,233 --> 00:17:45,166
colored here in blue 
on images taken from space.

308
00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:48,233
Could this have been 
caused by the volcano?

309
00:17:51,066 --> 00:17:53,033
♪♪

310
00:17:53,066 --> 00:17:55,866
Lava is rich in phosphate 
and iron,

311
00:17:55,900 --> 00:17:59,033
elements that act 
as fertilizers.

312
00:17:59,066 --> 00:18:03,033
In the enriched waters, 
phytoplankton exploded.

313
00:18:03,066 --> 00:18:08,400
♪♪

314
00:18:08,433 --> 00:18:11,933
Phytoplankton is fed on by 
larger zooplankton...

315
00:18:11,966 --> 00:18:18,900
♪♪

316
00:18:18,933 --> 00:18:22,800
...which in turn provides 
food for larger animals.

317
00:18:22,833 --> 00:18:25,333
♪♪

318
00:18:25,366 --> 00:18:30,266
And nighttime is feeding time.

319
00:18:30,300 --> 00:18:33,633
When plankton abundance is high,

320
00:18:33,666 --> 00:18:36,400
it draws in huge sea creatures.

321
00:18:36,433 --> 00:18:42,066
♪♪

322
00:18:42,100 --> 00:18:48,533
♪♪

323
00:18:48,566 --> 00:18:50,233
Ocean giants...

324
00:18:50,266 --> 00:18:52,400
like manta rays.

325
00:18:52,433 --> 00:18:54,666
They come each night 
to feed on plankton

326
00:18:54,700 --> 00:18:59,733
migrating up to the surface 
from the depths.

327
00:18:59,766 --> 00:19:02,266
Swimming with their mouths 
wide open,

328
00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:06,166
they scoop in water using 
their modified front fins

329
00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:08,433
and filter out 
the tiny plankton.

330
00:19:08,466 --> 00:19:12,933
♪♪

331
00:19:12,966 --> 00:19:14,900
At the richest feeding sites,

332
00:19:14,933 --> 00:19:19,066
they barrel roll to stay 
within these nutritious plumes.

333
00:19:19,100 --> 00:19:24,266
♪♪

334
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:30,233
♪♪

335
00:19:30,266 --> 00:19:34,500
A single manta can consume up 
to 50 pounds of plankton

336
00:19:34,533 --> 00:19:36,200
in a single night.

337
00:19:36,233 --> 00:19:40,900
♪♪

338
00:19:40,933 --> 00:19:45,600
♪♪

339
00:19:45,633 --> 00:19:50,333
♪♪

340
00:19:50,366 --> 00:19:55,700
♪♪

341
00:19:55,733 --> 00:20:00,266
Back in Vanuatu, 
rain has started to fall.

342
00:20:00,300 --> 00:20:05,233
It's an unwelcome complication 
to the challenges that lie ahead

343
00:20:05,266 --> 00:20:08,766
and bad news for the descent.

344
00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:11,633
DR. MARLOW: So Marum crater 
is the world's largest

345
00:20:11,666 --> 00:20:13,766
point source of sulphur dioxide.

346
00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:16,266
That sulphur dioxide mixes 
with water in the atmosphere

347
00:20:16,300 --> 00:20:18,333
and makes sulphuric acid.

348
00:20:18,366 --> 00:20:22,800
When that rains down, 
you're being bathed by acid.

349
00:20:22,833 --> 00:20:25,766
The same thing that makes 
our descent possible,

350
00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:29,266
the idea of this kind of this 
nice line down into the crater

351
00:20:29,300 --> 00:20:31,500
is the same thing 
that makes it hazardous.

352
00:20:31,533 --> 00:20:33,700
It's where all of the water goes 
when it rains.

353
00:20:33,733 --> 00:20:37,633
So you're gonna have acid rain 
pushing rock and sediment

354
00:20:37,666 --> 00:20:41,933
down this water course at us, 
at our ropes.

355
00:20:41,966 --> 00:20:45,033
We need to wait 
for a really good day

356
00:20:45,066 --> 00:20:46,500
to make the full descent.

357
00:20:46,533 --> 00:20:49,700
[ Teakettle whistling ]

358
00:21:01,800 --> 00:21:07,433
♪♪

359
00:21:07,466 --> 00:21:11,033
NARRATOR: Later in the evening, 
Jeff uses a thermal camera

360
00:21:11,066 --> 00:21:14,666
to find the best 
sampling location in the crater.

361
00:21:14,700 --> 00:21:16,933
DR. MARLOW: Wow. 
That is insane.

362
00:21:16,966 --> 00:21:20,600
♪♪

363
00:21:20,633 --> 00:21:22,433
NARRATOR: The imagery 
on the camera

364
00:21:22,466 --> 00:21:23,766
gives Jeff information

365
00:21:23,800 --> 00:21:27,600
on where he should be looking 
for the extremophiles.

366
00:21:27,633 --> 00:21:31,866
DR. MARLOW: The lava lake there 
is off the charts, literally.

367
00:21:31,900 --> 00:21:35,466
It's too hot to actually read 
with this camera.

368
00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:37,766
This spot right up here around 
that plain

369
00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:40,200
that we've seen 
could be really appealing.

370
00:21:40,233 --> 00:21:42,866
There are a lot of rock faces 
that are facing the lava lake

371
00:21:42,900 --> 00:21:45,933
and getting a lot of that heat 
off of the molten rock.

372
00:21:45,966 --> 00:21:48,566
That's probably a high 
priority spot to go to.

373
00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:52,200
♪♪

374
00:21:52,233 --> 00:21:54,566
To imagine that tomorrow 
I'm headed down there

375
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:56,300
is kind of terrifying.

376
00:21:56,333 --> 00:21:58,766
I would say this is probably 
one of the most inhospitable

377
00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:01,333
places on the planet, umm...

378
00:22:01,366 --> 00:22:03,166
It would be pretty 
remarkable to me

379
00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:05,833
if there's actually life down 
inside the crater.

380
00:22:05,866 --> 00:22:10,433
♪♪

381
00:22:10,466 --> 00:22:12,466
NARRATOR: As Marum continues 
to light up

382
00:22:12,500 --> 00:22:16,800
the night sky in Vanuatu...

383
00:22:16,833 --> 00:22:20,766
It's the middle of the day 
in the heart of Africa,

384
00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:25,733
and it's burning up 
with geologic activity.

385
00:22:25,766 --> 00:22:28,533
Three of the planet's 
30 erupting volcanoes

386
00:22:28,566 --> 00:22:32,000
are found here.

387
00:22:32,033 --> 00:22:35,566
One of the tallest and most 
active volcanoes in the region

388
00:22:35,600 --> 00:22:37,633
is Ol Doinyo Lengai.

389
00:22:40,833 --> 00:22:44,233
But far from 
causing devastation,

390
00:22:44,266 --> 00:22:48,500
the eruption here is just 
what this ecosystem needs.

391
00:22:48,533 --> 00:22:52,100
♪♪

392
00:22:52,133 --> 00:22:55,400
While most volcanic ash 
is full of silicates,

393
00:22:55,433 --> 00:22:57,666
the ash from Ol Doinyo Lengai

394
00:22:57,700 --> 00:23:00,300
is loaded with 
carbon and minerals.

395
00:23:00,333 --> 00:23:02,600
♪♪

396
00:23:02,633 --> 00:23:06,900
As the ash rains down, 
it transforms the grasslands

397
00:23:06,933 --> 00:23:10,266
into a uniquely rich, 
nutritious pasture.

398
00:23:10,300 --> 00:23:13,866
♪♪

399
00:23:13,900 --> 00:23:17,166
After millions of years 
of volcanic activity,

400
00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:19,566
the area has become 
a vital stage

401
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:22,700
on the annual 
wildebeest migration.

402
00:23:22,733 --> 00:23:25,866
♪♪

403
00:23:25,900 --> 00:23:28,900
The lush pasture is 
a giant nursery

404
00:23:28,933 --> 00:23:33,166
that draws in animals from all 
over the Serengeti ecosystem.

405
00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:38,466
♪♪

406
00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:43,800
♪♪

407
00:23:43,833 --> 00:23:49,100
♪♪

408
00:23:49,133 --> 00:23:55,166
♪♪

409
00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:57,933
More than a million wildebeest 
alone

410
00:23:57,966 --> 00:23:59,866
are nurtured 
by the nourishing grass

411
00:23:59,900 --> 00:24:02,566
that grows 
in the shadow of the volcano.

412
00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:06,400
♪♪

413
00:24:06,433 --> 00:24:11,100
[ Wildebeest lowing ]

414
00:24:11,133 --> 00:24:15,133
A lot of the planet's volcanoes 
can sit dormant for centuries

415
00:24:15,166 --> 00:24:17,833
before explosively erupting.

416
00:24:17,866 --> 00:24:22,566
Life can become desensitized 
to the risks they pose.

417
00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:24,800
It's a dangerous game, 
considering we live

418
00:24:24,833 --> 00:24:27,400
on a relatively 
thin crust of rock

419
00:24:27,433 --> 00:24:30,300
wrapped around a molten 
core of magma.

420
00:24:32,566 --> 00:24:35,266
Ecuador is home to a number 
of volcanoes

421
00:24:35,300 --> 00:24:39,066
that can erupt 
with little warning.

422
00:24:39,100 --> 00:24:41,966
Cotopaxi is one such giant.

423
00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:46,300
♪♪

424
00:24:46,333 --> 00:24:49,000
Rising above 19,000 feet,

425
00:24:49,033 --> 00:24:51,733
it's one of the planet's 
highest volcanoes.

426
00:24:51,766 --> 00:24:55,666
♪♪

427
00:24:55,700 --> 00:25:00,766
But finding refuge at its feet 
is a very special little frog.

428
00:25:00,800 --> 00:25:04,000
♪♪

429
00:25:04,033 --> 00:25:07,533
This is the Quito Rocket frog.

430
00:25:07,566 --> 00:25:10,866
They were once common 
across the Ecuadorian Andes,

431
00:25:10,900 --> 00:25:13,100
but disease and climate change

432
00:25:13,133 --> 00:25:15,566
have pushed them 
to the edge of extinction.

433
00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:19,000
♪♪

434
00:25:19,033 --> 00:25:22,566
♪♪

435
00:25:22,600 --> 00:25:25,400
[ Frog chirping ] 
The tiny male sends

436
00:25:25,433 --> 00:25:29,033
a high-pitched call 
out through the undergrowth.

437
00:25:29,066 --> 00:25:31,866
He's waiting for a response 
from a female.

438
00:25:31,900 --> 00:25:35,700
♪♪

439
00:25:35,733 --> 00:25:39,366
Unfortunately, 
there's no answer.

440
00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:40,900
♪♪

441
00:25:40,933 --> 00:25:44,533
And that's not too surprising, 
as there are only thought to be

442
00:25:44,566 --> 00:25:48,600
around 100 individuals 
left in the wild.

443
00:25:48,633 --> 00:25:50,366
♪♪

444
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:52,866
Like other disappearing species 
of frogs,

445
00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:57,333
he's one of rarest animals 
in the world.

446
00:25:57,366 --> 00:25:59,700
Along with the rest of his kind,

447
00:25:59,733 --> 00:26:03,000
he now inhabits 
just one small creek.

448
00:26:05,366 --> 00:26:09,566
And if finding the last 
of his kind isn't hard enough,

449
00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:13,500
the volcano on which 
this frog lives has awakened.

450
00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:20,000
Cotopaxi's summit is home 
to one of the world's

451
00:26:20,033 --> 00:26:22,366
few equatorial glaciers.

452
00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:26,100
♪♪

453
00:26:26,133 --> 00:26:31,333
A catastrophic eruption here 
would create devastating lahars,

454
00:26:31,366 --> 00:26:34,733
boiling flash floods 
created by the rapid melting

455
00:26:34,766 --> 00:26:36,700
of snow and ice by the lava.

456
00:26:39,900 --> 00:26:42,033
If the volcano were to erupt,

457
00:26:42,066 --> 00:26:45,200
the stream that is home 
to this little frog

458
00:26:45,233 --> 00:26:48,166
would be transformed 
into a hot mudslide.

459
00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:54,533
♪♪

460
00:26:54,566 --> 00:26:58,233
Thankfully, the Rocket frog now 
has a helping hand

461
00:26:58,266 --> 00:27:01,033
from a team 
of scientists from Quito.

462
00:27:03,166 --> 00:27:07,033
Andres and his team 
are frog fanatics.

463
00:27:07,066 --> 00:27:09,966
DR. MERINO: This is the last 
known location

464
00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:11,966
where this frog can be found.

465
00:27:14,300 --> 00:27:16,800
It's very difficult 
to find the frogs.

466
00:27:16,833 --> 00:27:21,633
The best way to do it is try 
to make them call to you back.

467
00:27:21,666 --> 00:27:27,233
So we make the sound... 
[whistling]

468
00:27:27,266 --> 00:27:29,533
And that's the sound 
of the mating call

469
00:27:29,566 --> 00:27:31,533
so they can respond to us.

470
00:27:35,466 --> 00:27:37,666
NARRATOR: The team is now 
frantically collecting

471
00:27:37,700 --> 00:27:41,400
the last remaining individuals 
for a breeding program.

472
00:27:41,433 --> 00:27:44,233
[ Whistling ]

473
00:27:44,266 --> 00:27:47,466
If successful, they will release 
a population back

474
00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:51,466
into a safer stream, 
out of the volcano's reach.

475
00:27:51,500 --> 00:27:54,600
♪♪

476
00:27:54,633 --> 00:27:56,933
For now, the fate of a species

477
00:27:56,966 --> 00:28:00,300
is in the hands of Andres 
and his team...

478
00:28:00,333 --> 00:28:02,233
and Cotopaxi.

479
00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:10,866
But back in Europe, some of the 
animals found around Mount Etna

480
00:28:10,900 --> 00:28:15,166
might have the upper hand when 
facing off with a giant volcano.

481
00:28:24,266 --> 00:28:27,366
The Argentata dell'Etna 
is a breed of goat

482
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:29,833
found nowhere else in the world.

483
00:28:29,866 --> 00:28:33,666
♪♪

484
00:28:33,700 --> 00:28:37,100
Each morning, Gaitano herds 
his animals out

485
00:28:37,133 --> 00:28:39,366
onto the slopes of the volcano.

486
00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:44,433
♪♪

487
00:28:44,466 --> 00:28:49,000
The goats will eat 
just about anything.

488
00:28:49,033 --> 00:28:52,533
But Gaitano knows that 
on the upper slopes of Etna,

489
00:28:52,566 --> 00:28:54,766
there are glades 
of a yellow flower

490
00:28:54,800 --> 00:28:58,600
that he thinks gives 
his goats' milk a unique taste.

491
00:28:58,633 --> 00:29:04,333
♪♪

492
00:29:15,533 --> 00:29:17,966
NARRATOR: Gaitano has been 
working on the mountain

493
00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:20,666
his whole life, 
and in that time,

494
00:29:20,700 --> 00:29:24,766
he's noticed some 
bizarre behavior in his animals.

495
00:29:31,500 --> 00:29:34,766
He believes that the goats 
behave erratically,

496
00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:39,100
not just during one of Etna's 
eruptions, but before one.

497
00:29:51,200 --> 00:29:53,200
[ Goats bleating ]

498
00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:11,533
A team of scientists 
using GPS tags

499
00:30:11,566 --> 00:30:15,466
have now corroborated 
Gaitano's theory.

500
00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:17,500
The goats do, in fact,

501
00:30:17,533 --> 00:30:20,633
seem to be moving off 
the mountain before an eruption.

502
00:30:20,666 --> 00:30:22,566
[ Bleating ]

503
00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:25,733
It's as if they have 
a sixth sense...

504
00:30:25,766 --> 00:30:27,933
an intimate connection 
to the Earth.

505
00:30:27,966 --> 00:30:30,733
[ Bleating continues ]

506
00:30:30,766 --> 00:30:33,133
Could it be the vibration 
in the ground?

507
00:30:35,466 --> 00:30:37,166
Or the smell in the air?

508
00:30:39,366 --> 00:30:43,400
No one is sure what is 
triggering their retreat.

509
00:30:43,433 --> 00:30:46,200
But the next time you see 
a humble goat

510
00:30:46,233 --> 00:30:48,600
running in 
the opposite direction,

511
00:30:48,633 --> 00:30:51,133
it might pay to follow it.

512
00:30:55,133 --> 00:30:57,766
♪♪

513
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:01,400
It's dawn in Vanuatu,

514
00:31:01,433 --> 00:31:04,800
and today, the weather 
is looking much more promising.

515
00:31:04,833 --> 00:31:10,833
♪♪

516
00:31:10,866 --> 00:31:16,766
In a few hours, 
Jeff will come face to face

517
00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:20,966
with the burning heart of Marum.

518
00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:23,466
DR. MARLOW: I think anyone 
would be terrified

519
00:31:23,500 --> 00:31:25,100
going into this crater.

520
00:31:25,133 --> 00:31:26,833
My family would think 
I'm insane,

521
00:31:26,866 --> 00:31:28,300
my friends would question

522
00:31:28,333 --> 00:31:30,566
why this seems 
like a good thing to do.

523
00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:32,633
♪♪

524
00:31:32,666 --> 00:31:34,766
There's an easier way 
to do science.

525
00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:39,533
That may be true but the samples 
we're after are extremely rare.

526
00:31:39,566 --> 00:31:42,666
So yeah, it's nerve-racking, 
but taking these risks

527
00:31:42,700 --> 00:31:45,933
for the science 
makes a lot of sense to me.

528
00:31:45,966 --> 00:31:48,500
-HORSLEY: Okay. Ready to rock? 
-DR. MARLOW: Ready to rock.

529
00:31:48,533 --> 00:31:51,733
Let's do this. 
-HORSLEY: Cool. Awesome.

530
00:31:51,766 --> 00:31:53,766
NARRATOR: The pair's 
first challenge

531
00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:56,466
is the 1,300-foot 
vertical drop

532
00:31:56,500 --> 00:31:58,533
down to the crater floor.

533
00:31:58,566 --> 00:31:59,966
HORSLEY: The fear 
and what's going on

534
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:02,233
in the back of your mind 
there is a vertical cliff,

535
00:32:02,266 --> 00:32:04,033
a lava lake in the background,

536
00:32:04,066 --> 00:32:06,266
and so much lose material 
all around you

537
00:32:06,300 --> 00:32:09,566
that it's quite physically 
and mentally demanding.

538
00:32:15,166 --> 00:32:18,566
Right now you've got 
all your trust in a nylon rope.

539
00:32:23,800 --> 00:32:25,400
There's a lot of loose material 
there

540
00:32:25,433 --> 00:32:27,833
so we need to really careful 
on where we put our rope,

541
00:32:27,866 --> 00:32:30,400
especially in these stages. 
-DR. MARLOW: Yup.

542
00:32:30,433 --> 00:32:34,300
HORSLEY: 
This is our biggest concern now.

543
00:32:36,466 --> 00:32:38,500
-DR. MARLOW: Ready to do this? 
-HORSLEY: Let's do it.

544
00:32:38,533 --> 00:32:39,833
DR. MARLOW: Okay.

545
00:32:39,866 --> 00:32:45,166
♪♪

546
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:48,066
HORSLEY: Okay, as soon as you 
get to this bottom section

547
00:32:48,100 --> 00:32:50,233
I want us 
to get out of this water course

548
00:32:50,266 --> 00:32:52,566
and move out of it 
as quick as possible. Okay?

549
00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:54,833
DR. MARLOW: Yeah. 
This is the rock-fall zone.

550
00:32:54,866 --> 00:32:56,500
HORSLEY: This is 
a rock-fall zone.

551
00:32:56,533 --> 00:33:01,033
Look at every stone 
and make sure it's a solid step.

552
00:33:01,066 --> 00:33:02,933
NARRATOR: Once they clear 
the wall,

553
00:33:02,966 --> 00:33:06,800
they come face to face 
with the boulder field.

554
00:33:06,833 --> 00:33:09,666
HORSLEY: And that's going to be 
a nightmare to cross.

555
00:33:09,700 --> 00:33:12,800
This unstable 
plateau of boulders.

556
00:33:12,833 --> 00:33:16,833
We're going to have to cut 
across here, and then head down.

557
00:33:19,033 --> 00:33:24,700
A tumble here could 
certainly mean a fiery death.

558
00:33:24,733 --> 00:33:27,300
As soon as we're on 
that black ash plain, I'm happy.

559
00:33:27,333 --> 00:33:32,066
♪♪

560
00:33:32,100 --> 00:33:37,500
♪♪

561
00:33:37,533 --> 00:33:40,866
NARRATOR: Just as Jeff and Chris 
make it to the other side,

562
00:33:40,900 --> 00:33:43,000
there's bad news 
from the summit.

563
00:33:45,066 --> 00:33:47,400
DR. KALLMEYER: Okay, just 
a little weather update,

564
00:33:47,433 --> 00:33:48,900
so it's still okay here

565
00:33:48,933 --> 00:33:51,166
but the clouds 
are definitely lowering

566
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:55,833
so we might be in for quite 
a bit of rain pretty soon.

567
00:33:55,866 --> 00:33:57,600
HORSLEY: Obviously it's 
extremely acidic down here.

568
00:33:57,633 --> 00:33:58,966
If it does rain,

569
00:33:59,000 --> 00:34:01,600
we want to get out of here 
as fast as possible.

570
00:34:10,366 --> 00:34:15,166
NARRATOR: As the team approaches 
the lava lake in Vanuatu,

571
00:34:15,199 --> 00:34:19,033
in Hawaii, the eruption 
is beginning to slow down.

572
00:34:19,066 --> 00:34:21,833
The lava is starting to cool 
and harden.

573
00:34:25,766 --> 00:34:29,000
Despite the hostility 
of the landscape,

574
00:34:29,033 --> 00:34:32,933
it doesn't take too long for 
life to spring from the ashes.

575
00:34:32,966 --> 00:34:34,699
[ Birds chirping ]

576
00:34:34,733 --> 00:34:37,333
♪♪

577
00:34:37,366 --> 00:34:39,166
The Ohia Lehua is among

578
00:34:39,199 --> 00:34:41,966
the first 
to flourish in this new land.

579
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:44,733
♪♪

580
00:34:44,766 --> 00:34:46,900
It's a tree native to Hawaii

581
00:34:46,933 --> 00:34:49,833
and well adapted to living 
on the lava flows.

582
00:34:49,866 --> 00:34:52,566
♪♪

583
00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:55,733
It helps to break down 
the hard rock into soil

584
00:34:55,766 --> 00:34:58,533
that will support 
an entire ecosystem.

585
00:34:58,566 --> 00:35:01,800
♪♪

586
00:35:01,833 --> 00:35:05,133
It can take 200 years 
of struggle for life

587
00:35:05,166 --> 00:35:07,800
to reclaim 
what was once its own.

588
00:35:07,833 --> 00:35:13,633
♪♪

589
00:35:13,666 --> 00:35:16,233
Few animals managed 
to reach a speck of land

590
00:35:16,266 --> 00:35:18,533
this far out 
in the middle of the ocean.

591
00:35:18,566 --> 00:35:22,100
♪♪

592
00:35:22,133 --> 00:35:25,266
Those that did find a way 
have been free to evolve

593
00:35:25,300 --> 00:35:29,266
into new ecological niches 
created by the volcano.

594
00:35:29,300 --> 00:35:31,600
[ Creatures chirping, calling ]

595
00:35:31,633 --> 00:35:34,833
This is certainly true 
of the island's insects.

596
00:35:34,866 --> 00:35:38,700
♪♪

597
00:35:38,733 --> 00:35:42,166
Nearly every species 
of caterpillar in the world

598
00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:44,833
is a herbivore, 
a plant eater.

599
00:35:44,866 --> 00:35:50,966
♪♪

600
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:55,266
♪♪

601
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:55,266
Every species except for

602
00:35:55,300 --> 00:35:58,400
But this caterpillar is not 
looking for a leaf to eat.

603
00:36:00,666 --> 00:36:04,666
His claws are better suited 
to a more, lively meal.

604
00:36:04,700 --> 00:36:08,900
♪♪

605
00:36:08,933 --> 00:36:10,800
A planthopper.

606
00:36:10,833 --> 00:36:17,700
♪♪

607
00:36:17,733 --> 00:36:22,166
The best way to catch its prey 
is to launch an ambush attack.

608
00:36:22,200 --> 00:36:25,766
♪♪

609
00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:29,866
♪♪

610
00:36:29,900 --> 00:36:31,533
To stand a chance,

611
00:36:31,566 --> 00:36:35,100
the caterpillar needs to find 
some better camouflage...

612
00:36:35,133 --> 00:36:40,200
♪♪

613
00:36:40,233 --> 00:36:45,266
♪♪

614
00:36:45,300 --> 00:36:51,100
♪♪

615
00:36:51,133 --> 00:36:55,800
And then wait for its prey 
to come close.

616
00:36:55,833 --> 00:37:02,100
♪♪

617
00:37:02,133 --> 00:37:09,033
♪♪

618
00:37:09,066 --> 00:37:12,700
Tiny sensitive clasps on the tip 
of its abdomen

619
00:37:12,733 --> 00:37:14,400
will trigger the attack.

620
00:37:14,433 --> 00:37:18,533
♪♪

621
00:37:18,566 --> 00:37:22,633
♪♪

622
00:37:22,666 --> 00:37:26,766
♪♪

623
00:37:26,800 --> 00:37:31,466
♪♪

624
00:37:31,500 --> 00:37:35,666
Hawaii is a land of strange 
and bizarre creatures.

625
00:37:35,700 --> 00:37:37,900
Isolated out in the Pacific,

626
00:37:37,933 --> 00:37:40,166
ninety percent 
of its native species

627
00:37:40,200 --> 00:37:42,600
are found nowhere else 
on the planet.

628
00:37:44,900 --> 00:37:47,800
And the continual disturbance 
by the volcano

629
00:37:47,833 --> 00:37:51,800
has created a landscape 
that can fast-track evolution.

630
00:37:54,900 --> 00:37:57,400
But it's not just 
the volcanic forests

631
00:37:57,433 --> 00:37:59,733
that harbor unique 
life forms.

632
00:37:59,766 --> 00:38:02,966
♪♪

633
00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:06,800
There is another hidden 
ecosystem within the volcano.

634
00:38:06,833 --> 00:38:12,733
♪♪

635
00:38:12,766 --> 00:38:17,066
A secret labyrinth carved 
by the flow of molten rock.

636
00:38:17,100 --> 00:38:20,566
♪♪

637
00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:24,566
♪♪

638
00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:28,600
These caves were created 
by underground rivers of lava

639
00:38:28,633 --> 00:38:30,300
that have since run dry.

640
00:38:30,333 --> 00:38:35,966
♪♪

641
00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:42,466
♪♪

642
00:38:42,500 --> 00:38:46,600
Annette Engel and Megan Porter 
are here to search for creatures

643
00:38:46,633 --> 00:38:49,466
that live in this underworld.

644
00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:51,533
PORTER: The really amazing thing 
about lava tubes

645
00:38:51,566 --> 00:38:54,033
is that as soon as 
that lava has drained,

646
00:38:54,066 --> 00:38:55,600
and it's cooled,

647
00:38:55,633 --> 00:38:59,766
then there are spaces available 
for animals to live in.

648
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:04,000
NARRATOR: But the lava has left 
an obstacle course in its wake.

649
00:39:04,033 --> 00:39:07,566
ENGEL: Well I think I know 
what's coming up.

650
00:39:07,600 --> 00:39:09,233
Ugh.

651
00:39:09,266 --> 00:39:12,700
I wish we didn't have to go 
through the squeeze.

652
00:39:12,733 --> 00:39:15,300
PORTER: The lava, 
because it's so pointy,

653
00:39:15,333 --> 00:39:17,400
you're trying to crawl through 
a tube

654
00:39:17,433 --> 00:39:19,500
that is like a porcupine, 
it's got spines on it,

655
00:39:19,533 --> 00:39:21,366
so it's catching everything 
as you move.

656
00:39:23,733 --> 00:39:27,766
NARRATOR: No sunlight delivers 
energy into these caves.

657
00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:30,466
For years, the scientists 
were unsure

658
00:39:30,500 --> 00:39:34,500
as to what could possibly 
be living down here.

659
00:39:34,533 --> 00:39:37,600
But thanks to a little help 
from the surface,

660
00:39:37,633 --> 00:39:43,800
there's an unusual and thriving 
ecosystem inside the volcano.

661
00:39:43,833 --> 00:39:47,000
PORTER: The roots come down into 
lava tubes looking for water

662
00:39:47,033 --> 00:39:48,766
and then those roots 
also structure

663
00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:51,466
the subterranean communities.

664
00:39:51,500 --> 00:39:54,900
NARRATOR: The roots are like 
a delivery system.

665
00:39:54,933 --> 00:39:59,566
They provide tiny amounts of 
sticky sap for life to live on.

666
00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:00,933
PORTER: Ooo, 
I think I found something.

667
00:40:00,966 --> 00:40:02,333
ENGEL: Oh yeah? 
What is it?

668
00:40:02,366 --> 00:40:05,466
PORTER: Let's go ahead 
and collect it and see.

669
00:40:08,900 --> 00:40:11,566
-ENGEL: Yay! 
-PORTER: Excellent.

670
00:40:13,300 --> 00:40:15,366
NARRATOR: Many of these 
creatures are descendants

671
00:40:15,400 --> 00:40:16,900
of surface animals

672
00:40:16,933 --> 00:40:21,033
that lost their way in the caves 
back through evolutionary time.

673
00:40:21,066 --> 00:40:24,133
♪♪

674
00:40:24,166 --> 00:40:27,700
Like this translucent 
thread-legged bug,

675
00:40:27,733 --> 00:40:31,733
a relative 
of the praying mantis.

676
00:40:31,766 --> 00:40:32,933
PORTER: It's called 
thread-legged

677
00:40:32,966 --> 00:40:36,066
because it has very long thin 
spindly legs.

678
00:40:36,100 --> 00:40:38,000
It was first described 
from some caves

679
00:40:38,033 --> 00:40:40,800
on the other side of the island, 
which is pretty far from here,

680
00:40:40,833 --> 00:40:44,033
so we're pretty sure 
that this is a new species.

681
00:40:44,066 --> 00:40:45,900
I think there are so many 
new species

682
00:40:45,933 --> 00:40:48,966
in these sorts of environments 
because of the volcano,

683
00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:51,500
because it is just 
such an active system,

684
00:40:51,533 --> 00:40:54,500
it is both destroying 
and creating new habitat,

685
00:40:54,533 --> 00:40:58,100
that opens up space for species 
to move underground

686
00:40:58,133 --> 00:41:01,733
and to evolve 
and to become very distinct.

687
00:41:04,200 --> 00:41:06,400
NARRATOR: This is a fragile 
ecosystem.

688
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:12,900
It's entirely reliant on the 
ecosystem above for its support.

689
00:41:15,733 --> 00:41:18,366
PORTER: If the volcano wiped out 
the forest

690
00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:20,033
above where we're standing,

691
00:41:20,066 --> 00:41:22,000
that's gonna wipe out 
the nutrient source

692
00:41:22,033 --> 00:41:24,900
for this ecosystem, 
because those root systems

693
00:41:24,933 --> 00:41:28,366
are really the life blood 
of the ecosystem down here.

694
00:41:28,400 --> 00:41:32,300
But what we see is that 
as the forest recovers

695
00:41:32,333 --> 00:41:35,866
eventually then you have insects 
that also move underground,

696
00:41:35,900 --> 00:41:39,633
and so it's a cycle.

697
00:41:39,666 --> 00:41:42,800
NARRATOR: And today, the cycle 
of death and creation

698
00:41:42,833 --> 00:41:45,066
continues on in Hawaii.

699
00:41:51,966 --> 00:41:56,266
Nowhere on Earth have volcanoes 
affected the circle of life

700
00:41:56,300 --> 00:42:00,700
more than a few thousand miles 
to the east, in the Galapagos.

701
00:42:04,100 --> 00:42:08,800
This violent, volcanic outpost 
is home to an array of animals

702
00:42:08,833 --> 00:42:12,500
unique to these islands.

703
00:42:12,533 --> 00:42:15,833
The giant tortoise 
is one such creature.

704
00:42:15,866 --> 00:42:18,200
♪♪

705
00:42:18,233 --> 00:42:21,500
This individual shares 
the island of Isabella

706
00:42:21,533 --> 00:42:26,133
with the active vents 
of the Alcedo volcano.

707
00:42:26,166 --> 00:42:28,666
Tortoises are cold-blooded 
animals,

708
00:42:28,700 --> 00:42:30,133
meaning they rely on heat

709
00:42:30,166 --> 00:42:33,166
from their external environment 
to survive.

710
00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:36,033
♪♪

711
00:42:36,066 --> 00:42:38,666
Each year, they migrate up 
to the crater

712
00:42:38,700 --> 00:42:41,033
in search of new 
feeding grounds.

713
00:42:41,066 --> 00:42:46,300
♪♪

714
00:42:46,333 --> 00:42:48,466
Along the way, they pause

715
00:42:48,500 --> 00:42:52,100
and appear to bask in the warmth 
of the active vents.

716
00:42:52,133 --> 00:42:57,700
♪♪

717
00:42:57,733 --> 00:43:01,400
And they snack on small bits of 
volcanic rock

718
00:43:01,433 --> 00:43:03,833
rich in minerals 
and salts.

719
00:43:03,866 --> 00:43:07,900
♪♪

720
00:43:07,933 --> 00:43:12,533
♪♪

721
00:43:12,566 --> 00:43:15,866
Even in a landscape 
riddled with volcanoes,

722
00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:19,066
life manages to find 
a way to thrive.

723
00:43:19,100 --> 00:43:24,100
♪♪

724
00:43:31,600 --> 00:43:34,533
The team in Vanuatu 
has finally reached

725
00:43:34,566 --> 00:43:38,166
the edge of the lava lake.

726
00:43:38,200 --> 00:43:40,366
The world that meets them 
at the bottom

727
00:43:40,400 --> 00:43:44,366
is full of steaming fumaroles 
and toxic clouds.

728
00:43:47,433 --> 00:43:50,900
Some of the water here 
is as acidic as battery acid...

729
00:43:53,066 --> 00:43:56,200
...but Jeff hopes that extreme 
microscopic life forms

730
00:43:56,233 --> 00:43:58,400
are hiding within the sediment.

731
00:44:01,333 --> 00:44:04,766
He also wants to collect rocks 
bathed in the radiant heat

732
00:44:04,800 --> 00:44:08,233
and sulphurous clouds 
of the lava lake itself.

733
00:44:11,133 --> 00:44:13,433
Getting close enough for that

734
00:44:13,466 --> 00:44:16,633
requires an extra level 
of protection.

735
00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:24,433
DR. MARLOW: The lava lake itself 
has this magnetic pull.

736
00:44:24,466 --> 00:44:27,766
This extremely deadly feature 
makes you keenly aware

737
00:44:27,800 --> 00:44:29,566
of how alive you really are.

738
00:44:33,533 --> 00:44:36,666
NARRATOR: Months of planning 
have led to this moment.

739
00:44:38,766 --> 00:44:42,700
Despite the dangers, 
Jeff pushes closer.

740
00:44:42,733 --> 00:44:45,400
HORSLEY: Careful! 
Really, really careful.

741
00:44:45,433 --> 00:44:49,266
♪♪

742
00:44:49,300 --> 00:44:53,666
♪♪

743
00:44:53,700 --> 00:44:55,600
Watch out.

744
00:44:55,633 --> 00:44:57,433
Please, please, careful.

745
00:45:32,600 --> 00:45:35,066
NARRATOR: If the rocks here 
harbor life,

746
00:45:35,100 --> 00:45:38,266
it could be in forms 
brand new to science.

747
00:45:45,733 --> 00:45:50,500
For Jeff, the samples 
are worth risking his life.

748
00:46:04,200 --> 00:46:07,333
Before leaving, 
he takes a temperature reading.

749
00:46:11,400 --> 00:46:14,766
The lava lake is off the scale,

750
00:46:14,800 --> 00:46:18,966
and the rock facing the heat 
is over 150 degrees.

751
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:38,933
With the precious material 
bagged and labeled,

752
00:46:38,966 --> 00:46:42,400
Jeff and Chris begin 
the long journey back to camp...

753
00:46:42,433 --> 00:46:45,333
♪♪

754
00:46:45,366 --> 00:46:49,733
...thankfully with some help 
from motorized ascenders.

755
00:46:49,766 --> 00:46:52,366
♪♪

756
00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:54,133
HORSLEY: Okay.

757
00:46:54,166 --> 00:46:58,033
[ Motors hum ]

758
00:46:58,066 --> 00:47:00,666
DR. MARLOW: Life is found 
almost everywhere on Earth.

759
00:47:00,700 --> 00:47:04,800
But where is the line 
beyond which life can't go?

760
00:47:04,833 --> 00:47:08,133
What conditions are too much for 
even single-celled organisms,

761
00:47:08,166 --> 00:47:10,700
the bacteria and archaea,

762
00:47:10,733 --> 00:47:15,300
or maybe even types of life 
we've never seen before?

763
00:47:15,333 --> 00:47:17,766
By sampling here, 
we're seeking the very limits

764
00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:19,466
of what life can endure.

765
00:47:19,500 --> 00:47:24,233
♪♪

766
00:47:24,266 --> 00:47:26,500
DR. MARLOW: We're alive! 
Made it!

767
00:47:26,533 --> 00:47:27,800
♪♪

768
00:47:27,833 --> 00:47:31,300
We're alive! 
Whoo!

769
00:47:38,233 --> 00:47:41,733
NARRATOR: Discovering 
microscopic life forms in Marum

770
00:47:41,766 --> 00:47:44,866
could help the team reveal more 
about the extremes of life

771
00:47:44,900 --> 00:47:47,333
on Earth...

772
00:47:47,366 --> 00:47:51,366
and could even build a better 
picture of how life originated.

773
00:47:54,900 --> 00:47:58,133
Extreme conditions created 
by volcanoes

774
00:47:58,166 --> 00:48:01,300
are not limited 
to terrestrial environments.

775
00:48:05,300 --> 00:48:07,066
♪♪

776
00:48:07,100 --> 00:48:09,366
At the bottom of the ocean,

777
00:48:09,400 --> 00:48:11,833
where the Earth's 
tectonic plates part,

778
00:48:11,866 --> 00:48:14,666
the seafloor comes alive.

779
00:48:16,033 --> 00:48:17,633
Water and minerals,

780
00:48:17,666 --> 00:48:20,833
heated from volcanic activity 
beneath the surface,

781
00:48:20,866 --> 00:48:26,033
form giant 
hydrothermal vent systems.

782
00:48:26,066 --> 00:48:29,066
It's thought that it was 
in these kinds of environments

783
00:48:29,100 --> 00:48:33,733
that life began 
3.7 billion years ago.

784
00:48:33,766 --> 00:48:35,233
♪♪

785
00:48:35,266 --> 00:48:38,033
The planet's first 
single-celled microbes

786
00:48:38,066 --> 00:48:41,300
needed an energy source.

787
00:48:41,333 --> 00:48:45,866
Harnessing the volcano, 
they burst into existence

788
00:48:45,900 --> 00:48:50,866
and ultimately evolved into the 
myriad life forms we see today.

789
00:48:50,900 --> 00:48:53,933
DR. MARLOW: And it's that same 
process of producing

790
00:48:53,966 --> 00:48:57,900
a lot of energy 
and amazing gradients of heat,

791
00:48:57,933 --> 00:48:59,600
and that's what we see down 
here.

792
00:48:59,633 --> 00:49:01,866
That's what makes volcanoes 
really frightening

793
00:49:01,900 --> 00:49:02,966
in a lot of ways.

794
00:49:03,000 --> 00:49:04,666
They're very dangerous 
because of that

795
00:49:04,700 --> 00:49:07,966
but they also can provide that 
spark that life needs to begin.

796
00:49:08,000 --> 00:49:10,333
[ Generator rumbles ]

797
00:49:10,366 --> 00:49:13,433
NARRATOR: Back in camp, 
Jens and Jeff process

798
00:49:13,466 --> 00:49:16,500
the material 
taken from the crater floor,

799
00:49:16,533 --> 00:49:21,000
looking for signs of life 
from inside the volcano.

800
00:49:21,033 --> 00:49:23,400
DR. MARLOW: We've stained some 
of our samples

801
00:49:23,433 --> 00:49:24,566
with a fluorescent dye

802
00:49:24,600 --> 00:49:27,333
that attaches to 
double-stranded DNA,

803
00:49:27,366 --> 00:49:29,800
the genetic material of life.

804
00:49:29,833 --> 00:49:32,166
If anything glows, 
that's a positive sign.

805
00:49:34,733 --> 00:49:36,433
-DR. KALLMEYER: Gotcha. 
-DR. MARLOW: Yeah?

806
00:49:36,466 --> 00:49:37,966
You found stuff? 
-DR. KALLMEYER: Yep.

807
00:49:38,000 --> 00:49:39,933
-DR. MARLOW: It's amazing. 
-DR. KALLMEYER: Yeah.

808
00:49:39,966 --> 00:49:42,133
Beautiful.

809
00:49:42,166 --> 00:49:43,600
Nice and shiny.

810
00:49:43,633 --> 00:49:46,533
DR. MARLOW: That's amazing. 
There's life down there.

811
00:49:46,566 --> 00:49:49,100
DR. KALLMEYER: Yep, we got 
a few cells.

812
00:49:49,133 --> 00:49:53,066
NARRATOR: Jens can see 
luminous specs of light,

813
00:49:53,100 --> 00:49:56,466
a telltale sign of cells.

814
00:49:56,500 --> 00:49:59,966
The basic building blocks 
of life on Earth.

815
00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:02,700
DR. MARLOW: That fact that life 
likely survives

816
00:50:02,733 --> 00:50:04,800
in the crater is amazing.

817
00:50:04,833 --> 00:50:07,400
These microbes can deal 
with conditions

818
00:50:07,433 --> 00:50:10,366
that you or I would think is 
instantly deadly,

819
00:50:10,400 --> 00:50:11,733
but to them it's home,

820
00:50:11,766 --> 00:50:13,933
and they've managed 
to eke out a living,

821
00:50:13,966 --> 00:50:16,466
getting just enough energy 
to survive.

822
00:50:16,500 --> 00:50:19,733
What that means in terms 
of life's origin

823
00:50:19,766 --> 00:50:22,766
and its possibility 
to exist on other planets,

824
00:50:22,800 --> 00:50:25,300
is still up for debate 
and we think

825
00:50:25,333 --> 00:50:29,133
that this is a really good place 
to start that quest.

826
00:50:29,166 --> 00:50:30,900
NARRATOR: There are now 
many months

827
00:50:30,933 --> 00:50:34,566
of in-depth analysis ahead.

828
00:50:34,600 --> 00:50:37,333
The samples collected 
from the edge of the lava lake

829
00:50:37,366 --> 00:50:40,200
were photographed 
under a more advanced microscope

830
00:50:40,233 --> 00:50:42,033
back in the United States.

831
00:50:42,066 --> 00:50:44,433
♪♪

832
00:50:44,466 --> 00:50:46,800
Further study is still needed,

833
00:50:46,833 --> 00:50:49,266
but based on the team's 
observations,

834
00:50:49,300 --> 00:50:52,533
they're confident life 
lives within a few feet

835
00:50:52,566 --> 00:50:55,700
of one of the world's 
most active lava lakes.

836
00:50:55,733 --> 00:50:58,866
♪♪

837
00:50:58,900 --> 00:51:02,500
If we are to look for life 
among the stars,

838
00:51:02,533 --> 00:51:06,366
then we need to know 
what we are looking for.

839
00:51:06,400 --> 00:51:09,433
The discovery in Marum builds 
a picture of what life

840
00:51:09,466 --> 00:51:14,066
might look like elsewhere 
in our universe.

841
00:51:14,100 --> 00:51:17,300
DR. MARLOW: This is the front 
lines of astrobiology

842
00:51:17,333 --> 00:51:21,566
and the idea of looking 
for life beyond Earth.

843
00:51:21,600 --> 00:51:24,433
NARRATOR: Considering the fact 
that almost 30 volcanoes

844
00:51:24,466 --> 00:51:28,700
erupt every 24 hours, 
it's remarkable to think

845
00:51:28,733 --> 00:51:32,733
that life has not 
only managed to survive,

846
00:51:32,766 --> 00:51:35,366
it thrives 
on our violent planet.

847
00:51:35,400 --> 00:51:38,100
♪♪

848
00:51:38,133 --> 00:51:41,533
There's no doubt that life 
in the shadow of a volcano

849
00:51:41,566 --> 00:51:43,266
is full of risk.

850
00:51:47,000 --> 00:51:48,233
But is it time for us

851
00:51:48,266 --> 00:51:51,933
to re-align 
our perception of volcanoes?

852
00:51:51,966 --> 00:51:56,166
♪♪

853
00:51:56,200 --> 00:51:58,733
We're not here in spite of them.

854
00:51:58,766 --> 00:52:00,500
♪♪

855
00:52:00,533 --> 00:52:03,200
We are here

856
00:52:00,533 --> 00:52:03,200
because

857
00:52:00,533 --> 00:52:03,200
of them.

858
00:52:03,233 --> 00:52:08,500
♪♪

859
00:52:11,566 --> 00:52:15,166
♪♪

860
00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:20,133
♪♪

861
00:52:20,166 --> 00:52:25,100
♪♪

862
00:52:25,133 --> 00:52:30,333
♪♪

863
00:52:30,366 --> 00:52:35,533
♪♪

864
00:52:35,566 --> 00:52:42,433
♪♪

865
00:52:42,466 --> 00:52:45,900
To learn more about what you've 
se

866
00:52:42,466 --> 00:52:45,900
en on this "Nature" program,

867
00:52:45,933 --> 00:52:48,433
visit pbs.org.

868
00:52:48,466 --> 00:52:52,700
♪♪

869
00:52:52,733 --> 00:52:56,966
♪♪