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(dramatic music)

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The universe is really, really, really big

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and we have only seen a very tiny part of it.

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I hope that the future is beyond my wildest dreams

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and it's something that I just cannot even imagine.

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It's perhaps the biggest,

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most ambitious project humanity has attempted

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since astronauts last walked on the moon in 1972.

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{\an8}And the final word from the last man on the moon.

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{\an8}I'd like to just let

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{\an8}what I believe history will record,

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{\an8}that America's challenge of today

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{\an8}has forged man's destiny of tomorrow.

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(dramatic music)

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Plans are being made.

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Hardware is being designed, built,

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and tested to return humans to the moon and beyond.

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And lift off at dawn.

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The dawn of Orion in a new era

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of American space exploration.

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It's not a Disney movie, this is real.

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(dramatic music)

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This is the Artemis program,

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an ambitious, high technology project to allow humans

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to live on other worlds for the first time.

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(dramatic music)

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We're ready to go and go back to stay.

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It's not just about getting there first.

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We're making sure that it's a sustainable presence.

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Artemis is about going back to the moon

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to do much more than we were capable of doing

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in the 1960s and the early '70s.

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We want to go and explore the moon

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because we understand now, how much we don't know.

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But our experience of living in space

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on the International Space Station

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has shown that it is fraught with peril.

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(dramatic music)

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And how do I get back if I cannot see where I'm going?

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How much time do I have?

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(dramatic music)

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At that point, we weren't gonna make it to orbit that day.

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Overcoming these challenges,

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10 times further from home and beyond,

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requires a technological revolution,

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a revolution that is already underway.

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(dramatic music)

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The moon is going to be the place

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where humanity learns to live and work off world.

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(gentle instrumental music)

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Luca Parmitano has been part

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of the European Space Agency's astronaut corp for 13 years.

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I have a total of six space walks,

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30 hours or so outside of the space station,

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and about a year spent in orbit.

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This is really great.

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I can't help but smiling.

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This is awesome!

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For us humans on the space station,

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every day is a little bit like that dream

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that you might have had of flying without wings.

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In 2019, Luca lived and worked

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on the International Space Station

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with NASA astronaut, Christina Koch.

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I first learned about Luca Parmitano

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before I was ever an astronaut,

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because he was part of a famous space walk,

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where he actually had an experience

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of water being in his helmet.

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(dramatic music)

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It was a very dangerous thing that ended up happening.

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So, he was a hero of mine for having done that space walk.

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(gentle instrumental music)

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But Christina soon became a hero of her own,

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breaking the record for the longest ever space flight

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by a woman.

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She returned to Earth in February, 2020,

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after 328 days aboard the International Space Station.

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(ethereal music)

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I'm glad that it was a milestone

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that made people aware of where we're at.

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State of the art in human space flight

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really means being able to be in space

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for up to a year at a time.

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So, it was great to be a part of that.

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One of the goals of the Artemis program

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is for astronauts like Christina and Luca,

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to be able to live on the moon

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for far longer than Christina's record stay in space,

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and 10 times further from Earth than the ISS.

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The Artemis missions will potentially span decades,

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using the moon as a test bed

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for eventual human habitation of Mars.

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It is 50 years since the last time humans

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had boots on the moon, but within that time,

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scientific consensus about the lunar surface

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has changed dramatically.

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Let's see if I can't crack the corner

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{\an8}and get that contact.

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The Apollo missions brought back about a half a ton

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of moon rocks and what they showed was that the moon

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had been baked dry.

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The moon somehow formed.

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They got rid of all of its water,

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and there won't be any evidence

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of any type of volatiles left on the moon at all,

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and that's what we lived with since the 1970s.

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(dark music)

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But then, as the decades passed,

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scientists started wondering if the moon

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could be hiding secrets, secrets made of H2O.

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People started wondering, well, you know,

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things go boom in the night on the moon.

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The moon has been bombarded by comets, you know,

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dirty ice balls for billions of years.

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Maybe water could be hiding in the really deep,

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cold places at the poles of the moon,

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where the sun doesn't shine.

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Maybe some of that commentary ice is preserved.

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Would immediate freeze and then stay there

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for billions of years.

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But how could these theories

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of ancient water on the moon ever be tested?

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And how much of this precious resource could be there?

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Well, the only way you can find out is to go there

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because the moon had been forgotten.

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(spacey electronic music)

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In the early 2000s, NASA began work

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on its first mission to the moon in a decade.

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It would feature the lunar reconnaissance orbiter,

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a spacecraft designed to map the surface

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with unparalleled precision.

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(spacey electronic music)
(camera clicks)

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And a second mission, called LCross,

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a daring attempt to directly detect water

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in a crater on the south pole.

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The LCross mission was outrageous.

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We came up with an idea of using an impactor

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to eject material out

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of one of the permanently shadowed craters on the moon

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and examined the contents.

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LCross made clever use of the spent upper stage

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of the rocket, called a Centaur,

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and tending to crash it into a crater of the moon

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that had never seen sunlight,

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throwing up a large cloud of whatever was lying inside.

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Following behind, LCross would analyze this plume

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before itself, crashing on the surface.

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I like to make things go boom.

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But this was better,

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'cause this was going to answer a fundamental question.

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Was there water on the surface?

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Was there water below the surface and if so, how much?

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T minus 15 seconds.

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Standing by for terminal count.

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T minus 10, nine.

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The day of the launch was one of those days

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that you had this anticipation.

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Things can go wrong.

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So, there's a lot of tension.

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Is it explode?

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Is it not gonna get into orbit?

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Is it not gonna get into the altitude that was necessary?

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Is there gonna be a flaw

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or the instrument's not gonna be working?

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There are a lot of moving parts and non-moving parts

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that could screw this up big time.

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Main engine ignition

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and lift off of the Atlas 5 rocket with LRO LCross,

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America's first step on a lasting return to the moon.

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(gentle instrumental music)

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And when it happens

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and when you see that rocket takes off,

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it's just this tremendous relief.

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This is it.

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There were still hurdles to overcome,

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but that was a big one.

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The whole mission had to develop big sweeping orbits

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around the Earth, and then come around,

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and get very close to the moon.

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Then go around and get very close to the moon.

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LCross and the Centaur rocket would find this optimum time

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to detach and find that best place to hit.

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This was a doomed mission, but it was planned.

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That's how we designed it.

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The Centaur rocket hits.

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Sows up the plume, we go through and analyze the data.

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So this was a one, two punch, but only one of those punches

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would give us enough material to be able to see.

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Say just slight mark 60 seconds to Centaur impact.

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We were seeing the moon for the first time,

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close up with our instruments.

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That's when I realized this was real.

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So we're on a kamikaze mission.

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We can see the moon getting closer and closer and closer.

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We can see the place where we're supposed to hit

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and looked like we were going right in at the right spot.

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We're watching the remaining few seconds

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of the LCross mission.

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It's a tremendous dance over the last two or three years

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and it's all coming down to the half second.

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As we approach very rapidly,

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the surface of the Cabeus crater.

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Images of the moon, smaller and smaller,

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closer and closer,

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and then it hit.

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Once the Centaur rocket hit,

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the shepherding spacecraft was coming down

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with only four minutes to go.

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This is the end of the life.

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The key was to be able to see the gas,

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the dust, everything getting into sunlight,

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to be able to make the measurements that were necessary.

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So, we only had those four minutes to gather all the data,

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send it back to Earth before it was too late.

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10 Seconds to impact,

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nine, eight, seven.

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Very last seconds of the shepherding spacecraft

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trajectory as it approaches the lunar surface,

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we are seeing very small craters.

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It's going in for the final plunge.

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Spacecraft impact.

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Stations report LOS.

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The shepherding spacecraft

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has hit the surface of the moon

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and this marks the end of the LCross flight mission.

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Cheers go up.

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We've impacted, yay!

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Meanwhile, all of us payload operators and scientists

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are staring at the monitors, at the data.

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We had to figure out well, what really happened.

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LCross had a science payload

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comprising of five cameras, three spectrometers

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and a photometer that collected data

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from the impact across visible and infrared wavelengths.

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We've done everything we can, I'm holding my breath.

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Then we began to see things.

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We saw a 10 to 20 kilometer wide plume.

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Look at these emission lines.

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We're seeing these incredible signatures

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of various compounds in the data.

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(swift instrumental music)

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About a month after the impact, people wanted to know,

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did you find water or not?

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So, then I asked the whole team,

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should we go public now and report this?

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And it was a unanimous yes.

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So, now I can say today that in the 20-30 meter crater

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LCross made, we found maybe about a dozen

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of these two gallon buckets worth of water

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and there's a whole lot more.

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We saw water, not just water, but lots of water.

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Hundreds of millions to billions

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of kilograms of water, potentially.

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The result that fundamentally changed the direction

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of lunar exploration.

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This meant that the surface of the moon

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and the subsurface of the moon was holding secrets.

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It was a much more interesting story

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than I think that anybody really fully believed.

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It accelerated a global interest

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in the poles of the moon.

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You could indeed, utilize this water as a resource

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and maintain a extended presence there.

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We look at water as the enabling compound

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for deep exploration.

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That means the ability to live off of our planet

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for long term duration,

269
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without having to bring it all with us.

270
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The discovery of water ice

271
00:12:52,530 --> 00:12:56,333
at the lunar south pole opened up vast possibilities.

272
00:12:58,390 --> 00:13:01,200
LCross impacts a lot, our understanding

273
00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:04,030
of how we are going to proceed forward.

274
00:13:04,030 --> 00:13:06,520
We know that at the poles of the moon,

275
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in deeply shadowed craters that never see sunlight,

276
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there is ice and that ice can be excavated

277
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and used to make water.

278
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We can then break that apart and make oxygen to breathe.

279
00:13:20,320 --> 00:13:22,370
Lunar water could also be used

280
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for another crucial purpose.

281
00:13:25,780 --> 00:13:28,040
But by breaking apart, we not only get oxygen,

282
00:13:28,040 --> 00:13:29,370
we get hydrogen as well,

283
00:13:29,370 --> 00:13:32,240
and by recombining the oxygen and hydrogen,

284
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we can make rocket fuel.

285
00:13:35,820 --> 00:13:38,600
To overcome the Earth's strong gravity,

286
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:41,970
fuel makes up nearly all the weight of a rocket

287
00:13:41,970 --> 00:13:43,523
launching from our planet.

288
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Make that fuel on the moon,

289
00:13:47,030 --> 00:13:49,793
and it can take a spacecraft far further.

290
00:13:51,110 --> 00:13:54,030
You need enormous rockets if you can't refuel.

291
00:13:54,030 --> 00:13:55,110
If you can refuel,

292
00:13:55,110 --> 00:13:57,857
then those enormous rockets become small rockets,

293
00:13:57,857 --> 00:14:02,350
and the cost of transportation dramatically decreases,

294
00:14:02,350 --> 00:14:04,570
which suddenly makes everything

295
00:14:04,570 --> 00:14:07,170
that was impossible possible.

296
00:14:07,170 --> 00:14:09,700
The moon is going to be the place where we learn

297
00:14:09,700 --> 00:14:12,500
how to use the resources of space for the first time

298
00:14:12,500 --> 00:14:15,363
and humanity learns to live and work off world.

299
00:14:16,530 --> 00:14:19,470
So, water is a really fundamental resource

300
00:14:19,470 --> 00:14:21,440
and that's why there's so much focus

301
00:14:21,440 --> 00:14:23,300
on going to the lunar south pole,

302
00:14:23,300 --> 00:14:26,083
where we know that ice is in those craters.

303
00:14:27,880 --> 00:14:30,053
Water is the oil of space.

304
00:14:33,833 --> 00:14:35,710
(dramatic music)

305
00:14:35,710 --> 00:14:38,060
Locating and utilizing lunar water

306
00:14:38,060 --> 00:14:40,710
is motivating the generation of astronauts

307
00:14:40,710 --> 00:14:43,880
tasked with making this vision into a reality.

308
00:14:43,880 --> 00:14:46,840
(gentle instrumental music)

309
00:14:46,840 --> 00:14:48,950
Looking at the moon, recognizing that, yes,

310
00:14:48,950 --> 00:14:50,830
we do have water there as a resource.

311
00:14:50,830 --> 00:14:53,810
It really means that there's not only this desire

312
00:14:53,810 --> 00:14:55,680
to explore, but there are actual like,

313
00:14:55,680 --> 00:14:57,790
engineering goals to do while we're there

314
00:14:57,790 --> 00:15:00,123
that help us keep those programs sustainable.

315
00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:04,120
In 2020, Christina Koch was named

316
00:15:04,120 --> 00:15:06,740
as one of the female Artemis astronauts,

317
00:15:06,740 --> 00:15:10,903
who have a chance to be the first woman to walk on the moon.

318
00:15:12,990 --> 00:15:15,090
Well, I have to say that just the,

319
00:15:15,090 --> 00:15:18,440
even the prospect of that is completely humbling.

320
00:15:18,440 --> 00:15:19,713
Christina Koch.

321
00:15:21,750 --> 00:15:23,170
And when I realized, oh my goodness,

322
00:15:23,170 --> 00:15:25,030
I am a part of the astronaut corp,

323
00:15:25,030 --> 00:15:26,240
something in and of itself,

324
00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:28,600
I never thought I would be able to achieve,

325
00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:31,690
and at this amazing time, when we're going back to the moon,

326
00:15:31,690 --> 00:15:34,100
we're going to stay, we're going with determination,

327
00:15:34,100 --> 00:15:36,240
was just really beyond belief.

328
00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:40,333
Just to be one small part of that is truly, truly awesome.

329
00:15:42,160 --> 00:15:44,280
Launched by a gigantic rocket

330
00:15:44,280 --> 00:15:48,750
still in development, will be a state of the art spacecraft

331
00:15:48,750 --> 00:15:52,010
to transport astronauts like Christina and Luca,

332
00:15:52,010 --> 00:15:53,750
back to the moon.

333
00:15:53,750 --> 00:15:56,670
It is called Orion.

334
00:15:56,670 --> 00:15:59,960
The Orion spacecraft is a next generation spacecraft

335
00:15:59,960 --> 00:16:01,680
for taking people deeper into space,

336
00:16:01,680 --> 00:16:05,580
leaving low Earth orbit in a capsule and exploring the moon.

337
00:16:05,580 --> 00:16:08,307
Our job is to carry the astronauts from Earth to the moon

338
00:16:08,307 --> 00:16:10,710
and then back is one key element

339
00:16:10,710 --> 00:16:12,120
of the whole Artemis program.

340
00:16:12,120 --> 00:16:14,045
(dramatic music)

341
00:16:14,045 --> 00:16:16,540
The Orion multipurpose crew vehicle

342
00:16:16,540 --> 00:16:19,470
has been in development for over 10 years,

343
00:16:19,470 --> 00:16:22,410
with regular astronaut testing taking place

344
00:16:22,410 --> 00:16:24,113
to inform its design.

345
00:16:25,020 --> 00:16:27,208
Well, many years ago for the first time,

346
00:16:27,208 --> 00:16:30,210
I saw this huge spacecraft and like, what is that?

347
00:16:30,210 --> 00:16:31,740
Well, that was the Orion.

348
00:16:31,740 --> 00:16:34,220
And if you're lucky enough, like I was a couple of times,

349
00:16:34,220 --> 00:16:37,633
and you can sit inside and perform some testing.

350
00:16:38,480 --> 00:16:40,020
Astronauts have a great opportunity

351
00:16:40,020 --> 00:16:41,730
to be involved in Orion development,

352
00:16:41,730 --> 00:16:43,070
the life support systems,

353
00:16:43,070 --> 00:16:45,210
the systems that will make a habitable environment

354
00:16:45,210 --> 00:16:47,700
inside Orion, how the hand controllers are gonna work,

355
00:16:47,700 --> 00:16:49,420
how the displays are gonna display

356
00:16:49,420 --> 00:16:51,230
to make sure that the human factors elements

357
00:16:51,230 --> 00:16:53,260
are all there to make the mission safe and efficient

358
00:16:53,260 --> 00:16:55,190
for getting astronauts to and from deep space.

359
00:16:55,190 --> 00:16:59,540
All these years of understanding problems, solving them,

360
00:16:59,540 --> 00:17:02,450
have all converted into creating a spacecraft

361
00:17:02,450 --> 00:17:04,870
that not only needs to be enduring,

362
00:17:04,870 --> 00:17:07,980
but also takes into consideration human interface.

363
00:17:07,980 --> 00:17:10,930
When we get to sit in that seat and look at the displays,

364
00:17:10,930 --> 00:17:13,870
it is definitely a moment where we sit back and realize

365
00:17:13,870 --> 00:17:14,920
how lucky we are

366
00:17:14,920 --> 00:17:18,200
and what we are doing is actually contributing to,

367
00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:20,360
to answer NASA's true mission

368
00:17:20,360 --> 00:17:23,380
of representing people's inherent dreams to explore,

369
00:17:23,380 --> 00:17:24,960
to learn more, to gain knowledge.

370
00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:27,730
And though I spend every single day of my work

371
00:17:27,730 --> 00:17:30,870
as an astronaut being as prepared as I can possibly be

372
00:17:30,870 --> 00:17:32,470
for real mission assignment,

373
00:17:32,470 --> 00:17:34,862
it's just hard to imagine that it will truly be me.

374
00:17:34,862 --> 00:17:36,960
(dramatic music)
(whooshing)

375
00:17:36,960 --> 00:17:38,640
For Orion's first flights,

376
00:17:38,640 --> 00:17:41,410
it will launch from earth directly towards the moon,

377
00:17:41,410 --> 00:17:43,181
taking three days to get there.

378
00:17:43,181 --> 00:17:45,170
(sweeping instrumental music)

379
00:17:45,170 --> 00:17:49,640
On board is an avionic system 4,000 times more powerful

380
00:17:49,640 --> 00:17:53,570
than the Apollo spacecraft, able to operate the vehicle

381
00:17:53,570 --> 00:17:57,490
completely autonomously and alert the crew to any dangers,

382
00:17:57,490 --> 00:18:00,800
such as increased levels of cosmic radiation.

383
00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:02,920
(sweeping instrumental music)

384
00:18:02,920 --> 00:18:05,310
There's some areas that we've decide

385
00:18:05,310 --> 00:18:06,920
to be extra protected.

386
00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:09,680
We did the detect high energy particles coming in.

387
00:18:09,680 --> 00:18:11,740
We'll send the crew to that of save haven,

388
00:18:11,740 --> 00:18:14,420
to be able to ride out the storm.

389
00:18:14,420 --> 00:18:16,980
But one of the biggest challenges for Orion

390
00:18:16,980 --> 00:18:18,760
is not getting to the moon,

391
00:18:18,760 --> 00:18:22,624
but surviving the last part of the journey home.

392
00:18:22,624 --> 00:18:23,620
When you get back from the moon,

393
00:18:23,620 --> 00:18:25,867
it'll be going 24,000 miles per hour.

394
00:18:25,867 --> 00:18:30,514
So, the heat that gets generated in spacecraft is insane.

395
00:18:30,514 --> 00:18:32,000
(plucky music)

396
00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:33,750
In order to protect Orion,

397
00:18:33,750 --> 00:18:36,750
NASA designed a state of the art heat shield,

398
00:18:36,750 --> 00:18:39,113
16.5 feet in diameter.

399
00:18:40,760 --> 00:18:42,527
So, there's the heat of reentry

400
00:18:42,527 --> 00:18:44,620
and the size of the heat shield.

401
00:18:44,620 --> 00:18:46,380
So, you need to make sure that that material

402
00:18:46,380 --> 00:18:49,630
is not gonna crack or you're gonna have any deficiencies

403
00:18:49,630 --> 00:18:51,780
because of the different environments

404
00:18:51,780 --> 00:18:53,183
that is gonna see in space.

405
00:18:55,239 --> 00:18:56,722
Status check.
<v ->Go Delta.

406
00:18:56,722 --> 00:18:57,750
Go Orion.

407
00:18:57,750 --> 00:19:00,590
The only way to fully test such a vehicle

408
00:19:00,590 --> 00:19:03,330
is to launch it into space unmanned

409
00:19:03,330 --> 00:19:05,663
and check that it performs as expected.

410
00:19:07,580 --> 00:19:10,960
The purpose of the first test flight is to test

411
00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:14,250
the crew module, especially during the return phase,

412
00:19:14,250 --> 00:19:17,457
including the heat shield and the parachute system,

413
00:19:17,457 --> 00:19:20,240
coming back very fast from outer space,

414
00:19:20,240 --> 00:19:21,993
and then landing on the water.

415
00:19:22,970 --> 00:19:24,760
Carlos Garcia Golan

416
00:19:24,760 --> 00:19:27,960
is coordinating the legion of Orion's engineers

417
00:19:27,960 --> 00:19:29,423
for this test flight.

418
00:19:31,310 --> 00:19:35,210
And we have been working on this design and project

419
00:19:35,210 --> 00:19:38,630
for many years and out of all the problems

420
00:19:38,630 --> 00:19:40,540
and all the challenges that we've worked through,

421
00:19:40,540 --> 00:19:43,300
now, we know that today, everything needs to work perfectly

422
00:19:43,300 --> 00:19:44,820
for the mission to be successful.

423
00:19:44,820 --> 00:19:47,170
Five, four,

424
00:19:47,170 --> 00:19:49,653
three, two, one,

425
00:19:51,210 --> 00:19:53,980
and lift off at dawn.

426
00:19:53,980 --> 00:19:56,210
The dawn of Orion and a new era

427
00:19:56,210 --> 00:19:58,443
of American space exploration.

428
00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:03,210
We placed Orion on top of the delta four heavy

429
00:20:03,210 --> 00:20:06,360
and launched it to basically, had an elliptical orbit

430
00:20:06,360 --> 00:20:08,710
that was coming very far from lower orbit,

431
00:20:08,710 --> 00:20:11,700
so we could achieve that additional velocity

432
00:20:11,700 --> 00:20:12,780
coming back to Earth.

433
00:20:12,780 --> 00:20:14,800
So we can actually test the heat shield

434
00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:17,510
in something close to the environment that we'll see

435
00:20:17,510 --> 00:20:19,446
what we are returning from the moon.

436
00:20:19,446 --> 00:20:21,903
(instrumental music)

437
00:20:21,903 --> 00:20:23,130
And you know, right now,

438
00:20:23,130 --> 00:20:26,650
we can hardly believe that we're actually hitting space.

439
00:20:26,650 --> 00:20:28,620
This is the first time in many years

440
00:20:28,620 --> 00:20:31,170
we're seeing our spacecraft in space,

441
00:20:31,170 --> 00:20:33,330
so that it's kind of exhilarating.

442
00:20:33,330 --> 00:20:34,890
One minute, 22 seconds in.

443
00:20:34,890 --> 00:20:37,143
Max cube, maximum dynamic pressure from the vehicle

444
00:20:37,143 --> 00:20:38,890
passing 124 mach.

445
00:20:38,890 --> 00:20:40,730
The boosters are jettisoned.

446
00:20:40,730 --> 00:20:43,190
We're now transcending the speed of sound.

447
00:20:43,190 --> 00:20:46,130
And this is our first view from cameras

448
00:20:46,130 --> 00:20:49,010
on the Orion spacecraft streaming video.

449
00:20:49,010 --> 00:20:51,610
All of its systems operating in excellent condition

450
00:20:51,610 --> 00:20:55,760
on this first test flight of America's newest spacecraft.

451
00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:57,800
You've done so many simulations with similar pictures,

452
00:20:57,800 --> 00:20:59,853
but this time, you know, it's for real.

453
00:21:00,880 --> 00:21:02,830
Once the spacecraft completes an orbit

454
00:21:02,830 --> 00:21:05,370
of the Earth, the upper stage of the rocket

455
00:21:05,370 --> 00:21:07,613
lifts Orion higher still.

456
00:21:09,764 --> 00:21:10,750
(electronic music)

457
00:21:10,750 --> 00:21:14,340
Now, Orion must pass through a dangerous region of space

458
00:21:14,340 --> 00:21:16,773
called the Van Allen radiation belts.

459
00:21:18,930 --> 00:21:21,240
From a few hundred miles above Earth,

460
00:21:21,240 --> 00:21:24,620
the belts trap electrons and protons from the solar wind

461
00:21:24,620 --> 00:21:28,100
in cosmic rays, creating a radiation environment

462
00:21:28,100 --> 00:21:31,100
that could damage sensitive equipment on spacecraft

463
00:21:31,100 --> 00:21:33,756
traveling to and from the moon.

464
00:21:33,756 --> 00:21:36,410
(electronic music)

465
00:21:36,410 --> 00:21:39,950
We went through the Van Allen radiation belts

466
00:21:39,950 --> 00:21:41,610
to test the systems.

467
00:21:41,610 --> 00:21:43,380
There's more high density protons

468
00:21:43,380 --> 00:21:45,210
that could impact the electronics,

469
00:21:45,210 --> 00:21:47,430
so we wanted to make sure that our systems

470
00:21:47,430 --> 00:21:49,610
were not susceptible to that.

471
00:21:49,610 --> 00:21:53,157
(electronic music)

472
00:21:53,157 --> 00:21:57,319
And basically, we didn't feel a bit from going through that.

473
00:21:57,319 --> 00:22:00,986
(gentle instrumental music)

474
00:22:02,490 --> 00:22:06,430
Orion climbs to an altitude 15 times higher

475
00:22:06,430 --> 00:22:08,793
than the International Space Station.

476
00:22:09,730 --> 00:22:11,970
Getting a more distant view of Earth

477
00:22:11,970 --> 00:22:13,320
than we've seen in a while.

478
00:22:14,340 --> 00:22:19,237
We got as far as around 3,600 miles from Earth.

479
00:22:19,237 --> 00:22:22,904
(gentle instrumental music)

480
00:22:24,003 --> 00:22:27,270
It's the farthest a human-rated spacecraft has been

481
00:22:27,270 --> 00:22:28,603
since the Apollo program.

482
00:22:30,564 --> 00:22:31,902
(dramatic music)

483
00:22:31,902 --> 00:22:34,070
The higher the capsule can be lifted,

484
00:22:34,070 --> 00:22:37,270
the further it will fall on its return to earth,

485
00:22:37,270 --> 00:22:40,853
and therefore, the faster it will strike the atmosphere.

486
00:22:41,690 --> 00:22:44,520
The primary objective of going that far

487
00:22:44,520 --> 00:22:47,640
was that we could achieve the right speed during reentry

488
00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:49,640
so we could test the heat shield.

489
00:22:49,640 --> 00:22:51,130
This is the hardest part.

490
00:22:51,130 --> 00:22:54,060
This is where the most challenging environments

491
00:22:54,060 --> 00:22:57,453
we're gonna see, and really why we're doing this test.

492
00:22:58,350 --> 00:22:59,640
Guidance officer confirms

493
00:22:59,640 --> 00:23:02,000
that Orion has reached entry interface.

494
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:03,790
The moment of truth for Orion

495
00:23:03,790 --> 00:23:06,283
for the next nine minutes, 45 seconds.

496
00:23:07,160 --> 00:23:09,230
Orion is now hurdling back

497
00:23:09,230 --> 00:23:11,613
at two 20,000 miles an hour.

498
00:23:12,700 --> 00:23:15,310
The air in front of the capsule becomes compressed

499
00:23:15,310 --> 00:23:18,610
and heated until it turns into plasma,

500
00:23:18,610 --> 00:23:20,077
the fourth state of matter.

501
00:23:20,077 --> 00:23:21,740
(dramatic music)

502
00:23:21,740 --> 00:23:23,200
You're gonna have to hold your breath,

503
00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:25,130
'cause that is also the hottest part

504
00:23:25,130 --> 00:23:27,381
and harshest part of reentry.

505
00:23:27,381 --> 00:23:30,110
In this actual footage, it is possible to see

506
00:23:30,110 --> 00:23:34,297
the plasma left behind in the wake of Orion.

507
00:23:34,297 --> 00:23:35,890
(dramatic music)

508
00:23:35,890 --> 00:23:39,250
Christina Koch experienced reentry back to Earth

509
00:23:39,250 --> 00:23:42,305
when returning from the International Space Station.

510
00:23:42,305 --> 00:23:43,956
(dramatic music)

511
00:23:43,956 --> 00:23:45,860
The experience of return to Earth,

512
00:23:45,860 --> 00:23:48,550
coming back to an actual planet from outer space

513
00:23:48,550 --> 00:23:52,272
is otherworldly in every sense of the expression.

514
00:23:52,272 --> 00:23:54,890
(dramatic music)
(whooshing)

515
00:23:54,890 --> 00:23:58,760
You look out your window and there is literally a fireball

516
00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:00,390
that you see through.

517
00:24:00,390 --> 00:24:02,910
It's an orange hue over your window

518
00:24:02,910 --> 00:24:05,468
that's only about a foot away from your face,

519
00:24:05,468 --> 00:24:08,301
(dramatic music)

520
00:24:12,810 --> 00:24:17,680
until your window actually blackens from burning up

521
00:24:17,680 --> 00:24:19,470
and you can't see out of it any longer.

522
00:24:19,470 --> 00:24:21,620
Coming in from the moon,

523
00:24:21,620 --> 00:24:24,610
the velocities are gonna be even greater,

524
00:24:24,610 --> 00:24:26,770
and so the requirements on that heat shield

525
00:24:26,770 --> 00:24:28,423
are gonna be even more critical.

526
00:24:29,783 --> 00:24:33,440
(gentle instrumental music)

527
00:24:33,440 --> 00:24:35,420
The sensors on board Orion

528
00:24:35,420 --> 00:24:38,160
indicate the temperature inside the crew capsule

529
00:24:38,160 --> 00:24:42,170
has remained stable, despite the 4,000 degree heat

530
00:24:42,170 --> 00:24:44,993
the spacecraft experienced during reentry.

531
00:24:46,240 --> 00:24:49,605
The heat shield test is an unparalleled success.

532
00:24:49,605 --> 00:24:51,847
(poignant music)

533
00:24:51,847 --> 00:24:53,080
25,000 feet.

534
00:24:53,080 --> 00:24:55,710
Time to splash down less than four minutes.

535
00:24:55,710 --> 00:24:57,980
When you start seeing all the parachutes come out,

536
00:24:57,980 --> 00:25:00,500
as planned, like clockwork.

537
00:25:00,500 --> 00:25:04,100
Droges away, main shoot deployed.

538
00:25:04,100 --> 00:25:05,600
Everything, looking good.

539
00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:08,150
And is just an amazing feeling,

540
00:25:08,150 --> 00:25:11,210
that all this work you've done is paid off

541
00:25:11,210 --> 00:25:13,610
and you kind of see your fingerprints

542
00:25:13,610 --> 00:25:15,978
in what's just happening in front of you.

543
00:25:15,978 --> 00:25:18,410
(gentle instrumental music)

544
00:25:18,410 --> 00:25:19,500
We have splash down.

545
00:25:19,500 --> 00:25:23,723
Splash down confirmed at 10:29 AM central time.

546
00:25:24,630 --> 00:25:26,440
Orion is back on earth.

547
00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:28,740
America has driven a golden spike,

548
00:25:28,740 --> 00:25:30,993
as it crosses a bridge into the future.

549
00:25:33,130 --> 00:25:36,800
Today was a great day for America.

550
00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:39,450
We challenged our best and brightest

551
00:25:39,450 --> 00:25:41,263
to continue to lead in space.

552
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:44,840
The men and women of America

553
00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:47,220
poured their hearts and souls into this mission,

554
00:25:47,220 --> 00:25:49,170
and along the way they inspired others.

555
00:25:50,550 --> 00:25:53,340
We became part of something greater than ourselves.

556
00:25:53,340 --> 00:25:56,363
And while this was an unmanned mission,

557
00:25:57,570 --> 00:25:58,963
we were all on board Orion.

558
00:26:01,036 --> 00:26:02,973
This is news across the world

559
00:26:02,973 --> 00:26:05,326
and you're in the middle of it.

560
00:26:05,326 --> 00:26:07,580
You just finished the mission, splash down,

561
00:26:07,580 --> 00:26:09,690
and all of a sudden Barack Obama.

562
00:26:09,690 --> 00:26:11,440
I'm sure you were all as proud as I was

563
00:26:11,440 --> 00:26:13,473
to see Orion's first successful flight test.

564
00:26:13,473 --> 00:26:15,780
It's just the mission we were just doing.

565
00:26:15,780 --> 00:26:18,580
So, it's incredible feeling that, hey,

566
00:26:18,580 --> 00:26:21,727
you're doing something that's beyond yourself, so.

567
00:26:21,727 --> 00:26:22,560
(gentle instrumental music)

568
00:26:22,560 --> 00:26:25,470
Orion, the new spacecraft that could carry humans

569
00:26:25,470 --> 00:26:27,820
farther into space than we've ever seen before.

570
00:26:28,890 --> 00:26:31,280
This is why I am in space flight.

571
00:26:31,280 --> 00:26:34,920
You are doing something for not just yourself or NASA,

572
00:26:34,920 --> 00:26:37,107
but humanity, I feel like.

573
00:26:39,100 --> 00:26:41,300
But before there can be any serious thought

574
00:26:41,300 --> 00:26:43,500
of humans traveling on board,

575
00:26:43,500 --> 00:26:45,570
another crucial element of Orion

576
00:26:45,570 --> 00:26:49,903
must be put through its paces, the launch abort system.

577
00:26:52,090 --> 00:26:54,340
If when we're launching and something does go wrong,

578
00:26:54,340 --> 00:26:56,890
the launch abort system needs to be prepared

579
00:26:56,890 --> 00:26:59,810
to eject and take the crew away

580
00:26:59,810 --> 00:27:03,120
from that dangerous environment and save their lives.

581
00:27:03,120 --> 00:27:05,540
The need for such an emergency system

582
00:27:05,540 --> 00:27:10,200
was thrown into focus on the flight of Soyuz MS10,

583
00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:13,790
crewed by astronaut colleagues of Luca and Christina,

584
00:27:13,790 --> 00:27:16,223
Nick Hague, and Alexi Ovchinin.

585
00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:19,480
They were launching on the same spacecraft

586
00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:20,600
that I have flown.

587
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:24,520
Same rocket, same launch as hundreds of others.

588
00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:25,721
Lift off.

589
00:27:25,721 --> 00:27:28,980
And there is lift off of the Soyuz MS10

590
00:27:28,980 --> 00:27:30,730
to the International Space Station.

591
00:27:31,580 --> 00:27:34,480
It went from normal to something was wrong pretty quick.

592
00:27:35,514 --> 00:27:38,090
(eerie music)

593
00:27:38,090 --> 00:27:40,729
Seven, six, five, four.

594
00:27:40,729 --> 00:27:44,812
(dramatic music)
Three, two, one.

595
00:27:51,164 --> 00:27:52,890
So, the first thing I really noticed

596
00:27:52,890 --> 00:27:55,703
was being shaken fairly violently side to side.

597
00:27:57,800 --> 00:28:00,390
One of the booster rockets malfunctions,

598
00:28:00,390 --> 00:28:02,520
colliding with the main vehicle

599
00:28:02,520 --> 00:28:05,362
and sending it into free fall.

600
00:28:05,362 --> 00:28:08,560
(woman speaking in foreign language)

601
00:28:08,560 --> 00:28:10,380
And then there was an alarm inside the capsule

602
00:28:10,380 --> 00:28:13,740
and a light that was up there and, you know,

603
00:28:13,740 --> 00:28:15,660
I knew once I saw that light,

604
00:28:15,660 --> 00:28:18,370
that we had an emergency with the booster.

605
00:28:18,370 --> 00:28:21,560
The Soviet era launch escape system activates,

606
00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:25,130
separating the crew capsule from the burning rocket.

607
00:28:25,130 --> 00:28:27,860
(dramatic music)

608
00:28:27,860 --> 00:28:28,910
Separation.

609
00:28:29,916 --> 00:28:33,287
(dramatic music)
(beeping)

610
00:28:33,287 --> 00:28:34,510
Enable power.

611
00:28:34,510 --> 00:28:37,586
At that point, we weren't gonna make it to orbit that day.

612
00:28:37,586 --> 00:28:40,419
(dramatic music)

613
00:28:46,090 --> 00:28:47,430
The launch escape system

614
00:28:47,430 --> 00:28:50,540
saved Nick and Alexi's lives,

615
00:28:50,540 --> 00:28:52,500
pulling their capsule to safety

616
00:28:52,500 --> 00:28:55,683
and enabling them to activate the parachutes.

617
00:28:57,070 --> 00:28:57,910
Space is hard.

618
00:28:57,910 --> 00:29:00,340
Human exploration of space is hard.

619
00:29:00,340 --> 00:29:02,160
There's risk and we do everything we can

620
00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:03,830
to mitigate that risk,

621
00:29:03,830 --> 00:29:05,590
but there's always some risk there.

622
00:29:05,590 --> 00:29:09,380
This was just a great example of those failsafe systems

623
00:29:09,380 --> 00:29:10,980
stepping in and doing their job.

624
00:29:13,610 --> 00:29:15,540
On top of the Orion capsule

625
00:29:15,540 --> 00:29:17,890
is a similar failsafe system,

626
00:29:17,890 --> 00:29:19,380
a small rocket designed

627
00:29:19,380 --> 00:29:22,283
to pull the space capsule away from danger.

628
00:29:23,620 --> 00:29:25,510
In the event of an emergency,

629
00:29:25,510 --> 00:29:28,100
the rocket should fire within milliseconds,

630
00:29:28,100 --> 00:29:31,503
producing about 400,000 pounds of thrust.

631
00:29:32,460 --> 00:29:33,760
We can see what can go wrong

632
00:29:33,760 --> 00:29:35,830
and that's a pivotal role that we play

633
00:29:35,830 --> 00:29:39,150
to test all the components and making sure that it all works

634
00:29:39,150 --> 00:29:41,553
before we bring in the astronauts.

635
00:29:42,720 --> 00:29:44,290
Testing the launch abort system

636
00:29:44,290 --> 00:29:48,840
is another key milestone and to do so requires launching it,

637
00:29:48,840 --> 00:29:50,903
using a solid rocket booster.

638
00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:53,590
This test is critical

639
00:29:53,590 --> 00:29:55,100
because it's gonna come before the mission

640
00:29:55,100 --> 00:29:57,830
that puts the first woman and the next man

641
00:29:57,830 --> 00:29:58,920
on the surface of the moon.

642
00:29:58,920 --> 00:30:01,040
I was very excited.

643
00:30:01,040 --> 00:30:02,760
I was actually out at the Cape Canaveral,

644
00:30:02,760 --> 00:30:04,565
getting ready to experience this.

645
00:30:04,565 --> 00:30:09,565
Five, four, three, two, one, ignition.

646
00:30:09,593 --> 00:30:12,510
(rocket whooshing)

647
00:30:15,530 --> 00:30:18,530
Launch vehicle carrying AA2.

648
00:30:18,530 --> 00:30:21,373
Launch abort system for a full stress test.

649
00:30:22,448 --> 00:30:24,100
The first few seconds of launch

650
00:30:24,100 --> 00:30:26,580
is always very nerve wracking,

651
00:30:26,580 --> 00:30:28,110
'cause you're never really sure

652
00:30:28,110 --> 00:30:30,117
if something's gonna go wrong.

653
00:30:30,117 --> 00:30:32,630
(eerie music)

654
00:30:32,630 --> 00:30:34,520
About 55 seconds in,

655
00:30:34,520 --> 00:30:36,940
we were expecting the abort sequence to start.

656
00:30:36,940 --> 00:30:38,710
It's a lot of anticipation.

657
00:30:38,710 --> 00:30:40,200
Is the abort motor gonna work?

658
00:30:40,200 --> 00:30:43,763
Is it actually going to disconnect from the booster?

659
00:30:43,763 --> 00:30:46,263
(eerie music)

660
00:30:48,749 --> 00:30:51,582
(dramatic music)

661
00:30:55,580 --> 00:30:57,610
Whenever you see that burst of flame, you're like,

662
00:30:57,610 --> 00:30:58,850
did something go wrong?

663
00:30:58,850 --> 00:31:01,220
And then you have that relief that it really did

664
00:31:01,220 --> 00:31:02,433
as it was supposed to.

665
00:31:03,630 --> 00:31:06,000
The abort motor successfully separates

666
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:07,690
from the booster.

667
00:31:07,690 --> 00:31:10,160
Now, the burning LAS must free itself

668
00:31:10,160 --> 00:31:11,783
from the Orion crew capsule.

669
00:31:13,240 --> 00:31:15,570
If the LAS doesn't jettison quickly enough

670
00:31:15,570 --> 00:31:18,090
in an emergency during a crude launch,

671
00:31:18,090 --> 00:31:22,103
the astronauts inside Orion could blow up with the rocket.

672
00:31:25,290 --> 00:31:27,830
So at this point, this is where it's working

673
00:31:27,830 --> 00:31:31,091
to orient the crew module at the right spot.

674
00:31:31,091 --> 00:31:32,520
(dramatic music)

675
00:31:32,520 --> 00:31:34,560
Then now you're focused on that the crew module

676
00:31:34,560 --> 00:31:36,820
is jettisoned safely away from the LAS

677
00:31:37,728 --> 00:31:39,678
and it's just a countdown at that point

678
00:31:40,626 --> 00:31:42,412
and it's getting real close

679
00:31:42,412 --> 00:31:44,995
(eerie music)

680
00:31:46,500 --> 00:31:47,363
and there it is.

681
00:31:48,680 --> 00:31:50,860
Three and four discharge, both sides.

682
00:31:50,860 --> 00:31:53,420
And then you see that moment of the separation

683
00:31:53,420 --> 00:31:55,220
of the crew module from the LAS.

684
00:31:55,220 --> 00:31:57,010
So there goes the LAS.

685
00:31:57,010 --> 00:31:58,270
That's when you realize

686
00:31:58,270 --> 00:32:00,420
that the LAS really did what it was supposed to you,

687
00:32:00,420 --> 00:32:04,100
and it it's just a moment of relief from that point on.

688
00:32:04,100 --> 00:32:06,030
Recall, there are no parachutes

689
00:32:06,030 --> 00:32:07,013
on this test today.

690
00:32:07,013 --> 00:32:07,970
So, once the data recorders have been deployed

691
00:32:07,970 --> 00:32:10,610
and the vehicle is no longer transmitting data,

692
00:32:10,610 --> 00:32:12,003
TC will call test complete.

693
00:32:13,970 --> 00:32:15,410
There was a lot of work behind it

694
00:32:15,410 --> 00:32:17,710
and so there was a lot of pride in that

695
00:32:17,710 --> 00:32:18,823
when it was completed.

696
00:32:19,830 --> 00:32:22,841
When Orion's gone from the launch pad,

697
00:32:22,841 --> 00:32:24,490
I think there'll be tears in my eyes, seeing that.

698
00:32:24,490 --> 00:32:26,690
Astronauts are not adrenaline junks.

699
00:32:26,690 --> 00:32:29,827
We wouldn't be astronauts if we were.

700
00:32:29,827 --> 00:32:30,860
When you're strapped on the rocket,

701
00:32:30,860 --> 00:32:33,726
the accomplishment is all the training

702
00:32:33,726 --> 00:32:37,058
that you have received in order to feel safe.

703
00:32:37,058 --> 00:32:39,255
The launch abort system is a critical path

704
00:32:39,255 --> 00:32:40,600
to the design of any space mission.

705
00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:44,610
People see that system as every bit as important

706
00:32:44,610 --> 00:32:48,249
as the primary systems that are gonna get you to the moon,

707
00:32:48,249 --> 00:32:49,082
even though their true hope

708
00:32:49,082 --> 00:32:51,080
is we never actually have to use these systems.

709
00:32:52,360 --> 00:32:54,530
Underneath Orion's crew capsule,

710
00:32:54,530 --> 00:32:56,870
fits the European service module,

711
00:32:56,870 --> 00:33:00,383
which provides power, propulsion, water and air.

712
00:33:01,950 --> 00:33:04,670
Delivered by the European Apace Agency.

713
00:33:04,670 --> 00:33:08,670
the ESM has 33 engines, including a main engine

714
00:33:08,670 --> 00:33:10,690
refurbished from the space shuttle

715
00:33:10,690 --> 00:33:13,953
that will power Orion to the moon and aback.

716
00:33:15,300 --> 00:33:16,930
Electricity will be generated

717
00:33:16,930 --> 00:33:20,400
by four 23 foot long solar arrays,

718
00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:22,690
that can produce enough electricity

719
00:33:22,690 --> 00:33:25,890
to power two, three bedroom homes.

720
00:33:25,890 --> 00:33:29,500
Life support, the propulsion, the electrical systems,

721
00:33:29,500 --> 00:33:33,180
and so on are all in the back end of that vehicle.

722
00:33:33,180 --> 00:33:34,480
And so for the first time,

723
00:33:34,480 --> 00:33:37,830
NASA's crew vehicle depends fundamentally,

724
00:33:37,830 --> 00:33:39,683
on ESA technology.

725
00:33:42,830 --> 00:33:44,340
Orion will be integrated

726
00:33:44,340 --> 00:33:46,220
into the most powerful rocket

727
00:33:46,220 --> 00:33:48,300
that has ever been constructed,

728
00:33:48,300 --> 00:33:51,023
NASA's space launch system, RSLS.

729
00:33:53,145 --> 00:33:55,978
(dramatic music)

730
00:33:57,350 --> 00:33:59,470
The next step of the journey to the moon,

731
00:33:59,470 --> 00:34:03,370
will be Artemis 1, the very first flight of the SLS,

732
00:34:03,370 --> 00:34:06,320
containing all three of Orion's modules

733
00:34:06,320 --> 00:34:10,293
on an uncrewed flight around the moon, scheduled for 2022.

734
00:34:12,640 --> 00:34:15,230
The integrated aspect of all the systems working together

735
00:34:15,230 --> 00:34:17,906
for the first time, that's actually the main objective.

736
00:34:17,906 --> 00:34:20,739
(dramatic music)

737
00:34:22,380 --> 00:34:24,623
We're gonna get into the orbit of the moon.

738
00:34:27,171 --> 00:34:29,510
It will go as close as 100 kilometers

739
00:34:29,510 --> 00:34:31,053
from the surface of the moon.

740
00:34:32,810 --> 00:34:35,170
Well, we've tested everything and we're happy.

741
00:34:35,170 --> 00:34:37,730
We'll leave the lunar orbit and get back to Earth,

742
00:34:37,730 --> 00:34:41,220
and it will be in a test of all the Orion entry systems,

743
00:34:41,220 --> 00:34:44,267
but at the action speed, coming back from the moon.

744
00:34:44,267 --> 00:34:47,017
(dramatic music)

745
00:34:49,569 --> 00:34:52,319
(water splashes)

746
00:34:54,470 --> 00:34:57,490
Approximately two years after the first flight,

747
00:34:57,490 --> 00:35:01,790
Artemis 2 will see the first humans board the Orion capsule

748
00:35:01,790 --> 00:35:03,833
for another fly by of the moon.

749
00:35:05,730 --> 00:35:08,260
The first crewed flight to the lunar surface

750
00:35:08,260 --> 00:35:11,971
will be Artemis 3, scheduled for 2025.

751
00:35:11,971 --> 00:35:16,910
(soft instrumental music)
(whooshing)

752
00:35:16,910 --> 00:35:19,320
Orion will rendezvous in lunar orbit

753
00:35:19,320 --> 00:35:22,920
with the lunar star ship, a human landing system

754
00:35:22,920 --> 00:35:25,890
built by one of NASA's commercial partners, SpaceX.

755
00:35:28,930 --> 00:35:32,390
This ship will transport astronauts to the moon's surface

756
00:35:32,390 --> 00:35:35,423
and return them to Orion for the journey home.

757
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:39,440
With HLS, which is the human landing system,

758
00:35:39,440 --> 00:35:43,190
it is going to require all of the modern day innovation

759
00:35:43,190 --> 00:35:45,880
that we can muster out of a space industry

760
00:35:45,880 --> 00:35:47,780
that NASA has really helped to foster.

761
00:35:48,910 --> 00:35:53,130
Now, when you work for NASA, as I did for 20 years,

762
00:35:53,130 --> 00:35:55,040
you are constantly aware

763
00:35:55,040 --> 00:35:57,340
you're dealing with the tax payer's money.

764
00:35:57,340 --> 00:36:00,560
Space entrepreneurs are putting their own money

765
00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:04,010
into developing the rockets and the capsules.

766
00:36:04,010 --> 00:36:07,633
They can take risks that NASA couldn't take.

767
00:36:07,633 --> 00:36:09,800
(booming)

768
00:36:12,310 --> 00:36:14,350
Testing the star ship prototypes

769
00:36:14,350 --> 00:36:16,845
shows the challenges of this technology.

770
00:36:16,845 --> 00:36:18,550
(eerie music)

771
00:36:18,550 --> 00:36:20,550
I like the fact that failure is an option

772
00:36:20,550 --> 00:36:22,480
when we're developing these far out vehicles

773
00:36:22,480 --> 00:36:23,410
and new concepts,

774
00:36:23,410 --> 00:36:26,920
because that's how we get to achieving something new.

775
00:36:26,920 --> 00:36:29,300
When I see something of that, I see innovation.

776
00:36:29,300 --> 00:36:32,610
I see people that aren't afraid to ask the tough questions,

777
00:36:32,610 --> 00:36:34,600
to dream the big dreams.

778
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:37,270
This dream is to establish a long term,

779
00:36:37,270 --> 00:36:40,590
sustainable presence on the lunar surface.

780
00:36:40,590 --> 00:36:44,410
In order to enable this, within the next 10 years,

781
00:36:44,410 --> 00:36:48,670
NASA and its partners will build the lunar Gateway,

782
00:36:48,670 --> 00:36:51,610
a space station where astronauts will be able to live

783
00:36:51,610 --> 00:36:53,860
and work in lunar orbit.

784
00:36:53,860 --> 00:36:57,660
Gateway will also be a docking point for spacecraft,

785
00:36:57,660 --> 00:37:01,990
traveling to and from Earth and down to the lunar surface,

786
00:37:01,990 --> 00:37:04,630
eventually becoming a launchpad

787
00:37:04,630 --> 00:37:07,090
to the rest of the solar system.

788
00:37:07,090 --> 00:37:10,300
The Gateway becomes a staging post for humans

789
00:37:10,300 --> 00:37:12,660
to go from Earth to the moon and back again,

790
00:37:12,660 --> 00:37:14,290
as well as building an infrastructure

791
00:37:14,290 --> 00:37:17,040
to enable sustained human surface presence.

792
00:37:17,040 --> 00:37:20,350
There are a great number of places we wanna explore.

793
00:37:20,350 --> 00:37:23,250
So, having Gateway facilitates exploration

794
00:37:23,250 --> 00:37:24,640
of the entire moon.

795
00:37:24,640 --> 00:37:26,740
So, you'll dock with the Gateway

796
00:37:26,740 --> 00:37:29,410
and then go from the Gateway down to the surface.

797
00:37:29,410 --> 00:37:32,330
It's very exciting to think that in a few years time,

798
00:37:32,330 --> 00:37:33,970
there will be some of our astronauts

799
00:37:33,970 --> 00:37:36,160
alongside our international partners,

800
00:37:36,160 --> 00:37:38,670
living in orbit around the moon.

801
00:37:38,670 --> 00:37:41,045
Doing science, but also going down to the surface.

802
00:37:41,045 --> 00:37:43,878
(gentle instrumental music)

803
00:37:43,878 --> 00:37:46,110
The lunar gateway is a series of components

804
00:37:46,110 --> 00:37:48,440
that will give us the ability to be there

805
00:37:48,440 --> 00:37:50,250
in the lunar vicinity permanent,

806
00:37:50,250 --> 00:37:53,520
like we have for decades now in the space station.

807
00:37:53,520 --> 00:37:54,800
It's a much smaller,

808
00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:58,820
more compact version of the ISS.

809
00:37:58,820 --> 00:38:02,100
We're really, really good at low Earth orbit missions

810
00:38:02,100 --> 00:38:05,430
and it's exciting to turn that expertise

811
00:38:05,430 --> 00:38:07,520
into the next phase.

812
00:38:07,520 --> 00:38:09,960
The shuttle brought up modules of the space station

813
00:38:09,960 --> 00:38:12,810
and people did space walks to physically put together.

814
00:38:12,810 --> 00:38:17,010
what we now see as rooms, trusses, solar arrays,

815
00:38:17,010 --> 00:38:19,480
massive components of this space station

816
00:38:19,480 --> 00:38:21,440
were put together by people's hands.

817
00:38:21,440 --> 00:38:24,670
It was the ultimate construction project.

818
00:38:24,670 --> 00:38:27,410
And actually to me, assembling Gateway

819
00:38:27,410 --> 00:38:31,290
is one of the things I would be looking forward to the most.

820
00:38:31,290 --> 00:38:32,323
But assembling Gateway

821
00:38:32,323 --> 00:38:34,450
will be an enormous project

822
00:38:34,450 --> 00:38:37,390
{\an8}that will require years of effort.

823
00:38:37,390 --> 00:38:40,370
It will take countless space walks of the kind

824
00:38:40,370 --> 00:38:42,593
that were used to assemble the ISS.

825
00:38:44,010 --> 00:38:46,510
As Luca Parmitano discovered,

826
00:38:46,510 --> 00:38:49,710
this kind of activity can be extremely hazardous

827
00:38:49,710 --> 00:38:51,510
and will be even more so

828
00:38:51,510 --> 00:38:56,290
when working 250,000 miles away from the Earth.

829
00:38:56,290 --> 00:38:58,490
Space walking is one of the riskiest things

830
00:38:58,490 --> 00:39:00,264
that we do in our business.

831
00:39:00,264 --> 00:39:03,710
(dramatic music)

832
00:39:03,710 --> 00:39:06,350
Luca Parmitano Chris Cassidy

833
00:39:06,350 --> 00:39:09,350
are out on a space walk to lay down new cabling

834
00:39:09,350 --> 00:39:12,653
around the exterior of the International Space Station.

835
00:39:14,340 --> 00:39:18,240
{\an8}All right, P1 is connected and moving on to P2.

836
00:39:18,240 --> 00:39:19,180
I'm working fast.

837
00:39:19,180 --> 00:39:20,460
Chris is working fast.

838
00:39:20,460 --> 00:39:21,563
I feel great.

839
00:39:22,450 --> 00:39:24,400
But this routine space walk

840
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:26,373
takes an unexpected turn.

841
00:39:27,300 --> 00:39:30,130
I feel something that should not be there

842
00:39:30,130 --> 00:39:33,430
and it's water right on the back of my head.

843
00:39:33,430 --> 00:39:37,210
{\an8}FYI, I feel a lot of water on the back of my head,

844
00:39:37,210 --> 00:39:39,600
{\an8}but I don't think it has leaked from my back.

845
00:39:39,600 --> 00:39:40,880
Something is not right.

846
00:39:40,880 --> 00:39:43,152
I don't know where it's coming from.

847
00:39:43,152 --> 00:39:46,190
And then I feel it crawling across the back.

848
00:39:46,190 --> 00:39:49,370
So now, the ground is getting a little more concerned.

849
00:39:49,370 --> 00:39:51,570
I don't see the water, but maybe Chris, can.

850
00:39:51,570 --> 00:39:53,020
{\an8}I see beads of sweat.

851
00:39:53,947 --> 00:39:55,443
{\an8}No, that's not sweat.
<v ->No, it's not sweat.

852
00:39:57,180 --> 00:39:58,560
{\an8}Hey Luca, can you clarify?

853
00:39:58,560 --> 00:40:00,843
{\an8}Is it increasing or not increasing?

854
00:40:02,090 --> 00:40:04,770
{\an8}It's hard to tell, but it feels like a lot of water.

855
00:40:04,770 --> 00:40:07,457
On the ground, they tell me that they're checking for leaks

856
00:40:07,457 --> 00:40:09,310
and there are no leaks.

857
00:40:09,310 --> 00:40:11,487
{\an8}But wherever is it coming from then?

858
00:40:11,487 --> 00:40:12,334
{\an8}It's too much.

859
00:40:12,334 --> 00:40:14,509
{\an8}I don't know, it's a lot.

860
00:40:14,509 --> 00:40:16,890
{\an8}Now it's in my eyes.

861
00:40:16,890 --> 00:40:19,394
And then finally on the ground, they tell me,

862
00:40:19,394 --> 00:40:22,110
all right Luca, this is the moment I dread.

863
00:40:22,110 --> 00:40:23,810
{\an8}Based on what we heard with Lucas saying

864
00:40:23,810 --> 00:40:26,197
{\an8}that water is in his eyes now

865
00:40:26,197 --> 00:40:27,740
{\an8}and it seems to be increasing.

866
00:40:27,740 --> 00:40:30,520
{\an8}We think we're in a terminate EVA case for EV-2.

867
00:40:31,410 --> 00:40:34,460
{\an8}So, Luca will have you head back to the airlock.

868
00:40:34,460 --> 00:40:36,560
In that moment, the sun goes down.

869
00:40:36,560 --> 00:40:38,070
One moment you have light

870
00:40:38,070 --> 00:40:40,670
and the next you are in complete darkness.

871
00:40:40,670 --> 00:40:43,800
I lose sight of Chris because I turn a corner.

872
00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:45,763
So, I just start crawling back.

873
00:40:45,763 --> 00:40:48,346
(eerie music)

874
00:40:54,930 --> 00:40:57,860
In order to navigate my space suit and myself

875
00:40:57,860 --> 00:41:01,180
around a certain area, I need to go upside down,

876
00:41:01,180 --> 00:41:02,815
relative to the Earth.

877
00:41:02,815 --> 00:41:05,648
(dramatic music)

878
00:41:07,357 --> 00:41:11,320
As I flip my body, the water, sloshes over to my eyes,

879
00:41:11,320 --> 00:41:15,163
to my ears and to my nose and completely isolates me.

880
00:41:17,460 --> 00:41:20,240
I can't anything because the water is over my eyes

881
00:41:20,240 --> 00:41:22,701
and I cannot get it out of my eyes.

882
00:41:22,701 --> 00:41:25,284
(tense music)

883
00:41:26,320 --> 00:41:30,250
I call Chris and I tell him hey Chris,

884
00:41:30,250 --> 00:41:31,193
I think I'm lost.

885
00:41:35,510 --> 00:41:36,623
And I get no answer,

886
00:41:38,820 --> 00:41:41,620
but also, I don't know how much time do I have.

887
00:41:41,620 --> 00:41:43,500
So, the water is in my nose already.

888
00:41:43,500 --> 00:41:47,300
How much time do I have before the water keeps flowing

889
00:41:47,300 --> 00:41:48,845
and covers my mouth?

890
00:41:48,845 --> 00:41:51,890
(tense music)

891
00:41:51,890 --> 00:41:54,883
Can I stay here waiting for Chris to come and rescue me?

892
00:41:57,460 --> 00:41:58,657
Chris, Chris.

893
00:42:00,660 --> 00:42:02,540
I decided I don't have enough time.

894
00:42:02,540 --> 00:42:05,292
I need to go back to the airlock on my own.

895
00:42:05,292 --> 00:42:08,070
(dramatic music)

896
00:42:08,070 --> 00:42:10,793
But how do I get back if I cannot see where I'm going?

897
00:42:12,720 --> 00:42:16,150
All I is a little bit of light in front of me.

898
00:42:16,150 --> 00:42:17,883
I make a plan in my head.

899
00:42:18,880 --> 00:42:22,120
I've been underwater in in a space suit,

900
00:42:22,120 --> 00:42:25,060
in the mock up of the space station so many hours,

901
00:42:25,060 --> 00:42:26,753
that I can see it in my head.

902
00:42:28,810 --> 00:42:32,393
I can imagine how I need to move and where I need to go.

903
00:42:33,740 --> 00:42:35,780
So, I slowly starts in the direction

904
00:42:35,780 --> 00:42:37,893
that I think it's where I came from.

905
00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:41,250
I put my safety tether outside the airlock.

906
00:42:41,250 --> 00:42:43,220
So, there is a little bit of tension

907
00:42:43,220 --> 00:42:45,020
that is pulling me in that direction

908
00:42:47,190 --> 00:42:49,970
and it's telling me that I'm going in the right direction.

909
00:42:49,970 --> 00:42:51,443
I'm not getting further away.

910
00:42:52,290 --> 00:42:54,173
So, I follow that tiny pull,

911
00:42:56,040 --> 00:42:58,140
trying to feel my way towards the airlock.

912
00:43:00,110 --> 00:43:01,890
This lasts about six minutes.

913
00:43:01,890 --> 00:43:03,490
They felt like a very long time to me can.

914
00:43:03,490 --> 00:43:05,882
{\an8}I can barely speak to you.

915
00:43:05,882 --> 00:43:08,382
{\an8}I'm opening the airlock cover.

916
00:43:10,370 --> 00:43:11,623
I go inside first.

917
00:43:14,040 --> 00:43:16,170
On the ground, they don't know what's going on.

918
00:43:16,170 --> 00:43:18,920
They have no understanding of how much in trouble I am.

919
00:43:20,562 --> 00:43:22,173
{\an8}Okay, I'm in.
Roger that.

920
00:43:23,710 --> 00:43:28,132
Once Chris closes the hatch, I know I'm safe.

921
00:43:28,132 --> 00:43:30,350
{\an8}And I'm here to help, Luca.

922
00:43:30,350 --> 00:43:33,590
And that's when I feel somebody squeezing my hand.

923
00:43:33,590 --> 00:43:35,090
It was Chris.

924
00:43:35,090 --> 00:43:36,140
{\an8}Hey, Luca from from Houston,

925
00:43:36,140 --> 00:43:36,973
{\an8}how you doing?

926
00:43:36,973 --> 00:43:37,806
{\an8}Give us the status.

927
00:43:39,750 --> 00:43:41,420
{\an8}Luca, did you hear that?

928
00:43:41,420 --> 00:43:44,030
I can hear no sound whatsoever.

929
00:43:44,030 --> 00:43:45,730
Chris can and so what he does,

930
00:43:45,730 --> 00:43:48,830
he just kind of twists in the space suit to look at me

931
00:43:48,830 --> 00:43:50,220
and he can see that I'm there,

932
00:43:50,220 --> 00:43:51,840
I'm breathing with my eyes closed.

933
00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:55,370
{\an8}He looks miserable, but okay.

934
00:43:55,370 --> 00:43:58,670
{\an8}And then he squeezes my hand and I squeeze him back.

935
00:43:58,670 --> 00:43:59,710
{\an8}Hatch coming open.

936
00:43:59,710 --> 00:44:00,850
{\an8}Airlock Houston,

937
00:44:00,850 --> 00:44:02,870
{\an8}if you could have some towels ready, that would be great.

938
00:44:02,870 --> 00:44:04,480
And then when they open the airlock,

939
00:44:04,480 --> 00:44:07,363
I see my crewmates inside the space station.

940
00:44:08,330 --> 00:44:09,593
I was crying.

941
00:44:11,570 --> 00:44:13,760
I never seen anybody so worried about another person

942
00:44:13,760 --> 00:44:15,233
in my life about me.

943
00:44:17,260 --> 00:44:19,520
So they take me out and as soon as they can,

944
00:44:19,520 --> 00:44:22,505
they depressurize my suit and they take my helmet off

945
00:44:22,505 --> 00:44:25,334
(emotional instrumental music)

946
00:44:25,334 --> 00:44:27,110
and they're handing me towels

947
00:44:27,110 --> 00:44:29,493
because I'm completely, completely wet.

948
00:44:30,880 --> 00:44:33,480
We estimate about a liter and a half of water

949
00:44:33,480 --> 00:44:34,393
inside the helmet,

950
00:44:37,540 --> 00:44:40,150
which is a lot of water 'cause the helmet is pretty small.

951
00:44:40,150 --> 00:44:42,120
{\an8}Chris Cassidy there in the background.

952
00:44:42,120 --> 00:44:43,380
{\an8}He'll be floated through next,

953
00:44:43,380 --> 00:44:47,973
{\an8}as they continue to get Luca Parmitano out of his spacesuit.

954
00:44:49,280 --> 00:44:52,050
They ask the crew from the ground,

955
00:44:52,050 --> 00:44:53,270
hey, how is Luca doing?

956
00:44:53,270 --> 00:44:54,163
How is he doing?

957
00:44:55,010 --> 00:44:56,480
{\an8}And I like, hey guys!

958
00:44:56,480 --> 00:44:57,740
{\an8}Just so you know, I'm alive.

959
00:44:57,740 --> 00:44:59,940
{\an8}And I can, I can answer those questions too.

960
00:45:00,910 --> 00:45:02,640
{\an8}Luca, we are delighted to hear your voice,

961
00:45:02,640 --> 00:45:05,150
{\an8}delighted to see you and will come to you

962
00:45:05,150 --> 00:45:06,450
{\an8}with any questions as we get them.

963
00:45:06,450 --> 00:45:07,450
{\an8}Thank you very much.

964
00:45:08,940 --> 00:45:11,760
An investigation found that a blockage

965
00:45:11,760 --> 00:45:14,380
caused water from the suits cooling system

966
00:45:14,380 --> 00:45:17,813
to leak into the ventilation loop and Lucas's helmet.

967
00:45:18,850 --> 00:45:21,880
We didn't think it was possible for water

968
00:45:21,880 --> 00:45:24,400
to get into my helmet and almost drown me.

969
00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:25,883
There are risks and dangers out there

970
00:45:25,883 --> 00:45:30,600
that we just haven't thought about, but we will solve them.

971
00:45:30,600 --> 00:45:33,480
The fact that NASA put so much importance on something

972
00:45:33,480 --> 00:45:35,680
not going according to plan, it is important.

973
00:45:35,680 --> 00:45:38,450
We get to review plans and equipment

974
00:45:38,450 --> 00:45:42,163
to make sure that that situation doesn't happen again.

975
00:45:45,830 --> 00:45:47,770
Reviewing everything that has been learned

976
00:45:47,770 --> 00:45:51,210
from over five and a half decades of space walking,

977
00:45:51,210 --> 00:45:53,900
NASA have crafted a new space suit

978
00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:57,330
that will enable astronauts to live and work on the moon

979
00:45:57,330 --> 00:45:58,753
for long durations.

980
00:46:00,020 --> 00:46:02,760
I am so excited about the new space suits.

981
00:46:02,760 --> 00:46:05,070
They're gonna really put the space walking in space walking,

982
00:46:05,070 --> 00:46:09,190
because they've got awesome boots for planetary exploration.

983
00:46:09,190 --> 00:46:10,920
A new space suit is fundamental

984
00:46:10,920 --> 00:46:14,970
because it's a tool and a tool needs to be designed

985
00:46:14,970 --> 00:46:16,400
for a specific purpose.

986
00:46:16,400 --> 00:46:19,437
There are a small spaceship that our astronauts are in

987
00:46:19,437 --> 00:46:21,070
and they have to be protected.

988
00:46:21,070 --> 00:46:21,903
You need to be able to walk.

989
00:46:21,903 --> 00:46:25,000
You need to be able to have dexterity.

990
00:46:25,000 --> 00:46:28,650
You need to be able to have a suit that is sturdy enough

991
00:46:28,650 --> 00:46:32,210
that it doesn't get damaged by the rocky environment

992
00:46:32,210 --> 00:46:33,540
of the surface.

993
00:46:33,540 --> 00:46:36,220
They are made to be able to reach down,

994
00:46:36,220 --> 00:46:37,700
pick things up, move around.

995
00:46:37,700 --> 00:46:39,953
The dexterity is incredible.

996
00:46:41,150 --> 00:46:43,490
An integral part of the new space suit

997
00:46:43,490 --> 00:46:47,850
is the portable life support system with water, cooling

998
00:46:47,850 --> 00:46:51,660
and ventilation loops that have been specifically redesigned

999
00:46:51,660 --> 00:46:54,570
to ensure an incident like Lucas leaking helmet,

1000
00:46:54,570 --> 00:46:56,858
will never be repeated on the moon.

1001
00:46:56,858 --> 00:46:59,691
(dramatic music)

1002
00:47:04,620 --> 00:47:07,030
The ultimate goal of the Artemis program

1003
00:47:07,030 --> 00:47:08,963
is a crude mission to Mars.

1004
00:47:09,930 --> 00:47:13,700
But before this three year return journey can be considered,

1005
00:47:13,700 --> 00:47:16,090
astronauts must first prove

1006
00:47:16,090 --> 00:47:18,783
that they can live autonomously on the moon.

1007
00:47:20,090 --> 00:47:23,140
So, if we want to live and work away from Earth

1008
00:47:23,140 --> 00:47:26,240
in the long term, whether that's on the moon or Mars

1009
00:47:26,240 --> 00:47:28,310
or even further beyond,

1010
00:47:28,310 --> 00:47:31,510
sooner or later, we have to learn how to use the things

1011
00:47:31,510 --> 00:47:34,550
that we find at the places that we go.

1012
00:47:34,550 --> 00:47:37,490
And so we talk about in situ resource utilization,

1013
00:47:37,490 --> 00:47:39,860
the use of things that we find locally.

1014
00:47:39,860 --> 00:47:42,210
We want to be able to explore, to understand,

1015
00:47:42,210 --> 00:47:43,680
the nature of the south pole

1016
00:47:43,680 --> 00:47:45,880
and to use the resources that are there.

1017
00:47:45,880 --> 00:47:48,070
'Cause it's really important for us to understand

1018
00:47:48,070 --> 00:47:50,330
where water is on the lunar surface,

1019
00:47:50,330 --> 00:47:53,040
so we can design systems that can extract it

1020
00:47:53,040 --> 00:47:54,640
and use it as that resource.

1021
00:47:54,640 --> 00:47:57,340
Prospecting and finding that lunar water

1022
00:47:57,340 --> 00:48:00,733
is really the first step of enabling that exploration.

1023
00:48:02,014 --> 00:48:03,740
The prime one and viper missions

1024
00:48:03,740 --> 00:48:06,430
are being ready to fly in 2022

1025
00:48:06,430 --> 00:48:08,303
to drill into the lunar south pole.

1026
00:48:10,830 --> 00:48:13,700
They will sample lunar water in different regions,

1027
00:48:13,700 --> 00:48:17,210
creating resource maps that will outline the locations

1028
00:48:17,210 --> 00:48:19,753
and quantities of this precious commodity.

1029
00:48:21,910 --> 00:48:23,280
Rain will be driving on.

1030
00:48:23,280 --> 00:48:25,040
We have not seen the light of day

1031
00:48:25,040 --> 00:48:26,620
for maybe two billion years.

1032
00:48:26,620 --> 00:48:30,360
We're gonna go in there with our rover and illuminate it

1033
00:48:30,360 --> 00:48:33,630
for the very first time, is truly exploration.

1034
00:48:33,630 --> 00:48:35,300
You know, it's looking into the darkness.

1035
00:48:35,300 --> 00:48:37,350
It is a lot of pressure when you realize

1036
00:48:37,350 --> 00:48:40,580
how big of an impact this data can have

1037
00:48:40,580 --> 00:48:43,000
on the future of exploration.

1038
00:48:43,000 --> 00:48:45,660
The mission is the pathfinder in many ways,

1039
00:48:45,660 --> 00:48:49,233
for all the future missions that come after it.

1040
00:48:51,690 --> 00:48:53,750
These resource maps will be used

1041
00:48:53,750 --> 00:48:56,800
to determine the location for Artemis base camp

1042
00:48:56,800 --> 00:48:58,183
on the lunar surface.

1043
00:48:59,430 --> 00:49:01,900
Construction of base camp can take place

1044
00:49:01,900 --> 00:49:03,510
from the orbiting Gateway,

1045
00:49:03,510 --> 00:49:07,750
by a combination of robotic and human expertise.

1046
00:49:07,750 --> 00:49:10,100
We have been investigating ways

1047
00:49:10,100 --> 00:49:13,360
that you could teleoperate robots at the lunar surface

1048
00:49:13,360 --> 00:49:16,250
from other locations, like the Gateway.

1049
00:49:16,250 --> 00:49:19,370
We have already extracted out of the moon, regolith,

1050
00:49:19,370 --> 00:49:22,920
aluminum, titanium, iron

1051
00:49:22,920 --> 00:49:26,400
and silicon to build structures, elements, tools.

1052
00:49:26,400 --> 00:49:29,460
We'll simply 3D print moon-based structures

1053
00:49:29,460 --> 00:49:30,427
around itself.

1054
00:49:30,427 --> 00:49:34,610
And if you could put inside a pneumatic tent

1055
00:49:34,610 --> 00:49:37,870
that you could then inflate, pressurize,

1056
00:49:37,870 --> 00:49:39,950
warm up using electricity,

1057
00:49:39,950 --> 00:49:43,930
now you have created the basis for a village.

1058
00:49:43,930 --> 00:49:46,880
As a byproduct of the extraction of those materials,

1059
00:49:46,880 --> 00:49:49,460
we produced oxygen as a fundamental product,

1060
00:49:49,460 --> 00:49:50,943
to make astronauts breathe.

1061
00:49:51,910 --> 00:49:55,610
So, this concept of in situ research utilization,

1062
00:49:55,610 --> 00:49:57,770
we want to expand it to the maximum,

1063
00:49:57,770 --> 00:50:01,562
so to make those missions possible and sustainable.

1064
00:50:01,562 --> 00:50:04,380
(poignant music)

1065
00:50:04,380 --> 00:50:05,970
Once humanity has proven

1066
00:50:05,970 --> 00:50:08,500
that they can extract and utilize lunar water

1067
00:50:08,500 --> 00:50:11,560
to live on the moon, future missions to Mars

1068
00:50:11,560 --> 00:50:15,563
can be fueled with these very same lunar resources.

1069
00:50:17,350 --> 00:50:19,440
The skills, the knowledge,

1070
00:50:19,440 --> 00:50:21,690
the technology that we build,

1071
00:50:21,690 --> 00:50:24,200
as we do this on the moon will take us onto Mars

1072
00:50:24,200 --> 00:50:25,440
and then that will set up the way

1073
00:50:25,440 --> 00:50:27,260
that we do this elsewhere in the solar system.

1074
00:50:27,260 --> 00:50:29,820
Just the use of lunar propellant

1075
00:50:29,820 --> 00:50:33,850
will save on the order of 12 billion dollars

1076
00:50:33,850 --> 00:50:35,070
per Mars mission.

1077
00:50:35,070 --> 00:50:38,830
The lunar surface offers not only resources,

1078
00:50:38,830 --> 00:50:40,810
but it offers us a test bed,

1079
00:50:40,810 --> 00:50:44,230
to make sure that we understand how to architect

1080
00:50:44,230 --> 00:50:46,440
and how to work on another planetary body.

1081
00:50:46,440 --> 00:50:48,350
It's gonna be really important when we go on to Mars,

1082
00:50:48,350 --> 00:50:50,450
because the farther we go out obviously,

1083
00:50:50,450 --> 00:50:52,970
the more resources and costs are required

1084
00:50:52,970 --> 00:50:55,300
to get the mass to those locations.

1085
00:50:55,300 --> 00:50:57,620
It inspires me and I hope we inspire

1086
00:50:57,620 --> 00:50:59,780
the next generation of explorers.

1087
00:50:59,780 --> 00:51:03,565
I think that people that may land on Mars for the first time

1088
00:51:03,565 --> 00:51:04,560
are probably already born.

1089
00:51:04,560 --> 00:51:08,400
I think it's closer now than it ever has been.

1090
00:51:08,400 --> 00:51:09,530
Hurry up.

1091
00:51:09,530 --> 00:51:10,480
Come here now.

1092
00:51:10,480 --> 00:51:11,710
It's not a Disney movie.

1093
00:51:11,710 --> 00:51:12,543
This is real.

1094
00:51:12,543 --> 00:51:14,690
Traveling to the moon, staying there

1095
00:51:14,690 --> 00:51:16,890
and eventually using that as a stepping stone

1096
00:51:16,890 --> 00:51:19,080
for interplanetary travel

1097
00:51:19,080 --> 00:51:21,620
and being an interplanetary species,

1098
00:51:21,620 --> 00:51:24,410
means that there is a whole new set of things

1099
00:51:24,410 --> 00:51:25,920
we're gonna learn about ourselves.

1100
00:51:25,920 --> 00:51:27,920
We're gonna learn what's important to us.

1101
00:51:27,920 --> 00:51:30,180
We're gonna learn what we love.

1102
00:51:30,180 --> 00:51:31,400
We're gonna learn what we need.

1103
00:51:31,400 --> 00:51:33,030
And I think most of all,

1104
00:51:33,030 --> 00:51:36,590
about what brings us together about our shared humanity.

1105
00:51:36,590 --> 00:51:41,330
I hope that the future is beyond my wildest dreams

1106
00:51:41,330 --> 00:51:44,774
and it's something that I just cannot even imagine.

1107
00:51:44,774 --> 00:51:47,607
(poignant music)