WEBVTT 00:00:55.799 --> 00:00:57.840 At the end of the 16th century, 00:00:57.960 --> 00:01:01.240 China concentrates a quarter of the world’s population 00:01:01.439 --> 00:01:04.719 and represents 40% of the planet’s wealth. 00:01:05.359 --> 00:01:06.400 In the Ming Empire, 00:01:06.680 --> 00:01:09.159 taxes were collected in kind, 00:01:09.640 --> 00:01:11.079 an ineffective system 00:01:11.239 --> 00:01:13.439 for such a developed economy. 00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:17.280 In 1580, 00:01:17.560 --> 00:01:20.599 the emperor's secretary, Zhang Juzheng, 00:01:20.959 --> 00:01:23.400 completely changed the tax system 00:01:23.760 --> 00:01:26.200 and the collection unit changed from rice 00:01:26.599 --> 00:01:27.359 to silver. 00:01:28.040 --> 00:01:29.000 But there was a problem: 00:01:29.599 --> 00:01:31.239 China had no silver. 00:01:32.519 --> 00:01:33.719 Only the Spaniards, 00:01:33.879 --> 00:01:35.359 already established in Manila, 00:01:35.680 --> 00:01:39.640 were in a position to meet this need in a stable manner 00:01:39.959 --> 00:01:41.760 and with quality guarantees, 00:01:42.680 --> 00:01:44.840 thanks to silver from America. 00:01:47.959 --> 00:01:49.439 This confluence of interests 00:01:49.519 --> 00:01:52.760 connected the two most powerful world economies of the time: 00:01:53.200 --> 00:01:54.640 the Hispanic and the Chinese, 00:01:55.040 --> 00:01:56.879 the Habsburgs and the Ming. 00:01:59.680 --> 00:02:01.599 In a few decades, from East to West, 00:02:01.719 --> 00:02:04.000 the world becomes aware of its shape, 00:02:04.879 --> 00:02:06.480 and the Hispanic monarchy 00:02:06.680 --> 00:02:10.439 becomes the engine of an unprecedented globalization. 00:02:11.039 --> 00:02:15.039 The history of the Spanish Empire is unknown to most Spaniards; 00:02:15.360 --> 00:02:16.800 it should be known. 00:02:17.240 --> 00:02:18.319 It is worth it. 00:02:18.639 --> 00:02:20.800 No other story can compare. 00:02:28.479 --> 00:02:31.919 There is an entire connection of cultural, 00:02:32.120 --> 00:02:33.719 scientific and artistic exchange 00:02:33.960 --> 00:02:35.639 between Europe and China. 00:02:36.400 --> 00:02:39.319 Matteo Ricci and Diego de Pantoja, 00:02:39.680 --> 00:02:42.039 a Jesuit missionary from Valdemoro 00:02:45.199 --> 00:02:46.520 arrive in Beijing, 00:02:46.719 --> 00:02:48.000 gain audience 00:02:48.199 --> 00:02:50.439 and present a series of gifts: 00:02:50.639 --> 00:02:51.719 two clocks 00:02:51.960 --> 00:02:53.199 and a clavichord. 00:02:53.360 --> 00:02:56.960 Diego de Pantoja is in charge of teaching how to play 00:02:57.080 --> 00:02:58.520 the first keyboard instrument 00:02:59.120 --> 00:03:00.360 to four eunuchs 00:03:00.560 --> 00:03:02.000 at the Chinese court. 00:03:03.719 --> 00:03:04.879 Right now, 00:03:05.280 --> 00:03:06.960 there is a translation project in China 00:03:07.280 --> 00:03:08.919 due to his great production in Chinese, 00:03:10.560 --> 00:03:13.199 publishing about religion or philosophy… 00:03:13.599 --> 00:03:14.599 but also about music. 00:03:16.039 --> 00:03:16.759 The emperor 00:03:17.159 --> 00:03:18.719 asked for Chinese themes to be played 00:03:19.080 --> 00:03:23.120 with Western instruments and vice versa, 00:03:23.520 --> 00:03:26.639 They were looking for that sonic encounter, 00:03:26.759 --> 00:03:28.479 that miscegenation that occurred at that time, 00:03:28.680 --> 00:03:30.120 which is a fascinating phenomenon. 00:03:32.919 --> 00:03:37.520 The communication between the Ming Empire and the Habsburg Empire 00:03:37.680 --> 00:03:41.000 through the silver trade 00:03:41.319 --> 00:03:43.319 and through the Manila Galleon, 00:03:43.560 --> 00:03:45.199 which is also called Nao of China 00:03:45.479 --> 00:03:50.639 had transcendental importance for all humanity. 00:03:55.319 --> 00:04:00.280 A kind of metallic silver mono-standard was established, 00:04:00.520 --> 00:04:02.439 to such an extent that countries that did not have it, 00:04:02.599 --> 00:04:04.919 for example, Holland, France or England, 00:04:05.680 --> 00:04:07.599 first needed to get hold of Spanish silver 00:04:07.680 --> 00:04:11.319 if they came to trade with China. 00:04:13.319 --> 00:04:16.680 American silver was also used in India; 00:04:16.839 --> 00:04:19.199 it was used everywhere. 00:04:19.319 --> 00:04:23.160 Spanish silver was the immense international currency, 00:04:23.439 --> 00:04:26.720 that is why it is the foundation of the first globalization. 00:04:42.639 --> 00:04:44.839 Why is history so important? 00:04:45.040 --> 00:04:47.240 Sure, professor, history explains the past. 00:04:47.319 --> 00:04:49.639 No, I tell you, son, history does not explain the past; 00:04:49.759 --> 00:04:52.120 history actually explains the present, 00:04:52.199 --> 00:04:53.879 but much more important than that, 00:04:54.120 --> 00:04:55.920 is that he who knows history, 00:04:56.079 --> 00:04:57.199 builds the future. 00:05:00.000 --> 00:05:02.720 You cannot see history permanently from the present 00:05:02.920 --> 00:05:04.199 as it is being seen; 00:05:04.360 --> 00:05:07.120 judge it from the present, analyze it from the present... 00:05:08.439 --> 00:05:11.399 Spain was a country that dominated half the world, 00:05:11.759 --> 00:05:13.800 it had a language that half the world spoke, 00:05:13.959 --> 00:05:16.639 its culture expanded enormously. 00:05:19.079 --> 00:05:21.680 Spain needs to recover its history. 00:05:23.399 --> 00:05:24.720 The Roman Empire existed 00:05:25.000 --> 00:05:26.120 and changed the world. 00:05:26.360 --> 00:05:27.680 The Spanish Empire existed 00:05:27.959 --> 00:05:29.160 and changed the world. 00:05:29.439 --> 00:05:33.399 It is a false link to think that the Spanish Empire is an issue of Spain. 00:05:33.519 --> 00:05:35.480 No, the Spanish Empire is an issue of the whole world, 00:05:35.639 --> 00:05:37.480 because it changed it, 00:05:37.879 --> 00:05:42.759 and left its blood, its institutions, its life and its way of existing 00:05:43.000 --> 00:05:45.480 through various continents. 00:05:45.680 --> 00:05:46.879 All of those 00:05:47.079 --> 00:05:49.959 are descendants of the Spanish Empire as we are. 00:05:50.439 --> 00:05:54.160 Being ashamed of that past makes no sense, at all. 00:05:54.279 --> 00:05:57.959 That empire was an amazing moment in the history of humanity, 00:05:58.120 --> 00:05:59.439 and I don't think anyone 00:05:59.600 --> 00:06:02.399 should be ashamed of it, unless half of humanity 00:06:02.480 --> 00:06:04.279 is determined to be ashamed of itself. 00:06:04.360 --> 00:06:06.040 That could happen, right? 00:06:08.399 --> 00:06:09.680 I studied in Galicia, 00:06:09.800 --> 00:06:12.240 and the Catholic Monarchs were the devil there. 00:06:12.439 --> 00:06:16.000 In any subject, Galician language, or history itself... 00:06:16.160 --> 00:06:19.959 the Catholic Monarchs immediately appeared like the demon at noon 00:06:20.199 --> 00:06:23.240 and the Black Legend 00:06:23.560 --> 00:06:25.879 was the official history from the point of view 00:06:26.079 --> 00:06:27.480 of education there. 00:06:27.720 --> 00:06:32.000 And yet, as soon as you explored a little, not too much, 00:06:32.279 --> 00:06:34.199 you began to see the contradictions 00:06:34.319 --> 00:06:36.240 and that something didn't fit. 00:06:36.399 --> 00:06:38.839 From there on, those contradictions become, I suppose... 00:06:38.959 --> 00:06:41.000 like the Platonic Cave, right? 00:06:41.079 --> 00:06:44.040 You start to see contradictions and you want to get out. 00:07:01.720 --> 00:07:04.959 Castile has a very convulsed 15th century, 00:07:05.040 --> 00:07:07.639 with a major civil war, 00:07:08.079 --> 00:07:11.800 with the presence of Islam in Granada but, to a large extent, 00:07:11.879 --> 00:07:15.879 it was almost an agreed presence for many years. 00:07:23.120 --> 00:07:24.920 Henry IV of Castile realized, 00:07:25.079 --> 00:07:28.759 after the Turks took Constantinople, 00:07:29.439 --> 00:07:32.399 that there was a medium-term danger 00:07:32.560 --> 00:07:37.839 of Islamic expansion or Turkish support for Barbary Islam in North Africa. 00:07:47.800 --> 00:07:51.839 His sister and his successor, Isabel I, already conquered Granada 00:07:52.160 --> 00:07:54.240 between 1482 00:07:54.439 --> 00:07:56.160 and 1491. 00:08:00.319 --> 00:08:01.839 In 1516, 00:08:01.920 --> 00:08:03.800 the Turks were already in Algiers. 00:08:03.920 --> 00:08:07.759 Then it would probably have been impossible to conquer Granada. 00:08:09.120 --> 00:08:11.040 In Spain, 00:08:11.360 --> 00:08:15.600 it is assumed that the Jews were expelled in 1492, 00:08:16.199 --> 00:08:17.079 without knowing 00:08:17.319 --> 00:08:19.680 that we are the last Europeans 00:08:20.279 --> 00:08:22.240 to expel the Jews 00:08:22.600 --> 00:08:26.720 and, of course, it was done against the Catholic Monarchs' desire 00:08:26.839 --> 00:08:27.839 and against 00:08:28.040 --> 00:08:30.879 all the elites of that time. 00:08:38.519 --> 00:08:39.919 In Spain, 00:08:40.080 --> 00:08:42.039 the Jewish minority in the late Middle Ages 00:08:42.159 --> 00:08:45.919 was the most important of the entire European diaspora. 00:08:47.360 --> 00:08:51.399 There were approximately 380,000 Jews, 00:08:51.519 --> 00:08:54.759 around 7 or 8 percent of the population, 00:08:55.039 --> 00:08:58.519 and around 70,000 or 80,000 people were expelled. 00:09:00.039 --> 00:09:01.600 Throughout the entire 15th century, 00:09:01.759 --> 00:09:04.120 all that converted world gradually assimilated 00:09:04.320 --> 00:09:06.000 into Spanish society. 00:09:08.200 --> 00:09:11.960 There were several processes of attempts to transform 00:09:12.080 --> 00:09:15.399 that Jewish race into converts, 00:09:15.559 --> 00:09:19.240 and that is precisely what makes it not racist, 00:09:19.519 --> 00:09:22.279 because what they wanted is to incorporate them as converts. 00:09:22.440 --> 00:09:26.159 In other words, to stop being a Jew, you had to get baptized, that's it. 00:09:26.399 --> 00:09:28.519 That does not make any racist sense: 00:09:29.240 --> 00:09:31.639 If you were Jew from a racist point of view, 00:09:31.799 --> 00:09:33.960 like in the 1937 Nuremberg Nazi Laws, 00:09:34.159 --> 00:09:37.679 as much as you were baptized, you would continue being a Jew; 00:09:37.799 --> 00:09:39.600 That transformation would be worthless then. 00:09:39.639 --> 00:09:43.279 And yet, here of course it was worth it, as the converts also rose socially, 00:09:43.399 --> 00:09:44.879 and tremendously so. 00:09:48.200 --> 00:09:50.879 Most of the Jewish minority converted 00:09:51.639 --> 00:09:54.360 more or less spontaneously. 00:09:57.120 --> 00:10:00.240 I can tell you specific cases of how the Jews were converted 00:10:00.399 --> 00:10:02.320 in Soria or Murcia, for example. 00:10:02.440 --> 00:10:03.039 What happened? 00:10:03.200 --> 00:10:05.919 Mixed marriages, permanently. 00:10:06.120 --> 00:10:08.120 The third generation was already consolidated. 00:10:08.240 --> 00:10:10.519 There the Holy Office did not intervene at all. 00:10:14.879 --> 00:10:19.960 From the end of the 14th century until the Expulsion of the Jews in 1492, 00:10:20.879 --> 00:10:24.879 three-quarters of that Jewish population were converted 00:10:26.480 --> 00:10:29.480 and that is a unique and singular phenomenon 00:10:29.840 --> 00:10:34.360 in the entire history of the European Jew diaspora. 00:10:36.120 --> 00:10:39.600 You ask anyone from Gibraltar to the North Cape: 00:10:39.720 --> 00:10:41.960 An expulsion of Jews in Western Europe? 00:10:42.080 --> 00:10:43.600 1492 in Spain. 00:10:43.840 --> 00:10:47.600 And why do you not know the dates of the expulsion of Jews 00:10:47.759 --> 00:10:51.480 in the territories of the Germanic Holy Roman Empire? 00:10:51.759 --> 00:10:53.440 Or those in France? 00:10:53.679 --> 00:10:55.440 Or those that have occurred in…? 00:10:55.639 --> 00:10:56.320 No, 00:10:56.519 --> 00:10:58.039 the others don’t matter. 00:10:58.159 --> 00:10:59.919 Only that one matters. 00:11:12.360 --> 00:11:16.440 In 1492, three events happened at the same time: 00:11:16.840 --> 00:11:21.960 the end of the Hispano-Muslim period in Spanish history; 00:11:23.159 --> 00:11:24.480 secondly, 00:11:25.159 --> 00:11:28.440 the expulsion of a section of Spanish Jews 00:11:28.639 --> 00:11:31.000 while the others convert or stay… 00:11:31.399 --> 00:11:34.799 and, evidently also, the Discovery of America. 00:11:38.240 --> 00:11:39.200 Actually, 00:11:39.320 --> 00:11:43.000 the expansive possibility that Castile had with Portugal on one side, 00:11:43.120 --> 00:11:46.360 Aragon on the other, Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in the south, 00:11:46.600 --> 00:11:50.679 was practically a strip of the Andalusian Atlantic. 00:11:50.960 --> 00:11:53.799 Castile will go out to the great expansion 00:11:54.000 --> 00:11:56.519 and will collide with the interests of Portugal. 00:11:59.320 --> 00:12:02.320 Columbus is a man that the Portuguese discarded. 00:12:02.440 --> 00:12:04.679 They are not interested in a bluff move, 00:12:04.799 --> 00:12:07.320 which is to hire this very strange man 00:12:07.440 --> 00:12:09.519 who says that there is a route to the west 00:12:09.639 --> 00:12:12.840 and he is going to try to reach Asia by the Western Route. 00:12:16.399 --> 00:12:17.399 Portugal 00:12:17.600 --> 00:12:19.799 already had the Cape Route 00:12:19.919 --> 00:12:21.200 towards the Indian Ocean, 00:12:21.320 --> 00:12:23.279 which was the one that was known 00:12:23.440 --> 00:12:27.440 and the one that led safely to India and the spice Islands. 00:12:28.879 --> 00:12:30.200 For Castile, 00:12:30.559 --> 00:12:34.120 it meant the possibility of finding a route to the Indies 00:12:34.360 --> 00:12:36.399 without entering Portuguese territory. 00:12:36.759 --> 00:12:41.000 This is probably what made Isabel and Fernando think 00:12:41.320 --> 00:12:43.480 they could try it at a very low cost, 00:12:43.600 --> 00:12:46.559 just over a million maravedis. 00:12:48.240 --> 00:12:51.360 Castile could not give up on a business like that of spices. 00:12:51.559 --> 00:12:53.399 It is truly boxed in 00:12:53.679 --> 00:12:55.200 and Aragon has the Mediterranean 00:12:55.320 --> 00:12:58.759 and a whole organized and incredible commercial tradition. 00:12:59.000 --> 00:13:02.000 Therefore, you have to venture into unknown spaces, 00:13:02.200 --> 00:13:03.840 and that’s how it was. 00:13:05.600 --> 00:13:08.320 Isabel the Catholic now becomes, 00:13:08.519 --> 00:13:09.879 without opponents, 00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:11.799 the great Queen of Spain. 00:13:11.960 --> 00:13:15.320 She is going to undertake a universal adventure, 00:13:15.480 --> 00:13:17.879 first through the suppression of Islam, 00:13:17.960 --> 00:13:21.559 and secondly through the great opening to America. 00:13:23.120 --> 00:13:24.320 Spain’s action 00:13:24.559 --> 00:13:29.039 is one of the most important in the history of humanity. 00:14:20.919 --> 00:14:25.279 Discovery is a legal, political, economic, scientific 00:14:25.399 --> 00:14:28.399 and technological fact in Western tradition, 00:14:28.600 --> 00:14:30.399 which means that I arrive at a place, 00:14:30.480 --> 00:14:33.759 I proclaim to the other Europeans that I have arrived there, 00:14:34.159 --> 00:14:35.879 I return home and tell about it 00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:41.279 and then I also manage to return to the place that I was able to discover. 00:14:43.919 --> 00:14:47.240 When Christopher Columbus returns from that unsuccessful spice attempt, 00:14:47.440 --> 00:14:48.639 he nevertheless brings 00:14:48.759 --> 00:14:50.840 six or seven Taino men and women 00:14:50.960 --> 00:14:53.399 and small pieces of Guanin gold… 00:14:53.559 --> 00:14:57.200 which means he has reached somewhere interesting. 00:14:57.320 --> 00:14:59.200 The kings have appointed him Viceroy, 00:14:59.279 --> 00:15:02.000 Admiral, Governor of that place 00:15:02.120 --> 00:15:04.960 and realize that this is a contradiction 00:15:05.120 --> 00:15:07.840 to the modern political project they want to carry out. 00:15:07.960 --> 00:15:09.840 Therefore, they look for someone 00:15:10.120 --> 00:15:13.120 with prestige to be able to neutralize 00:15:13.279 --> 00:15:15.519 the personalisms of Columbus 00:15:15.720 --> 00:15:20.559 and use him for the hegemonic project the king and queen have. 00:15:23.000 --> 00:15:25.240 Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca is going to become 00:15:25.399 --> 00:15:28.039 the man of action 00:15:28.279 --> 00:15:30.960 for American projects. 00:15:32.440 --> 00:15:34.600 Every time they have to organize an expedition, 00:15:34.679 --> 00:15:36.080 he starts from scratch. 00:15:36.240 --> 00:15:39.559 You have to look for money, crew, ships 00:15:39.679 --> 00:15:42.320 and all this is consolidated and coordinated by Fonseca 00:15:42.440 --> 00:15:45.000 until he dies in 1524. 00:15:46.200 --> 00:15:48.799 Then, there is the Council of the Indies 00:15:49.120 --> 00:15:54.120 which is basically created to replace everything Fonseca did. 00:15:58.240 --> 00:16:00.120 Between America and Castile, 00:16:00.320 --> 00:16:03.559 the navigation flow is increasing 00:16:03.720 --> 00:16:05.480 and that must be controlled. 00:16:05.799 --> 00:16:06.399 How? 00:16:06.600 --> 00:16:09.720 In 1503, the Casa de la Contratación is created in Seville. 00:16:09.840 --> 00:16:12.240 It will control not only commerce 00:16:12.480 --> 00:16:13.840 and laws 00:16:14.000 --> 00:16:16.919 but also science and technology. 00:16:19.039 --> 00:16:20.159 Pedro Medina’s book 00:16:20.320 --> 00:16:21.600 is the manual 00:16:21.840 --> 00:16:24.279 from which all the others in Europe will be inspired. 00:16:24.399 --> 00:16:27.200 He is the one who is going to teach Europeans cosmography; 00:16:27.360 --> 00:16:28.279 Pedro de Medina, 00:16:28.639 --> 00:16:31.480 unknown to practically everyone. 00:16:33.399 --> 00:16:34.679 As Pedro Medina said, 00:16:34.840 --> 00:16:37.639 a current sailor is wiser than Aristotle; 00:16:38.519 --> 00:16:40.360 he knows the world more than Aristotle. 00:17:32.279 --> 00:17:35.279 Spain does not merely rise up 00:17:35.440 --> 00:17:36.240 and that’s it, 00:17:36.400 --> 00:17:37.599 as if Finland arose. 00:17:37.720 --> 00:17:39.559 No, Spain rises up 00:17:39.640 --> 00:17:41.519 and the ancient world collapses, 00:17:41.920 --> 00:17:43.240 which is not just anything. 00:17:43.559 --> 00:17:45.359 The ancient world collapses, 00:17:45.480 --> 00:17:47.640 a fourth continent appears and, therefore, 00:17:47.799 --> 00:17:49.039 the entire world appears. 00:17:51.319 --> 00:17:53.960 It is the beginning of the Scientific Revolution. 00:18:00.279 --> 00:18:03.319 This document is one of the key elements 00:18:03.440 --> 00:18:06.160 in the history of Globalization 00:18:06.480 --> 00:18:08.759 as it proposes 00:18:09.079 --> 00:18:15.319 what the Salamanca Academy establishes for the calendar’s reform. 00:18:16.759 --> 00:18:21.119 The calendar, which until then had served Western humanity, 00:18:21.319 --> 00:18:23.279 had been the Julian Calendar, 00:18:23.400 --> 00:18:25.839 established and signed by Julius Caesar 00:18:26.000 --> 00:18:28.920 in 46 BC. 00:18:30.039 --> 00:18:32.200 The Julian Calendar’s reform 00:18:32.279 --> 00:18:34.839 begins precisely at the University of Salamanca. 00:18:34.960 --> 00:18:38.680 There, a series of calculations are made to close a gap that existed. 00:18:39.000 --> 00:18:42.880 The mathematical problem was that there was no way to match 00:18:42.960 --> 00:18:46.240 the Sun's rhythm with the rhythm of the Moon, 00:18:46.359 --> 00:18:48.079 as seen from the Earth. 00:18:53.519 --> 00:18:56.440 The struggle for the search for a perfect calendar 00:18:56.599 --> 00:19:00.400 led to the mobilization of all the important mathematicians: 00:19:00.480 --> 00:19:01.200 Catholics, 00:19:01.400 --> 00:19:02.079 Jews, 00:19:02.160 --> 00:19:03.079 Arabs... 00:19:04.920 --> 00:19:07.559 On February 24, 1582, 00:19:07.640 --> 00:19:10.319 the papal bull that starts the calendar’s reform 00:19:10.400 --> 00:19:13.279 is issued by Gregory XIII. 00:19:19.920 --> 00:19:22.960 This implied eliminating ten days 00:19:23.200 --> 00:19:27.000 in the territories of the Spanish crown or in the papal territories. 00:19:27.319 --> 00:19:33.440 October 4, 1582, becomes October 15, 1582. 00:19:36.480 --> 00:19:37.880 That reform implied two things: 00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:39.039 on the one hand, 00:19:39.160 --> 00:19:43.119 that the salaries of those ten days be deducted for the royal officials, 00:19:43.240 --> 00:19:44.839 today’s civil servants. 00:19:44.920 --> 00:19:47.759 On the other hand, that debts were not computed. 00:19:48.000 --> 00:19:50.079 It seems appropriate to the Council of the Indies 00:19:50.359 --> 00:19:53.079 to send that reform to the new world. 00:19:53.400 --> 00:19:57.680 The same thing happens in Mexico, but in 1583, 00:19:57.799 --> 00:20:00.400 and it is replicated once more in Peru 00:20:00.480 --> 00:20:03.079 and throughout its viceroyalty in 1584. 00:20:05.079 --> 00:20:07.559 We find that, by 1586, 00:20:07.640 --> 00:20:10.039 it is starting up even in the Philippines. 00:20:10.519 --> 00:20:14.400 That implies, in turn, a global synchrony. 00:20:28.599 --> 00:20:33.000 There is a constant use of the past 00:20:33.119 --> 00:20:40.880 to say that the Spanish past is a disaster, 00:20:41.160 --> 00:20:44.599 a horror, a colonial state… 00:20:44.839 --> 00:20:49.880 and also, another aspect, the Inquisition, 00:20:49.960 --> 00:20:52.519 and together with this one, more aspects are added… 00:20:52.839 --> 00:20:56.400 This is the idea that Christians are the bad guys. 00:20:56.720 --> 00:20:59.519 This fantasy paradise existed 00:20:59.680 --> 00:21:03.680 and then the Christians came to establish their Inquisition. 00:21:03.759 --> 00:21:06.079 More or less, this is the Black Legend. 00:21:07.839 --> 00:21:11.359 The Inquisition operated before in Europe, 00:21:11.519 --> 00:21:13.440 more precisely, in France. 00:21:14.359 --> 00:21:18.519 In England, the executioner took the accused to his house 00:21:18.599 --> 00:21:20.519 and did what he wanted, 00:21:20.720 --> 00:21:25.240 while in Spain there were certain laws. 00:21:26.160 --> 00:21:28.160 The Inquisition was born, precisely, 00:21:28.240 --> 00:21:30.960 so that the crime of religious intolerance 00:21:31.039 --> 00:21:35.440 is subject to a structured legal process. 00:21:37.559 --> 00:21:41.359 It took the territories that did not have it 00:21:41.440 --> 00:21:47.160 a long time to be able to tame the crime of religious dissent of any kind. 00:21:48.880 --> 00:21:52.680 Between 1540 and 1700 in Spain, 00:21:52.799 --> 00:21:58.559 those rendered to the civil authorities to execute punishment at the stake, 00:21:58.680 --> 00:22:02.240 were approximately 1,500 people, 00:22:02.359 --> 00:22:05.799 of which, approximately half, 00:22:05.920 --> 00:22:07.319 were in effigies, 00:22:07.440 --> 00:22:09.599 that is, people who had died or were absent. 00:22:09.759 --> 00:22:12.119 In 17th and 18th centuries, 00:22:12.200 --> 00:22:16.480 witches were burned in France, England or in the United States... 00:22:16.559 --> 00:22:18.759 and that is not talked about at all. 00:22:22.039 --> 00:22:27.000 Between 1540 and 1700, approximately, 00:22:27.359 --> 00:22:33.480 the witches prosecuted would be around 150 or 200. 00:22:34.720 --> 00:22:36.279 And from 1604 onwards, 00:22:36.559 --> 00:22:39.279 in the Inquisitorial Courts of Spain, 00:22:39.400 --> 00:22:45.680 Italy and the dependencies in the Courts in the Indies in America, 00:22:46.039 --> 00:22:48.359 the three courts that existed in the Indies, 00:22:48.480 --> 00:22:50.799 there were no more witch procedures, 00:22:51.200 --> 00:22:52.079 at all, 00:22:52.240 --> 00:22:55.920 unlike what happened in other parts of Europe. 00:22:56.440 --> 00:23:00.960 In the Germanic territories, this figure reached 25,000 00:23:01.039 --> 00:23:05.160 and it is possible that it reached 100,000 in the whole of Western Europe. 00:23:07.400 --> 00:23:12.640 A cosmic confusion occurs when it is understood that, 00:23:12.839 --> 00:23:16.119 since there is no Inquisition in those countries, 00:23:16.359 --> 00:23:19.319 the crime of religious dissent is not prosecuted. 00:23:19.440 --> 00:23:20.359 That is false. 00:23:20.559 --> 00:23:22.400 In the Protestant territories, 00:23:22.640 --> 00:23:26.960 religious crimes became crimes against the State, 00:23:27.119 --> 00:23:31.640 that is, there was a fusion between the Church and the State. 00:23:33.519 --> 00:23:36.240 The queen is still the head, 00:23:36.519 --> 00:23:39.119 she is the Pope of the Anglican Church 00:23:39.279 --> 00:23:43.839 in the same way the Princes of Saxony were the Popes, of their churches. 00:23:46.799 --> 00:23:50.880 Luther was a good servant at the service of those German princes, 00:23:51.160 --> 00:23:54.960 who are the great antagonists of the European project of Charles V, 00:23:55.240 --> 00:23:58.920 produces a creature that is going to have a very long life, 00:23:59.000 --> 00:24:01.759 and is going to condition the history of the entire West: 00:24:01.880 --> 00:24:03.599 propaganda. 00:24:04.079 --> 00:24:08.480 What the Protestants, especially the Dutch and the English did 00:24:08.720 --> 00:24:12.160 was to take advantage of the printing press 00:24:12.400 --> 00:24:16.359 to publish books or pamphlets 00:24:16.759 --> 00:24:20.920 in up to fifteen different languages 00:24:21.160 --> 00:24:24.279 to discredit the Spanish Empire. 00:24:25.519 --> 00:24:28.599 It works like a cartoon, but literary. 00:24:29.759 --> 00:24:32.799 Exaggerate features that can harm us, 00:24:32.920 --> 00:24:33.960 as a nation, 00:24:34.359 --> 00:24:38.559 underline those acts that at certain times are seen as reprehensible 00:24:38.720 --> 00:24:43.240 and omit those features that can favor us in the international arena. 00:25:13.680 --> 00:25:16.599 All anti-Catholic propaganda is, 00:25:16.839 --> 00:25:19.440 by definition, anti-Spanish. 00:25:20.960 --> 00:25:26.960 It was born to be a way of eroding the Catholic hegemonic power 00:25:27.079 --> 00:25:28.480 which was from Spain. 00:25:47.519 --> 00:25:51.759 The Germanic lords have the right to impose their religious option 00:25:51.880 --> 00:25:54.599 on the population of the territory they govern. 00:25:54.759 --> 00:25:57.400 This is called religious freedom. 00:26:02.160 --> 00:26:03.920 With Luther’s and Calvin’s idea, 00:26:04.039 --> 00:26:05.839 in the face of salvation, works are worth nothing, 00:26:05.920 --> 00:26:08.200 because otherwise God would be a wimp in the hands of man. 00:26:08.319 --> 00:26:10.640 Otherwise freedom would work in the face of salvation, 00:26:10.720 --> 00:26:11.880 and it cannot work. 00:26:18.079 --> 00:26:20.400 The total attributes of God, 00:26:20.400 --> 00:26:23.559 omniscient, omnipotent, allknowing, omnipresent… 00:26:23.759 --> 00:26:24.759 would fall apart. 00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:26.319 So, if God is all that, 00:26:26.640 --> 00:26:27.759 man cannot be free. 00:26:27.880 --> 00:26:29.000 This is Luther. 00:26:29.680 --> 00:26:31.160 This is Luther, Servo Arbitrio, 00:26:31.359 --> 00:26:33.119 Luther, who triggered all this controversy. 00:26:35.680 --> 00:26:39.480 Lutheranism is a manifestation of Germanic nationalism 00:26:39.559 --> 00:26:43.640 and was deeply marked by that Germanic seal. 00:26:43.839 --> 00:26:47.160 The Dutch needed their own heresy 00:26:47.359 --> 00:26:49.720 and Calvinism comes to offer them 00:26:49.960 --> 00:26:55.279 that ideological ammunition that William of Orange totally needs. 00:27:24.400 --> 00:27:26.400 Calvinism in Geneva 00:27:27.359 --> 00:27:31.759 caused about 500 deaths 00:27:32.119 --> 00:27:34.880 in the roughly 20 years that John Calvin 00:27:34.960 --> 00:27:36.799 controlled and ruled that city, 00:27:37.319 --> 00:27:39.279 a city of about 10,000 inhabitants. 00:27:40.240 --> 00:27:42.000 John Calvin has today, 00:27:42.119 --> 00:27:43.720 in the Park of the Bastions of Geneva, 00:27:43.799 --> 00:27:46.039 a monument several meters high, 00:27:47.440 --> 00:27:50.160 placed by the city of Geneva to honor its reformer. 00:27:50.559 --> 00:27:58.119 If we were to make a monument to Torquemada, for example, 00:27:58.440 --> 00:28:00.960 who caused many fewer deaths, incomparable really, 00:28:01.079 --> 00:28:02.640 we would have to leave the country. 00:28:02.839 --> 00:28:06.079 It is inconceivable that something like this would happen in Spain, 00:28:06.240 --> 00:28:10.160 but it is perfectly conceivable that it happens in Geneva. 00:28:12.319 --> 00:28:15.319 How many people did Torquemada really process? 00:28:15.440 --> 00:28:16.880 In 160 years, 00:28:17.160 --> 00:28:21.640 1,500 people had been prosecuted at the stake 00:28:21.799 --> 00:28:29.720 and that eliminates that simple, manipulable and grotesque idea 00:28:29.880 --> 00:28:33.440 that the Tribunal was so bloody. 00:28:35.119 --> 00:28:38.839 What we call torture today torture in the Inquisition was meticulously arranged 00:28:39.359 --> 00:28:40.400 and was very limited, 00:28:40.480 --> 00:28:42.599 much more than that the civil courts of the time. 00:28:42.680 --> 00:28:46.319 Of course, the civil courts were much crueler and with less guarantee. 00:28:46.599 --> 00:28:49.559 The popularity of the inquisitorial issue reaches such extremes 00:28:49.640 --> 00:28:51.119 that it has become a real business. 00:28:51.200 --> 00:28:52.640 A lot of money is earned by 00:28:52.720 --> 00:28:56.480 exhibiting instruments of torture artificially manufactured, 00:28:56.559 --> 00:28:59.759 based on images found in different parts of Europe 00:28:59.839 --> 00:29:03.960 that are not Spanish and have never had anything to do with the Inquisition, 00:29:04.039 --> 00:29:05.519 and that are shown 00:29:05.599 --> 00:29:08.119 as if at some point they had been used by the Inquisition. 00:29:10.759 --> 00:29:12.640 This has not stopped growing, 00:29:13.079 --> 00:29:17.519 it manifests itself in textbooks, comics and movies 00:29:17.720 --> 00:29:22.920 and in this kind of very crude and even vulgar falsification. 00:29:24.559 --> 00:29:27.680 It is one more development, of the absurd Black Legend 00:29:27.759 --> 00:29:30.359 and of the enormous profitability this argument has had 00:29:30.440 --> 00:29:31.720 and continues having. 00:29:33.119 --> 00:29:35.839 Whoever, without much information, sees this 00:29:35.920 --> 00:29:38.799 is convinced that these atrocities were a normal practice 00:29:38.880 --> 00:29:40.400 in the Spanish Inquisition. 00:29:40.519 --> 00:29:43.880 And then, that affects Spain, in terms of the image that the country has. 00:29:43.960 --> 00:29:47.039 But, everyone is content, you see? And nothing happens. 00:29:50.160 --> 00:29:53.759 The Protestants used the Spanish Inquisition 00:29:53.880 --> 00:29:57.400 to build the myth of the Black Legend. 00:29:58.559 --> 00:30:04.079 The English and the Dutch assemble History's first propaganda campaign 00:30:04.200 --> 00:30:06.279 to weaken Spain, 00:30:06.559 --> 00:30:12.759 to attack it and to mobilize other dynasties against it, 00:30:13.039 --> 00:30:15.640 because in purely military terms, 00:30:15.720 --> 00:30:16.680 they can't do it. 00:30:20.880 --> 00:30:22.839 I have studied La Invencible. 00:30:24.880 --> 00:30:27.119 I have studied it in my textbooks. 00:30:27.240 --> 00:30:29.359 Instead of studying the war or who won it, 00:30:29.480 --> 00:30:31.279 I have studied La Invencible. 00:30:32.559 --> 00:30:34.559 La Invencible wasn’t relevant, 00:30:34.640 --> 00:30:36.839 not even in the context of that war 00:30:36.920 --> 00:30:41.920 which finally ended with an honorable defeat on England’s part. 00:30:42.000 --> 00:30:46.000 England is quite a minor country at the moment. 00:30:46.279 --> 00:30:51.680 We see a bit of the history of England as the great imperial power, 00:30:51.880 --> 00:30:54.880 when at this moment it is not. 00:30:59.839 --> 00:31:01.680 It was honestly not an invasion attempt. 00:31:01.759 --> 00:31:08.400 A large part of the English population supported a change of dynasty, 00:31:08.559 --> 00:31:10.680 which was really what it was intended to do. 00:31:10.960 --> 00:31:15.839 Isabel I is absolutely dependent on a religious schism to be queen. 00:31:16.160 --> 00:31:20.400 She cannot reign if this religious schism is not consolidated 00:31:20.880 --> 00:31:22.319 as she is illegitimate. 00:31:25.599 --> 00:31:29.680 She take the opportunity to contradict something very clear: 00:31:29.839 --> 00:31:33.279 "We are people with less force and less power 00:31:33.519 --> 00:31:39.000 but God has sent his winds against the emperor's ships, 00:31:39.519 --> 00:31:40.640 against Philip II 00:31:40.759 --> 00:31:42.920 and God is with us." 00:31:46.680 --> 00:31:52.920 In its day, it was an act of affirmation of the dynasty of Isabel I, 00:31:53.079 --> 00:31:55.559 but then, in the 17th century, 00:31:55.680 --> 00:32:02.359 that act of affirmation becomes one of the myths of English, 00:32:02.480 --> 00:32:04.440 and later British, nationalism. 00:32:06.319 --> 00:32:08.400 It makes sense that English children study it. 00:32:08.880 --> 00:32:11.640 But that the Spanish children study it, in the same key… 00:32:11.799 --> 00:32:17.640 I don't know if what we have is a suicidal tendency, let's say. 00:32:17.720 --> 00:32:19.720 I don't know, something is wrong there. 00:32:25.240 --> 00:32:28.799 Textbooks do not adequately reflect the history of Spain, 00:32:28.920 --> 00:32:29.920 they reflect it very badly. 00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:33.720 History, in general, went one way and the history of America, another. 00:32:33.920 --> 00:32:37.599 The proof is in the high school textbooks where, 00:32:38.440 --> 00:32:41.839 when speaking about America, only Columbus and Cortés are mentioned, a bit. 00:32:42.000 --> 00:32:43.359 But history is never explained. 00:32:43.480 --> 00:32:44.559 It never was. 00:32:58.599 --> 00:33:00.759 The conquerors never stopped. 00:33:04.640 --> 00:33:06.599 Cortés is a man who succeeds young, 00:33:06.839 --> 00:33:12.079 he goes to La Española, to Santo Domingo at the age of 19, 00:33:13.559 --> 00:33:16.400 and he is rich in just ten years, 00:33:16.640 --> 00:33:18.839 he has responsibilities and herds... 00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:22.319 In a manner of speaking, he had no need to get into more trouble. 00:33:22.559 --> 00:33:27.319 There is an urge that leads him to continue later to Cuba, 00:33:27.559 --> 00:33:29.839 to listen to the rumors of the Western Empire 00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:32.359 and to become the conqueror of New Spain. 00:33:41.000 --> 00:33:46.759 He was a man well aware that he was opening new horizons for his own time. 00:33:47.160 --> 00:33:50.319 Besides, he couldn't sit still, I think he was a hyperactive man. 00:33:59.240 --> 00:34:00.839 There is a fascinating moment 00:34:00.960 --> 00:34:07.640 when Cortés sends Carlos I his first letter 00:34:07.920 --> 00:34:11.000 with a list including the famous feathers that are in Vienna 00:34:11.079 --> 00:34:12.199 the Aztec plume 00:34:12.639 --> 00:34:14.280 and a series of riches, 00:34:14.480 --> 00:34:16.079 gold, silver, jade... 00:34:16.199 --> 00:34:20.119 The offerings from the Aztecs to scare him so that Cortés would not advance. 00:34:20.239 --> 00:34:22.760 The effect is the opposite as Cortés has more desire to go there. 00:34:22.920 --> 00:34:27.440 Of course, those incredible riches stimulate his ambition. 00:34:32.000 --> 00:34:33.840 Cortés can exercise violence 00:34:34.000 --> 00:34:37.440 when he has to exercise it as captain of his army, 00:34:37.519 --> 00:34:41.599 but he is also capable of being surprised and marvel at the American reality, 00:34:41.719 --> 00:34:45.840 and not only to marvel but to describe it with enormous detail. 00:34:55.000 --> 00:34:56.960 Cortés is Mexico’s inventor 00:34:57.280 --> 00:34:59.239 He builds the foundations of a nation. 00:34:59.679 --> 00:35:02.760 What more portentous legend than that? 00:35:03.800 --> 00:35:07.079 A statesman who creates a new state is a unique case. 00:35:07.760 --> 00:35:11.559 He even lays the foundations of the economic structure of Mexico. 00:35:11.719 --> 00:35:12.800 It is awesome. 00:35:15.400 --> 00:35:19.719 Hernán Cortés is a character off the charts, 00:35:19.840 --> 00:35:21.000 he is magnificent. 00:35:24.679 --> 00:35:28.199 Cortés, poor him, and a couple of other crazy people; 00:35:28.280 --> 00:35:31.239 no dogs, nor horses, arquebuses or anything else. 00:35:31.480 --> 00:35:35.199 They could never conquer an empire of a million soldiers 00:35:35.280 --> 00:35:38.320 if it was not for the fact that the entire people, 00:35:39.000 --> 00:35:42.039 subjugated by the Aztecs, threw themselves into the arms of Cortés 00:35:42.199 --> 00:35:48.039 to free themselves from the blood sacrifice the Aztecs demanded of them. 00:35:49.960 --> 00:35:52.159 The famous genocide did not exist. 00:35:52.440 --> 00:35:55.760 The conquest of Mexico was not made by Hernán Cortés, 00:35:55.840 --> 00:35:57.280 but rather by the Indians themselves. 00:35:57.400 --> 00:35:59.199 Cortés had no idea where he got to, 00:35:59.320 --> 00:36:01.519 or how many people inhabited the land, 00:36:01.639 --> 00:36:03.679 or who were friends or enemies. 00:36:04.639 --> 00:36:06.360 Marina, an Indian nobleman’s daughter, 00:36:06.480 --> 00:36:09.239 knew perfectly well who she could ally with, 00:36:09.320 --> 00:36:15.559 and she was guiding Cortés to build those alliances. 00:36:16.880 --> 00:36:22.400 The true architect of the conquest of what is now called Mexico 00:36:22.480 --> 00:36:25.800 has been a woman, who is Doña Marina herself. 00:36:27.320 --> 00:36:29.519 I ask in class: Who conquered Mexico? 00:36:29.639 --> 00:36:32.719 And people look at me as if to say "this has to be a trap." 00:36:32.960 --> 00:36:34.719 And someone already says, Hernán Cortés. 00:36:34.920 --> 00:36:35.920 No. 00:36:37.079 --> 00:36:39.199 It was an alliance, an allied army. 00:36:41.960 --> 00:36:45.639 Aztecs were one of many peoples. 00:36:45.719 --> 00:36:49.440 Each of these people had their own peculiarity. 00:36:49.519 --> 00:36:56.599 Therefore, they offered multiple responses of fear, alliance or combat 00:36:56.840 --> 00:36:59.639 to the Hispanic presence. 00:36:59.920 --> 00:37:04.760 This happens when something unknown comes into our reality. 00:38:02.599 --> 00:38:06.440 The military conquest is not necessarily carried out by the Spaniards 00:38:06.599 --> 00:38:10.039 but by the indigenous Mesoamerican in the name of the king, 00:38:10.119 --> 00:38:14.079 who conquer the barbarian, semi-nomadic tribes of the North. 00:38:14.400 --> 00:38:16.119 That is fascinating, 00:38:16.320 --> 00:38:20.960 because they are indeed king’s soldiers and are part of the Spanish army 00:38:21.159 --> 00:38:24.559 There is an image of a chief from Tetzcoco 00:38:24.719 --> 00:38:27.559 who was in charge of conquering the entire part of Querétaro 00:38:27.639 --> 00:38:28.960 in the north part of Mexico 00:38:29.159 --> 00:38:32.559 He appears represented with his General flare 00:38:32.679 --> 00:38:35.599 and his cross of Santiago as Captain of the Spanish army. 00:38:35.719 --> 00:38:37.239 He could have been in Flanders, 00:38:37.360 --> 00:38:38.480 directly. 00:38:46.719 --> 00:38:50.039 He wanted to reach China as he always wanted to go further. 00:38:50.119 --> 00:38:53.280 That is a frontier and innovative spirit. 00:38:53.360 --> 00:38:56.360 Conquerors are frontier heroes 00:38:56.519 --> 00:39:00.400 and I believe that this impulse is that of 16th century Spain. 00:39:04.880 --> 00:39:07.800 In 1500, Juan de la Cosa’s map can already be drawn, 00:39:07.880 --> 00:39:09.280 which is a spectacular advance. 00:39:09.880 --> 00:39:16.719 In 1505 onwards, there are meetings of pilots in all directions. 00:39:16.800 --> 00:39:18.559 The entire land of Mexico is traversed. 00:39:18.960 --> 00:39:22.800 For an obvious reason, a passage does not appear as it does not exist. 00:39:22.920 --> 00:39:24.440 There is a decisive point: 00:39:25.639 --> 00:39:27.639 Vasco Núñez de Balboa. 00:39:27.800 --> 00:39:32.719 On September 29, 1513, he bumps into the Pacific Ocean. 00:39:33.960 --> 00:39:37.159 We have reached the other sea through the isthmus of Panama, 00:39:37.840 --> 00:39:41.119 but we do not know how they connect by sea. 00:39:46.800 --> 00:39:50.880 On their return of every trip to America, 00:39:51.039 --> 00:39:52.960 pilots brought new information about the coast 00:39:53.039 --> 00:39:58.320 that is then incorporated into a model, which was made in La Casa de la Contratación. 00:39:58.480 --> 00:39:59.960 named Padrón Real. 00:40:00.079 --> 00:40:01.280 In 1508, 00:40:01.519 --> 00:40:03.519 the figure of the Piloto Mayor (Head Pilot) 00:40:03.599 --> 00:40:05.599 and this Padrón Real (Royal Register) were created. 00:40:07.719 --> 00:40:12.960 Burgos and Seville are the two great cosmopolitan cities of the crown. 00:40:16.440 --> 00:40:18.320 What is special about Burgos is that, 00:40:18.440 --> 00:40:21.119 since mid 15th century, 00:40:21.440 --> 00:40:26.119 high-level merchants there handle a vast amount of money 00:40:26.360 --> 00:40:31.719 and have branches in different points especially important for European trade, 00:40:31.800 --> 00:40:35.039 such as Amberes, London, Lisbon... 00:40:36.199 --> 00:40:38.719 The Haros are one of those families. 00:40:39.039 --> 00:40:41.440 They are a converted lineage family originally from La Rioja 00:40:41.800 --> 00:40:48.199 who usually trade through the fairs of Medina del Campo. 00:40:52.280 --> 00:40:57.199 Cristobal de Haro is responsible for managing the Lisbon branch 00:40:57.639 --> 00:41:02.639 and he reaches out where there is something to profit. 00:41:11.000 --> 00:41:12.480 In 1515, 00:41:13.280 --> 00:41:15.280 Juan Díaz de Solís enters the Río de la Plata 00:41:15.400 --> 00:41:18.880 He did not know that Cristobal de Haro had already sent an expedition 00:41:19.039 --> 00:41:21.320 with the Portuguese to explore the area. 00:41:26.559 --> 00:41:30.039 Next step is going further south. 00:41:34.519 --> 00:41:40.800 Haro met Fernão Magalhães, Fernando de Magallanes, in Lisbon. 00:41:46.400 --> 00:41:48.719 They were both angry with the king of Portugal, 00:41:48.920 --> 00:41:53.800 and somehow, they understand that their best chance is going to be in Castile. 00:41:59.000 --> 00:42:02.360 Haro's role will be fundamentally financial. 00:42:02.519 --> 00:42:05.480 He was, together with Juan de Fonseca, the shipowner. 00:42:09.199 --> 00:42:14.519 Magallanes, who was a naturalized Spaniard. 00:42:14.880 --> 00:42:17.639 carried all the weight of the expedition. 00:42:19.920 --> 00:42:21.320 He manages to take the step 00:42:23.760 --> 00:42:24.960 from the North Sea 00:42:26.760 --> 00:42:27.880 to the South Sea. 00:42:29.960 --> 00:42:33.960 The dimension of the Pacific is established here. 00:42:34.039 --> 00:42:36.400 There was a sea between Asia and America, 00:42:36.719 --> 00:42:38.920 which is the largest body of water on the planet. 00:42:39.199 --> 00:42:41.199 Until that moment this was not known. 00:42:50.840 --> 00:42:52.880 And with this, an ordeal begins. 00:42:52.960 --> 00:42:56.320 Day by day, the Pacific is killing people. 00:43:05.840 --> 00:43:07.000 When he got to the Philippines, 00:43:07.280 --> 00:43:08.159 to Cebu, 00:43:08.480 --> 00:43:09.840 Magallanes is almost a missionary. 00:43:09.920 --> 00:43:12.320 He starts preaching and so on. 00:43:12.400 --> 00:43:14.440 - Bring me the gifts for King Humabón. 00:43:14.559 --> 00:43:15.280 - Yes, my captain. 00:43:17.039 --> 00:43:20.400 - These are gifts that I offer you, and you, madam 00:43:21.079 --> 00:43:22.599 They are fabrics from Spain. 00:43:22.920 --> 00:43:28.320 In Cebu, King Humabón and his wife are baptized. 00:43:28.519 --> 00:43:32.440 King Humabón is named after Emperor Carlos, 00:43:32.719 --> 00:43:34.960 and his wife, is named after Carlos’ mother 00:43:35.039 --> 00:43:36.440 who was Queen Juana, 00:43:36.519 --> 00:43:38.920 the so-called Juana la Loca. 00:43:40.440 --> 00:43:44.719 But the queen is craving that statue of baby Jesus. 00:43:44.960 --> 00:43:45.719 Therefore, 00:43:45.880 --> 00:43:46.800 Magallanes, 00:43:47.199 --> 00:43:50.480 as a sign of friendship and goodwill, 00:43:50.760 --> 00:43:55.119 donates that statue of the Cebu child 00:43:55.280 --> 00:43:57.280 to Queen Juana. 00:44:01.800 --> 00:44:05.320 Magallanes gets into a war that was not his with Lapu Lapu, 00:44:05.480 --> 00:44:09.280 who has a tremendous bronze sculpture in the Philippines. 00:44:13.119 --> 00:44:16.719 The soldier Lapu Lapu kills Magallanes. 00:44:17.519 --> 00:44:21.320 The Spaniards walk away and flee. 00:44:21.880 --> 00:44:26.440 The child Jesus is left abandoned in Cebu, 00:44:26.800 --> 00:44:29.039 and what do the indigenous people do with that child? 00:44:29.119 --> 00:44:30.119 They worshipped him. 00:44:30.199 --> 00:44:31.280 When it wasn't raining, 00:44:31.360 --> 00:44:34.400 they took that statue of the child from Cebu 00:44:34.559 --> 00:44:36.159 and carried it to the sea. 00:44:36.400 --> 00:44:38.360 They soaked it in the sea 00:44:38.480 --> 00:44:41.320 and they did not remove it from there until it rained. 00:44:41.960 --> 00:44:44.639 For forty-four years, 00:44:44.800 --> 00:44:51.039 this baby Jesus became the God of Water for the Filipinos, 00:44:51.239 --> 00:44:55.679 the God who attracted rain in times of drought. 00:44:59.480 --> 00:45:03.079 There is confusion among those who succeed him. 00:45:03.159 --> 00:45:05.400 They lose ten months in Asia, 00:45:05.880 --> 00:45:10.320 and when Elcano and Gómez-Espinosa finally take charge 00:45:10.400 --> 00:45:11.960 of the two remaining ships, 00:45:12.159 --> 00:45:13.280 they go to the Moluccas. 00:45:13.360 --> 00:45:17.360 That is to say, they fulfill the objective for what had been organized, 00:45:17.440 --> 00:45:19.519 which is to get to the spices, 00:45:19.599 --> 00:45:22.280 the richest commodity there was at that time. 00:45:24.360 --> 00:45:26.360 The value was incalculable, 00:45:26.719 --> 00:45:28.320 more than gold, in weight 00:45:28.920 --> 00:45:35.559 and, at that time, it was considered a valid element against Black Death. 00:45:36.320 --> 00:45:40.880 When it reached Europe, 00:45:41.079 --> 00:45:46.599 its yields were 10,000% at its highest. 00:45:47.000 --> 00:45:49.840 Above all, clove and nutmeg, 00:45:49.960 --> 00:45:52.760 which are unique spices, rare in the world, 00:45:52.840 --> 00:45:55.679 that appeared naturally in those islands. 00:46:00.840 --> 00:46:04.800 Above all, spices bring sophistication, right? 00:46:05.039 --> 00:46:06.960 If there were spices, 00:46:07.360 --> 00:46:09.800 the dishes were much tastier. 00:46:09.920 --> 00:46:14.159 It was like today’s caviar or truffle. 00:46:17.840 --> 00:46:21.599 Elcano trades there with clove, the most valuable spice. 00:46:23.760 --> 00:46:28.559 He loads the Nao Victoria with it, and says, now I'm leaving, but which way? 00:46:28.639 --> 00:46:29.679 There were two ships, 00:46:29.800 --> 00:46:31.639 his and the Trinidad, 00:46:32.079 --> 00:46:34.159 led by Gómez de Espinosa, another great man. 00:46:34.280 --> 00:46:35.519 Gómez Espinosa says: 00:46:35.639 --> 00:46:39.599 the shortest way is to go towards America, 00:46:39.679 --> 00:46:42.280 but we are trying a new way back. 00:46:42.559 --> 00:46:43.760 He doesn't make it. 00:46:45.280 --> 00:46:49.119 Actually, the decision to go around the world was Elcano's in the Moluccas. 00:46:52.880 --> 00:46:55.159 Elcano devised a more ingenious solution, 00:46:55.239 --> 00:46:58.239 which was to try to use the Portuguese route, 00:46:58.320 --> 00:47:00.480 trying not to run into the Portuguese. 00:47:00.639 --> 00:47:01.920 That was his success. 00:47:02.880 --> 00:47:06.239 Elcano's action has an impressive intrepidity. 00:47:06.360 --> 00:47:11.840 The journey from Timor to Cape Verde is impressive. 00:47:11.960 --> 00:47:13.039 An ocean liner doesn't do that. 00:47:13.159 --> 00:47:15.679 Nao Victoria, which was the most modern ship, 00:47:15.760 --> 00:47:17.320 consisted of floating wooden planks. 00:47:17.440 --> 00:47:19.079 It was the one with the best caulking, 00:47:19.159 --> 00:47:21.280 and that was probably what allowed it to hold. 00:47:21.440 --> 00:47:24.760 Because the return from Cape Verde to Sanlúcar de Barrameda is terrible. 00:47:31.119 --> 00:47:33.480 Those who have to sail a ship that involves fifty people 00:47:33.559 --> 00:47:35.159 are indeed eighteen. 00:47:35.360 --> 00:47:37.280 They are baling water, they are defeated. 00:47:37.400 --> 00:47:40.880 It was very hard because they were going with very few troops. 00:47:44.079 --> 00:47:47.320 There are no continents dividing the seas; 00:47:47.400 --> 00:47:51.199 the entire planet can be crossed by sea. 00:48:00.000 --> 00:48:02.159 A comparison is made with the arrival to the Moon… 00:48:02.280 --> 00:48:07.760 I believe the trip around the world was much more important than that event. 00:48:09.639 --> 00:48:13.199 When they arrive to Cape Verde Islands they are one day late. 00:48:13.280 --> 00:48:15.199 The Portuguese say that it is Thursday, 00:48:15.320 --> 00:48:17.840 but their charts say that it is Wednesday. 00:48:18.159 --> 00:48:20.840 That means that the Earth is spinning on its own axis, 00:48:21.360 --> 00:48:23.519 that is, it is a spinning globe. 00:48:23.639 --> 00:48:26.480 For the first time ever, this is verified. 00:48:27.079 --> 00:48:30.920 The same year that Magallanes' expedition begins, 00:48:31.199 --> 00:48:35.519 the city of Veracruz and Panama City are founded, 00:48:36.199 --> 00:48:40.840 and Carlos I is elected, not crowned, as emperor. 00:48:46.199 --> 00:48:48.760 King Carlos I, who was young but no stupid 00:48:48.880 --> 00:48:54.360 understands that he has to have a real investment to ensure some benefits. 00:48:54.800 --> 00:48:59.719 Haro tried to make the trip a private initiative so the crown could not enter. 00:48:59.920 --> 00:49:02.679 In the end, it is going to be a joint venture. 00:49:06.599 --> 00:49:10.719 In this Armada Haro invested almost 2,000,000 maravedis 00:49:10.880 --> 00:49:14.239 and the Crown around 6,500,000. 00:49:17.920 --> 00:49:19.719 There were enormous benefits, 00:49:19.840 --> 00:49:23.000 if we put aside the number of lives it cost. 00:49:25.920 --> 00:49:29.119 The coverage of the entire investment is made 00:49:29.639 --> 00:49:33.519 with just one of the five ships. 00:49:35.480 --> 00:49:38.800 What they carry is so valuable… 00:49:39.039 --> 00:49:41.960 Expenses were covered and money was earned. 00:49:46.000 --> 00:49:47.760 A few months after Elcano’s return, 00:49:47.840 --> 00:49:50.199 we already have a map on the table. 00:49:50.400 --> 00:49:51.400 The following year, 00:49:51.639 --> 00:49:53.159 in 1523, 00:49:53.719 --> 00:49:56.840 Nuño García de Toreno made the first map 00:49:57.079 --> 00:50:00.760 in which the American continent and the Pacific Ocean were already included. 00:50:00.960 --> 00:50:05.719 That is, a world map as we find them today. 00:50:07.320 --> 00:50:10.159 At the same time that a cartography is being made 00:50:10.840 --> 00:50:13.719 for precisely that conquest of space, 00:50:14.039 --> 00:50:19.079 the conquest of time is taking place in a synchronic and coordinated way. 00:50:19.239 --> 00:50:24.440 The network we would call longitude and latitude today 00:50:24.519 --> 00:50:27.159 is being formed through that circumnavigation 00:50:27.239 --> 00:50:29.000 and Iberian expansion in the world. 00:50:31.480 --> 00:50:34.440 All the continents and oceans begin to be placed as they should. 00:50:34.519 --> 00:50:36.760 Not only America, but Europe and Asia are also discovered, 00:50:36.840 --> 00:50:37.840 everything is discovered... 00:50:37.920 --> 00:50:42.239 For the first time, the globe and the orb are discovered. 00:50:42.360 --> 00:50:44.360 Continents, seas and oceans begin to be distributed 00:50:44.440 --> 00:50:48.559 in conditions that adjust to the one and only geographical reality. 00:51:47.960 --> 00:51:50.599 What bothered many people the most 00:51:50.920 --> 00:51:58.480 was precisely that Spain built the first overseas world empire, 00:51:58.639 --> 00:52:01.320 because there are two oceans in between 00:52:01.400 --> 00:52:03.079 the Atlantic and the Pacific. 00:52:03.679 --> 00:52:07.400 Even the Black Legend is still manifesting itself, 00:52:07.519 --> 00:52:08.960 and it has continued to function. 00:52:09.039 --> 00:52:10.920 There is no doubt that the Black Legend 00:52:11.000 --> 00:52:13.039 is the most perfect work of political marketing. 00:52:13.119 --> 00:52:18.000 Never in the history of humanity has there been a lie turned into truth 00:52:18.159 --> 00:52:19.480 that lasted so long. 00:52:19.639 --> 00:52:24.280 All the countries that have had power at some point in their lives 00:52:24.400 --> 00:52:27.400 have always had people who have denigrated them. 00:52:27.559 --> 00:52:31.960 We can call it Black Legend, propaganda or a denigration of the contrary. 00:52:33.159 --> 00:52:34.880 Our case is a special one. 00:52:35.119 --> 00:52:36.239 How is it different? 00:52:36.320 --> 00:52:39.800 In the fact that we assume it from the first moment, 00:52:40.320 --> 00:52:43.800 and we rejoice in that external denigration. 00:52:47.159 --> 00:52:51.280 The hatred of Spain leads to admitting the Black Legend in a complete way, 00:52:51.599 --> 00:52:53.840 which does not mean that there were errors, because there were. 00:52:54.079 --> 00:52:56.039 There were acts of violence 00:52:56.119 --> 00:52:58.480 because the company was a company of men, not angels. 00:52:58.760 --> 00:53:01.199 It would be stupid to think that it was a company of angels, 00:53:01.280 --> 00:53:02.639 it was a company of men. 00:53:02.960 --> 00:53:05.559 And men are like that, sometimes violent, sometimes they love, 00:53:05.639 --> 00:53:07.400 sometimes they fight, sometimes they hate, 00:53:07.559 --> 00:53:08.639 sometimes they detest... 00:53:08.760 --> 00:53:10.960 they have sublime acts and horrible acts, 00:53:11.480 --> 00:53:16.519 Using only one part of that, as when you believe the Black Legend 00:53:16.719 --> 00:53:19.519 the legend the enemy invented about them, 00:53:19.679 --> 00:53:22.199 they begin to have a hatred for themselves 00:53:22.400 --> 00:53:24.039 a contempt for themselves. 00:53:24.280 --> 00:53:27.360 In reality, a lower value, 00:53:27.599 --> 00:53:29.920 that is, to consider themselves less than they were. 00:53:31.159 --> 00:53:33.360 All good things have been forgotten. 00:53:33.519 --> 00:53:40.920 You still hear nonsense about the Conquest of America 00:53:41.199 --> 00:53:45.679 and children and generations have not been educated 00:53:45.920 --> 00:53:48.400 in the objectivity of history. 00:53:49.639 --> 00:53:52.760 Spain not only discovered that new continent, 00:53:52.840 --> 00:53:56.280 but also brought Western, European cultures there. 00:53:56.719 --> 00:53:59.039 It opened printing presses, universities, 00:53:59.079 --> 00:54:01.239 the magnificent urbanism that it developed 00:54:01.360 --> 00:54:05.920 and, above all, a Laws of the Indies by which the Indians 00:54:06.000 --> 00:54:08.320 were equal subjects of the kings of Spain, 00:54:08.400 --> 00:54:12.880 as non-Indians of European Spain were. 00:54:13.719 --> 00:54:15.360 The subjects of Felipe IV… 00:54:15.760 --> 00:54:17.760 All are subjects of Felipe IV, 00:54:17.840 --> 00:54:21.000 the Indians, the non-Indians, the mestizos, the non-mestizos, 00:54:21.159 --> 00:54:24.119 who are born in Europe or are born in America. 00:54:25.199 --> 00:54:27.239 Colonialism is something else entirely. 00:54:27.360 --> 00:54:31.000 It is a model of expansion based on the difference between the metropolis 00:54:31.079 --> 00:54:32.199 and its colonies. 00:54:33.840 --> 00:54:36.480 England did not generate other Englands. 00:54:36.760 --> 00:54:39.039 Spain did generate other Spains. 00:54:42.199 --> 00:54:43.719 It was incorporating territories 00:54:43.880 --> 00:54:46.320 and to all of them it brought their ways of life, 00:54:46.400 --> 00:54:49.320 their rights, their aqueducts, their societies, 00:54:49.480 --> 00:54:51.039 their organizational systems... 00:54:51.119 --> 00:54:55.920 Spain is going to completely sow all of Spanish America with universities... 00:54:56.079 --> 00:54:58.440 And there is a rosary of universities. 00:54:58.599 --> 00:55:00.800 Lima’s University, 00:55:00.920 --> 00:55:03.119 the University of San Marcos de Lima, 00:55:03.199 --> 00:55:05.280 was founded almost seventy years earlier than 00:55:05.480 --> 00:55:09.599 what we could consider the first North American university, which is Harvard. 00:55:10.880 --> 00:55:13.079 When the English founded Harvard, 00:55:13.519 --> 00:55:16.239 Spain had already founded ten universities. 00:55:16.400 --> 00:55:19.480 It is always said that Spain had sent criminals, 00:55:19.679 --> 00:55:23.239 swineherds, pig farmers like Pizarro, right? 00:55:25.800 --> 00:55:30.440 The Spanish Empire did not export something worse than themselves, 00:55:30.519 --> 00:55:32.920 but the best of themselves. 00:55:33.079 --> 00:55:36.360 The best teachers in Spain come to America. 00:55:36.800 --> 00:55:38.400 They go to Mexico and to Peru. 00:55:39.239 --> 00:55:41.960 And one looks at those universities 00:55:42.400 --> 00:55:44.079 and they had the same privileges 00:55:44.159 --> 00:55:46.800 and the same conditions as the University of Salamanca. 00:55:50.639 --> 00:55:52.239 It had always been said 00:55:52.320 --> 00:55:57.719 that Spain had not participated in what had been the scientific revolution. 00:55:57.800 --> 00:55:58.719 However, 00:55:58.840 --> 00:56:02.519 at the University of Salamanca, there are great discoveries of physics, 00:56:02.639 --> 00:56:03.719 of the Earth. 00:56:03.840 --> 00:56:06.960 In 1555, Domingo de Soto 00:56:07.039 --> 00:56:11.480 formulates in a book the law of free fall, 00:56:11.599 --> 00:56:14.679 but in the books that we have read as children, 00:56:14.800 --> 00:56:17.920 it is written that it had only been discovered by Galileo Galilei, 00:56:18.000 --> 00:56:19.840 sixty three years later. 00:56:20.239 --> 00:56:22.559 Or, for example, in 1529, 00:56:22.719 --> 00:56:26.559 there was a rector of the University of Salamanca named Pérez de Oliva. 00:56:26.719 --> 00:56:29.679 who was explaining some new things, 00:56:29.800 --> 00:56:31.679 among them magnetism. 00:56:31.840 --> 00:56:33.400 According to science books, 00:56:33.480 --> 00:56:38.559 magnetism is something invented by or that appears in Gilbert's first book 00:56:38.679 --> 00:56:40.440 from 1600. 00:56:40.760 --> 00:56:42.239 The same happens in medicine. 00:56:42.320 --> 00:56:45.440 The solutions to the subject of syphilis by Doctor Villalobos, 00:56:45.559 --> 00:56:50.960 or the discovery of the ear bones and the skull's structure 00:56:51.079 --> 00:56:55.760 by Doctor Cosme de Medina or his student, Doctor Collado. 00:56:58.480 --> 00:57:03.039 In 1516, Pedro Ciruelo published for the first time in Salamanca, 00:57:03.119 --> 00:57:05.199 a complete Treatise on Mathematics. 00:57:07.760 --> 00:57:08.519 Here, 00:57:08.599 --> 00:57:14.239 Acosta's book on the Natural History of the Indies was written and published, 00:57:14.400 --> 00:57:18.119 in which two very important elements appear: 00:57:18.559 --> 00:57:21.119 Darwin's evolutionary theory 00:57:21.239 --> 00:57:24.320 two hundred fifty years before Darwin 00:57:25.840 --> 00:57:29.559 and the Humboldt Current Theory, 00:57:29.679 --> 00:57:32.840 which in this case was discovered by Humboldt in the 19th century. 00:57:33.000 --> 00:57:37.119 It appears in Acosta's work published here. 00:57:37.239 --> 00:57:38.039 That is to say, 00:57:38.119 --> 00:57:42.039 Salamanca was a leader in knowledge 00:57:42.239 --> 00:57:46.079 and still today, we continue to enjoy its results. 00:57:49.400 --> 00:57:53.400 There were a lot of positions in Spain, 00:57:53.920 --> 00:57:56.800 from Father Las Casas to Fonseca. 00:57:56.920 --> 00:57:58.719 There are many very diverse approaches, 00:57:58.800 --> 00:58:01.800 it is not possible to give a single and monolithic answer. 00:58:04.519 --> 00:58:08.119 Perhaps, the man who has gone the furthest in his vision 00:58:08.239 --> 00:58:10.000 was Father Vitoria. 00:58:12.239 --> 00:58:19.360 Do we legitimately have the possibility of having sovereignty over America? 00:58:20.960 --> 00:58:24.800 There should be a people's law above all, 00:58:24.880 --> 00:58:26.079 and to which all, 00:58:26.280 --> 00:58:31.239 winners and losers, had to be accountable. 00:58:34.760 --> 00:58:38.639 From there, the Salamanca School was born, 00:58:38.800 --> 00:58:42.360 but it does not stop revealing a philosophical 00:58:42.440 --> 00:58:44.360 and legal valuation of persons. 00:58:47.800 --> 00:58:50.079 Castile, or Spain, has arrived, 00:58:50.199 --> 00:58:53.559 and has imposed its law because it is the victor. 00:58:53.920 --> 00:58:57.039 But what he proposes is that it is possible to evangelize 00:58:57.159 --> 00:58:59.159 without conquering. 00:59:03.079 --> 00:59:06.599 Basically, from there on, an extremely interesting development 00:59:06.760 --> 00:59:09.119 will take place in the Salamanca School, 00:59:09.239 --> 00:59:11.760 which is, somehow, one of the great legacies 00:59:11.880 --> 00:59:13.800 of our story. 00:59:18.880 --> 00:59:20.599 If one crosses the Atlantic, 00:59:20.719 --> 00:59:23.440 goes through the baquía, baquía is the tropical fever, 00:59:23.519 --> 00:59:25.119 the drowsiness, the adaptation… 00:59:25.320 --> 00:59:26.440 You survive 00:59:26.599 --> 00:59:29.599 and become a veteran of the Antillean frontier. 00:59:30.000 --> 00:59:33.000 It is a very risky enterprise, 00:59:33.159 --> 00:59:35.239 comparable to the first circumnavigation. 00:59:36.400 --> 00:59:38.840 nineteen out of two hundred forty-five arrive. 00:59:39.239 --> 00:59:41.719 One would hire life insurance for that trip… 00:59:44.039 --> 00:59:48.360 All the sailors who embarked made a will before leaving. 01:00:08.320 --> 01:00:11.199 There is neither a course nor a road or route 01:00:11.360 --> 01:00:15.239 that leads from Far East Asia to America, 01:00:15.360 --> 01:00:19.320 which is the way back so as not to run into the Portuguese way. 01:00:19.519 --> 01:00:22.199 That must be discovered so a first attempt is made, 01:00:22.280 --> 01:00:24.280 followed by a second, a third, a fourth, a fifth... 01:00:24.360 --> 01:00:25.320 All failed. 01:00:28.639 --> 01:00:34.440 In 1559, Felipe II wrote a letter addressed to Fray Andrés de Urdaneta. 01:00:34.880 --> 01:00:36.679 What does a king say to a friar? 01:00:36.840 --> 01:00:44.960 Felipe II notes that Urdaneta says that he is able to bring the ships back, 01:00:45.079 --> 01:00:46.960 from the Philippines to Mexico. 01:00:47.159 --> 01:00:50.599 Urdaneta was ordained a priest, 01:00:50.679 --> 01:00:52.159 became an Augustinian, 01:00:52.360 --> 01:00:54.840 and was a professor at the seminary in Mexico. 01:00:55.000 --> 01:01:00.519 Already sixty-five years old he began, with a renewed spirit, 01:01:00.800 --> 01:01:02.639 to plan that expedition. 01:01:02.760 --> 01:01:07.639 Urdaneta is the one who chooses Legazpi as head of the expedition. 01:01:07.760 --> 01:01:11.360 Legazpi and Friar Urdaneta, 01:01:11.960 --> 01:01:13.559 the cosmographer, 01:01:13.719 --> 01:01:16.400 the adventurer, a character too… 01:01:16.719 --> 01:01:18.760 Both of them are incredible characters. 01:01:20.440 --> 01:01:23.079 They set sail from Mexico, from Puerto de Navidad, 01:01:23.840 --> 01:01:26.800 with a practically secret destination. 01:01:26.920 --> 01:01:30.679 In fact, it is read when they are already at sea, 01:01:31.000 --> 01:01:35.159 and Miguel López de Legazpi reads the orders to the crew. 01:01:35.400 --> 01:01:38.400 They don't go to the spices, they go to the Philippine Islands. 01:01:42.320 --> 01:01:44.440 There are seven expeditions one after another, 01:01:45.079 --> 01:01:48.800 spending money, blood, time and what there was not... 01:01:48.920 --> 01:01:50.960 Until the genius Urdaneta arrives, 01:01:51.119 --> 01:01:53.400 and says no, I am going and I am coming back. 01:01:54.960 --> 01:01:59.280 He knew that he had to navigate to a northern parallel, 01:01:59.400 --> 01:02:02.400 the closer to the 40th parallel the better, 01:02:02.519 --> 01:02:06.119 so the winds and currents 01:02:06.199 --> 01:02:10.280 were conducive to finally reach the West Coast of the United States, 01:02:10.440 --> 01:02:14.960 around California, and then go down to what is now Acapulco. 01:02:16.440 --> 01:02:20.840 Urdaneta himself is the one who insists on Acapulco to be the port of departure 01:02:20.920 --> 01:02:23.079 and entry for those galleons. 01:02:24.480 --> 01:02:27.159 Very shortly after, in 1571, 01:02:27.320 --> 01:02:30.639 Miguel López de Legazpi founded the city of Manila, 01:02:30.719 --> 01:02:32.480 and from that bay 01:02:32.760 --> 01:02:38.000 it was finally possible to maintain commercial relations across the Pacific. 01:02:40.519 --> 01:02:43.119 From that moment on, that astral conjunction is produced: 01:02:43.199 --> 01:02:45.880 Urdaneta's return trip 01:02:46.000 --> 01:02:49.000 and the crown of Portugal to Felipe II. 01:02:49.119 --> 01:02:52.000 Then, my dear friend, the total panic attack. 01:02:53.239 --> 01:02:54.760 From 1580 onwards, 01:02:54.840 --> 01:02:56.960 the entire Asian market 01:02:57.079 --> 01:02:59.159 is in the hands of the Hispanic Monarchy. 01:03:00.519 --> 01:03:04.119 They achieved what they had been looking for 01:03:04.239 --> 01:03:06.199 since the end of the 15th century. 01:03:10.280 --> 01:03:14.519 This explains the paroxysm in the rebellions 01:03:14.599 --> 01:03:16.599 that take place in the Netherlands. 01:03:16.719 --> 01:03:20.679 There is a commercial aspect that is normally ignored. 01:03:20.880 --> 01:03:24.119 You just have to see how the dates coincide, 01:03:24.400 --> 01:03:26.519 and that helps to understand a lot of things. 01:03:49.199 --> 01:03:52.840 In the first meeting between China and the West, 01:03:53.239 --> 01:03:55.280 the Hispanic link is key. 01:03:57.079 --> 01:04:05.239 It is the Spanish who become catalysts for this economic and cultural exchange 01:04:05.320 --> 01:04:07.480 between China and the West. 01:04:10.440 --> 01:04:13.639 I think there is no real awareness of the importance 01:04:13.719 --> 01:04:18.639 the connection that existed between the Habsburg Empire and the Ming Empire had. 01:04:20.440 --> 01:04:23.480 Butter and sugar began to appear, 01:04:23.559 --> 01:04:27.199 which were things that did not exist in the Chinese Empire. 01:04:29.920 --> 01:04:33.079 It is providential when the Spanish arrive. 01:04:33.239 --> 01:04:35.320 They arrive at the right time. 01:04:48.280 --> 01:04:50.599 China is increasingly demanding 01:04:50.719 --> 01:04:53.719 that the payment to the public treasury should be made in silver, 01:04:53.800 --> 01:04:58.000 and that only metallic payments in silver and nothing else would be accepted. 01:04:59.960 --> 01:05:04.880 But China had very few original sources of silver. 01:05:04.960 --> 01:05:09.239 The sources, the silver remittances, were also huge, 01:05:09.320 --> 01:05:13.159 those that come from the American mines, mainly from the Zacatecas in New Spain, 01:05:13.239 --> 01:05:16.480 and from Potosí in the Viceroyalty of Peru. 01:05:20.000 --> 01:05:21.920 Through Manila, 01:05:22.000 --> 01:05:25.840 which is the place of exchange with the Chinese 01:05:26.039 --> 01:05:28.000 who come from the shores of Fujian, 01:05:28.400 --> 01:05:33.480 an economy generates that will transform the world’s finance. 01:05:34.840 --> 01:05:37.719 With China being the most populous country on Earth, 01:05:38.079 --> 01:05:41.280 the conversion of its economy 01:05:41.480 --> 01:05:43.280 around the silver standard 01:05:43.400 --> 01:05:46.119 will have effects around the globe. 01:05:47.920 --> 01:05:48.920 For the first time, 01:05:49.039 --> 01:05:51.880 there is a standard, silver, 01:05:52.400 --> 01:05:53.920 as a medium of exchange, 01:05:54.119 --> 01:05:55.639 as a monetary unit. 01:05:57.880 --> 01:06:00.320 The Real-de-a-Ocho is a Spanish coin 01:06:01.280 --> 01:06:06.480 whose launch and above all, its later development, 01:06:06.800 --> 01:06:08.719 coincides with the Conquest and the Empire. 01:06:10.239 --> 01:06:15.159 After it is minted with new methods that make counterfeiting more difficult, 01:06:15.320 --> 01:06:19.039 and maintains value, weight and measure, 01:06:19.159 --> 01:06:21.800 the Real-de-a-Ocho becomes international currency. 01:06:24.840 --> 01:06:25.920 In the United States, 01:06:26.480 --> 01:06:30.639 the Spanish Milled Dollar, the Spanish minted dollar 01:06:30.760 --> 01:06:32.599 is the monetary standard for the dollar. 01:06:34.199 --> 01:06:38.000 Even the symbol is created with the two columns of Plus Ultra 01:06:38.280 --> 01:06:40.960 and the tie that joins the columns. 01:06:41.159 --> 01:06:42.800 That is the symbol's origin. 01:06:46.679 --> 01:06:50.679 Many think that much of America's silver ended up in Spain, and it did not. 01:06:50.760 --> 01:06:55.159 A third of the American Spanish silver ended up in China. 01:06:55.280 --> 01:06:57.880 They added engravings to those coins to give them circulation. 01:06:57.920 --> 01:07:01.199 They came out with some engravings, which they called Chops. 01:07:01.719 --> 01:07:05.039 They were Chinese characters, sometimes conventional characters, 01:07:05.159 --> 01:07:07.239 or sometimes the merchant's signature, 01:07:07.440 --> 01:07:09.400 Chong, Cheng, Li... 01:07:11.360 --> 01:07:14.199 Keep in mind that the Philippines was the bazaar of the East. 01:07:15.800 --> 01:07:19.280 The Chinese say: The Spanish are interested in this. 01:07:19.519 --> 01:07:23.159 Well, we are going to bring porcelain to them. 01:07:23.280 --> 01:07:24.920 Are they interested in silk? We bring silk. 01:07:25.000 --> 01:07:27.000 Are they interested in ivory? We bring ivory. 01:07:59.280 --> 01:08:02.280 One of the characteristics of Buddhist art 01:08:02.400 --> 01:08:05.000 is that they usually have enlarged lobes. 01:08:05.119 --> 01:08:10.880 Therefore, it is striking that these virgins sometimes have very large ears 01:08:11.039 --> 01:08:13.960 reminiscent of Chinese iconography. 01:08:18.760 --> 01:08:25.720 Also, there are folds in the neck that sometimes appear a bit chubby. 01:08:31.840 --> 01:08:35.159 The Chinese who are going to Manila every year, 01:08:35.279 --> 01:08:37.000 understand what the Spanish wanted 01:08:37.079 --> 01:08:41.600 and end up making religious images that make no sense to them, 01:08:41.800 --> 01:08:44.199 or much later, Manila shawls 01:08:44.319 --> 01:08:46.720 that can also have an affectionate meaning in Spain 01:08:46.880 --> 01:08:48.319 but none for them. 01:08:48.399 --> 01:08:53.079 - Where do you go with a Manila shawl? 01:08:53.399 --> 01:08:58.199 Where do you go with a chiné dress? 01:08:58.279 --> 01:09:03.199 - To show off and see the Verbena, 01:09:03.359 --> 01:09:08.119 and to get into bed afterwards. 01:09:08.319 --> 01:09:12.439 The famous Manila shawl had not been woven in the Philippines. 01:09:13.000 --> 01:09:15.039 It had been woven in China, 01:09:15.199 --> 01:09:18.520 but the Philippines traded it in America. 01:09:21.000 --> 01:09:25.640 Then Spain created its own silk road, the Manila Galleon sea route. 01:09:25.760 --> 01:09:29.760 Manila-Acapulco, Acapulco-Veracruz, Veracruz-Cádiz-Seville. 01:09:30.640 --> 01:09:35.119 We call Manila the epicenter of the first Globalization, 01:09:35.279 --> 01:09:38.159 because it is the place where Asia meets America, 01:09:38.239 --> 01:09:41.880 and the place, above all, where silver arrives. 01:09:42.000 --> 01:09:45.439 That is why Manila has essential importance 01:09:45.560 --> 01:09:47.359 from the 16th to the 18th centuries. 01:09:47.439 --> 01:09:49.880 Chinese goods were very cheap. 01:09:50.039 --> 01:09:52.399 Because of that, the Galleon was an impressive business. 01:09:52.479 --> 01:09:54.000 Manila Galleon's capacity, 01:09:54.079 --> 01:09:57.319 one of the largest wooden ships of its time, 01:09:57.399 --> 01:10:02.319 was more than 1,500 tons, even reaching 2,000 tons. 01:10:03.920 --> 01:10:06.880 The importance of this trade route 01:10:06.960 --> 01:10:11.680 has made humanity, the entire world, connect. 01:10:12.000 --> 01:10:17.600 Consequently, it also arouses interest in exchange 01:10:17.720 --> 01:10:20.479 between western and eastern worlds 01:10:20.560 --> 01:10:24.600 because the products arouse curiosity about China 01:10:24.720 --> 01:10:25.720 and vice versa. 01:10:29.159 --> 01:10:32.159 It will be the longest-lived intercontinental route 01:10:32.279 --> 01:10:33.680 that has ever existed. 01:10:36.960 --> 01:10:40.920 It will end in 1815, with the arrival of the Magellan Galleon, 01:10:41.159 --> 01:10:43.479 returning from Acapulco to Manila. 01:10:44.640 --> 01:10:47.000 Almost 250 years of trade. 01:10:48.840 --> 01:10:53.439 This explains the importance of all this exchange of products, 01:10:53.640 --> 01:10:54.760 tools and techniques 01:10:54.840 --> 01:11:00.840 that come from America to Europe, from Asia to America, directly. 01:11:00.960 --> 01:11:05.520 They arrive for any type of cuisine and they open huge new possibilities. 01:11:07.119 --> 01:11:10.680 There really was a connection through the fleet 01:11:10.800 --> 01:11:13.720 and the entire administrative organization, 01:11:14.439 --> 01:11:17.680 which made possible something that, even today, 01:11:17.800 --> 01:11:20.800 with all the means we have, would have been difficult. 01:11:23.079 --> 01:11:26.800 A widow from a town in Córdoba goes to Mexico. 01:11:26.960 --> 01:11:28.680 In her will, she says 01:11:28.800 --> 01:11:32.279 she was able to endow all of her daughters with her work, 01:11:32.960 --> 01:11:34.399 and I believe there were four. 01:11:35.520 --> 01:11:36.399 Finally, 01:11:36.920 --> 01:11:43.800 at sixty years old, which is a lot for the end of the 16th century, 01:11:44.600 --> 01:11:47.119 she continued working 01:11:47.239 --> 01:11:50.560 and did business with an other daughter residing in Zacatecas 01:11:50.640 --> 01:11:51.920 that would send her carrots 01:11:52.000 --> 01:11:55.199 bought from farms on the outskirts of Mexico. 01:11:55.520 --> 01:11:57.039 Preserved carrots. 01:11:57.159 --> 01:11:59.960 She even managed silver resources, 01:12:00.079 --> 01:12:02.279 to invest in the Manila Galleon. 01:12:03.439 --> 01:12:04.840 Hers and others. 01:12:06.279 --> 01:12:09.560 Reading those who were there and lived during that time, 01:12:09.880 --> 01:12:13.880 you notice the existence of a link with the crown. 01:12:13.960 --> 01:12:17.640 Maybe not so much with the rest of the regions or kingdoms, 01:12:17.960 --> 01:12:20.600 but with the figure of the crown, absolutely, 01:12:20.760 --> 01:12:23.960 "We are subjects of the Hispanic Monarchy" 01:12:24.079 --> 01:12:26.279 and that is an identity card. 01:12:29.319 --> 01:12:33.000 Two important elements of the action of Spain in America remain: 01:12:33.159 --> 01:12:34.560 Catholicism 01:12:34.640 --> 01:12:36.039 and Spanish. 01:12:36.319 --> 01:12:38.319 In Asia, only Catholicism, 01:12:38.600 --> 01:12:39.720 indeed in the Philippines. 01:12:41.880 --> 01:12:45.880 Without Spain, Catholicism would possibly now be an entelechy 01:12:46.119 --> 01:12:50.079 The vast majority of Catholics are in areas 01:12:50.279 --> 01:12:54.039 colonized by the Spanish and the Portuguese. 01:12:54.159 --> 01:12:56.319 In Greek, Catholic means he that looks at everything. 01:12:56.439 --> 01:12:57.960 We Spaniards looked at everything. 01:12:58.079 --> 01:13:00.560 We Spaniards aspired to everything, 01:13:01.159 --> 01:13:02.439 and we have also travelled it. 01:13:04.079 --> 01:13:05.600 You talk about the Spanish Empire 01:13:05.680 --> 01:13:07.199 or you talk about the history of Spain, 01:13:07.479 --> 01:13:09.680 and you automatically judge. 01:13:10.439 --> 01:13:11.880 Immediately. 01:13:12.680 --> 01:13:15.079 It is a moral history. 01:13:15.680 --> 01:13:18.960 All the other histories of the western countries 01:13:19.039 --> 01:13:20.520 are the history of that country, 01:13:20.600 --> 01:13:21.720 but the history of Spain is not. 01:13:21.920 --> 01:13:27.600 You immediately put a moral judgment ahead the Spanish history. 01:14:19.880 --> 01:14:21.880 What happened in the Netherlands was not a war 01:14:22.039 --> 01:14:23.399 between Spain and the Netherlands. 01:14:23.479 --> 01:14:26.279 It was a civil war in the interior of the Netherlands, 01:14:26.560 --> 01:14:29.960 between some Dutch who supported unity 01:14:30.039 --> 01:14:33.000 and the great project that was the Catholic Monarchy, 01:14:33.119 --> 01:14:36.640 and others who decided that the best option 01:14:36.720 --> 01:14:39.960 in order to control that territory on their own, 01:14:40.039 --> 01:14:41.720 was Secession. 01:16:35.079 --> 01:16:35.960 - You see? 01:16:36.119 --> 01:16:38.319 I think we are unfair with the Spaniards. 01:16:38.680 --> 01:16:40.880 - What do you want? It is politics. 01:16:41.479 --> 01:16:44.199 When you start to study different episodes, 01:16:44.279 --> 01:16:48.640 you realize there are more Dutch with the Duke of Alba 01:16:48.760 --> 01:16:50.319 than there are Dutch 01:16:50.880 --> 01:16:52.520 on the Orange side. 01:16:52.640 --> 01:16:55.800 It has been told as a David and Goliath story: 01:16:55.920 --> 01:16:59.800 Heroic, young and wonderful David, always a lover of freedom... 01:16:59.960 --> 01:17:01.640 That is, something wonderful, 01:17:01.720 --> 01:17:03.760 in opposition to the horrible Spanish Empire, 01:17:03.840 --> 01:17:05.439 obscurantist and Catholic, 01:17:05.520 --> 01:17:08.760 which has taken freedom from that happy people, 01:17:09.079 --> 01:17:13.720 that was the Netherlands' territory until the Spanish arrived and happiness ended. 01:17:19.319 --> 01:17:25.560 The Habsburgs led a whole policy of support for Catholicism 01:17:25.640 --> 01:17:29.000 which was persecuted by Calvinism and Lutheranism, et cetera. 01:17:29.279 --> 01:17:35.159 All these circumstances make the history of Spain highly ideological. 01:17:35.279 --> 01:17:37.119 Let's say you are a historian of modern France, right? 01:17:37.239 --> 01:17:38.720 And you study modern France. 01:17:38.920 --> 01:17:42.920 You are not saying all day long if Louis XIV is good or bad. 01:17:43.359 --> 01:17:50.399 With Felipe II it's different as he must be immediately condemned. 01:17:50.520 --> 01:17:52.079 You first proceed to condemn, 01:17:52.319 --> 01:17:55.840 and once you have done it, in order to show that you are one of the good guys, 01:17:55.920 --> 01:17:57.479 you can then say something. 01:17:57.560 --> 01:17:59.159 But first, you have to condemn, 01:17:59.239 --> 01:18:01.520 because if you do not condemn that story, 01:18:01.600 --> 01:18:04.199 it means you are contaminated with the same evil. 01:18:13.560 --> 01:18:14.720 It has always been said, right? 01:18:14.800 --> 01:18:17.079 The decadence, Carlos II... 01:18:17.159 --> 01:18:21.920 The Black Legend of an inquisitorial Spain, 01:18:22.000 --> 01:18:24.439 a dark Spain, 01:18:24.520 --> 01:18:29.640 a Spain that does not keep pace with the evolution of European culture 01:18:29.720 --> 01:18:30.720 and so on. 01:18:30.960 --> 01:18:37.399 What Carlos II had was an heir who came from abroad, 01:18:37.520 --> 01:18:41.840 who found himself in need of prestige. 01:18:43.800 --> 01:18:48.199 Obviously, the way of saying that this change has been favorable and positive 01:18:48.520 --> 01:18:51.199 is a condemnation of the entire previous era. 01:18:56.800 --> 01:18:57.800 Not at all. 01:18:57.920 --> 01:19:01.000 Carlos II was not stupid. 01:19:01.079 --> 01:19:05.239 Carlos II is not mentally weak but physically. 01:19:05.479 --> 01:19:07.079 I think he is a mentally normal person. 01:19:09.560 --> 01:19:11.720 Of course, the word "bewitched" is very beautiful, 01:19:11.800 --> 01:19:13.720 there is no one to uproot it. 01:19:14.039 --> 01:19:17.079 Not even if it were shown that he was a phenomenon, a great King… 01:19:20.319 --> 01:19:24.560 First of all, Felipe V was the grandson of Louis XIV, 01:19:25.039 --> 01:19:27.159 and the French shadow 01:19:27.840 --> 01:19:30.279 permanently floated over Spain. 01:19:31.239 --> 01:19:34.199 When Felipe V is named King, 01:19:34.399 --> 01:19:39.039 Louis XIV begins to take over Spanish trade with America, 01:19:39.119 --> 01:19:40.399 and to try to have even more of it... 01:19:40.479 --> 01:19:42.199 It was a great business. 01:19:45.880 --> 01:19:49.920 One of the elements was the rights of the slave trade in America, 01:19:50.000 --> 01:19:52.640 and the commercial rights with Spanish America 01:19:52.720 --> 01:19:55.760 sought by France, as well as by England 01:19:55.880 --> 01:19:59.840 and Holland and later on, of course, the immense American market. 01:20:00.000 --> 01:20:05.479 Deep down what is being dealt with is the desire of many to participate 01:20:05.560 --> 01:20:11.399 in all the possessions and commercial possibilities of the Spanish Empire. 01:20:14.279 --> 01:20:17.359 The Spain of Carlos III is a world power. 01:20:17.720 --> 01:20:20.079 Where is that decadence then? 01:20:23.000 --> 01:20:30.039 The Bourbon triumph meant that Spain became France's doorman, 01:20:30.119 --> 01:20:35.880 and that has greatly conditioned us on the specific themes of the Black Legend. 01:20:37.760 --> 01:20:42.640 In the 18th century, Spain still had the entire American Empire 01:20:42.720 --> 01:20:44.640 with important reforms, 01:20:44.760 --> 01:20:48.920 but that image passed through that French filter, 01:20:49.159 --> 01:20:52.439 which says that the neighbors were the worst. 01:20:53.840 --> 01:20:57.119 From 1808, the disaster breaks out. 01:20:57.279 --> 01:20:59.159 This is the greatest moment of the disaster. 01:21:07.960 --> 01:21:13.359 So far, the historical event that I think we can consider the most serious 01:21:13.439 --> 01:21:15.359 is the Napoleonic Invasion. 01:21:19.560 --> 01:21:24.239 The war of 1808 should not be called the War of Independence, 01:21:24.439 --> 01:21:26.840 because we didn't achieve independence from anything. 01:21:26.920 --> 01:21:30.119 Spain was absolutely independent, 01:21:30.199 --> 01:21:36.119 and had been more powerful than France, throughout the modern age. 01:21:38.520 --> 01:21:43.720 The Napoleonic Invasion absolutely destroyed everything 01:21:43.840 --> 01:21:50.720 that had been done throughout the 18th century and previously in the 17th. 01:21:50.840 --> 01:21:55.600 The invading army, the French, razed everything it could. 01:21:55.760 --> 01:21:59.840 The English allied army was even worse, 01:22:00.079 --> 01:22:05.720 because they burned all the factories that competed with England... 01:22:05.840 --> 01:22:13.119 For six years, we had the longest Napoleonic War in Europe, 01:22:13.359 --> 01:22:17.359 and then bad luck that Fernando VII came. 01:22:20.479 --> 01:22:26.119 Long Live Spain. 01:22:26.359 --> 01:22:31.039 Long Live Spain 01:22:31.600 --> 01:22:40.640 and Death to France 01:22:40.800 --> 01:22:51.239 who burned the papal bull. 01:22:51.319 --> 01:22:56.479 From 1808 to 1810, there was a war between the Spanish Empire and Napoleon, 01:22:56.560 --> 01:22:58.319 in America and in Europe. 01:23:00.600 --> 01:23:05.119 Despite the dire circumstances and the continuous wars until 1810, 01:23:05.199 --> 01:23:08.239 there is no rupture of the empire. 01:23:12.800 --> 01:23:20.920 And deny faith 01:23:23.119 --> 01:23:25.680 Long Live Spain 01:23:28.680 --> 01:23:31.079 Long Live Spain 01:23:33.840 --> 01:23:36.640 England had always looked at Spanish America 01:23:36.880 --> 01:23:39.119 like the cat looks at the canary, 01:23:39.439 --> 01:23:41.119 but it had not been able to eat it. 01:23:42.159 --> 01:23:44.199 First, what it wants is free trade 01:23:44.560 --> 01:23:47.199 as it allows them to sell their goods. 01:23:47.439 --> 01:23:48.680 Secondly, 01:23:48.960 --> 01:23:52.319 if this is going to produce a breakup with Spain, 01:23:52.399 --> 01:23:53.359 from whatever arises, 01:23:53.439 --> 01:23:56.600 many states have to emerge. 01:23:56.680 --> 01:23:59.000 It wants territorial fragmentation. 01:23:59.399 --> 01:24:00.479 Balkanization. 01:24:03.880 --> 01:24:05.560 The Spanish Empire collapses, 01:24:05.720 --> 01:24:08.079 and not even the viceroyalties survive. 01:24:08.239 --> 01:24:13.399 There were the viceroyalties of Mexico, New Spain, Granada, Río de la Plata... 01:24:17.039 --> 01:24:19.880 Great Britain preaches Campanario's nationalism, 01:24:19.960 --> 01:24:22.359 so each one of the republics that are going to be created, 01:24:22.439 --> 01:24:24.279 is created differently from one another 01:24:24.560 --> 01:24:26.520 as if they had been enemies. 01:24:26.960 --> 01:24:28.399 It also preaches Hispanophobia. 01:24:31.000 --> 01:24:32.239 Civilizations. 01:24:32.560 --> 01:24:33.680 It is the English language. 01:24:33.920 --> 01:24:35.119 Spanish is barbaric. 01:24:38.199 --> 01:24:39.880 Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 01:24:40.039 --> 01:24:44.000 despite being the greatest prose writer in Castillian, 01:24:44.159 --> 01:24:47.199 that he handled admirably, he did not like it. 01:24:47.600 --> 01:24:49.439 What is civilization? 01:24:49.520 --> 01:24:52.960 The Protestant says catholicism is awful. 01:24:53.359 --> 01:24:54.520 Everything is an atrocity. 01:24:54.960 --> 01:24:57.039 What is civilization? It is the city of Buenos Aires. 01:24:57.119 --> 01:24:58.840 What is barbarism? It is the barbaric inland 01:24:58.960 --> 01:25:00.079 and its chieftains. 01:25:00.319 --> 01:25:01.439 It must be razed. 01:25:01.720 --> 01:25:04.199 That is why during the Argentinian Civil War 01:25:04.399 --> 01:25:07.479 he tells a general not to spare gaucho blood 01:25:07.560 --> 01:25:09.279 as it is the only human attribute they have... 01:25:09.319 --> 01:25:10.399 Kill them. 01:25:12.079 --> 01:25:18.479 When you study the 19th century and how the Argentine nation loses strength, 01:25:18.720 --> 01:25:22.560 you find that the concept of extermination appears in the Law. 01:25:23.279 --> 01:25:26.760 That is a very dramatic breakdown. 01:25:35.560 --> 01:25:37.760 When you study the 16th century, 01:25:37.920 --> 01:25:42.880 you find that all legislation is in favor of indigenous subjects. 01:25:46.960 --> 01:25:51.319 The so-called “Pueblos Originarios” were the most faithful to Spain 01:25:51.760 --> 01:25:54.880 because the indigenous masses in Peru, in Ecuador, 01:25:55.000 --> 01:25:57.800 were against Independence, and that is how it was. 01:25:59.279 --> 01:26:05.399 The War of Independence was not the end of a 300-year struggle. 01:26:05.479 --> 01:26:08.359 No. For 300 years they lived in peace in America. 01:26:10.800 --> 01:26:14.279 It would be desirable for the whole population 01:26:14.359 --> 01:26:17.079 to stop using history as a weapon, 01:26:17.319 --> 01:26:19.319 to stop using history to win votes, 01:26:20.840 --> 01:26:24.079 to cut off Fray Junipero’s head, because this comes in handy... 01:26:26.720 --> 01:26:28.880 We must leave history there, where it is. 01:26:29.000 --> 01:26:29.800 Period. 01:26:32.439 --> 01:26:36.439 Many American cities have been founded by Fray Junipero. 01:26:36.680 --> 01:26:41.039 The first mass and the city’s name has been given by Fray Junipero. 01:26:43.359 --> 01:26:47.560 San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Santa Clara, San Bernardino, 01:26:47.640 --> 01:26:48.680 Sacramento… 01:26:48.920 --> 01:26:50.159 Are all Christian names. 01:26:50.439 --> 01:26:54.680 If they wanted to say in the past that Junipero's work did not exist or 01:26:54.840 --> 01:26:58.600 Junipero's work was something bad for this place, 01:26:58.800 --> 01:27:01.199 they would simply have changed the names. 01:27:04.600 --> 01:27:07.520 At the time of the Franciscans, 01:27:07.600 --> 01:27:10.960 the indigenous populations of California increased, 01:27:11.159 --> 01:27:13.439 not decreased. 01:27:13.920 --> 01:27:18.920 They disappeared later, during the Gold Rush when, 01:27:19.079 --> 01:27:24.079 by the way, Stanford was California’s Governor 01:27:24.479 --> 01:27:26.840 and the disappearance of all these population 01:27:26.960 --> 01:27:29.880 occured in just twenty or thirty years. 01:27:30.079 --> 01:27:33.000 The indigenous people called him Padre Viejo. 01:27:33.520 --> 01:27:36.159 When he was already on his deathbed, 01:27:36.239 --> 01:27:38.720 they removed pieces of his clothing, 01:27:38.840 --> 01:27:41.000 they wanted to cut his hair 01:27:41.079 --> 01:27:45.079 and they gave him a great funeral and great masses. 01:27:45.359 --> 01:27:48.640 The natives wept a lot for him. 01:27:49.239 --> 01:27:50.439 He is buried there. 01:27:55.800 --> 01:27:57.960 Many of those Indians spoke Spanish. 01:28:00.920 --> 01:28:04.399 Geronimo is called like that because he is from Arizpe. 01:28:04.600 --> 01:28:09.079 Arizpe is a town founded by a Jesuit whose name was Geronimo de la Canal. 01:28:11.079 --> 01:28:13.479 Two generations had been sedentary there. 01:28:15.760 --> 01:28:20.239 From 1848, when the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, 01:28:20.600 --> 01:28:23.319 and Mexico loses a little more than half of its territory, 01:28:23.520 --> 01:28:26.479 the Apaches have to stay on the other side of the border, 01:28:26.560 --> 01:28:29.319 as they absolutely refuse to abandon the lands 01:28:29.399 --> 01:28:33.279 in which they had been reasonably well-off. 01:28:35.359 --> 01:28:37.319 Most of the tribes 01:28:37.880 --> 01:28:40.359 and populations in California disappeared 01:28:40.479 --> 01:28:42.479 when the Spanish Empire disappeared. 01:28:48.680 --> 01:28:53.439 It's the job of North American cinema to tells us how the Anglo-Saxons 01:28:53.600 --> 01:28:58.039 advance against these evil natives, 01:28:58.279 --> 01:29:01.800 who want to scalp and destroy them, 01:29:01.920 --> 01:29:04.399 and they come up against these wild people. 01:29:04.640 --> 01:29:07.079 This is simply trying not to see reality. 01:29:07.279 --> 01:29:09.000 All the villages of the West, 01:29:09.199 --> 01:29:11.119 which were already founded and evangelized, 01:29:11.279 --> 01:29:12.840 disappear from history. 01:29:15.439 --> 01:29:19.319 Someone is going to be to blamed for the disappearance of those populations, 01:29:19.439 --> 01:29:21.960 and it is not going to be a white Protestant. 01:29:23.600 --> 01:29:27.680 This distortion of history with a poorly told story 01:29:28.039 --> 01:29:30.159 generates all that we have now. 01:29:44.279 --> 01:29:46.760 There is one thing that is absolutely ignored: 01:29:47.720 --> 01:29:51.199 The “Pueblos Originarios”, the natives, were never anti-Hispanic, 01:29:51.600 --> 01:29:54.199 they always remained faithful to the Hispanic idea. 01:29:57.520 --> 01:30:01.760 For this reason, the saying goes: Sir, the Conquest was made by the Indians 01:30:01.960 --> 01:30:04.319 and the Independence was made by the Spanish. 01:30:06.640 --> 01:30:09.640 - There is a lot of injustice, we can no longer bear it. 01:30:09.960 --> 01:30:13.560 That is why, from the first of January, 01:30:14.279 --> 01:30:17.800 we had no choice but to take up arms. 01:30:21.560 --> 01:30:24.119 The Zapatista movement developed 01:30:24.239 --> 01:30:25.880 as a response 01:30:26.000 --> 01:30:28.680 to the state's lack of attention 01:30:28.800 --> 01:30:30.960 to these indigenous populations. 01:30:37.800 --> 01:30:39.760 Once the hostilities ended, 01:30:40.000 --> 01:30:45.520 negotiations were conducted that resulted in the San Andrés Accords. 01:30:45.880 --> 01:30:47.000 What did they consist of? 01:30:47.079 --> 01:30:53.000 In that the Mexican state undertook to respect the uses and customs 01:30:53.079 --> 01:30:57.760 of the Government and Administration of those indigenous populations. 01:31:00.479 --> 01:31:05.239 What the indigenous groups understood as "traditional uses and customs" 01:31:05.439 --> 01:31:09.920 were nothing other than the ones they had in the 16th and 17th centuries, 01:31:10.000 --> 01:31:12.239 consolidated by the Hispanic Monarchy. 01:31:15.600 --> 01:31:20.399 So, they claimed as autochthonous what had been created 01:31:20.479 --> 01:31:22.960 during the viceregal system. 01:31:24.239 --> 01:31:24.960 For the moment, 01:31:25.039 --> 01:31:27.960 the laws that govern the interior of these communities are the laws 01:31:28.279 --> 01:31:31.800 of the 16th and 17th centuries. 01:31:32.479 --> 01:31:34.479 But, of course, they do not know it. 01:31:34.920 --> 01:31:36.359 I have already sent a letter 01:31:36.479 --> 01:31:37.520 to the King of Spain 01:31:38.319 --> 01:31:40.279 and another letter to the Pope, 01:31:41.399 --> 01:31:43.680 so that an account of grievances is made 01:31:44.960 --> 01:31:52.319 and the native people are asked for forgiveness. 01:31:55.560 --> 01:31:58.560 In historical processes there are neither good nor bad, 01:31:58.640 --> 01:31:59.880 neither heroes nor villains; 01:32:00.079 --> 01:32:03.439 There are actors who, depending on their own ideas 01:32:03.520 --> 01:32:06.520 act in one sense or another. 01:32:06.680 --> 01:32:12.600 It seems to me that it is a historiographical exercise to erase 01:32:13.159 --> 01:32:17.680 the imprints of the Spanish-Iberian culture on the territory. 01:32:18.000 --> 01:32:21.079 Artificially, as it happens, as day after day, 01:32:21.399 --> 01:32:25.359 one encounters reality and with it that Hispanic heritage. 01:32:25.479 --> 01:32:28.319 It is almost an act of psychoanalytic denial, right? 01:32:28.399 --> 01:32:30.760 To deny our own past, 01:32:31.239 --> 01:32:33.359 because otherwise it could not be explained that way 01:32:33.479 --> 01:32:35.239 as three hundread years go a long way. 01:33:08.279 --> 01:33:11.960 By 1500, this clear perspective has already been taken. 01:33:12.039 --> 01:33:15.960 Native Americans are persons and they should be treated as such. 01:33:16.039 --> 01:33:18.119 Therefore, they cannot be sold. 01:33:19.760 --> 01:33:24.640 King Fernando is going to summon to Burgos the best theologians 01:33:24.720 --> 01:33:29.800 and jurists in the kingdom to stipulate what to do. 01:33:32.840 --> 01:33:36.279 They draft in the convent of San Francisco de Burgos 01:33:36.359 --> 01:33:38.880 the so-called Thirty-Five Laws of Burgos. 01:33:40.199 --> 01:33:42.279 They are a wonder of humanity. 01:33:42.760 --> 01:33:44.960 There is one thing about Indian women, 01:33:45.319 --> 01:33:48.039 how they cannot be forced into marriage, 01:33:48.119 --> 01:33:50.439 how they can appeal… 01:33:50.600 --> 01:33:55.199 It is a wonderful thing. 01:33:57.800 --> 01:34:02.079 At this time, when slavery was absolutely normal, 01:34:02.479 --> 01:34:06.479 it is very important that they stopped to think about something like that: 01:34:08.359 --> 01:34:11.159 That they could have private property, their family home, 01:34:11.319 --> 01:34:13.399 that their wives would be kept from other men… 01:34:13.479 --> 01:34:15.079 It is not only authorized, 01:34:15.159 --> 01:34:19.880 but Spaniards are asked to marry the natives. 01:34:20.039 --> 01:34:21.960 And we found this from the very beginning. 01:34:22.399 --> 01:34:24.279 From the second voyage of Columbus onwards, 01:34:24.359 --> 01:34:27.000 Castilian families started to go there. 01:34:29.439 --> 01:34:31.600 When institutions can advance, 01:34:31.720 --> 01:34:36.720 women begin to go, often in groups of single women, 01:34:36.840 --> 01:34:40.159 who have not been able or didn’t have an easy time getting married in Castilla. 01:34:40.239 --> 01:34:43.760 They go to America because, in the early years, 01:34:43.840 --> 01:34:45.560 there are mainly men there. 01:34:46.880 --> 01:34:47.520 For example, 01:34:47.600 --> 01:34:52.359 in Cortés' company there are women who do not want her husband to go alone 01:34:52.439 --> 01:34:54.319 to such an adventure so they go with them. 01:34:54.479 --> 01:34:58.159 There are nurses, cooks, prostitutes, obviously, 01:34:58.239 --> 01:35:01.239 but there are also women who embark out of necessity, 01:35:02.600 --> 01:35:03.600 out of love 01:35:04.359 --> 01:35:05.439 or adventure. 01:35:07.319 --> 01:35:10.439 In the new world, at least in the mindset of that moment, 01:35:11.399 --> 01:35:12.600 creation is possible. 01:35:25.119 --> 01:35:29.000 Colonialist countries do not export themselves, 01:35:29.079 --> 01:35:30.920 nor do they provoke integration phenomena. 01:35:31.159 --> 01:35:32.960 It is an absolutely commercial enterprise, 01:35:33.159 --> 01:35:35.319 not one of territorial integration. 01:35:35.960 --> 01:35:38.760 You see Christopher Columbus arrive in America, 01:35:39.199 --> 01:35:41.119 and what is in America a hundred years later? 01:35:41.279 --> 01:35:42.439 Something else. 01:35:43.479 --> 01:35:46.960 To begin with, we have a phenomenon of extraordinary longevity: 01:35:47.560 --> 01:35:49.520 It lasts for a very long time. 01:35:52.840 --> 01:35:59.159 The painting of Martín de Loiola marrying the Inca Princess 01:35:59.319 --> 01:36:03.840 is a gigantic statement of inclusion. 01:36:06.720 --> 01:36:11.199 Spanish nobility did not deny indigenous nobility, 01:36:11.680 --> 01:36:16.039 it accepted it as such. 01:36:16.680 --> 01:36:17.720 They married them. 01:36:18.720 --> 01:36:23.159 Those children that were sired continued to be noble. 01:36:24.119 --> 01:36:29.359 They did not stop being noble because their mother or father was an Indian. 01:36:38.079 --> 01:36:42.760 Until the 20th century, the British Raj had forbidden mixed marriages 01:36:44.159 --> 01:36:45.159 in India. 01:36:46.359 --> 01:36:49.920 They were forbidden in such a way... That they were excluded 01:36:50.720 --> 01:36:53.720 from social and official life. 01:36:54.520 --> 01:36:57.800 Maharaja of Kapurthala had to marry an Indian woman, 01:36:58.880 --> 01:37:00.720 but as he married a white woman, 01:37:01.560 --> 01:37:03.600 that marriage could not be recognized 01:37:04.279 --> 01:37:07.840 and Anita Delgado couldn't be invited anywhere. 01:37:09.479 --> 01:37:10.680 She had broken the rule. 01:37:11.119 --> 01:37:12.319 She married an Indian man. 01:37:17.399 --> 01:37:19.800 Something that absolutely characterizes 01:37:19.880 --> 01:37:23.079 and defines Spanish colonization is miscegenation. 01:37:24.239 --> 01:37:26.119 There was also reverse miscegenation, 01:37:26.760 --> 01:37:30.600 indigenous men who married Spanish women, but to a lesser extent. 01:37:31.319 --> 01:37:33.760 Approaching that world is very interesting 01:37:33.840 --> 01:37:37.039 because you see figures that come from a culture 01:37:37.640 --> 01:37:40.600 and are able to take root in a totally different environment, 01:37:41.039 --> 01:37:42.960 and humanize it. 01:37:43.119 --> 01:37:44.159 In a way, 01:37:44.960 --> 01:37:48.439 they make that impressive cultural fusion 01:37:48.680 --> 01:37:51.479 that I think is another great legacy: 01:37:51.560 --> 01:37:54.880 human miscegenation, cultural blending, etcetera. 01:37:58.520 --> 01:38:01.680 That is what defeats, let's say, the Black Legend, 01:38:02.079 --> 01:38:04.720 which speaks of the Spanish being genocidal. 01:38:05.119 --> 01:38:06.479 If you see us, 01:38:06.840 --> 01:38:08.319 the Mexicans or Latin Americans, 01:38:08.520 --> 01:38:13.520 we are a mixture between the Spanish who came from the peninsula, 01:38:13.760 --> 01:38:16.800 or those Spaniards' children who were born right there in Mexico: 01:38:16.880 --> 01:38:17.880 the Creoles, 01:38:18.000 --> 01:38:19.880 the indigenous people, the mulattos, 01:38:19.960 --> 01:38:23.119 and all those who lived in the kingdom’s territories. 01:38:23.319 --> 01:38:24.319 On the other hand, 01:38:24.399 --> 01:38:26.039 there is no mixture in the United States 01:38:26.119 --> 01:38:28.960 or let's say, the Anglo-Saxon settlers. 01:38:30.520 --> 01:38:32.560 The English Empire is colonization, 01:38:33.199 --> 01:38:34.720 or the French Empire and, 01:38:34.960 --> 01:38:37.039 of course, the Dutch above all. 01:38:37.640 --> 01:38:41.560 The Spanish conquest in America should never be called colonization, 01:38:41.640 --> 01:38:43.680 because they did not create a colony. 01:38:43.920 --> 01:38:46.800 The American Empire did not create colonies. 01:38:47.000 --> 01:38:51.039 It transferred the way of life of the Spanish and Spaniards moved there, 01:38:51.119 --> 01:38:55.239 and they first creating viceroyalties, and then, during the 19th century, 01:38:55.319 --> 01:38:57.000 our overseas province. 01:38:57.079 --> 01:39:00.119 There were no colonies. They never were colonies. 01:39:04.680 --> 01:39:10.800 There was a time when Mexicans clearly knew they were the world's capital. 01:39:13.920 --> 01:39:19.640 The true capital of the Spanish Empire was not Madrid but Mexico. 01:39:28.359 --> 01:39:31.119 The Philippines were called the colony of the colony, 01:39:31.359 --> 01:39:34.439 because it was a Mexican colony more than a Spanish one. 01:39:36.800 --> 01:39:41.479 Spain’s viceroyalty is with the Philippine governance. 01:39:42.000 --> 01:39:44.840 It is like a coexistence, not only administrative, 01:39:44.920 --> 01:39:47.520 but also a very rich cultural one. 01:39:52.640 --> 01:39:56.119 In the 16th and 17th centuries in Nueva España, 01:39:56.239 --> 01:39:59.159 the same was happening in Lima as in Seville, 01:39:59.640 --> 01:40:05.279 including mores, reading habits, ambience. 01:40:19.279 --> 01:40:23.680 They are equidistant from China and Spain. 01:40:24.000 --> 01:40:27.359 The capital Mexico is worth more than Madrid in everything. 01:40:30.640 --> 01:40:35.319 Mexico should recover the awareness of having been the articulating axis 01:40:35.399 --> 01:40:37.520 of the economy of the world, 01:40:37.840 --> 01:40:41.399 and of the importance that Mexican's silver had 01:40:41.520 --> 01:40:45.760 in the consolidation of those international markets. 01:40:48.079 --> 01:40:52.520 I think this could help us to deconstruct 01:40:52.680 --> 01:40:56.279 the victimizing discourse of the conquered, 01:40:56.359 --> 01:40:59.399 poor us, who were massacred. 01:41:00.560 --> 01:41:01.600 No, just the opposite. 01:41:05.640 --> 01:41:07.800 We lack a global version. 01:41:08.039 --> 01:41:11.640 We lack a global history of the Spanish-speaking world, 01:41:11.720 --> 01:41:13.840 of Spain and Hispanic America. 01:41:15.119 --> 01:41:18.399 We hold the answers to many questions about Globalization 01:41:18.520 --> 01:41:20.359 from the perspective of other cultures. 01:41:20.680 --> 01:41:26.079 We are at a good time, on both sides of the Atlantic, 01:41:26.279 --> 01:41:29.479 to rethink how we have constructed the historical discourse, 01:41:29.760 --> 01:41:33.079 and adhere more to that reality 01:41:33.159 --> 01:41:37.000 and less to the founding myths and the Black Legends. 01:41:43.119 --> 01:41:47.479 World history cannot be explained without Spanish history. 01:41:48.159 --> 01:41:53.800 There are stories that can be told independently, 01:41:53.880 --> 01:41:56.079 but nothing of the current world is understood 01:41:56.479 --> 01:42:02.000 without telling the history of the Hispanic countries and monarchy. 01:42:11.159 --> 01:42:13.800 If it has always been true, 01:42:14.439 --> 01:42:15.479 now more than ever, 01:42:15.600 --> 01:42:19.560 the fight for the past is definitely the fight for the future. 01:46:39.479 --> 01:46:47.479 In memory of our ancestors, for our sons.