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[ Squeaking ]

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♪♪

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NARRATOR: In these waters
lies a complex world...

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...a natural realm
built on relationships.

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♪♪

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It's an ancient system
of give-and-take...

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...where communities of life
cooperate.

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♪♪

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The diversity of creatures here
is dazzling.

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♪♪

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And everyone
must play their part

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to maintain
the delicate balance.

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♪♪

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Take a deep breath
and discover...

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the Soul of the Ocean.

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[ Clicking ]

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♪♪

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♪♪

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♪♪

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[ Squeaking ]

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♪♪

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NARRATOR:
Hold your breath.

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♪♪

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Listen.

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[ Animals singing ]

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[ Squeaking ]

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Watch.

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♪♪

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Understand.

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♪♪

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The more you look...

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the more it changes
your perspective.

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♪♪

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♪♪

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♪♪

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Animals and places
reach out to you.

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[ Clicking ]

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♪♪

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They are all part of a global
and ancient system

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that could explain everything.

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♪♪

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Hold your breath...

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dive...

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into a better world.

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♪♪

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[ Whales singing ]

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Sound travels
further underwater,

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and whale songs
can cross an ocean.

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[ Whales singing ]

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Humpback whales
have left Antarctica

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and are heading
for French Polynesia

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in the middle of the Pacific.

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[ Wind whipping ]

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The humpbacks come 4,000 miles
to this reef

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to give birth and sing.

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[ Whales singing ]

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Males escort each family,
hoping to mate.

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There's constant communication.

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[ Whales singing ]

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A calf nurses, sloppily,
50 gallons of milk a day.

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The milk is so rich that it
doesn't dissolve in the water,

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but forms white droplets.

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[ Whales singing ]

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The humpback bulls
sing on their heads.

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We don't know why.

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[ Whales singing ]

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The songs are complex,

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constantly changing
as part of a rich culture.

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There are elements
of music and language,

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but their meaning to each other
we don't yet understand.

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[ Whales singing ]

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♪♪

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The song spreads from Polynesia

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and echoes across
thousands of miles of ocean.

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♪♪

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♪♪

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Tides and currents,
ripples and upwellings

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connect the furthest reaches.

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[ Whales singing ]

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♪♪

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The ocean transports
nutrients and animals

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in a way impossible on land.

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♪♪

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This is a single home,
miles deep,

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and full of life
that can link almost anywhere.

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♪♪

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In November, when the calves
are strong enough,

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the families return south
to feed.

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[ Whales singing ]

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Humpback whales
connect the ocean,

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but the coral reef
is where their song starts.

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♪♪

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Each reef is a global city,

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with waves of traffic
and sounds and tastes,

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even cultures,

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moving back and forth
over thousands
of miles.

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♪♪

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The city is fueled
by an extraordinary alliance

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between sunlight and coral.

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♪♪

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Coral polyps are animals,

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and living inside them
are plants --

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photosynthetic algae.

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♪♪

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The algae are powered
by sunlight to build sugars,

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and the coral polyps
gather nutrients and proteins.

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This cosmopolitan community
is built on relationships,

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on creatures working together.

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Each species of anemone fish
has its own anemone,

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a symbiotic friendship
that neither can live without.

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The stinging arms defend
their personal clownfish

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from reef predators
like moray eels.

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If an anemone fish
feels really threatened,

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it even can hide
in the anemone's stomach.

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It's also a safe home
to a porcelain crab.

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And specialist shrimp
and baby damselfish

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make it
their
home.

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Companionships
are everywhere you look.

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An urchin and a crab.

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Pygmy seahorses
hide on gorgonian corals.

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They've evolved
to match their home.

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Different kinds of fan corals

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have different kinds
of seahorses.

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If a fan coral goes,
its seahorses die, too.

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♪♪

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Each species
is like a cell in a body,

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working together
and part of a vast system

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that only can exist
because everything is connected.

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It's different from land,

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with its isolated islands
and habitats.

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♪♪

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The consequences of this are
only beginning to be understood.

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♪♪

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Beyond the reef, cooperation

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can become even more personal.

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♪♪

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Offshore of the Philippines,

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a shrimp goby guards a burrow
in the coral rubble.

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♪♪

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A companion shrimp excavates
and does the housework.

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Gobies have good eyesight.

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They scan for predators.

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The shrimp is almost blind

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and will only venture
to the entranceway

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if he, or she, can touch
the goby with its antenna.

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The physical contact
between lifelong friends

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is the heart
of the relationship.

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How they originally find
each other to set up home

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is a puzzle.

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They are never seen
living alone.

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There are dozens
of different species,

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and each partnership
is specific.

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Both shrimp and goby
usually have a mate,

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and the couples get along well.

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They may also take in lodgers.
These ones are dartfish.

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The shrimp never leaves
the burrow, so what does he eat?

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Well, the goby's food is...
recycled to the shrimp.

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Perfect.

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At least one shrimp antenna

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is always in contact
with one goby.

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They both react as one.

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Relationships are not always
so balanced.

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Sharing the same reef is
a family of convict blennies,

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living in a burrow.

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The baby blennies mimic
venomous striped catfish,

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and their disguise
is convincing enough

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to discourage predators
from eating them.

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The youngsters feed on plankton
above the reef

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without any danger.

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Meanwhile, the adults hide.

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They stay at home and clean
and maintain the burrow.

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They have never been seen
to eat.

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Only the youngsters feed,

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on life drifting in from
maybe thousands of miles away.

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♪♪

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How the parents survive
has long puzzled scientists.

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Researchers studying them
now believe

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that the seemingly perfect
parents

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actually eat a few
of their babies each night.

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[ Ominous music plays ]

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Cooperation raises
some difficult questions.

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♪♪

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In nature, there is dark,
as well as light...

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and all shades in between.

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♪♪

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In communities
full of competing interests,

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hunger, and betrayal,

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why would a shrimp go near
a dangerous moray eel?

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♪♪

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♪♪

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It's a cleaner shrimp.

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The moray holds its breath.

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Cleaner shrimps dedicate
their lives to others,

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and an extraordinary trust
has built up

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between them and the moray eels.

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Everywhere you look, animals
are not eating each other,

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but cleaning each other.

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Fish travel to
a particular cleaning station

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and often change color
as a signal

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that they're hoping
to be cleaned.

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They come far more often
than they need to.

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There's something about it
that they like

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and keeps them coming back.

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♪♪

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Specialist cleaning stations

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are on every reef
across the Pacific.

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♪♪

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Around Hawaii,
green turtles come regularly,

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often from
hundreds of miles away.

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Surgeonfish remove
a green fuzz of algae.

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The fuzz slows a turtle down,
so a clean shell is important.

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♪♪

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00:14:34,533 --> 00:14:41,566
♪♪

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00:14:41,566 --> 00:14:46,133
This turtle cleaning station
is a very specific outcrop.

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50 feet from here,
surgeonfish have other jobs

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and ignore the turtles.

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There are service centers
like this all over.

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It's a global network.

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3,000 miles to the east,
off Mexico,

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Clarion angelfish wait
for a different customer.

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♪♪

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A manta ray may have traveled
thousands of miles

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between appointments.

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♪♪

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Injuries are tended to...

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00:15:31,833 --> 00:15:34,800
and tiny parasites or algae
removed.

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♪♪

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00:15:43,766 --> 00:15:46,100
The angelfish gets a meal,

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00:15:46,100 --> 00:15:49,600
but that can't quite explain
the relationship completely.

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There's a much older alchemy,
an ancient biochemistry

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that creates
a physiological buzz

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out of doing things together.

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00:16:00,133 --> 00:16:03,933
Symbiosis can be traced back
as far as bacteria.

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00:16:05,666 --> 00:16:09,533
Cooperation was built into life
right from the start.

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00:16:09,533 --> 00:16:13,700
And mantas, angelfish, and us --
we
all feel it.

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00:16:13,700 --> 00:16:19,233
♪♪

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00:16:19,233 --> 00:16:24,800
♪♪

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00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:30,333
♪♪

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00:16:30,333 --> 00:16:32,200
[ Ominous music plays ]

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00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:34,866
♪♪

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00:16:34,866 --> 00:16:37,933
Even a tiger shark
has companions.

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00:16:37,933 --> 00:16:45,066
♪♪

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00:16:45,066 --> 00:16:52,233
♪♪

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00:16:52,233 --> 00:16:57,766
Remoras are constant attendants
to sharks and manta rays.

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00:16:57,766 --> 00:17:00,166
But the sharks
have other relationships.

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00:17:03,566 --> 00:17:07,366
A bull shark, a hammerhead,
and a nurse shark

247
00:17:07,366 --> 00:17:11,833
hang out together in the
Bahamas, like three amigos.

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♪♪

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00:17:18,466 --> 00:17:25,100
♪♪

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00:17:25,100 --> 00:17:29,233
The hammerhead is searching
beneath the sand.

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Her head is a scanner.

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[ Whoosh ]

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[ Crackling ]

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00:18:04,633 --> 00:18:07,300
We may think of sharks
as frightening,

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00:18:07,300 --> 00:18:12,166
but the majority of fish
near them seem relaxed.

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00:18:12,166 --> 00:18:15,033
Life here is not simple.

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Schools of snapper
hang out with the gang,

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00:18:17,666 --> 00:18:22,333
though they keep
a respectful distance.

259
00:18:22,333 --> 00:18:26,433
It was thought that remoras rode
with sharks to share their food,

260
00:18:26,433 --> 00:18:28,600
but this lemon shark has stopped

261
00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:31,233
to allow its remoras
to clean it.

262
00:18:51,933 --> 00:18:55,666
Lemon sharks cruise
around the Caribbean

263
00:18:55,666 --> 00:18:58,466
and may meet males
from the Gulf of Mexico

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00:18:58,466 --> 00:19:01,866
to keep the gene pool healthy.

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00:19:01,866 --> 00:19:05,000
They are all
international travelers

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00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:08,133
with their own entourage
of personal groomers.

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00:19:08,133 --> 00:19:14,133
♪♪

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00:19:14,133 --> 00:19:20,133
♪♪

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00:19:20,133 --> 00:19:23,766
Not all arrangements with
suckerfish are as comfortable.

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00:19:23,766 --> 00:19:27,733
♪♪

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00:19:27,733 --> 00:19:32,166
This dugong in the Philippines
has two sets of companions --

272
00:19:32,166 --> 00:19:36,066
the streamlined remoras
seen on sharks and mantas...

273
00:19:36,066 --> 00:19:37,966
and striped golden jacks.

274
00:19:37,966 --> 00:19:42,300
♪♪

275
00:19:42,300 --> 00:19:46,166
The placid dugong grazes
the seagrass meadows.

276
00:19:46,166 --> 00:19:51,700
♪♪

277
00:19:51,700 --> 00:19:54,066
The golden jacks
grab small shrimps

278
00:19:54,066 --> 00:19:56,233
that the dugong stirs up.

279
00:19:56,233 --> 00:20:02,100
♪♪

280
00:20:02,100 --> 00:20:04,766
He seems content
to have them around.

281
00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:23,233
The remoras, on the other hand,
seem to trouble him.

282
00:20:23,233 --> 00:20:25,700
They don't seem to be
useful cleaners.

283
00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:27,666
In fact, they only want to eat

284
00:20:27,666 --> 00:20:31,500
what the shrimp goby
feeds his shrimp.

285
00:20:31,500 --> 00:20:35,466
Most remoras are poop-eaters,
just like the shrimp.

286
00:20:37,066 --> 00:20:39,200
The dugong hates it.

287
00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:41,400
It must be
very
uncomfortable.

288
00:20:43,700 --> 00:20:51,033
♪♪

289
00:20:51,033 --> 00:20:58,366
♪♪

290
00:20:58,366 --> 00:21:02,533
First, he tries to rub them off,
but that doesn't work.

291
00:21:04,366 --> 00:21:05,866
Plan B.

292
00:21:05,866 --> 00:21:09,400
He rolls around, creating
a cloud of silt and sand.

293
00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:15,633
♪♪

294
00:21:15,633 --> 00:21:17,700
He tries to bat them away.

295
00:21:17,700 --> 00:21:23,966
♪♪

296
00:21:23,966 --> 00:21:30,200
♪♪

297
00:21:30,200 --> 00:21:32,733
Once he's got
a dense cloud cover going,

298
00:21:32,733 --> 00:21:36,400
he sneaks off
with his golden jacks...

299
00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:38,466
and only one remora.

300
00:21:38,466 --> 00:21:45,933
♪♪

301
00:21:45,933 --> 00:21:50,933
The wild has often been seen
as mindless competition.

302
00:21:50,933 --> 00:21:54,266
Animals were violent
and unsophisticated,

303
00:21:54,266 --> 00:21:57,366
nature red in tooth and claw.

304
00:21:57,366 --> 00:21:59,966
Survival was for the fittest.

305
00:21:59,966 --> 00:22:03,166
♪♪

306
00:22:03,166 --> 00:22:08,666
We felt that the ocean
was heartless, friendless.

307
00:22:08,666 --> 00:22:11,533
We fear what we are not part of.

308
00:22:11,533 --> 00:22:15,866
♪♪

309
00:22:15,866 --> 00:22:18,266
Cold upwellings
on America's West Coast

310
00:22:18,266 --> 00:22:20,233
are rich in plankton,

311
00:22:20,233 --> 00:22:23,633
and tube anemones catch
the current's tiny passengers

312
00:22:23,633 --> 00:22:25,600
on stinging tentacles.

313
00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:27,966
♪♪

314
00:22:27,966 --> 00:22:30,333
But we certainly
never thought of them

315
00:22:30,333 --> 00:22:33,000
as part of anything bigger.

316
00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:38,766
♪♪

317
00:22:38,766 --> 00:22:43,866
Tube anemones here are taller
than most, up to a foot tall,

318
00:22:43,866 --> 00:22:47,800
probably because of
the rainbow nudibranchs.

319
00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:50,900
Nudibranchs are sea slugs.

320
00:22:50,900 --> 00:22:53,800
This one is
Dendronotus,

321
00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,933
and it eats the tube anemone's
stinging tentacles.

322
00:22:57,933 --> 00:23:04,300
♪♪

323
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:10,566
♪♪

324
00:23:10,566 --> 00:23:12,866
The anemone recoils.

325
00:23:12,866 --> 00:23:14,866
Too late.

326
00:23:14,866 --> 00:23:16,900
But look closer.

327
00:23:16,900 --> 00:23:19,566
He only takes a tentacle or two.

328
00:23:19,566 --> 00:23:24,533
♪♪

329
00:23:24,533 --> 00:23:26,700
Many nudibranchs
do not even digest

330
00:23:26,700 --> 00:23:29,433
the stinging cells
from anemones,

331
00:23:29,433 --> 00:23:31,600
but incorporate them
into their skin

332
00:23:31,600 --> 00:23:34,600
for their own defense.

333
00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:39,833
He takes as little as he needs
to keep the supply alive.

334
00:23:39,833 --> 00:23:42,400
He's more farmer than predator.

335
00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:44,833
It's a partnership
that has been finely tuned

336
00:23:44,833 --> 00:23:47,400
over millions of years.

337
00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:49,533
♪♪

338
00:23:49,533 --> 00:23:53,300
The colder currents take us
north along California.

339
00:23:53,300 --> 00:23:57,466
♪♪

340
00:23:57,466 --> 00:23:59,366
The upwellings are colder here,

341
00:23:59,366 --> 00:24:01,700
and there are beds
of giant kelp.

342
00:24:01,700 --> 00:24:06,900
♪♪

343
00:24:06,900 --> 00:24:10,100
If the tropical coral reefs
are the ocean's cities,

344
00:24:10,100 --> 00:24:13,566
then these are
the sea's ancient forests.

345
00:24:13,566 --> 00:24:21,133
♪♪

346
00:24:21,133 --> 00:24:24,666
It's a nursery
for juvenile sardines.

347
00:24:24,666 --> 00:24:29,000
They're individuals, yet they
move like a single organism,

348
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:31,533
to the frustration
of the cormorants.

349
00:24:31,533 --> 00:24:37,800
♪♪

350
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:42,066
Sea lions, growing up, spend
hours just playing together.

351
00:24:42,066 --> 00:24:50,800
♪♪

352
00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:59,500
♪♪

353
00:24:59,500 --> 00:25:04,200
Solitary sevengill sharks
emerge from the freezing depths

354
00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:06,800
like forgotten dinosaurs.

355
00:25:06,800 --> 00:25:10,900
Some may live for centuries
and come up to visit sometimes.

356
00:25:10,900 --> 00:25:14,433
♪♪

357
00:25:14,433 --> 00:25:17,966
Giant sea bass live
long, slow lives here.

358
00:25:17,966 --> 00:25:23,800
♪♪

359
00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:26,433
A wolf eel marks the decades.

360
00:25:26,433 --> 00:25:32,800
♪♪

361
00:25:32,800 --> 00:25:37,533
Rockfish can live
to be 200 years old.

362
00:25:37,533 --> 00:25:41,400
An anemone can live on
the same boulder for a century.

363
00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:45,433
Part of a community matured
and refined over millennium.

364
00:25:45,433 --> 00:25:49,900
♪♪

365
00:25:49,900 --> 00:25:53,066
The rockfish have ritualized
a boundary dispute

366
00:25:53,066 --> 00:25:55,166
so that neither gets hurt.

367
00:26:02,733 --> 00:26:06,066
Intelligent animals
reach out to each other,

368
00:26:06,066 --> 00:26:09,000
for reasons
we barely understand.

369
00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:12,866
♪♪

370
00:26:12,866 --> 00:26:16,333
The instinct
to be part of something

371
00:26:16,333 --> 00:26:19,933
draws animals together,
sometimes in huge numbers.

372
00:26:19,933 --> 00:26:26,033
♪♪

373
00:26:26,033 --> 00:26:30,033
A plague of pelagic red crabs,
millions of them,

374
00:26:30,033 --> 00:26:32,033
arrive from the open ocean.

375
00:26:32,033 --> 00:26:34,400
♪♪

376
00:26:34,400 --> 00:26:38,266
The kelp forest is a global hub
for many creatures.

377
00:26:38,266 --> 00:26:45,066
♪♪

378
00:26:45,066 --> 00:26:49,833
Another tide, and millions
of moon jellies arrive.

379
00:26:49,833 --> 00:26:56,733
♪♪

380
00:26:56,733 --> 00:27:03,700
♪♪

381
00:27:03,700 --> 00:27:06,833
Following one multitude,
another.

382
00:27:06,833 --> 00:27:09,600
Pacific sea nettle jellyfish,

383
00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:13,200
2 and 1/2 feet wide
and 15 feet long.

384
00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:16,133
♪♪

385
00:27:16,133 --> 00:27:21,033
Jellyfish can't see or hear,
yet they travel together.

386
00:27:21,033 --> 00:27:26,900
♪♪

387
00:27:26,900 --> 00:27:32,766
♪♪

388
00:27:32,766 --> 00:27:36,500
Many of the jellyfish
have passengers.

389
00:27:36,500 --> 00:27:39,200
A juvenile slender crab
holds on

390
00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:42,100
until he's big enough
to survive alone.

391
00:27:42,100 --> 00:27:46,333
♪♪

392
00:27:46,333 --> 00:27:50,600
Delicate Medusafish live
in a fragile mobile home.

393
00:27:57,200 --> 00:28:01,500
A pod of basking sharks
can accompany jellyfish.

394
00:28:01,500 --> 00:28:06,033
Jellyfish are a clue to food
along colder currents.

395
00:28:06,033 --> 00:28:09,400
♪♪

396
00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:12,833
They're feeding on copepods.

397
00:28:12,833 --> 00:28:14,900
The causes
of these planktonic blooms

398
00:28:14,900 --> 00:28:17,500
may be thousands of miles away

399
00:28:17,500 --> 00:28:20,533
and due to variations
in temperature and nutrients

400
00:28:20,533 --> 00:28:23,566
that are hard for us to measure.

401
00:28:23,566 --> 00:28:26,166
Yet, sharks and dolphins
and whales

402
00:28:26,166 --> 00:28:29,766
can follow
these global cycles.

403
00:28:29,766 --> 00:28:33,600
They seem to know when
and where everything should be.

404
00:28:33,600 --> 00:28:35,500
♪♪

405
00:28:35,500 --> 00:28:37,466
[ Birds calling ]

406
00:28:43,200 --> 00:28:46,000
Sea otters live in the kelp

407
00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:48,333
only a few miles
from Los Angeles,

408
00:28:48,333 --> 00:28:50,633
one of
our own global hubs.

409
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:55,533
The sea otter mothers
wrap themselves in the kelp,

410
00:28:55,533 --> 00:28:59,200
so as not to drift away.

411
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:02,933
They rub air into their fur
as insulation.

412
00:29:08,366 --> 00:29:11,666
The babies are rambunctious
and demanding,

413
00:29:11,666 --> 00:29:14,000
and the mothers
put up with a lot.

414
00:29:23,666 --> 00:29:26,333
Eventually
they settle down to nurse...

415
00:29:28,666 --> 00:29:31,200
...and the parents
to snooze together.

416
00:29:36,266 --> 00:29:44,366
♪♪

417
00:29:44,366 --> 00:29:48,866
It's winter, and storms
from the Pacific sweep in.

418
00:29:48,866 --> 00:29:54,100
♪♪

419
00:29:54,100 --> 00:29:55,766
[ Thunder crashes ]

420
00:29:55,766 --> 00:30:02,366
♪♪

421
00:30:02,366 --> 00:30:05,333
The surge tears at the kelp

422
00:30:05,333 --> 00:30:09,100
and stirs up nutrients that will
feed the kelp forest all summer.

423
00:30:09,100 --> 00:30:16,666
♪♪

424
00:30:16,666 --> 00:30:18,333
In the wake of the storm,

425
00:30:18,333 --> 00:30:22,366
sometimes whole kelp plants
are ripped off the reef.

426
00:30:22,366 --> 00:30:26,066
♪♪

427
00:30:26,066 --> 00:30:29,533
As the mothership
was torn from its moorings,

428
00:30:29,533 --> 00:30:33,433
baby rockfish became passengers.

429
00:30:33,433 --> 00:30:37,066
This whole community
may travel hundreds of miles

430
00:30:37,066 --> 00:30:39,533
and colonize new shores.

431
00:30:41,233 --> 00:30:44,433
Six-foot Mola molas
and other fish appear,

432
00:30:44,433 --> 00:30:48,166
and the drifting kelp becomes
a mobile cleaning station.

433
00:30:48,166 --> 00:30:54,100
♪♪

434
00:30:54,100 --> 00:30:58,100
Schools of open-ocean fish
find some sanctuary.

435
00:31:02,466 --> 00:31:05,033
Harbor seals hide here, too,

436
00:31:05,033 --> 00:31:07,966
from orcas
and great white sharks.

437
00:31:07,966 --> 00:31:10,233
[ Ominous music plays ]

438
00:31:10,233 --> 00:31:17,233
♪♪

439
00:31:17,233 --> 00:31:24,266
♪♪

440
00:31:24,266 --> 00:31:28,133
He's not hunting.
Just...swimming by.

441
00:31:40,133 --> 00:31:44,233
The companions of
the great white are sardines,

442
00:31:44,233 --> 00:31:47,533
who find safety around him.

443
00:31:47,533 --> 00:31:49,566
Sardines look for any security,

444
00:31:49,566 --> 00:31:53,066
for any protective relationship.

445
00:31:53,066 --> 00:31:55,400
For sardines in the open ocean,

446
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:58,400
they can only rely
on each other,

447
00:31:58,400 --> 00:32:01,533
against some
very frightening predators.

448
00:32:01,533 --> 00:32:07,000
♪♪

449
00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:10,566
The sailfish work together
like wolves.

450
00:32:10,566 --> 00:32:14,433
The sardines coordinate
their defense.

451
00:32:14,433 --> 00:32:17,100
It's a battle of cooperation.

452
00:32:18,633 --> 00:32:23,400
It requires good communication
and trust.

453
00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:25,800
Dark bronze means
"I'm attacking."

454
00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:28,566
Silver means
waiting in line to feed.

455
00:32:28,566 --> 00:32:33,900
♪♪

456
00:32:33,900 --> 00:32:39,233
♪♪

457
00:32:39,233 --> 00:32:41,133
Fish coordinate their movements

458
00:32:41,133 --> 00:32:44,133
through electromagnetic
and pressure sensors,

459
00:32:44,133 --> 00:32:46,766
almost like
a single nervous system.

460
00:32:46,766 --> 00:32:55,566
♪♪

461
00:32:55,566 --> 00:33:04,433
♪♪

462
00:33:04,433 --> 00:33:13,233
♪♪

463
00:33:13,233 --> 00:33:15,600
The sardines are soon gone.

464
00:33:17,766 --> 00:33:22,566
Only scales remain,
filling the water with silver.

465
00:33:22,566 --> 00:33:28,433
♪♪

466
00:33:28,433 --> 00:33:31,133
Hunting and being hunted
in schools

467
00:33:31,133 --> 00:33:36,100
evolved alongside
an ancient imperative.

468
00:33:36,100 --> 00:33:38,666
There are coordinated
gathering places,

469
00:33:38,666 --> 00:33:41,500
where schools like
these big-eye jacks arrive

470
00:33:41,500 --> 00:33:43,466
when it's time to breed.

471
00:33:43,466 --> 00:33:45,866
♪♪

472
00:33:45,866 --> 00:33:49,633
It's the ultimate form
of cooperation.

473
00:33:49,633 --> 00:33:53,533
They communicate
in subtle postures and colors,

474
00:33:53,533 --> 00:33:55,366
in a slow waltz.

475
00:33:55,366 --> 00:34:00,766
♪♪

476
00:34:00,766 --> 00:34:06,066
♪♪

477
00:34:06,066 --> 00:34:10,200
Some travel far to a gathering,
like these hammerheads

478
00:34:10,200 --> 00:34:12,466
at Cocos Island, off Costa Rica.

479
00:34:12,466 --> 00:34:18,100
♪♪

480
00:34:18,100 --> 00:34:21,600
We can see that they communicate
using posture,

481
00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:24,866
but it's probably just
a small part of their dance,

482
00:34:24,866 --> 00:34:27,033
like any courtship.

483
00:34:27,033 --> 00:34:33,233
♪♪

484
00:34:33,233 --> 00:34:37,833
In shallow tropical water,
there's courtship, too.

485
00:34:37,833 --> 00:34:42,533
Longer-term relationships
are forming or being renewed.

486
00:34:42,533 --> 00:34:46,600
♪♪

487
00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:52,133
Animals take time
to choose each other.

488
00:34:52,133 --> 00:34:56,100
A slow courtship
builds commitment and trust.

489
00:34:56,100 --> 00:35:03,266
♪♪

490
00:35:03,266 --> 00:35:10,400
♪♪

491
00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:17,500
♪♪

492
00:35:17,500 --> 00:35:19,266
Off South Australia,

493
00:35:19,266 --> 00:35:21,400
a 3-foot-long giant cuttlefish

494
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:24,100
is warning off rival males.

495
00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:27,566
♪♪

496
00:35:27,566 --> 00:35:29,533
Courtship is over.

497
00:35:29,533 --> 00:35:35,233
He's guarding a female
and a cave hiding her eggs.

498
00:35:35,233 --> 00:35:37,700
Working together
is for more than comfort

499
00:35:37,700 --> 00:35:41,933
or your own protection...
or even mating.

500
00:35:41,933 --> 00:35:45,800
Parents all over
are getting ready.

501
00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:49,566
Off the Philippines,
anemone fish have their home

502
00:35:49,566 --> 00:35:52,766
and their stinging
anemone protector,

503
00:35:52,766 --> 00:35:57,800
but they still need more space
to lay their eggs.

504
00:35:57,800 --> 00:35:59,366
They have a problem

505
00:35:59,366 --> 00:36:02,266
and need to figure out
how to deal with it.

506
00:36:02,266 --> 00:36:06,566
They could use a coconut husk,
if it was with the anemone.

507
00:36:09,433 --> 00:36:12,300
Their solution --
moving what they need

508
00:36:12,300 --> 00:36:14,633
for a custom remodel
of their home --

509
00:36:14,633 --> 00:36:17,566
is not simply mindless instinct.

510
00:36:21,833 --> 00:36:23,266
There's a whole new science

511
00:36:23,266 --> 00:36:26,766
about how animals think
and solve problems,

512
00:36:26,766 --> 00:36:30,500
and it turns out that fish
are pretty remarkable.

513
00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:47,200
It takes good communication
for all relationships to work.

514
00:36:47,200 --> 00:36:50,633
♪♪

515
00:36:50,633 --> 00:36:55,466
There is coordination somehow
across the whole reef,

516
00:36:55,466 --> 00:36:57,766
even for the simplest animals.

517
00:36:59,833 --> 00:37:02,766
Barrel sponges
organize their spawning,

518
00:37:02,766 --> 00:37:07,266
communicating chemically with
each other and following tides.

519
00:37:07,266 --> 00:37:11,000
♪♪

520
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:12,933
When the moon is right,

521
00:37:12,933 --> 00:37:16,500
blue sea stars stand
on tiptoe to spawn...

522
00:37:19,166 --> 00:37:23,266
...and sea cucumbers reach up.

523
00:37:23,266 --> 00:37:27,400
It's as though all the threads
linking every animal

524
00:37:27,400 --> 00:37:30,233
were being pulled by the moon.

525
00:37:30,233 --> 00:37:36,933
♪♪

526
00:37:36,933 --> 00:37:43,633
♪♪

527
00:37:43,633 --> 00:37:45,500
[ Hissing ]

528
00:37:48,566 --> 00:37:53,100
Male corals release sperm.

529
00:37:53,100 --> 00:37:57,133
And then females
release egg packets.

530
00:37:57,133 --> 00:38:01,466
The magic only happens
one night each year.

531
00:38:01,466 --> 00:38:04,400
♪♪

532
00:38:04,400 --> 00:38:07,366
Once adrift,
the packets break open,

533
00:38:07,366 --> 00:38:10,933
and fertilized eggs
start their journey.

534
00:38:10,933 --> 00:38:20,066
♪♪

535
00:38:20,066 --> 00:38:24,033
Nothing in the ocean
can happen in isolation.

536
00:38:24,033 --> 00:38:27,433
The pull of the moon and tides
is felt globally,

537
00:38:27,433 --> 00:38:32,233
and migrants arrive
in perfect time for the feast.

538
00:38:32,233 --> 00:38:34,500
The ocean's largest mouths

539
00:38:34,500 --> 00:38:38,400
will come a long way
for nights like these.

540
00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:43,666
♪♪

541
00:38:43,666 --> 00:38:48,966
♪♪

542
00:38:48,966 --> 00:38:51,766
The mantas eat what they can,

543
00:38:51,766 --> 00:38:54,733
but the quantity
is overwhelming.

544
00:38:54,733 --> 00:39:03,000
♪♪

545
00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:11,166
♪♪

546
00:39:11,166 --> 00:39:19,366
♪♪

547
00:39:19,366 --> 00:39:23,533
From the depths along
the colder Pacific Coast,

548
00:39:23,533 --> 00:39:27,733
opalescent squid
rise toward the full moon.

549
00:39:27,733 --> 00:39:36,533
♪♪

550
00:39:36,533 --> 00:39:40,833
A male grabs a female,
and his tentacles flush red.

551
00:39:57,466 --> 00:40:00,400
He passes a sperm package
to her.

552
00:40:11,300 --> 00:40:15,200
They drift inshore,
and by the time they arrive,

553
00:40:15,200 --> 00:40:18,933
the females are carrying
pods of growing embryos.

554
00:40:28,033 --> 00:40:30,433
They attach them
to anything solid,

555
00:40:30,433 --> 00:40:33,266
even decorating
a decorator crab.

556
00:40:37,066 --> 00:40:41,733
Once their eggs have been laid,
all the adults die.

557
00:40:41,733 --> 00:40:45,466
Their purpose in the chain
of generations is fulfilled.

558
00:40:54,033 --> 00:40:57,466
Almost everything
will eat the dying parents,

559
00:40:57,466 --> 00:40:59,666
but not so the eggs.

560
00:40:59,666 --> 00:41:01,766
The egg cases carry toxins,

561
00:41:01,766 --> 00:41:05,266
and most animals
only try them once.

562
00:41:05,266 --> 00:41:08,333
Inside each
carefully protected home,

563
00:41:08,333 --> 00:41:11,000
the squid are already growing.

564
00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:20,833
♪♪

565
00:41:20,833 --> 00:41:23,300
The squid
will all hatch together,

566
00:41:23,300 --> 00:41:26,733
and the eruption of life
will trigger so much more.

567
00:41:28,300 --> 00:41:31,300
The majority of larvae
are swept away

568
00:41:31,300 --> 00:41:33,666
and become part of the plankton,

569
00:41:33,666 --> 00:41:36,166
the biggest nursery
on the planet.

570
00:41:36,166 --> 00:41:40,733
♪♪

571
00:41:40,733 --> 00:41:43,833
The ocean itself
looks after them,

572
00:41:43,833 --> 00:41:46,066
feeds and protects them.

573
00:41:46,066 --> 00:41:51,400
♪♪

574
00:41:51,400 --> 00:41:54,566
A tiny seahorse
clings to a cotton thread.

575
00:41:54,566 --> 00:41:58,966
♪♪

576
00:41:58,966 --> 00:42:00,933
Flounders grow long tendrils

577
00:42:00,933 --> 00:42:04,600
to keep them
from falling into the depths.

578
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:08,066
A baby nautilus clings
to a fragment of plastic

579
00:42:08,066 --> 00:42:11,433
as if it were kelp.

580
00:42:11,433 --> 00:42:16,500
An iridescent ctenophore is vast
next to a tiny squid.

581
00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:24,333
♪♪

582
00:42:24,333 --> 00:42:30,200
A jellyfish and a crab
start their journey together.

583
00:42:30,200 --> 00:42:34,433
Right from the start,
animals are drawn to each other.

584
00:42:34,433 --> 00:42:37,800
A Medusafish
hides in a tiny jelly.

585
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:43,466
♪♪

586
00:42:43,466 --> 00:42:47,100
A juvenile filefish
holds on, as well,

587
00:42:47,100 --> 00:42:50,633
not to eat,
but so as not to be alone.

588
00:42:50,633 --> 00:43:00,133
♪♪

589
00:43:00,133 --> 00:43:09,466
♪♪

590
00:43:11,533 --> 00:43:13,900
Uncomfortable as it is,

591
00:43:13,900 --> 00:43:16,933
we can't ignore
our
part in this story.

592
00:43:16,933 --> 00:43:19,033
[ Birds crying ]

593
00:43:19,033 --> 00:43:27,600
♪♪

594
00:43:27,600 --> 00:43:36,200
♪♪

595
00:43:36,200 --> 00:43:44,766
♪♪

596
00:43:44,766 --> 00:43:53,366
♪♪

597
00:43:53,366 --> 00:43:56,866
Look beyond the desolation...

598
00:43:56,866 --> 00:43:59,533
and the mistakes.

599
00:43:59,533 --> 00:44:01,100
It's not too late.

600
00:44:01,100 --> 00:44:09,833
♪♪

601
00:44:09,833 --> 00:44:18,600
♪♪

602
00:44:18,600 --> 00:44:27,366
♪♪

603
00:44:27,366 --> 00:44:36,100
♪♪

604
00:44:36,100 --> 00:44:44,833
♪♪

605
00:44:44,833 --> 00:44:53,600
♪♪

606
00:44:53,600 --> 00:44:57,866
A fire urchin
is venomous and untouchable.

607
00:44:57,866 --> 00:45:02,266
Not an ideal friend,
but maybe there's not much else.

608
00:45:19,866 --> 00:45:22,400
He's a carrier crab.

609
00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:24,600
The urchin gets a free ride,

610
00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:27,766
and nothing will attack
the crab now.

611
00:45:27,766 --> 00:45:29,733
They're companions.

612
00:45:29,733 --> 00:45:32,100
It's very equal.

613
00:45:32,100 --> 00:45:35,800
It seems
an unlikely relationship --

614
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:38,900
a plain crab
and a venomous beauty --

615
00:45:38,900 --> 00:45:40,966
but partnerships like these

616
00:45:40,966 --> 00:45:44,200
are the heart and soul
of the ocean.

617
00:45:44,200 --> 00:45:48,200
♪♪

618
00:45:48,200 --> 00:45:51,266
The eggs and larvae
travel the planet.

619
00:45:51,266 --> 00:45:56,200
They are a microscopic chance
of renewal and repair.

620
00:45:56,200 --> 00:46:05,400
♪♪

621
00:46:05,400 --> 00:46:08,866
Not all we do turns out bad.

622
00:46:08,866 --> 00:46:13,100
Machines that set out
to destroy life now nurture it.

623
00:46:13,100 --> 00:46:18,700
♪♪

624
00:46:18,700 --> 00:46:24,300
♪♪

625
00:46:24,300 --> 00:46:26,733
A new home is built.

626
00:46:26,733 --> 00:46:34,800
♪♪

627
00:46:34,800 --> 00:46:42,866
♪♪

628
00:46:42,866 --> 00:46:45,066
Between wreck and reef,

629
00:46:45,066 --> 00:46:48,400
home improvements are finished
for the clownfish.

630
00:46:48,400 --> 00:46:51,433
The coconut husk
is now a nursery.

631
00:46:51,433 --> 00:46:54,600
♪♪

632
00:46:54,600 --> 00:46:57,366
The most precious relationship
in the ocean

633
00:46:57,366 --> 00:47:00,033
is between parent and young.

634
00:47:00,033 --> 00:47:03,866
♪♪

635
00:47:03,866 --> 00:47:06,733
Look. Their hearts are beating.

636
00:47:06,733 --> 00:47:14,566
♪♪

637
00:47:14,566 --> 00:47:17,766
A home must be protected.

638
00:47:17,766 --> 00:47:19,900
Despite the stinging tentacles,

639
00:47:19,900 --> 00:47:22,866
hawksbill turtles eat anemones.

640
00:47:22,866 --> 00:47:26,200
Many of the anemones on the reef
protect a nursery,

641
00:47:26,200 --> 00:47:31,800
and the parents must defend
their anemone at all costs.

642
00:47:31,800 --> 00:47:37,666
They know that the hawksbill's
vulnerability is his eyes.

643
00:47:37,666 --> 00:47:39,300
The Clark's anemonefish

644
00:47:39,300 --> 00:47:43,300
attack anything threatening
their anemone, including us.

645
00:47:43,300 --> 00:47:46,700
They can bite you hard enough
to draw blood.

646
00:47:46,700 --> 00:47:50,300
The hawksbill is off
to find an easier meal.

647
00:47:50,300 --> 00:47:53,766
♪♪

648
00:47:53,766 --> 00:47:58,200
All around us,
baby fish are being protected.

649
00:47:58,200 --> 00:48:00,966
Urchins provide
a favorite kindergarten.

650
00:48:00,966 --> 00:48:07,500
♪♪

651
00:48:07,500 --> 00:48:14,033
♪♪

652
00:48:14,033 --> 00:48:18,100
We are piecing together clues,
like a jigsaw puzzle,

653
00:48:18,100 --> 00:48:21,366
slowly revealing parts
of the picture.

654
00:48:21,366 --> 00:48:31,066
♪♪

655
00:48:31,066 --> 00:48:34,166
Our rare help
is often accidental.

656
00:48:36,466 --> 00:48:38,666
But the wreckage
we have made of our world

657
00:48:38,666 --> 00:48:41,800
is most chilling
by what's not there.

658
00:48:49,633 --> 00:48:55,000
500 years ago, there was
maybe 10 times as many fish.

659
00:48:55,000 --> 00:48:57,866
It's hard to imagine.

660
00:48:57,866 --> 00:49:00,533
It's not just
the individuals lost.

661
00:49:00,533 --> 00:49:04,100
It's their delicate
partnerships, their families,

662
00:49:04,100 --> 00:49:08,100
all the connections
between lives, severed.

663
00:49:08,100 --> 00:49:17,366
♪♪

664
00:49:17,366 --> 00:49:26,600
♪♪

665
00:49:26,600 --> 00:49:35,866
♪♪

666
00:49:35,866 --> 00:49:39,933
The natural world
is built on relationships.

667
00:49:39,933 --> 00:49:42,833
But what we are only beginning
to discover

668
00:49:42,833 --> 00:49:46,666
is the ancient biochemistry
of cooperation.

669
00:49:46,666 --> 00:49:51,033
Single cells united
to form animals and plants,

670
00:49:51,033 --> 00:49:55,433
and they needed to breed,
to create homes and communities,

671
00:49:55,433 --> 00:49:58,533
and so ancient neurotransmitters
and hormones

672
00:49:58,533 --> 00:50:02,433
began rewarding collaboration.

673
00:50:02,433 --> 00:50:04,933
The instincts are strong.

674
00:50:04,933 --> 00:50:08,233
Being together,
a part of something,

675
00:50:08,233 --> 00:50:10,166
just feels right.

676
00:50:10,166 --> 00:50:18,533
♪♪

677
00:50:18,533 --> 00:50:26,866
♪♪

678
00:50:26,866 --> 00:50:35,233
♪♪

679
00:50:35,233 --> 00:50:37,533
[ Whales singing ]

680
00:50:37,533 --> 00:50:40,466
Animals are very trusting.

681
00:50:40,466 --> 00:50:48,833
♪♪

682
00:50:48,833 --> 00:50:57,233
♪♪

683
00:50:57,233 --> 00:51:05,666
♪♪

684
00:51:05,666 --> 00:51:09,900
It may seem foolish to want
to be a part of this.

685
00:51:09,900 --> 00:51:12,800
Some here could easily kill us.

686
00:51:12,800 --> 00:51:16,666
They may be hungry,
and we are edible,

687
00:51:16,666 --> 00:51:20,266
but you don't need to
feel afraid --

688
00:51:20,266 --> 00:51:23,366
just respectful.

689
00:51:23,366 --> 00:51:26,800
Listen.
Listen.

690
00:51:26,800 --> 00:51:29,100
They have something to say.

691
00:51:30,833 --> 00:51:32,266
Here's a thought.

692
00:51:32,266 --> 00:51:35,700
How about a bit
of give-and-take?

693
00:51:35,700 --> 00:51:41,066
♪♪

694
00:51:41,066 --> 00:51:44,966
We can feel what it is like
to be trusted,

695
00:51:44,966 --> 00:51:48,666
and we can help protect
what we're part of.

696
00:51:48,666 --> 00:51:50,833
♪♪

697
00:51:50,833 --> 00:51:52,866
[ Whales singing ]

698
00:51:52,866 --> 00:51:59,633
♪♪

699
00:51:59,633 --> 00:52:04,933
Holding your breath long enough
is the hardest part.

700
00:52:04,933 --> 00:52:07,633
But it's worth it.

701
00:52:07,633 --> 00:52:09,733
[ Whale sings ]

702
00:52:09,733 --> 00:52:11,200
Look.

703
00:52:11,200 --> 00:52:15,466
They are reaching out to us.

704
00:52:15,466 --> 00:52:17,400
[ Whales singing ]

705
00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:23,566
♪♪

706
00:52:31,100 --> 00:52:39,066
♪♪

707
00:52:39,066 --> 00:52:47,033
♪♪

708
00:52:47,033 --> 00:52:55,000
♪♪

709
00:52:55,000 --> 00:53:03,033
♪♪

710
00:53:03,033 --> 00:53:06,366
To learn more about what you've
seen on this "Nature" program,

711
00:53:06,366 --> 00:53:08,700
visit pbs.org.

712
00:53:08,700 --> 00:53:12,633
♪♪

713
00:53:21,966 --> 00:53:25,966
O0 C1
♪ ♪