1 00:00:01,566 --> 00:00:03,266 [ Suspenseful music plays ] 2 00:00:03,300 --> 00:00:07,033 -The find of a century: 3 00:00:07,066 --> 00:00:09,966 a proof copy of one of the most important books 4 00:00:10,000 --> 00:00:11,966 in the history of science... 5 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:15,333 ♪♪ 6 00:00:15,366 --> 00:00:19,833 ...complete with paintings by the book's author, himself, 7 00:00:19,866 --> 00:00:23,133 one of the greatest scientific minds of all time... 8 00:00:23,166 --> 00:00:25,266 ♪♪ 9 00:00:25,300 --> 00:00:28,066 [ Suspenseful music climbs ] Galileo Galilei. 10 00:00:28,100 --> 00:00:29,700 [ Suspenseful chord strikes ] 11 00:00:29,733 --> 00:00:34,000 A discovery that set the rare book market abuzz. 12 00:00:34,033 --> 00:00:36,200 -If it were true, I thought that this would, 13 00:00:36,233 --> 00:00:39,133 would really change the historical record. 14 00:00:39,166 --> 00:00:42,400 -How great would that be, if there were a copy 15 00:00:42,433 --> 00:00:47,100 of "Sidereus Nuncius" that had Galileo's own paintings in it? 16 00:00:47,133 --> 00:00:49,133 Wow! I would love to see that. 17 00:00:49,166 --> 00:00:51,466 -When it was published in 1610, 18 00:00:51,500 --> 00:00:54,500 the book opened up the universe to humanity. 19 00:00:54,533 --> 00:00:58,300 -It implied a different scale of the universe 20 00:00:58,333 --> 00:01:01,633 than had been commonly believed before that. 21 00:01:01,666 --> 00:01:03,300 It was an exciting piece of news. 22 00:01:03,333 --> 00:01:07,033 Nothing like this had ever been published before. 23 00:01:07,066 --> 00:01:10,300 -But, even after the proof copy was authenticated, 24 00:01:10,333 --> 00:01:12,933 questions remained. 25 00:01:12,966 --> 00:01:15,766 -Interpreter: In terms of value, the market is constantly growing 26 00:01:15,800 --> 00:01:18,000 and the means of creating forgeries and fakes 27 00:01:18,033 --> 00:01:19,900 are constantly improving. 28 00:01:19,933 --> 00:01:22,133 -You generally assume that the things 29 00:01:22,166 --> 00:01:25,100 that look old, smell old, are old, 30 00:01:25,133 --> 00:01:26,700 and, generally, we don't live 31 00:01:26,733 --> 00:01:29,533 in a state of constant skepticism, 32 00:01:29,566 --> 00:01:31,333 where we're constantly questioning, 33 00:01:31,366 --> 00:01:32,833 you know, "Is this genuine?" 34 00:01:32,866 --> 00:01:34,166 ♪♪ 35 00:01:34,200 --> 00:01:37,666 -Books by some of the greatest minds in history, 36 00:01:37,700 --> 00:01:40,666 forged, to be sold for small fortunes. 37 00:01:40,700 --> 00:01:43,500 ♪♪ 38 00:01:43,533 --> 00:01:46,266 But more than money is at stake. 39 00:01:46,300 --> 00:01:50,833 These works are the very basis of our system of knowledge. 40 00:01:50,866 --> 00:01:55,500 If the books can't be trusted, can the knowledge inside? 41 00:01:55,533 --> 00:01:58,333 -I'm a historian and, if people start messing 42 00:01:58,366 --> 00:02:02,866 with the tools of my trade, then I get angry 43 00:02:02,900 --> 00:02:04,966 and have to do something about it. 44 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:09,300 ♪♪ 45 00:02:09,333 --> 00:02:11,100 -"Galileo's Moon." 46 00:02:11,133 --> 00:02:18,200 ♪♪ 47 00:02:18,233 --> 00:02:20,066 [ Suspenseful chord strikes ] 48 00:02:21,233 --> 00:02:23,466 -Rare books can fetch 49 00:02:23,500 --> 00:02:26,633 hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of dollars. 50 00:02:26,666 --> 00:02:27,933 ♪♪ 51 00:02:27,966 --> 00:02:31,466 They are a tangible piece of history and knowledge. 52 00:02:31,500 --> 00:02:34,000 ♪♪ 53 00:02:34,033 --> 00:02:35,800 -It's 1631. 54 00:02:35,833 --> 00:02:37,000 -It's a unique book. 55 00:02:37,033 --> 00:02:38,733 -This is 1478. 56 00:02:38,766 --> 00:02:42,333 St. Ignatius was reading this when he had his conversion 57 00:02:42,366 --> 00:02:46,000 and found the word "Jesuit" in here, 58 00:02:46,033 --> 00:02:48,200 used for the first time. 59 00:02:48,233 --> 00:02:50,300 -This was a pharmaceutical manual, 60 00:02:50,333 --> 00:02:54,733 created specifically for doctors in the 14th century. 61 00:02:54,766 --> 00:02:57,233 It's unique because it was made for one person, 62 00:02:57,266 --> 00:02:58,766 preserved in its original binding. 63 00:02:58,800 --> 00:03:06,566 -So, this is 550-year-old paper and you can hear it and see it. WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 64 00:02:58,800 --> 00:03:06,566 -So, this is 550-year-old paper and you can hear it and see it. 65 00:03:06,600 --> 00:03:08,133 -With the dotcom boom 66 00:03:08,166 --> 00:03:11,333 and vast fortunes being made very quickly, 67 00:03:11,366 --> 00:03:14,366 people are looking for some kinda culture to buy 68 00:03:14,400 --> 00:03:15,833 and what kind of culture do they wanna buy? 69 00:03:15,866 --> 00:03:18,066 Tech culture. And what's tech culture? 70 00:03:18,100 --> 00:03:19,800 It's the history of science. 71 00:03:19,833 --> 00:03:23,033 So, things like Newton, Copernicus, Galileo. 72 00:03:23,066 --> 00:03:26,666 -The book is US$200,000. 73 00:03:26,700 --> 00:03:28,133 -This is $35,000. 74 00:03:28,166 --> 00:03:31,833 -You have something by Einstein, by Isaac Newton, by Copernicus. 75 00:03:31,866 --> 00:03:34,633 I mean, these are things that changed the world. 76 00:03:34,666 --> 00:03:36,333 ♪♪ 77 00:03:36,366 --> 00:03:40,000 -Galileo Galilei's works are always popular, 78 00:03:40,033 --> 00:03:41,966 especially his masterpiece, 79 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:46,700 the "Sidereus Nuncius," the "Starry Messenger." 80 00:03:46,733 --> 00:03:51,233 -The "Sidereus Nuncius" is an announcement 81 00:03:51,266 --> 00:03:54,500 of the most exciting news imaginable. 82 00:03:54,533 --> 00:03:57,566 It's a really thrilling book. 83 00:03:57,600 --> 00:03:58,800 -Interpreter: The "Sidereus Nuncius" 84 00:03:58,833 --> 00:04:02,366 is an unusual work, very unusual. 85 00:04:02,400 --> 00:04:05,966 Only 550 copies in total were printed. 86 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:09,566 Of these 550, today, with certainty, 87 00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:12,966 we are familiar with no more than 100. 88 00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:15,066 -The market price for a good first edition, 89 00:04:15,100 --> 00:04:16,600 depending on its condition, 90 00:04:16,633 --> 00:04:20,900 varies between $300,000 and $500,000. 91 00:04:20,933 --> 00:04:24,633 But its worth goes far beyond the price. 92 00:04:24,666 --> 00:04:28,033 In 2005, a previously unknown copy was brought 93 00:04:28,066 --> 00:04:30,633 to rare bookseller Richard Lan, one of the owners 94 00:04:30,666 --> 00:04:32,966 of Martayan Lan in New York City. 95 00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:34,266 It created a sensation 96 00:04:34,300 --> 00:04:37,166 that moved beyond the insular world of rare books. 97 00:04:37,200 --> 00:04:39,066 ♪♪ 98 00:04:39,100 --> 00:04:41,133 Galileo's "Sidereus Nuncius" 99 00:04:41,166 --> 00:04:45,266 has a special place in the history of science. 100 00:04:45,300 --> 00:04:47,766 -"Sidereus Nuncius" is important to everyone 101 00:04:47,800 --> 00:04:49,533 because it's one of the few 102 00:04:49,566 --> 00:04:51,366 really revolutionary books that have ever been written. 103 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:55,766 It's changed the way that we think about the cosmos 104 00:04:55,800 --> 00:04:57,800 in about 60 pages, 105 00:04:57,833 --> 00:05:00,300 as though you're witnessing exactly what he saw 106 00:05:00,333 --> 00:05:01,433 400 years later, 107 00:05:01,466 --> 00:05:03,800 which is a pretty moving experience, as well. 108 00:05:03,833 --> 00:05:05,500 [Wind blowing] 109 00:05:05,533 --> 00:05:09,133 -But it radically shook up 110 00:05:09,166 --> 00:05:13,000 what seemed to be accepted truths of all kinds. 111 00:05:13,033 --> 00:05:15,900 -The day after it was published, 112 00:05:15,933 --> 00:05:19,266 someone sent it off to the king of England. 113 00:05:19,300 --> 00:05:24,200 It was immediately seen as a startling revelation 114 00:05:24,233 --> 00:05:28,266 that everyone should know about as quickly as possible, 115 00:05:28,300 --> 00:05:30,433 especially people in high places. 116 00:05:30,466 --> 00:05:32,533 ♪♪ 117 00:05:32,566 --> 00:05:34,500 -1610. 118 00:05:34,533 --> 00:05:39,600 Galileo Galilei is 45 years old and lives in this building. 119 00:05:39,633 --> 00:05:42,333 He is a professor at the University of Padua, 120 00:05:42,366 --> 00:05:45,300 where he teaches a number of subjects. 121 00:05:45,333 --> 00:05:46,666 By this point in his life, 122 00:05:46,700 --> 00:05:49,966 he's already constructed an early thermometer, 123 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:53,100 designed and improved a proportional compass, 124 00:05:53,133 --> 00:05:56,400 and he's built a telescope for himself 125 00:05:56,433 --> 00:05:58,900 and turns it toward the night sky. 126 00:05:58,933 --> 00:06:00,000 [ Suspenseful chord strikes ] 127 00:06:00,033 --> 00:06:01,133 [ Wind blowing ] 128 00:06:01,166 --> 00:06:05,100 [ Tranquil tune plays ] WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 129 00:06:01,166 --> 00:06:05,100 [ Tranquil tune plays ] 130 00:06:05,133 --> 00:06:07,766 "Forsaking terrestrial observations, 131 00:06:07,800 --> 00:06:09,600 I turned to celestial ones 132 00:06:09,633 --> 00:06:12,866 and, first, I saw the Moon from as near at hand 133 00:06:12,900 --> 00:06:16,200 as if it were scarcely two terrestrial radii away." 134 00:06:16,233 --> 00:06:19,266 ♪♪ 135 00:06:19,300 --> 00:06:21,933 The five etchings in "Sidereus Nuncius" 136 00:06:21,966 --> 00:06:24,066 are based on the drawings Galileo made 137 00:06:24,100 --> 00:06:26,400 while looking through the telescope. 138 00:06:26,433 --> 00:06:27,666 [ Chorale joins ] 139 00:06:27,700 --> 00:06:31,666 -You're brought close to being in the print shop 140 00:06:31,700 --> 00:06:35,333 where Galileo was delivering his manuscript. 141 00:06:35,366 --> 00:06:39,433 It's as close as you can get to sitting next to Galileo 142 00:06:39,466 --> 00:06:42,500 and looking through a telescope with him. 143 00:06:42,533 --> 00:06:46,366 -"From observations of these spots repeated many times, 144 00:06:46,400 --> 00:06:48,566 I have been led to the opinion and conviction 145 00:06:48,600 --> 00:06:52,733 that the surface of the Moon is not smooth, uniform, 146 00:06:52,766 --> 00:06:57,100 but is uneven, rough, and full of cavities and prominences, 147 00:06:57,133 --> 00:06:59,266 being not unlike the face of the Earth, 148 00:06:59,300 --> 00:07:02,600 relieved by chains of mountains and deep valleys." 149 00:07:02,633 --> 00:07:04,066 ♪♪ 150 00:07:04,100 --> 00:07:06,966 -Galileo's observations are the foundation 151 00:07:07,000 --> 00:07:09,800 of our basic understanding of the universe. 152 00:07:09,833 --> 00:07:12,466 The Sun, encircled by orbiting planets, 153 00:07:12,500 --> 00:07:16,600 is at the center, and not the Earth. 154 00:07:16,633 --> 00:07:20,000 -Before 1610, it was generally accepted 155 00:07:20,033 --> 00:07:22,933 that the universe was centered on the Earth, 156 00:07:22,966 --> 00:07:25,400 that God had made the Earth, made humans on it, 157 00:07:25,433 --> 00:07:27,600 and we were the center of everything. 158 00:07:27,633 --> 00:07:30,466 After 1610, you have this empirical evidence 159 00:07:30,500 --> 00:07:32,900 that maybe the Copernican hypothesis, 160 00:07:32,933 --> 00:07:35,933 of the Sun being the center of rotation of the universe, 161 00:07:35,966 --> 00:07:39,033 is physically true. 162 00:07:39,066 --> 00:07:41,833 -Galileo's drawings upended the worldview 163 00:07:41,866 --> 00:07:44,466 that had lasted for at least two millennia. 164 00:07:44,500 --> 00:07:45,533 [ Suspenseful music plays ] 165 00:07:45,566 --> 00:07:47,533 In 1543, 166 00:07:47,566 --> 00:07:49,766 Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus 167 00:07:49,800 --> 00:07:51,300 questioned the idea that the Earth was 168 00:07:51,333 --> 00:07:55,500 at the center of the universe, but couldn't provide proof. 169 00:07:55,533 --> 00:07:58,166 Galileo did. 170 00:07:58,200 --> 00:07:59,366 -The universe was changing 171 00:07:59,400 --> 00:08:02,933 and this book was the agent of that change. 172 00:08:02,966 --> 00:08:06,300 It has a kind of deeper psychological impact, I think, 173 00:08:06,333 --> 00:08:08,766 about where we are in the universe 174 00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:11,900 and what our -- whether we're anything special. 175 00:08:11,933 --> 00:08:16,933 It starts to shift humanity from its central, 176 00:08:16,966 --> 00:08:20,600 God-given position, physically, at the center of the universe, 177 00:08:20,633 --> 00:08:24,366 to a more marginal position, where we are 178 00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:27,466 third rock from the Sun, hurtling through space. 179 00:08:27,500 --> 00:08:30,133 It opens up a whole load of new questions 180 00:08:30,166 --> 00:08:32,500 about what it means to be human. 181 00:08:32,533 --> 00:08:34,300 ♪♪ 182 00:08:34,333 --> 00:08:36,066 -After observing the Moon, 183 00:08:36,100 --> 00:08:40,033 Galileo shifted the telescope and was able to see Jupiter. 184 00:08:40,066 --> 00:08:41,733 ♪♪ 185 00:08:41,766 --> 00:08:43,200 [ Pen scraping ] 186 00:08:43,233 --> 00:08:45,200 -"On the 13th of January, 187 00:08:45,233 --> 00:08:48,233 four stars were seen by me for the first time, 188 00:08:48,266 --> 00:08:51,066 in this situation relative to Jupiter. 189 00:08:51,100 --> 00:08:54,433 Three were westerly, and one was to the east. 190 00:08:54,466 --> 00:08:56,233 They formed a straight line, 191 00:08:56,266 --> 00:08:57,966 except that the middle western star 192 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:01,566 departed slightly toward the north. WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 193 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:01,566 departed slightly toward the north. 194 00:09:01,600 --> 00:09:04,266 On the 14th, the weather was cloudy. 195 00:09:04,300 --> 00:09:06,533 ♪♪ 196 00:09:06,566 --> 00:09:08,800 On the 27th of February, 197 00:09:08,833 --> 00:09:11,033 four minutes after the first hour, 198 00:09:11,066 --> 00:09:14,066 the stars appeared in this configuration. 199 00:09:14,100 --> 00:09:17,466 The easternmost was 10 minutes from Jupiter; 200 00:09:17,500 --> 00:09:20,466 the next, 30 seconds." 201 00:09:20,500 --> 00:09:23,633 -Galileo had seen three of Jupiter's moons, 202 00:09:23,666 --> 00:09:25,400 effectively proving the Earth 203 00:09:25,433 --> 00:09:28,466 was not the center of the universe. 204 00:09:28,500 --> 00:09:32,266 -He realized that the implication of that was 205 00:09:32,300 --> 00:09:35,000 that they were rotating around Jupiter 206 00:09:35,033 --> 00:09:39,533 and nobody's conception of the solar system, 207 00:09:39,566 --> 00:09:43,900 or the universe, in general, had ever allowed that planets 208 00:09:43,933 --> 00:09:47,400 have smaller bodies revolving around them. 209 00:09:47,433 --> 00:09:48,966 ♪♪ 210 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:51,066 -When it came to the moons of Jupiter, 211 00:09:51,100 --> 00:09:55,566 [laughing] there was just no precedent for explaining it 212 00:09:55,600 --> 00:10:00,533 and he's open about his amazement, 213 00:10:00,566 --> 00:10:05,200 his befuddlement, at first, how to make sense. 214 00:10:05,233 --> 00:10:09,700 It takes a couple of days for him to come to, 215 00:10:09,733 --> 00:10:11,800 "Wait a minute, there are -- 216 00:10:11,833 --> 00:10:15,100 there are bodies moving around Jupiter. 217 00:10:15,133 --> 00:10:17,100 There's no other explanation." 218 00:10:17,133 --> 00:10:19,033 ♪♪ 219 00:10:19,066 --> 00:10:21,733 -His observations of both Jupiter's satellites 220 00:10:21,766 --> 00:10:24,333 and the imperfect surface of the Moon 221 00:10:24,366 --> 00:10:27,766 would ultimately contradict Church teaching. 222 00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:29,566 In 1616, 223 00:10:29,600 --> 00:10:32,900 six years after "Sidereus Nuncius" was published, 224 00:10:32,933 --> 00:10:36,266 the Roman Inquisition banned heliocentrism, 225 00:10:36,300 --> 00:10:38,800 the belief that the Earth revolves around the Sun, 226 00:10:38,833 --> 00:10:40,400 from being taught. 227 00:10:40,433 --> 00:10:41,866 [ Sinister chord strikes ] 228 00:10:41,900 --> 00:10:45,500 Horst Bredekamp has studied Galileo for 20 years 229 00:10:45,533 --> 00:10:47,933 and continues to marvel at how quickly 230 00:10:47,966 --> 00:10:50,200 the astronomer published his treatise: 231 00:10:50,233 --> 00:10:53,466 just months  after his initial observations of the Moon. 232 00:10:53,500 --> 00:10:54,800 ♪♪ 233 00:10:54,833 --> 00:10:56,266 -[Speaking German] 234 00:10:56,300 --> 00:10:58,233 -Interpreter: When he sees that Jupiter has moons, 235 00:10:58,266 --> 00:11:00,933 that we're not the only planetary system, 236 00:11:00,966 --> 00:11:03,633 he decides, "I'm going to make a book." 237 00:11:03,666 --> 00:11:05,200 -[Continues in German] 238 00:11:05,233 --> 00:11:07,233 -Interpreter: He knew that whoever would be the first 239 00:11:07,266 --> 00:11:11,000 to print the formulation on a sheet of paper, dated... 240 00:11:11,033 --> 00:11:13,133 -[Continues in German] 241 00:11:13,166 --> 00:11:14,966 -Interpreter: ..."The Earth is like the Moon. 242 00:11:15,000 --> 00:11:18,133 The Moon is like the Earth," would have formulated one 243 00:11:18,166 --> 00:11:22,033 of the greatest revolutions in astronomy history. 244 00:11:22,066 --> 00:11:23,266 [ Suspenseful chord strikes ] 245 00:11:23,300 --> 00:11:24,666 -Galileo continued 246 00:11:24,700 --> 00:11:27,033 to study and sketch the Moon and stars, 247 00:11:27,066 --> 00:11:30,366 even after printing had begun. 248 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:33,933 -He was in such a heat to get the book published 249 00:11:33,966 --> 00:11:37,533 that the end was more or less a first draft, 250 00:11:37,566 --> 00:11:39,833 while the book was on press, 251 00:11:39,866 --> 00:11:45,333 so that he was revising and there's extra material. 252 00:11:45,366 --> 00:11:48,900 He knew he was on to something gigantic 253 00:11:48,933 --> 00:11:53,200 and he wanted to have his name on it. 254 00:11:53,233 --> 00:11:54,766 -Interpreter: Galileo changed the title 255 00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:58,333 while they were in the process of printing. 256 00:11:58,366 --> 00:11:59,633 He gave the Inquisition, 257 00:11:59,666 --> 00:12:02,033 which had to allow the book to be printed, WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 258 00:11:59,666 --> 00:12:02,033 which had to allow the book to be printed, 259 00:12:02,066 --> 00:12:04,733 a different title than the final one. 260 00:12:04,766 --> 00:12:08,333 -[Continues in Italian] 261 00:12:08,366 --> 00:12:10,133 -Interpreter: During the day, the printer printed 262 00:12:10,166 --> 00:12:11,733 what he had been busy formulating 263 00:12:11,766 --> 00:12:12,800 throughout the night. 264 00:12:12,833 --> 00:12:14,766 ♪♪ 265 00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:18,033 -Interpreter: On March 3rd, he makes his final examination 266 00:12:18,066 --> 00:12:21,900 and, on the 10th or the 11th, the book is available: 267 00:12:21,933 --> 00:12:24,800 a speed that, even today, remains unbeatable. 268 00:12:24,833 --> 00:12:26,633 ♪♪ 269 00:12:26,666 --> 00:12:29,700 -The result is a masterpiece that rewrote 270 00:12:29,733 --> 00:12:34,366 the entire understanding of man's place in the universe. 271 00:12:34,400 --> 00:12:38,766 [ Bell tolling ] 272 00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:42,600 Harvard professor Owen Gingerich is a noted astronomer 273 00:12:42,633 --> 00:12:46,833 and is also extremely knowledgeable about rare books. 274 00:12:46,866 --> 00:12:51,966 -I get consulted by the FBI, every once in a while. 275 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:57,500 Probably, I shouldn't be too talkative about this. 276 00:12:57,533 --> 00:13:01,000 -The professor likes to visit Harvard's oldest telescope, 277 00:13:01,033 --> 00:13:04,966 built in 1847 and the largest in the world at the time. 278 00:13:08,933 --> 00:13:12,100 Gingerich understands the doors Galileo opened for him, 279 00:13:12,133 --> 00:13:15,833 as an astronomer, and marvels at how luck and timing 280 00:13:15,866 --> 00:13:18,566 affected the discoveries in "Sidereus Nuncius." 281 00:13:25,066 --> 00:13:31,233 -What happened was that the Moon was reasonably close 282 00:13:31,266 --> 00:13:35,333 and so, apparently, he figured, after looking at the Moon, 283 00:13:35,366 --> 00:13:39,333 he would have a look at Jupiter because it was close. 284 00:13:39,366 --> 00:13:45,300 And, lo and behold, he could see the little satellites 285 00:13:45,333 --> 00:13:47,100 and this wouldn't have been possible, 286 00:13:47,133 --> 00:13:51,366 if he had done it six months earlier. 287 00:13:51,400 --> 00:13:54,666 -Gingerich is often asked to authenticate rare books 288 00:13:54,700 --> 00:13:58,233 and remembers the day in 2005 when the Martayan Lan copy 289 00:13:58,266 --> 00:14:02,200 of "Sidereus Nuncius" was placed in front of him. 290 00:14:02,233 --> 00:14:06,333 -Richard Lan, who is a New York rare book dealer, 291 00:14:06,366 --> 00:14:09,500 I had known him for a long time and he brought 292 00:14:09,533 --> 00:14:15,066 two Italians with him, who had this book for sale. 293 00:14:15,100 --> 00:14:17,133 So I started looking at the book 294 00:14:17,166 --> 00:14:21,600 and, right at the beginning, there is Galileo's signature. 295 00:14:21,633 --> 00:14:23,633 ♪♪ 296 00:14:23,666 --> 00:14:27,600 -The book was signed and dedicated by Galileo, himself: 297 00:14:27,633 --> 00:14:35,600 "Io, Galileo Galilei fecit," "I, Galileo Galilei, made this." 298 00:14:35,633 --> 00:14:39,133 -There aren't that many books which Galileo signed. 299 00:14:39,166 --> 00:14:42,966 -The book also had a stamp from the library of Prince Cesi, 300 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:45,700 founder of the Accademia dei Lincei, 301 00:14:45,733 --> 00:14:48,766 which was dedicated to scientific exploration. 302 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:52,233 Galileo himself was a member of the academy. 303 00:14:52,266 --> 00:14:56,800 Both items made the newly found manuscript even more exciting, 304 00:14:56,833 --> 00:15:01,166 but were insignificant, compared to what Gingerich saw next. 305 00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:04,066 -As we turned the pages of this book, WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 306 00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:04,066 -As we turned the pages of this book, 307 00:15:04,100 --> 00:15:09,200 the striking thing was the drawings of the Moon. 308 00:15:09,233 --> 00:15:12,533 Only, instead of being the etchings, 309 00:15:12,566 --> 00:15:15,800 these were obviously watercolors, 310 00:15:15,833 --> 00:15:19,333 as if this was a very early stage, 311 00:15:19,366 --> 00:15:23,800 and, therefore, singularly valuable. 312 00:15:23,833 --> 00:15:26,600 -Was it possible the book was an early proof, 313 00:15:26,633 --> 00:15:28,100 printed before the etchings 314 00:15:28,133 --> 00:15:30,766 of Galileo's drawings of the Moon were ready, 315 00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:33,500 one to which Galileo himself had added 316 00:15:33,533 --> 00:15:36,400 his own watercolor paintings of the Moon? 317 00:15:36,433 --> 00:15:41,000 -There are authentic surviving copies of "Sidereus Nuncius" 318 00:15:41,033 --> 00:15:45,366 that just have blanks where the Moon etchings should be. 319 00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:47,833 -Interpreter: It made headlines throughout the entire world. 320 00:15:47,866 --> 00:15:49,633 An original manuscript 321 00:15:49,666 --> 00:15:53,300 with drawings by Galilei had been found. 322 00:15:53,333 --> 00:15:56,100 -Interpreter: It contains original watercolors by Galileo. 323 00:15:56,133 --> 00:15:57,666 What an exceptional document! 324 00:15:57,700 --> 00:15:59,766 It's like finding an extremely important 325 00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:02,366 and previously unpublished manuscript! 326 00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:07,400 -Interpreter: Yes, number zero, the galley proof, the very first copy. 327 00:16:07,433 --> 00:16:09,166 In other words, in 100 years, 328 00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:12,233 there hadn't been a find of this magnitude. 329 00:16:12,266 --> 00:16:13,733 -What made it spectacular 330 00:16:13,766 --> 00:16:15,833 was that it had Galileo's signature on it. 331 00:16:15,866 --> 00:16:19,500 It had these drawings, supposedly in Galileo's hand. 332 00:16:19,533 --> 00:16:25,533 it had a library stamp linking it to the Lincean Academy. 333 00:16:25,566 --> 00:16:28,966 -Interpreter: If real, it would be an exceptional document 334 00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:33,166 and one that would fetch  335 00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:33,166 ex  traordinary  prices. 336 00:16:33,200 --> 00:16:34,500 -[Speaking German] 337 00:16:34,533 --> 00:16:36,333 -Interpreter: You have to imagine, 338 00:16:36,366 --> 00:16:38,766 his signature, "Io,"  "I," 339 00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:42,166 "Galileo Galilei fecit," 340 00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:44,933 "I have made this." 341 00:16:44,966 --> 00:16:47,433 The pride emanating from that. 342 00:16:47,466 --> 00:16:50,333 All that created such a sense of immediacy. 343 00:16:50,366 --> 00:16:53,966 Galileo's aura was closer to those in that room 344 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:58,066 than it had ever been before, thanks to that book. 345 00:16:58,100 --> 00:17:00,800 And that really made an impact on people -- 346 00:17:00,833 --> 00:17:05,600 on me, as well -- and fascinated them. 347 00:17:05,633 --> 00:17:09,333 That secured the book's renown around the world. 348 00:17:09,366 --> 00:17:11,600 -The men who brought the book to Richard Lan 349 00:17:11,633 --> 00:17:13,400 claimed it had been lying untouched 350 00:17:13,433 --> 00:17:15,433 for centuries in Argentina 351 00:17:15,466 --> 00:17:19,166 before they found it and offered to sell it. 352 00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:20,600 -Interpreter: You can see how the ink here 353 00:17:20,633 --> 00:17:22,666 penetrates through to the other side. 354 00:17:22,700 --> 00:17:25,300 Everything appears to add up. 355 00:17:25,333 --> 00:17:28,300 Here, in exactly the same way, 356 00:17:28,333 --> 00:17:33,500 the other books have etchings at precisely these points. 357 00:17:33,533 --> 00:17:37,033 And then here, on this page, 358 00:17:37,066 --> 00:17:40,000 the depictions of Jupiter and its dancing moons begin. 359 00:17:40,033 --> 00:17:41,833 -[Continues in German] 360 00:17:41,866 --> 00:17:44,800 -If genuine, the estimated market value? 361 00:17:44,833 --> 00:17:46,700 $10 million. 362 00:17:46,733 --> 00:17:48,633 -[Bangs gavel] 363 00:17:48,666 --> 00:17:50,900 -At the time, most rare book dealers 364 00:17:50,933 --> 00:17:53,066 did not worry too much about forgeries 365 00:17:53,100 --> 00:17:56,866 because of the labor involved in making a believable fake. 366 00:17:56,900 --> 00:17:58,733 -It had generally been assumed 367 00:17:58,766 --> 00:18:03,133 that you couldn't successfully forge 17th-century books. WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 368 00:17:58,766 --> 00:18:03,133 that you couldn't successfully forge 17th-century books. 369 00:18:03,166 --> 00:18:07,033 17th-century books are produced using bits of metal type 370 00:18:07,066 --> 00:18:12,300 and a hand press and there are just too many physical factors 371 00:18:12,333 --> 00:18:17,633 that are difficult to recreate, nowadays, to make it worthwhile. 372 00:18:17,666 --> 00:18:19,533 -The letterpress printing process 373 00:18:19,566 --> 00:18:22,033 would require the creation of identical versions 374 00:18:22,066 --> 00:18:26,000 of each letter and punctuation mark that appears on every page. 375 00:18:26,033 --> 00:18:29,833 And then, the forger would have to match the exact spacing 376 00:18:29,866 --> 00:18:32,133 between every letter in the book. 377 00:18:32,166 --> 00:18:34,500 Book dealers put great stock in the belief 378 00:18:34,533 --> 00:18:37,600 that their products simply couldn't be forged. 379 00:18:37,633 --> 00:18:40,233 In addition to the tedious labor involved, 380 00:18:40,266 --> 00:18:43,666 the pages in early modern books have a unique characteristic 381 00:18:43,700 --> 00:18:46,933 that rare book dealers believed was difficult to duplicate. 382 00:18:46,966 --> 00:18:49,233 -Most forgeries of early modern books 383 00:18:49,266 --> 00:18:52,633 have been done lithographically or using laser jet. 384 00:18:52,666 --> 00:18:54,333 Neither of those printing techniques 385 00:18:54,366 --> 00:18:57,066 leaves any print impression in the page. 386 00:18:57,100 --> 00:19:00,533 The Martayan Lan copy had this deep impression, 387 00:19:00,566 --> 00:19:06,933 so, almost instinctively, when you look at it and feel it, 388 00:19:06,966 --> 00:19:09,500 it looks like a genuine 17th-century book 389 00:19:09,533 --> 00:19:11,600 and it doesn't look like a facsimile. 390 00:19:11,633 --> 00:19:13,866 -It seemed unlikely that anyone would create 391 00:19:13,900 --> 00:19:15,600 a copy of "Sidereus Nuncius" 392 00:19:15,633 --> 00:19:18,266 as believable as the Martayan Lan copy, 393 00:19:18,300 --> 00:19:19,633 but it still needed 394 00:19:19,666 --> 00:19:23,600 a thorough scientific examination for authentication. 395 00:19:23,633 --> 00:19:26,866 Bredekamp put together a team of international experts 396 00:19:26,900 --> 00:19:29,900 that would analyze every aspect of the book: 397 00:19:29,933 --> 00:19:32,666 paper, ink, binding. 398 00:19:32,700 --> 00:19:36,333 Until this point, only copies of the Gutenberg Bible 399 00:19:36,366 --> 00:19:38,566 had been examined so carefully. 400 00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:40,066 It was sent to the 401 00:19:40,100 --> 00:19:43,766 Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing in Berlin, 402 00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:46,200 which examined the Dead Sea Scrolls, 403 00:19:46,233 --> 00:19:50,700 paintings by Durer, and texts by Bach. 404 00:19:50,733 --> 00:19:54,633 For three days, the Martayan Lan "Sidereus Nuncius" was subjected 405 00:19:54,666 --> 00:19:57,466 to an analysis of all its materials, 406 00:19:57,500 --> 00:20:00,666 using infrared light, 3-D microscopes, 407 00:20:00,700 --> 00:20:02,733 and X-ray fluorescence. 408 00:20:02,766 --> 00:20:05,933 ♪♪ 409 00:20:05,966 --> 00:20:07,866 -Interpreter: At the moment, we are measuring the paper 410 00:20:07,900 --> 00:20:11,700 and elements such as potassium or calcium are to be expected. 411 00:20:11,733 --> 00:20:13,333 If it were modern paper, 412 00:20:13,366 --> 00:20:16,933 one would also expect to find barium and titanium. 413 00:20:16,966 --> 00:20:20,666 -These techniques allowed for a noninvasive analysis 414 00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:22,000 so that, crucially, 415 00:20:22,033 --> 00:20:26,233 not even a tiny scrap of paper needed to be removed. 416 00:20:26,266 --> 00:20:28,033 -The most concrete test that you could do 417 00:20:28,066 --> 00:20:30,533 would be to cut a square inch of paper out 418 00:20:30,566 --> 00:20:33,566 and burn it and do a carbon-14 test. 419 00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:36,833 Nobody wants to do that 'cause, if you've got a genuine book, 420 00:20:36,866 --> 00:20:39,766 you're now missing a square inch of it. 421 00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:42,900 -Interpreter: If we had found elements, materials, or substances 422 00:20:42,933 --> 00:20:45,533 that had not fit with those of the 17th century, 423 00:20:45,566 --> 00:20:48,866 we would have immediately said it was a fake or a copy. 424 00:20:48,900 --> 00:20:52,066 -[Continues in German] 425 00:20:52,100 --> 00:20:55,066 -Interpreter: The most important question concerned the watercolors, 426 00:20:55,100 --> 00:20:59,166 for they are extremely unusual in this book. 427 00:20:59,200 --> 00:21:02,633 And what we learned is that it was an organic material, WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 428 00:20:59,200 --> 00:21:02,633 And what we learned is that it was an organic material, 429 00:21:02,666 --> 00:21:04,633 most likely a kind of bister ink, 430 00:21:04,666 --> 00:21:08,666 which is not unusual for the 17th century at all. 431 00:21:08,700 --> 00:21:13,766 -Scholar Paul Needham was a part of Bredekamp's team in Berlin. 432 00:21:13,800 --> 00:21:17,266 -And so I was going to write a chapter 433 00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:20,400 about the printing of "Sidereus Nuncius," 434 00:21:20,433 --> 00:21:23,133 the physical process of printing, producing, 435 00:21:23,166 --> 00:21:25,200 the 1610 edition. 436 00:21:25,233 --> 00:21:29,700 And so it turned into just a great opportunity 437 00:21:29,733 --> 00:21:31,666 to deal with both this book 438 00:21:31,700 --> 00:21:33,900 and with early 17th-century printing, 439 00:21:33,933 --> 00:21:36,800 with the book trade, so on and so forth, 440 00:21:36,833 --> 00:21:39,600 and so it was a very enjoyable 441 00:21:39,633 --> 00:21:42,866 couple of years of intense study. 442 00:21:42,900 --> 00:21:47,033 -The various elements all seemed to point to one thing: 443 00:21:47,066 --> 00:21:48,433 the book 444 00:21:48,466 --> 00:21:50,600 and its watercolors 445 00:21:50,633 --> 00:21:52,200 were genuine. 446 00:21:52,233 --> 00:21:53,300 -It is unique. 447 00:21:53,333 --> 00:21:55,900 It is a unique -- It is a unique book. 448 00:21:55,933 --> 00:21:57,633 ♪♪ 449 00:22:00,433 --> 00:22:02,966 -Spring 2012. 450 00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:05,933 -[Speaking Italian] 451 00:22:05,966 --> 00:22:08,133 -While Bredekamp and his team in Berlin 452 00:22:08,166 --> 00:22:09,833 finished their examination, 453 00:22:09,866 --> 00:22:12,900 the director of the Girolamini Library in Naples 454 00:22:12,933 --> 00:22:14,766 was arrested. 455 00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:16,766 Under the pretext of renovations, 456 00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:20,033 he had been stealing thousands of valuable volumes 457 00:22:20,066 --> 00:22:22,533 from the Renaissance library for months. 458 00:22:22,566 --> 00:22:23,766 His name? 459 00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:26,100 Marino Massimo De Caro, 460 00:22:26,133 --> 00:22:27,900 ex-bookseller, and protégé 461 00:22:27,933 --> 00:22:31,133 of Prime Minister Berlusconi's culture minister. 462 00:22:31,166 --> 00:22:35,833 Vito de Nicola is the current director of the Girolamini. 463 00:22:35,866 --> 00:22:39,666 -Interpreter: This is what a lot of the library's rooms looked like. 464 00:22:39,700 --> 00:22:42,566 This was the entrance hall. 465 00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:46,100 The books were heaped in piles near the door because, 466 00:22:46,133 --> 00:22:50,433 every so often, a van would come 467 00:22:50,466 --> 00:22:51,533 at night to steal them. 468 00:22:51,566 --> 00:22:53,100 ♪♪ 469 00:22:53,133 --> 00:22:55,333 -Today, it is still unclear 470 00:22:55,366 --> 00:22:59,000 just how many books disappeared under De Caro's watch. 471 00:22:59,033 --> 00:23:01,633 Many catalogues were simply destroyed. 472 00:23:01,666 --> 00:23:08,400 ♪♪ 473 00:23:08,433 --> 00:23:11,533 -Interpreter: An architectural book 474 00:23:11,566 --> 00:23:13,966 that managed to escape the massacre. 475 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:17,466 ♪♪ 476 00:23:17,500 --> 00:23:20,766 Here, some pages are missing. 477 00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:24,933 These pages generally have illustrations. 478 00:23:24,966 --> 00:23:28,566 They've been cut out and sold individually. 479 00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:31,300 ♪♪ 480 00:23:31,333 --> 00:23:32,366 -[Speaking Italian] 481 00:23:32,400 --> 00:23:34,366 -Interpreter: Mr. De Caro was sentenced 482 00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:37,233 in accordance with the allegations against him. 483 00:23:37,266 --> 00:23:38,633 -[Continues in Italian] 484 00:23:38,666 --> 00:23:40,433 -Interpreter: It was a serious blow 485 00:23:40,466 --> 00:23:43,333 that the very person who committed the crime 486 00:23:43,366 --> 00:23:46,100 was the same person who had been responsible 487 00:23:46,133 --> 00:23:49,500 for protecting the heritage of that extraordinary library. 488 00:23:49,533 --> 00:23:51,966 -[Continues in Italian] 489 00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:56,866 -Interpreter: The Girolamini Library was the first public library in history. 490 00:23:56,900 --> 00:24:02,100 Its reading room is probably the most beautiful in the world. WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 491 00:23:56,900 --> 00:24:02,100 Its reading room is probably the most beautiful in the world. 492 00:24:02,133 --> 00:24:03,400 -[Speaking Italian] 493 00:24:03,433 --> 00:24:05,333 -Interpreter: My colleagues here continue 494 00:24:05,366 --> 00:24:06,800 to view De Caro 495 00:24:06,833 --> 00:24:10,200 as one of the worst of all delinquents 496 00:24:10,233 --> 00:24:12,400 because he is such an expert, 497 00:24:12,433 --> 00:24:15,033 when it comes to books, to cards, 498 00:24:15,066 --> 00:24:18,700 but, at the same time, so incredibly attached 499 00:24:18,733 --> 00:24:22,100 to the economic value of these objects. 500 00:24:22,133 --> 00:24:23,433 ♪♪ 501 00:24:23,466 --> 00:24:24,933 -In 2012, 502 00:24:24,966 --> 00:24:26,433 Massimo De Caro was sentenced 503 00:24:26,466 --> 00:24:29,633 to seven years under house arrest. 504 00:24:29,666 --> 00:24:35,033 His case shocked Italy and rare book dealers all over the world. 505 00:24:35,066 --> 00:24:39,300 [ Bell tolls ] 506 00:24:39,333 --> 00:24:41,466 The National Library of Florence 507 00:24:41,500 --> 00:24:44,766 owns the majority of original Galileo texts 508 00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:48,600 and received requests from De Caro. 509 00:24:48,633 --> 00:24:50,866 Before coming to the library in Naples, 510 00:24:50,900 --> 00:24:52,866 De Caro, as special advisor 511 00:24:52,900 --> 00:24:54,833 to the cultural minister in Rome, 512 00:24:54,866 --> 00:24:59,000 paid a number of official visits to national libraries. 513 00:24:59,033 --> 00:25:04,533 Library curator Susanna Pelle remembers meetings with De Caro. 514 00:25:04,566 --> 00:25:06,366 -[Speaking Italian] 515 00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:10,400 -Interpreter: In the world of research, there were already, 516 00:25:10,433 --> 00:25:14,066 there were doubts about Massimo De Caro. 517 00:25:14,100 --> 00:25:15,566 -[Continues in Italian] 518 00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:18,366 -Interpreter: Whenever he came to the library, 519 00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:21,700 the fact that he came accompanied, 520 00:25:21,733 --> 00:25:27,533 earlier than expected, always expected to be welcomed... 521 00:25:27,566 --> 00:25:31,466 -[Continues in Italian] 522 00:25:31,500 --> 00:25:37,500 -Interpreter: ...there was something a bit... dubious about it all. 523 00:25:39,866 --> 00:25:43,300 -Presumably, De Caro looked at these materials. 524 00:25:43,333 --> 00:25:46,100 We do know that he was very interested 525 00:25:46,133 --> 00:25:50,200 in the Galileo collection and, at one point, actually, 526 00:25:50,233 --> 00:25:53,933 when he had a position in the Ministry of Culture, 527 00:25:53,966 --> 00:25:57,433 was trying to get the entire Galileo collection -- 528 00:25:57,466 --> 00:25:59,800 350 manuscript volumes like this, 529 00:25:59,833 --> 00:26:01,433 plus a load of printed books -- 530 00:26:01,466 --> 00:26:04,233 sent to Rome to have them redigitized. 531 00:26:09,233 --> 00:26:13,300 Luckily, the National Library here refused that request. 532 00:26:13,333 --> 00:26:14,500 Who knows what would've happened 533 00:26:14,533 --> 00:26:17,100 if this entire collection had gone to Rome? 534 00:26:17,133 --> 00:26:19,000 It's very unlikely 535 00:26:19,033 --> 00:26:22,233 that all of it would've come back in the same condition. 536 00:26:22,266 --> 00:26:24,233 -Historian Nick Wilding 537 00:26:24,266 --> 00:26:26,666 is another scholar of Galileo's work. 538 00:26:26,700 --> 00:26:28,133 [ Tender tune plays ] 539 00:26:28,166 --> 00:26:30,533 In 2012, he was writing a review 540 00:26:30,566 --> 00:26:33,000 of a book about the Bredekamp team's research 541 00:26:33,033 --> 00:26:34,566 on the Martayan Lan copy. 542 00:26:34,600 --> 00:26:36,633 ♪♪ 543 00:26:36,666 --> 00:26:40,866 Now, several years after his work on "Sidereus Nuncius," 544 00:26:40,900 --> 00:26:43,900 Wilding has come to the National Library of Florence 545 00:26:43,933 --> 00:26:46,400 to see their two copies of the book. 546 00:26:46,433 --> 00:26:49,300 -This is the first time I've handled this manuscript. 547 00:26:49,333 --> 00:26:53,433 I've looked at online reproductions a lot. 548 00:26:53,466 --> 00:26:58,000 We have the famous observation notes, 549 00:26:58,033 --> 00:27:00,000 where Galileo, for the first time, 550 00:27:00,033 --> 00:27:02,633 sees the satellites of Jupiter: WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 551 00:27:00,033 --> 00:27:02,633 sees the satellites of Jupiter: 552 00:27:02,666 --> 00:27:04,433 one of the most exciting documents 553 00:27:04,466 --> 00:27:05,666 in the history of science. 554 00:27:05,700 --> 00:27:07,166 You see the night sky here. 555 00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:08,766 He was very interested in 556 00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:11,833 why the dark part of the Moon at night 557 00:27:11,866 --> 00:27:16,833 wasn't as dark as the night sky 558 00:27:16,866 --> 00:27:19,466 and it's because light is reflected from the Earth. 559 00:27:19,500 --> 00:27:23,633 So he's very careful to make the dark side of the Moon 560 00:27:23,666 --> 00:27:26,700 a little bit lighter than the night sky. 561 00:27:26,733 --> 00:27:28,033 [ Suspenseful music plays ] 562 00:27:28,066 --> 00:27:31,166 -Working on his review, Wilding studied the research 563 00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:34,366 and  564 00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:34,366 online copies of the "Sidereus Nuncius" 565 00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:35,600 and began to have doubts 566 00:27:35,633 --> 00:27:39,166 about the Martayan Lan copy's authenticity. 567 00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:43,233 Here, we had something that seemed to be Galileo's own copy, 568 00:27:43,266 --> 00:27:47,400 with his own drawings in it, with a provenance relating it 569 00:27:47,433 --> 00:27:50,833 to the first scientific academy in the world. 570 00:27:50,866 --> 00:27:52,433 I mean, this is hot stuff. 571 00:27:52,466 --> 00:27:54,466 You want it to be true. 572 00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:57,666 -He learned that, in 2005 and 2006, 573 00:27:57,700 --> 00:28:00,700 several rare Galileo works came on the market, 574 00:28:00,733 --> 00:28:03,900 all bearing the same stamp from Cesi's library. 575 00:28:03,933 --> 00:28:09,200 -If you just went and looked at examples of this same stamp 576 00:28:09,233 --> 00:28:10,733 in other library collections, 577 00:28:10,766 --> 00:28:13,433 where they'd been for hundreds of years, 578 00:28:13,466 --> 00:28:18,000 you found that that line was always broken. 579 00:28:18,033 --> 00:28:20,766 If you looked at any copy that had come on the market 580 00:28:20,800 --> 00:28:24,533 since 2005, this line was always intact. 581 00:28:24,566 --> 00:28:29,333 ♪♪ 582 00:28:29,366 --> 00:28:34,400 I thought, "Well, perhaps this is, at some level, a fake." 583 00:28:34,433 --> 00:28:37,233 Now, there are multiple levels at which an object like this 584 00:28:37,266 --> 00:28:39,633 could be sophisticated or forged. 585 00:28:39,666 --> 00:28:41,600 It's not all or nothing. 586 00:28:41,633 --> 00:28:45,633 -Wilding believed the stamp was applied much later. 587 00:28:45,666 --> 00:28:47,533 -But that seemed a weird thing. 588 00:28:47,566 --> 00:28:49,866 If the Galileo inscription was genuine 589 00:28:49,900 --> 00:28:51,733 and the Moon pictures were genuine, 590 00:28:51,766 --> 00:28:54,333 why would you jeopardize the value of this great, 591 00:28:54,366 --> 00:28:57,766 already great, book by putting a fake library stamp on it, 592 00:28:57,800 --> 00:29:00,200 which is relatively easily traceable? 593 00:29:00,233 --> 00:29:02,900 And my initial working assumption was that this was 594 00:29:02,933 --> 00:29:05,666 a genuine copy of the "Sidereus Nuncius" 595 00:29:05,700 --> 00:29:07,933 which lacked the illustrations. 596 00:29:07,966 --> 00:29:10,266 There are 10 other copies like that in the world. 597 00:29:10,300 --> 00:29:14,333 So you get a real thing and then you put in a fake library stamp. 598 00:29:14,366 --> 00:29:16,000 You put in the inscription. 599 00:29:16,033 --> 00:29:17,366 You put in the drawings 600 00:29:17,400 --> 00:29:20,966 and it's suddenly worth 20 times as much as a normal copy. 601 00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:23,733 That makes good business sense. 602 00:29:23,766 --> 00:29:25,733 Even though it's a criminal. 603 00:29:25,766 --> 00:29:27,733 It's still an act of forgery. 604 00:29:27,766 --> 00:29:29,000 ♪♪ 605 00:29:29,033 --> 00:29:30,900 -The historian then turned his eye 606 00:29:30,933 --> 00:29:32,666 to the Galileo signature. 607 00:29:32,700 --> 00:29:34,400 ♪♪ 608 00:29:34,433 --> 00:29:37,566 -Everyone's signature changes over their lifetimes, 609 00:29:37,600 --> 00:29:40,500 but we have examples from Galileo's correspondence 610 00:29:40,533 --> 00:29:43,666 and from one other copy of the "Sidereus Nuncius" 611 00:29:43,700 --> 00:29:46,433 with a dedication, where we know exactly 612 00:29:46,466 --> 00:29:50,166 what Galileo's signature looked like in 1610. 613 00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:54,033 -The signature on the Martayan Lan copy is  Galileo's, 614 00:29:54,066 --> 00:29:58,800 but it's from his recantation before the Inquisition in 1633, 615 00:29:58,833 --> 00:30:02,333 23 years after  "Sidereus Nuncius" was published. WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 616 00:29:58,833 --> 00:30:02,333 23 years after  "Sidereus Nuncius" was published. 617 00:30:02,366 --> 00:30:05,033 ♪♪ 618 00:30:05,066 --> 00:30:07,400 After several more weeks of research, 619 00:30:07,433 --> 00:30:09,300 Wilding found additional anomalies 620 00:30:09,333 --> 00:30:11,466 in the text of the Martayan Lan copy. 621 00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:13,366 ♪♪ 622 00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:17,366 With that evidence, Wilding contacted Paul Needham. 623 00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:20,233 -I'd been in correspondence with Nick Wilding 624 00:30:20,266 --> 00:30:21,766 for a couple of years, 625 00:30:21,800 --> 00:30:27,200 about miscellaneous questions in and around Galileo. 626 00:30:27,233 --> 00:30:29,266 And I knew that he had 627 00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:33,266 some doubts that he didn't fully express, 628 00:30:33,300 --> 00:30:35,166 but I kinda knew they were there. 629 00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:36,933 And I saw this message from him 630 00:30:36,966 --> 00:30:40,866 and he said that, in November 2005, 631 00:30:40,900 --> 00:30:43,666 an auction house in New York offered for sale 632 00:30:43,700 --> 00:30:47,433 a copy of "Sidereus Nuncius" in one of their auctions. 633 00:30:47,466 --> 00:30:48,866 And he said the title page 634 00:30:48,900 --> 00:30:54,133 was just  like that of the Martayan Lan copy, 635 00:30:54,166 --> 00:30:56,666 which had a couple of peculiarities on it. 636 00:30:56,700 --> 00:30:59,533 This kinda came out of nowhere, 637 00:30:59,566 --> 00:31:01,733 but there should not be another copy 638 00:31:01,766 --> 00:31:05,066 that has these peculiarities because, theoretically, 639 00:31:05,100 --> 00:31:08,533 that Martayan Lan copy was a proof copy, 640 00:31:08,566 --> 00:31:12,833 made just for Galileo at an early stage of production. 641 00:31:12,866 --> 00:31:17,333 The only way to do this is to put it side by side 642 00:31:17,366 --> 00:31:20,766 with a definitely authentic copy 643 00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:24,300 and the copy to do it with was, of course, the copy at Columbia 644 00:31:24,333 --> 00:31:26,200 and, after about 20 minutes, 645 00:31:26,233 --> 00:31:30,200 I saw disparities, having them alongside each other. 646 00:31:30,233 --> 00:31:34,966 Specifically, it had not  been printed from movable type 647 00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:37,666 and, of course, for a book in 1610, 648 00:31:37,700 --> 00:31:40,433 that's the only way to print a book, 649 00:31:40,466 --> 00:31:42,166 so it had to be wrong. 650 00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:45,200 I said that, "I think that, putting our thoughts together, 651 00:31:45,233 --> 00:31:47,866 we have absolute proof that it's a forgery," 652 00:31:47,900 --> 00:31:51,233 [ Melancholy tune plays ] and, yes, it is a forgery. 653 00:31:51,266 --> 00:31:54,000 -Once Needham agreed the book was a fake, 654 00:31:54,033 --> 00:31:58,033 Wilding sent a difficult email to Bredekamp himself. 655 00:31:58,066 --> 00:31:59,966 -[Speaking German] 656 00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:02,000 -Interpreter: The worst moment was when i realized 657 00:32:02,033 --> 00:32:04,233 the import of Nick Wilding's email. 658 00:32:04,266 --> 00:32:05,766 -[Continues in German] 659 00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:07,966 -Interpreter: That was here, at this table, in this room. 660 00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:09,800 -[Continues in German] 661 00:32:09,833 --> 00:32:12,800 -Interpreter: And, based purely on the logic of what he had written me... 662 00:32:12,833 --> 00:32:16,000 -[Continues in German] 663 00:32:16,033 --> 00:32:17,933 -Interpreter: ...within a short time, 664 00:32:17,966 --> 00:32:21,166 I intuitively saw no way of refuting his suspicion. 665 00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:24,400 -[Continues in German] 666 00:32:24,433 --> 00:32:27,800 -Interpreter: The ground just opens up beneath your feet. 667 00:32:27,833 --> 00:32:30,333 That was one of the worst moments in my consciousness. 668 00:32:30,366 --> 00:32:31,600 Let's put it that way. 669 00:32:31,633 --> 00:32:32,733 [ Suspenseful music plays ] 670 00:32:32,766 --> 00:32:36,366 -The work of the century was a fake. 671 00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:38,433 [ Suspenseful chord strikes ] 672 00:32:38,466 --> 00:32:39,533 [ Vehicle horn blares ] 673 00:32:39,566 --> 00:32:41,233 Bredekamp brought his team together 674 00:32:41,266 --> 00:32:42,933 for a second time. 675 00:32:42,966 --> 00:32:44,800 The scholars wanted to understand 676 00:32:44,833 --> 00:32:47,300 how they were tricked. 677 00:32:47,333 --> 00:32:49,833 Richard Lan, still the book's owner, 678 00:32:49,866 --> 00:32:53,366 agreed to let the book undergo a second analysis 679 00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:54,600 and, this time, 680 00:32:54,633 --> 00:32:57,366 the team would be allowed to take paper samples. 681 00:32:57,400 --> 00:32:58,400 -[Speaking German] 682 00:32:58,433 --> 00:32:59,600 -Interpreter: Once we were allowed 683 00:32:59,633 --> 00:33:02,200 to take paper samples, it was pretty simple: WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 684 00:32:59,633 --> 00:33:02,200 to take paper samples, it was pretty simple: 685 00:33:02,233 --> 00:33:05,466 The paper had been produced in the 20th century. 686 00:33:05,500 --> 00:33:07,733 But, to see that, we needed the samples. 687 00:33:07,766 --> 00:33:09,200 That had not been allowed 688 00:33:09,233 --> 00:33:13,266 the first time we conducted our measurements. 689 00:33:13,300 --> 00:33:17,166 -In 2014, Bredekamp made an announcement. 690 00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:19,400 [ Indistinct conversations ] 691 00:33:19,433 --> 00:33:20,666 -[Speaking German] 692 00:33:20,700 --> 00:33:21,966 -Interpreter: Up until three years ago, 693 00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:24,300 I did not think it was possible to fake a book. 694 00:33:24,333 --> 00:33:25,700 This is the first case. 695 00:33:28,433 --> 00:33:30,066 -[Speaking German] 696 00:33:30,100 --> 00:33:33,966 -Interpreter: I'd like to start off by showing you the object... 697 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:35,233 the demon. 698 00:33:35,266 --> 00:33:38,533 [ Laughter ] 699 00:33:38,566 --> 00:33:42,866 This book was presented to me in 2005. 700 00:33:42,900 --> 00:33:45,000 Naturally, it had been declared authentic 701 00:33:45,033 --> 00:33:48,300 by the dealers in America, as an original. 702 00:33:48,333 --> 00:33:50,766 -[Continues in German] 703 00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:53,133 -Interpreter: What might have also played a role was that, 704 00:33:53,166 --> 00:33:57,133 until a few years ago, it just wasn't considered possible 705 00:33:57,166 --> 00:34:01,066 to forge a historical book, at all. 706 00:34:01,100 --> 00:34:04,500 -The researchers explained what Wilding found: 707 00:34:04,533 --> 00:34:05,800 tiny printing mistakes 708 00:34:05,833 --> 00:34:08,700 that would've been impossible in the 17th century 709 00:34:08,733 --> 00:34:13,133 revealed the forger's 21st-century efforts. 710 00:34:13,166 --> 00:34:14,566 -[Speaking German] 711 00:34:14,600 --> 00:34:17,000 -Interpreter: What led Nick Wilding, 712 00:34:17,033 --> 00:34:20,466 the very first person to do so, 713 00:34:20,500 --> 00:34:22,933 to recognize the book as a fake? 714 00:34:22,966 --> 00:34:24,866 A single little spot. 715 00:34:24,900 --> 00:34:28,200 And that was the moment in May 2012. 716 00:34:28,233 --> 00:34:29,633 It hit us like a brick. 717 00:34:29,666 --> 00:34:30,966 ♪♪ 718 00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:33,300 -The title page of the Martayan Lan copy 719 00:34:33,333 --> 00:34:36,833 has a spot next to the P in Privilegio. 720 00:34:36,866 --> 00:34:40,100 It matches a spot that appears on a commemorative version 721 00:34:40,133 --> 00:34:44,000 that was published in 1964, in the city of Pisa, 722 00:34:44,033 --> 00:34:47,266 but not on any first edition. 723 00:34:47,300 --> 00:34:49,500 Needham also noticed something odd 724 00:34:49,533 --> 00:34:51,433 about the Latin word periodis 725 00:34:51,466 --> 00:34:54,866 on the title page of the Martayan Lan copy. 726 00:34:54,900 --> 00:35:01,333 -There's the Latin wordperiodis,  like our word period, 727 00:35:01,366 --> 00:35:04,033 meaning the periods of rotation. 728 00:35:04,066 --> 00:35:11,000 And, in the Martayan Lan copy, instead of p-e-R-i-o-d-i-s, 729 00:35:11,033 --> 00:35:15,400 it was p-e-P-i-o-d-i-s, 730 00:35:15,433 --> 00:35:17,366 which, sort of theoretically, 731 00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:21,100 would've been a typographical error of the compositor. 732 00:35:21,133 --> 00:35:23,900 Any compositor eventually makes 733 00:35:23,933 --> 00:35:26,333 some typographical errors, here and there. 734 00:35:26,366 --> 00:35:28,900 And the idea that there is a second copy 735 00:35:28,933 --> 00:35:31,500 with that same typographical error, 736 00:35:31,533 --> 00:35:33,833 which didn't appear in any of the other 737 00:35:33,866 --> 00:35:35,733 many copies that I'd examined, 738 00:35:35,766 --> 00:35:38,566 both by facsimile and in the original -- 739 00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:41,633 that is, by photographs and in the original -- 740 00:35:41,666 --> 00:35:45,966 that just didn't make any sense. 741 00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:48,800 -But what about the belief that it was impossible to forge 742 00:35:48,833 --> 00:35:52,600 an early modern book because of the type impressions? 743 00:35:52,633 --> 00:35:56,900 -They assumed that a forger would have no type impression, 744 00:35:56,933 --> 00:36:01,400 whatsoever, and that it would just be flat on the paper. 745 00:36:01,433 --> 00:36:05,700 So, all of these forgeries have this deep ink impression WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 746 00:36:01,433 --> 00:36:05,700 So, all of these forgeries have this deep ink impression 747 00:36:05,733 --> 00:36:08,200 and so it was just assumed that they were genuine. 748 00:36:08,233 --> 00:36:10,533 But if you talk to a printer and say, 749 00:36:10,566 --> 00:36:12,633 "How would you go about doing a forgery?" 750 00:36:12,666 --> 00:36:15,100 They say, "Oh, it's relatively easy." 751 00:36:15,133 --> 00:36:19,100 -Such a believable fake is the result of new printing methods. 752 00:36:19,133 --> 00:36:23,633 -It's become extremely common, now, to use photopolymer plates, 753 00:36:23,666 --> 00:36:27,400 which are a kind of light-sensitive plastic. 754 00:36:27,433 --> 00:36:30,500 You expose a negative, 755 00:36:30,533 --> 00:36:32,900 expose a plate with a negative over it 756 00:36:32,933 --> 00:36:35,933 and bits of the plate harden and the rest, you wash away, 757 00:36:35,966 --> 00:36:38,200 and you're left with a relief plate. 758 00:36:38,233 --> 00:36:40,233 When you print on it, it gives exactly 759 00:36:40,266 --> 00:36:43,066 the same kind of deep letterpress impression 760 00:36:43,100 --> 00:36:46,766 as printing with type. 761 00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:50,400 -Photopolymer plates create the indentation on the paper 762 00:36:50,433 --> 00:36:54,300 that rare book dealers assumed indicated a genuine book. 763 00:36:54,333 --> 00:36:56,100 -So, when you're making your forgery, 764 00:36:56,133 --> 00:36:58,600 you press them into the paper 765 00:36:58,633 --> 00:37:01,933 and it makes deep-ish impressions into the paper, 766 00:37:01,966 --> 00:37:03,200 which, at first, looks authentic 767 00:37:03,233 --> 00:37:05,900 because that's what printing types do. 768 00:37:05,933 --> 00:37:08,000 -But they can also leave evidence on the page 769 00:37:08,033 --> 00:37:09,766 that reveals the forgery. 770 00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:16,066 -When you put a piece of paper down onto that inked type 771 00:37:16,100 --> 00:37:20,666 and then push down, what you frequently find is that, 772 00:37:20,700 --> 00:37:24,433 while the letters leave a deep impression, as well as inking, 773 00:37:24,466 --> 00:37:28,100 little bits of ink also just touch the paper 774 00:37:28,133 --> 00:37:30,600 and you get these little lines around the -- 775 00:37:30,633 --> 00:37:33,300 especially around the tops and bottoms 776 00:37:33,333 --> 00:37:34,466 and sometimes in the margins. 777 00:37:34,500 --> 00:37:36,100 But usually in the tops and bottoms 778 00:37:36,133 --> 00:37:38,000 of a 17th-century book, 779 00:37:38,033 --> 00:37:42,466 you see these very faint printer's ink lines. 780 00:37:42,500 --> 00:37:46,400 -One can see these lines on the pages of the "Sidereus Nuncius" 781 00:37:46,433 --> 00:37:50,100 at Columbia University's Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 782 00:37:50,133 --> 00:37:55,000 -Right here is the shoulder ink 783 00:37:55,033 --> 00:37:58,000 and, because it's right at the edge, 784 00:37:58,033 --> 00:38:00,566 when they stamped the ink, 785 00:38:00,600 --> 00:38:04,033 a little bit of ink got caught there. 786 00:38:04,066 --> 00:38:07,100 But that ink is just like a little trace 787 00:38:07,133 --> 00:38:09,933 and so it's picked up in the printing process. 788 00:38:09,966 --> 00:38:11,500 -There's no force behind those. 789 00:38:11,533 --> 00:38:14,233 There's no impression because there's nothing sticking up. 790 00:38:14,266 --> 00:38:16,566 There's just where the paper's touched 791 00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:19,466 the bits of ink 792 00:38:19,500 --> 00:38:21,633 that've been caught between the spacing bars. 793 00:38:21,666 --> 00:38:28,766 So, the question is: If you take a photograph of a printed page 794 00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:35,600 and you don't white out those, what we call shoulder inking, 795 00:38:35,633 --> 00:38:37,600 and then you turn that photograph 796 00:38:37,633 --> 00:38:42,433 into a three-dimensional plate, it occurred to me that 797 00:38:42,466 --> 00:38:45,666 what one should find is that those, 798 00:38:45,700 --> 00:38:47,733 those little bits of inking 799 00:38:47,766 --> 00:38:51,266 get turned into a three-dimensional object, 800 00:38:51,300 --> 00:38:54,600 in the same way that any typographical character does. 801 00:38:54,633 --> 00:38:55,966 And then, when you print from that, 802 00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:59,633 you should get an impression of this incidental inking. 803 00:38:59,666 --> 00:39:01,966 And that's impossible with typography, WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 804 00:38:59,666 --> 00:39:01,966 And that's impossible with typography, 805 00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:03,433 but it should be -- 806 00:39:03,466 --> 00:39:06,933 The prediction was that one should find that, 807 00:39:06,966 --> 00:39:12,433 if one's looking at a forgery made with photopolymer plates. 808 00:39:12,466 --> 00:39:15,400 -The spot next to the P in Privilegio, 809 00:39:15,433 --> 00:39:17,733 with its deep impression on the page 810 00:39:17,766 --> 00:39:20,333 could only have happened with a photopolymer plate. 811 00:39:20,366 --> 00:39:22,433 ♪♪ 812 00:39:22,466 --> 00:39:24,366 Once deemed impossible, 813 00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:29,333 forging 17th-century books was now a reality, 814 00:39:29,366 --> 00:39:33,366 but once the book was proved a fake, questions remained. 815 00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:35,433 ♪♪ 816 00:39:35,466 --> 00:39:36,900 Still serving his sentence 817 00:39:36,933 --> 00:39:40,066 for his theft of the books from the library in Naples, 818 00:39:40,100 --> 00:39:42,133 Massimo De Caro lives in Verona, 819 00:39:42,166 --> 00:39:45,566 with his wife and two German shepherds. 820 00:39:45,600 --> 00:39:46,800 -[Barks] 821 00:39:46,833 --> 00:39:49,433 -The house is filled with a collection of items 822 00:39:49,466 --> 00:39:53,300 related to Galileo and the exploration of space. 823 00:39:53,333 --> 00:39:54,700 -[Speaking Italian] 824 00:39:54,733 --> 00:39:55,966 -Interpreter: This house mirrors me 825 00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:58,333 and my passion for Galileo Galilei, 826 00:39:58,366 --> 00:40:00,266 a passion I have transferred to my wife. 827 00:40:00,300 --> 00:40:05,700 -[Continues in Italian] 828 00:40:05,733 --> 00:40:07,200 -Interpreter: Here are the autographs 829 00:40:07,233 --> 00:40:09,733 of all 12 astronauts who were on the Moon. 830 00:40:09,766 --> 00:40:13,633 -[Continues in Italian] 831 00:40:13,666 --> 00:40:14,933 -Interpreter: This one is a reproduction 832 00:40:14,966 --> 00:40:17,800 of the portrait of Matteo Barberini, 833 00:40:17,833 --> 00:40:20,833 when he was still a cardinal. 834 00:40:20,866 --> 00:40:23,500 Later, he would become Pope Urban VIII: 835 00:40:23,533 --> 00:40:26,366 as we all know, the one who would sentence Galileo. 836 00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:27,600 ♪♪ 837 00:40:27,633 --> 00:40:29,366 -[Continues in Italian] 838 00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:32,633 -Interpreter: This suit was worn by the Russian cosmonaut Frienko 839 00:40:32,666 --> 00:40:34,766 during his mission on the Mir  space station. 840 00:40:34,800 --> 00:40:39,200 -[Continues in Italian] 841 00:40:39,233 --> 00:40:41,433 -Interpreter: I have a collection of facsimiles 842 00:40:41,466 --> 00:40:43,266 of the "Sidereus Nuncius." 843 00:40:43,300 --> 00:40:46,633 Let's have a look at this one. 844 00:40:46,666 --> 00:40:48,166 But I have to say something: 845 00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:52,000 They're not as beautiful as the one I  made. 846 00:40:52,033 --> 00:40:56,666 This is a facsimile of the "Nuncius" made in 1977, 847 00:40:56,700 --> 00:40:59,733 but, when you touch it, you don't feel a thing. 848 00:40:59,766 --> 00:41:03,233 What I mean is the book is cold. 849 00:41:03,266 --> 00:41:06,600 Now, if you take this book and allow the paper to sing, 850 00:41:06,633 --> 00:41:09,600 the paper sings. 851 00:41:09,633 --> 00:41:10,700 Do you hear it? 852 00:41:10,733 --> 00:41:12,300 [ Rattling ] 853 00:41:12,333 --> 00:41:14,266 -[Continues in Italian] 854 00:41:14,300 --> 00:41:16,200 [ Sniff ] -Interpreter: Unfortunately, 855 00:41:16,233 --> 00:41:17,933 you can't smell it. 856 00:41:17,966 --> 00:41:20,600 [ Rattling ] 857 00:41:20,633 --> 00:41:21,900 This book sings. 858 00:41:21,933 --> 00:41:23,333 This book speaks. 859 00:41:23,366 --> 00:41:24,933 This book transmits something to us. 860 00:41:24,966 --> 00:41:27,066 It's not dead, like this modern book. 861 00:41:27,100 --> 00:41:28,866 ♪♪ 862 00:41:28,900 --> 00:41:32,200 -De Caro readily admits he create the forged copy 863 00:41:32,233 --> 00:41:35,066 of the "Sidereus Nuncius" with the watercolors. 864 00:41:35,100 --> 00:41:37,100 ♪♪ 865 00:41:37,133 --> 00:41:38,566 -[Speaking Italian] 866 00:41:38,600 --> 00:41:41,933 -Interpreter: I had a "Nuncius" that I bought in Argentina. 867 00:41:41,966 --> 00:41:44,100 It served as the basis for my own work. 868 00:41:44,133 --> 00:41:46,300 -[Continues in Italian] 869 00:41:46,333 --> 00:41:50,500 -Interpreter: I jokingly refer to it as my kid because, to be honest, 870 00:41:50,533 --> 00:41:52,300 I even brought it to bed with me 871 00:41:52,333 --> 00:41:54,866 and leafed through it [chuckle] before going to sleep. 872 00:41:54,900 --> 00:41:57,000 I truly consider the book I produced 873 00:41:57,033 --> 00:41:59,866 to be a living creature. 874 00:41:59,900 --> 00:42:02,933 The whole thing took me more than three years. WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 875 00:41:59,900 --> 00:42:02,933 The whole thing took me more than three years. 876 00:42:02,966 --> 00:42:04,833 Three years! 877 00:42:04,866 --> 00:42:08,200 But, if I'm going to be honest, I had so much fun. 878 00:42:08,233 --> 00:42:09,700 ♪♪ 879 00:42:09,733 --> 00:42:12,166 -The photopolymer plates made quick work 880 00:42:12,200 --> 00:42:16,500 of "Sidereus Nuncius's" text, but De Caro found it difficult 881 00:42:16,533 --> 00:42:19,033 to create believable copies of the etchings. 882 00:42:19,066 --> 00:42:20,466 -[Speaking Italian] 883 00:42:20,500 --> 00:42:22,633 -Interpreter: I tried to make etchings of the Moon 884 00:42:22,666 --> 00:42:25,766 because I wanted to make a normal copy of the Nuncius. 885 00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:28,100 -[Continues in Italian] 886 00:42:28,133 --> 00:42:30,233 -Interpreter: But then I realized that the appearance 887 00:42:30,266 --> 00:42:34,033 of the modern etchings made on paper wasn't all that great. 888 00:42:34,066 --> 00:42:38,700 ♪♪ 889 00:42:38,733 --> 00:42:43,700 -The 21st-century technology that created the forged book 890 00:42:43,733 --> 00:42:47,633 couldn't make believable 17th-century etchings. 891 00:42:47,666 --> 00:42:50,100 ♪♪ 892 00:42:50,133 --> 00:42:51,566 -It wasn't complicated, 893 00:42:51,600 --> 00:42:54,100 but you could see that they'd been made today. 894 00:42:54,133 --> 00:42:57,500 There was no way to age them properly. 895 00:42:57,533 --> 00:42:58,700 I had to find something 896 00:42:58,733 --> 00:43:01,700 to distract one's eyes from the print, 897 00:43:01,733 --> 00:43:06,633 and so I came up with the idea of making the moons. 898 00:43:06,666 --> 00:43:09,533 The story I wanted to come up with for this copy 899 00:43:09,566 --> 00:43:13,666 was that it was one of the 25 without any Moon etchings, 900 00:43:13,700 --> 00:43:16,033 but that later, in the 18th century, 901 00:43:16,066 --> 00:43:18,200 the owner decided to complete the book 902 00:43:18,233 --> 00:43:22,266 by making watercolor moons. 903 00:43:22,300 --> 00:43:25,466 The circle of the Moon was drawn with a red-wine glass, 904 00:43:25,500 --> 00:43:29,433 which had precisely the right dimensions. 905 00:43:29,466 --> 00:43:31,400 But when I learned that 906 00:43:31,433 --> 00:43:33,600 the person who'd helped me make the moons 907 00:43:33,633 --> 00:43:39,400 could also emulate calligraphy, 908 00:43:39,433 --> 00:43:43,900 I decided, "Let's go ahead and take the leap. 909 00:43:43,933 --> 00:43:47,333 Let's set the words 'Io Galileo Galilei fecit' 910 00:43:47,366 --> 00:43:49,100 on the title page." 911 00:43:49,133 --> 00:43:51,700 And I have to say, it worked. 912 00:43:51,733 --> 00:43:54,200 ♪♪ 913 00:43:54,233 --> 00:43:57,233 -And the stamp from the Cesi Library? 914 00:44:00,566 --> 00:44:02,200 -Here we are. 915 00:44:02,233 --> 00:44:05,366 As you can see, this is the very same stamp 916 00:44:05,400 --> 00:44:07,233 you see on the "Sidereus" -- 917 00:44:07,266 --> 00:44:09,500 the circle with an unbroken line. 918 00:44:09,533 --> 00:44:12,533 -De Caro claims again and again 919 00:44:12,566 --> 00:44:14,933 that all of the mistakes in the Martayan Lan copy 920 00:44:14,966 --> 00:44:16,366 were made on purpose, 921 00:44:16,400 --> 00:44:19,333 as if his work had been an intellectual prank 922 00:44:19,366 --> 00:44:22,900 to test academics and antiquarians. 923 00:44:22,933 --> 00:44:24,833 These claims could help protect him 924 00:44:24,866 --> 00:44:27,100 from legal charges of fraud. 925 00:44:27,133 --> 00:44:32,066 He takes pride in the fact that he was able to fool so many. 926 00:44:32,100 --> 00:44:34,400 -That was the moment of truth. 927 00:44:34,433 --> 00:44:37,900 Now I'd find out if I'd done a good job. 928 00:44:37,933 --> 00:44:40,233 Now we'd see whether the experts would find 929 00:44:40,266 --> 00:44:44,800 the breadcrumbs I'd left behind in the woods, 930 00:44:44,833 --> 00:44:47,600 but, no, they didn't find the breadcrumbs. 931 00:44:47,633 --> 00:44:50,366 It's like with a magician. 932 00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:51,833 When he comes onstage, 933 00:44:51,866 --> 00:44:54,266 the magician gives the audience something to see 934 00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:57,666 in order to cover up his own tricks. 935 00:44:57,700 --> 00:44:59,933 But I didn't create a fake "Nuncius." 936 00:44:59,966 --> 00:45:02,966 I created a different  "Nuncius." WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 937 00:44:59,966 --> 00:45:02,966 I created a different  "Nuncius." 938 00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:04,366 And that's the problem. 939 00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:06,666 I created a different "Nuncius." 940 00:45:06,700 --> 00:45:08,966 The problem is the fake historians 941 00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:13,366 who did not recognize that it was a reproduction. 942 00:45:13,400 --> 00:45:16,566 -Wilding doesn't believe De Caro's claims. 943 00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:19,133 -But we must never lose track 944 00:45:19,166 --> 00:45:21,200 of the fact that this was done for cash. 945 00:45:21,233 --> 00:45:24,833 You know, this was a book that was gonna sell for $10 million, 946 00:45:24,866 --> 00:45:27,166 and that's the only point that it exists. 947 00:45:27,200 --> 00:45:29,700 All the stuff that De Caro said about, 948 00:45:29,733 --> 00:45:31,900 you know, this being an intellectual challenge, 949 00:45:31,933 --> 00:45:33,466 a hoax that reveals 950 00:45:33,500 --> 00:45:36,066 how experts don't know what they're talking about, 951 00:45:36,100 --> 00:45:39,766 that's just kind of retrospective attempt 952 00:45:39,800 --> 00:45:42,666 to dissipate the seriousness of what he's done. 953 00:45:42,700 --> 00:45:47,066 He's committed fraud on a massive scale, 954 00:45:47,100 --> 00:45:48,166 and he's done it for money. 955 00:45:48,200 --> 00:45:51,800 -This is a book which automatically 956 00:45:51,833 --> 00:45:54,566 is worth hundreds of thousands of dollars. 957 00:45:54,600 --> 00:45:56,166 Whatever he might say, 958 00:45:56,200 --> 00:45:58,933 the motive is essentially a financial one, 959 00:45:58,966 --> 00:46:02,000 and, of course, he did sell it successfully to a dealer. 960 00:46:02,033 --> 00:46:04,000 ♪♪ 961 00:46:04,033 --> 00:46:09,833 -Horst Bredekamp is haunted by the mistaken authentication. 962 00:46:09,866 --> 00:46:13,933 -Neither the group nor I were able to recognize 963 00:46:13,966 --> 00:46:16,266 the book as a fake. 964 00:46:16,300 --> 00:46:20,466 This is a humiliation... 965 00:46:20,500 --> 00:46:22,933 which is presumably comparable 966 00:46:22,966 --> 00:46:25,833 to a very serious error by a doctor. 967 00:46:25,866 --> 00:46:29,366 ♪♪ 968 00:46:29,400 --> 00:46:32,333 For the public must be able to trust 969 00:46:32,366 --> 00:46:35,300 that an art historian can differentiate 970 00:46:35,333 --> 00:46:37,800 between a fake and an original. 971 00:46:37,833 --> 00:46:41,566 This is a trauma. 972 00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:45,733 These are real copies of the "Sidereus Nuncius" 973 00:46:45,766 --> 00:46:48,300 which I procured. 974 00:46:48,333 --> 00:46:51,300 -Bredekamp and De Caro even traded emails 975 00:46:51,333 --> 00:46:54,833 once the forgery was discovered. 976 00:46:54,866 --> 00:46:57,333 -In my correspondence with him, 977 00:46:57,366 --> 00:47:00,233 there is the unbelievable sentence, 978 00:47:00,266 --> 00:47:04,033 "Dear Professor, it must have seemed as if, 979 00:47:04,066 --> 00:47:07,466 once you had the drawings of the fake 'Sidereus Nuncius' 980 00:47:07,500 --> 00:47:11,200 before your eyes, you were being confronted 981 00:47:11,233 --> 00:47:14,833 with the results of your own work." 982 00:47:14,866 --> 00:47:19,233 In other words, the forger used my very own research, 983 00:47:19,266 --> 00:47:21,500 and that just floored me. 984 00:47:21,533 --> 00:47:25,233 That explains why I simply did not want to recognize, 985 00:47:25,266 --> 00:47:29,166 or perhaps could  not recognize, the fake as a fake. 986 00:47:29,200 --> 00:47:32,533 -I feel a bit guilty, 987 00:47:32,566 --> 00:47:35,866 because, in some ways, I was inspired by him. 988 00:47:35,900 --> 00:47:39,600 -Paul Needham had a different reaction. 989 00:47:39,633 --> 00:47:41,566 -Oh, I felt great. I felt great. 990 00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:43,966 I mean, just... 991 00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:49,700 I was so glad that I hadn't gone on 992 00:47:49,733 --> 00:47:51,600 believing something false. 993 00:47:51,633 --> 00:47:52,900 To me, it was just thrilling 994 00:47:52,933 --> 00:47:54,700 to be able to sit with these two books 995 00:47:54,733 --> 00:47:59,200 and find things that really count as proofs. 996 00:47:59,233 --> 00:48:01,966 -The forged "Sidereus Nuncius" WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 997 00:47:59,233 --> 00:48:01,966 -The forged "Sidereus Nuncius" 998 00:48:02,000 --> 00:48:05,433 caused immense damage to the antiquarian book market. 999 00:48:05,466 --> 00:48:08,333 -Many institutions are refusing 1000 00:48:08,366 --> 00:48:12,066 to buy anything that is coming from Italy, 1001 00:48:12,100 --> 00:48:15,966 so it had a very negative effect. 1002 00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:19,400 -People would become concerned that they were going to end up 1003 00:48:19,433 --> 00:48:22,833 buying a fake or something stolen, 1004 00:48:22,866 --> 00:48:24,266 and all you have is your reputation, 1005 00:48:24,300 --> 00:48:28,133 because people can always buy from somebody else. 1006 00:48:28,166 --> 00:48:33,000 -Many dealers continue to consult Owen Gingerich. 1007 00:48:33,033 --> 00:48:37,366 -De Caro is getting out of arrest in a few months. 1008 00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:39,166 -Really? -Mm-hmm. 1009 00:48:39,200 --> 00:48:41,866 -What do you think he's gonna do when he gets out? 1010 00:48:41,900 --> 00:48:44,400 -[ Chuckles ] -Go back to the old hobby? 1011 00:48:44,433 --> 00:48:46,633 Have you received a personal invitation 1012 00:48:46,666 --> 00:48:49,733 to his coming-out party? 1013 00:48:49,766 --> 00:48:54,500 -They are very much worried to have De Caro loose again. 1014 00:48:54,533 --> 00:48:57,200 Who knows what he has squirreled away 1015 00:48:57,233 --> 00:49:01,200 and what he will be up to? 1016 00:49:01,233 --> 00:49:03,566 ♪♪ 1017 00:49:03,600 --> 00:49:04,733 -In the meantime, 1018 00:49:04,766 --> 00:49:08,700 many large libraries, museums, and foundations 1019 00:49:08,733 --> 00:49:12,000 have been asking themselves whether some of their stamps, 1020 00:49:12,033 --> 00:49:16,166 drawings, or even entire books could be faked. 1021 00:49:16,200 --> 00:49:22,666 ♪♪ 1022 00:49:22,700 --> 00:49:25,400 -This book is a very good fake -- 1023 00:49:25,433 --> 00:49:27,733 the structure of the layers, the structure of the paper, 1024 00:49:27,766 --> 00:49:29,366 the structure of the watermark, 1025 00:49:29,400 --> 00:49:32,666 but it's not the only fake that exists, 1026 00:49:32,700 --> 00:49:37,133 and I assume it won't be the last. 1027 00:49:37,166 --> 00:49:39,366 -We thought that our case would be 1028 00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:41,200 enough of a wake-up call 1029 00:49:41,233 --> 00:49:44,800 for someone in the world to create a database of fakes. 1030 00:49:48,200 --> 00:49:51,433 As far as I know, that has not been the case. 1031 00:49:51,466 --> 00:49:55,566 -De Caro, one hopes, will not make more forgeries, 1032 00:49:55,600 --> 00:49:56,800 but other people will. 1033 00:49:56,833 --> 00:49:58,666 This is a cheap technology. 1034 00:49:58,700 --> 00:50:02,433 I myself could forge an acceptable "Sidereus Nuncius" 1035 00:50:02,466 --> 00:50:03,800 for a few thousand dollars. 1036 00:50:03,833 --> 00:50:05,900 -It's like doping. 1037 00:50:05,933 --> 00:50:08,733 Along with the ability to detect doping drugs, 1038 00:50:08,766 --> 00:50:11,300 new, undetectable drugs arrive. 1039 00:50:11,333 --> 00:50:13,133 Doping and forgeries are the same -- 1040 00:50:13,166 --> 00:50:15,566 in terms of methodology, in any event. 1041 00:50:15,600 --> 00:50:17,800 -The story is not over, it's ongoing. 1042 00:50:17,833 --> 00:50:19,933 And in a bigger sense, the story is ongoing 1043 00:50:19,966 --> 00:50:21,800 because the techniques and technologies 1044 00:50:21,833 --> 00:50:25,033 that Massimo De Caro used are still with us. 1045 00:50:25,066 --> 00:50:26,733 And there's nothing illegal 1046 00:50:26,766 --> 00:50:30,666 in replicating a 17th-century book, right? 1047 00:50:30,700 --> 00:50:33,133 So we're gonna see a lot more of this. 1048 00:50:33,166 --> 00:50:36,266 It's really -- it's getting to be pretty easy 1049 00:50:36,300 --> 00:50:38,500 to make a forgery now. 1050 00:50:38,533 --> 00:50:41,200 Once you start admitting forgery, 1051 00:50:41,233 --> 00:50:43,433 or saying basically that the market can decide 1052 00:50:43,466 --> 00:50:44,900 what's true and what's not 1053 00:50:44,933 --> 00:50:48,300 and that if the market wants the forgery to be true, it is true, 1054 00:50:48,333 --> 00:50:50,800 then that's fundamentally pretty disturbing, 1055 00:50:50,833 --> 00:50:54,100 because then truth is for sale. 1056 00:50:54,133 --> 00:50:56,633 -And for Wilding, 1057 00:50:56,666 --> 00:50:59,900 fake books lead to false history. 1058 00:50:59,933 --> 00:51:01,866 -Well, history just matters. WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 1059 00:50:59,933 --> 00:51:01,866 -Well, history just matters. 1060 00:51:01,900 --> 00:51:04,500 If you start fabricating the objects, 1061 00:51:04,533 --> 00:51:05,700 then you might as well fabricate 1062 00:51:05,733 --> 00:51:08,033 an entirely different, alternative history, 1063 00:51:08,066 --> 00:51:12,300 and from there, you can start denying major historical events, 1064 00:51:12,333 --> 00:51:13,566 you can rewrite history -- 1065 00:51:13,600 --> 00:51:15,766 you're in an Orwellian world 1066 00:51:15,800 --> 00:51:19,566 where political power governs truth. 1067 00:51:19,600 --> 00:51:23,833 And I think one of the first victim of that 1068 00:51:23,866 --> 00:51:25,400 is the general public. 1069 00:51:25,433 --> 00:51:30,000 -The forging of books remains far less lucrative 1070 00:51:30,033 --> 00:51:35,200 than creating fake Picasso paintings or Giacometti statues. 1071 00:51:35,233 --> 00:51:40,700 But what do these technologies mean for the rare-book market? 1072 00:51:40,733 --> 00:51:43,466 -How much longer will this market last? 1073 00:51:43,500 --> 00:51:45,366 I cannot make any predictions. 1074 00:51:45,400 --> 00:51:48,133 I can only express  1075 00:51:45,400 --> 00:51:48,133 my  1076 00:51:45,400 --> 00:51:48,133 personal attitude. 1077 00:51:48,166 --> 00:51:49,700 For a long time now, 1078 00:51:49,733 --> 00:51:52,666 I haven't bought any books on the antiquarian market. 1079 00:51:52,700 --> 00:51:58,000 -The publication of "Sidereus Nuncius" in 1610 1080 00:51:58,033 --> 00:52:00,633 ultimately led to Galileo's arrest 1081 00:52:00,666 --> 00:52:04,666 and trial by the Inquisition in 1633. 1082 00:52:04,700 --> 00:52:06,200 -He was a lightning rod 1083 00:52:06,233 --> 00:52:09,133 for people who were interested in his work 1084 00:52:09,166 --> 00:52:11,533 and people who didn't like what he was doing 1085 00:52:11,566 --> 00:52:13,900 because it's hard to give up 1086 00:52:13,933 --> 00:52:15,700 what you've thought all your life 1087 00:52:15,733 --> 00:52:20,800 and what has history and the general opinion. 1088 00:52:20,833 --> 00:52:23,733 -Galileo's influence remains immeasurable 1089 00:52:23,766 --> 00:52:26,000 four centuries later. 1090 00:52:26,033 --> 00:52:30,633 ♪♪ 1091 00:52:30,666 --> 00:52:32,933 -That was the beginning 1092 00:52:32,966 --> 00:52:38,600 of cosmology as we still know it today. 1093 00:52:38,633 --> 00:52:40,900 -I think that these Galileo documents 1094 00:52:40,933 --> 00:52:43,133 still have something to say. 1095 00:52:43,166 --> 00:52:46,666 They continue to transmit this desire to know. 1096 00:52:46,700 --> 00:52:50,000 I think this is what drives our societies forward, 1097 00:52:50,033 --> 00:52:53,166 and, above all, this is the most important thing, 1098 00:52:53,200 --> 00:52:55,733 the very heart of the human being. 1099 00:52:55,766 --> 00:52:59,766 -Galileo's voice comes out very, very loud and clearly 1100 00:52:59,800 --> 00:53:03,133 over more than four centuries. 1101 00:53:03,166 --> 00:53:08,133 We have this conversation that he enabled 1102 00:53:08,166 --> 00:53:10,433 by leaving this mass of papers and writings 1103 00:53:10,466 --> 00:53:12,133 and drawings and artifacts. 1104 00:53:12,166 --> 00:53:17,666 -Ignition sequence start -- 6, 5, 4, 3... 1105 00:53:17,700 --> 00:53:20,266 -Our modern space program owes its own debt 1106 00:53:20,300 --> 00:53:22,600 to Galileo and "Sidereus Nuncius." 1107 00:53:22,633 --> 00:53:24,233 -We have a liftoff. 1108 00:53:24,266 --> 00:53:27,100 -"Sidereus Nuncius" is the book that showed 1109 00:53:27,133 --> 00:53:29,900 that the Moon was a place you could go to 1110 00:53:29,933 --> 00:53:31,566 and stand on when you got there. 1111 00:53:31,600 --> 00:53:34,133 -Both hands stand about the fourth rung up. 1112 00:53:34,166 --> 00:53:37,466 -With a little guidance, our theoretical Galileo 1113 00:53:37,500 --> 00:53:40,133 would have gotten himself up to speed 1114 00:53:40,166 --> 00:53:42,500 with today's science very quickly. 1115 00:53:42,533 --> 00:53:44,000 [ Beep ] 1116 00:53:44,033 --> 00:53:46,266 -And on the Apollo 15 mission, 1117 00:53:46,300 --> 00:53:48,833 the astronauts paid tribute to him. 1118 00:53:48,866 --> 00:53:52,700 -Commander David Scott did Galileo's experiment 1119 00:53:52,733 --> 00:53:53,800 on the Moon. 1120 00:53:53,833 --> 00:53:57,500 -Well, in my left hand, I have a feather. 1121 00:53:57,533 --> 00:53:59,366 In my right hand, a hammer. 1122 00:53:59,400 --> 00:54:02,233 I guess one of the reasons we got here today WEBVTT X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000 1123 00:53:59,400 --> 00:54:02,233 I guess one of the reasons we got here today 1124 00:54:02,266 --> 00:54:05,400 was because of a gentleman named Galileo a long time ago 1125 00:54:05,433 --> 00:54:07,733 who made a rather significant discovery 1126 00:54:07,766 --> 00:54:10,366 about falling objects and gravity fields. 1127 00:54:10,400 --> 00:54:13,633 And we thought that, where would be a better place 1128 00:54:13,666 --> 00:54:17,566 to confirm his findings than on the Moon? 1129 00:54:17,600 --> 00:54:19,633 And I'll drop the two of them here, 1130 00:54:19,666 --> 00:54:22,600 and, hopefully, they'll hit the ground at the same time. 1131 00:54:24,500 --> 00:54:27,000 How 'bout that? 1132 00:54:27,033 --> 00:54:30,633 That proves that Mr. Galileo was correct in his findings. 1133 00:54:30,666 --> 00:54:39,800 ♪♪ 1134 00:54:39,833 --> 00:54:41,200 Superb. 1135 00:54:41,233 --> 00:54:48,800 ♪♪ 1136 00:54:48,833 --> 00:54:58,733 ♪♪ 1137 00:54:58,766 --> 00:55:02,733 ♪♪