WEBVTT
00:00:55.799 --> 00:00:57.840
At the end of the 16th century,
00:00:57.960 --> 00:01:01.240
China concentrates
a quarter of the world’s population
00:01:01.439 --> 00:01:04.719
and represents 40%
of the planet’s wealth.
00:01:05.359 --> 00:01:06.400
In the Ming Empire,
00:01:06.680 --> 00:01:09.159
taxes were collected in kind,
00:01:09.640 --> 00:01:11.079
an ineffective system
00:01:11.239 --> 00:01:13.439
for such a developed economy.
00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:17.280
In 1580,
00:01:17.560 --> 00:01:20.599
the emperor's secretary,
Zhang Juzheng,
00:01:20.959 --> 00:01:23.400
completely changed the tax system
00:01:23.760 --> 00:01:26.200
and the collection unit
changed from rice
00:01:26.599 --> 00:01:27.359
to silver.
00:01:28.040 --> 00:01:29.000
But there was a problem:
00:01:29.599 --> 00:01:31.239
China had no silver.
00:01:32.519 --> 00:01:33.719
Only the Spaniards,
00:01:33.879 --> 00:01:35.359
already established in Manila,
00:01:35.680 --> 00:01:39.640
were in a position to meet
this need in a stable manner
00:01:39.959 --> 00:01:41.760
and with quality guarantees,
00:01:42.680 --> 00:01:44.840
thanks to silver from America.
00:01:47.959 --> 00:01:49.439
This confluence of interests
00:01:49.519 --> 00:01:52.760
connected the two most
powerful world economies of the time:
00:01:53.200 --> 00:01:54.640
the Hispanic and the Chinese,
00:01:55.040 --> 00:01:56.879
the Habsburgs and the Ming.
00:01:59.680 --> 00:02:01.599
In a few decades,
from East to West,
00:02:01.719 --> 00:02:04.000
the world becomes aware of its shape,
00:02:04.879 --> 00:02:06.480
and the Hispanic monarchy
00:02:06.680 --> 00:02:10.439
becomes the engine
of an unprecedented globalization.
00:02:11.039 --> 00:02:15.039
The history of the Spanish Empire
is unknown to most Spaniards;
00:02:15.360 --> 00:02:16.800
it should be known.
00:02:17.240 --> 00:02:18.319
It is worth it.
00:02:18.639 --> 00:02:20.800
No other story can compare.
00:02:28.479 --> 00:02:31.919
There is an entire
connection of cultural,
00:02:32.120 --> 00:02:33.719
scientific and artistic exchange
00:02:33.960 --> 00:02:35.639
between Europe and China.
00:02:36.400 --> 00:02:39.319
Matteo Ricci and Diego de Pantoja,
00:02:39.680 --> 00:02:42.039
a Jesuit missionary from Valdemoro
00:02:45.199 --> 00:02:46.520
arrive in Beijing,
00:02:46.719 --> 00:02:48.000
gain audience
00:02:48.199 --> 00:02:50.439
and present a series of gifts:
00:02:50.639 --> 00:02:51.719
two clocks
00:02:51.960 --> 00:02:53.199
and a clavichord.
00:02:53.360 --> 00:02:56.960
Diego de Pantoja is
in charge of teaching how to play
00:02:57.080 --> 00:02:58.520
the first keyboard instrument
00:02:59.120 --> 00:03:00.360
to four eunuchs
00:03:00.560 --> 00:03:02.000
at the Chinese court.
00:03:03.719 --> 00:03:04.879
Right now,
00:03:05.280 --> 00:03:06.960
there is a translation project in China
00:03:07.280 --> 00:03:08.919
due to his great
production in Chinese,
00:03:10.560 --> 00:03:13.199
publishing about
religion or philosophy…
00:03:13.599 --> 00:03:14.599
but also about music.
00:03:16.039 --> 00:03:16.759
The emperor
00:03:17.159 --> 00:03:18.719
asked for Chinese themes to be played
00:03:19.080 --> 00:03:23.120
with Western instruments
and vice versa,
00:03:23.520 --> 00:03:26.639
They were looking for
that sonic encounter,
00:03:26.759 --> 00:03:28.479
that miscegenation
that occurred at that time,
00:03:28.680 --> 00:03:30.120
which is a
fascinating phenomenon.
00:03:32.919 --> 00:03:37.520
The communication between
the Ming Empire and the Habsburg Empire
00:03:37.680 --> 00:03:41.000
through the silver trade
00:03:41.319 --> 00:03:43.319
and through the Manila Galleon,
00:03:43.560 --> 00:03:45.199
which is also called Nao of China
00:03:45.479 --> 00:03:50.639
had transcendental
importance for all humanity.
00:03:55.319 --> 00:04:00.280
A kind of metallic silver
mono-standard was established,
00:04:00.520 --> 00:04:02.439
to such an extent that
countries that did not have it,
00:04:02.599 --> 00:04:04.919
for example,
Holland, France or England,
00:04:05.680 --> 00:04:07.599
first needed to
get hold of Spanish silver
00:04:07.680 --> 00:04:11.319
if they came to trade with China.
00:04:13.319 --> 00:04:16.680
American silver was also used in India;
00:04:16.839 --> 00:04:19.199
it was used everywhere.
00:04:19.319 --> 00:04:23.160
Spanish silver was the
immense international currency,
00:04:23.439 --> 00:04:26.720
that is why it is the
foundation of the first globalization.
00:04:42.639 --> 00:04:44.839
Why is history so important?
00:04:45.040 --> 00:04:47.240
Sure, professor,
history explains the past.
00:04:47.319 --> 00:04:49.639
No, I tell you, son,
history does not explain the past;
00:04:49.759 --> 00:04:52.120
history actually explains the present,
00:04:52.199 --> 00:04:53.879
but much more important than that,
00:04:54.120 --> 00:04:55.920
is that he who knows history,
00:04:56.079 --> 00:04:57.199
builds the future.
00:05:00.000 --> 00:05:02.720
You cannot see history
permanently from the present
00:05:02.920 --> 00:05:04.199
as it is being seen;
00:05:04.360 --> 00:05:07.120
judge it from the present,
analyze it from the present...
00:05:08.439 --> 00:05:11.399
Spain was a country
that dominated half the world,
00:05:11.759 --> 00:05:13.800
it had a language
that half the world spoke,
00:05:13.959 --> 00:05:16.639
its culture expanded enormously.
00:05:19.079 --> 00:05:21.680
Spain needs to recover its history.
00:05:23.399 --> 00:05:24.720
The Roman Empire existed
00:05:25.000 --> 00:05:26.120
and changed the world.
00:05:26.360 --> 00:05:27.680
The Spanish Empire existed
00:05:27.959 --> 00:05:29.160
and changed the world.
00:05:29.439 --> 00:05:33.399
It is a false link to think that
the Spanish Empire is an issue of Spain.
00:05:33.519 --> 00:05:35.480
No, the Spanish Empire
is an issue of the whole world,
00:05:35.639 --> 00:05:37.480
because it changed it,
00:05:37.879 --> 00:05:42.759
and left its blood, its institutions,
its life and its way of existing
00:05:43.000 --> 00:05:45.480
through various continents.
00:05:45.680 --> 00:05:46.879
All of those
00:05:47.079 --> 00:05:49.959
are descendants of
the Spanish Empire as we are.
00:05:50.439 --> 00:05:54.160
Being ashamed of
that past makes no sense, at all.
00:05:54.279 --> 00:05:57.959
That empire was an amazing
moment in the history of humanity,
00:05:58.120 --> 00:05:59.439
and I don't think anyone
00:05:59.600 --> 00:06:02.399
should be ashamed of it,
unless half of humanity
00:06:02.480 --> 00:06:04.279
is determined to be
ashamed of itself.
00:06:04.360 --> 00:06:06.040
That could happen, right?
00:06:08.399 --> 00:06:09.680
I studied in Galicia,
00:06:09.800 --> 00:06:12.240
and the Catholic Monarchs
were the devil there.
00:06:12.439 --> 00:06:16.000
In any subject,
Galician language, or history itself...
00:06:16.160 --> 00:06:19.959
the Catholic Monarchs immediately
appeared like the demon at noon
00:06:20.199 --> 00:06:23.240
and the Black Legend
00:06:23.560 --> 00:06:25.879
was the official history
from the point of view
00:06:26.079 --> 00:06:27.480
of education there.
00:06:27.720 --> 00:06:32.000
And yet, as soon as you
explored a little, not too much,
00:06:32.279 --> 00:06:34.199
you began to see the contradictions
00:06:34.319 --> 00:06:36.240
and that something didn't fit.
00:06:36.399 --> 00:06:38.839
From there on, those
contradictions become, I suppose...
00:06:38.959 --> 00:06:41.000
like the Platonic Cave, right?
00:06:41.079 --> 00:06:44.040
You start to see contradictions
and you want to get out.
00:07:01.720 --> 00:07:04.959
Castile has
a very convulsed 15th century,
00:07:05.040 --> 00:07:07.639
with a major civil war,
00:07:08.079 --> 00:07:11.800
with the presence of Islam
in Granada but, to a large extent,
00:07:11.879 --> 00:07:15.879
it was almost an agreed
presence for many years.
00:07:23.120 --> 00:07:24.920
Henry IV of Castile realized,
00:07:25.079 --> 00:07:28.759
after the Turks took Constantinople,
00:07:29.439 --> 00:07:32.399
that there was a medium-term danger
00:07:32.560 --> 00:07:37.839
of Islamic expansion or Turkish support
for Barbary Islam in North Africa.
00:07:47.800 --> 00:07:51.839
His sister and his successor,
Isabel I, already conquered Granada
00:07:52.160 --> 00:07:54.240
between 1482
00:07:54.439 --> 00:07:56.160
and 1491.
00:08:00.319 --> 00:08:01.839
In 1516,
00:08:01.920 --> 00:08:03.800
the Turks were already in Algiers.
00:08:03.920 --> 00:08:07.759
Then it would probably
have been impossible to conquer Granada.
00:08:09.120 --> 00:08:11.040
In Spain,
00:08:11.360 --> 00:08:15.600
it is assumed that
the Jews were expelled in 1492,
00:08:16.199 --> 00:08:17.079
without knowing
00:08:17.319 --> 00:08:19.680
that we are the last Europeans
00:08:20.279 --> 00:08:22.240
to expel the Jews
00:08:22.600 --> 00:08:26.720
and, of course, it was done against
the Catholic Monarchs' desire
00:08:26.839 --> 00:08:27.839
and against
00:08:28.040 --> 00:08:30.879
all the elites of that time.
00:08:38.519 --> 00:08:39.919
In Spain,
00:08:40.080 --> 00:08:42.039
the Jewish minority
in the late Middle Ages
00:08:42.159 --> 00:08:45.919
was the most important
of the entire European diaspora.
00:08:47.360 --> 00:08:51.399
There were
approximately 380,000 Jews,
00:08:51.519 --> 00:08:54.759
around 7 or 8 percent
of the population,
00:08:55.039 --> 00:08:58.519
and around 70,000 or 80,000
people were expelled.
00:09:00.039 --> 00:09:01.600
Throughout the entire 15th century,
00:09:01.759 --> 00:09:04.120
all that converted world
gradually assimilated
00:09:04.320 --> 00:09:06.000
into Spanish society.
00:09:08.200 --> 00:09:11.960
There were several
processes of attempts to transform
00:09:12.080 --> 00:09:15.399
that Jewish race into converts,
00:09:15.559 --> 00:09:19.240
and that is precisely
what makes it not racist,
00:09:19.519 --> 00:09:22.279
because what they wanted is
to incorporate them as converts.
00:09:22.440 --> 00:09:26.159
In other words, to stop being a Jew,
you had to get baptized, that's it.
00:09:26.399 --> 00:09:28.519
That does not make any racist sense:
00:09:29.240 --> 00:09:31.639
If you were Jew
from a racist point of view,
00:09:31.799 --> 00:09:33.960
like in the 1937 Nuremberg Nazi Laws,
00:09:34.159 --> 00:09:37.679
as much as you were baptized,
you would continue being a Jew;
00:09:37.799 --> 00:09:39.600
That transformation
would be worthless then.
00:09:39.639 --> 00:09:43.279
And yet, here of course it was worth it,
as the converts also rose socially,
00:09:43.399 --> 00:09:44.879
and tremendously so.
00:09:48.200 --> 00:09:50.879
Most of the Jewish minority converted
00:09:51.639 --> 00:09:54.360
more or less spontaneously.
00:09:57.120 --> 00:10:00.240
I can tell you specific cases
of how the Jews were converted
00:10:00.399 --> 00:10:02.320
in Soria or Murcia, for example.
00:10:02.440 --> 00:10:03.039
What happened?
00:10:03.200 --> 00:10:05.919
Mixed marriages, permanently.
00:10:06.120 --> 00:10:08.120
The third generation
was already consolidated.
00:10:08.240 --> 00:10:10.519
There the Holy Office
did not intervene at all.
00:10:14.879 --> 00:10:19.960
From the end of the 14th century
until the Expulsion of the Jews in 1492,
00:10:20.879 --> 00:10:24.879
three-quarters of that
Jewish population were converted
00:10:26.480 --> 00:10:29.480
and that is a unique
and singular phenomenon
00:10:29.840 --> 00:10:34.360
in the entire history
of the European Jew diaspora.
00:10:36.120 --> 00:10:39.600
You ask anyone
from Gibraltar to the North Cape:
00:10:39.720 --> 00:10:41.960
An expulsion of Jews in Western Europe?
00:10:42.080 --> 00:10:43.600
1492 in Spain.
00:10:43.840 --> 00:10:47.600
And why do you not know
the dates of the expulsion of Jews
00:10:47.759 --> 00:10:51.480
in the territories of the
Germanic Holy Roman Empire?
00:10:51.759 --> 00:10:53.440
Or those in France?
00:10:53.679 --> 00:10:55.440
Or those that have occurred in…?
00:10:55.639 --> 00:10:56.320
No,
00:10:56.519 --> 00:10:58.039
the others don’t matter.
00:10:58.159 --> 00:10:59.919
Only that one matters.
00:11:12.360 --> 00:11:16.440
In 1492, three events
happened at the same time:
00:11:16.840 --> 00:11:21.960
the end of the Hispano-Muslim
period in Spanish history;
00:11:23.159 --> 00:11:24.480
secondly,
00:11:25.159 --> 00:11:28.440
the expulsion of
a section of Spanish Jews
00:11:28.639 --> 00:11:31.000
while the others convert or stay…
00:11:31.399 --> 00:11:34.799
and, evidently also,
the Discovery of America.
00:11:38.240 --> 00:11:39.200
Actually,
00:11:39.320 --> 00:11:43.000
the expansive possibility that
Castile had with Portugal on one side,
00:11:43.120 --> 00:11:46.360
Aragon on the other,
Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in the south,
00:11:46.600 --> 00:11:50.679
was practically a strip
of the Andalusian Atlantic.
00:11:50.960 --> 00:11:53.799
Castile will go out
to the great expansion
00:11:54.000 --> 00:11:56.519
and will collide with
the interests of Portugal.
00:11:59.320 --> 00:12:02.320
Columbus is a man
that the Portuguese discarded.
00:12:02.440 --> 00:12:04.679
They are not interested
in a bluff move,
00:12:04.799 --> 00:12:07.320
which is to hire
this very strange man
00:12:07.440 --> 00:12:09.519
who says that there
is a route to the west
00:12:09.639 --> 00:12:12.840
and he is going to try to reach
Asia by the Western Route.
00:12:16.399 --> 00:12:17.399
Portugal
00:12:17.600 --> 00:12:19.799
already had the Cape Route
00:12:19.919 --> 00:12:21.200
towards the Indian Ocean,
00:12:21.320 --> 00:12:23.279
which was the one that was known
00:12:23.440 --> 00:12:27.440
and the one that led safely
to India and the spice Islands.
00:12:28.879 --> 00:12:30.200
For Castile,
00:12:30.559 --> 00:12:34.120
it meant the possibility of
finding a route to the Indies
00:12:34.360 --> 00:12:36.399
without entering Portuguese territory.
00:12:36.759 --> 00:12:41.000
This is probably what made
Isabel and Fernando think
00:12:41.320 --> 00:12:43.480
they could try it
at a very low cost,
00:12:43.600 --> 00:12:46.559
just over a million maravedis.
00:12:48.240 --> 00:12:51.360
Castile could not give up
on a business like that of spices.
00:12:51.559 --> 00:12:53.399
It is truly boxed in
00:12:53.679 --> 00:12:55.200
and Aragon
has the Mediterranean
00:12:55.320 --> 00:12:58.759
and a whole organized and
incredible commercial tradition.
00:12:59.000 --> 00:13:02.000
Therefore, you have to venture
into unknown spaces,
00:13:02.200 --> 00:13:03.840
and that’s how it was.
00:13:05.600 --> 00:13:08.320
Isabel the Catholic now becomes,
00:13:08.519 --> 00:13:09.879
without opponents,
00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:11.799
the great Queen of Spain.
00:13:11.960 --> 00:13:15.320
She is going to undertake
a universal adventure,
00:13:15.480 --> 00:13:17.879
first through the
suppression of Islam,
00:13:17.960 --> 00:13:21.559
and secondly through
the great opening to America.
00:13:23.120 --> 00:13:24.320
Spain’s action
00:13:24.559 --> 00:13:29.039
is one of the most important
in the history of humanity.
00:14:20.919 --> 00:14:25.279
Discovery is a legal,
political, economic, scientific
00:14:25.399 --> 00:14:28.399
and technological fact
in Western tradition,
00:14:28.600 --> 00:14:30.399
which means that I arrive at a place,
00:14:30.480 --> 00:14:33.759
I proclaim to the other Europeans
that I have arrived there,
00:14:34.159 --> 00:14:35.879
I return home and tell about it
00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:41.279
and then I also manage to return
to the place that I was able to discover.
00:14:43.919 --> 00:14:47.240
When Christopher Columbus returns
from that unsuccessful spice attempt,
00:14:47.440 --> 00:14:48.639
he nevertheless brings
00:14:48.759 --> 00:14:50.840
six or seven Taino men and women
00:14:50.960 --> 00:14:53.399
and small pieces of Guanin gold…
00:14:53.559 --> 00:14:57.200
which means he has
reached somewhere interesting.
00:14:57.320 --> 00:14:59.200
The kings have
appointed him Viceroy,
00:14:59.279 --> 00:15:02.000
Admiral, Governor of that place
00:15:02.120 --> 00:15:04.960
and realize that this is a contradiction
00:15:05.120 --> 00:15:07.840
to the modern political
project they want to carry out.
00:15:07.960 --> 00:15:09.840
Therefore, they look for someone
00:15:10.120 --> 00:15:13.120
with prestige to be able to neutralize
00:15:13.279 --> 00:15:15.519
the personalisms of Columbus
00:15:15.720 --> 00:15:20.559
and use him for the hegemonic project
the king and queen have.
00:15:23.000 --> 00:15:25.240
Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca
is going to become
00:15:25.399 --> 00:15:28.039
the man of action
00:15:28.279 --> 00:15:30.960
for American projects.
00:15:32.440 --> 00:15:34.600
Every time they have to
organize an expedition,
00:15:34.679 --> 00:15:36.080
he starts from scratch.
00:15:36.240 --> 00:15:39.559
You have to look for money, crew, ships
00:15:39.679 --> 00:15:42.320
and all this is consolidated
and coordinated by Fonseca
00:15:42.440 --> 00:15:45.000
until he dies in 1524.
00:15:46.200 --> 00:15:48.799
Then, there is
the Council of the Indies
00:15:49.120 --> 00:15:54.120
which is basically created to
replace everything Fonseca did.
00:15:58.240 --> 00:16:00.120
Between America and Castile,
00:16:00.320 --> 00:16:03.559
the navigation flow is increasing
00:16:03.720 --> 00:16:05.480
and that must be controlled.
00:16:05.799 --> 00:16:06.399
How?
00:16:06.600 --> 00:16:09.720
In 1503, the Casa de la Contratación
is created in Seville.
00:16:09.840 --> 00:16:12.240
It will control not only commerce
00:16:12.480 --> 00:16:13.840
and laws
00:16:14.000 --> 00:16:16.919
but also science and technology.
00:16:19.039 --> 00:16:20.159
Pedro Medina’s book
00:16:20.320 --> 00:16:21.600
is the manual
00:16:21.840 --> 00:16:24.279
from which all the others
in Europe will be inspired.
00:16:24.399 --> 00:16:27.200
He is the one who is going
to teach Europeans cosmography;
00:16:27.360 --> 00:16:28.279
Pedro de Medina,
00:16:28.639 --> 00:16:31.480
unknown to practically everyone.
00:16:33.399 --> 00:16:34.679
As Pedro Medina said,
00:16:34.840 --> 00:16:37.639
a current sailor
is wiser than Aristotle;
00:16:38.519 --> 00:16:40.360
he knows the world
more than Aristotle.
00:17:32.279 --> 00:17:35.279
Spain does not merely rise up
00:17:35.440 --> 00:17:36.240
and that’s it,
00:17:36.400 --> 00:17:37.599
as if Finland arose.
00:17:37.720 --> 00:17:39.559
No, Spain rises up
00:17:39.640 --> 00:17:41.519
and the ancient world collapses,
00:17:41.920 --> 00:17:43.240
which is not just anything.
00:17:43.559 --> 00:17:45.359
The ancient world collapses,
00:17:45.480 --> 00:17:47.640
a fourth continent appears
and, therefore,
00:17:47.799 --> 00:17:49.039
the entire world appears.
00:17:51.319 --> 00:17:53.960
It is the beginning of
the Scientific Revolution.
00:18:00.279 --> 00:18:03.319
This document is one of the key elements
00:18:03.440 --> 00:18:06.160
in the history of Globalization
00:18:06.480 --> 00:18:08.759
as it proposes
00:18:09.079 --> 00:18:15.319
what the Salamanca Academy
establishes for the calendar’s reform.
00:18:16.759 --> 00:18:21.119
The calendar, which until then
had served Western humanity,
00:18:21.319 --> 00:18:23.279
had been the Julian Calendar,
00:18:23.400 --> 00:18:25.839
established and signed
by Julius Caesar
00:18:26.000 --> 00:18:28.920
in 46 BC.
00:18:30.039 --> 00:18:32.200
The Julian Calendar’s reform
00:18:32.279 --> 00:18:34.839
begins precisely
at the University of Salamanca.
00:18:34.960 --> 00:18:38.680
There, a series of calculations
are made to close a gap that existed.
00:18:39.000 --> 00:18:42.880
The mathematical problem
was that there was no way to match
00:18:42.960 --> 00:18:46.240
the Sun's rhythm
with the rhythm of the Moon,
00:18:46.359 --> 00:18:48.079
as seen from the Earth.
00:18:53.519 --> 00:18:56.440
The struggle for the search
for a perfect calendar
00:18:56.599 --> 00:19:00.400
led to the mobilization of
all the important mathematicians:
00:19:00.480 --> 00:19:01.200
Catholics,
00:19:01.400 --> 00:19:02.079
Jews,
00:19:02.160 --> 00:19:03.079
Arabs...
00:19:04.920 --> 00:19:07.559
On February 24, 1582,
00:19:07.640 --> 00:19:10.319
the papal bull that starts
the calendar’s reform
00:19:10.400 --> 00:19:13.279
is issued by Gregory XIII.
00:19:19.920 --> 00:19:22.960
This implied eliminating ten days
00:19:23.200 --> 00:19:27.000
in the territories of the Spanish crown
or in the papal territories.
00:19:27.319 --> 00:19:33.440
October 4, 1582,
becomes October 15, 1582.
00:19:36.480 --> 00:19:37.880
That reform implied two things:
00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:39.039
on the one hand,
00:19:39.160 --> 00:19:43.119
that the salaries of those ten days
be deducted for the royal officials,
00:19:43.240 --> 00:19:44.839
today’s civil servants.
00:19:44.920 --> 00:19:47.759
On the other hand,
that debts were not computed.
00:19:48.000 --> 00:19:50.079
It seems appropriate to
the Council of the Indies
00:19:50.359 --> 00:19:53.079
to send that reform to the new world.
00:19:53.400 --> 00:19:57.680
The same thing happens
in Mexico, but in 1583,
00:19:57.799 --> 00:20:00.400
and it is replicated once more in Peru
00:20:00.480 --> 00:20:03.079
and throughout its viceroyalty in 1584.
00:20:05.079 --> 00:20:07.559
We find that, by 1586,
00:20:07.640 --> 00:20:10.039
it is starting up
even in the Philippines.
00:20:10.519 --> 00:20:14.400
That implies, in turn,
a global synchrony.
00:20:28.599 --> 00:20:33.000
There is a constant use of the past
00:20:33.119 --> 00:20:40.880
to say that the Spanish past
is a disaster,
00:20:41.160 --> 00:20:44.599
a horror,
a colonial state…
00:20:44.839 --> 00:20:49.880
and also,
another aspect, the Inquisition,
00:20:49.960 --> 00:20:52.519
and together with this one,
more aspects are added…
00:20:52.839 --> 00:20:56.400
This is the idea that
Christians are the bad guys.
00:20:56.720 --> 00:20:59.519
This fantasy paradise existed
00:20:59.680 --> 00:21:03.680
and then the Christians
came to establish their Inquisition.
00:21:03.759 --> 00:21:06.079
More or less,
this is the Black Legend.
00:21:07.839 --> 00:21:11.359
The Inquisition
operated before in Europe,
00:21:11.519 --> 00:21:13.440
more precisely, in France.
00:21:14.359 --> 00:21:18.519
In England, the executioner
took the accused to his house
00:21:18.599 --> 00:21:20.519
and did what he wanted,
00:21:20.720 --> 00:21:25.240
while in Spain there were certain laws.
00:21:26.160 --> 00:21:28.160
The Inquisition was born,
precisely,
00:21:28.240 --> 00:21:30.960
so that the crime
of religious intolerance
00:21:31.039 --> 00:21:35.440
is subject to a
structured legal process.
00:21:37.559 --> 00:21:41.359
It took the territories
that did not have it
00:21:41.440 --> 00:21:47.160
a long time to be able to tame the
crime of religious dissent of any kind.
00:21:48.880 --> 00:21:52.680
Between 1540 and 1700 in Spain,
00:21:52.799 --> 00:21:58.559
those rendered to the civil authorities
to execute punishment at the stake,
00:21:58.680 --> 00:22:02.240
were approximately 1,500 people,
00:22:02.359 --> 00:22:05.799
of which,
approximately half,
00:22:05.920 --> 00:22:07.319
were in effigies,
00:22:07.440 --> 00:22:09.599
that is,
people who had died or were absent.
00:22:09.759 --> 00:22:12.119
In 17th and 18th centuries,
00:22:12.200 --> 00:22:16.480
witches were burned in France,
England or in the United States...
00:22:16.559 --> 00:22:18.759
and that is not talked about at all.
00:22:22.039 --> 00:22:27.000
Between 1540 and 1700,
approximately,
00:22:27.359 --> 00:22:33.480
the witches prosecuted
would be around 150 or 200.
00:22:34.720 --> 00:22:36.279
And from 1604 onwards,
00:22:36.559 --> 00:22:39.279
in the Inquisitorial Courts of Spain,
00:22:39.400 --> 00:22:45.680
Italy and the dependencies
in the Courts in the Indies in America,
00:22:46.039 --> 00:22:48.359
the three courts
that existed in the Indies,
00:22:48.480 --> 00:22:50.799
there were no more witch procedures,
00:22:51.200 --> 00:22:52.079
at all,
00:22:52.240 --> 00:22:55.920
unlike what happened
in other parts of Europe.
00:22:56.440 --> 00:23:00.960
In the Germanic territories,
this figure reached 25,000
00:23:01.039 --> 00:23:05.160
and it is possible that it reached
100,000 in the whole of Western Europe.
00:23:07.400 --> 00:23:12.640
A cosmic confusion occurs
when it is understood that,
00:23:12.839 --> 00:23:16.119
since there is no Inquisition
in those countries,
00:23:16.359 --> 00:23:19.319
the crime of religious dissent
is not prosecuted.
00:23:19.440 --> 00:23:20.359
That is false.
00:23:20.559 --> 00:23:22.400
In the Protestant territories,
00:23:22.640 --> 00:23:26.960
religious crimes became
crimes against the State,
00:23:27.119 --> 00:23:31.640
that is, there was a fusion
between the Church and the State.
00:23:33.519 --> 00:23:36.240
The queen is still the head,
00:23:36.519 --> 00:23:39.119
she is the Pope of the Anglican Church
00:23:39.279 --> 00:23:43.839
in the same way the Princes of Saxony
were the Popes, of their churches.
00:23:46.799 --> 00:23:50.880
Luther was a good servant
at the service of those German princes,
00:23:51.160 --> 00:23:54.960
who are the great antagonists
of the European project of Charles V,
00:23:55.240 --> 00:23:58.920
produces a creature
that is going to have a very long life,
00:23:59.000 --> 00:24:01.759
and is going to condition
the history of the entire West:
00:24:01.880 --> 00:24:03.599
propaganda.
00:24:04.079 --> 00:24:08.480
What the Protestants,
especially the Dutch and the English did
00:24:08.720 --> 00:24:12.160
was to take advantage
of the printing press
00:24:12.400 --> 00:24:16.359
to publish books or pamphlets
00:24:16.759 --> 00:24:20.920
in up to fifteen different languages
00:24:21.160 --> 00:24:24.279
to discredit the Spanish Empire.
00:24:25.519 --> 00:24:28.599
It works like a cartoon, but literary.
00:24:29.759 --> 00:24:32.799
Exaggerate features that can harm us,
00:24:32.920 --> 00:24:33.960
as a nation,
00:24:34.359 --> 00:24:38.559
underline those acts that at
certain times are seen as reprehensible
00:24:38.720 --> 00:24:43.240
and omit those features that can
favor us in the international arena.
00:25:13.680 --> 00:25:16.599
All anti-Catholic propaganda is,
00:25:16.839 --> 00:25:19.440
by definition, anti-Spanish.
00:25:20.960 --> 00:25:26.960
It was born to be a way of
eroding the Catholic hegemonic power
00:25:27.079 --> 00:25:28.480
which was from Spain.
00:25:47.519 --> 00:25:51.759
The Germanic lords have the right to
impose their religious option
00:25:51.880 --> 00:25:54.599
on the population
of the territory they govern.
00:25:54.759 --> 00:25:57.400
This is called religious freedom.
00:26:02.160 --> 00:26:03.920
With Luther’s and Calvin’s idea,
00:26:04.039 --> 00:26:05.839
in the face of salvation,
works are worth nothing,
00:26:05.920 --> 00:26:08.200
because otherwise God
would be a wimp in the hands of man.
00:26:08.319 --> 00:26:10.640
Otherwise freedom
would work in the face of salvation,
00:26:10.720 --> 00:26:11.880
and it cannot work.
00:26:18.079 --> 00:26:20.400
The total attributes of God,
00:26:20.400 --> 00:26:23.559
omniscient, omnipotent,
allknowing, omnipresent…
00:26:23.759 --> 00:26:24.759
would fall apart.
00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:26.319
So, if God is all that,
00:26:26.640 --> 00:26:27.759
man cannot be free.
00:26:27.880 --> 00:26:29.000
This is Luther.
00:26:29.680 --> 00:26:31.160
This is Luther,
Servo Arbitrio,
00:26:31.359 --> 00:26:33.119
Luther,
who triggered all this controversy.
00:26:35.680 --> 00:26:39.480
Lutheranism is a manifestation
of Germanic nationalism
00:26:39.559 --> 00:26:43.640
and was deeply marked
by that Germanic seal.
00:26:43.839 --> 00:26:47.160
The Dutch needed their own heresy
00:26:47.359 --> 00:26:49.720
and Calvinism comes to offer them
00:26:49.960 --> 00:26:55.279
that ideological ammunition
that William of Orange totally needs.
00:27:24.400 --> 00:27:26.400
Calvinism in Geneva
00:27:27.359 --> 00:27:31.759
caused about 500 deaths
00:27:32.119 --> 00:27:34.880
in the roughly 20 years
that John Calvin
00:27:34.960 --> 00:27:36.799
controlled and ruled that city,
00:27:37.319 --> 00:27:39.279
a city of about 10,000 inhabitants.
00:27:40.240 --> 00:27:42.000
John Calvin has today,
00:27:42.119 --> 00:27:43.720
in the Park of the Bastions of Geneva,
00:27:43.799 --> 00:27:46.039
a monument several meters high,
00:27:47.440 --> 00:27:50.160
placed by the city of Geneva
to honor its reformer.
00:27:50.559 --> 00:27:58.119
If we were to make a monument
to Torquemada, for example,
00:27:58.440 --> 00:28:00.960
who caused many fewer deaths,
incomparable really,
00:28:01.079 --> 00:28:02.640
we would have to leave the country.
00:28:02.839 --> 00:28:06.079
It is inconceivable that something
like this would happen in Spain,
00:28:06.240 --> 00:28:10.160
but it is perfectly conceivable
that it happens in Geneva.
00:28:12.319 --> 00:28:15.319
How many people did
Torquemada really process?
00:28:15.440 --> 00:28:16.880
In 160 years,
00:28:17.160 --> 00:28:21.640
1,500 people had been prosecuted
at the stake
00:28:21.799 --> 00:28:29.720
and that eliminates that simple,
manipulable and grotesque idea
00:28:29.880 --> 00:28:33.440
that the Tribunal was so bloody.
00:28:35.119 --> 00:28:38.839
What we call torture today torture in
the Inquisition was meticulously arranged
00:28:39.359 --> 00:28:40.400
and was very limited,
00:28:40.480 --> 00:28:42.599
much more than
that the civil courts of the time.
00:28:42.680 --> 00:28:46.319
Of course, the civil courts were
much crueler and with less guarantee.
00:28:46.599 --> 00:28:49.559
The popularity of the inquisitorial
issue reaches such extremes
00:28:49.640 --> 00:28:51.119
that it has become a real business.
00:28:51.200 --> 00:28:52.640
A lot of money is earned by
00:28:52.720 --> 00:28:56.480
exhibiting instruments of torture
artificially manufactured,
00:28:56.559 --> 00:28:59.759
based on images found in
different parts of Europe
00:28:59.839 --> 00:29:03.960
that are not Spanish and have never had
anything to do with the Inquisition,
00:29:04.039 --> 00:29:05.519
and that are shown
00:29:05.599 --> 00:29:08.119
as if at some point they
had been used by the Inquisition.
00:29:10.759 --> 00:29:12.640
This has not stopped growing,
00:29:13.079 --> 00:29:17.519
it manifests itself in textbooks,
comics and movies
00:29:17.720 --> 00:29:22.920
and in this kind of very crude
and even vulgar falsification.
00:29:24.559 --> 00:29:27.680
It is one more development,
of the absurd Black Legend
00:29:27.759 --> 00:29:30.359
and of the enormous profitability
this argument has had
00:29:30.440 --> 00:29:31.720
and continues having.
00:29:33.119 --> 00:29:35.839
Whoever, without
much information, sees this
00:29:35.920 --> 00:29:38.799
is convinced that these
atrocities were a normal practice
00:29:38.880 --> 00:29:40.400
in the Spanish Inquisition.
00:29:40.519 --> 00:29:43.880
And then, that affects Spain, in
terms of the image that the country has.
00:29:43.960 --> 00:29:47.039
But, everyone is content, you see?
And nothing happens.
00:29:50.160 --> 00:29:53.759
The Protestants used
the Spanish Inquisition
00:29:53.880 --> 00:29:57.400
to build the myth
of the Black Legend.
00:29:58.559 --> 00:30:04.079
The English and the Dutch assemble
History's first propaganda campaign
00:30:04.200 --> 00:30:06.279
to weaken Spain,
00:30:06.559 --> 00:30:12.759
to attack it and to mobilize
other dynasties against it,
00:30:13.039 --> 00:30:15.640
because in purely military terms,
00:30:15.720 --> 00:30:16.680
they can't do it.
00:30:20.880 --> 00:30:22.839
I have studied La Invencible.
00:30:24.880 --> 00:30:27.119
I have studied it in my textbooks.
00:30:27.240 --> 00:30:29.359
Instead of studying
the war or who won it,
00:30:29.480 --> 00:30:31.279
I have studied La Invencible.
00:30:32.559 --> 00:30:34.559
La Invencible wasn’t relevant,
00:30:34.640 --> 00:30:36.839
not even in the context of that war
00:30:36.920 --> 00:30:41.920
which finally ended with an
honorable defeat on England’s part.
00:30:42.000 --> 00:30:46.000
England is quite
a minor country at the moment.
00:30:46.279 --> 00:30:51.680
We see a bit of the history of
England as the great imperial power,
00:30:51.880 --> 00:30:54.880
when at this moment it is not.
00:30:59.839 --> 00:31:01.680
It was honestly not an invasion attempt.
00:31:01.759 --> 00:31:08.400
A large part of the English population
supported a change of dynasty,
00:31:08.559 --> 00:31:10.680
which was really
what it was intended to do.
00:31:10.960 --> 00:31:15.839
Isabel I is absolutely dependent
on a religious schism to be queen.
00:31:16.160 --> 00:31:20.400
She cannot reign if this
religious schism is not consolidated
00:31:20.880 --> 00:31:22.319
as she is illegitimate.
00:31:25.599 --> 00:31:29.680
She take the opportunity to
contradict something very clear:
00:31:29.839 --> 00:31:33.279
"We are people with
less force and less power
00:31:33.519 --> 00:31:39.000
but God has sent his winds
against the emperor's ships,
00:31:39.519 --> 00:31:40.640
against Philip II
00:31:40.759 --> 00:31:42.920
and God is with us."
00:31:46.680 --> 00:31:52.920
In its day, it was an act of
affirmation of the dynasty of Isabel I,
00:31:53.079 --> 00:31:55.559
but then, in the 17th century,
00:31:55.680 --> 00:32:02.359
that act of affirmation becomes
one of the myths of English,
00:32:02.480 --> 00:32:04.440
and later British, nationalism.
00:32:06.319 --> 00:32:08.400
It makes sense that
English children study it.
00:32:08.880 --> 00:32:11.640
But that the Spanish
children study it, in the same key…
00:32:11.799 --> 00:32:17.640
I don't know if what we have
is a suicidal tendency, let's say.
00:32:17.720 --> 00:32:19.720
I don't know,
something is wrong there.
00:32:25.240 --> 00:32:28.799
Textbooks do not adequately
reflect the history of Spain,
00:32:28.920 --> 00:32:29.920
they reflect it very badly.
00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:33.720
History, in general, went one way
and the history of America, another.
00:32:33.920 --> 00:32:37.599
The proof is in the
high school textbooks where,
00:32:38.440 --> 00:32:41.839
when speaking about America, only
Columbus and Cortés are mentioned, a bit.
00:32:42.000 --> 00:32:43.359
But history is never explained.
00:32:43.480 --> 00:32:44.559
It never was.
00:32:58.599 --> 00:33:00.759
The conquerors never stopped.
00:33:04.640 --> 00:33:06.599
Cortés is a man who succeeds young,
00:33:06.839 --> 00:33:12.079
he goes to La Española,
to Santo Domingo at the age of 19,
00:33:13.559 --> 00:33:16.400
and he is rich in just ten years,
00:33:16.640 --> 00:33:18.839
he has responsibilities and herds...
00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:22.319
In a manner of speaking,
he had no need to get into more trouble.
00:33:22.559 --> 00:33:27.319
There is an urge that leads
him to continue later to Cuba,
00:33:27.559 --> 00:33:29.839
to listen to the rumors
of the Western Empire
00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:32.359
and to become the conqueror of New Spain.
00:33:41.000 --> 00:33:46.759
He was a man well aware that he was
opening new horizons for his own time.
00:33:47.160 --> 00:33:50.319
Besides, he couldn't sit still,
I think he was a hyperactive man.
00:33:59.240 --> 00:34:00.839
There is a fascinating moment
00:34:00.960 --> 00:34:07.640
when Cortés sends
Carlos I his first letter
00:34:07.920 --> 00:34:11.000
with a list including the
famous feathers that are in Vienna
00:34:11.079 --> 00:34:12.199
the Aztec plume
00:34:12.639 --> 00:34:14.280
and a series of riches,
00:34:14.480 --> 00:34:16.079
gold, silver, jade...
00:34:16.199 --> 00:34:20.119
The offerings from the Aztecs to scare
him so that Cortés would not advance.
00:34:20.239 --> 00:34:22.760
The effect is the opposite
as Cortés has more desire to go there.
00:34:22.920 --> 00:34:27.440
Of course, those incredible
riches stimulate his ambition.
00:34:32.000 --> 00:34:33.840
Cortés can exercise violence
00:34:34.000 --> 00:34:37.440
when he has to exercise it
as captain of his army,
00:34:37.519 --> 00:34:41.599
but he is also capable of being surprised
and marvel at the American reality,
00:34:41.719 --> 00:34:45.840
and not only to marvel but
to describe it with enormous detail.
00:34:55.000 --> 00:34:56.960
Cortés is Mexico’s inventor
00:34:57.280 --> 00:34:59.239
He builds the foundations of a nation.
00:34:59.679 --> 00:35:02.760
What more portentous legend than that?
00:35:03.800 --> 00:35:07.079
A statesman who creates
a new state is a unique case.
00:35:07.760 --> 00:35:11.559
He even lays the foundations
of the economic structure of Mexico.
00:35:11.719 --> 00:35:12.800
It is awesome.
00:35:15.400 --> 00:35:19.719
Hernán Cortés is
a character off the charts,
00:35:19.840 --> 00:35:21.000
he is magnificent.
00:35:24.679 --> 00:35:28.199
Cortés, poor him,
and a couple of other crazy people;
00:35:28.280 --> 00:35:31.239
no dogs, nor horses,
arquebuses or anything else.
00:35:31.480 --> 00:35:35.199
They could never conquer
an empire of a million soldiers
00:35:35.280 --> 00:35:38.320
if it was not for the fact
that the entire people,
00:35:39.000 --> 00:35:42.039
subjugated by the Aztecs,
threw themselves into the arms of Cortés
00:35:42.199 --> 00:35:48.039
to free themselves from the blood
sacrifice the Aztecs demanded of them.
00:35:49.960 --> 00:35:52.159
The famous genocide did not exist.
00:35:52.440 --> 00:35:55.760
The conquest of Mexico
was not made by Hernán Cortés,
00:35:55.840 --> 00:35:57.280
but rather by the Indians themselves.
00:35:57.400 --> 00:35:59.199
Cortés had no idea where he got to,
00:35:59.320 --> 00:36:01.519
or how many people inhabited the land,
00:36:01.639 --> 00:36:03.679
or who were friends or enemies.
00:36:04.639 --> 00:36:06.360
Marina, an Indian nobleman’s daughter,
00:36:06.480 --> 00:36:09.239
knew perfectly well
who she could ally with,
00:36:09.320 --> 00:36:15.559
and she was guiding Cortés
to build those alliances.
00:36:16.880 --> 00:36:22.400
The true architect of the
conquest of what is now called Mexico
00:36:22.480 --> 00:36:25.800
has been a woman,
who is Doña Marina herself.
00:36:27.320 --> 00:36:29.519
I ask in class:
Who conquered Mexico?
00:36:29.639 --> 00:36:32.719
And people look at me
as if to say "this has to be a trap."
00:36:32.960 --> 00:36:34.719
And someone already says,
Hernán Cortés.
00:36:34.920 --> 00:36:35.920
No.
00:36:37.079 --> 00:36:39.199
It was an alliance,
an allied army.
00:36:41.960 --> 00:36:45.639
Aztecs were one of many peoples.
00:36:45.719 --> 00:36:49.440
Each of these people
had their own peculiarity.
00:36:49.519 --> 00:36:56.599
Therefore, they offered multiple
responses of fear, alliance or combat
00:36:56.840 --> 00:36:59.639
to the Hispanic presence.
00:36:59.920 --> 00:37:04.760
This happens when something
unknown comes into our reality.
00:38:02.599 --> 00:38:06.440
The military conquest is not
necessarily carried out by the Spaniards
00:38:06.599 --> 00:38:10.039
but by the indigenous
Mesoamerican in the name of the king,
00:38:10.119 --> 00:38:14.079
who conquer the barbarian,
semi-nomadic tribes of the North.
00:38:14.400 --> 00:38:16.119
That is fascinating,
00:38:16.320 --> 00:38:20.960
because they are indeed king’s soldiers
and are part of the Spanish army
00:38:21.159 --> 00:38:24.559
There is an image
of a chief from Tetzcoco
00:38:24.719 --> 00:38:27.559
who was in charge of conquering
the entire part of Querétaro
00:38:27.639 --> 00:38:28.960
in the north part of Mexico
00:38:29.159 --> 00:38:32.559
He appears represented
with his General flare
00:38:32.679 --> 00:38:35.599
and his cross of Santiago
as Captain of the Spanish army.
00:38:35.719 --> 00:38:37.239
He could have been in Flanders,
00:38:37.360 --> 00:38:38.480
directly.
00:38:46.719 --> 00:38:50.039
He wanted to reach China
as he always wanted to go further.
00:38:50.119 --> 00:38:53.280
That is a frontier
and innovative spirit.
00:38:53.360 --> 00:38:56.360
Conquerors are frontier heroes
00:38:56.519 --> 00:39:00.400
and I believe that this impulse
is that of 16th century Spain.
00:39:04.880 --> 00:39:07.800
In 1500, Juan de la Cosa’s map
can already be drawn,
00:39:07.880 --> 00:39:09.280
which is a spectacular advance.
00:39:09.880 --> 00:39:16.719
In 1505 onwards, there are
meetings of pilots in all directions.
00:39:16.800 --> 00:39:18.559
The entire land of Mexico is traversed.
00:39:18.960 --> 00:39:22.800
For an obvious reason, a passage
does not appear as it does not exist.
00:39:22.920 --> 00:39:24.440
There is a decisive point:
00:39:25.639 --> 00:39:27.639
Vasco Núñez de Balboa.
00:39:27.800 --> 00:39:32.719
On September 29, 1513,
he bumps into the Pacific Ocean.
00:39:33.960 --> 00:39:37.159
We have reached the other sea
through the isthmus of Panama,
00:39:37.840 --> 00:39:41.119
but we do not know how
they connect by sea.
00:39:46.800 --> 00:39:50.880
On their return of
every trip to America,
00:39:51.039 --> 00:39:52.960
pilots brought new
information about the coast
00:39:53.039 --> 00:39:58.320
that is then incorporated into a model,
which was made in La Casa de la
Contratación.
00:39:58.480 --> 00:39:59.960
named Padrón Real.
00:40:00.079 --> 00:40:01.280
In 1508,
00:40:01.519 --> 00:40:03.519
the figure of the
Piloto Mayor (Head Pilot)
00:40:03.599 --> 00:40:05.599
and this Padrón Real
(Royal Register) were created.
00:40:07.719 --> 00:40:12.960
Burgos and Seville are the two
great cosmopolitan cities of the crown.
00:40:16.440 --> 00:40:18.320
What is special about Burgos is that,
00:40:18.440 --> 00:40:21.119
since mid 15th century,
00:40:21.440 --> 00:40:26.119
high-level merchants there
handle a vast amount of money
00:40:26.360 --> 00:40:31.719
and have branches in different points
especially important for European trade,
00:40:31.800 --> 00:40:35.039
such as Amberes, London, Lisbon...
00:40:36.199 --> 00:40:38.719
The Haros are one of those families.
00:40:39.039 --> 00:40:41.440
They are a converted lineage
family originally from La Rioja
00:40:41.800 --> 00:40:48.199
who usually trade through
the fairs of Medina del Campo.
00:40:52.280 --> 00:40:57.199
Cristobal de Haro is responsible
for managing the Lisbon branch
00:40:57.639 --> 00:41:02.639
and he reaches out
where there is something to profit.
00:41:11.000 --> 00:41:12.480
In 1515,
00:41:13.280 --> 00:41:15.280
Juan Díaz de Solís
enters the Río de la Plata
00:41:15.400 --> 00:41:18.880
He did not know that Cristobal de Haro
had already sent an expedition
00:41:19.039 --> 00:41:21.320
with the Portuguese to explore the area.
00:41:26.559 --> 00:41:30.039
Next step is going further south.
00:41:34.519 --> 00:41:40.800
Haro met Fernão Magalhães,
Fernando de Magallanes, in Lisbon.
00:41:46.400 --> 00:41:48.719
They were both angry
with the king of Portugal,
00:41:48.920 --> 00:41:53.800
and somehow, they understand that their
best chance is going to be in Castile.
00:41:59.000 --> 00:42:02.360
Haro's role will be
fundamentally financial.
00:42:02.519 --> 00:42:05.480
He was, together with
Juan de Fonseca, the shipowner.
00:42:09.199 --> 00:42:14.519
Magallanes,
who was a naturalized Spaniard.
00:42:14.880 --> 00:42:17.639
carried all the weight of the expedition.
00:42:19.920 --> 00:42:21.320
He manages to take the step
00:42:23.760 --> 00:42:24.960
from the North Sea
00:42:26.760 --> 00:42:27.880
to the South Sea.
00:42:29.960 --> 00:42:33.960
The dimension of
the Pacific is established here.
00:42:34.039 --> 00:42:36.400
There was a sea
between Asia and America,
00:42:36.719 --> 00:42:38.920
which is the largest
body of water on the planet.
00:42:39.199 --> 00:42:41.199
Until that moment
this was not known.
00:42:50.840 --> 00:42:52.880
And with this, an ordeal begins.
00:42:52.960 --> 00:42:56.320
Day by day,
the Pacific is killing people.
00:43:05.840 --> 00:43:07.000
When he got to the Philippines,
00:43:07.280 --> 00:43:08.159
to Cebu,
00:43:08.480 --> 00:43:09.840
Magallanes is almost a missionary.
00:43:09.920 --> 00:43:12.320
He starts preaching and so on.
00:43:12.400 --> 00:43:14.440
- Bring me the gifts for King Humabón.
00:43:14.559 --> 00:43:15.280
- Yes, my captain.
00:43:17.039 --> 00:43:20.400
- These are gifts that
I offer you, and you, madam
00:43:21.079 --> 00:43:22.599
They are fabrics from Spain.
00:43:22.920 --> 00:43:28.320
In Cebu, King Humabón
and his wife are baptized.
00:43:28.519 --> 00:43:32.440
King Humabón is
named after Emperor Carlos,
00:43:32.719 --> 00:43:34.960
and his wife,
is named after Carlos’ mother
00:43:35.039 --> 00:43:36.440
who was Queen Juana,
00:43:36.519 --> 00:43:38.920
the so-called Juana la Loca.
00:43:40.440 --> 00:43:44.719
But the queen is craving
that statue of baby Jesus.
00:43:44.960 --> 00:43:45.719
Therefore,
00:43:45.880 --> 00:43:46.800
Magallanes,
00:43:47.199 --> 00:43:50.480
as a sign of friendship and goodwill,
00:43:50.760 --> 00:43:55.119
donates that statue
of the Cebu child
00:43:55.280 --> 00:43:57.280
to Queen Juana.
00:44:01.800 --> 00:44:05.320
Magallanes gets into a war
that was not his with Lapu Lapu,
00:44:05.480 --> 00:44:09.280
who has a tremendous
bronze sculpture in the Philippines.
00:44:13.119 --> 00:44:16.719
The soldier Lapu Lapu kills Magallanes.
00:44:17.519 --> 00:44:21.320
The Spaniards
walk away and flee.
00:44:21.880 --> 00:44:26.440
The child Jesus
is left abandoned in Cebu,
00:44:26.800 --> 00:44:29.039
and what do the
indigenous people do with that child?
00:44:29.119 --> 00:44:30.119
They worshipped him.
00:44:30.199 --> 00:44:31.280
When it wasn't raining,
00:44:31.360 --> 00:44:34.400
they took that statue
of the child from Cebu
00:44:34.559 --> 00:44:36.159
and carried it to the sea.
00:44:36.400 --> 00:44:38.360
They soaked it in the sea
00:44:38.480 --> 00:44:41.320
and they did not remove it
from there until it rained.
00:44:41.960 --> 00:44:44.639
For forty-four years,
00:44:44.800 --> 00:44:51.039
this baby Jesus became
the God of Water for the Filipinos,
00:44:51.239 --> 00:44:55.679
the God who attracted
rain in times of drought.
00:44:59.480 --> 00:45:03.079
There is confusion among
those who succeed him.
00:45:03.159 --> 00:45:05.400
They lose ten months in Asia,
00:45:05.880 --> 00:45:10.320
and when Elcano and
Gómez-Espinosa finally take charge
00:45:10.400 --> 00:45:11.960
of the two remaining ships,
00:45:12.159 --> 00:45:13.280
they go to the Moluccas.
00:45:13.360 --> 00:45:17.360
That is to say, they fulfill the
objective for what had been organized,
00:45:17.440 --> 00:45:19.519
which is to get to the spices,
00:45:19.599 --> 00:45:22.280
the richest commodity
there was at that time.
00:45:24.360 --> 00:45:26.360
The value was incalculable,
00:45:26.719 --> 00:45:28.320
more than gold, in weight
00:45:28.920 --> 00:45:35.559
and, at that time, it was considered
a valid element against Black Death.
00:45:36.320 --> 00:45:40.880
When it reached Europe,
00:45:41.079 --> 00:45:46.599
its yields were
10,000% at its highest.
00:45:47.000 --> 00:45:49.840
Above all, clove and nutmeg,
00:45:49.960 --> 00:45:52.760
which are unique spices,
rare in the world,
00:45:52.840 --> 00:45:55.679
that appeared naturally in those islands.
00:46:00.840 --> 00:46:04.800
Above all,
spices bring sophistication, right?
00:46:05.039 --> 00:46:06.960
If there were spices,
00:46:07.360 --> 00:46:09.800
the dishes were much tastier.
00:46:09.920 --> 00:46:14.159
It was like today’s caviar or truffle.
00:46:17.840 --> 00:46:21.599
Elcano trades there with clove,
the most valuable spice.
00:46:23.760 --> 00:46:28.559
He loads the Nao Victoria with it,
and says, now I'm leaving, but which way?
00:46:28.639 --> 00:46:29.679
There were two ships,
00:46:29.800 --> 00:46:31.639
his and the Trinidad,
00:46:32.079 --> 00:46:34.159
led by Gómez de Espinosa,
another great man.
00:46:34.280 --> 00:46:35.519
Gómez Espinosa says:
00:46:35.639 --> 00:46:39.599
the shortest way is
to go towards America,
00:46:39.679 --> 00:46:42.280
but we are
trying a new way back.
00:46:42.559 --> 00:46:43.760
He doesn't make it.
00:46:45.280 --> 00:46:49.119
Actually, the decision to go around
the world was Elcano's in the Moluccas.
00:46:52.880 --> 00:46:55.159
Elcano devised a
more ingenious solution,
00:46:55.239 --> 00:46:58.239
which was to try to use
the Portuguese route,
00:46:58.320 --> 00:47:00.480
trying not to run into the Portuguese.
00:47:00.639 --> 00:47:01.920
That was his success.
00:47:02.880 --> 00:47:06.239
Elcano's action has
an impressive intrepidity.
00:47:06.360 --> 00:47:11.840
The journey from Timor
to Cape Verde is impressive.
00:47:11.960 --> 00:47:13.039
An ocean liner doesn't do that.
00:47:13.159 --> 00:47:15.679
Nao Victoria,
which was the most modern ship,
00:47:15.760 --> 00:47:17.320
consisted of floating wooden planks.
00:47:17.440 --> 00:47:19.079
It was the one with the best caulking,
00:47:19.159 --> 00:47:21.280
and that was probably
what allowed it to hold.
00:47:21.440 --> 00:47:24.760
Because the return from Cape Verde
to Sanlúcar de Barrameda is terrible.
00:47:31.119 --> 00:47:33.480
Those who have to sail
a ship that involves fifty people
00:47:33.559 --> 00:47:35.159
are indeed eighteen.
00:47:35.360 --> 00:47:37.280
They are baling water,
they are defeated.
00:47:37.400 --> 00:47:40.880
It was very hard because
they were going with very few troops.
00:47:44.079 --> 00:47:47.320
There are no continents
dividing the seas;
00:47:47.400 --> 00:47:51.199
the entire planet
can be crossed by sea.
00:48:00.000 --> 00:48:02.159
A comparison is made
with the arrival to the Moon…
00:48:02.280 --> 00:48:07.760
I believe the trip around the world was
much more important than that event.
00:48:09.639 --> 00:48:13.199
When they arrive to Cape
Verde Islands they are one day late.
00:48:13.280 --> 00:48:15.199
The Portuguese say
that it is Thursday,
00:48:15.320 --> 00:48:17.840
but their charts say
that it is Wednesday.
00:48:18.159 --> 00:48:20.840
That means that the Earth
is spinning on its own axis,
00:48:21.360 --> 00:48:23.519
that is, it is a spinning globe.
00:48:23.639 --> 00:48:26.480
For the first time ever,
this is verified.
00:48:27.079 --> 00:48:30.920
The same year that
Magallanes' expedition begins,
00:48:31.199 --> 00:48:35.519
the city of Veracruz
and Panama City are founded,
00:48:36.199 --> 00:48:40.840
and Carlos I is elected,
not crowned, as emperor.
00:48:46.199 --> 00:48:48.760
King Carlos I,
who was young but no stupid
00:48:48.880 --> 00:48:54.360
understands that he has to have a real
investment to ensure some benefits.
00:48:54.800 --> 00:48:59.719
Haro tried to make the trip a private
initiative so the crown could not enter.
00:48:59.920 --> 00:49:02.679
In the end,
it is going to be a joint venture.
00:49:06.599 --> 00:49:10.719
In this Armada Haro invested
almost 2,000,000 maravedis
00:49:10.880 --> 00:49:14.239
and the Crown around 6,500,000.
00:49:17.920 --> 00:49:19.719
There were enormous benefits,
00:49:19.840 --> 00:49:23.000
if we put aside
the number of lives it cost.
00:49:25.920 --> 00:49:29.119
The coverage of
the entire investment is made
00:49:29.639 --> 00:49:33.519
with just one of the five ships.
00:49:35.480 --> 00:49:38.800
What they carry is so valuable…
00:49:39.039 --> 00:49:41.960
Expenses were covered
and money was earned.
00:49:46.000 --> 00:49:47.760
A few months after Elcano’s return,
00:49:47.840 --> 00:49:50.199
we already have a map on the table.
00:49:50.400 --> 00:49:51.400
The following year,
00:49:51.639 --> 00:49:53.159
in 1523,
00:49:53.719 --> 00:49:56.840
Nuño García de Toreno made the first map
00:49:57.079 --> 00:50:00.760
in which the American continent and
the Pacific Ocean were already included.
00:50:00.960 --> 00:50:05.719
That is, a world map
as we find them today.
00:50:07.320 --> 00:50:10.159
At the same time
that a cartography is being made
00:50:10.840 --> 00:50:13.719
for precisely that conquest of space,
00:50:14.039 --> 00:50:19.079
the conquest of time is taking place
in a synchronic and coordinated way.
00:50:19.239 --> 00:50:24.440
The network we would call
longitude and latitude today
00:50:24.519 --> 00:50:27.159
is being formed
through that circumnavigation
00:50:27.239 --> 00:50:29.000
and Iberian expansion in the world.
00:50:31.480 --> 00:50:34.440
All the continents and oceans
begin to be placed as they should.
00:50:34.519 --> 00:50:36.760
Not only America, but Europe
and Asia are also discovered,
00:50:36.840 --> 00:50:37.840
everything is discovered...
00:50:37.920 --> 00:50:42.239
For the first time, the globe
and the orb are discovered.
00:50:42.360 --> 00:50:44.360
Continents, seas and oceans
begin to be distributed
00:50:44.440 --> 00:50:48.559
in conditions that adjust
to the one and only geographical reality.
00:51:47.960 --> 00:51:50.599
What bothered many people the most
00:51:50.920 --> 00:51:58.480
was precisely that Spain
built the first overseas world empire,
00:51:58.639 --> 00:52:01.320
because there are two oceans in between
00:52:01.400 --> 00:52:03.079
the Atlantic and the Pacific.
00:52:03.679 --> 00:52:07.400
Even the Black Legend
is still manifesting itself,
00:52:07.519 --> 00:52:08.960
and it has continued to function.
00:52:09.039 --> 00:52:10.920
There is no doubt that the Black Legend
00:52:11.000 --> 00:52:13.039
is the most perfect
work of political marketing.
00:52:13.119 --> 00:52:18.000
Never in the history of humanity
has there been a lie turned into truth
00:52:18.159 --> 00:52:19.480
that lasted so long.
00:52:19.639 --> 00:52:24.280
All the countries that have had
power at some point in their lives
00:52:24.400 --> 00:52:27.400
have always had people
who have denigrated them.
00:52:27.559 --> 00:52:31.960
We can call it Black Legend, propaganda
or a denigration of the contrary.
00:52:33.159 --> 00:52:34.880
Our case is a special one.
00:52:35.119 --> 00:52:36.239
How is it different?
00:52:36.320 --> 00:52:39.800
In the fact that we assume it
from the first moment,
00:52:40.320 --> 00:52:43.800
and we rejoice
in that external denigration.
00:52:47.159 --> 00:52:51.280
The hatred of Spain leads to admitting
the Black Legend in a complete way,
00:52:51.599 --> 00:52:53.840
which does not mean that there
were errors, because there were.
00:52:54.079 --> 00:52:56.039
There were acts of violence
00:52:56.119 --> 00:52:58.480
because the company
was a company of men, not angels.
00:52:58.760 --> 00:53:01.199
It would be stupid to think
that it was a company of angels,
00:53:01.280 --> 00:53:02.639
it was a company of men.
00:53:02.960 --> 00:53:05.559
And men are like that,
sometimes violent, sometimes they love,
00:53:05.639 --> 00:53:07.400
sometimes they fight,
sometimes they hate,
00:53:07.559 --> 00:53:08.639
sometimes they detest...
00:53:08.760 --> 00:53:10.960
they have sublime acts
and horrible acts,
00:53:11.480 --> 00:53:16.519
Using only one part of that,
as when you believe the Black Legend
00:53:16.719 --> 00:53:19.519
the legend the enemy
invented about them,
00:53:19.679 --> 00:53:22.199
they begin to have
a hatred for themselves
00:53:22.400 --> 00:53:24.039
a contempt for themselves.
00:53:24.280 --> 00:53:27.360
In reality, a lower value,
00:53:27.599 --> 00:53:29.920
that is, to consider
themselves less than they were.
00:53:31.159 --> 00:53:33.360
All good things have been forgotten.
00:53:33.519 --> 00:53:40.920
You still hear nonsense
about the Conquest of America
00:53:41.199 --> 00:53:45.679
and children and generations
have not been educated
00:53:45.920 --> 00:53:48.400
in the objectivity of history.
00:53:49.639 --> 00:53:52.760
Spain not only
discovered that new continent,
00:53:52.840 --> 00:53:56.280
but also brought Western,
European cultures there.
00:53:56.719 --> 00:53:59.039
It opened printing presses,
universities,
00:53:59.079 --> 00:54:01.239
the magnificent
urbanism that it developed
00:54:01.360 --> 00:54:05.920
and, above all, a Laws of
the Indies by which the Indians
00:54:06.000 --> 00:54:08.320
were equal subjects
of the kings of Spain,
00:54:08.400 --> 00:54:12.880
as non-Indians of European Spain were.
00:54:13.719 --> 00:54:15.360
The subjects of Felipe IV…
00:54:15.760 --> 00:54:17.760
All are subjects of Felipe IV,
00:54:17.840 --> 00:54:21.000
the Indians, the non-Indians,
the mestizos, the non-mestizos,
00:54:21.159 --> 00:54:24.119
who are born in Europe
or are born in America.
00:54:25.199 --> 00:54:27.239
Colonialism is something else entirely.
00:54:27.360 --> 00:54:31.000
It is a model of expansion based on
the difference between the metropolis
00:54:31.079 --> 00:54:32.199
and its colonies.
00:54:33.840 --> 00:54:36.480
England did not
generate other Englands.
00:54:36.760 --> 00:54:39.039
Spain did generate other Spains.
00:54:42.199 --> 00:54:43.719
It was incorporating territories
00:54:43.880 --> 00:54:46.320
and to all of them
it brought their ways of life,
00:54:46.400 --> 00:54:49.320
their rights,
their aqueducts, their societies,
00:54:49.480 --> 00:54:51.039
their organizational systems...
00:54:51.119 --> 00:54:55.920
Spain is going to completely sow all
of Spanish America with universities...
00:54:56.079 --> 00:54:58.440
And there is a rosary of universities.
00:54:58.599 --> 00:55:00.800
Lima’s University,
00:55:00.920 --> 00:55:03.119
the University of
San Marcos de Lima,
00:55:03.199 --> 00:55:05.280
was founded almost
seventy years earlier than
00:55:05.480 --> 00:55:09.599
what we could consider the first North
American university, which is Harvard.
00:55:10.880 --> 00:55:13.079
When the English founded Harvard,
00:55:13.519 --> 00:55:16.239
Spain had already
founded ten universities.
00:55:16.400 --> 00:55:19.480
It is always said that
Spain had sent criminals,
00:55:19.679 --> 00:55:23.239
swineherds, pig farmers
like Pizarro, right?
00:55:25.800 --> 00:55:30.440
The Spanish Empire did not export
something worse than themselves,
00:55:30.519 --> 00:55:32.920
but the best of themselves.
00:55:33.079 --> 00:55:36.360
The best teachers
in Spain come to America.
00:55:36.800 --> 00:55:38.400
They go to Mexico and to Peru.
00:55:39.239 --> 00:55:41.960
And one looks at those universities
00:55:42.400 --> 00:55:44.079
and they had the same privileges
00:55:44.159 --> 00:55:46.800
and the same conditions
as the University of Salamanca.
00:55:50.639 --> 00:55:52.239
It had always been said
00:55:52.320 --> 00:55:57.719
that Spain had not participated in
what had been the scientific revolution.
00:55:57.800 --> 00:55:58.719
However,
00:55:58.840 --> 00:56:02.519
at the University of Salamanca,
there are great discoveries of physics,
00:56:02.639 --> 00:56:03.719
of the Earth.
00:56:03.840 --> 00:56:06.960
In 1555,
Domingo de Soto
00:56:07.039 --> 00:56:11.480
formulates in a book
the law of free fall,
00:56:11.599 --> 00:56:14.679
but in the books that
we have read as children,
00:56:14.800 --> 00:56:17.920
it is written that it had
only been discovered by Galileo Galilei,
00:56:18.000 --> 00:56:19.840
sixty three years later.
00:56:20.239 --> 00:56:22.559
Or, for example, in 1529,
00:56:22.719 --> 00:56:26.559
there was a rector of the University
of Salamanca named Pérez de Oliva.
00:56:26.719 --> 00:56:29.679
who was explaining some new things,
00:56:29.800 --> 00:56:31.679
among them magnetism.
00:56:31.840 --> 00:56:33.400
According to science books,
00:56:33.480 --> 00:56:38.559
magnetism is something invented by
or that appears in Gilbert's first book
00:56:38.679 --> 00:56:40.440
from 1600.
00:56:40.760 --> 00:56:42.239
The same happens in medicine.
00:56:42.320 --> 00:56:45.440
The solutions to the subject
of syphilis by Doctor Villalobos,
00:56:45.559 --> 00:56:50.960
or the discovery of the
ear bones and the skull's structure
00:56:51.079 --> 00:56:55.760
by Doctor Cosme de Medina
or his student, Doctor Collado.
00:56:58.480 --> 00:57:03.039
In 1516, Pedro Ciruelo published
for the first time in Salamanca,
00:57:03.119 --> 00:57:05.199
a complete Treatise on Mathematics.
00:57:07.760 --> 00:57:08.519
Here,
00:57:08.599 --> 00:57:14.239
Acosta's book on the Natural History
of the Indies was written and published,
00:57:14.400 --> 00:57:18.119
in which two
very important elements appear:
00:57:18.559 --> 00:57:21.119
Darwin's evolutionary theory
00:57:21.239 --> 00:57:24.320
two hundred fifty years before Darwin
00:57:25.840 --> 00:57:29.559
and the Humboldt Current Theory,
00:57:29.679 --> 00:57:32.840
which in this case was discovered
by Humboldt in the 19th century.
00:57:33.000 --> 00:57:37.119
It appears in Acosta's work
published here.
00:57:37.239 --> 00:57:38.039
That is to say,
00:57:38.119 --> 00:57:42.039
Salamanca was a leader in knowledge
00:57:42.239 --> 00:57:46.079
and still today,
we continue to enjoy its results.
00:57:49.400 --> 00:57:53.400
There were a lot of positions in Spain,
00:57:53.920 --> 00:57:56.800
from Father Las Casas to Fonseca.
00:57:56.920 --> 00:57:58.719
There are many very diverse approaches,
00:57:58.800 --> 00:58:01.800
it is not possible to give
a single and monolithic answer.
00:58:04.519 --> 00:58:08.119
Perhaps, the man who
has gone the furthest in his vision
00:58:08.239 --> 00:58:10.000
was Father Vitoria.
00:58:12.239 --> 00:58:19.360
Do we legitimately have the possibility
of having sovereignty over America?
00:58:20.960 --> 00:58:24.800
There should be a people's law above all,
00:58:24.880 --> 00:58:26.079
and to which all,
00:58:26.280 --> 00:58:31.239
winners and losers,
had to be accountable.
00:58:34.760 --> 00:58:38.639
From there,
the Salamanca School was born,
00:58:38.800 --> 00:58:42.360
but it does not stop
revealing a philosophical
00:58:42.440 --> 00:58:44.360
and legal valuation of persons.
00:58:47.800 --> 00:58:50.079
Castile, or Spain, has arrived,
00:58:50.199 --> 00:58:53.559
and has imposed its law
because it is the victor.
00:58:53.920 --> 00:58:57.039
But what he proposes is
that it is possible to evangelize
00:58:57.159 --> 00:58:59.159
without conquering.
00:59:03.079 --> 00:59:06.599
Basically, from there on,
an extremely interesting development
00:59:06.760 --> 00:59:09.119
will take place
in the Salamanca School,
00:59:09.239 --> 00:59:11.760
which is, somehow,
one of the great legacies
00:59:11.880 --> 00:59:13.800
of our story.
00:59:18.880 --> 00:59:20.599
If one crosses the Atlantic,
00:59:20.719 --> 00:59:23.440
goes through the baquía,
baquía is the tropical fever,
00:59:23.519 --> 00:59:25.119
the drowsiness, the adaptation…
00:59:25.320 --> 00:59:26.440
You survive
00:59:26.599 --> 00:59:29.599
and become a veteran
of the Antillean frontier.
00:59:30.000 --> 00:59:33.000
It is a very risky enterprise,
00:59:33.159 --> 00:59:35.239
comparable to the
first circumnavigation.
00:59:36.400 --> 00:59:38.840
nineteen out of two hundred forty-five
arrive.
00:59:39.239 --> 00:59:41.719
One would hire life insurance for that
trip…
00:59:44.039 --> 00:59:48.360
All the sailors who embarked
made a will before leaving.
01:00:08.320 --> 01:00:11.199
There is neither a course
nor a road or route
01:00:11.360 --> 01:00:15.239
that leads from
Far East Asia to America,
01:00:15.360 --> 01:00:19.320
which is the way back so as
not to run into the Portuguese way.
01:00:19.519 --> 01:00:22.199
That must be discovered
so a first attempt is made,
01:00:22.280 --> 01:00:24.280
followed by a second,
a third, a fourth, a fifth...
01:00:24.360 --> 01:00:25.320
All failed.
01:00:28.639 --> 01:00:34.440
In 1559, Felipe II wrote a letter
addressed to Fray Andrés de Urdaneta.
01:00:34.880 --> 01:00:36.679
What does a king say to a friar?
01:00:36.840 --> 01:00:44.960
Felipe II notes that Urdaneta says
that he is able to bring the ships back,
01:00:45.079 --> 01:00:46.960
from the Philippines to Mexico.
01:00:47.159 --> 01:00:50.599
Urdaneta was ordained a priest,
01:00:50.679 --> 01:00:52.159
became an Augustinian,
01:00:52.360 --> 01:00:54.840
and was a professor
at the seminary in Mexico.
01:00:55.000 --> 01:01:00.519
Already sixty-five years old
he began, with a renewed spirit,
01:01:00.800 --> 01:01:02.639
to plan that expedition.
01:01:02.760 --> 01:01:07.639
Urdaneta is the one who chooses
Legazpi as head of the expedition.
01:01:07.760 --> 01:01:11.360
Legazpi and Friar Urdaneta,
01:01:11.960 --> 01:01:13.559
the cosmographer,
01:01:13.719 --> 01:01:16.400
the adventurer, a character too…
01:01:16.719 --> 01:01:18.760
Both of them are incredible characters.
01:01:20.440 --> 01:01:23.079
They set sail from Mexico,
from Puerto de Navidad,
01:01:23.840 --> 01:01:26.800
with a practically secret destination.
01:01:26.920 --> 01:01:30.679
In fact, it is read
when they are already at sea,
01:01:31.000 --> 01:01:35.159
and Miguel López de Legazpi
reads the orders to the crew.
01:01:35.400 --> 01:01:38.400
They don't go to the spices,
they go to the Philippine Islands.
01:01:42.320 --> 01:01:44.440
There are seven expeditions
one after another,
01:01:45.079 --> 01:01:48.800
spending money, blood,
time and what there was not...
01:01:48.920 --> 01:01:50.960
Until the genius Urdaneta arrives,
01:01:51.119 --> 01:01:53.400
and says no, I am going
and I am coming back.
01:01:54.960 --> 01:01:59.280
He knew that he had to
navigate to a northern parallel,
01:01:59.400 --> 01:02:02.400
the closer to the
40th parallel the better,
01:02:02.519 --> 01:02:06.119
so the winds and currents
01:02:06.199 --> 01:02:10.280
were conducive to finally reach
the West Coast of the United States,
01:02:10.440 --> 01:02:14.960
around California, and then
go down to what is now Acapulco.
01:02:16.440 --> 01:02:20.840
Urdaneta himself is the one who insists
on Acapulco to be the port of departure
01:02:20.920 --> 01:02:23.079
and entry for those galleons.
01:02:24.480 --> 01:02:27.159
Very shortly after, in 1571,
01:02:27.320 --> 01:02:30.639
Miguel López de Legazpi
founded the city of Manila,
01:02:30.719 --> 01:02:32.480
and from that bay
01:02:32.760 --> 01:02:38.000
it was finally possible to maintain
commercial relations across the Pacific.
01:02:40.519 --> 01:02:43.119
From that moment on,
that astral conjunction is produced:
01:02:43.199 --> 01:02:45.880
Urdaneta's return trip
01:02:46.000 --> 01:02:49.000
and the crown of Portugal to Felipe II.
01:02:49.119 --> 01:02:52.000
Then, my dear friend,
the total panic attack.
01:02:53.239 --> 01:02:54.760
From 1580 onwards,
01:02:54.840 --> 01:02:56.960
the entire Asian market
01:02:57.079 --> 01:02:59.159
is in the hands of
the Hispanic Monarchy.
01:03:00.519 --> 01:03:04.119
They achieved what
they had been looking for
01:03:04.239 --> 01:03:06.199
since the end of the 15th century.
01:03:10.280 --> 01:03:14.519
This explains the
paroxysm in the rebellions
01:03:14.599 --> 01:03:16.599
that take place in the Netherlands.
01:03:16.719 --> 01:03:20.679
There is a commercial
aspect that is normally ignored.
01:03:20.880 --> 01:03:24.119
You just have to see
how the dates coincide,
01:03:24.400 --> 01:03:26.519
and that helps to
understand a lot of things.
01:03:49.199 --> 01:03:52.840
In the first meeting
between China and the West,
01:03:53.239 --> 01:03:55.280
the Hispanic link is key.
01:03:57.079 --> 01:04:05.239
It is the Spanish who become catalysts
for this economic and cultural exchange
01:04:05.320 --> 01:04:07.480
between China and the West.
01:04:10.440 --> 01:04:13.639
I think there is no real
awareness of the importance
01:04:13.719 --> 01:04:18.639
the connection that existed between the
Habsburg Empire and the Ming Empire had.
01:04:20.440 --> 01:04:23.480
Butter and sugar began to appear,
01:04:23.559 --> 01:04:27.199
which were things that
did not exist in the Chinese Empire.
01:04:29.920 --> 01:04:33.079
It is providential
when the Spanish arrive.
01:04:33.239 --> 01:04:35.320
They arrive at the right time.
01:04:48.280 --> 01:04:50.599
China is increasingly demanding
01:04:50.719 --> 01:04:53.719
that the payment to the public treasury
should be made in silver,
01:04:53.800 --> 01:04:58.000
and that only metallic payments in silver
and nothing else would be accepted.
01:04:59.960 --> 01:05:04.880
But China had very few
original sources of silver.
01:05:04.960 --> 01:05:09.239
The sources, the silver
remittances, were also huge,
01:05:09.320 --> 01:05:13.159
those that come from the American mines,
mainly from the Zacatecas in New Spain,
01:05:13.239 --> 01:05:16.480
and from Potosí
in the Viceroyalty of Peru.
01:05:20.000 --> 01:05:21.920
Through Manila,
01:05:22.000 --> 01:05:25.840
which is the place of
exchange with the Chinese
01:05:26.039 --> 01:05:28.000
who come from the shores of Fujian,
01:05:28.400 --> 01:05:33.480
an economy generates
that will transform the world’s finance.
01:05:34.840 --> 01:05:37.719
With China being the most
populous country on Earth,
01:05:38.079 --> 01:05:41.280
the conversion of its economy
01:05:41.480 --> 01:05:43.280
around the silver standard
01:05:43.400 --> 01:05:46.119
will have effects around the globe.
01:05:47.920 --> 01:05:48.920
For the first time,
01:05:49.039 --> 01:05:51.880
there is a standard, silver,
01:05:52.400 --> 01:05:53.920
as a medium of exchange,
01:05:54.119 --> 01:05:55.639
as a monetary unit.
01:05:57.880 --> 01:06:00.320
The Real-de-a-Ocho is a Spanish coin
01:06:01.280 --> 01:06:06.480
whose launch and
above all, its later development,
01:06:06.800 --> 01:06:08.719
coincides with the
Conquest and the Empire.
01:06:10.239 --> 01:06:15.159
After it is minted with new methods
that make counterfeiting more difficult,
01:06:15.320 --> 01:06:19.039
and maintains value,
weight and measure,
01:06:19.159 --> 01:06:21.800
the Real-de-a-Ocho
becomes international currency.
01:06:24.840 --> 01:06:25.920
In the United States,
01:06:26.480 --> 01:06:30.639
the Spanish Milled Dollar,
the Spanish minted dollar
01:06:30.760 --> 01:06:32.599
is the monetary standard for the dollar.
01:06:34.199 --> 01:06:38.000
Even the symbol is created
with the two columns of Plus Ultra
01:06:38.280 --> 01:06:40.960
and the tie that joins the columns.
01:06:41.159 --> 01:06:42.800
That is the symbol's origin.
01:06:46.679 --> 01:06:50.679
Many think that much of America's silver
ended up in Spain, and it did not.
01:06:50.760 --> 01:06:55.159
A third of the American Spanish silver
ended up in China.
01:06:55.280 --> 01:06:57.880
They added engravings to those
coins to give them circulation.
01:06:57.920 --> 01:07:01.199
They came out with some engravings,
which they called Chops.
01:07:01.719 --> 01:07:05.039
They were Chinese characters,
sometimes conventional characters,
01:07:05.159 --> 01:07:07.239
or sometimes the merchant's signature,
01:07:07.440 --> 01:07:09.400
Chong, Cheng, Li...
01:07:11.360 --> 01:07:14.199
Keep in mind that the
Philippines was the bazaar of the East.
01:07:15.800 --> 01:07:19.280
The Chinese say:
The Spanish are interested in this.
01:07:19.519 --> 01:07:23.159
Well, we are going to
bring porcelain to them.
01:07:23.280 --> 01:07:24.920
Are they interested in silk?
We bring silk.
01:07:25.000 --> 01:07:27.000
Are they interested in ivory?
We bring ivory.
01:07:59.280 --> 01:08:02.280
One of the characteristics
of Buddhist art
01:08:02.400 --> 01:08:05.000
is that they usually
have enlarged lobes.
01:08:05.119 --> 01:08:10.880
Therefore, it is striking that these
virgins sometimes have very large ears
01:08:11.039 --> 01:08:13.960
reminiscent of Chinese iconography.
01:08:18.760 --> 01:08:25.720
Also, there are folds in the neck
that sometimes appear a bit chubby.
01:08:31.840 --> 01:08:35.159
The Chinese who are
going to Manila every year,
01:08:35.279 --> 01:08:37.000
understand what the Spanish wanted
01:08:37.079 --> 01:08:41.600
and end up making religious
images that make no sense to them,
01:08:41.800 --> 01:08:44.199
or much later,
Manila shawls
01:08:44.319 --> 01:08:46.720
that can also have an
affectionate meaning in Spain
01:08:46.880 --> 01:08:48.319
but none for them.
01:08:48.399 --> 01:08:53.079
- Where do you go with a Manila shawl?
01:08:53.399 --> 01:08:58.199
Where do you go with a chiné dress?
01:08:58.279 --> 01:09:03.199
- To show off and see the Verbena,
01:09:03.359 --> 01:09:08.119
and to get into bed afterwards.
01:09:08.319 --> 01:09:12.439
The famous Manila shawl
had not been woven in the Philippines.
01:09:13.000 --> 01:09:15.039
It had been woven in China,
01:09:15.199 --> 01:09:18.520
but the Philippines traded it in America.
01:09:21.000 --> 01:09:25.640
Then Spain created its own silk road,
the Manila Galleon sea route.
01:09:25.760 --> 01:09:29.760
Manila-Acapulco, Acapulco-Veracruz,
Veracruz-Cádiz-Seville.
01:09:30.640 --> 01:09:35.119
We call Manila the epicenter
of the first Globalization,
01:09:35.279 --> 01:09:38.159
because it is the place
where Asia meets America,
01:09:38.239 --> 01:09:41.880
and the place, above all,
where silver arrives.
01:09:42.000 --> 01:09:45.439
That is why Manila
has essential importance
01:09:45.560 --> 01:09:47.359
from the 16th to the 18th centuries.
01:09:47.439 --> 01:09:49.880
Chinese goods were very cheap.
01:09:50.039 --> 01:09:52.399
Because of that, the Galleon
was an impressive business.
01:09:52.479 --> 01:09:54.000
Manila Galleon's capacity,
01:09:54.079 --> 01:09:57.319
one of the largest
wooden ships of its time,
01:09:57.399 --> 01:10:02.319
was more than 1,500 tons,
even reaching 2,000 tons.
01:10:03.920 --> 01:10:06.880
The importance of this trade route
01:10:06.960 --> 01:10:11.680
has made humanity,
the entire world, connect.
01:10:12.000 --> 01:10:17.600
Consequently, it also
arouses interest in exchange
01:10:17.720 --> 01:10:20.479
between western and eastern worlds
01:10:20.560 --> 01:10:24.600
because the products
arouse curiosity about China
01:10:24.720 --> 01:10:25.720
and vice versa.
01:10:29.159 --> 01:10:32.159
It will be the longest-lived
intercontinental route
01:10:32.279 --> 01:10:33.680
that has ever existed.
01:10:36.960 --> 01:10:40.920
It will end in 1815,
with the arrival of the Magellan Galleon,
01:10:41.159 --> 01:10:43.479
returning from Acapulco to Manila.
01:10:44.640 --> 01:10:47.000
Almost 250 years of trade.
01:10:48.840 --> 01:10:53.439
This explains the importance
of all this exchange of products,
01:10:53.640 --> 01:10:54.760
tools and techniques
01:10:54.840 --> 01:11:00.840
that come from America to Europe,
from Asia to America, directly.
01:11:00.960 --> 01:11:05.520
They arrive for any type of cuisine
and they open huge new possibilities.
01:11:07.119 --> 01:11:10.680
There really was a connection
through the fleet
01:11:10.800 --> 01:11:13.720
and the entire
administrative organization,
01:11:14.439 --> 01:11:17.680
which made possible
something that, even today,
01:11:17.800 --> 01:11:20.800
with all the means we have,
would have been difficult.
01:11:23.079 --> 01:11:26.800
A widow from a town
in Córdoba goes to Mexico.
01:11:26.960 --> 01:11:28.680
In her will, she says
01:11:28.800 --> 01:11:32.279
she was able to endow
all of her daughters with her work,
01:11:32.960 --> 01:11:34.399
and I believe there were four.
01:11:35.520 --> 01:11:36.399
Finally,
01:11:36.920 --> 01:11:43.800
at sixty years old, which is a lot
for the end of the 16th century,
01:11:44.600 --> 01:11:47.119
she continued working
01:11:47.239 --> 01:11:50.560
and did business with an other
daughter residing in Zacatecas
01:11:50.640 --> 01:11:51.920
that would send her carrots
01:11:52.000 --> 01:11:55.199
bought from farms
on the outskirts of Mexico.
01:11:55.520 --> 01:11:57.039
Preserved carrots.
01:11:57.159 --> 01:11:59.960
She even managed silver resources,
01:12:00.079 --> 01:12:02.279
to invest in the Manila Galleon.
01:12:03.439 --> 01:12:04.840
Hers and others.
01:12:06.279 --> 01:12:09.560
Reading those who were there
and lived during that time,
01:12:09.880 --> 01:12:13.880
you notice the existence
of a link with the crown.
01:12:13.960 --> 01:12:17.640
Maybe not so much with
the rest of the regions or kingdoms,
01:12:17.960 --> 01:12:20.600
but with the figure of the crown,
absolutely,
01:12:20.760 --> 01:12:23.960
"We are subjects
of the Hispanic Monarchy"
01:12:24.079 --> 01:12:26.279
and that is an identity card.
01:12:29.319 --> 01:12:33.000
Two important elements of the
action of Spain in America remain:
01:12:33.159 --> 01:12:34.560
Catholicism
01:12:34.640 --> 01:12:36.039
and Spanish.
01:12:36.319 --> 01:12:38.319
In Asia, only Catholicism,
01:12:38.600 --> 01:12:39.720
indeed in the Philippines.
01:12:41.880 --> 01:12:45.880
Without Spain, Catholicism
would possibly now be an entelechy
01:12:46.119 --> 01:12:50.079
The vast majority
of Catholics are in areas
01:12:50.279 --> 01:12:54.039
colonized by the Spanish
and the Portuguese.
01:12:54.159 --> 01:12:56.319
In Greek, Catholic means
he that looks at everything.
01:12:56.439 --> 01:12:57.960
We Spaniards looked at everything.
01:12:58.079 --> 01:13:00.560
We Spaniards aspired to everything,
01:13:01.159 --> 01:13:02.439
and we have also travelled it.
01:13:04.079 --> 01:13:05.600
You talk about the Spanish Empire
01:13:05.680 --> 01:13:07.199
or you talk about the history of Spain,
01:13:07.479 --> 01:13:09.680
and you automatically judge.
01:13:10.439 --> 01:13:11.880
Immediately.
01:13:12.680 --> 01:13:15.079
It is a moral history.
01:13:15.680 --> 01:13:18.960
All the other histories
of the western countries
01:13:19.039 --> 01:13:20.520
are the history of that country,
01:13:20.600 --> 01:13:21.720
but the history of Spain is not.
01:13:21.920 --> 01:13:27.600
You immediately put a moral
judgment ahead the Spanish history.
01:14:19.880 --> 01:14:21.880
What happened in the
Netherlands was not a war
01:14:22.039 --> 01:14:23.399
between Spain and the Netherlands.
01:14:23.479 --> 01:14:26.279
It was a civil war
in the interior of the Netherlands,
01:14:26.560 --> 01:14:29.960
between some Dutch who supported unity
01:14:30.039 --> 01:14:33.000
and the great project
that was the Catholic Monarchy,
01:14:33.119 --> 01:14:36.640
and others who
decided that the best option
01:14:36.720 --> 01:14:39.960
in order to control
that territory on their own,
01:14:40.039 --> 01:14:41.720
was Secession.
01:16:35.079 --> 01:16:35.960
- You see?
01:16:36.119 --> 01:16:38.319
I think we are unfair
with the Spaniards.
01:16:38.680 --> 01:16:40.880
- What do you want?
It is politics.
01:16:41.479 --> 01:16:44.199
When you start to
study different episodes,
01:16:44.279 --> 01:16:48.640
you realize there are more Dutch
with the Duke of Alba
01:16:48.760 --> 01:16:50.319
than there are Dutch
01:16:50.880 --> 01:16:52.520
on the Orange side.
01:16:52.640 --> 01:16:55.800
It has been told as
a David and Goliath story:
01:16:55.920 --> 01:16:59.800
Heroic, young and wonderful David,
always a lover of freedom...
01:16:59.960 --> 01:17:01.640
That is,
something wonderful,
01:17:01.720 --> 01:17:03.760
in opposition to the
horrible Spanish Empire,
01:17:03.840 --> 01:17:05.439
obscurantist and Catholic,
01:17:05.520 --> 01:17:08.760
which has taken freedom
from that happy people,
01:17:09.079 --> 01:17:13.720
that was the Netherlands' territory until
the Spanish arrived and happiness ended.
01:17:19.319 --> 01:17:25.560
The Habsburgs led a whole
policy of support for Catholicism
01:17:25.640 --> 01:17:29.000
which was persecuted by Calvinism
and Lutheranism, et cetera.
01:17:29.279 --> 01:17:35.159
All these circumstances make
the history of Spain highly ideological.
01:17:35.279 --> 01:17:37.119
Let's say you are a historian
of modern France, right?
01:17:37.239 --> 01:17:38.720
And you study modern France.
01:17:38.920 --> 01:17:42.920
You are not saying all day long
if Louis XIV is good or bad.
01:17:43.359 --> 01:17:50.399
With Felipe II it's different as he
must be immediately condemned.
01:17:50.520 --> 01:17:52.079
You first proceed to condemn,
01:17:52.319 --> 01:17:55.840
and once you have done it, in order to
show that you are one of the good guys,
01:17:55.920 --> 01:17:57.479
you can then say something.
01:17:57.560 --> 01:17:59.159
But first, you have to condemn,
01:17:59.239 --> 01:18:01.520
because if you
do not condemn that story,
01:18:01.600 --> 01:18:04.199
it means you are
contaminated with the same evil.
01:18:13.560 --> 01:18:14.720
It has always been said, right?
01:18:14.800 --> 01:18:17.079
The decadence, Carlos II...
01:18:17.159 --> 01:18:21.920
The Black Legend
of an inquisitorial Spain,
01:18:22.000 --> 01:18:24.439
a dark Spain,
01:18:24.520 --> 01:18:29.640
a Spain that does not keep pace
with the evolution of European culture
01:18:29.720 --> 01:18:30.720
and so on.
01:18:30.960 --> 01:18:37.399
What Carlos II had was
an heir who came from abroad,
01:18:37.520 --> 01:18:41.840
who found himself in need of prestige.
01:18:43.800 --> 01:18:48.199
Obviously, the way of saying that this
change has been favorable and positive
01:18:48.520 --> 01:18:51.199
is a condemnation
of the entire previous era.
01:18:56.800 --> 01:18:57.800
Not at all.
01:18:57.920 --> 01:19:01.000
Carlos II was not stupid.
01:19:01.079 --> 01:19:05.239
Carlos II is not
mentally weak but physically.
01:19:05.479 --> 01:19:07.079
I think he is a mentally normal person.
01:19:09.560 --> 01:19:11.720
Of course, the word
"bewitched" is very beautiful,
01:19:11.800 --> 01:19:13.720
there is no one to uproot it.
01:19:14.039 --> 01:19:17.079
Not even if it were shown
that he was a phenomenon, a great King…
01:19:20.319 --> 01:19:24.560
First of all, Felipe V
was the grandson of Louis XIV,
01:19:25.039 --> 01:19:27.159
and the French shadow
01:19:27.840 --> 01:19:30.279
permanently floated over Spain.
01:19:31.239 --> 01:19:34.199
When Felipe V is named King,
01:19:34.399 --> 01:19:39.039
Louis XIV begins to take over
Spanish trade with America,
01:19:39.119 --> 01:19:40.399
and to try to have even more of it...
01:19:40.479 --> 01:19:42.199
It was a great business.
01:19:45.880 --> 01:19:49.920
One of the elements was the
rights of the slave trade in America,
01:19:50.000 --> 01:19:52.640
and the commercial rights
with Spanish America
01:19:52.720 --> 01:19:55.760
sought by France,
as well as by England
01:19:55.880 --> 01:19:59.840
and Holland and later on, of course,
the immense American market.
01:20:00.000 --> 01:20:05.479
Deep down what is being dealt
with is the desire of many to participate
01:20:05.560 --> 01:20:11.399
in all the possessions and commercial
possibilities of the Spanish Empire.
01:20:14.279 --> 01:20:17.359
The Spain of Carlos III
is a world power.
01:20:17.720 --> 01:20:20.079
Where is that decadence then?
01:20:23.000 --> 01:20:30.039
The Bourbon triumph meant
that Spain became France's doorman,
01:20:30.119 --> 01:20:35.880
and that has greatly conditioned us on
the specific themes of the Black Legend.
01:20:37.760 --> 01:20:42.640
In the 18th century, Spain
still had the entire American Empire
01:20:42.720 --> 01:20:44.640
with important reforms,
01:20:44.760 --> 01:20:48.920
but that image
passed through that French filter,
01:20:49.159 --> 01:20:52.439
which says that
the neighbors were the worst.
01:20:53.840 --> 01:20:57.119
From 1808, the disaster breaks out.
01:20:57.279 --> 01:20:59.159
This is the greatest moment
of the disaster.
01:21:07.960 --> 01:21:13.359
So far, the historical event that
I think we can consider the most serious
01:21:13.439 --> 01:21:15.359
is the Napoleonic Invasion.
01:21:19.560 --> 01:21:24.239
The war of 1808 should
not be called the War of Independence,
01:21:24.439 --> 01:21:26.840
because we didn't achieve
independence from anything.
01:21:26.920 --> 01:21:30.119
Spain was absolutely independent,
01:21:30.199 --> 01:21:36.119
and had been more powerful than France,
throughout the modern age.
01:21:38.520 --> 01:21:43.720
The Napoleonic Invasion
absolutely destroyed everything
01:21:43.840 --> 01:21:50.720
that had been done throughout the
18th century and previously in the 17th.
01:21:50.840 --> 01:21:55.600
The invading army,
the French, razed everything it could.
01:21:55.760 --> 01:21:59.840
The English allied army was even worse,
01:22:00.079 --> 01:22:05.720
because they burned all the
factories that competed with England...
01:22:05.840 --> 01:22:13.119
For six years, we had
the longest Napoleonic War in Europe,
01:22:13.359 --> 01:22:17.359
and then bad luck
that Fernando VII came.
01:22:20.479 --> 01:22:26.119
Long Live Spain.
01:22:26.359 --> 01:22:31.039
Long Live Spain
01:22:31.600 --> 01:22:40.640
and Death to France
01:22:40.800 --> 01:22:51.239
who burned the papal bull.
01:22:51.319 --> 01:22:56.479
From 1808 to 1810, there was a war
between the Spanish Empire and Napoleon,
01:22:56.560 --> 01:22:58.319
in America and in Europe.
01:23:00.600 --> 01:23:05.119
Despite the dire circumstances
and the continuous wars until 1810,
01:23:05.199 --> 01:23:08.239
there is no rupture of the empire.
01:23:12.800 --> 01:23:20.920
And deny faith
01:23:23.119 --> 01:23:25.680
Long Live Spain
01:23:28.680 --> 01:23:31.079
Long Live Spain
01:23:33.840 --> 01:23:36.640
England had always
looked at Spanish America
01:23:36.880 --> 01:23:39.119
like the cat looks at the canary,
01:23:39.439 --> 01:23:41.119
but it had not been able to eat it.
01:23:42.159 --> 01:23:44.199
First, what it wants is free trade
01:23:44.560 --> 01:23:47.199
as it allows them to sell their goods.
01:23:47.439 --> 01:23:48.680
Secondly,
01:23:48.960 --> 01:23:52.319
if this is going to
produce a breakup with Spain,
01:23:52.399 --> 01:23:53.359
from whatever arises,
01:23:53.439 --> 01:23:56.600
many states have to emerge.
01:23:56.680 --> 01:23:59.000
It wants territorial fragmentation.
01:23:59.399 --> 01:24:00.479
Balkanization.
01:24:03.880 --> 01:24:05.560
The Spanish Empire collapses,
01:24:05.720 --> 01:24:08.079
and not even the viceroyalties survive.
01:24:08.239 --> 01:24:13.399
There were the viceroyalties of Mexico,
New Spain, Granada, Río de la Plata...
01:24:17.039 --> 01:24:19.880
Great Britain preaches
Campanario's nationalism,
01:24:19.960 --> 01:24:22.359
so each one of the republics
that are going to be created,
01:24:22.439 --> 01:24:24.279
is created differently
from one another
01:24:24.560 --> 01:24:26.520
as if they had been enemies.
01:24:26.960 --> 01:24:28.399
It also preaches Hispanophobia.
01:24:31.000 --> 01:24:32.239
Civilizations.
01:24:32.560 --> 01:24:33.680
It is the English language.
01:24:33.920 --> 01:24:35.119
Spanish is barbaric.
01:24:38.199 --> 01:24:39.880
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
01:24:40.039 --> 01:24:44.000
despite being the greatest
prose writer in Castillian,
01:24:44.159 --> 01:24:47.199
that he handled admirably,
he did not like it.
01:24:47.600 --> 01:24:49.439
What is civilization?
01:24:49.520 --> 01:24:52.960
The Protestant says
catholicism is awful.
01:24:53.359 --> 01:24:54.520
Everything is an atrocity.
01:24:54.960 --> 01:24:57.039
What is civilization?
It is the city of Buenos Aires.
01:24:57.119 --> 01:24:58.840
What is barbarism?
It is the barbaric inland
01:24:58.960 --> 01:25:00.079
and its chieftains.
01:25:00.319 --> 01:25:01.439
It must be razed.
01:25:01.720 --> 01:25:04.199
That is why during
the Argentinian Civil War
01:25:04.399 --> 01:25:07.479
he tells a general
not to spare gaucho blood
01:25:07.560 --> 01:25:09.279
as it is the only human
attribute they have...
01:25:09.319 --> 01:25:10.399
Kill them.
01:25:12.079 --> 01:25:18.479
When you study the 19th century and
how the Argentine nation loses strength,
01:25:18.720 --> 01:25:22.560
you find that the concept of
extermination appears in the Law.
01:25:23.279 --> 01:25:26.760
That is a very dramatic breakdown.
01:25:35.560 --> 01:25:37.760
When you study the 16th century,
01:25:37.920 --> 01:25:42.880
you find that all legislation is
in favor of indigenous subjects.
01:25:46.960 --> 01:25:51.319
The so-called “Pueblos Originarios”
were the most faithful to Spain
01:25:51.760 --> 01:25:54.880
because the indigenous masses
in Peru, in Ecuador,
01:25:55.000 --> 01:25:57.800
were against Independence,
and that is how it was.
01:25:59.279 --> 01:26:05.399
The War of Independence
was not the end of a 300-year struggle.
01:26:05.479 --> 01:26:08.359
No. For 300 years
they lived in peace in America.
01:26:10.800 --> 01:26:14.279
It would be desirable
for the whole population
01:26:14.359 --> 01:26:17.079
to stop using history as a weapon,
01:26:17.319 --> 01:26:19.319
to stop using history to win votes,
01:26:20.840 --> 01:26:24.079
to cut off Fray Junipero’s head,
because this comes in handy...
01:26:26.720 --> 01:26:28.880
We must leave history there,
where it is.
01:26:29.000 --> 01:26:29.800
Period.
01:26:32.439 --> 01:26:36.439
Many American cities
have been founded by Fray Junipero.
01:26:36.680 --> 01:26:41.039
The first mass and the city’s
name has been given by Fray Junipero.
01:26:43.359 --> 01:26:47.560
San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco,
Santa Clara, San Bernardino,
01:26:47.640 --> 01:26:48.680
Sacramento…
01:26:48.920 --> 01:26:50.159
Are all Christian names.
01:26:50.439 --> 01:26:54.680
If they wanted to say in the past
that Junipero's work did not exist or
01:26:54.840 --> 01:26:58.600
Junipero's work was
something bad for this place,
01:26:58.800 --> 01:27:01.199
they would simply
have changed the names.
01:27:04.600 --> 01:27:07.520
At the time of the Franciscans,
01:27:07.600 --> 01:27:10.960
the indigenous populations
of California increased,
01:27:11.159 --> 01:27:13.439
not decreased.
01:27:13.920 --> 01:27:18.920
They disappeared later,
during the Gold Rush when,
01:27:19.079 --> 01:27:24.079
by the way, Stanford
was California’s Governor
01:27:24.479 --> 01:27:26.840
and the disappearance
of all these population
01:27:26.960 --> 01:27:29.880
occured in just twenty or thirty years.
01:27:30.079 --> 01:27:33.000
The indigenous people
called him Padre Viejo.
01:27:33.520 --> 01:27:36.159
When he was already on his deathbed,
01:27:36.239 --> 01:27:38.720
they removed pieces of his clothing,
01:27:38.840 --> 01:27:41.000
they wanted to cut his hair
01:27:41.079 --> 01:27:45.079
and they gave him
a great funeral and great masses.
01:27:45.359 --> 01:27:48.640
The natives wept a lot for him.
01:27:49.239 --> 01:27:50.439
He is buried there.
01:27:55.800 --> 01:27:57.960
Many of those Indians spoke Spanish.
01:28:00.920 --> 01:28:04.399
Geronimo is called like that
because he is from Arizpe.
01:28:04.600 --> 01:28:09.079
Arizpe is a town founded by a Jesuit
whose name was Geronimo de la Canal.
01:28:11.079 --> 01:28:13.479
Two generations had been sedentary there.
01:28:15.760 --> 01:28:20.239
From 1848, when the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed,
01:28:20.600 --> 01:28:23.319
and Mexico loses a little
more than half of its territory,
01:28:23.520 --> 01:28:26.479
the Apaches have to stay
on the other side of the border,
01:28:26.560 --> 01:28:29.319
as they absolutely
refuse to abandon the lands
01:28:29.399 --> 01:28:33.279
in which they
had been reasonably well-off.
01:28:35.359 --> 01:28:37.319
Most of the tribes
01:28:37.880 --> 01:28:40.359
and populations
in California disappeared
01:28:40.479 --> 01:28:42.479
when the Spanish Empire disappeared.
01:28:48.680 --> 01:28:53.439
It's the job of North American cinema
to tells us how the Anglo-Saxons
01:28:53.600 --> 01:28:58.039
advance against these evil natives,
01:28:58.279 --> 01:29:01.800
who want to scalp and destroy them,
01:29:01.920 --> 01:29:04.399
and they come up
against these wild people.
01:29:04.640 --> 01:29:07.079
This is simply trying not to see reality.
01:29:07.279 --> 01:29:09.000
All the villages of the West,
01:29:09.199 --> 01:29:11.119
which were already
founded and evangelized,
01:29:11.279 --> 01:29:12.840
disappear from history.
01:29:15.439 --> 01:29:19.319
Someone is going to be to blamed for
the disappearance of those populations,
01:29:19.439 --> 01:29:21.960
and it is not going
to be a white Protestant.
01:29:23.600 --> 01:29:27.680
This distortion of history
with a poorly told story
01:29:28.039 --> 01:29:30.159
generates all that we have now.
01:29:44.279 --> 01:29:46.760
There is one thing
that is absolutely ignored:
01:29:47.720 --> 01:29:51.199
The “Pueblos Originarios”,
the natives, were never anti-Hispanic,
01:29:51.600 --> 01:29:54.199
they always remained
faithful to the Hispanic idea.
01:29:57.520 --> 01:30:01.760
For this reason, the saying goes:
Sir, the Conquest was made by the Indians
01:30:01.960 --> 01:30:04.319
and the Independence
was made by the Spanish.
01:30:06.640 --> 01:30:09.640
- There is a lot of injustice,
we can no longer bear it.
01:30:09.960 --> 01:30:13.560
That is why,
from the first of January,
01:30:14.279 --> 01:30:17.800
we had no choice
but to take up arms.
01:30:21.560 --> 01:30:24.119
The Zapatista movement developed
01:30:24.239 --> 01:30:25.880
as a response
01:30:26.000 --> 01:30:28.680
to the state's lack of attention
01:30:28.800 --> 01:30:30.960
to these indigenous populations.
01:30:37.800 --> 01:30:39.760
Once the hostilities ended,
01:30:40.000 --> 01:30:45.520
negotiations were conducted
that resulted in the San Andrés Accords.
01:30:45.880 --> 01:30:47.000
What did they consist of?
01:30:47.079 --> 01:30:53.000
In that the Mexican state undertook
to respect the uses and customs
01:30:53.079 --> 01:30:57.760
of the Government and Administration
of those indigenous populations.
01:31:00.479 --> 01:31:05.239
What the indigenous groups understood
as "traditional uses and customs"
01:31:05.439 --> 01:31:09.920
were nothing other than the ones
they had in the 16th and 17th centuries,
01:31:10.000 --> 01:31:12.239
consolidated by the Hispanic Monarchy.
01:31:15.600 --> 01:31:20.399
So, they claimed as autochthonous
what had been created
01:31:20.479 --> 01:31:22.960
during the viceregal system.
01:31:24.239 --> 01:31:24.960
For the moment,
01:31:25.039 --> 01:31:27.960
the laws that govern the interior
of these communities are the laws
01:31:28.279 --> 01:31:31.800
of the 16th and 17th centuries.
01:31:32.479 --> 01:31:34.479
But, of course, they do not know it.
01:31:34.920 --> 01:31:36.359
I have already sent a letter
01:31:36.479 --> 01:31:37.520
to the King of Spain
01:31:38.319 --> 01:31:40.279
and another letter to the Pope,
01:31:41.399 --> 01:31:43.680
so that an account of grievances is made
01:31:44.960 --> 01:31:52.319
and the native people
are asked for forgiveness.
01:31:55.560 --> 01:31:58.560
In historical processes
there are neither good nor bad,
01:31:58.640 --> 01:31:59.880
neither heroes nor villains;
01:32:00.079 --> 01:32:03.439
There are actors who,
depending on their own ideas
01:32:03.520 --> 01:32:06.520
act in one sense or another.
01:32:06.680 --> 01:32:12.600
It seems to me that it is a
historiographical exercise to erase
01:32:13.159 --> 01:32:17.680
the imprints of the
Spanish-Iberian culture on the territory.
01:32:18.000 --> 01:32:21.079
Artificially,
as it happens, as day after day,
01:32:21.399 --> 01:32:25.359
one encounters reality
and with it that Hispanic heritage.
01:32:25.479 --> 01:32:28.319
It is almost an act of
psychoanalytic denial, right?
01:32:28.399 --> 01:32:30.760
To deny our own past,
01:32:31.239 --> 01:32:33.359
because otherwise
it could not be explained that way
01:32:33.479 --> 01:32:35.239
as three hundread years go a long way.
01:33:08.279 --> 01:33:11.960
By 1500, this clear
perspective has already been taken.
01:33:12.039 --> 01:33:15.960
Native Americans are persons
and they should be treated as such.
01:33:16.039 --> 01:33:18.119
Therefore, they cannot be sold.
01:33:19.760 --> 01:33:24.640
King Fernando is going to summon
to Burgos the best theologians
01:33:24.720 --> 01:33:29.800
and jurists in the kingdom
to stipulate what to do.
01:33:32.840 --> 01:33:36.279
They draft in the convent
of San Francisco de Burgos
01:33:36.359 --> 01:33:38.880
the so-called
Thirty-Five Laws of Burgos.
01:33:40.199 --> 01:33:42.279
They are a wonder of humanity.
01:33:42.760 --> 01:33:44.960
There is one thing about Indian women,
01:33:45.319 --> 01:33:48.039
how they cannot be
forced into marriage,
01:33:48.119 --> 01:33:50.439
how they can appeal…
01:33:50.600 --> 01:33:55.199
It is a wonderful thing.
01:33:57.800 --> 01:34:02.079
At this time, when slavery
was absolutely normal,
01:34:02.479 --> 01:34:06.479
it is very important that they stopped
to think about something like that:
01:34:08.359 --> 01:34:11.159
That they could have private property,
their family home,
01:34:11.319 --> 01:34:13.399
that their wives
would be kept from other men…
01:34:13.479 --> 01:34:15.079
It is not only authorized,
01:34:15.159 --> 01:34:19.880
but Spaniards are asked
to marry the natives.
01:34:20.039 --> 01:34:21.960
And we found this
from the very beginning.
01:34:22.399 --> 01:34:24.279
From the second voyage
of Columbus onwards,
01:34:24.359 --> 01:34:27.000
Castilian families started to go there.
01:34:29.439 --> 01:34:31.600
When institutions can advance,
01:34:31.720 --> 01:34:36.720
women begin to go,
often in groups of single women,
01:34:36.840 --> 01:34:40.159
who have not been able or didn’t have
an easy time getting married in Castilla.
01:34:40.239 --> 01:34:43.760
They go to America because,
in the early years,
01:34:43.840 --> 01:34:45.560
there are mainly men there.
01:34:46.880 --> 01:34:47.520
For example,
01:34:47.600 --> 01:34:52.359
in Cortés' company there are women
who do not want her husband to go alone
01:34:52.439 --> 01:34:54.319
to such an adventure
so they go with them.
01:34:54.479 --> 01:34:58.159
There are nurses, cooks,
prostitutes, obviously,
01:34:58.239 --> 01:35:01.239
but there are also women
who embark out of necessity,
01:35:02.600 --> 01:35:03.600
out of love
01:35:04.359 --> 01:35:05.439
or adventure.
01:35:07.319 --> 01:35:10.439
In the new world,
at least in the mindset of that moment,
01:35:11.399 --> 01:35:12.600
creation is possible.
01:35:25.119 --> 01:35:29.000
Colonialist countries
do not export themselves,
01:35:29.079 --> 01:35:30.920
nor do they provoke
integration phenomena.
01:35:31.159 --> 01:35:32.960
It is an absolutely
commercial enterprise,
01:35:33.159 --> 01:35:35.319
not one of territorial integration.
01:35:35.960 --> 01:35:38.760
You see Christopher
Columbus arrive in America,
01:35:39.199 --> 01:35:41.119
and what is in America
a hundred years later?
01:35:41.279 --> 01:35:42.439
Something else.
01:35:43.479 --> 01:35:46.960
To begin with, we have a phenomenon
of extraordinary longevity:
01:35:47.560 --> 01:35:49.520
It lasts for a very long time.
01:35:52.840 --> 01:35:59.159
The painting of Martín de Loiola
marrying the Inca Princess
01:35:59.319 --> 01:36:03.840
is a gigantic statement of inclusion.
01:36:06.720 --> 01:36:11.199
Spanish nobility
did not deny indigenous nobility,
01:36:11.680 --> 01:36:16.039
it accepted it as such.
01:36:16.680 --> 01:36:17.720
They married them.
01:36:18.720 --> 01:36:23.159
Those children that were sired
continued to be noble.
01:36:24.119 --> 01:36:29.359
They did not stop being noble because
their mother or father was an Indian.
01:36:38.079 --> 01:36:42.760
Until the 20th century, the British Raj
had forbidden mixed marriages
01:36:44.159 --> 01:36:45.159
in India.
01:36:46.359 --> 01:36:49.920
They were forbidden in such a way...
That they were excluded
01:36:50.720 --> 01:36:53.720
from social and official life.
01:36:54.520 --> 01:36:57.800
Maharaja of Kapurthala
had to marry an Indian woman,
01:36:58.880 --> 01:37:00.720
but as he married a white woman,
01:37:01.560 --> 01:37:03.600
that marriage could not be recognized
01:37:04.279 --> 01:37:07.840
and Anita Delgado
couldn't be invited anywhere.
01:37:09.479 --> 01:37:10.680
She had broken the rule.
01:37:11.119 --> 01:37:12.319
She married an Indian man.
01:37:17.399 --> 01:37:19.800
Something that absolutely characterizes
01:37:19.880 --> 01:37:23.079
and defines Spanish colonization
is miscegenation.
01:37:24.239 --> 01:37:26.119
There was also
reverse miscegenation,
01:37:26.760 --> 01:37:30.600
indigenous men who married
Spanish women, but to a lesser extent.
01:37:31.319 --> 01:37:33.760
Approaching that world
is very interesting
01:37:33.840 --> 01:37:37.039
because you see figures
that come from a culture
01:37:37.640 --> 01:37:40.600
and are able to take root
in a totally different environment,
01:37:41.039 --> 01:37:42.960
and humanize it.
01:37:43.119 --> 01:37:44.159
In a way,
01:37:44.960 --> 01:37:48.439
they make that
impressive cultural fusion
01:37:48.680 --> 01:37:51.479
that I think is
another great legacy:
01:37:51.560 --> 01:37:54.880
human miscegenation,
cultural blending, etcetera.
01:37:58.520 --> 01:38:01.680
That is what defeats,
let's say, the Black Legend,
01:38:02.079 --> 01:38:04.720
which speaks of the
Spanish being genocidal.
01:38:05.119 --> 01:38:06.479
If you see us,
01:38:06.840 --> 01:38:08.319
the Mexicans or Latin Americans,
01:38:08.520 --> 01:38:13.520
we are a mixture between the Spanish
who came from the peninsula,
01:38:13.760 --> 01:38:16.800
or those Spaniards' children
who were born right there in Mexico:
01:38:16.880 --> 01:38:17.880
the Creoles,
01:38:18.000 --> 01:38:19.880
the indigenous people,
the mulattos,
01:38:19.960 --> 01:38:23.119
and all those who lived
in the kingdom’s territories.
01:38:23.319 --> 01:38:24.319
On the other hand,
01:38:24.399 --> 01:38:26.039
there is no mixture in the United States
01:38:26.119 --> 01:38:28.960
or let's say,
the Anglo-Saxon settlers.
01:38:30.520 --> 01:38:32.560
The English Empire is colonization,
01:38:33.199 --> 01:38:34.720
or the French Empire and,
01:38:34.960 --> 01:38:37.039
of course,
the Dutch above all.
01:38:37.640 --> 01:38:41.560
The Spanish conquest in America
should never be called colonization,
01:38:41.640 --> 01:38:43.680
because they did not create a colony.
01:38:43.920 --> 01:38:46.800
The American Empire
did not create colonies.
01:38:47.000 --> 01:38:51.039
It transferred the way of life of the
Spanish and Spaniards moved there,
01:38:51.119 --> 01:38:55.239
and they first creating viceroyalties,
and then, during the 19th century,
01:38:55.319 --> 01:38:57.000
our overseas province.
01:38:57.079 --> 01:39:00.119
There were no colonies.
They never were colonies.
01:39:04.680 --> 01:39:10.800
There was a time when Mexicans clearly
knew they were the world's capital.
01:39:13.920 --> 01:39:19.640
The true capital of the Spanish Empire
was not Madrid but Mexico.
01:39:28.359 --> 01:39:31.119
The Philippines were called
the colony of the colony,
01:39:31.359 --> 01:39:34.439
because it was a Mexican colony
more than a Spanish one.
01:39:36.800 --> 01:39:41.479
Spain’s viceroyalty is
with the Philippine governance.
01:39:42.000 --> 01:39:44.840
It is like a coexistence,
not only administrative,
01:39:44.920 --> 01:39:47.520
but also a very rich cultural one.
01:39:52.640 --> 01:39:56.119
In the 16th and 17th centuries
in Nueva España,
01:39:56.239 --> 01:39:59.159
the same was happening
in Lima as in Seville,
01:39:59.640 --> 01:40:05.279
including mores,
reading habits, ambience.
01:40:19.279 --> 01:40:23.680
They are equidistant
from China and Spain.
01:40:24.000 --> 01:40:27.359
The capital Mexico is worth more
than Madrid in everything.
01:40:30.640 --> 01:40:35.319
Mexico should recover the awareness
of having been the articulating axis
01:40:35.399 --> 01:40:37.520
of the economy of the world,
01:40:37.840 --> 01:40:41.399
and of the importance
that Mexican's silver had
01:40:41.520 --> 01:40:45.760
in the consolidation
of those international markets.
01:40:48.079 --> 01:40:52.520
I think this could
help us to deconstruct
01:40:52.680 --> 01:40:56.279
the victimizing
discourse of the conquered,
01:40:56.359 --> 01:40:59.399
poor us,
who were massacred.
01:41:00.560 --> 01:41:01.600
No, just the opposite.
01:41:05.640 --> 01:41:07.800
We lack a global version.
01:41:08.039 --> 01:41:11.640
We lack a global history
of the Spanish-speaking world,
01:41:11.720 --> 01:41:13.840
of Spain and Hispanic America.
01:41:15.119 --> 01:41:18.399
We hold the answers
to many questions about Globalization
01:41:18.520 --> 01:41:20.359
from the perspective of other cultures.
01:41:20.680 --> 01:41:26.079
We are at a good time,
on both sides of the Atlantic,
01:41:26.279 --> 01:41:29.479
to rethink how we have
constructed the historical discourse,
01:41:29.760 --> 01:41:33.079
and adhere more to that reality
01:41:33.159 --> 01:41:37.000
and less to the founding myths
and the Black Legends.
01:41:43.119 --> 01:41:47.479
World history cannot be explained
without Spanish history.
01:41:48.159 --> 01:41:53.800
There are stories
that can be told independently,
01:41:53.880 --> 01:41:56.079
but nothing of the
current world is understood
01:41:56.479 --> 01:42:02.000
without telling the history of the
Hispanic countries and monarchy.
01:42:11.159 --> 01:42:13.800
If it has always been true,
01:42:14.439 --> 01:42:15.479
now more than ever,
01:42:15.600 --> 01:42:19.560
the fight for the past
is definitely the fight for the future.
01:46:39.479 --> 01:46:47.479
In memory of our ancestors,
for our sons.