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(mellow music)

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I'm not only a pacifist,

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but a militant pacifist, militant.

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I'm willing to fight, to fight for peace.

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(voice echoing)

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(static crackling)

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I do not know how the Third World War will be fought,

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but I can tell you what they'll use in the Fourth:

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rocks.

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The myth of Einstein was created in 1919.

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You can date it very specifically.

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(elegant classical music)

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The British astronomer Stanley Eddington

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confirmed Einstein's general theory of relativity

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through observations of a solar eclipse.

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He announced them in a very dramatic fashion

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in November 1919 to a joint session of the Royal Society

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and the Royal Astronomical Society.

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And that was then followed by sensational headlines

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in "The Times of London" and "New York Times."

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There was almost a conspiracy

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of the great newspapers

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to elevate this man into the firmament.

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When Einstein's general theory of relativity was confirmed

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by Eddington in 1919,

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this really was the start for big public enthusiasm

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but also for a big public controversy.

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The English-speaking world was quicker to accept him

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as this greater-than-life figure.

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Much more so, interestingly enough, than in Germany.

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They were making jokes about the theory of relativity,

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saying when people go dancing, when they dance waltz,

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then you will lose weight

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when you dance in the direction where the Earth rotates

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or you gain weight

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when you dance turning in the other direction.

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So the theory of relativity was really present

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in the public sphere everywhere.

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(playful twangy music)

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The theory of relativity was really a topic

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in all areas in the public that you can think of.

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This world is a strange mad house.

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Every coachman and every baker

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is debating whether relativity theory is correct.

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As a consequence

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of his celebrity status overnight,

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photographers and journalists

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started besieging his apartment,

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and from that moment on, basically,

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every public utterance that he would make

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and every trip that he undertook

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would be reported in great detail.

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With me, every peep becomes a trumpet solo.

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(triumphant fanfare)

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(bright music)

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(choir singing)

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Einstein!

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(choir chanting)

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Einstein!

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(crowd cheering)

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Professor and Mrs. Einstein,

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it is my pleasure to welcome you to the City of San Diego

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and to the State of California.

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(Albert speaking German)

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When Einstein came to America,

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there were parades turned out to meet him,

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and there were parades in several places,

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and he was invited here, there, and everywhere.

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He was the first intellectual pop star.

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People go out into the streets to greet him.

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He's a big celebrity.

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Everybody knows what Einstein looks like.

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(elegant classical music)

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A young Einstein felt encouraged to enter science.

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He had a teacher at his home, Max Talmud,

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later called Talmey, who was a medical student,

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enthusiastic about science,

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and who took the younger Einstein as an equal,

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discussing with him science.

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Science was not the esoteric world to be admired from below.

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It was a time of development,

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of sophisticated industrialization, of electrotechnology,

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of technology conquering the world.

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It was a world in which one could enter,

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actively contribute, become part of it.

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And so, the young Einstein did.

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And he went to Italy and experienced the freedom there

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and the great culture but also the open mindedness

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towards exactly this kind of development.

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With his uncle,

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he communicated about electrotechnical developments.

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My dear uncle,

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I'm really very glad that you are still interested

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in my humble doings.

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It is rather naive and imperfect.

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This might be expected from such a young fellow like myself.

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And was quite familiar with this growing world,

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which really extended from technical equipments

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that were changing the daily life,

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electric lighting was being spread in the cities,

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to the intellectual challenges this implied.

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You could have the feeling, as a young person,

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of challenging the foundation of your world,

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and this gave Einstein a lot of courage

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that there was something to be achieved,

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you could make a difference.

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Even if you were not born into the center of the world

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and if you came from the margins,

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there was this way of entering the big world.

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The class of people that made it,

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people who were open-minded, who were believing in progress

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and not just in technological but also in social progress,

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in a bright, international, communicative world.

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And that's the world in which Einstein grew up.

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His parents were from a rural Southern German,

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more of a egalitarian ethos

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than the typical Prussian military ethos

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that we're familiar with when we think of German culture.

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Part of Einstein's support for social justice

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comes from his experiences of anti-Semitism at school

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from quite an early age.

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He would be bullied on the way to school,

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even physically assaulted sometimes.

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A Catholic teacher once brought a nail to school

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and presented it to the children and said, "This is the nail

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with which the Jews killed our Lord and Savior."

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And then everybody turned to Einstein,

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and he was quite mortified.

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Ever since Einstein was very little,

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he was a revolutionary.

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He revolted against the way German teaching

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basically crushed imagination out of young children,

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the tedious memorization.

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You weren't supposed to question the teacher.

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The teacher was god in the classroom.

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As a teenager,

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Einstein had to confront the issue of war and peace.

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Einstein did not want to go into the German Army,

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and so, he became a draft dodger.

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How many 16-year-old kids have the political maturity

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to say to themselves that they are against war

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so they're gonna renounce their citizenship?

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Young Einstein leaves Germany for Italy

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to reunite with his parents

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because he cannot stomach the idea

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of being part of a war machine.

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Einstein had a political learning curve

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at the end of the 19th century,

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a son of a liberal Jewish family.

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So his family went to Italy, he studied in Switzerland.

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It was an important place for him, also,

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to experience what a democracy is like,

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gave him an internationalist outlook

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that portrayed to him the model republic.

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When he came to Berlin at the eve of the First World War,

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most of his colleague were German nationalist,

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considered German militarism as a necessity

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to defend German culture.

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Einstein was taken aback by it, and he had other views

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on the basis of this different background that he had.

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That vilest offspring of the herd mind,

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the odious militia.

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He wasn't a political animal at this time

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but he mobilized some of the intellectual moral resources

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that his education had give him to become more and more

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of a politically conscious human being.

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And so, his strong sense of justice,

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his strong sense of universal and globalism,

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and his participation as a Jew

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are the foundation of his morality.

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Only morality in our actions

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can give beauty and dignity to life.

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And he, like in physics, is a revolutionary thinker.

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He could identify with the underdog.

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Following his studies,

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when he was then looking around desperately for a position,

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he was the only one in his class who, ironically,

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did not secure a position as an assistant,

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the first step on the ladder of an academic career.

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To some extent, he blamed anti-Semitism for that.

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It was also probably to do with his personality

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of not really getting on with the powers that be.

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In 1914, Einstein came to Berlin, where he discovered,

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as he said, for the first time, Jews.

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When there was a influx of Eastern European Jews

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into Germany as a consequence of the war in the East,

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he identified with their plight.

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(sorrowful music)

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German voices are increasingly heard

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that demand legal measures against Eastern European truce.

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Measures that devastate so many individuals

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must not be triggered by slogan-like assertions.

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Agitation by demagogues diverts from the true problems.

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The expulsion of the Eastern European Jews,

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resulting in unspeakable misery,

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would only appear to the whole world

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as new evidence of German barbarism.

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Because, of course, in his childhood,

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he had been one of an outsider minority.

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Now in Berlin, he found very large numbers,

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especially from Eastern Europe,

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who did not have access to higher education.

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He was very concerned

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that young Eastern European Jewish academic talent

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was going to waste.

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For him, the most important thing was free,

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uninhibited research, scientific research.

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His sister later described his sense of justice

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to that very thing in founding the Hebrew University,

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a place where people like himself, young Jews,

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could be educated.

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This institution of research and scholarship,

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the Hebrew University in Jerusalem,

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was founded long before the establishment

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of the independent State of Israel.

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But Einstein wasn't quite yet the political animal

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that he was to become.

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That developed only over time.

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He early on saw the dangers of the Nazi regime.

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He knew his German colleagues,

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both their strength in terms of scientific competence

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and their weaknesses in terms of willing to cooperate,

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to subordinate themselves under the authorities.

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I have always found repulsive

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the undignified addiction to conformity of many of my peers.

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At times like this,

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one realizes what a sorry species one belongs to.

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He was politically unconventional.

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I mean, his taking a stand on the First World War

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already was an extremely courageous thing

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for someone in his position.

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Remember, there are so few Jewish professors

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in Germany and Austria at that point

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that somebody had to write a letter

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claiming he was free of unpleasant Jewish characteristics.

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So, he could have retreated,

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and it would have been the easiest thing in the world

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for him to do, to not be outspoken.

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I think we all, as humans, to some extent,

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compartmentalize domains of our lives.

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We separate work from friendship from family.

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So, compartmentalization is just the usual way

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of dealing with complex situations one experiences in life.

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Haber is just an extreme case.

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Haber really was enthusiastically supporting the war

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and putting science at its service.

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But Einstein certainly felt close to Haber intellectually.

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He was one of the leading physical chemists of the time.

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Einstein made great contributions

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to the foundations of physical chemistry.

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Both had Jewish backgrounds, and both problematic marriages.

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So these two men certainly were like-minded in many ways

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on an intellectual level, but Haber was no exception.

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Other close friends of Einstein

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also were signing the famous declaration

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in favor of German militarism and the occupation of Belgium

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and of the cruelties that the German Army committed.

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("Es braust ein Ruf wie Donnerhall")

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That was the way

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that all of Einstein's colleagues were thinking.

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Einstein really was the great exception.

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How do you deal with the fact

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if you are so incredibly lonely in your political position?

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You are not there as a political ambassador,

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you are called there as a scientist.

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Feeling that your colleagues were doing excellent work,

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and some of the leading scientists were there.

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Most of them were nationalist conservatives,

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to say the least.

270
00:15:59,540 --> 00:16:02,620
Some, like Fritz Haber, war criminals.

271
00:16:02,620 --> 00:16:03,870
From our perspective,

272
00:16:03,870 --> 00:16:05,740
Einstein should have broken with Haber,

273
00:16:05,740 --> 00:16:08,730
should have told him to stop his war efforts,

274
00:16:08,730 --> 00:16:13,570
but that was an unthinkable breaching of wars at the time.

275
00:16:13,570 --> 00:16:16,010
If people are working on dubious issues

276
00:16:16,010 --> 00:16:17,680
in the military industry,

277
00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:20,940
and they see consequences, dangerous consequences,

278
00:16:21,860 --> 00:16:23,490
do they have the courage

279
00:16:23,490 --> 00:16:25,770
of becoming what they call whistleblowers?

280
00:16:25,770 --> 00:16:26,850
So, whistleblowing,

281
00:16:26,850 --> 00:16:28,710
that's what we would have expected from Einstein.

282
00:16:28,710 --> 00:16:32,410
But I think it is, again, not just our general way,

283
00:16:32,410 --> 00:16:34,930
and certainly not the specific way of Einstein,

284
00:16:34,930 --> 00:16:37,070
but it's the particular situation of the time

285
00:16:37,070 --> 00:16:39,990
that people were just more compartmentalizing

286
00:16:39,990 --> 00:16:41,870
than we do today.

287
00:16:41,870 --> 00:16:44,610
It's really one of the historical lessons

288
00:16:44,610 --> 00:16:47,240
that Einstein learned, that we have learned,

289
00:16:47,240 --> 00:16:50,010
that there is a danger in such compartmentalization.

290
00:16:51,010 --> 00:16:54,500
To come to the extreme, many Nazis,

291
00:16:54,500 --> 00:16:56,290
it seems we were friendly to their dogs

292
00:16:56,290 --> 00:16:58,370
and even to their family.

293
00:16:58,370 --> 00:17:01,210
Isn't that an extreme form of this compartmentalization,

294
00:17:01,210 --> 00:17:03,090
and don't we despise this today?

295
00:17:03,090 --> 00:17:06,300
Yes, but it's a historical lesson that we have learned

296
00:17:06,300 --> 00:17:09,600
that we should look across such boundaries

297
00:17:09,600 --> 00:17:12,210
and see what the full personality is,

298
00:17:12,210 --> 00:17:16,160
the full implications in the public life

299
00:17:16,160 --> 00:17:18,020
or in the private life are.

300
00:17:18,020 --> 00:17:21,550
I think Einstein wasn't at the point of having drawn

301
00:17:21,550 --> 00:17:23,860
or having taken in all those lessons yet,

302
00:17:23,860 --> 00:17:25,640
but he soon was to do that.

303
00:17:25,640 --> 00:17:29,220
(soothing classical music)

304
00:17:33,290 --> 00:17:36,060
Nationalism is an infantile disease.

305
00:17:36,060 --> 00:17:38,090
It is the measles of mankind.

306
00:17:39,550 --> 00:17:42,610
Anti-Semitism in all of Europe and also in Germany

307
00:17:42,610 --> 00:17:44,370
has a long history, of course.

308
00:17:44,370 --> 00:17:47,940
I saw worthy Jews basely caricatured

309
00:17:47,940 --> 00:17:51,100
and the sight make my heart bleed.

310
00:17:51,100 --> 00:17:54,200
The gentile majority undermines the confidence

311
00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:57,530
even of the best of my fellow Jews,

312
00:17:57,530 --> 00:18:00,190
and I felt this could not be allowed to continue.

313
00:18:02,080 --> 00:18:03,090
And in Germany,

314
00:18:03,090 --> 00:18:07,340
it was accentuated by the spectacular success of some Jews

315
00:18:07,340 --> 00:18:09,720
in the German political and economic system,

316
00:18:09,720 --> 00:18:11,740
which didn't compensate in any way

317
00:18:11,740 --> 00:18:14,380
for the repression that was still ongoing

318
00:18:14,380 --> 00:18:17,410
at other layers of social life,

319
00:18:17,410 --> 00:18:20,500
but it made the Jews so much more visible.

320
00:18:20,500 --> 00:18:23,810
And in the crisis of the First World War

321
00:18:23,810 --> 00:18:25,040
and after the crisis,

322
00:18:25,040 --> 00:18:27,620
after the German defeat in the First World War,

323
00:18:28,670 --> 00:18:30,620
people needed to find scapegoats,

324
00:18:30,620 --> 00:18:33,560
and the Jews were quite appropriate, in a way,

325
00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:37,360
because they were so internationally-minded,

326
00:18:37,360 --> 00:18:39,200
much more than the rest of the German averages

327
00:18:39,200 --> 00:18:41,080
and they were so exposed.

328
00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:43,170
Some of them were highly visible

329
00:18:43,170 --> 00:18:45,890
as part of the political and intellectual elite

330
00:18:45,890 --> 00:18:49,240
of the Weimar Republic, so they were targets, easy targets.

331
00:18:49,240 --> 00:18:52,250
Ever since the abominable murder of Rathenau,

332
00:18:52,250 --> 00:18:55,520
I myself am being constantly warned to be cautious.

333
00:18:56,760 --> 00:18:59,550
Anti-Semitism is very widespread.

334
00:18:59,550 --> 00:19:02,380
(sorrowful music)

335
00:19:09,370 --> 00:19:13,000
By 1922, there are over 300 political murders

336
00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:17,800
by right-wing radical groups, and this was

337
00:19:17,800 --> 00:19:20,300
a particularly dangerous time, also, for Einstein.

338
00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:25,210
Einstein was, in the '20s,

339
00:19:25,210 --> 00:19:27,660
Weimar's prized public intellectual,

340
00:19:27,660 --> 00:19:28,930
one of the very few people

341
00:19:28,930 --> 00:19:31,970
who'd spoken out against the First World War,

342
00:19:31,970 --> 00:19:34,350
and he was very happy to put himself

343
00:19:34,350 --> 00:19:36,720
in the services of the Weimar Republic

344
00:19:36,720 --> 00:19:38,520
and do whatever could be done to strengthen it,

345
00:19:38,520 --> 00:19:43,200
the first democratic republic in Germany.

346
00:19:44,280 --> 00:19:46,830
(scoffs) Funny people, these Germans.

347
00:19:46,830 --> 00:19:49,070
To them, I'm a stinking flower,

348
00:19:49,070 --> 00:19:52,760
yet they put me into their lapel time and again.

349
00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:54,440
And it was a brave stand

350
00:19:54,440 --> 00:19:58,440
because the Foreign Minister of Weimar, Walter Rathenau,

351
00:19:58,440 --> 00:20:02,910
was actually murdered as a Jew, and a left-leaning Jew,

352
00:20:02,910 --> 00:20:06,670
and some of the same group who murdered him

353
00:20:06,670 --> 00:20:09,620
offered to pay a reward to anyone who would murder Einstein.

354
00:20:09,620 --> 00:20:11,770
Einstein, he received warnings

355
00:20:11,770 --> 00:20:14,890
that he's on the list of that group

356
00:20:14,890 --> 00:20:17,680
that murdered Walter Rathenau.

357
00:20:17,680 --> 00:20:21,510
And he was withdrawing from all public appearances

358
00:20:21,510 --> 00:20:24,760
at that time, he canceled his lectures.

359
00:20:24,760 --> 00:20:27,360
It seems I belong to that group of people

360
00:20:27,360 --> 00:20:30,050
whom the radical right plan to assassinate.

361
00:20:31,890 --> 00:20:34,380
There was a grand big lecture he was supposed to give

362
00:20:34,380 --> 00:20:35,590
that was a centennial

363
00:20:35,590 --> 00:20:38,810
of the German Society of Natural Sciences and Physicians,

364
00:20:38,810 --> 00:20:43,000
it was their 100th anniversary celebration,

365
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:45,720
and Einstein's lecture had to be rescheduled, I guess.

366
00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:47,780
It was a big lecture for that celebration,

367
00:20:47,780 --> 00:20:49,540
and he had to cancel that.

368
00:20:49,540 --> 00:20:52,600
Many scientists, like Max Planck and von Laue,

369
00:20:52,600 --> 00:20:55,280
couldn't believe that it was possible

370
00:20:55,280 --> 00:20:58,510
that one of the most important scientists in Germany,

371
00:20:58,510 --> 00:21:03,190
Einstein, that he was somehow forced to withdraw

372
00:21:03,190 --> 00:21:05,910
from giving this lecture by right-wing radicals

373
00:21:05,910 --> 00:21:07,720
who threatened his life.

374
00:21:07,720 --> 00:21:11,470
And it extended, one may be surprised at that,

375
00:21:11,470 --> 00:21:12,900
also to the field of science.

376
00:21:12,900 --> 00:21:16,930
There were different groups of people

377
00:21:16,930 --> 00:21:18,960
opposing the theory of relativity.

378
00:21:18,960 --> 00:21:21,310
There was a political opposition.

379
00:21:21,310 --> 00:21:26,310
Einstein, as a democrat, as a Jew in the Weimar Republic,

380
00:21:26,970 --> 00:21:29,000
he was a target of many people

381
00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:33,030
who had nationalistic motivation, who were anti-Semites,

382
00:21:33,030 --> 00:21:35,650
attacking Einstein as a person.

383
00:21:35,650 --> 00:21:39,000
And there was also an opposition which mainly motivated

384
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:42,160
by different understandings of science.

385
00:21:42,160 --> 00:21:46,900
It was not Einstein who put the topic of anti-Semitism

386
00:21:46,900 --> 00:21:48,220
on the agenda.

387
00:21:48,220 --> 00:21:51,890
He was responding to a widespread anti-Semitism

388
00:21:51,890 --> 00:21:56,500
in the public area but also among his academic colleagues.

389
00:21:56,500 --> 00:21:59,720
The Einstein opponents established their own academy.

390
00:21:59,720 --> 00:22:02,530
So, an academy of the Einstein opponents.

391
00:22:02,530 --> 00:22:03,930
So, this was a network

392
00:22:03,930 --> 00:22:06,850
mainly between the United States and Germany.

393
00:22:06,850 --> 00:22:10,270
(bright classical music)

394
00:22:14,740 --> 00:22:16,670
Under the pretentious name

395
00:22:16,670 --> 00:22:19,630
Association of German Natural Scientists

396
00:22:19,630 --> 00:22:22,540
for the Preservation of Pure Science,

397
00:22:22,540 --> 00:22:26,360
a society has assembled whose purpose of existence

398
00:22:26,360 --> 00:22:29,930
seems to be to degrade the theory of relativity

399
00:22:29,930 --> 00:22:32,040
as well as me as its originator.

400
00:22:34,590 --> 00:22:35,940
He left town,

401
00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:40,830
but it did not deter him from continuing to speak out.

402
00:22:40,830 --> 00:22:44,040
People who survey the situation in Germany well

403
00:22:44,040 --> 00:22:45,600
are indeed of the opinion

404
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:48,620
that a certain threat to my life does exist.

405
00:22:48,620 --> 00:22:50,440
A yearning for the Far East

406
00:22:50,440 --> 00:22:53,480
led me to accept the invitation to Japan.

407
00:22:53,480 --> 00:22:56,650
Another part was the need to get away for a while

408
00:22:56,650 --> 00:22:59,290
from the tense atmosphere in our homeland

409
00:22:59,290 --> 00:23:01,240
for a period of time.

410
00:23:01,240 --> 00:23:04,500
After the murder of Rathenau, I was certainly relieved

411
00:23:04,500 --> 00:23:08,560
to have an opportunity for a long absence from Germany,

412
00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:12,170
taking me away from the temporarily heightened danger.

413
00:23:12,170 --> 00:23:14,750
(gentle music)

414
00:23:19,220 --> 00:23:23,290
I seek solace in Mozart, but when I am improvising

415
00:23:23,290 --> 00:23:25,730
and it appears that something may come of it,

416
00:23:25,730 --> 00:23:28,260
I require the clear construction of Bach.

417
00:23:29,940 --> 00:23:31,860
The picture of Einstein

418
00:23:31,860 --> 00:23:35,450
that gets presented by so many Einstein specialists

419
00:23:35,450 --> 00:23:37,210
is yes, he was absolutely brilliant,

420
00:23:37,210 --> 00:23:41,230
but he was a sort of childish, sad fool.

421
00:23:41,230 --> 00:23:43,720
The things that were most important to him

422
00:23:43,720 --> 00:23:47,730
are described as being the sort of ideas of a childish fool,

423
00:23:47,730 --> 00:23:48,560
of a luftmensch.

424
00:23:49,500 --> 00:23:52,930
A luftmensch being a Yiddish expression,

425
00:23:52,930 --> 00:23:54,770
not a German expression,

426
00:23:54,770 --> 00:23:59,100
which basically means somebody who has a lot of ideas

427
00:23:59,100 --> 00:24:01,610
but keeps his head in the air, luft,

428
00:24:01,610 --> 00:24:05,840
without keeping his feet on the ground, a naive person.

429
00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:10,840
Is actually a way of undermining, dare I say castrating him.

430
00:24:12,330 --> 00:24:14,800
Einstein, who was often portrayed

431
00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:19,110
as somebody who kept a distance from other people,

432
00:24:20,140 --> 00:24:22,770
which he certainly tried to do and needed to do

433
00:24:22,770 --> 00:24:24,870
in order to be able to keep working,

434
00:24:24,870 --> 00:24:27,230
given that he was such a public celebrity,

435
00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:31,410
but I think he was a realist of a way.

436
00:24:31,410 --> 00:24:36,080
He had experience enough about people and their weaknesses

437
00:24:36,080 --> 00:24:40,820
not just to dream about a utopian, peaceful world.

438
00:24:40,820 --> 00:24:45,300
If you think when he was talking against militarism,

439
00:24:45,300 --> 00:24:50,300
against the wrong way to be a nationalist,

440
00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:54,100
before we knew that there's the First World War,

441
00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:57,810
there will be a second one, there will be the atomic bomb,

442
00:24:57,810 --> 00:24:59,550
(bomb rumbling)

443
00:24:59,550 --> 00:25:01,490
beware of what can happen.

444
00:25:02,610 --> 00:25:05,980
It's a realistic political thinking.

445
00:25:05,980 --> 00:25:09,730
One should be impressed that he could say these things

446
00:25:09,730 --> 00:25:13,510
so early and he was one of the very few people who said,

447
00:25:13,510 --> 00:25:15,540
"Oh, be aware."

448
00:25:15,540 --> 00:25:17,120
It is strange that science,

449
00:25:17,120 --> 00:25:19,860
which in the old days seemed harmless,

450
00:25:19,860 --> 00:25:22,020
should have evolved into a nightmare

451
00:25:22,020 --> 00:25:24,310
that causes everyone to tremble.

452
00:25:24,310 --> 00:25:28,420
He was very distressed by his celebrity status

453
00:25:28,420 --> 00:25:29,620
at the beginning.

454
00:25:29,620 --> 00:25:33,440
It's dangerous, because if you admire someone,

455
00:25:33,440 --> 00:25:36,650
you follow him without thinking about it, really,

456
00:25:36,650 --> 00:25:39,610
without using your own responsibility.

457
00:25:39,610 --> 00:25:42,900
So, without doing what Einstein always did,

458
00:25:42,900 --> 00:25:47,900
thinking himself and thinking in a responsible way,

459
00:25:48,990 --> 00:25:51,330
thinking in a political way, also.

460
00:25:51,330 --> 00:25:55,690
So I think this is the reason why famousness in general

461
00:25:55,690 --> 00:26:00,020
was not something he could admire

462
00:26:00,020 --> 00:26:02,210
or he could tolerate, really.

463
00:26:02,210 --> 00:26:05,190
Einstein really lends himself

464
00:26:05,190 --> 00:26:07,510
to that kind of mythologization

465
00:26:07,510 --> 00:26:12,360
insofar as he was a great ham and the press loved him.

466
00:26:12,360 --> 00:26:15,620
What do you think of prohibition, Professor?

467
00:26:15,620 --> 00:26:18,520
(Albert speaking German)

468
00:26:18,520 --> 00:26:21,370
(all laughing)

469
00:26:21,370 --> 00:26:22,200
He doesn't drink at all,

470
00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:23,770
so he's not interested in this question.

471
00:26:23,770 --> 00:26:24,760
And he would laugh,

472
00:26:24,760 --> 00:26:28,060
and he apparently had a laugh like a barking seal.

473
00:26:29,110 --> 00:26:31,730
He was ideal as a kind of matinee idol.

474
00:26:31,730 --> 00:26:35,710
Mr. George Bernard Shaw in honor of Professor Einstein.

475
00:26:35,710 --> 00:26:38,880
(audience applauding)

476
00:26:43,660 --> 00:26:47,570
There's an order of men who are makers of universes.

477
00:26:47,570 --> 00:26:51,170
(audience applauding)

478
00:26:51,170 --> 00:26:55,830
Ptolemy made a universe which lasted 1,400 years.

479
00:26:57,240 --> 00:27:02,240
Newton also made a universe which has lasted 300 years.

480
00:27:02,770 --> 00:27:04,480
Einstein has made a universe,

481
00:27:05,370 --> 00:27:07,340
and I can't tell you how long that will last.

482
00:27:07,340 --> 00:27:09,380
(all laughing)

483
00:27:09,380 --> 00:27:13,500
He was not naive but he saw very well

484
00:27:13,500 --> 00:27:17,460
it's useful for his goals, for his political goals,

485
00:27:17,460 --> 00:27:19,570
for helping people.

486
00:27:19,570 --> 00:27:23,030
He saw it, basically, as a curse.

487
00:27:23,030 --> 00:27:24,220
Worshiped today,

488
00:27:24,220 --> 00:27:26,490
scorned or even crucified tomorrow,

489
00:27:27,490 --> 00:27:30,710
that is the fate of people whom, God knows why,

490
00:27:30,710 --> 00:27:33,270
the bored public has taken possession of.

491
00:27:33,270 --> 00:27:36,270
He didn't quite understand why, of all the scientists,

492
00:27:36,270 --> 00:27:37,650
he'd kind of been singled out

493
00:27:37,650 --> 00:27:42,340
for this unpleasant development,

494
00:27:42,340 --> 00:27:46,700
but eventually he learned how to use his celebrity status

495
00:27:46,700 --> 00:27:49,090
to promote causes that were important to him.

496
00:27:49,090 --> 00:27:51,840
(singer humming)

497
00:28:03,690 --> 00:28:05,520
As it contradicts the image of him as being naive,

498
00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:08,420
he became quite shrewd in deciding what he would approve.

499
00:28:08,420 --> 00:28:11,510
We scientists who released this immense power

500
00:28:11,510 --> 00:28:13,890
have overwhelming responsibility

501
00:28:13,890 --> 00:28:18,090
in this world life-and-death struggle to harness atom.

502
00:28:19,350 --> 00:28:20,730
I agree.

503
00:28:20,730 --> 00:28:22,540
Which petition he would sign,

504
00:28:22,540 --> 00:28:26,560
which committee he would become the honorary chairman of.

505
00:28:26,560 --> 00:28:30,830
He was pretty discretionary about it and selective.

506
00:28:31,770 --> 00:28:33,810
I have tried to be very economical

507
00:28:33,810 --> 00:28:35,510
with my public utterances.

508
00:28:35,510 --> 00:28:36,790
This is the best way

509
00:28:36,790 --> 00:28:39,590
not to lose the small beneficial influence

510
00:28:39,590 --> 00:28:41,550
one is able to exercise.

511
00:28:41,550 --> 00:28:42,410
He thought,

512
00:28:42,410 --> 00:28:45,730
"Okay, if my famousness is part of my moral capital,

513
00:28:45,730 --> 00:28:50,730
I can use it to help or to have a political influence."

514
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:56,360
He was a political human being before his American years.

515
00:28:56,360 --> 00:28:58,830
It would be sad to waste much energy

516
00:28:58,830 --> 00:29:01,810
on the meager soil of politics.

517
00:29:01,810 --> 00:29:03,670
From time to time, however,

518
00:29:03,670 --> 00:29:06,800
the moment arrives when I cannot help myself.

519
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:11,800
If you read his texts about peace, about human rights,

520
00:29:12,290 --> 00:29:17,290
about human beings in the world, it's easy to think,

521
00:29:17,500 --> 00:29:21,550
"Okay, this is very fundamental."

522
00:29:22,480 --> 00:29:26,750
But it's really a political engagement because, for him,

523
00:29:26,750 --> 00:29:29,360
the point of all things is the human being.

524
00:29:30,210 --> 00:29:34,800
It's not the German one, the American one, the French,

525
00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:37,570
it's the human being's right for freedom,

526
00:29:37,570 --> 00:29:39,000
for his individuality.

527
00:29:40,220 --> 00:29:42,610
He's being besieged all the time

528
00:29:42,610 --> 00:29:46,480
for requests to give a kosher stamp to (chuckling)

529
00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:50,150
or an un-kosher stamp to all kinds of enterprises.

530
00:29:50,150 --> 00:29:52,670
Magnus Hirschfeld had a very important institute in Berlin

531
00:29:52,670 --> 00:29:53,810
in the '20s,

532
00:29:53,810 --> 00:29:56,390
when people were becoming more open about sexuality,

533
00:29:56,390 --> 00:29:58,720
but there was still a lot of pushback,

534
00:29:58,720 --> 00:30:01,930
and Hirschfeld's institute was one of the first things

535
00:30:01,930 --> 00:30:03,230
the Nazis closed.

536
00:30:03,230 --> 00:30:04,970
They described him as decadent.

537
00:30:04,970 --> 00:30:07,940
He was gay, and not simply in favor

538
00:30:07,940 --> 00:30:09,870
of what we came to call gay liberation,

539
00:30:09,870 --> 00:30:13,340
but women's rights to open sexuality

540
00:30:13,340 --> 00:30:16,050
and a whole host of other things

541
00:30:16,050 --> 00:30:18,470
that were quite controversial at the time.

542
00:30:18,470 --> 00:30:23,470
When asked to support Hirschfeld's institute, Einstein said:

543
00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:28,040
Abortion up till a certain stage of pregnancy

544
00:30:28,040 --> 00:30:31,080
should be permissible at the request of the woman.

545
00:30:31,080 --> 00:30:33,260
(jazzy music)

546
00:30:33,260 --> 00:30:36,680
Homosexuality should be exempt from punishment.

547
00:30:41,610 --> 00:30:45,510
In regard to sex education, no secretiveness.

548
00:30:46,850 --> 00:30:49,970
Exactly the right things that are as valid, I think,

549
00:30:49,970 --> 00:30:54,040
and important today as they were in 1929.

550
00:30:54,040 --> 00:30:55,780
Einstein is often criticized,

551
00:30:55,780 --> 00:30:58,260
and I'm sometimes asked how can I, as a woman,

552
00:30:58,260 --> 00:31:02,720
defend Einstein's relationship toward women and his wives.

553
00:31:02,720 --> 00:31:07,470
Einstein's first wife, Mileva, was older than him,

554
00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:13,520
partly crippled, not Jewish, and anathema to his parents.

555
00:31:16,310 --> 00:31:21,310
She was the only woman physics student in Zurich.

556
00:31:21,400 --> 00:31:24,020
Einstein fell in love with a woman

557
00:31:24,020 --> 00:31:26,590
who could share his intellectual passions,

558
00:31:26,590 --> 00:31:29,710
and he only got permission to marry her

559
00:31:29,710 --> 00:31:32,060
on his father's deathbed.

560
00:31:32,060 --> 00:31:34,280
They had a daughter out of wedlock

561
00:31:34,280 --> 00:31:37,680
before his parents would permit them to marry.

562
00:31:37,680 --> 00:31:39,500
My dearest sweetheart,

563
00:31:39,500 --> 00:31:41,750
it's such a shame that our dear Lieserl

564
00:31:41,750 --> 00:31:44,820
must be introduced to the world in this way.

565
00:31:44,820 --> 00:31:48,500
I love her so much and don't even know her yet.

566
00:31:48,500 --> 00:31:51,260
She probably gave the daughter,

567
00:31:51,260 --> 00:31:54,030
all we really know about her is that she was named Lieserl,

568
00:31:54,030 --> 00:31:59,030
up for adoption, and not only did they never see her again,

569
00:31:59,180 --> 00:32:02,060
no one, and many Einstein researchers

570
00:32:02,060 --> 00:32:05,080
have tried to find out what happened to Lieserl, no one has.

571
00:32:06,070 --> 00:32:09,010
Diagnoses at a distance are always a problem,

572
00:32:09,010 --> 00:32:14,010
but that was probably a trigger for Mileva's depressions,

573
00:32:14,440 --> 00:32:18,770
which continued and became more serious

574
00:32:18,770 --> 00:32:22,540
and more tinged with rage as the marriage went on.

575
00:32:22,540 --> 00:32:26,190
She wound up failing her PhD exam in physics,

576
00:32:26,190 --> 00:32:29,340
which cannot have been easy for her

577
00:32:29,340 --> 00:32:31,190
to be living with someone

578
00:32:31,190 --> 00:32:34,690
who was writing world historical physics papers.

579
00:32:35,820 --> 00:32:38,900
And the marriage fell apart.

580
00:32:38,900 --> 00:32:41,000
There's a letter that he wrote for Mileva

581
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:43,690
in which he tells her to keep her distance

582
00:32:43,690 --> 00:32:45,940
and it is harsh and it is hostile.

583
00:32:45,940 --> 00:32:49,250
You will renounce all personal relations with me

584
00:32:49,250 --> 00:32:50,920
as far as maintaining them

585
00:32:50,920 --> 00:32:54,620
is not absolutely required for social reasons.

586
00:32:54,620 --> 00:32:59,620
And all that I would say to that,

587
00:32:59,920 --> 00:33:02,240
he did take care of her financially.

588
00:33:03,130 --> 00:33:05,900
He knew he was gonna get the Nobel Prize eventually.

589
00:33:05,900 --> 00:33:09,470
He gave it almost in its entirety to her.

590
00:33:09,470 --> 00:33:11,160
So then, people say,

591
00:33:11,160 --> 00:33:14,320
"Ah, well, what do you say about his marriage to Elsa?"

592
00:33:14,320 --> 00:33:15,930
Elsa was his cousin.

593
00:33:15,930 --> 00:33:19,470
I suppose they had some kind of familial bond.

594
00:33:19,470 --> 00:33:22,380
She was a divorced woman with two daughters

595
00:33:22,380 --> 00:33:24,250
whom Einstein treated as his own.

596
00:33:24,250 --> 00:33:29,250
She cared for him when he nearly died in Berlin.

597
00:33:29,490 --> 00:33:32,210
I have to have someone to love.

598
00:33:32,210 --> 00:33:33,840
Otherwise, life is miserable.

599
00:33:34,690 --> 00:33:36,550
And this someone is you.

600
00:33:37,440 --> 00:33:38,670
He was just in the process

601
00:33:38,670 --> 00:33:41,890
of getting out of a really crazy marriage,

602
00:33:41,890 --> 00:33:44,610
so it seemed like stability

603
00:33:44,610 --> 00:33:49,610
and something that he could feel happy and comfortable in.

604
00:33:49,920 --> 00:33:51,710
She also does, in those pictures,

605
00:33:51,710 --> 00:33:54,510
really look more like his mother than his lover,

606
00:33:54,510 --> 00:33:57,700
and Einstein was a man on fire all his life,

607
00:33:57,700 --> 00:34:00,830
and he needed to connect with other women

608
00:34:00,830 --> 00:34:03,100
in ways that he simply couldn't with Elsa.

609
00:34:04,690 --> 00:34:08,170
He made two completely different bad marriages.

610
00:34:08,170 --> 00:34:09,630
He was sad about that.

611
00:34:10,720 --> 00:34:13,640
What I admired in him the most as a person

612
00:34:13,640 --> 00:34:17,480
is that he succeeded in living for many years,

613
00:34:17,480 --> 00:34:18,820
not just in peace,

614
00:34:18,820 --> 00:34:22,630
but in constant consonance with one woman,

615
00:34:22,630 --> 00:34:27,340
an endeavor in which I failed twice, quite ignominiously.

616
00:34:28,910 --> 00:34:30,760
For his 50th birthday,

617
00:34:30,760 --> 00:34:35,760
the City of Berlin decided to give him as a gift

618
00:34:35,880 --> 00:34:38,600
a house in the woods where he could go sailing,

619
00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:42,410
which everybody knew was his favorite way of relaxing,

620
00:34:42,410 --> 00:34:44,780
and a group of right-wing people

621
00:34:44,780 --> 00:34:48,760
highly objected to the City of Berlin

622
00:34:48,760 --> 00:34:52,890
giving a birthday gift to that socialist Jew.

623
00:34:52,890 --> 00:34:56,950
Einstein said, "Okay, I'll buy it myself."

624
00:34:56,950 --> 00:35:00,200
(playful twangy music)

625
00:35:07,240 --> 00:35:11,500
What attracted and appealed to Elsa about Einstein's life

626
00:35:11,500 --> 00:35:14,210
was exactly what Einstein did not want,

627
00:35:14,210 --> 00:35:17,360
the social celebrity, the being invited to aristocrat's,

628
00:35:17,360 --> 00:35:18,750
and so on.

629
00:35:18,750 --> 00:35:22,170
She had no pretension of trying to understand his physics,

630
00:35:22,170 --> 00:35:27,170
but she really wanted to be a sort of high bourgeois wife.

631
00:35:27,280 --> 00:35:31,110
The house was not only used for him to get away from Berlin.

632
00:35:31,110 --> 00:35:34,100
It was a place where, really,

633
00:35:34,100 --> 00:35:37,800
some of the great minds of his generation came to.

634
00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:41,240
Rabindranath Tagore came from India,

635
00:35:41,240 --> 00:35:45,340
Heinrich Mann, Chaim Weizmann, Max Planck,

636
00:35:46,790 --> 00:35:50,730
just a whole row of people came out to discuss,

637
00:35:50,730 --> 00:35:53,550
as they say in German, God and the world,

638
00:35:53,550 --> 00:35:57,560
or sometimes to play string quartets on the terrace.

639
00:35:57,560 --> 00:36:00,680
Mozart's music is so pure and beautiful

640
00:36:00,680 --> 00:36:02,660
that I see it as a reflection

641
00:36:02,660 --> 00:36:05,390
of the inner beauty of the universe.

642
00:36:06,510 --> 00:36:11,510
There is a rumor that describes Einstein as antisocial.

643
00:36:11,580 --> 00:36:14,660
I've even seen him described as autistic.

644
00:36:14,660 --> 00:36:15,730
This is nuts.

645
00:36:16,640 --> 00:36:21,640
Einstein was an extremely socially engaged person

646
00:36:22,460 --> 00:36:26,460
when he wanted to be, but he did not like formalities.

647
00:36:27,430 --> 00:36:30,520
A delegation of ministers was coming out to visit him

648
00:36:30,520 --> 00:36:34,260
from Berlin, and Elsa said,

649
00:36:34,260 --> 00:36:35,740
"Albert, the ministers are coming.

650
00:36:35,740 --> 00:36:38,910
It's time to put on your suit."

651
00:36:38,910 --> 00:36:43,420
And Einstein said, "If they wanna see me, I'm here.

652
00:36:43,420 --> 00:36:46,180
If they wanna see my clothes, you can open the closet."

653
00:36:46,180 --> 00:36:49,590
(chuckling) So, that says something

654
00:36:49,590 --> 00:36:52,790
about the way that he dealt with people.

655
00:36:52,790 --> 00:36:56,160
Einstein preferred to spend as much time as possible

656
00:36:56,160 --> 00:36:58,010
in the house in Caputh

657
00:36:58,010 --> 00:37:00,560
in those four years before he left Germany.

658
00:37:02,820 --> 00:37:05,660
(patriotic music)

659
00:37:12,750 --> 00:37:15,500
(crowd cheering)

660
00:37:21,540 --> 00:37:25,130
(Adolf shouting in German)

661
00:37:28,360 --> 00:37:30,570
(crowd cheering)

662
00:37:30,570 --> 00:37:32,020
I cannot understand

663
00:37:32,020 --> 00:37:35,310
the passive response of the whole civilized world

664
00:37:35,310 --> 00:37:37,210
to this modern barbarism.

665
00:37:37,210 --> 00:37:40,690
Doesn't the world see that Hitler is aiming for war?

666
00:37:43,010 --> 00:37:45,840
(crowd clamoring)

667
00:38:00,820 --> 00:38:03,570
(dramatic music)

668
00:38:05,680 --> 00:38:08,430
(woman laughing)

669
00:38:13,830 --> 00:38:16,340
(woman laughing)

670
00:38:16,340 --> 00:38:19,420
(train bell ringing)

671
00:38:25,220 --> 00:38:28,140
(crowd chattering)

672
00:38:37,110 --> 00:38:40,110
(suspenseful music)

673
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:50,460
(gentle music)

674
00:38:50,460 --> 00:38:55,070
In all these years, I have only enhanced Germany's prestige

675
00:38:55,070 --> 00:38:57,740
and never allowed myself to be alienated

676
00:38:57,740 --> 00:39:01,310
by the systematic attacks on me in the rightist press,

677
00:39:04,950 --> 00:39:07,050
especially those in recent years

678
00:39:07,050 --> 00:39:10,280
in which no one took the trouble to stand up for me.

679
00:39:14,140 --> 00:39:16,980
Is not the destruction of German truce by starvation

680
00:39:16,980 --> 00:39:20,360
the official program of the present German government?

681
00:39:20,360 --> 00:39:23,110
(dramatic music)

682
00:40:08,430 --> 00:40:10,320
Einstein definitely was a realist,

683
00:40:10,320 --> 00:40:13,480
and he moved from pacifism to militant pacifism

684
00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:15,090
and then he abandoned it, of course,

685
00:40:15,090 --> 00:40:18,480
when confronted with Hitlerism.

686
00:40:18,480 --> 00:40:22,560
It was pacifism that, when confronted with odds

687
00:40:22,560 --> 00:40:26,660
that were overwhelming, would make concessions.

688
00:40:26,660 --> 00:40:30,530
I'm not only a pacifist, but a militant pacifist.

689
00:40:30,530 --> 00:40:32,680
I am willing to fight for peace.

690
00:40:33,720 --> 00:40:35,600
He felt that the danger,

691
00:40:35,600 --> 00:40:37,920
after the discovery of nuclear fission,

692
00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:40,300
of building atomic bombs, was a real one.

693
00:40:40,300 --> 00:40:42,790
He was right that there was such a danger,

694
00:40:42,790 --> 00:40:44,860
and it was hard to assess how realistic

695
00:40:44,860 --> 00:40:49,140
and how long it would take, actually, to build such a bomb.

696
00:40:49,140 --> 00:40:52,920
So that he supported it by the famous letter to Roosevelt,

697
00:40:52,920 --> 00:40:54,440
which he signed.

698
00:40:54,440 --> 00:40:55,560
In the letter itself,

699
00:40:55,560 --> 00:40:57,220
it talks about the bomb being so heavy

700
00:40:57,220 --> 00:41:00,430
that it would have to be delivered by ship

701
00:41:00,430 --> 00:41:02,170
and exploded in the harbor,

702
00:41:03,570 --> 00:41:06,450
so there was no concept of feasibility, then,

703
00:41:06,450 --> 00:41:08,840
of transporting it by plane.

704
00:41:08,840 --> 00:41:11,190
The American engagement in building the bomb

705
00:41:11,190 --> 00:41:14,440
was quite understandable, given the situation.

706
00:41:14,440 --> 00:41:16,920
Therefore, I'm saying Einstein had become,

707
00:41:16,920 --> 00:41:19,220
I think he didn't change his fundamental positions,

708
00:41:19,220 --> 00:41:22,210
but he was becoming more and more of a realist.

709
00:41:22,210 --> 00:41:25,360
And so, he found that this was an important move to take

710
00:41:25,360 --> 00:41:26,240
at the time.

711
00:41:26,240 --> 00:41:28,350
Organized power can be opposed

712
00:41:28,350 --> 00:41:30,490
only by organized power.

713
00:41:30,490 --> 00:41:34,120
Much as I regret this, there is no other way.

714
00:41:34,120 --> 00:41:36,080
Einstein deeply regretted, eventually,

715
00:41:36,080 --> 00:41:38,350
writing the famous letter to FDR.

716
00:41:38,350 --> 00:41:40,890
He thought that it was very instrumental

717
00:41:40,890 --> 00:41:43,960
in setting up the Manhattan Project.

718
00:41:43,960 --> 00:41:47,390
He thought that that was his major contribution

719
00:41:47,390 --> 00:41:51,840
to the dawning of the atomic era.

720
00:41:51,840 --> 00:41:53,780
He didn't think that his formula

721
00:41:53,780 --> 00:41:55,950
had played any role in that.

722
00:41:55,950 --> 00:41:59,540
(dramatic classical music)

723
00:42:06,200 --> 00:42:10,130
Albert Einstein felt very much his responsibility

724
00:42:10,130 --> 00:42:15,130
for young scientists who want to came to America

725
00:42:15,130 --> 00:42:20,130
or didn't have an affidavit or any help to get a job there,

726
00:42:21,100 --> 00:42:26,100
and he tried whatever he could to help other emigres,

727
00:42:27,650 --> 00:42:32,650
other scientists, and a lot of time, a lot of power,

728
00:42:33,150 --> 00:42:37,230
a lot of money, he gave to these people,

729
00:42:37,230 --> 00:42:41,650
and he tried nearly to help all he could help.

730
00:42:41,650 --> 00:42:46,130
He had something like a little grove for emigres.

731
00:42:46,130 --> 00:42:47,770
I think it's a very important part

732
00:42:47,770 --> 00:42:50,460
of the man Albert Einstein,

733
00:42:50,460 --> 00:42:55,460
of the immigrant Albert Einstein, of the exiled,

734
00:42:58,550 --> 00:43:02,440
and of the political human being Albert Einstein too

735
00:43:02,440 --> 00:43:06,750
because I think this engagement for other emigres

736
00:43:06,750 --> 00:43:10,230
is part of his responsibility, of course,

737
00:43:10,230 --> 00:43:13,480
because he was a famous one and he could help them, really.

738
00:43:13,480 --> 00:43:17,030
But it's also part of his political thinking

739
00:43:17,030 --> 00:43:19,350
that this is now what one should do

740
00:43:20,880 --> 00:43:25,060
to make it possible for them to come to America,

741
00:43:25,060 --> 00:43:27,570
to get a chance to get a job there.

742
00:43:27,570 --> 00:43:31,420
My dad had left Germany in December '35

743
00:43:31,420 --> 00:43:32,450
to come to the United States.

744
00:43:32,450 --> 00:43:34,200
The idea was the family would follow.

745
00:43:34,200 --> 00:43:37,720
In May of '36, we all went to the American consulate.

746
00:43:37,720 --> 00:43:40,120
My mother and my brother each got their visa,

747
00:43:40,120 --> 00:43:44,620
but I was turned down, allegedly for having tuberculosis.

748
00:43:44,620 --> 00:43:46,160
My dad was a physician.

749
00:43:46,160 --> 00:43:49,990
The likelihood that I had tuberculosis was just very remote.

750
00:43:49,990 --> 00:43:53,410
My mother had me examined by German physicians,

751
00:43:53,410 --> 00:43:56,370
colleagues of my dad, and they all said,

752
00:43:56,370 --> 00:43:59,240
"There's no evidence of tuberculosis.

753
00:43:59,240 --> 00:44:00,430
This must be a mistake."

754
00:44:00,430 --> 00:44:03,460
My mother and my brother left to come to the United States

755
00:44:03,460 --> 00:44:04,410
and join my dad.

756
00:44:04,410 --> 00:44:09,410
The idea was that you could reapply after three months

757
00:44:10,640 --> 00:44:15,470
for a visa, and since this obviously was a mistake,

758
00:44:15,470 --> 00:44:16,920
I would get the visa then.

759
00:44:16,920 --> 00:44:17,890
After three months,

760
00:44:17,890 --> 00:44:22,240
my grandmother now took me to the American consulate again,

761
00:44:22,240 --> 00:44:24,440
and I even had some medical statements

762
00:44:24,440 --> 00:44:27,120
that there was no evidence of tuberculosis

763
00:44:27,120 --> 00:44:31,160
but, much to everybody's surprise, I was turned down again.

764
00:44:31,160 --> 00:44:33,470
This went on for a total of four times.

765
00:44:33,470 --> 00:44:35,290
Each time I was turned down

766
00:44:35,290 --> 00:44:37,170
by a physician from the American consulate.

767
00:44:37,170 --> 00:44:39,420
My parents, of course, were in the United States,

768
00:44:39,420 --> 00:44:42,610
they were getting frantic about all this.

769
00:44:42,610 --> 00:44:44,420
They enlisted all kinds of help.

770
00:44:44,420 --> 00:44:48,530
Finally, Albert Einstein got interested in this.

771
00:44:48,530 --> 00:44:52,530
Einstein then wrote two letters, very strong letters,

772
00:44:52,530 --> 00:44:56,150
one to the Surgeon General Thomas Parran.

773
00:44:56,150 --> 00:44:59,650
(elegant classical music)

774
00:45:05,530 --> 00:45:07,280
I shall spare no effort

775
00:45:07,280 --> 00:45:09,050
to straighten out this matter.

776
00:45:11,850 --> 00:45:14,970
And one to an assistant secretary of state

777
00:45:14,970 --> 00:45:16,520
by the name of Messersmith.

778
00:45:16,520 --> 00:45:19,650
And he wrote them himself because in one case, at least,

779
00:45:19,650 --> 00:45:23,100
I have the handwritten original draft.

780
00:45:23,980 --> 00:45:27,600
My dad was able to get the consul in Zurich

781
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:28,610
to make an exception.

782
00:45:28,610 --> 00:45:31,730
An aunt of mine brought me to Switzerland.

783
00:45:31,730 --> 00:45:34,570
I got my physical examination, I passed it,

784
00:45:34,570 --> 00:45:39,170
and I arrived in the United States on March 4th, 1938.

785
00:45:40,270 --> 00:45:44,910
I finally had an opportunity to visit him in Princeton.

786
00:45:44,910 --> 00:45:48,030
He had never met me before but he remembered the case.

787
00:45:48,030 --> 00:45:49,170
The way we talked

788
00:45:49,170 --> 00:45:54,170
was the way I might talk to just a nice elderly gentleman,

789
00:45:55,490 --> 00:45:58,100
I mean, to my grandfather.

790
00:45:58,100 --> 00:46:01,020
I was already working in industry at that time,

791
00:46:01,020 --> 00:46:03,330
and he wanted to know exactly what I was doing.

792
00:46:03,330 --> 00:46:05,010
He was very interested in it

793
00:46:05,010 --> 00:46:08,130
and we sorta discussed technical details.

794
00:46:08,130 --> 00:46:12,020
We talked just like we were colleagues, I mean,

795
00:46:12,020 --> 00:46:17,020
in a very warm and simple kind of friendly way.

796
00:46:18,950 --> 00:46:20,430
Einstein apparently worked very hard

797
00:46:20,430 --> 00:46:23,230
on behalf of German Jewish immigrants all along,

798
00:46:23,230 --> 00:46:25,620
so my case was not that unusual.

799
00:46:25,620 --> 00:46:26,970
There's a little anecdote

800
00:46:26,970 --> 00:46:31,970
that four young men came to a hospital to get a job there

801
00:46:33,050 --> 00:46:37,220
and each of them had a letter of Albert Einstein (chuckling)

802
00:46:37,220 --> 00:46:40,040
telling, "Yes, you should give him this job."

803
00:46:40,040 --> 00:46:41,560
Of course, this is an anecdote.

804
00:46:41,560 --> 00:46:45,340
I think it's not true because he knew very well

805
00:46:45,340 --> 00:46:48,560
if you do it like this, it won't help anybody.

806
00:46:48,560 --> 00:46:52,420
His recommendations are serious.

807
00:46:52,420 --> 00:46:53,870
They did try and actively save

808
00:46:53,870 --> 00:46:56,970
and did actively save individuals

809
00:46:56,970 --> 00:47:00,640
from the claws of Hitler and of Nazism.

810
00:47:00,640 --> 00:47:03,100
So he knows that Jews have to go some place,

811
00:47:03,100 --> 00:47:05,610
he sees the great tragedy.

812
00:47:05,610 --> 00:47:08,190
With respect to his political attitudes

813
00:47:08,190 --> 00:47:11,460
toward Israel and the Palestinian problem,

814
00:47:11,460 --> 00:47:16,020
some of his ideas of how to solve the problem

815
00:47:16,020 --> 00:47:18,890
seem unrealistic to our modern ear,

816
00:47:18,890 --> 00:47:21,700
given the intransigence of both sides.

817
00:47:21,700 --> 00:47:26,470
He was opposed to the establishment of a Jewish state.

818
00:47:26,470 --> 00:47:30,150
He had advocated vociferously against it for decades,

819
00:47:30,150 --> 00:47:32,370
even after the Holocaust.

820
00:47:32,370 --> 00:47:37,370
By '33, Einstein can see the disaster that's unfolding

821
00:47:37,750 --> 00:47:39,110
because of nationalism.

822
00:47:39,110 --> 00:47:41,170
And even in the First World War,

823
00:47:42,070 --> 00:47:44,810
he can see the great conflict of it.

824
00:47:44,810 --> 00:47:46,670
So, in that context,

825
00:47:46,670 --> 00:47:50,360
why support a national expression for the Jews?

826
00:47:50,360 --> 00:47:52,820
He had been very concerned already,

827
00:47:52,820 --> 00:47:57,210
even from his first visit to Palestine in 1923,

828
00:47:57,210 --> 00:48:01,180
of tendencies towards narrow nationalism

829
00:48:01,180 --> 00:48:04,570
and what he termed to be chauvinism.

830
00:48:04,570 --> 00:48:06,350
And he saw that being played out

831
00:48:06,350 --> 00:48:07,760
even in the early years of the state,

832
00:48:07,760 --> 00:48:12,650
and even in pre-state Jewish community in Palestine.

833
00:48:12,650 --> 00:48:16,210
He was in favor of more of a binational solution.

834
00:48:16,210 --> 00:48:18,790
I should much rather see a reasonable agreement

835
00:48:18,790 --> 00:48:21,660
with the Arabs on living together in peace

836
00:48:21,660 --> 00:48:24,440
than the creation of a Jewish state.

837
00:48:24,440 --> 00:48:26,470
He was in favor of a Jewish homeland

838
00:48:26,470 --> 00:48:30,140
and he was in favor of joint institutions and, basically,

839
00:48:30,140 --> 00:48:33,170
of the formation of a committee of technocrats.

840
00:48:33,170 --> 00:48:35,030
He wanted the politicians out of the picture

841
00:48:35,030 --> 00:48:37,060
and he wanted technocrats from both sides

842
00:48:37,060 --> 00:48:41,880
to make the important decisions in a most objective,

843
00:48:41,880 --> 00:48:45,360
neutral, unbiased, unemotional manner.

844
00:48:45,360 --> 00:48:48,750
The state idea is not according to my heart.

845
00:48:48,750 --> 00:48:51,410
It is connected with many difficulties

846
00:48:51,410 --> 00:48:53,650
and a narrow mindedness.

847
00:48:53,650 --> 00:48:55,840
I believe it is bad.

848
00:48:55,840 --> 00:48:58,790
After the establishment of the state, he resigned himself

849
00:48:59,860 --> 00:49:01,960
to, basically, to the fait accompli.

850
00:49:02,970 --> 00:49:07,970
Wasn't happy with it, to lend the state his support,

851
00:49:08,220 --> 00:49:12,420
but became very critical of certain policies,

852
00:49:13,630 --> 00:49:14,910
even in the early years.

853
00:49:14,910 --> 00:49:15,960
He cosigned a letter

854
00:49:15,960 --> 00:49:20,230
together with other prominent Jewish intellectuals in 1948

855
00:49:20,230 --> 00:49:21,060
to "The New York Times,"

856
00:49:21,060 --> 00:49:23,530
in which he protested the visit of Menachem Begin

857
00:49:23,530 --> 00:49:26,270
to the U.S. and called him a terrorist leader.

858
00:49:26,270 --> 00:49:29,840
At the time he was here, he was the head of the Irgun.

859
00:49:32,070 --> 00:49:34,530
It only plays into the more conflict

860
00:49:34,530 --> 00:49:38,530
and, of course, if you look at the current sadness

861
00:49:38,530 --> 00:49:39,680
about the State of Israel,

862
00:49:39,680 --> 00:49:41,960
you could congratulate Einstein, you could say,

863
00:49:41,960 --> 00:49:43,550
"Yes, look at it, you were right."

864
00:49:43,550 --> 00:49:46,210
Nationalism is, no matter what kind of nationalism,

865
00:49:46,210 --> 00:49:47,200
is gonna be difficult.

866
00:49:47,200 --> 00:49:51,050
The absolute disaster of not having a Jewish state

867
00:49:51,050 --> 00:49:52,820
is in front of his eyes.

868
00:49:52,820 --> 00:49:56,230
My awareness of the essential nature of Judaism

869
00:49:56,230 --> 00:50:00,290
resists the idea of a Jewish state with borders, an army,

870
00:50:00,290 --> 00:50:02,370
and a measure of temporal power.

871
00:50:02,370 --> 00:50:04,210
Einstein is the poster child

872
00:50:04,210 --> 00:50:05,540
for everything in the universe

873
00:50:05,540 --> 00:50:07,870
but also for Jewish peoplehood.

874
00:50:07,870 --> 00:50:10,750
He needs a nation to back up the people.

875
00:50:10,750 --> 00:50:11,580
I really believe

876
00:50:11,580 --> 00:50:13,770
he thought that all the nations would get together

877
00:50:13,770 --> 00:50:16,100
and just start to dissolve nationalism.

878
00:50:16,100 --> 00:50:17,790
The United Nations General Assembly,

879
00:50:17,790 --> 00:50:19,780
which helped to create the State of Israel,

880
00:50:19,780 --> 00:50:21,940
now elects her a member nation.

881
00:50:21,940 --> 00:50:24,540
Assembly President Evatt announces.

882
00:50:24,540 --> 00:50:26,810
Formally declare Israel admitted to membership

883
00:50:26,810 --> 00:50:28,690
in the United Nations.
(crowd cheering)

884
00:50:28,690 --> 00:50:30,090
The young republic, born of war,

885
00:50:30,090 --> 00:50:32,150
now joins the Council of Peace.

886
00:50:32,150 --> 00:50:34,020
The blue and white Star of David.

887
00:50:34,020 --> 00:50:37,330
So, once we participated in it, we could understand it,

888
00:50:37,330 --> 00:50:39,240
we could be a complete people.

889
00:50:39,240 --> 00:50:41,810
Complete peoples have a land, a language,

890
00:50:41,810 --> 00:50:42,890
a history, a culture.

891
00:50:42,890 --> 00:50:44,570
And then we could,

892
00:50:44,570 --> 00:50:47,130
as Jewish participants in the human family,

893
00:50:47,130 --> 00:50:49,750
to begin to reduce nationalism

894
00:50:49,750 --> 00:50:52,220
and bring more global harmony.

895
00:50:52,220 --> 00:50:53,960
Prime Minister Ben-Gurion of Israel

896
00:50:53,960 --> 00:50:55,420
arrives at Princeton, New Jersey

897
00:50:55,420 --> 00:50:57,160
to call on Dr. Albert Einstein.

898
00:50:57,160 --> 00:50:58,980
The man whose physics formula

899
00:50:58,980 --> 00:51:01,230
led the way to the atomic explosion

900
00:51:01,230 --> 00:51:03,470
plays host to the leader who played a great part

901
00:51:03,470 --> 00:51:05,310
in the creation of the Israeli nation.

902
00:51:05,310 --> 00:51:08,720
(bright classical music)

903
00:51:17,790 --> 00:51:19,040
I am deeply moved

904
00:51:19,040 --> 00:51:21,670
by the offer from our State of Israel,

905
00:51:21,670 --> 00:51:23,510
and at once sad and abashed

906
00:51:23,510 --> 00:51:26,690
that it is impossible for me to accept it.

907
00:51:26,690 --> 00:51:29,660
All my life, I have dealt with objective matters.

908
00:51:29,660 --> 00:51:33,580
Hence, I lack the natural aptitude and the experience

909
00:51:33,580 --> 00:51:35,620
to deal properly with people

910
00:51:35,620 --> 00:51:38,520
and to exercise official functions.

911
00:51:38,520 --> 00:51:39,430
For these reasons,

912
00:51:39,430 --> 00:51:42,410
I do not feel able to fulfill the requirements

913
00:51:42,410 --> 00:51:43,800
of this great task.

914
00:51:44,840 --> 00:51:47,970
I am the more distressed over these circumstances

915
00:51:47,970 --> 00:51:50,690
because my relationship to the Jewish people

916
00:51:50,690 --> 00:51:52,990
has become my strongest human bond.

917
00:51:55,730 --> 00:51:57,400
If I were to be president,

918
00:51:57,400 --> 00:52:00,360
sometimes I would have to say to the Israeli people

919
00:52:00,360 --> 00:52:02,110
things they would not like to hear.

920
00:52:04,550 --> 00:52:07,530
He saw the humor in situations,

921
00:52:07,530 --> 00:52:09,820
he saw the irony in situations,

922
00:52:09,820 --> 00:52:12,390
and it ties in partly with his playfulness.

923
00:52:12,390 --> 00:52:16,350
He had a very playful, childlike appreciation of things.

924
00:52:16,350 --> 00:52:20,180
(interviewer speaking German)

925
00:52:25,260 --> 00:52:28,840
(Einstein speaking German)

926
00:52:41,070 --> 00:52:44,320
(Elsa speaking German)

927
00:52:53,440 --> 00:52:56,010
One of the things that makes him very appealing,

928
00:52:56,010 --> 00:52:58,180
aside from his great sense of humor,

929
00:52:58,180 --> 00:53:01,280
is that he was genuinely a modest human being.

930
00:53:02,140 --> 00:53:06,170
You can tell just by looking at his eyes,

931
00:53:06,170 --> 00:53:10,770
this is a man with incredible spark.

932
00:53:10,770 --> 00:53:13,410
I like to call it a sense of being alive,

933
00:53:13,410 --> 00:53:18,230
a sense of intense curiosity about the real world.

934
00:53:18,230 --> 00:53:22,210
The ability to relate to all kinds of different people,

935
00:53:22,210 --> 00:53:26,060
from kings and queens to small children, when he wanted to.

936
00:53:26,060 --> 00:53:30,020
He hated hierarchy, hated class distinctions,

937
00:53:30,020 --> 00:53:32,970
and that was obvious, also, then, in America,

938
00:53:32,970 --> 00:53:35,710
where he was outraged by racism.

939
00:53:35,710 --> 00:53:36,940
The distinctions

940
00:53:36,940 --> 00:53:40,230
separating the social classes are false.

941
00:53:40,230 --> 00:53:43,560
In the last analysis, they rest on force.

942
00:53:43,560 --> 00:53:44,870
Many people don't realize

943
00:53:44,870 --> 00:53:46,790
that Albert Einstein was at the forefront

944
00:53:46,790 --> 00:53:50,210
of the struggle for racial equality in the United States.

945
00:53:50,210 --> 00:53:53,880
It pained him to see the plight of African Americans.

946
00:53:53,880 --> 00:53:58,880
♪ When Israel was in Egypt's land ♪

947
00:54:00,290 --> 00:54:03,210
♪ Let my people go ♪

948
00:54:04,230 --> 00:54:05,720
He was right there,

949
00:54:05,720 --> 00:54:07,680
right there with W. E. B. Du Bois,

950
00:54:07,680 --> 00:54:11,980
right there with Paul Robeson, right there with the struggle

951
00:54:11,980 --> 00:54:14,550
of African Americans for equality.

952
00:54:14,550 --> 00:54:15,720
♪ Let my people ♪

953
00:54:15,720 --> 00:54:17,600
In order for the American people

954
00:54:17,600 --> 00:54:21,040
to wake up to the plight of discrimination

955
00:54:21,040 --> 00:54:26,040
here in our own backyard.
♪ Moses ♪

956
00:54:27,400 --> 00:54:28,750
The race problem

957
00:54:28,750 --> 00:54:30,950
is a disease of the white people.

958
00:54:30,950 --> 00:54:35,950
♪ In Egypt's land ♪

959
00:54:36,250 --> 00:54:39,170
♪ Tell old Pharaoh ♪

960
00:54:44,420 --> 00:54:47,010
I say segregation now,
♪ Let my people ♪

961
00:54:47,010 --> 00:54:48,640
segregation tomorrow,

962
00:54:48,640 --> 00:54:52,960
and segregation forever!
(crowd clamoring)

963
00:54:52,960 --> 00:54:54,710
♪ Go ♪

964
00:54:58,020 --> 00:54:59,510
There is a somber point

965
00:54:59,510 --> 00:55:02,070
in the social outlook of Americans.

966
00:55:02,070 --> 00:55:05,040
Their sense of equality and human dignity

967
00:55:05,040 --> 00:55:08,590
is mainly limited to men of white skins.

968
00:55:08,590 --> 00:55:10,590
The more I feel an American,

969
00:55:10,590 --> 00:55:13,440
the more the situation pains me.

970
00:55:13,440 --> 00:55:15,960
I can escape the feeling of complicity in it

971
00:55:15,960 --> 00:55:17,430
only by speaking out.

972
00:55:20,320 --> 00:55:23,560
Albert Einstein not only pioneered new strategies,

973
00:55:23,560 --> 00:55:25,700
new ways of looking at the heavens,

974
00:55:25,700 --> 00:55:27,640
not only did he open up new pathways

975
00:55:27,640 --> 00:55:31,040
by which we can oppose fascism, he also was at the forefront

976
00:55:31,040 --> 00:55:34,660
for the struggle for racial equality in the United States.

977
00:55:34,660 --> 00:55:37,720
When he moved to Princeton,

978
00:55:38,750 --> 00:55:43,120
Marian Anderson was playing a sold-out concert in Princeton

979
00:55:44,680 --> 00:55:48,210
but the Nassau Inn would not allow her to stay there.

980
00:55:48,210 --> 00:55:51,460
(Marian singing opera)

981
00:55:57,080 --> 00:55:59,870
(audience applauding)

982
00:55:59,870 --> 00:56:01,410
When Einstein found out about it,

983
00:56:01,410 --> 00:56:03,680
he invited her to stay at his place

984
00:56:03,680 --> 00:56:06,190
and they became friends for the rest of his life.

985
00:56:07,330 --> 00:56:10,780
Similar stories with Paul Robeson.

986
00:56:10,780 --> 00:56:14,420
There's a story the first time Robeson came to meet him

987
00:56:14,420 --> 00:56:16,160
at his house in Princeton,

988
00:56:16,160 --> 00:56:21,160
the man accompanying Robeson, whose name I now forget, said,

989
00:56:21,330 --> 00:56:23,530
"Oh, Mr. Einstein, it's such a privilege

990
00:56:23,530 --> 00:56:25,580
to meet a great man."

991
00:56:25,580 --> 00:56:28,340
And Einstein said, "You just came with a great man."

992
00:56:28,340 --> 00:56:32,760
So, enormous respect for Robeson

993
00:56:32,760 --> 00:56:37,760
and enormous commitment to civil rights as human rights.

994
00:56:38,360 --> 00:56:42,430
He accommodated to the realities of the situation,

995
00:56:42,430 --> 00:56:44,530
and he was not an ideologue.

996
00:56:44,530 --> 00:56:49,530
Most important for Einstein in the political sphere

997
00:56:49,730 --> 00:56:51,680
was the need for human beings

998
00:56:51,680 --> 00:56:53,550
to have peace with one another.

999
00:56:53,550 --> 00:56:57,980
And this comes, really, from Einstein's own background

1000
00:56:57,980 --> 00:56:59,370
and his physics career.

1001
00:56:59,370 --> 00:57:03,250
He is someone who realizes that scientific progress

1002
00:57:03,250 --> 00:57:05,560
can only be made through cooperation,

1003
00:57:05,560 --> 00:57:09,330
can only be made through the sharing of information,

1004
00:57:09,330 --> 00:57:11,460
through the sharing of sensibilities

1005
00:57:11,460 --> 00:57:13,840
and the taking into account

1006
00:57:13,840 --> 00:57:17,070
what the wishes and the views of others are.

1007
00:57:17,070 --> 00:57:21,460
He was, of course, not a man of the people,

1008
00:57:21,460 --> 00:57:24,750
although he certainly was presented as such,

1009
00:57:24,750 --> 00:57:26,790
but he was an elitist.

1010
00:57:26,790 --> 00:57:29,100
And for him, the elite that mattered

1011
00:57:29,100 --> 00:57:31,630
was the elite of intellectuals

1012
00:57:31,630 --> 00:57:35,930
who live in a society in which the exchange of information,

1013
00:57:35,930 --> 00:57:37,980
the exchange of knowledge, is everything.

1014
00:57:37,980 --> 00:57:40,460
Don't think it was anything peculiar

1015
00:57:40,460 --> 00:57:42,160
about Einstein's character

1016
00:57:42,160 --> 00:57:46,430
that made him reject any membership of German institutions

1017
00:57:46,430 --> 00:57:47,450
after the war.

1018
00:57:47,450 --> 00:57:49,930
It has to more to do with Germany that with Einstein.

1019
00:57:49,930 --> 00:57:51,540
All the scientific institutions,

1020
00:57:51,540 --> 00:57:53,400
the academic institutions in Germany

1021
00:57:53,400 --> 00:57:55,670
have gotten deeply involved,

1022
00:57:55,670 --> 00:57:58,790
and not necessarily under external force

1023
00:57:58,790 --> 00:58:03,790
but most often also voluntarily, with the Nazi regime,

1024
00:58:04,440 --> 00:58:07,600
and at the time when Einstein, after the war,

1025
00:58:07,600 --> 00:58:11,080
had interactions with them, hadn't cleansed themselves

1026
00:58:11,080 --> 00:58:14,290
from these interactions, hadn't worked up their own history.

1027
00:58:14,290 --> 00:58:19,250
It was the most natural and understandable position

1028
00:58:19,250 --> 00:58:20,560
that Einstein took.

1029
00:58:20,560 --> 00:58:23,980
(bright classical music)

1030
00:59:28,380 --> 00:59:31,800
(gentle classical music)

1031
01:00:45,180 --> 01:00:48,550
So I don't think he didn't even need to be

1032
01:00:48,550 --> 01:00:51,170
a particularly upright man, which, of course, he was,

1033
01:00:51,170 --> 01:00:52,470
in order to take that position.

1034
01:00:52,470 --> 01:00:57,470
It was just a position of good common sense that he took.

1035
01:00:57,660 --> 01:00:59,650
Einstein was prescient

1036
01:00:59,650 --> 01:01:03,110
on every political issue he ever engaged with,

1037
01:01:03,110 --> 01:01:05,860
with one exception: he thought Germany was irredeemable.

1038
01:01:05,860 --> 01:01:07,810
Germany had started two world wars

1039
01:01:07,810 --> 01:01:12,810
and there was no way to atone for that sin.

1040
01:01:13,940 --> 01:01:16,540
He never wanted to set foot there again.

1041
01:01:18,200 --> 01:01:21,120
But about the mid-'60s,

1042
01:01:21,120 --> 01:01:24,520
the Germans did a look at their history.

1043
01:01:24,520 --> 01:01:28,540
People were outraged, as they came of age

1044
01:01:28,540 --> 01:01:32,670
and saw the Auschwitz trials or the Eichmann trial,

1045
01:01:32,670 --> 01:01:36,390
that their parents had, at the very least, been bystanders,

1046
01:01:36,390 --> 01:01:38,560
and at the very worst, been Nazis.

1047
01:01:38,560 --> 01:01:43,090
To the point where the government would actually say,

1048
01:01:43,090 --> 01:01:46,730
"This is our identity, we do not forget."

1049
01:01:46,730 --> 01:01:51,410
And the slogan is not collective guilt

1050
01:01:51,410 --> 01:01:54,290
but collective responsibility for the future

1051
01:01:54,290 --> 01:01:56,760
by continuing to look at the past.

1052
01:01:56,760 --> 01:01:59,470
Einstein could not have seen that coming.

1053
01:02:01,850 --> 01:02:05,270
(gentle classical music)

1054
01:02:12,920 --> 01:02:16,730
And so, I don't see him there as a dreamy scientist

1055
01:02:16,730 --> 01:02:18,650
who didn't see the realities.

1056
01:02:18,650 --> 01:02:20,110
He saw the dangers

1057
01:02:20,110 --> 01:02:22,650
that were connected with nuclear armaments,

1058
01:02:22,650 --> 01:02:25,070
and he could foresee such dangers

1059
01:02:25,070 --> 01:02:27,770
as they come with the uncontrolled spreading

1060
01:02:27,770 --> 01:02:29,400
of radioactive materials.

1061
01:02:30,240 --> 01:02:33,260
This is the "CBS Evening News," Dan Rather reporting.

1062
01:02:33,260 --> 01:02:37,280
Every indication is that it was a serious nuclear accident.

1063
01:02:37,280 --> 01:02:39,840
Chernobyl is a string of four nuclear reactors

1064
01:02:39,840 --> 01:02:43,490
some 80 miles north of the Ukrainian capital of Kiev,

1065
01:02:43,490 --> 01:02:44,510
an urbanized region

1066
01:02:44,510 --> 01:02:47,850
believed populated by 2 1/2 million people.

1067
01:02:47,850 --> 01:02:48,680
Several hours

1068
01:02:48,680 --> 01:02:50,880
before the Soviets admitted the accident,

1069
01:02:50,880 --> 01:02:52,950
increased radiation was first detected

1070
01:02:52,950 --> 01:02:55,370
at this nuclear power plant North of Stockholm.

1071
01:02:55,370 --> 01:02:57,130
600 workers were evacuated

1072
01:02:57,130 --> 01:02:58,920
after one of them set off an alarm

1073
01:02:58,920 --> 01:03:01,580
while passing through a routine radiation check.

1074
01:03:01,580 --> 01:03:03,590
Soon, there were reports of higher than usual

1075
01:03:03,590 --> 01:03:06,150
radiation levels throughout Scandinavia.

1076
01:03:06,150 --> 01:03:08,230
Winds blowing in a northwesterly direction

1077
01:03:08,230 --> 01:03:10,180
apparently carried the radioactive pollution

1078
01:03:10,180 --> 01:03:12,670
nearly 1,000 miles from the Ukraine.

1079
01:03:12,670 --> 01:03:13,600
"That," say experts,

1080
01:03:13,600 --> 01:03:16,410
"indicates the accident was extremely serious."

1081
01:03:17,320 --> 01:03:19,550
And the danger that small conflicts

1082
01:03:19,550 --> 01:03:21,820
might escalate into larger ones,

1083
01:03:21,820 --> 01:03:26,820
and so, his only hope, his only perspective was control,

1084
01:03:28,430 --> 01:03:33,430
was understanding communication on a global scale.

1085
01:03:33,880 --> 01:03:35,870
Human beings are not condemned

1086
01:03:35,870 --> 01:03:38,500
because of their biological constitution

1087
01:03:38,500 --> 01:03:40,230
to annihilate each other

1088
01:03:40,230 --> 01:03:43,930
or to be at the mercy of our cruel self-inflicted fate.

1089
01:03:43,930 --> 01:03:46,760
(sorrowful music)

1090
01:03:47,910 --> 01:03:49,750
He was one of the first intellectuals

1091
01:03:49,750 --> 01:03:53,590
to clearly see the full dimension of a globalized world

1092
01:03:53,590 --> 01:03:56,010
because the world became globalized

1093
01:03:56,010 --> 01:04:01,010
once these arms had the potential of destroying the planet.

1094
01:04:01,810 --> 01:04:05,120
However, later, when he saw what the consequences were,

1095
01:04:05,120 --> 01:04:08,340
he felt, first of all, even more compelled

1096
01:04:08,340 --> 01:04:11,920
to take an explicit public stance

1097
01:04:11,920 --> 01:04:13,880
in regard to political measures

1098
01:04:14,970 --> 01:04:17,740
in terms of nuclear armaments.

1099
01:04:17,740 --> 01:04:20,980
The war is won, but the peace is not.

1100
01:04:20,980 --> 01:04:24,180
The great powers, united in fighting,

1101
01:04:24,180 --> 01:04:27,320
are now divided over the peace settlements.

1102
01:04:27,320 --> 01:04:30,050
He took it on as a deep moral obligation

1103
01:04:30,050 --> 01:04:33,300
and he saw it as a moral obligation for all scientists

1104
01:04:33,300 --> 01:04:36,630
to become responsible for their deeds, for the knowledge,

1105
01:04:36,630 --> 01:04:38,150
for the use of their knowledge.

1106
01:04:38,150 --> 01:04:39,980
This is the political learning curve

1107
01:04:39,980 --> 01:04:41,160
that Einstein had undergone.

1108
01:04:41,160 --> 01:04:43,490
His capacity to take up challenges,

1109
01:04:43,490 --> 01:04:44,830
to deal with those challenges,

1110
01:04:44,830 --> 01:04:49,320
to intellectually digest them, and to draw consequence.

1111
01:04:49,320 --> 01:04:52,220
He is known as a proponent of a world government

1112
01:04:52,220 --> 01:04:55,090
that one needed to establish a peaceful world order.

1113
01:04:55,090 --> 01:04:57,610
And this in the midst of the period of the Cold War

1114
01:04:57,610 --> 01:05:00,440
when he became engaged with these issues

1115
01:05:00,440 --> 01:05:02,330
in a very strong way,

1116
01:05:02,330 --> 01:05:06,250
arguing against nuclear armament and against the arms race.

1117
01:05:08,630 --> 01:05:13,050
Mr. Welch talks about this being cruel and reckless.

1118
01:05:13,050 --> 01:05:14,250
He was just baiting.

1119
01:05:14,250 --> 01:05:16,960
He has been baiting Mr. Cohn here for hours,

1120
01:05:18,410 --> 01:05:21,160
requesting that Mr. Cohn before sundown

1121
01:05:22,200 --> 01:05:24,940
get out of any department of the government

1122
01:05:25,980 --> 01:05:28,080
anyone who is serving the Communist cause.

1123
01:05:29,980 --> 01:05:34,370
Now, I just give this man's record,

1124
01:05:34,370 --> 01:05:39,370
and I want to say, Mr. Welch, that it has been labeled

1125
01:05:41,100 --> 01:05:45,460
long before he became a member, as early as 1944-

1126
01:05:47,140 --> 01:05:49,040
Senator, may we not drop this?

1127
01:05:49,040 --> 01:05:51,060
We know he belongs to the Lawyers Guild.

1128
01:05:51,060 --> 01:05:52,710
Let me finish-
Let us not

1129
01:05:52,710 --> 01:05:55,620
assassinate this man further, Senator.

1130
01:05:55,620 --> 01:05:57,600
Let's, let's-
You've done enough.

1131
01:05:57,600 --> 01:06:01,600
Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last?

1132
01:06:03,090 --> 01:06:05,930
Have you left no sense of decency?

1133
01:06:07,640 --> 01:06:10,730
(gentle piano music)

1134
01:06:23,600 --> 01:06:26,110
Because of the alleged external danger

1135
01:06:26,110 --> 01:06:29,730
to our country, freedom of the press is obstructed.

1136
01:06:29,730 --> 01:06:32,270
This is done by creating a situation

1137
01:06:32,270 --> 01:06:35,760
in which people fear their economic positions endangered.

1138
01:06:35,760 --> 01:06:37,710
This is a state of affairs

1139
01:06:37,710 --> 01:06:41,100
which a democratic government cannot survive.

1140
01:06:41,100 --> 01:06:43,890
The U.S. is no longer a free country.

1141
01:06:43,890 --> 01:06:48,720
My house is closely watched.
(sorrowful music)

1142
01:06:48,720 --> 01:06:51,660
He not only spoke out against the blacklist,

1143
01:06:51,660 --> 01:06:55,660
but encouraged younger people to do the same.

1144
01:06:55,660 --> 01:06:57,300
You may appear with flowers

1145
01:06:57,300 --> 01:07:01,020
on the day when the last witch hunter has been silenced,

1146
01:07:01,020 --> 01:07:02,060
but not before.

1147
01:07:03,120 --> 01:07:04,930
And the beautiful thing about it is,

1148
01:07:04,930 --> 01:07:08,340
he didn't just encourage people to refuse to testify,

1149
01:07:08,340 --> 01:07:10,860
he tried to help them find jobs afterwards

1150
01:07:10,860 --> 01:07:13,380
and did what he could to leverage his name.

1151
01:07:17,080 --> 01:07:18,660
Reactionary politicians

1152
01:07:18,660 --> 01:07:20,930
have managed to instill suspicion

1153
01:07:20,930 --> 01:07:24,000
of all intellectual efforts into the public.

1154
01:07:24,000 --> 01:07:27,600
They are now proceeding to suppress the freedom of teaching

1155
01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:29,500
and to deprive of their positions

1156
01:07:29,500 --> 01:07:32,490
all of those who do not prove submissive,

1157
01:07:32,490 --> 01:07:34,580
in effect, to starve them.

1158
01:07:35,710 --> 01:07:38,410
What to do against this evil?

1159
01:07:38,410 --> 01:07:40,640
Frankly, I can only see

1160
01:07:40,640 --> 01:07:43,840
the revolutionary way of non-cooperation

1161
01:07:43,840 --> 01:07:47,060
in the sense of Gandhi's refuse to testify.

1162
01:07:48,370 --> 01:07:52,560
He must be prepared for jail and economic ruin,

1163
01:07:52,560 --> 01:07:55,140
for the sacrifice of his personal welfare

1164
01:07:55,140 --> 01:07:57,990
in the interest of the welfare of his country.

1165
01:07:59,700 --> 01:08:02,200
It is shameful for a blameless citizen

1166
01:08:02,200 --> 01:08:04,620
to submit to such an inquisition

1167
01:08:04,620 --> 01:08:07,940
that violates the spirit of the Constitution.

1168
01:08:07,940 --> 01:08:09,730
I believe that older people

1169
01:08:09,730 --> 01:08:12,010
who have scarcely anything to lose

1170
01:08:12,010 --> 01:08:13,740
ought to be willing to speak out

1171
01:08:13,740 --> 01:08:15,890
on behalf of those who are young

1172
01:08:15,890 --> 01:08:19,110
and who are subject to much greater restraint.

1173
01:08:19,110 --> 01:08:22,120
We're really talking about the character feature

1174
01:08:22,120 --> 01:08:25,640
of Einstein, and I don't think it's so much the loneliness

1175
01:08:25,640 --> 01:08:27,890
or the aloofness of Einstein.

1176
01:08:29,130 --> 01:08:32,190
If you see pictures, movies of the '20s,

1177
01:08:32,190 --> 01:08:34,620
Einstein was quite a party animal.

1178
01:08:34,620 --> 01:08:37,140
He was talkative, communicative.

1179
01:08:37,140 --> 01:08:41,010
He had, from his early days, an incredible self-confidence,

1180
01:08:41,010 --> 01:08:43,080
and I think that is the self-confidence

1181
01:08:43,080 --> 01:08:44,920
that gave him so much inner freedom.

1182
01:08:45,810 --> 01:08:48,590
And it was, of course, confirmed by his life's achievement,

1183
01:08:48,590 --> 01:08:53,070
which gave him even greater freedom, and it made him capable

1184
01:08:53,070 --> 01:08:57,510
of sustaining contradictions, rejections.

1185
01:08:58,690 --> 01:09:00,400
The loneliness that he experienced

1186
01:09:00,400 --> 01:09:03,160
in his political positions in the First World War

1187
01:09:03,160 --> 01:09:05,690
was a loneliness that he didn't choose.

1188
01:09:05,690 --> 01:09:09,690
How vile and despicable war seems to me.

1189
01:09:09,690 --> 01:09:12,130
I would rather be hacked into pieces

1190
01:09:12,130 --> 01:09:14,960
than take part in such an abominable business.

1191
01:09:15,980 --> 01:09:17,090
But this self-confidence

1192
01:09:17,090 --> 01:09:19,150
into his intellectual capabilities,

1193
01:09:19,150 --> 01:09:21,970
into his own moral autonomy,

1194
01:09:21,970 --> 01:09:25,720
gave him the strength to sustain those differences.

1195
01:09:25,720 --> 01:09:28,020
One needs courage not to go with the crowd,

1196
01:09:28,020 --> 01:09:29,750
but to stay different.

1197
01:09:29,750 --> 01:09:32,430
One is, and I think that's very important,

1198
01:09:32,430 --> 01:09:34,300
never quite alone in these things

1199
01:09:34,300 --> 01:09:38,520
because there is, on the one hand, an intellectual community

1200
01:09:38,520 --> 01:09:41,200
of the great people with whom one communicates,

1201
01:09:41,200 --> 01:09:44,690
the people one reads and one identifies with,

1202
01:09:45,530 --> 01:09:47,270
the great scientists of the past

1203
01:09:47,270 --> 01:09:50,400
but also the great moral thinkers of the past.

1204
01:09:50,400 --> 01:09:52,360
Einstein loved Spinoza.

1205
01:09:52,360 --> 01:09:55,990
He had this world of philosophical and intellectual thinking

1206
01:09:55,990 --> 01:09:57,860
with which he communicated,

1207
01:09:57,860 --> 01:10:00,010
but there were also the real friends

1208
01:10:00,010 --> 01:10:02,330
that were not necessarily the famous scientists

1209
01:10:02,330 --> 01:10:04,780
but people like Michele Besso,

1210
01:10:04,780 --> 01:10:07,080
with whom he maintained a lifelong friendship,

1211
01:10:07,950 --> 01:10:12,080
with whom he shared many views about life and science.

1212
01:10:12,080 --> 01:10:13,620
And from the early days on,

1213
01:10:13,620 --> 01:10:17,250
from the famous Olympia Academy youth club,

1214
01:10:17,250 --> 01:10:20,820
Akademie Olympia, the friends, the Habicht, the Solovine,

1215
01:10:20,820 --> 01:10:23,460
Einstein had a group of people that actually,

1216
01:10:23,460 --> 01:10:24,900
in certain occasions of his life,

1217
01:10:24,900 --> 01:10:27,430
also helped him to stay stubborn.

1218
01:10:28,580 --> 01:10:30,550
Einstein thinks about the world

1219
01:10:30,550 --> 01:10:32,460
from Spinoza's perspective,

1220
01:10:32,460 --> 01:10:36,230
which is that the world is radically one because God is one

1221
01:10:36,230 --> 01:10:39,300
and, therefore, he has to be able to come up with a theory

1222
01:10:39,300 --> 01:10:40,990
to explain everything.

1223
01:10:42,040 --> 01:10:46,030
Spinoza believed that the universe was God

1224
01:10:46,030 --> 01:10:49,620
and, therefore, he believed that every part of the universe

1225
01:10:49,620 --> 01:10:52,610
had the impact of God.

1226
01:10:52,610 --> 01:10:54,250
This is different than atheism.

1227
01:10:54,250 --> 01:10:56,680
This would be called pantheism.

1228
01:10:56,680 --> 01:10:59,020
All the aspects of the world are determined

1229
01:10:59,020 --> 01:11:02,100
and all of them are God.

1230
01:11:02,100 --> 01:11:03,850
You think about Spinoza,

1231
01:11:03,850 --> 01:11:07,770
he is a completely independent thinker,

1232
01:11:07,770 --> 01:11:10,790
he's a Jew without community, he's a Jew without constraint,

1233
01:11:10,790 --> 01:11:14,550
he's a Jew without tradition, he's a Jew without ritual.

1234
01:11:14,550 --> 01:11:16,240
And Einstein also.

1235
01:11:16,240 --> 01:11:18,040
Albert Einstein is a Jew,

1236
01:11:18,040 --> 01:11:20,630
he's called that in a consistent way.

1237
01:11:20,630 --> 01:11:23,440
And so, Albert Einstein sees himself very much

1238
01:11:23,440 --> 01:11:26,270
as a secular Jew, of the Jewish people,

1239
01:11:26,270 --> 01:11:29,660
and this is an understanding of his that's indelible.

1240
01:11:29,660 --> 01:11:31,140
I will never not be a Jew.

1241
01:11:31,140 --> 01:11:31,970
And he's happy,

1242
01:11:31,970 --> 01:11:35,100
eventually becoming more and more happy to be a Jew.

1243
01:11:35,100 --> 01:11:37,290
From a philosophical or religious

1244
01:11:37,290 --> 01:11:39,730
or, in particularly, physics perspective,

1245
01:11:39,730 --> 01:11:44,430
think about Spinoza and the idea that the universe is God.

1246
01:11:44,430 --> 01:11:47,360
There can be no random action in the universe.

1247
01:11:47,360 --> 01:11:49,580
Einstein is reading Spinoza

1248
01:11:49,580 --> 01:11:52,120
and he's saying nothing can be random.

1249
01:11:52,120 --> 01:11:55,450
If I have a theory, it has to explain everything.

1250
01:11:55,450 --> 01:11:58,900
And it has to be the most simple explanation

1251
01:11:58,900 --> 01:12:00,090
that you can come up with.

1252
01:12:00,090 --> 01:12:03,420
Einstein believes if you can figure out the cause,

1253
01:12:03,420 --> 01:12:05,090
you can figure out the effect.

1254
01:12:05,090 --> 01:12:07,830
His morality is based on that.

1255
01:12:07,830 --> 01:12:10,620
We have to be a cause for good.

1256
01:12:10,620 --> 01:12:11,500
He doesn't believe

1257
01:12:11,500 --> 01:12:13,850
that following Jewish tradition and rituals

1258
01:12:13,850 --> 01:12:17,030
is going to be the heart of his morality.

1259
01:12:17,030 --> 01:12:19,510
I myself am non-observant,

1260
01:12:19,510 --> 01:12:21,630
yet consider myself a loyal Jew.

1261
01:12:22,500 --> 01:12:25,680
He thinks that the Jewish tradition and rituals

1262
01:12:25,680 --> 01:12:30,170
were for the theocracy that existed in the land of Israel

1263
01:12:30,170 --> 01:12:31,790
thousands of years before,

1264
01:12:31,790 --> 01:12:34,700
and they're no longer relevant in their details,

1265
01:12:34,700 --> 01:12:38,440
but they are relevant in their impact.

1266
01:12:38,440 --> 01:12:41,580
So if we are going to be citizens of the world,

1267
01:12:41,580 --> 01:12:45,810
part of the people who are thinking rigorously for justice,

1268
01:12:45,810 --> 01:12:48,570
then that justice has to be worked on.

1269
01:12:48,570 --> 01:12:53,070
And Einstein worked hard on that justice.

1270
01:12:53,070 --> 01:12:56,190
He can make, and does make, lots of moral pronouncements

1271
01:12:56,190 --> 01:12:58,730
because he thinks they're for the betterment of the world.

1272
01:12:58,730 --> 01:13:00,980
The most important human endeavor

1273
01:13:00,980 --> 01:13:04,600
is the striving for morality in our actions.

1274
01:13:04,600 --> 01:13:09,160
Our inner balance and even our very existence depend on it.

1275
01:13:09,160 --> 01:13:11,400
Only morality in our actions

1276
01:13:11,400 --> 01:13:14,110
can give beauty and dignity to life.

1277
01:13:14,110 --> 01:13:15,640
And he does live

1278
01:13:15,640 --> 01:13:18,910
at one of the most extraordinary times of change,

1279
01:13:18,910 --> 01:13:22,680
both disaster and creation, in Jewish history.

1280
01:13:22,680 --> 01:13:26,440
Einstein says, and I quote, "I believe in Spinoza's God,

1281
01:13:26,440 --> 01:13:30,150
who reveals himself in the lawful harmony of the world,

1282
01:13:30,150 --> 01:13:32,510
not in a God who concerns himself

1283
01:13:32,510 --> 01:13:35,030
with the faith and the doings of mankind."

1284
01:13:35,030 --> 01:13:38,130
It's a beautiful sentence, it's an elegant sentence.

1285
01:13:38,130 --> 01:13:40,360
We don't have a God sitting on cloud.

1286
01:13:40,360 --> 01:13:43,300
We don't have a God that's making for human progress.

1287
01:13:43,300 --> 01:13:45,950
We don't have a God that's going to stop evil.

1288
01:13:45,950 --> 01:13:49,330
And in Einstein's life, there's plenty of evil in the world.

1289
01:13:49,330 --> 01:13:51,480
He's alive during some of the greatest evil

1290
01:13:51,480 --> 01:13:53,000
in the history of humankind.

1291
01:13:53,000 --> 01:13:56,760
Einstein knows the terrible disasters of the world,

1292
01:13:56,760 --> 01:13:58,890
of the 20th century.

1293
01:13:58,890 --> 01:14:01,050
But he also thinks that the God that he believes in

1294
01:14:01,050 --> 01:14:04,300
is Spinoza's God, which is about the harmony of the world,

1295
01:14:04,300 --> 01:14:08,140
and it's his job, both in physics and morality

1296
01:14:08,140 --> 01:14:10,600
and even in politics, to build a world

1297
01:14:10,600 --> 01:14:14,430
which is more harmonious, and that is God.

1298
01:14:14,430 --> 01:14:15,840
If something is in me

1299
01:14:15,840 --> 01:14:17,210
that can be called religious,

1300
01:14:17,210 --> 01:14:19,810
then it is the unbounded admiration

1301
01:14:19,810 --> 01:14:21,670
for the structure of the world,

1302
01:14:21,670 --> 01:14:24,090
as far as science can reveal it.

1303
01:14:24,090 --> 01:14:26,100
It's very empowering to humanity,

1304
01:14:26,100 --> 01:14:27,390
it doesn't give you the sense

1305
01:14:27,390 --> 01:14:29,170
that God will intervene at the last minute.

1306
01:14:29,170 --> 01:14:33,230
After all, in the '30s and the early '40s,

1307
01:14:33,230 --> 01:14:35,480
if God could've, He really should've.

1308
01:14:35,480 --> 01:14:40,240
For you to pray for the change of some kind of physical law

1309
01:14:40,240 --> 01:14:44,890
or that the gas or bullets don't kill the people,

1310
01:14:44,890 --> 01:14:46,190
this is worthless.

1311
01:14:46,190 --> 01:14:48,210
You have to stop the war.

1312
01:14:48,210 --> 01:14:50,960
There is no other salvation for civilization

1313
01:14:50,960 --> 01:14:53,070
and even for the human race

1314
01:14:53,070 --> 01:14:56,360
than in the creation of a world government.

1315
01:14:56,360 --> 01:15:00,210
And for Einstein, this is a very significant,

1316
01:15:00,210 --> 01:15:03,410
and I think one could say, significant religious belief.

1317
01:15:03,410 --> 01:15:07,170
I think that Einstein has the most benevolent image

1318
01:15:07,170 --> 01:15:11,910
of any philosopher, theologian, or physicist

1319
01:15:11,910 --> 01:15:13,410
of the 20th century.

1320
01:15:13,410 --> 01:15:18,410
He was, in some ways, fearless, he was deep, he was active.

1321
01:15:19,830 --> 01:15:21,800
He believed that his imagination

1322
01:15:21,800 --> 01:15:24,080
was the most important of all of his tools.

1323
01:15:24,080 --> 01:15:27,330
Not his reason, not his learned intellect,

1324
01:15:27,330 --> 01:15:29,400
not his schooling, not his degrees.

1325
01:15:30,740 --> 01:15:34,770
Imagination is more important than knowledge.

1326
01:15:34,770 --> 01:15:39,350
Knowledge is limited, imagination encircles the world.

1327
01:15:40,200 --> 01:15:45,190
Einstein was described much later

1328
01:15:45,190 --> 01:15:50,190
by the last woman in his life as a revolutionary to the end.

1329
01:15:51,810 --> 01:15:54,760
There was so much more to Einstein besides physics.

1330
01:15:54,760 --> 01:15:59,760
There were his humanitarian endeavors, his love of music,

1331
01:16:00,070 --> 01:16:04,640
his love of children and animals and ice cream

1332
01:16:04,640 --> 01:16:07,150
and just talking to everybody

1333
01:16:07,150 --> 01:16:10,610
who was not necessarily on the faculty or higher up.

1334
01:16:10,610 --> 01:16:13,590
He made himself available to all kinds of people.

1335
01:16:13,590 --> 01:16:17,400
He is, in some ways, the victorious child.

1336
01:16:17,400 --> 01:16:19,730
A lucky boy, oh he was a lucky boy, yeah.

1337
01:16:19,730 --> 01:16:21,600
Eventually, in the final years,

1338
01:16:22,440 --> 01:16:24,970
mellowing to a certain extent

1339
01:16:24,970 --> 01:16:28,780
and then he becomes that kind of chubby teddy bear figure

1340
01:16:28,780 --> 01:16:31,870
that we all like and love.

1341
01:16:31,870 --> 01:16:33,680
Not the real Einstein, but (chuckling),

1342
01:16:35,260 --> 01:16:36,850
but a nice mythical figure.

1343
01:16:42,280 --> 01:16:45,350
Abortion, up till a certain stage of pregnancy,

1344
01:16:45,350 --> 01:16:48,750
should be permissible at the request of the woman.

1345
01:16:48,750 --> 01:16:52,290
Homosexuality should be exempt from punishment.

1346
01:16:53,170 --> 01:16:54,670
It is strange that science,

1347
01:16:54,670 --> 01:16:57,000
which in the old days seemed harmless,

1348
01:16:57,000 --> 01:16:59,570
should have evolved into a nightmare

1349
01:16:59,570 --> 01:17:01,890
that causes everyone to tremble.

1350
01:17:03,390 --> 01:17:06,750
The race problem is a disease of the white people.

1351
01:17:06,750 --> 01:17:09,340
Their sense of equality and human dignity

1352
01:17:09,340 --> 01:17:12,180
is mainly limited to men of white skins.

1353
01:17:12,180 --> 01:17:14,770
(mellow music)

1354
01:17:16,340 --> 01:17:20,190
Reactionary politicians have managed to instill suspicion

1355
01:17:20,190 --> 01:17:23,010
of all intellectual efforts into the public.

1356
01:17:29,680 --> 01:17:33,180
(elegant classical music)

1357
01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:37,430
Yes, I'm an old revolutionary.

1358
01:17:37,430 --> 01:17:41,120
Politically, I'm still a fire-spewing Vesuvius.

1359
01:17:59,270 --> 01:18:02,770
(elegant classical music)