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{\an8}Dinosaurs ruled the planet
for over 150 million years.

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They occupied almost every corner
of the globe

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and came in almost
every shape and size imaginable.

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Some were truly extraordinary.

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We now know that T. rex was
a powerful swimmer,

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Velociraptors were cunning,
feathered hunters,

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and that some dinosaurs had
the most bizarre behavior.

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But new discoveries
are being made almost every day

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that tell us more about life
on this planet 66 million years ago.

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This time on Prehistoric Planet,

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we reveal new animals...

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and new insight
into their quest to find a partner,

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the challenges faced by raising a family...

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and their titanic battles.

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Journey to a time
when nature put on its greatest show.

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This is Prehistoric Planet 2.

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This is the largest expanse of lava
to flood the earth for 100 million years.

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The Deccan in central India,

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a hellish place

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and certainly not where
you would expect to find dinosaurs.

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And yet,
giants risk their lives traveling here.

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Isisaurs.

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And all are females.

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Lava has been flowing in the Deccan
for so long

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that in places, it is a mile thick.

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Every spring, females leave
the safety of their forest home

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to make a perilous journey
into these badlands.

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They can pick a safe route
through cooled, hardened lava...

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but there are other dangers here.

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In addition to the steam, a deadly mixture
of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide

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spews from volcanic vents.

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In the cool pre-dawn air,

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these heavy gases sink

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to create a barely visible,
suffocating blanket.

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Just a few lungfuls can kill.

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But isisaurs have one crucial advantage.

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Their long necks can keep their heads
above this blanket of poisonous fumes.

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But ahead lies a place
where this will be hard to do.

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They're entering a low-lying area

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where the deadly gases
are particularly thick.

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And for these females,
something is already wrong.

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And worse,
as the sun rises and warms the air,

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the gases swirl even higher.

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Long necks can no longer protect the herd.

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They must escape to higher ground
and quickly.

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The climb is steep
but should bring fresher air.

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Relief at last.

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And ahead, their final destination.

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A volcanic island in the sky

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rising high above
these treacherous badlands.

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The huge crater, a caldera,
provides a safe communal nesting ground.

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The surrounding sea of poisonous gases
helps to keep predators away...

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and the inbuilt geothermal heating
makes it an ideal incubator.

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Each mother digs a seven-foot trench
in the warm sand

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to hold over 20 melon-sized eggs.

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The eggs are safe in the caldera for now,

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but this is just the beginning
of their story.

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In a few months,

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hundreds of tiny babies
will hatch to face this desolate world.

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If any are to survive,

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they'll need
a perfectly timed change in conditions.

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The badlands of the prehistoric planet

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tests even dinosaurs to their limits.

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This strange landscape

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carved by scouring winds
and vast ancient rivers

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might appear empty of life.

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But here in Asia,

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hidden in these narrow canyons...

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is a new family of Velociraptors.

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The young are just a few weeks old.

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It might seem that in such a barren place,
they face an uncertain future.

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Their survival relies on a strange event,
not here, but miles from their home.

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Across the baking desert lies a forest
trapped in a sea of sand.

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A change in the seasons
brings rare water to this region.

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Huge stands of poplar trees

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mark its arrival
with a flush of nutritious leaves.

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A magnet that draws many hungry animals.

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Long necked nemegtosaurs
are joined by Mongolian titanosaurs...

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and with them, much smaller Prenocephale.

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But one thing stands in their way.

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This immense plateau.

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And the only way to reach the forest
is through this maze of canyons.

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As they enter, the herd becomes nervous.

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It's a good place for an ambush.

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The Velociraptors are waiting.

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But they can't possibly
tackle a titanosaur.

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Success will depend instead
on other hunters on the prowl.

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Tarbosaurs.

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Asia's version of Tyrannosaurus rex.

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As the predators approach, panic spreads.

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Only the Prenocephale can escape
to higher ground.

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And this
is what the Velociraptors have waited for.

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Now, the Velociraptors can finally
spring their ambush.

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At last.

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Working together, they have secured a meal
for the whole family.

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The tarbosaurs have also had success.

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For predators, it's actually a time
of plenty.

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And for the Velociraptors,
the perfect time to start a family.

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Having clever, caring parents
can give youngsters an excellent start.

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And here in the badlands of Asia,

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there are few more
dedicated dinosaur parents than these.

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A colony of nesting Corythoraptors.

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A few days ago, females laid eggs
on these circular mounds.

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But the job of brooding them falls
to the males.

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And that is not easy.

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Exposed to the midday sun,
the eggs would soon cook.

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But the fathers use their broad tail
and forearm feathers

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to keep the nest shaded.

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And pay a heavy price.

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Enduring hour after hour
in the searing heat.

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At last, in the cool of the evening,
the males can step away in search of food.

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This is when nesting
in a colony brings benefits.

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Instead of all leaving at once,
the Corythoraptors take turns.

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So, there's always a neighbor
keeping an eye out for danger.

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But even this neighborhood watch
can't guarantee their safety.

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A female Kuru kulla,
a relative of Velociraptors.

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She is extremely hungry but wary

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of the Corythoraptors' powerful beaks
and claws.

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But she has one key advantage.

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Her night vision is better
than that of the owners of the nests.

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If she's quiet,
she can sneak into the colony undetected.

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She picks her target carefully.

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This is her chance.

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But not to attack.

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This predator is also a thief.

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She will eat as many eggs
as fast as she can.

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Time's up. She's been discovered.

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One last egg to take away.

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She now has a chance
to enjoy her stolen egg in peace.

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But this thief shares her spoils.

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With these purring sounds,
she calls her young.

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Her chicks are not long
out of the nest themselves.

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They need to learn
that this strange new object is food.

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And discover how to break into it.

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Maybe their beak or perhaps a claw.

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Success, perhaps more by luck than skill.

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But still a vital lesson
for this next generation of egg thieves.

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In the badlands,
the relief of cooler nights

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is all too soon followed by the return
of the intense heat of the sun's rays.

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The temperature on the surface of the sand
can soar to over 160 degrees Fahrenheit.

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Any water here soaks away
or evaporates in seconds.

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This is one of the driest places on earth.

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Without water, no animal can survive.

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Yet this is home to these young Tarchia.

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They are desert-living ankylosaurs.

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Heavily armored with huge, clubbed tails.

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Dark patches protect the Tarchia's eyes
from the glaring sun.

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And this is the sound

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of Tarchia's very own
air conditioning system.

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Their large nose cools the air
as it leaves the body,

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condensing and so conserving
valuable water with every breath.

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It allows them to survive long periods
without drinking

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as they search for a meal.

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The high temperatures here
create scouring winds

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which carve the rocks
into extraordinary shapes.

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But they also strip the ground of soil.

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Some plants, however, manage to take root
in cracks between the rocks.

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Any meager mouthful
is worth competing for.

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With every minute, the sun climbs higher.

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Soon, all shade will be gone.

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And even these masters
of the desert welcome a drink sometimes.

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Like many nomads,

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the Tarchia have a mental map
of the desert

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and can travel across empty landscapes
with unerring accuracy.

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They remember the rare places
where there are natural springs.

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Desert oases like this one.

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A lifesaver for animals
that can find them.

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Prenocephale.

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Tensions often run high around an oasis...

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but a display of strength
can prevent a dangerous battle.

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In the end, the Prenocephale
are little more than annoying.

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But an adult Tarchia is another matter.

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Especially one
almost twice the youngster's weight.

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It wields a club
weighing almost 50 pounds.

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If this comes to a fight,
the juvenile can't win.

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But reinforcements are on the way.

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The pair are reunited.

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Now there are twice as many swinging clubs
for the adult to deal with.

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He decides that perhaps there
is enough water here

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for everyone to share.

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The young Tarchia can finally drink
in peace.

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But they may not be able
to enjoy their rest for long.

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In badlands, conditions can change
with astonishing speed.

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Rising summer temperatures
fuel electric storms

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hundreds of miles wide.

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Here in the Deccan, these seasonal storms
cause a shift in the wind direction.

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And around the caldera

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where the isisaur females
laid their eggs months ago,

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the poisonous gases have now blown away,

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providing a critical window
of opportunity.

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There are strange sounds coming
from beneath the sand.

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Baby isisaurs are calling to each other
from inside their eggs.

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It helps to synchronize their hatching.

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The babies are relatively tiny,
less than a foot long.

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There's nothing to eat
except their mothers' dung.

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Surprisingly,

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it's very nutritious and important
to the hatchlings in other ways too.

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It introduces healthy bacteria
into their guts,

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and it also contains pheromones that,
like smells,

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will enable them
to find their mothers' herd.

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It will lead them
to the safety of the forest.

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But the journey isn't easy.

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The winds may have changed in their favor,

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but many dangers lie ahead
for the young isisaurs.

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Hot springs and bubbling pools
of liquid mud.

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A deadly trap.

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00:33:56,453 --> 00:33:58,956
After two days of trekking,

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the babies' reserves are running low...

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but their mothers have come
to the rescue again.

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Small plants have taken root
in the cracked lava,

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sprouting from seeds
dropped in the mothers' dung.

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But a new danger is heading their way.

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Now the wind has cleared the toxic gases,
the door opens for predators.

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A rajasaur.

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With so many babies out in the open,
this could be a feast.

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Cracks in the lava
are the only possible hiding place.

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More rajasaurs arrive.

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Despite the dangers, hundreds of babies
succeed in reaching the forest.

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Here, they will live together hidden
in the undergrowth for several years.

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Until finally

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they are big enough
to join their mothers' herds.

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With luck, the females among them
will return to this crater

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in years to come to lay eggs of their own.

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Like many animals that live
in such inhospitable places,

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the risks will be high.

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But there are also great opportunities
in the badlands of the prehistoric planet.

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This is the fossilized egg
of a giant dinosaur.

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A titanosaur.

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When freshly laid,

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it would have weighed
around a kilo and a half,

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and its shell
is about two millimeters thick.

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While the eggs certainly were tough,

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they still needed
to be kept safe and warm.

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So how did dinosaurs take care
of their eggs?

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In order to protect their eggs
from predators

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{\an8}and to keep their eggs warm,
dinosaurs evolved a list of strategies.

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{\an8}One of these strategies was
to build a nest

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{\an8}and then to actually
sit on top of the nest.

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We know for certain dinosaurs did this

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00:39:33,540 --> 00:39:38,837
because we actually have fossils
of dinosaurs sat on top of nests.

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Eggs found in these nests
contain tiny babies of the same species

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as the adults,

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providing the first evidence

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that some dinosaurs
looked after their young.

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But although this offered protection
and shelter from the elements,

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there was a downside
to incubating eggs in this way.

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Having to sit on an egg
and actually look after it means

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that you are committed
to the care of that egg

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for the entire duration
of their development

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up until the point of hatching.

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For some dinosaurs,
it was a commitment worth making.

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But others, like sauropods,
faced a different challenge.

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It's likely that some dinosaurs
never sat on their eggs.

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{\an8}After all, many of these animals
weighed tons and tons

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{\an8}and would have crushed them
before they had any chance of hatching.

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So, what was their solution?

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There are some sauropod egg clutches

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where the female excavated a long trench
with her back feet.

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She then backfilled the trench
once she had laid all the eggs.

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This behavior can be seen today.

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00:41:07,885 --> 00:41:11,597
Turtles bury their eggs to protect them
from predators,

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and the sun-warmed sand
keeps them at the ideal temperature.

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But some dinosaurs had another trick
to keep their eggs warm.

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We think some dinosaur groups
deliberately collected

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and piled up rotting vegetation.

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00:41:31,700 --> 00:41:36,079
They basically formed a compost heap
on top of their egg-filled nests.

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Bush turkeys in Australia
use this remarkable technique.

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As the vegetation breaks down,

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it releases enough heat
to incubate their eggs

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for around seven weeks.

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00:41:53,055 --> 00:41:55,724
But it was a discovery in 2010

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that revealed that some dinosaurs
had an even more unusual way

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of keeping their eggs warm.

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They use heat from the earth itself.

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In one particular site in Argentina

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that's had lots
of sauropod egg discoveries,

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it's right next door
to some geothermal springs.

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We're thinking the sauropods
were using that volcanic activity

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to help keep its eggs warm.

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Another location,
the Deccan region of India,

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one of the most volcanic areas
during the late Cretaceous,

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provides more evidence.

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There are many, many layers of lava,

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then in between the lava flows,
we find dinosaur eggs.

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Dinosaurs were coming to this location

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even when it was highly active volcanically,

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using it as a nesting site
for literally centuries.

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Dinosaurs had many ways
to ensure their eggs would hatch...

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00:43:07,296 --> 00:43:09,548
but we can be certain of one thing.

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Their methods worked very effectively,

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helping them to rule the world
for over 150 million years.