♪♪♪
[ Suspenseful music plays ]
♪♪♪
-September 1519.
Ferdinand Magellan sets out from Spain
on what would be the first expedition around the world.
♪♪♪
Magellan sails in search of a western sea route to Asia
and the Spice Islands.
For Europeans, spices from the other side of the world
are worth their weight in gold
and Magellan hopes his voyage will lead to a huge payoff.
-Voyages of discovery are propelled
by commercial greed, by ambition.
-His obsession takes his crew to distant shores
where no Europeans had been before.
-So these are voyages of the imagination,
as well as voyages of discovery.
-In the end, Magellan would not complete the epic journey.
But members of his crew did,
setting the foundation
for global commerce and colonization
that remains with us today.
After three long years at sea,
only a handful of survivors returned to the Spanish harbor.
Their ship, laden with spices, provided proof
that it is possible to sail around the world.
It is a moment in history that transformed global civilization.
♪♪♪
-"Secrets of the Dead" was made possible in part by
contributions to your PBS station from viewers like you.
♪♪♪
-At the beginning of the 16th century,
Seville is the starting point for Spanish expeditions
into the recently discovered New World.
The sailors hope to find a more efficient route to the Far East
so they can bring back exotic goods
and extremely valuable spices --
cloves and nutmeg.
Determined to make his fortune,
Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan tries
to convince his king to sponsor a voyage
in search of a western sea route to the Spice Islands.
But the king refuses.
-Dom Manuel is seeing Portugal becoming a great power
and traveling to the Far East by odd routes
really isn't very interesting.
He sees a vision which doesn't involve Magellan's voyage.
-Desperate and embittered,
Magellan leaves Portugal
and offers his services to its archenemy --
Spain.
-Magellan is working for the king of Spain
because the king of Portugal, Dom Manuel,
despises him, has rejected his plans.
-His experience and energy
quickly convince the Spanish king
to fund his costly venture.
-Just like today, if you want backing for a big project,
you have to promise to find something
worth spending your money on.
So it's about investment.
It's about organization.
It's about persuasion.
You've got to sell the vision.
And Magellan's success is he sells the vision to Charles I
and that's his big breakthrough.
The Portuguese often said Magellan was a traitor.
He wasn't.
He was rejected by his own country
and, like many other Portuguese mariners and navigators,
he went off to serve elsewhere --
in Spain, in England.
All over the world, Portuguese navigators are serving.
-Magellan sets sail from Seville's shipyard,
which today bears witness
to centuries of maritime history.
-Seville is the center
of the Spanish enterprise of the Indies.
It's where Spain is organizing all its great voyages.
The bureaucrats are here.
The money men are here.
The sailors are here.
The visionary navigators, like Magellan, are here.
Indeed, we're just outside the walls
of Old Seville, in the shipyard.
Magellan would've been here, fitting out his ships.
He would've had that conversation
about getting his ship ready, finding the men,
right here, right outside the old city.
-The voyages to the other side of the world are just one facet
of a great shift happening in Europe at the time.
-The 16th century is an age of transformation.
Nicolaus Copernicus has just placed the world,
not at the center of the universe,
but as part of the mechanics of a much greater solar system.
Christopher Columbus has discovered America,
although he thinks it's still India.
And Martin Luther is challenging
the Universal Church of Western Europe.
So this constellation of little parochial places
has suddenly woken up and realized
there's a whole wide world out there to be discovered
and the 16th century will be the Age of Discovery.
♪♪♪
-The goal of these expeditions, however,
is not to improve
the geographic understanding of the world.
Power and money are at the heart
of these so-called voyages of discovery.
But the sailors do bring back important knowledge
for scientists and cartographers.
Magellan is convinced he will find
an unknown passageway at the tip of South America,
and he isn't the only one who believes
there is a southern route around the continent.
♪♪♪
The Historical Museum in Frankfurt has
in its collection a globe that was made roughly five years
before
Magellan's journey
and still puzzles historians today.
-[ Speaking German ]
-[Interpreter] In South America,
we see a route going between the tip of the continent
and the land mass of Antarctica.
This passageway is puzzling.
How is this route going around South America possible
on a globe from 1515,
even though Magellan didn't take this route
until five years later?
-Each ship returning from the newly found Western Hemisphere
brings with it more information
about the true shape of the Earth.
-Very quickly, the Spanish realized
they needed to control knowledge.
They needed to bring all of the cartographic
understanding of the world as it expanded
inside Seville, to control it,
to limit it, to stop other people having it,
to make sure their people knew where to go
and other people didn't.
♪♪♪
So they have a succession of expert cartographers
working here, taking all the information
coming back from Columbus' voyages
and, later, Magellan's voyages,
into the city, to be processed,
to record how much more we know,
year after year, across the century.
So this is where that knowledge expands.
Decade by decade, the map grows, the details become finer,
and, ultimately, we have a map of the world
that we would recognize being produced in this city.
♪♪♪
-And finding a western sea route to the Spice Islands
becomes a battle for control
of the most lucrative trade of the day.
♪♪♪
Today, Ternate and Tidore,
the island hubs of the 16th-century spice trade,
are part of Indonesia.
Tidore, less than six miles across,
is the larger of the two islands.
Despite their size,
they were the center of conflict for centuries.
The fight for these islands' resources began long
before Europeans came ashore,
as the crown prince of Ternate explains.
-[ Sniff ]
-[ Speaking native language ]
-[Interpreter] The first to discover
cloves and nutmeg were the Chinese.
They became world trade commodities,
resulting in exchange between China and Ternate,
more well-known as the Spice Road or the Silk Road.
-In Seville, Magellan presses ahead,
furnishing the fleet.
Five ships are readied, and a crew mustered.
A seasoned sailor from the Basque region
is part of the crew.
-Next!
Name. -Sebastián Elcano.
♪♪♪
-Elcano signs on as a crewman at the start of the expedition.
But by the time he returns, he will have become its leader,
guiding his ship across the Indian Ocean and back to Spain.
♪♪♪
Elcano's family has a long history
of shipping and shipbuilding.
♪♪♪
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] We know that he came
from a very influential family in Getaria,
that was in the ship business and sea trade,
outfitting expeditions, organizing transports.
And that's no coincidence,
since 80% of all ships leaving Seville
in the 16th century, bound for America,
were built in the Basque region.
[ Gulls squawking ]
-In Pasaia, not far from Elcano's hometown,
a unique project is underway.
A team is building a replica of a 16th-century galleon,
relying on the same methods used nearly 500 years ago.
♪♪♪
-These ships were used for the most fantastic trips
and adventures in the past.
You know, 500 years ago,
the only way humankind could connect with the world
was with ships because there was no other way
of transportation or communication, like nowadays.
So this was really a magical object.
It was like a floating church or cathedral, you know,
it was the most sophisticated object that mankind could build.
And, still, it comes from a few trees, you know.
You go to the forest with an ax, you cut the trees,
and then, with your work and your knowledge,
you are able to build what could be considered a spaceship.
♪♪♪
-The forests bear witness to the impact
of shipbuilding throughout the centuries.
♪♪♪
-As the Basque countries are small,
they had to manage the forests very wisely
and so they were keeping the trees in the shape they needed.
So they leave them grow upwards, like two, three meters
and then, from that height, they would grow branches
in the shape they needed for shipbuilding.
♪♪♪
Now, I cannot come to a forest without looking at the trees,
like looking for naval timber on their branches.
-The original ship had three masts
and was used to transport whale oil back to Spain from Canada.
Few written plans or blueprints of this type of galleon remain,
but Agote and his team want the ship
to be as authentic to the period as possible.
The ropes, iron nails, and other elements
have all been made using historically accurate tools,
just like those of the Basque builders 500 years ago,
who outfitted a fleet that could sail around the world.
-In the 16th century, the entire coast
was filled with shipyards.
It was the main specialty, you know,
because of the iron mines, because of the oak forests.
So it was a society that was meant
to build ships in that time.
Hundreds of people, highly specialized,
building several boats and ships at the same time, you know,
and one of them was the Nao Victoria,
that was probably built very quickly.
I would say maybe three months.
-On the 20th of September 1519,
the five expedition ships finally leave Spain.
♪♪♪
Magellan has negotiated a detailed contract
with the Spanish king,
guaranteeing himself a handsome share in the expected profits
and making him captain general of the fleet.
♪♪♪
But Magellan's Portuguese roots
create tension with the mostly Spanish crew.
♪♪♪
-He's surrounded by Spanish captains, Spanish officers.
Most of his crew are Spanish,
although there are Germans, English, and others onboard.
He is not in command of a national expedition
and many of the Spanish leaders do not trust him
and they despise him, as a Portuguese.
-Fearing espionage,
Magellan keeps the details of his plans to himself,
refusing to share information with crewmen.
♪♪♪
The Portuguese are determined
to protect their interests in the Spice Islands.
Magellan is sailing in treacherous waters.
Spain and Portugal are bitter adversaries,
fighting for control of the open seas.
♪♪♪
Brokered by the Pope, the Treaty of Tordesillas
divided the world into east and west,
two hemispheres separated
by an imaginary line running down the Atlantic.
♪♪♪
While the treaty clearly divides
Europe, Africa, and the Americas,
the other side of the world,
where Asia, including the Spice Islands is located,
remains unknown.
♪♪♪
Any hope of Spain controlling the islands depends
on Magellan finding a direct western sea route
in the half of the world Spain possesses.
♪♪♪
For Magellan, the voyage means a return to Asia.
As a young soldier,
he fought for Portugal in the conquest of Malacca,
an important trading post near today's Singapore.
Magellan's confidence comes
from his previous seafaring experience.
-What Magellan brought to this was all
of the knowledge the Portuguese already had
of how to get to the Spice Islands.
-He even brought a Malay slave back to Europe with him,
Henrique, who joins him on this voyage.
On that initial trip to Asia,
Magellan did not visit the Spice Islands,
but his friend and brother-in-arms
Francisco Serrao stayed behind
and sent letters back to Magellan,
describing an island paradise.
♪♪♪
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] These letters are enormously important.
There's one letter where Magellan asks Serrao
to wait for him.
He didn't know how he would get there,
via Portugal or Castille, but he would come at any cost.
Plus, the letters also tell of the riches
in the Moluccas and the exotic islands,
this paradise where Serrao lives,
and, for Magellan, that probably added to the attraction.
[ Waves crashing ]
-Magellan's fleet finds the winds needed
to carry them south in the Atlantic.
But then, without consulting the crew,
he orders the ships to change course,
off the Cape Verde Islands.
The ships sail to the southeast,
rather than moving west, directly for Brazil.
♪♪♪
Perhaps he wants to lose
Portuguese ships that might be chasing him,
or is seeking a more favorable wind.
The crew would've accepted either explanation,
but Magellan's silence only worsens relations between them.
♪♪♪
After two months at sea, the ships reach South America.
♪♪♪
And, two months after that,
they sail into a huge passageway opening toward the west.
♪♪♪
Magellan spends 15 days exploring the passage.
Has he really found the dreamed-of path
so quickly and so easily?
Is this the long-desired route
to the riches of the Spice Islands?
♪♪♪
Magellan has gambled everything
on finding a passage to the Pacific.
But the water on which the ship sails...
-[ Spits ]
...is not an ocean.
-[ Speaking German ]
-[Interpreter] Magellan was disappointed
to taste fresh water, a sign that they were
in the huge mouth of a river denying them a passage.
They had to turn around.
Today, we know it was the Río de la Plata,
where seafarers had been before and said they saw no land,
so it had to be a passage, something Magellan also assumed.
-Sailors returning from sea
and sharing their experience with cartographers
mistook the vast mouth of the Río de la Plata
for the Southern Coast of the South American continent.
Magellan is depending on maps
that have only limited information.
♪♪♪
Despite this setback,
Magellan continues to push his fleet further
into unchartered waters,
without any sign of a westward passage.
♪♪♪
Morale begins to flag.
The climate becomes colder and wetter.
Winter has begun in the Southern Hemisphere.
♪♪♪
This is the farthest south any European has ever sailed.
Icy winds from Antarctica make the crew miserable.
Confidence -- in Magellan and in his belief
in a western sea route to the Spice Islands --
begins to fail.
And then, to everyone's despair,
Magellan makes another shocking decision.
-At the end of the first year's voyage,
they've reached the Bay of San Julián,
down on the South Coast of America,
and Magellan has to tell his people --
who are exhausted, weary,
and slightly frightened at being beyond the map --
they're going to have to stay there for the winter.
They're going to have to overwinter
in an inhospitable, unpleasant place,
when it would be so much easier to just turn round and go home.
This is what leadership looks like.
He has to persuade these people --
many of whom don't trust him,
a lot of whom don't like him --
that he's right;
that the king of Spain has given him authority to do this;
and that, if they don't do as they're told,
he will punish them.
-In the Bay of San Julián,
the crew reaches its limit
and rebels.
A mutiny breaks out,
but Magellan and a handful of loyal allies crush it
with ruthless brutality.
Magellan has the ringleader of the mutiny executed.
Sebastián Elcano joined the mutiny
and awaits Magellan's sentence, along with 40 other sailors.
♪♪♪
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] Elcano supports this mutiny against Magellan.
We know that.
And we also know how this mutiny ends.
It looks as if Elcano was demoted,
but, unlike others, spared of any severe punishment.
This was quite reasonable, since Magellan needed
the experienced sailors who knew how to navigate.
And among those were the so-called masters
and Elcano was such a master sailor
and knew how to navigate such ships.
And so, he may have been demoted, but he's not killed.
But, naturally, relationships were damaged and at a low.
-With this demotion, Elcano temporarily disappears
from any of the voyage's official records.
But, in just 12 months,
as he continues to sail around the world,
his fortunes would change dramatically.
The fleet waits out the winter
and spends seven months in San Julián.
A year after they left Spain, the crew set sail again.
Magellan feels the pressure.
If he does not find the passage soon,
the voyage will have been a waste.
♪♪♪
But, just two weeks after they return to sea,
another broad channel opens to the west.
♪♪♪
Knowing what happened at the Río de la Plata,
Magellan sends two scouting ships ahead.
♪♪♪
Those left behind can do nothing but wait.
♪♪♪
-iMiran!
iMiran el barco!
-Magellan knows this is his last chance.
The crew will not accept another disappointment.
♪♪♪
[ Two blasts ]
♪♪♪
-[ Speaking Spanish ] -And that
is an extremely happy moment for Magellan.
Of course he was extremely excited about it.
I mean, there were rebellions and mutinies
and he really had his share of troubles,
caused by nature, itself, but also by his own crew.
And so, at this moment, he was vindicated as a good captain
because he had led his men to a good destination
that can make them rich.
Basically, they were at the doorstep to wealth
and that's why he was very, very
happy.
-Magellan has achieved the first goal of the voyage --
finding a western route to the Pacific.
But then, he quickly suffers another setback.
The San Antonio and her crew
disappear.
It's a devastating loss.
The ship was the largest in the fleet
and carried indispensable equipment and vital provisions.
And the San Antonio made its way back to Spain,
with disastrous consequences for Magellan.
-The desertion of the San Antonio
has two terrible consequences.
Magellan runs out of food,
but, more importantly, it gets back to Spain,
there's a court-martial, and the Portuguese hear
that Magellan has entered the Pacific.
From this point on, Magellan is a hunted man.
The Portuguese are out to stop him
and they are not going to do anything,
other than kill every last person onboard this expedition.
This is a secret they need to preserve.
The Spice Islands are the source of their wealth.
They will kill everybody.
♪♪♪
-The problems continue.
A ship runs aground.
The three remaining ships sail slowly through the rocky maze
of what today are called
the Straits of Magellan.
Antonio Pigafetta,
one of the men who made the complete voyage,
chronicled what he observed aboard the ship.
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-Pigafetta's story is of great interest to us,
since he is the first to write
about the indigenous people he met up north in Patagonia.
And also, when passing through the strait,
Magellan describes signs of people in Terra del Fuego.
He saw fire and columns of smoke everywhere.
-He gives this barren stretch of land its name --
Tierra del Fuego, "Land of Fire."
Even now, 500 years later, Magellan is celebrated
for discovering Tierra del Fuego and the straits.
But little attention has been paid
to the fate of the indigenous population,
who had lived there for thousands of years
and included the Kawésqar, Selk'nam, and Yaghan people.
♪♪♪
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] We are not celebrating
the 500-year anniversary,
since it marks the ensuing disappearance
of ancient civilizations,
rape, death, arrests, poisoning,
and the vanishing of ethnic identities.
And this place was not called Magellan's,
but Kawésqar, a part of the Kawésqar land.
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] The Europeans have not discovered anything at all.
They kidnapped the locals
and dragged them to various places,
even Germany, to be part of a human zoo.
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] In the process,
the people were taken away from their culture
and this happened in an area
where the Kawésqar, who did not speak Spanish,
did not understand the newly established order.
Many were shot and driven from their temporary campsites.
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] But since the Kawésqar
were excellent navigators,
many were able to escape that mission.
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] But this is what was here before
and even shortly after Magellan came here
and he presumed to be called a discoverer.
-Today, these people celebrate their heritage.
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] I am proud to have this ancestral lineage
and it fills me with energy as well, as it manifests.
-Historian Andrew Lambert offers an explanation
for the Europeans' violent and oppressive colonial tactics.
-Now, we look at the world to understand.
They looked at the world to control, to subjugate,
and to exploit.
That it's the right and duty of Christian Europeans
to dominate the world, at the expense of all other peoples,
and everybody else they meet must convert to their faiths,
follow their rules, obey their orders.
It's a whole different world and Magellan is of that world.
-The Spanish hope to use the passage
to defend their Pacific territories.
They attempted to establish a settlement
on the north shore of the straits
several times over the next 50 years.
The country sent dozens of ships and thousands of soldiers.
The results were disastrous.
-[ Conversing in Spanish ]
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] And then, the fatal ending --
within the space of a few years, they were all dead.
There were two survivors
and, in the end, only one of them was left.
They christened the city Port of Hunger, Famine.
Different designations were used on maps,
but they all referred to either hunger,
bad luck, failure, or misery.
-But Magellan must keep sailing west.
Facing dwindling provisions and the loss of two ships,
he cannot afford to spend much time
at the southern tip of the Americas.
And, after four weeks,
the vastness of the Pacific Ocean
stretches before Magellan's fleet.
-The discovery of the passage
faces Magellan with a huge problem.
He thinks the islands that he's heading for
are a few weeks away, so, instead of stopping
and gathering as much provision as he can on the coast,
he decides to take a risk.
They'll just set off.
They'll go now and it'll be fine.
They'll arrive in the Spice Islands.
His friend lives there.
They will pick up supplies.
It'll be good.
So he takes a big decision
and, this time, it's the wrong decision
and it's going to cost a lot of men their lives.
It's going to compromise the expedition
and it could've led to an absolute disaster.
-Magellan believes the Spice Islands
are roughly 600 nautical miles away.
In reality, the actual distance is 30 times that --
20,000
nautical miles lie between him and his destination.
-So it's a question of scale.
His world is half the size of the real world
and that nearly destroyed his expedition.
-The Pacific becomes a graveyard for Magellan's crew.
Pigafetta, the voyage's chronicler, writes,
"And we ate all biscuit turned to powder,
all full of worms and stinking of urine,
which the rats made on it, having eaten the good.
And we drank water impure and yellow.
And every time someone had drawn his last breath,
Magellan quickly committed their bodies to the sea.
He probably feared some of his crew could turn into cannibals.
♪♪♪
-[ Grunts ]
♪♪♪
-Magellan doesn't understand why,
after two months in the scorching heat of the Pacific,
they have not reached land.
Where are the eagerly awaited Spice Islands?
-[ Hyperventilating ]
♪♪♪
-Guided by the Sun and the stars,
Magellan is able to determine the latitude of his position.
He knows, relatively well,
his exact position north or south on the globe.
What he cannot measure
is his east-west position, his longitude.
-This proves critical in Magellan's voyage
because, as he leaves the Magellan Straits,
he thinks he's only a few days, maybe a week or two,
away from the Spice Islands,
so he's looking for those islands
day after day after day,
and they're not going to be there.
He's about to cross the biggest ocean in the world
and he thinks it's a pond.
The irony, ultimately, of Magellan, is
he proves his point, but he has to go way beyond
what he expected would be necessary.
He has to take his men,
not just to the jaws of death, but beyond.
He has to take them through that
and bring them out the other side.
It's a tremendous feat of human endurance,
but, above all, of compelling leadership.
♪♪♪
-Land! Land ahoy!
Land ahoy!
♪♪♪
-On March 16, 1521,
a year and a half after leaving Spain,
Magellan's emaciated crew make landfall.
♪♪♪
They spent 100 days drifting through the Pacific
before casting anchor on the shores
of what are today the Philippine Islands.
♪♪♪
For Magellan and his crew,
the islands feel like heaven on Earth,
even though they still don't know where they've landed.
♪♪♪
Magellan is sure they must be close to the Spice Islands,
but that also means the Portuguese could be nearby,
coming from the other direction.
If they find him, they will stop him
from laying claim to the islands' resources,
as negotiated by the Treaty of Tordesillas.
-The great problem with the Treaty of Tordesillas is
they knew where the Atlantic was
and they divided it very neatly down the middle.
The problem was, on the other side of the globe,
nobody really knew how big the world was
or where the line came,
so nobody knew who owned the Spice Islands.
The most valuable real estate on Earth was
in unknown territory.
Claiming it and owning it would be the key to success,
but proving that would lead
to many misfortunes along the way.
-When successful,
these voyages of discovery become part of history.
But far more often, they ended in failure and the loss of life.
As soon as the crewmen regained their strength,
Magellan set sail again.
On the Island of Cebu,
he forges an alliance with its ruler
and is drawn into a local conflict.
♪♪♪
To demonstrate the superiority of his religion and his power,
Magellan decides to make an example
of the local rebels' leader, Lapulapu.
-[Shouting]
♪♪♪
-Hoping to impress the new allies
with the military skill of his men,
Magellan declines the offer of reinforcements.
-[ Grunting ]
♪♪♪
-But Magellan deeply underestimates
the men he is fighting.
Lapulapu is a keen strategic thinker
and battle-hardened warrior.
Each of his tattoos symbolizes a victorious battle.
♪♪♪
[ Gunshot ]
♪♪♪
Ultimately, Magellan's overconfidence proves fatal.
♪♪♪
On April 27, 1521,
he dies without ever having reached the Spice Islands.
-After Magellan's death,
the Spanish leaders were ambushed.
They were wiped out
and this left just one man standing
who could really take the expedition back home again.
It was the sailor Sebastián Elcano, the Basque.
He was the man who would ultimately have
to bring the expedition home
because everybody else in a leadership role
had been killed or had died.
♪♪♪
-With the death of Magellan
and most of the high-ranking officers,
Sebastián Elcano must now lead the expedition.
After the mutiny a year earlier, in San Julián,
this is the first time
Elcano is mentioned again in official records.
♪♪♪
His first decision is to leave the Concepción,
the third remaining ship, behind.
It is not fit for the challenges of the voyage to come.
♪♪♪
Once empty of supplies,
the crew sinks the ship off the Philippines,
leaving no trace of their presence.
♪♪♪
Elcano sails on with the two remaining ships,
the Trinidad and the Victoria.
♪♪♪
The search for the Spice Islands continues unsuccessfully
for another two months.
♪♪♪
And then, more than two years into the voyage,
the long-searched-for destination appears
on the horizon --
the Spice Islands,
with their promise of immense wealth.
♪♪♪
Pigafetta recorded this moment in his travel diary.
"On Friday, the 8th of November 1521,
we entered the port of an island called Tidore
and, after anchoring in a depth of 20 fathoms,
we discharged all our artillery."
♪♪♪
The arrival of the Europeans begins centuries of colonization
and memories of Elcano and the sailors
remain vivid on the small island today.
-[ Speaking native language ]
-[Interpreter] When the Trinidad and Victoria entered Matara Bay,
they knew that the capital of Tidore
was located here in Maluku
and that's why Sebastián Elcano
ordered 20 cannon shots to honor them.
-[ Speaking native language ]
-Sultan al-Mansur appeared and he lifted his hands up.
A long time before, he'd had a dream
and it came true --
the Europeans, particularly the Spaniards,
will bring prosperity.
-But is the Europeans
who benefit the most from this new prosperity.
At that time, the spices could fetch a purchase price
easily multiplied by 1,000 when sold to Europeans markets.
The profit margins were astronomical
and the tiny volcanic islands
become part of the global conflict
between Spain and Portugal.
-[ Speaking native language ] -[Interpreter] The Portuguese
were already on Ternate in 1512.
Ten years later, the Spaniards arrived at Tidore.
Although the two islands are right net to each other,
there has always been a great rivalry.
Tidore and Ternate were enemies at that time.
-The arrival of the warring Europeans
only emphasizes the conflict between the two islands.
Today's crown prince of Ternate is a direct descendant
of the family that's ruled the island since Elcano arrived.
The current heir to the throne
views the initial encounters with Europeans
as a meeting of exchange, not domination.
-[ Speaking native language ] -[Interpreter] It just happened
that the trigger for interaction among us and the Europeans
were cloves and nutmeg.
When they arrived in search of these spices,
they also brought over technologies.
But that doesn't mean they came to a primitive country.
No, we were civilized, just like the Europeans.
If anything, back then,
the Europeans were still in the Dark Age.
-[ Speaking native language ]
-[Interpreter] We know that, back then, our civilization,
in terms of technology, was still simple.
Our swords were still short.
After the Europeans came,
we were able to create long ones.
Our ships were small.
After the Europeans came,
we were able to build a big ship named Kagunga.
Kagunga
is a big ship from Ternate,
a battleship that is quite large.
This is what is inevitable about human interaction.
It can't be denied that humans need
to know and interact with each other.
-Global trade for the Spice Islands' commodities
had existed for centuries,
but the Europeans brought changes.
-[ Speaking native language ]
-[Interpreter] Ternate was so famous for its cloves and nutmeg
that the Europeans,
Chinese, and Arabs came here.
But it was the Europeans who wanted
to occupy and monopolize the spice trade
and that's the beginning of the Colonial Era in Indonesia.
Once the Portuguese conquered Ternate
and monopolized the spice trade,
they wanted to keep the location a secret.
-With the arrival of the Spanish on Tidore,
the secrecy is over.
Elcano is lucky the Portuguese base on Ternate
has just been deserted
and there is no trace of Francisco Serrao,
whose letters drove Magellan halfway around the world.
-[ Speaking Spanish ] -[Interpreter] We really
cannot say that the story has a happy end
because the two protagonists have never met.
As we know, Magellan died in the Battle of Mactan
and Serrao died at about the same time.
It's possible that Serrao was poisoned
in a conspiracy against the Sultan of Ternate.
In the end, these two pen pals never managed to meet.
-Finding the Portuguese trading post on Ternate deserted,
Elcano is relieved he and his men
will not be forced to fight their rivals.
But he knows the Portuguese fleet is hunting him
and could show up at any time.
He and the crew immediately secure the island's spice crops.
The men are dazzled by what they see --
more cloves and nutmeg than they ever dared dream.
♪♪♪
Today, the nutmeg harvest takes place
in much the same way it did 500 years ago
and, as a commodity traded
on stock exchanges around the world,
it still has the power to enrich people.
♪♪♪
Half a millennia later,
spices continue to be one
of the most important sources of income
for the island population.
♪♪♪
-[ Speaking native language ] -[Interpreter] In my shop,
the amount of one-year-old nutmeg
could be more than 100 tons.
As for cloves, it depends on the harvest season.
During harvest season, I could get up to 10 containers,
even 20 containers.
-Elcano and his men quickly get to work.
-[ Speaking native language ]
-[Interpreter] Antonio Pigafetta writes in his report
that they succeeded in filling the holds of the two ships,
the Trinidad and the Victoria, within only 40 days.
-[ Speaking native language ]
-[Interpreter] And so Tidore became a Spanish trading center.
-Elcano has made good on the promise
Magellan made to the Spanish crown.
He establishes direct trading relations
with the royal family on Tidore.
After that, he wants to sail home as quickly as possible.
But he is faced with a difficult decision.
-He can go back the way he came, but he's a sensible fellow.
He doesn't want to do that.
It's dangerous. It's a long way.
So he sets off the way that the Portuguese would've gone --
Spice Islands, Indian Ocean, south of Africa,
up the Atlantic, back into Seville.
-He decides to split up the two remaining ships in his fleet.
The Trinidad will sail east, back through the Pacific;
and the Victoria will take its chances,
sailing westward, into enemy territory.
-So Elcano, I think he was in a very desperate situation
and that's there because he understood the Pacific,
so it was going to be very difficult
to go back home through the Pacific.
So it is only then that Elcano decided
to face the circumnavigation of the world.
-Elcano knows they must sail halfway around the world,
through Portuguese sovereign territory,
and the hunt has already begun.
-The Portuguese, if they catch him, they'll kill him.
They'll sink the ship, they'll kill all the people onboard,
and they'll take the spices home and sell them for themselves.
So he's sailing through enemy waters, quite literally.
Outside Europe, Spain and Portugal are at war.
-While Elcano tries his luck going west,
the Trinidad fails at her attempt
to cross the Pacific again.
Violent storms batter the ship.
Utterly exhausted, they try to go back to the Spice Islands.
But, in the meantime,
the Portuguese fleet has arrived there --
a catastrophe for the Spanish.
-So the Trinidad had to return, very damaged by the storms,
to the Spice Islands
and she was, right away, captured by the Portuguese.
They took her near the fortress to take all the valuable items,
like the anchors and the masts and the sails
and also part of the timber of the ship,
to build a fortress.
Afterwards, the Trinidad sank right there,
very close to the shore.
We had a very fair idea of where she can be
and I hope that she will be found.
-[ Speaking native language ]
-Today, the Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs
is leading an expedition
to find out the fate of the Trinidad.
-We are conducting a marine archeology survey.
We want to find a shipwreck site
that is the Trinidad shipwreck, a Spanish shipwreck,
and it's said that Trinidad sank in front of Kastela.
We want to find the coral reef in front of the port
because the archives mentioned that the Trinidad
smashed the coral reef and then it caught a storm.
So we have to find the reef, first,
so we will have a clue where Trinidad sank.
[ Speaking native language ]
-The search is made more difficult
by the fact that the seabed
has sunk considerably since the 16th century.
As a result,
the remains of the former Portuguese fort
are not located at the shore anymore,
but at the bottom of the sea.
♪♪♪
-So our diving team, they mentioned that, underwater,
they found like a structure, the ruins.
Looks like similar with the Kastela Fort
and also, they found like a passage or a tunnel,
the channel and the water, between the reef.
-It is likely that the bigger ships had
to anchor outside the reef.
Only small dinghies would've been able
to shuttle back and forth through a manmade breach
to unload the ships.
-So, later on, we can do the things
to prove this is a part of the Kastela Fort, or not.
♪♪♪
-If the archeological findings confirm the historical accounts
of a harbor entrance through the reef,
the team will return to continue its search
for the wreck of the Trinidad.
♪♪♪
With the sinking of the Trinidad,
Elcano's ship is now the expedition's only hope.
In order to avoid the Portuguese,
he sails the Southern Indian Ocean
for four months, without making landfall once.
♪♪♪
Hunger and scurvy decimate the crew,
and the ship is barely seaworthy.
By the end of the voyage,
the crew must pump out water around the clock.
♪♪♪
On September 6, 1522,
nine months after leaving the Spice Islands,
Sebastián Elcano miraculously sails
into the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda,
as one of only 18 survivors.
Magellan is generally credited
as the first person to sail around the world,
despite dying halfway through the trip.
But what about Sebastián Elcano,
the man who actually completed the entire voyage?
Some years ago, a unique written document turned up
in a private Basque archive --
a handwritten letter that Sebastián Elcano sent
to his king upon his return.
-[ Speaking Spanish ] -[Interpreter] It was really
emotional because, within four or five seconds,
I realize that it's the letter from Elcano,
that it's the original letter.
What shall I say? I start sweating
and all the people in the archives standing around me.
I'm holding the letter and saying, "Look what I found!"
How can it be possible that the letter is now being found,
after several centuries?
I mean, everybody believed it to be lost.
-[ Speaking Spanish ] -[Interpreter] You can't just
read this like, "We sailed around the globe
and then we were here and there" -- no, no.
He returns with a ship so ravaged,
that it was just about to sink.
That's how damaged it was.
A week longer, and it goes down.
The ship is loaded, but absolutely ruined.
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] Elcano reports in his letter
that they had to bail out water for more than 30 days.
A week more, and no one would've arrived.
There would've been no circumnavigation of the world.
♪♪♪
-Upon arrival,
25 tons of spices are unloaded from the Victoria.
♪♪♪
Elcano and his crew are rewarded handsomely
and the investors make a profit
off the cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg,
despite the loss of four of the five ships
and the deaths of 200 sailors.
-In some ways, this is a very unusual expedition of discovery.
They actually made a slight profit.
Despite losing three of the ships,
despite coming back with very few people,
the spices on the Victoria paid off the costs,
so the investors got their money back.
Nobody made a windfall profit.
The men didn't get particularly well-paid,
but they did set off to do it all over again.
♪♪♪
-Elcano is knighted
and the king grants him his own coat of arms,
emblazoned with spices, a globe,
and the words Primus circumdedisti me,
"You were the first to circumnavigate me."
And, still, his name rarely appears
in today's history books.
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] He is, indeed, a tragic hero.
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] In part,
he only has himself to blame for this tragedy
because, when he returned after sailing around the world
and was given the title Primus circumdedisti me
and his own coat of arms,
in this moment of glory,
he fails to write or publish a book.
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] The printing press was the Internet of those days.
-[ Speaking Spanish ]
-[Interpreter] Instead, he was trying to assemble
a new expedition to the Moluccas and back,
to establish and secure the sea route for good.
However, another member of the expedition,
Antonio Pigafetta, writes a book
and he does something very peculiar.
He doesn't mention Elcano at all.
Not a single word.
-Four years later, Sebastián Elcano sets off
for the Spice Islands for the second time.
He dies on this voyage
and is erased from humanity's collective memory.
The passage found at the southern tip of South America
proves too dangerous to be of much use.
Despite the great sacrifices made to find the Spice Islands,
the Spanish only possess them for a few years
before selling them to the Portuguese.
The islands would go on to be Dutch and British territories
for the next 350 years,
until Indonesia declared its independence in 1950.
But the significance of Magellan and Elcano's voyage
is still felt half a millennia later.
-Even at the end of the expedition,
with only 18 crew left standing,
these men are still recording data in their log books.
They're taking an accurate record of every single day,
every single position.
And, when they get back to Seville,
they realize they've lost a day,
and that information is priceless.
It proves that the Earth is round,
that it's rotating through space,
and this breakthrough changes the way
16th-century men see the Earth.
They begin to understand what's going on.
They begin to understand our place in the planetary system --
not just the size of the Earth, but the place of the Earth.
That, perhaps, is Magellan's greatest legacy.
[ Poignant tune plays ]
-With Magellan's voyage came an understanding
of the true shape of the Earth
and the beginnings of what, today, we call
globalization.
The Earth remains immense,
but, thanks to explorers, like Magellan and Elcano,
it is now connected.
♪♪♪