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Life...

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The closer you look,

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the more mysterious it seems.

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We can't see
the invisible forces at work.

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But what if we could?

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It's time to look at our home...

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..in a whole new way.

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Imagine carbon
cycling through nature.

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It's one of the building blocks
of life.

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And it's stored in our forests...

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..oceans

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and grasslands

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on an incredible scale.

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But we've released too much of it
into the atmosphere,

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risking our future.

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We can halt emissions
and draw that carbon back down.

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And our best ally for that

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is nature.

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Restoring it to abundance
is the biggest challenge of our time.

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But we can do it.

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If the future of nature
looked brighter,

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so could the future for us all.

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To me personally,
forests are special

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because you're surrounded
by giant beings, these trees.

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A forest is much more

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than the individual bodies,
objects that you can see,

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the trees or the soil
or the animals.

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There's a huge world
of interaction and communication

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beyond our immediate experience.

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And through science, we begin
to get glimpses of that world.

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Professor Yadvinder Malhi
from Oxford University,

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has been studying this forest
for over 20 years.

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It's a profoundly
central part of my being,

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I think, being out,

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realising that you're just one being

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in a community
of species and entities

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and different forms
of consciousness all around you.

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Research at Wytham Woods
began in the 1920s.

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It's one of the first places

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that scientists came up
with the concept of an ecosystem.

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So here, we've got this caterpillar
consuming the leaves of this tree,

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and it's what makes up
a forest ecosystem -

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not the individual tree
or the individual caterpillar,

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but this interaction
between the two.

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This caterpillar may end up
being consumed by a blue tit,

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taking the food
to feed its young chicks.

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And the leaf is also probably
creating chemical signals

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to attract birds to tell them
that this caterpillar is here.

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This is just one small example

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of thousands of such interactions

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between species occurring
above the forest,

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in the canopy,

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and below in the ground as well.

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These connections
keep the forest healthy.

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All living trees
are adorned with leaves.

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Beneath every single one
are thousands of tiny holes -

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stomata.

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They draw in carbon dioxide
from the air,

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which the trees turn into food
to help them grow.

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And nowhere is carbon drawdown
more powerful

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than in the great
tropical forests of our planet.

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Fed by constant rain and sunshine,

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the trees grow rapidly here.

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It's been like this
for millions of years.

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Dense forests are
the hardest to study,

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the animals often impossible to see.

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So the few places where we can learn
about how the forest works

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are invaluable.

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Kibale National Park

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lies on the eastern edge
of the Congo rainforest ecosystem.

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Here, our closest relatives
are under observation.

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Margaret Kobusingye

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is the field manager
of the Kibale Chimp Project.

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She leads a team of researchers

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who keep up with the chimps
from dawn until dusk.

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Every detail of their lives
is recorded.

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Who's grooming who.

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What they eat.

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And where they go.

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A fig tree in fruit
brings them all together.

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Chimps are fast eaters,

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consuming up to ten figs a minute.

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And they can eat for up to
eight hours at a time.

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By feasting on these fruits,

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they provide an invaluable
service for the trees,

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helping to spread their seeds
across the forest.

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Chimps are critical
to the health of the forest.

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Yet across the whole of Africa,

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less than 250,000 remain.

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Here in Kibale,

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protection is making a difference.

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The Congo rainforest

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is home to some of the largest trees
on the planet.

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And when it comes to carbon,

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the bigger the tree, the better.

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Giants here can tower
over 60 metres tall.

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But to reach their full potential,

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they need help from another creature.

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Smaller than their savanna cousins,
forest elephants

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still eat an incredible 200 kg
of vegetation per day...

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..mostly the shrub layer
that's easy to reach...

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..which gives larger trees
more space to grow.

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There are over
10,000 animal species here.

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They're all part
of a complex web of life

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that keeps the ecosystem working.

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The Congo rainforest covers
more than 1 million square miles.

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It is so large,

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it influences the climate
across the entire region.

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This rainforest causes humid air
to rise into the atmosphere...

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..forming rivers of cloud

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that transport billions of tons
of water north...

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..where it hits
the Ethiopian highlands as rain...

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..feeding rivers which sustain
some of the driest regions.

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The influence of a forest
extends far beyond its borders.

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And every forest on Earth
has its own unique character.

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In the north
are the boreal forests...

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..dominated by evergreens
that take time to grow.

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It's quieter here.

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Not so many animals

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and only a few tough species of tree.

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Scots pines can live for 500 years.

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They're not the fastest
at drawing carbon down,

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but they are good at storing it.

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To study this,

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David Coomes and Aland Chan
from Cambridge University

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are using some unusual technology.

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We can map the trees

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and work out
how much carbon is in them.

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We've been working
with this lidar data set.

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We've popped it into one
of the bits of software

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that game developers use,

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and then we just see it
from a person's perspective.

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This 3D map gives
a unique view of the forest.

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And the lidar can show precisely

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how much carbon
is locked up within it.

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In this restoration area,

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David and Aland can assess
the drawdown benefits

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of regrowing a forest.

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We have this sort of...

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If you look at the mountains
behind us,

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that will be around 800m
in elevation.

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So naturally,
the forest would extend all the way

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back up to 650m
to 700m in elevation,

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and the goal is to try to get

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the trees and forest
to extend back up there

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through natural regeneration.

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As it grows,

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each sapling has
the potential to draw down

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half a ton of carbon dioxide.

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And what makes the boreal forest
even more unique

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is where that carbon ends up.

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So as well as understanding
what these amazing,

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ancient trees are doing, we're also

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interested
in what's happening below ground.

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And in these boreal systems,

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the soil is mostly made up
of organic materials like this -

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leaf litter, pine cones,

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but also roots

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and some incredibly important
fungi sitting in there as well.

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Together, they form a layer which
is incredibly slow to decompose.

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This organic matter

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accounts for over half of all the
carbon stored in the boreal forest.

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The rest is held in the trees.

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It's the largest carbon store
on terrestrial Earth.

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Looking after it in the face
of climate change is essential.

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So the boreal forest,
first of all, is a forest of cold.

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The vegetation grows quite slowly.

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It stores twice
as much carbon per hectare

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as any other terrestrial ecosystem,
including the tropical forests.

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I'm a member of the Innu community
of Mashteuiatsh.

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But I'm also the executive director

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of the Indigenous Leadership
Initiative.

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Because of my connection
as an Innu woman,

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I've always known
that I would be doing

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work to protect
and work with nature.

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The boreal is very much home
to the iconic species of caribou,

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and it's such a fundamental
part of Canadian identity.

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I mean, it's on our quarter.

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It is what has allowed my people
to survive in this landscape

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for over 10,000 years.

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Because the caribou
are so sensitive,

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when they're present,

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it's a good indication
that other species

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who are a little bit less sensitive
will also be present in that area.

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They're kind of like canaries
in the coal mine

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or a way of really giving us
an alarm

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about what's coming
in these ecosystems.

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And so we're definitely looking,

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as foresters and as people
who manage these areas,

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to find caribou,

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because it's a good way of telling
that the whole system is healthy.

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Caribou need old-growth forests.

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In this cold environment,

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the lichens they eat
take up to 50 years to grow.

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But even the slowest ecosystems

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need a boost now and then

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to get the nutrients moving.

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Boreal is an ecosystem of fire.

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The soils in the boreal
are quite poor.

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And because that organic matter
decomposes so slowly,

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over time, that soil can break down

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and become less and less
productive over time.

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Well, what brings back
that productivity,

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in part, is fires,

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because what it does is
it breaks down that organic matter

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and all the nitrogen
that is in that matter

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gets released into the soil.

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Natural fires are
usually started by lightning.

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Big burns used
to happen once a century,

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giving time for the slow-growing
forest to recover.

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Fires are becoming more intense,

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larger and more persistent
than the norm.

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Canada has had a long
forest management history,

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so we know what is
the natural cycle of fires.

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And so every once in a while,
there's a big fire.

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Then there's a lot of little fires.

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But what's happening is

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we're not getting
a lot of little fires any more.

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We're just getting big fires.

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More frequent storms and hot,
dry weather

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are causing infernos
that are actually damaging soils,

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impacting the old-growth forest,

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caribou and also local residents.

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I've got a lung disease

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that was probably exasperated
by the fires last year.

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Two weeks after the fire started,

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did I notice that I was having
shortness of breath.

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Peter Durocher lives
in Île-à-la-Crosse, Saskatchewan.

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I feel like I'm grounded
when I'm right here.

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I don't feel grounded in my house.

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Here, I'm grounded.

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It's beautiful. Forest is healing.

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Peter belongs to
the Métis Indigenous community.

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The boreal forest has been
their home for generations.

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Indigenous people need forest.

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I feed my family
off the forest and the water,

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whether it's the rabbit,
or the deer, or the moose.

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But under the pressure
of climate change,

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life in the forest is getting harder.

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This fire was only about four
hectares the first time it was seen.

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Four hectares.

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And it ended up burning
close to a million hectares.

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That's a crazy number, eh?

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The initial fire seemed too small

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and too far from habitation
to be a priority for the province.

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There was no response
to the community's calls for help.

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By the time action was taken,

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the fire was bigger than Chicago.

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In all my life, all my 62 years
of living on this earth,

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I never seen a fire
behave like that.

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Fire was burning at 2:00
or 3:00 in the morning,

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as hot as it was burning
at 2:00 or 3:00 in the afternoon.

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By the time May 29th came around,
the fire was uncontrollable.

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In 2023,

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the hot, dry spring caused
fires to burn so intensely,

256
00:22:38,570 --> 00:22:43,170
they destroyed over 70,000 square
miles of boreal forest

257
00:22:44,170 --> 00:22:48,740
and sent a veil of smoke
to New York City and far beyond.

258
00:22:48,770 --> 00:22:52,740
Hundreds of wildfires continue
to burn across Canada,

259
00:22:52,770 --> 00:22:54,740
many of them out of control.

260
00:22:54,770 --> 00:22:58,940
An ominous orange haze envelops
the Statue of Liberty.

261
00:22:59,130 --> 00:23:03,130
Wildfire smoke from Canada
has billowed across the border.

262
00:23:03,170 --> 00:23:05,490
As firefighters
try to contain the fires,

263
00:23:05,530 --> 00:23:10,020
officials in many US cities
warn air quality is at code red.

264
00:23:10,450 --> 00:23:14,210
100 million Americans
are under air quality alerts.

265
00:23:14,260 --> 00:23:17,490
The potential health threat
posed by wildfire smoke

266
00:23:17,530 --> 00:23:20,530
spanning as far south
as Georgia and Texas.

267
00:23:26,210 --> 00:23:27,340
Normally,

268
00:23:27,660 --> 00:23:29,170
where it burnt here

269
00:23:30,940 --> 00:23:32,420
would have slowed down,

270
00:23:32,890 --> 00:23:34,700
but because the fire was so hot,

271
00:23:35,130 --> 00:23:36,770
look how high it burned.

272
00:23:38,490 --> 00:23:41,130
Look at my hands.
I mean, this is just from one tree.

273
00:23:42,490 --> 00:23:44,210
You know?
This is only from one tree.

274
00:23:44,260 --> 00:23:48,130
One little tree that's probably
only 15 years old.

275
00:23:48,700 --> 00:23:51,810
Now, if you look at a fire
of our size here that has

276
00:23:53,620 --> 00:23:55,570
10 million trees, you know,

277
00:23:55,620 --> 00:23:57,770
how much carbon
is actually being released?

278
00:24:00,130 --> 00:24:02,300
If this tree released
that much carbon,

279
00:24:02,340 --> 00:24:05,090
what happens if a million trees
burn like that?

280
00:24:05,660 --> 00:24:08,450
What happens if a billion trees
burn like that one year?

281
00:24:10,170 --> 00:24:13,210
There's a problem out there,
just nobody's listening to us.

282
00:24:19,380 --> 00:24:21,170
Keeping the infernos in check

283
00:24:21,770 --> 00:24:22,940
is essential

284
00:24:22,980 --> 00:24:26,740
if we want the boreal forest
to help balance the Earth's climate.

285
00:24:37,340 --> 00:24:40,130
The generations
that are coming up behind me,

286
00:24:41,170 --> 00:24:42,660
what are they going to see?

287
00:24:45,220 --> 00:24:46,580
Change is going to happen.

288
00:24:47,170 --> 00:24:49,730
The biggest worry I have is
how fast the change is coming.

289
00:24:51,260 --> 00:24:55,130
I love my grandkids, all of them,
and the forest is up there.

290
00:24:55,980 --> 00:24:58,730
And I want my granddaughter
to experience it.

291
00:24:58,980 --> 00:25:02,090
I call her an old soul
because she feels what I feel.

292
00:25:02,300 --> 00:25:04,850
And how do you say rabbit in Cree?

293
00:25:04,980 --> 00:25:06,660
Wapos. Wapos, yeah.

294
00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:08,700
See right there? Look. Yeah.

295
00:25:08,730 --> 00:25:10,170
Yeah, wapos.

296
00:25:10,380 --> 00:25:12,620
We went hunting moose,
and she came with me,

297
00:25:12,900 --> 00:25:15,490
and we were sitting there,
and she says, uh, "Listen."

298
00:25:15,620 --> 00:25:16,700
I said, "What?"

299
00:25:17,660 --> 00:25:19,530
I said, "You hear a moose?" "No."

300
00:25:19,660 --> 00:25:21,660
She said,
"You can hear the forest,"

301
00:25:21,770 --> 00:25:23,810
you know, which is the wind, right?

302
00:25:23,850 --> 00:25:26,810
So... And I thought
it was just a blessing,

303
00:25:27,050 --> 00:25:30,130
a blessing for her to feel that,
to understand that.

304
00:25:35,090 --> 00:25:37,020
Indigenous people take care

305
00:25:37,050 --> 00:25:40,170
of more than a quarter
of all the land on Earth.

306
00:25:42,380 --> 00:25:43,770
But they need support.

307
00:25:46,130 --> 00:25:47,220
In Canada,

308
00:25:47,300 --> 00:25:52,530
the government has pledged $800
million to fund that stewardship.

309
00:25:54,810 --> 00:25:55,980
It's a start,

310
00:25:56,450 --> 00:26:00,660
but there's an urgency for us
to recognise the value of forests.

311
00:26:09,050 --> 00:26:12,220
To understand what forests do
for our global climate...

312
00:26:12,450 --> 00:26:14,450
Buongiorno. Morning.

313
00:26:14,770 --> 00:26:17,730
..we have to take
a more mathematical approach.

314
00:26:25,020 --> 00:26:28,050
Forests are
the cathedrals of nature.

315
00:26:28,090 --> 00:26:31,490
They are where most
of the biodiversity lives.

316
00:26:31,810 --> 00:26:34,940
And so it shouldn't be
a surprise that forests

317
00:26:34,980 --> 00:26:39,050
are central to the carbon story
of this planet.

318
00:26:41,410 --> 00:26:45,900
I'm Giulio Boccaletti, I'm the
Scientific Director of this centre,

319
00:26:45,940 --> 00:26:49,220
which is the Euro Mediterranean
Centre on Climate Change.

320
00:26:50,380 --> 00:26:52,660
And we're all trying to understand

321
00:26:52,700 --> 00:26:56,850
the climate system and help society
fight against climate change.

322
00:26:57,450 --> 00:26:59,220
Now, part of that fight

323
00:26:59,260 --> 00:27:04,450
is understanding precisely how
carbon moves across the planet,

324
00:27:04,490 --> 00:27:06,810
in and out of our ecosystems.

325
00:27:10,730 --> 00:27:13,660
Building on years of scientific data,

326
00:27:14,020 --> 00:27:17,170
the Climate Centre
has created detailed maps

327
00:27:17,220 --> 00:27:21,450
that show us where the carbon flows
in and out of our forests.

328
00:27:30,770 --> 00:27:34,980
They show that it's not just
the tropical and boreal forests

329
00:27:35,020 --> 00:27:37,980
that are significant
in the global carbon story.

330
00:27:40,380 --> 00:27:43,490
One of the world's
largest temperate forests

331
00:27:43,620 --> 00:27:45,940
is found along
the Appalachian Mountains

332
00:27:45,980 --> 00:27:48,530
on the eastern side of North America.

333
00:27:55,810 --> 00:27:59,090
Temperate forests
can be extraordinary sinks.

334
00:28:00,380 --> 00:28:03,810
If managed well,
they can draw down carbon

335
00:28:03,850 --> 00:28:08,340
at rates that are comparable
to the other forests of the planet.

336
00:28:13,170 --> 00:28:17,090
And because we live
with and next to them,

337
00:28:17,450 --> 00:28:21,810
we have an extraordinary opportunity
to really manage them better.

338
00:28:33,580 --> 00:28:36,810
The Appalachians
are 2,000 miles long,

339
00:28:37,260 --> 00:28:40,580
and they're home to 26 million people

340
00:28:40,620 --> 00:28:43,340
who live amongst
the deciduous forest.

341
00:28:51,380 --> 00:28:54,380
Each farmstead has a different story.

342
00:28:59,170 --> 00:29:04,170
My grandfather purchased
this property in 1943,

343
00:29:04,220 --> 00:29:06,770
and we've held it since then.

344
00:29:09,090 --> 00:29:12,090
Susan Benedict
is the third generation manager

345
00:29:12,130 --> 00:29:13,770
of her family's land.

346
00:29:15,900 --> 00:29:21,660
Today, the area it's filled with over
2,000 acres of mixed hardwood forest.

347
00:29:24,090 --> 00:29:26,450
But this hasn't always been the case.

348
00:29:30,450 --> 00:29:31,980
In the early 1900s,

349
00:29:32,220 --> 00:29:34,700
great swaths of it were harvested.

350
00:29:41,700 --> 00:29:43,980
There was so much
environmental damage

351
00:29:44,020 --> 00:29:45,730
done with all of that clear-cutting,

352
00:29:45,770 --> 00:29:48,380
the streams were all
clogged with mud.

353
00:29:49,980 --> 00:29:54,700
I'm sure that species
that need trees weren't here then.

354
00:29:59,380 --> 00:30:01,020
Since that initial felling,

355
00:30:01,850 --> 00:30:04,770
trees have been planted
and cut several times.

356
00:30:05,300 --> 00:30:09,220
Often just a single species
was used for easy timber.

357
00:30:11,900 --> 00:30:15,940
But this left the trees vulnerable
to pests and disease.

358
00:30:17,940 --> 00:30:20,580
The year my father died, in 2006,

359
00:30:20,620 --> 00:30:24,850
we had a three-year outbreak
of gypsy moth,

360
00:30:24,900 --> 00:30:26,580
coupled with a drought,

361
00:30:26,770 --> 00:30:31,660
and our consulting forester
estimated that our losses of timber

362
00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:34,380
was in excess of $1 million.

363
00:30:36,050 --> 00:30:38,620
And there's no insurance for that.

364
00:30:38,660 --> 00:30:41,940
That's just an economic loss
that we can't make up.

365
00:30:44,770 --> 00:30:47,810
To hold their place
in this working landscape,

366
00:30:48,490 --> 00:30:51,300
forests have to be
economically viable.

367
00:30:55,660 --> 00:30:57,380
And that means healthy...

368
00:30:59,450 --> 00:31:01,410
..which is where nature comes in.

369
00:31:06,130 --> 00:31:08,940
Even in those woodlands
managed for timber,

370
00:31:09,220 --> 00:31:11,090
animals like black bears,

371
00:31:11,130 --> 00:31:13,850
which spread seeds far and wide,

372
00:31:13,940 --> 00:31:16,730
can really enhance
forest biodiversity.

373
00:31:19,660 --> 00:31:24,580
They're a keystone species
along the entire Appalachian range.

374
00:31:25,980 --> 00:31:28,490
But biologist Katie Martin
has noticed

375
00:31:28,530 --> 00:31:31,130
what looks like a worrying decline.

376
00:31:32,170 --> 00:31:35,380
Bears are a pretty good
indicator of healthy forest.

377
00:31:36,530 --> 00:31:39,050
Forest and the wildlife
are truly linked.

378
00:31:39,730 --> 00:31:42,730
They all work together
in a working ecosystem.

379
00:31:43,170 --> 00:31:46,340
For the forest to function
as it should, we need the wildlife.

380
00:31:46,380 --> 00:31:49,020
And vice versa,
the wildlife need the forest.

381
00:31:50,300 --> 00:31:53,450
If one is out of balance,
the whole thing can fall apart.

382
00:31:55,450 --> 00:31:58,620
Virginia bear populations
have been a huge success story,

383
00:31:58,850 --> 00:32:01,050
but unfortunately, in recent years,

384
00:32:01,090 --> 00:32:03,020
we have noticed
a change in our bears

385
00:32:03,050 --> 00:32:04,260
and something
that's on the landscape

386
00:32:04,300 --> 00:32:05,580
that's making us pretty nervous

387
00:32:05,620 --> 00:32:07,980
about what's happening
with our bear population.

388
00:32:12,410 --> 00:32:14,260
The bears are unwell...

389
00:32:15,130 --> 00:32:16,490
..and many are dying.

390
00:32:19,050 --> 00:32:21,450
Katie is trying to find out why.

391
00:32:24,220 --> 00:32:26,810
We've actually got these
little field kits we've developed

392
00:32:26,850 --> 00:32:29,530
where you can do a skin scrape
really easily on the bear

393
00:32:29,580 --> 00:32:30,900
while you've got it down,

394
00:32:31,050 --> 00:32:32,850
look at it underneath the scope.

395
00:32:34,050 --> 00:32:37,340
This bear is suffering
from a severe outbreak of mange,

396
00:32:37,380 --> 00:32:41,450
a painful skin condition
caused by mites.

397
00:32:42,450 --> 00:32:44,700
It's something bears
normally survive,

398
00:32:45,050 --> 00:32:47,730
but recently it's becoming fatal.

399
00:32:51,020 --> 00:32:54,810
And unfortunately, here in Virginia,
we see a lot of really severe cases

400
00:32:54,850 --> 00:32:57,530
that do end up leading
to the death of the bear.

401
00:32:57,810 --> 00:33:00,490
So it's really sad
and heartbreaking to see.

402
00:33:02,050 --> 00:33:04,260
It is certainly
a wide variety of factors

403
00:33:04,300 --> 00:33:06,620
that we think are probably
impacting the bears

404
00:33:06,660 --> 00:33:09,340
and maybe causing
these impacts from mange.

405
00:33:11,450 --> 00:33:13,660
The mites are likely
able to live longer

406
00:33:13,700 --> 00:33:16,490
out on the landscape
if we have warmer winters

407
00:33:16,530 --> 00:33:17,580
because they're just, you know,

408
00:33:17,620 --> 00:33:19,380
not succumbing
from cold temperatures

409
00:33:19,410 --> 00:33:21,490
in a den site
or out on the forest floor.

410
00:33:25,700 --> 00:33:27,700
Potentially,
that's helping the bears

411
00:33:27,730 --> 00:33:29,580
that are picking up
mites more frequently,

412
00:33:29,620 --> 00:33:31,220
because the mites can live longer.

413
00:33:32,220 --> 00:33:35,020
A mite population unchecked by winter

414
00:33:35,450 --> 00:33:38,530
may be impacting
less resilient bears.

415
00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:44,580
As we've seen winters get a little
bit warmer over the past few years,

416
00:33:44,700 --> 00:33:47,490
this obviously,
when it's 70 degrees in January,

417
00:33:47,530 --> 00:33:49,410
a bear is a hot animal,

418
00:33:49,450 --> 00:33:51,850
they're going to get up
and start wandering about.

419
00:33:52,380 --> 00:33:56,220
There's still not food available
in the forest at that time of year.

420
00:33:56,410 --> 00:33:58,050
So unfortunately, that means likely

421
00:33:58,090 --> 00:34:01,020
getting into more urban
or residential areas

422
00:34:01,050 --> 00:34:04,170
where garbage
can be available to them.

423
00:34:04,410 --> 00:34:07,700
All of these things that are
not natural foods for a bear

424
00:34:07,900 --> 00:34:11,300
end up becoming maybe
a primary source of their diet.

425
00:34:13,530 --> 00:34:16,730
Junk food could be
weakening the bears' immunity,

426
00:34:19,170 --> 00:34:23,850
and in the south, they're waking
early because of rising temperatures.

427
00:34:29,020 --> 00:34:33,020
To help this whole region become
more resilient to climate change,

428
00:34:33,730 --> 00:34:36,170
an ambitious project is needed.

429
00:34:43,620 --> 00:34:45,050
I'm Marc Anderson.

430
00:34:45,090 --> 00:34:47,490
I direct The Nature
Conservancy's Centre

431
00:34:47,530 --> 00:34:49,730
for Resilient Conservation Science.

432
00:34:52,130 --> 00:34:54,450
My generation's spent so much time

433
00:34:54,490 --> 00:34:58,300
convincing our peers that climate
change was real and serious,

434
00:34:58,450 --> 00:35:01,530
that we didn't realise the effect
we were having on our own kids,

435
00:35:01,580 --> 00:35:04,130
who were losing hope
and not seeing a future.

436
00:35:06,410 --> 00:35:10,300
But there is a future, and now
we have to focus on solutions.

437
00:35:10,410 --> 00:35:12,050
And a big part of that solution

438
00:35:12,090 --> 00:35:15,260
is healthy, functioning,
thriving nature.

439
00:35:20,130 --> 00:35:23,700
The Appalachians are one
of the largest remaining areas

440
00:35:23,730 --> 00:35:26,170
of temperate forest in the world.

441
00:35:27,700 --> 00:35:29,340
Running north to south,

442
00:35:29,660 --> 00:35:32,770
they are also a major
corridor for wildlife.

443
00:35:34,450 --> 00:35:36,050
We call it a climate highway,

444
00:35:36,090 --> 00:35:39,340
where most of nature
will be moving northward

445
00:35:39,380 --> 00:35:43,490
or upward to adjust
to a warming temperature.

446
00:35:44,900 --> 00:35:47,260
It's predicted that, every decade,

447
00:35:47,300 --> 00:35:52,730
plants and animals will move
11 miles north and 11 metres higher.

448
00:35:54,450 --> 00:35:58,770
Mark's project aims to ensure
that they have the space to do so.

449
00:36:01,170 --> 00:36:04,490
So the key to creating a resilient
landscape for the future

450
00:36:04,530 --> 00:36:06,850
is understanding
where we need to work.

451
00:36:07,660 --> 00:36:10,660
That's what I've been working
on for the last 15 years.

452
00:36:12,220 --> 00:36:15,090
And we've produced a map
of the results of that

453
00:36:15,130 --> 00:36:17,580
which we're now sharing publicly.

454
00:36:18,730 --> 00:36:20,700
The green areas on this map

455
00:36:20,730 --> 00:36:23,380
are the lands most resilient
to climate change,

456
00:36:24,220 --> 00:36:27,490
and the blue areas connect
those places together

457
00:36:27,660 --> 00:36:30,410
into a connected,
resilient landscape.

458
00:36:34,810 --> 00:36:37,850
To create effective
wildlife corridors,

459
00:36:38,260 --> 00:36:42,170
landowners in the Appalachians
will have to help out.

460
00:36:45,300 --> 00:36:48,580
One of the reasons we've created
this tool and released it

461
00:36:48,620 --> 00:36:51,580
is because we need people
as part of the solution.

462
00:36:52,020 --> 00:36:54,020
So we need to involve them
in the science

463
00:36:54,050 --> 00:36:55,900
and involve them
in the conservation.

464
00:36:56,130 --> 00:36:57,490
That would be interesting. Yeah.

465
00:36:57,730 --> 00:37:01,900
Susan has recently enroled
in the Family Forest Carbon Program,

466
00:37:02,770 --> 00:37:05,490
a new market
for sustainable forestry.

467
00:37:05,940 --> 00:37:07,940
So, Susan, how's the
program working out for you?

468
00:37:08,020 --> 00:37:10,580
We really have benefited from it.

469
00:37:10,730 --> 00:37:15,020
This area here is part
of our mature forest

470
00:37:15,170 --> 00:37:17,340
that's enroled in the program.

471
00:37:18,090 --> 00:37:21,700
Through the project,
carbon offsets can be sold

472
00:37:21,900 --> 00:37:25,580
and experts help people
manage their forests better.

473
00:37:28,380 --> 00:37:31,940
Right now, I think
our our biggest project

474
00:37:32,020 --> 00:37:34,770
is to train the next generation

475
00:37:34,850 --> 00:37:37,900
in how to steward this property.

476
00:37:38,220 --> 00:37:41,050
That's why we involve
the grandchildren.

477
00:37:41,260 --> 00:37:44,850
This is the forest for them
that we're planting now.

478
00:37:47,090 --> 00:37:51,340
They're the ones that will be able
to enjoy it and benefit from it.

479
00:37:53,300 --> 00:37:55,850
Riley is our expert tree planter.

480
00:37:55,900 --> 00:37:58,090
She does a good job.

481
00:37:58,380 --> 00:38:00,020
I love coming up here.

482
00:38:00,130 --> 00:38:03,050
It is my favourite place
in the world.

483
00:38:03,220 --> 00:38:05,090
Being up here makes me think
of the future

484
00:38:05,220 --> 00:38:07,700
and what I can have
and what I want to have.

485
00:38:07,900 --> 00:38:09,940
I'm gonna own this place one day.

486
00:38:10,380 --> 00:38:12,220
And I just think
that it's really cool

487
00:38:12,260 --> 00:38:15,700
that I have to learn
all this stuff from my family.

488
00:38:15,980 --> 00:38:17,220
I think that climate change

489
00:38:17,260 --> 00:38:19,620
is one of the biggest
problems in our world.

490
00:38:19,660 --> 00:38:23,530
And my family is trying to help by,
like, keeping this forest healthy.

491
00:38:23,700 --> 00:38:26,170
And personally, I feel like
we're doing a good job.

492
00:38:27,940 --> 00:38:29,940
Family tree farms like this one

493
00:38:30,450 --> 00:38:34,050
can be part of a connected
and resilient landscape,

494
00:38:35,090 --> 00:38:39,940
enabling wildlife to move around
and settle in newly restored areas.

495
00:38:47,450 --> 00:38:49,260
Recently, we're very excited

496
00:38:49,300 --> 00:38:53,730
because beavers have come back
to our stream and our pond,

497
00:38:53,940 --> 00:38:59,260
and we feel like that is
a real ecological success for us,

498
00:38:59,300 --> 00:39:01,620
that they've chosen to be here,

499
00:39:01,810 --> 00:39:04,900
and we're very happy
to have them with us.

500
00:39:21,900 --> 00:39:25,490
Our forests are holding on
in the face of climate change...

501
00:39:27,220 --> 00:39:29,730
..but they're under extreme pressure.

502
00:39:31,730 --> 00:39:35,660
Keeping them strong and resilient
is key to their future...

503
00:39:36,770 --> 00:39:38,380
..and ours, too.

504
00:39:39,900 --> 00:39:44,450
There are nearly 400 billion trees
in the Amazon rainforest.

505
00:39:46,530 --> 00:39:50,730
That's three times more
than the stars in the Milky Way.

506
00:39:54,410 --> 00:39:57,940
But if the world continues
to burn fossil fuels,

507
00:39:57,980 --> 00:40:01,450
this entire ecosystem
is at risk of failure.

508
00:40:03,300 --> 00:40:04,980
How this might happen

509
00:40:05,300 --> 00:40:09,660
is what an experiment in the heart
of the forest is trying to find out.

510
00:40:11,090 --> 00:40:14,900
I usually scared of heights,
but then, you know,

511
00:40:14,940 --> 00:40:17,980
the first time I flew on this
was so amazing.

512
00:40:21,980 --> 00:40:25,850
Here in Brazil,
Dr Carlos Alberto Quesada

513
00:40:25,900 --> 00:40:28,980
runs a project called AmazonFACE.

514
00:40:30,660 --> 00:40:34,700
It stands for
Free-Air Carbon Enrichment.

515
00:40:42,450 --> 00:40:45,410
The idea is to try to mimic
these conditions,

516
00:40:45,450 --> 00:40:48,090
particularly with the CO2,
the best we can,

517
00:40:48,130 --> 00:40:50,580
so we look how the forest
will behave

518
00:40:50,900 --> 00:40:54,050
and try to understand
what's going to happen

519
00:40:54,090 --> 00:40:57,130
to the Amazon in the future,
and then we can get prepared.

520
00:40:59,380 --> 00:41:01,730
It took ten years to get the funding

521
00:41:01,770 --> 00:41:04,380
to build these structures
deep in the forest.

522
00:41:06,340 --> 00:41:10,090
16 towers 30 metres tall,

523
00:41:10,700 --> 00:41:13,260
encircling 90 adult trees.

524
00:41:19,450 --> 00:41:21,490
Carbon dioxide is pumped in,

525
00:41:21,530 --> 00:41:23,900
simulating the elevated levels

526
00:41:23,940 --> 00:41:26,730
that scientists are expecting
in the near future.

527
00:41:34,020 --> 00:41:36,620
We really need
to get this right, you know,

528
00:41:36,660 --> 00:41:39,410
to understand,
OK, how this will work.

529
00:41:39,940 --> 00:41:42,900
This will influence your life,
my life, everybody's life.

530
00:41:44,380 --> 00:41:47,410
So we really need to study

531
00:41:47,450 --> 00:41:50,900
everything we can
inside of those rings.

532
00:42:05,980 --> 00:42:10,620
How the trees respond will help
predict the fate of the forest.

533
00:42:27,530 --> 00:42:31,260
As well as increased carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere,

534
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:36,220
climate change is predicted to make
the area four degrees hotter,

535
00:42:36,530 --> 00:42:38,770
with only half the rainfall.

536
00:42:41,770 --> 00:42:43,260
If this happens,

537
00:42:43,300 --> 00:42:46,170
conditions couldn't support
a rainforest at all.

538
00:42:48,260 --> 00:42:50,260
The tests will help to indicate

539
00:42:50,300 --> 00:42:53,130
how soon this scenario
might become reality.

540
00:42:54,450 --> 00:42:57,940
Without this giant forest
absorbing carbon dioxide,

541
00:42:58,090 --> 00:43:02,020
the effects on the world's climate
will be catastrophic.

542
00:43:05,410 --> 00:43:10,730
This great forest pump
can't be allowed to switch off.

543
00:43:22,490 --> 00:43:25,940
Protecting the Amazon
should be a high priority.

544
00:43:29,090 --> 00:43:31,770
But as well as suffering
climate change,

545
00:43:31,900 --> 00:43:34,450
it's under constant human pressure.

546
00:43:42,770 --> 00:43:47,340
Over a million acres are still
destroyed every year in Brazil alone.

547
00:43:51,450 --> 00:43:55,770
The country has pledged
to cease deforestation by 2030.

548
00:43:57,090 --> 00:43:59,620
But so much has already been lost.

549
00:44:06,410 --> 00:44:08,620
The only hope for restoration

550
00:44:08,660 --> 00:44:11,050
is with the communities
who know it best.

551
00:44:13,900 --> 00:44:17,090
Like the Xingu people of Mato Grosso.

552
00:46:01,170 --> 00:46:03,260
When people have to help nature,

553
00:46:03,300 --> 00:46:06,810
it requires an intimate knowledge
of the ecosystem.

554
00:46:43,130 --> 00:46:44,730
Some of the seeds the women gather

555
00:46:44,770 --> 00:46:47,660
will be used
by the Xingu Seed Network,

556
00:46:47,900 --> 00:46:51,450
an organisation funding
forest restoration.

557
00:46:58,340 --> 00:47:00,020
Working for this network

558
00:47:00,220 --> 00:47:03,850
is Milene Alves de Oliveira Lima.

559
00:47:26,940 --> 00:47:29,730
Since joining the Seed Network
ten years ago,

560
00:47:29,770 --> 00:47:32,730
Milene's life has transformed

561
00:47:32,940 --> 00:47:35,700
from a young girl
in a poor neighbourhood

562
00:47:35,730 --> 00:47:38,810
to a mother embarking
on a master's degree.

563
00:47:40,130 --> 00:47:42,810
She's now using her academic training

564
00:47:42,850 --> 00:47:44,940
to find out if any of these seeds

565
00:47:44,980 --> 00:47:47,700
will survive
in the fast-warming climate.

566
00:48:14,260 --> 00:48:17,980
Seeds that can still germinate
in heat wave temperatures

567
00:48:18,020 --> 00:48:21,300
are now essential
for successful reforestation.

568
00:48:39,730 --> 00:48:44,170
Some species will be lost,
but there is hope.

569
00:48:57,620 --> 00:49:00,380
The tests show
that the larger, harder seeds

570
00:49:00,410 --> 00:49:03,620
can survive extreme heat waves.

571
00:49:08,730 --> 00:49:12,050
This helps Milene choose
the perfect cocktail,

572
00:49:12,220 --> 00:49:15,450
mixed together
in a process called Muvuka.

573
00:49:27,490 --> 00:49:30,410
The mixing mimics
the chaos of nature,

574
00:49:31,450 --> 00:49:34,340
and it's nearly four times
more effective

575
00:49:34,380 --> 00:49:36,130
than traditional tree planting.

576
00:49:41,850 --> 00:49:45,770
Many of the farms here
are agricultural wastelands.

577
00:49:50,490 --> 00:49:53,490
Regulation requires them
to restore forests

578
00:49:53,530 --> 00:49:55,450
to a fifth of their land...

579
00:49:56,700 --> 00:50:00,450
..and some farmers have responded
with promising results.

580
00:50:07,020 --> 00:50:12,450
Valmir Schneider has been on his
reforestation journey for many years.

581
00:50:39,170 --> 00:50:43,700
The seeds of over 40 species
of native trees were planted here.

582
00:51:14,850 --> 00:51:19,170
These pockets of trees
will draw down carbon as they grow,

583
00:51:19,490 --> 00:51:22,940
but if they're isolated
by miles of farmland,

584
00:51:23,130 --> 00:51:26,050
the biodiversity
that makes them sustainable

585
00:51:26,300 --> 00:51:28,340
will never return.

586
00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:35,620
These small patches
must become so much more.

587
00:51:56,090 --> 00:51:58,450
Whatever challenges we face,

588
00:51:58,490 --> 00:52:01,580
we are stronger
when we work together.

589
00:52:11,090 --> 00:52:13,580
Nurturing a connection
with our forests

590
00:52:13,620 --> 00:52:16,340
is the first step
to looking after them.

591
00:52:17,530 --> 00:52:20,850
You have to think forward
to the next generations

592
00:52:20,900 --> 00:52:23,380
and take joy
in the hope of the future.

593
00:52:26,660 --> 00:52:28,450
Resilient forests

594
00:52:28,490 --> 00:52:31,450
are the best carbon drawdown
tool we have.

595
00:52:39,450 --> 00:52:43,730
Imagine a world where forests
can thrive and flourish

596
00:52:43,940 --> 00:52:45,980
hand in hand with humanity.

597
00:52:54,900 --> 00:52:56,940
While we still have forests,

598
00:52:58,620 --> 00:53:00,580
we still have hope.

599
00:53:09,020 --> 00:53:10,410
There still remains

600
00:53:10,450 --> 00:53:14,220
huge opportunities
to really protect what's left.

601
00:53:18,050 --> 00:53:19,980
Not only for our own benefit,

602
00:53:20,020 --> 00:53:22,620
but that of the rest of the world.

603
00:53:28,730 --> 00:53:31,410
Well, we need nature to adapt
to a changing climate

604
00:53:31,450 --> 00:53:34,300
because we need a living,
breathing world.

605
00:53:37,170 --> 00:53:39,900
With forests in our future,

606
00:53:39,940 --> 00:53:42,980
that future will be brighter.