1 00:00:01,969 --> 00:00:04,472 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: SPACE-- THE MOST EXTREME ENVIRONMENT 2 00:00:04,505 --> 00:00:07,108 {\an7}HUMANS HAVE EVER EXPLORED. 3 00:00:07,140 --> 00:00:09,209 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hMan: YOU’RE IN THIS TOTALLY HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT, 4 00:00:09,243 --> 00:00:12,480 {\an7}AND IF A GLOVE POPS OFF, \h\h\h\h\h\hYOU’RE DEAD. 5 00:00:12,513 --> 00:00:14,715 {\an7}\h\hNarrator: THERE’S ONLY A FEW THIN LAYERS OF FABRIC 6 00:00:14,748 --> 00:00:16,717 {\an7}TO KEEP YOU ALIVE. 7 00:00:16,750 --> 00:00:19,086 {\an7}\h\h\h\hMan: I COULD FEEL THE INTENSE HEAT INCREASE 8 00:00:19,119 --> 00:00:21,288 {\an7}ALONG THE BACK OF MY SPINE. 9 00:00:21,321 --> 00:00:23,790 {\an7}I KNEW I WAS GETTING IN TROUBLE. 10 00:00:23,824 --> 00:00:25,326 {\an7}Narrator: THERE’S NO AIR, 11 00:00:25,359 --> 00:00:30,097 {\an7}HIGH DOSES OF RADIATION, AND SEVERE SWINGS OF TEMPERATURE. 12 00:00:30,130 --> 00:00:31,965 {\an7}TO EXPLORE THIS FRONTIER, 13 00:00:31,999 --> 00:00:35,069 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWE’VE ENGINEERED THE ULTIMATE SURVIVAL SUIT. 14 00:00:35,102 --> 00:00:36,370 {\an7}\h\h\h\hMan: TO BUILD AN ELBOW THAT FLEXES, 15 00:00:36,403 --> 00:00:38,272 {\an7}A SHOULDER JOINT THAT ROTATES, 16 00:00:38,305 --> 00:00:40,240 {\an7}WHEN YOU PUT THAT PRESSURE \h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE SUIT, 17 00:00:40,274 --> 00:00:42,309 {\an7}THAT’S WHERE IT BECOMES \h\h\hA REAL CHALLENGE. 18 00:00:42,342 --> 00:00:44,211 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: FROM THE EARLY PIONEERS, 19 00:00:44,244 --> 00:00:47,614 {\an7}IT’S A TALE OF HEROIC COURAGE. 20 00:00:47,648 --> 00:00:50,951 {\an7}\h\h\h\hMan: WHEN I REALIZED I HAD PROBLEMS WITH MY SUIT, 21 00:00:50,984 --> 00:00:54,621 {\an7}\hTHEN I KNEW THAT NO ONE WOULD BE ABLE TO HELP ME. 22 00:00:56,957 --> 00:00:59,960 {\an7}Woman: HE WAS THE FIRST. \h\h\hTHAT’S VERY BRAVE. 23 00:00:59,993 --> 00:01:03,663 {\an7}\hNarrator: AND FOR THOSE LUCKY ENOUGH TO WALK IN SPACE TODAY, 24 00:01:03,697 --> 00:01:06,233 {\an7}IT’S AN UNFORGETTABLE \h\h\h\h\hEXPERIENCE. 25 00:01:06,266 --> 00:01:07,667 {\an7}Man: WHEN YOU OPEN THE AIRLOCK, 26 00:01:07,701 --> 00:01:10,604 {\an7}\h\hIT FEELS LIKE ELECTRICITY FLOATING THROUGH YOUR VEINS. 27 00:01:10,637 --> 00:01:13,440 {\an7}NOW YOU CAN FLY WITHOUT WINGS, WITHOUT WEIGHT. 28 00:01:13,473 --> 00:01:16,810 {\an7}\hYOU’RE FLOATING. IT’S ALMOST MAGIC. 29 00:01:16,843 --> 00:01:19,813 {\an7}Narrator: THIS IS THE STORY \h\h\h\hOF THE SPACE SUIT, 30 00:01:19,846 --> 00:01:23,016 {\an7}TOLD BY THE DESIGNERS, \h\h\h\hTHE ENGINEERS, 31 00:01:23,050 --> 00:01:24,885 {\an7}AND THOSE WHO WEAR THEM 32 00:01:24,918 --> 00:01:28,688 {\an7}ON THE HIGHEST FRONTIER \hOF HUMAN EXPLORATION. 33 00:01:28,722 --> 00:01:30,691 {\an7}Man on radio: WELCOME TO SPACE. HAVE A GOOD ONE. 34 00:01:37,464 --> 00:01:40,267 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: 250 MILES ABOVE THE EARTH, 35 00:01:40,300 --> 00:01:44,738 {\an7}LUCA PARMITANO IS REALIZING \h\h\hAN ASTRONAUT’S DREAM. 36 00:01:44,771 --> 00:01:46,039 {\an7}\h\h\hLuca Parmitano: WHEN YOU GO OUTSIDE, 37 00:01:46,073 --> 00:01:48,342 {\an7}\h\h\hALL YOU HAVE IS YOUR SPACE SUIT, 38 00:01:48,375 --> 00:01:52,679 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND OUT THERE, THERE IS A WHOLE UNIVERSE, 39 00:01:52,713 --> 00:01:56,650 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND YOU ARE STRONGLY AWARE OF THAT. 40 00:01:56,683 --> 00:02:01,821 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIS IT EXCITING? YES, INCREDIBLY EXCITING. 41 00:02:01,855 --> 00:02:04,491 {\an7}Narrator: WITH FELLOW ASTRONAUT CHRIS CASSIDY, 42 00:02:04,524 --> 00:02:08,928 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hHE’S WALKING IN SPACE TO MAINTAIN THE SPACE STATION, 43 00:02:08,962 --> 00:02:11,465 {\an7}\h\h\h\hWHEN HE NOTICES THAT SOMETHING’S WRONG. 44 00:02:11,498 --> 00:02:12,799 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hParmitano: I REACH BACK WITH MY HEAD, 45 00:02:12,833 --> 00:02:16,337 {\an7}AND I FELT WATER IN MY HELMET. 46 00:02:16,370 --> 00:02:19,440 {\an7}IT COULD HAVE BEEN SWEAT, \hBUT IT FELT LIKE A LOT. 47 00:02:19,473 --> 00:02:20,908 {\an7}IT DIDN’T MAKE ANY SENSE, 48 00:02:20,941 --> 00:02:22,676 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND THAT’S WHEN I CALLED THE GROUND. 49 00:02:28,849 --> 00:02:31,085 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND CHRIS STARTED SEEING THE WATER 50 00:02:31,118 --> 00:02:32,820 {\an7}ACCUMULATING ON MY FOREHEAD. 51 00:02:40,027 --> 00:02:43,230 {\an7}Narrator: THIS SITUATION \hIS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS. 52 00:02:43,263 --> 00:02:46,399 {\an7}\h\hIN SPACE, THE WATER WILL STICK TO HIS HEAD 53 00:02:46,433 --> 00:02:48,268 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND COULD SPREAD ACROSS HIS FACE. 54 00:02:48,301 --> 00:02:50,003 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hParmitano: I COULD FEEL IT TRAVELING 55 00:02:50,037 --> 00:02:52,172 {\an7}\h\hFROM THE BACK OF MY HEAD TOWARDS THE FRONT OF MY HEAD. 56 00:03:05,719 --> 00:03:07,254 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMan on radio: ALL RIGHT, CHRIS AND LUCA, 57 00:03:07,287 --> 00:03:10,490 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWE THINK WE’RE GOING TO TERMINATE EVA CASE FOR EV-2, 58 00:03:10,524 --> 00:03:13,594 {\an7}SO, LUCA, WE’LL HAVE YOU HEAD BACK TO THE AIRLOCK. 59 00:03:13,627 --> 00:03:16,063 {\an7}\h\h\hChris Cassidy: YOU COPY THAT, LUCA? 60 00:03:16,096 --> 00:03:17,898 {\an7}HEAD ON IN. 61 00:03:17,931 --> 00:03:20,700 {\an7}Narrator: NASA QUICKLY ABORTS THE SPACE WALK, 62 00:03:20,734 --> 00:03:24,938 {\an7}BUT LUCA’S CONDITION IS CHANGING FASTER THAN ANYONE EXPECTS. 63 00:03:24,971 --> 00:03:26,439 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hParmitano: THE WATER COVERED MY EYES, 64 00:03:26,473 --> 00:03:28,408 {\an7}AND IT WENT INSIDE MY NOSE. 65 00:03:28,442 --> 00:03:30,544 {\an7}IT ALSO WENT INSIDE MY EARS. 66 00:03:30,577 --> 00:03:33,013 {\an7}NOW I COULDN’T SEE. \hI COULDN’T HEAR. 67 00:03:33,046 --> 00:03:35,015 {\an7}\h\h\hI HAD TO BREATHE ONLY THROUGH MY MOUTH, 68 00:03:35,048 --> 00:03:36,816 {\an7}AND I COULDN’T TALK. 69 00:03:36,850 --> 00:03:38,952 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: TRAPPED INSIDE HIS SPACE SUIT, 70 00:03:38,985 --> 00:03:41,754 {\an7}LUCA CAN’T WIPE THE WATER AWAY. 71 00:03:41,788 --> 00:03:43,723 {\an7}THE SUIT THAT SHOULD PROTECT HIM 72 00:03:43,757 --> 00:03:46,927 {\an7}IS NOW THREATENING \hTO SUFFOCATE HIM. 73 00:03:46,960 --> 00:03:48,829 {\an7}NO ONE KNOWS HOW LONG HE’S GOT 74 00:03:48,862 --> 00:03:51,031 {\an7}BEFORE THE WATER COVERS HIS MOUTH. 75 00:03:55,635 --> 00:03:58,705 {\an7}THE ORIGINS OF THE SPACE SUIT \h\hBEGIN ALMOST BY ACCIDENT 76 00:03:58,739 --> 00:04:01,108 {\an7}80 YEARS EARLIER. 77 00:04:01,141 --> 00:04:03,510 {\an7}IT’S 1934. 78 00:04:03,543 --> 00:04:06,679 {\an7}AVIATION PIONEER WILEY POST \h\h\h\h\h\h\hIS PREPARING 79 00:04:06,713 --> 00:04:09,449 {\an7}\h\h\hA RECORD-BREAKING TRANSCONTINENTAL FLIGHT 80 00:04:09,483 --> 00:04:12,186 {\an7}ACROSS AMERICA. 81 00:04:12,219 --> 00:04:14,121 {\an7}Bob van der Linden: WILEY POST WAS JUST AN ADVENTURER. 82 00:04:14,154 --> 00:04:15,255 {\an7}HIS CAREER GOT STARTED 83 00:04:15,288 --> 00:04:17,657 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAS A ROUGHNECK IN THE OILFIELDS OF TEXAS. 84 00:04:17,691 --> 00:04:19,026 {\an7}SECOND DAY ON THE JOB, 85 00:04:19,059 --> 00:04:21,762 {\an7}HE WAS BLINDED IN ONE EYE \h\h\h\h\hBY AN ACCIDENT. 86 00:04:21,795 --> 00:04:23,430 {\an7}HE TOOK THE MONEY HE GOT \h\h\h\h\hIN COMPENSATION 87 00:04:23,463 --> 00:04:24,731 {\an7}AND BOUGHT AN AIRPLANE 88 00:04:24,765 --> 00:04:28,402 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND JUST JUMPED IN WITH AVIATION WITH BOTH FEET. 89 00:04:28,435 --> 00:04:30,237 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: WITH TWO ROUND-THE-WORLD FLIGHT RECORDS 90 00:04:30,270 --> 00:04:31,571 {\an7}TO HIS NAME, 91 00:04:31,605 --> 00:04:34,174 {\an7}POST IS NO STRANGER TO DANGER, 92 00:04:34,207 --> 00:04:38,978 {\an7}\h\hBUT THIS NEW CHALLENGE WILL EXPOSE HIM TO DIFFERENT RISKS. 93 00:04:39,012 --> 00:04:41,648 {\an7}\h\h\hTO FLY FASTER, POST WILL NEED TO USE 94 00:04:41,681 --> 00:04:45,418 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hHIGH-SPEED WINDS FOUND AT UP TO 50,000 FEET, 95 00:04:45,452 --> 00:04:48,956 {\an7}\h\h\hWHERE THE AIR’S TOO THIN TO SURVIVE. 96 00:04:48,989 --> 00:04:51,692 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hUP HERE, WITHOUT ENOUGH ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, 97 00:04:51,725 --> 00:04:54,461 {\an7}NITROGEN IN HIS BLOOD \hWILL FORM BUBBLES, 98 00:04:54,494 --> 00:04:56,629 {\an7}CAUSING THE BENDS. 99 00:04:56,663 --> 00:04:59,199 {\an7}THEN THERE’S THE LACK OF OXYGEN. 100 00:04:59,232 --> 00:05:00,633 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hPablo de León: THE FIRST THING YOU NOTICE 101 00:05:00,667 --> 00:05:02,969 {\an7}IS COGNITIVE ISSUES. 102 00:05:03,003 --> 00:05:04,271 {\an7}\h\h\hYOU DON’T KNOW WHERE YOU WERE BORN, 103 00:05:04,304 --> 00:05:06,173 {\an7}YOU DON’T REMEMBER YOUR NAME, 104 00:05:06,206 --> 00:05:09,509 {\an7}AND IF THAT PERSISTS, \h\h\h\h\hYOU’LL DIE. 105 00:05:09,543 --> 00:05:14,048 {\an7}♪ 106 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:17,684 {\an7}Narrator: ONE POSSIBLE SOLUTION IS TO CARRY MORE AIR, 107 00:05:17,717 --> 00:05:20,787 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hSEALING THE COCKPIT TO MAINTAIN THE RIGHT PRESSURE, 108 00:05:20,821 --> 00:05:23,490 {\an7}\h\h\hBUT THAT WILL BE TOO EXPENSIVE FOR POST 109 00:05:23,523 --> 00:05:24,791 {\an7}AND WILL ADD TOO MUCH WEIGHT 110 00:05:24,825 --> 00:05:27,461 {\an7}\h\h\hTO GET THE PLANE TO THE RIGHT ALTITUDE. 111 00:05:27,494 --> 00:05:29,262 {\an7}Van der Linden: SO THE SOLUTION FOR HIM, VERY LOGICALLY, 112 00:05:29,296 --> 00:05:31,031 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIS IF YOU CAN’T PRESSURIZE THE AIRPLANE, 113 00:05:31,064 --> 00:05:33,099 {\an7}PRESSURIZE THE PILOT. 114 00:05:33,133 --> 00:05:34,968 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: POST DECIDES TO PROTECT HIMSELF 115 00:05:35,001 --> 00:05:38,705 {\an7}\hINSIDE A SUIT THAT WILL HOLD THE AIR PRESSURE AND THE OXYGEN 116 00:05:38,738 --> 00:05:40,807 {\an7}HE NEEDS TO SURVIVE. 117 00:05:40,841 --> 00:05:43,944 {\an7}\h\hHE APPROACHES A COMPANY THAT SPECIALIZES IN RUBBER, 118 00:05:43,977 --> 00:05:46,613 {\an7}CALLED B.F. GOODRICH. 119 00:05:46,646 --> 00:05:50,650 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHEY TASK ENGINEER RUSSELL COLLEY WITH THE JOB. 120 00:05:50,684 --> 00:05:53,153 {\an7}Cathleen Lewis: RUSSELL COLLEY IS A FASCINATING CHARACTER 121 00:05:53,186 --> 00:05:55,288 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE HISTORY OF SPACE SUIT DEVELOPMENT. 122 00:05:55,322 --> 00:05:58,425 {\an7}HE HAD ORIGINALLY WANTED \hTO GO TO FASHION SCHOOL 123 00:05:58,458 --> 00:06:01,194 {\an7}\hAND BECOME A DESIGNER FOR WOMEN’S DRESSWEARS, 124 00:06:01,228 --> 00:06:03,430 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND SOMEHOW HIS PARENTS CONVINCED HIM 125 00:06:03,463 --> 00:06:06,533 {\an7}TO GO TO TECHNICAL SCHOOL. 126 00:06:06,566 --> 00:06:08,468 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: COLLEY HAS A TOUGH CHALLENGE. 127 00:06:08,501 --> 00:06:11,504 {\an7}\hTHE SUIT HAS TO DO TWO DIFFERENT JOBS-- 128 00:06:11,538 --> 00:06:14,775 {\an7}\h\h\h\hCONTAIN AIR AT A HIGHER PRESSURE THAN ITS SURROUNDINGS 129 00:06:14,808 --> 00:06:16,877 {\an7}AND STAY FLEXIBLE. 130 00:06:16,910 --> 00:06:18,178 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hVan der Linden: THE REQUIREMENT FOR FLEXIBILITY 131 00:06:18,211 --> 00:06:20,613 {\an7}AND THE PRESSURE ARE, \hARE CONTRADICTORY. 132 00:06:20,647 --> 00:06:23,783 {\an7}\hTHE TRICKY PART, IN A PRESSURE SUIT, 133 00:06:23,817 --> 00:06:27,120 {\an7}\hIS BEING ABLE TO MOVE BECAUSE YOU’VE GOT TO FLY THE CONTROLS, 134 00:06:27,153 --> 00:06:29,422 {\an7}\hAND IF YOU CAN’T DO THAT, YOU CAN’T FLY THE AIRPLANE. 135 00:06:29,456 --> 00:06:31,591 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: TO KEEP THE SUIT FLEXIBLE, 136 00:06:31,625 --> 00:06:33,026 {\an7}THE PRESSURE INSIDE IT 137 00:06:33,059 --> 00:06:35,995 {\an7}\h\hWILL BE JUST ONE THIRD OF THAT FOUND AT SEA LEVEL, 138 00:06:36,029 --> 00:06:41,001 {\an7}BUT NO ONE KNOWS IF THE SUIT \h\h\h\hWILL KEEP HIM ALIVE. 139 00:06:41,034 --> 00:06:44,771 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hCOLLEY STITCHES IT ON HIS WIFE’S SEWING MACHINE. 140 00:06:44,804 --> 00:06:48,775 {\an7}\h\hPOST’S LIFE WILL DEPEND ON THE QUALITY OF HIS NEEDLEWORK. 141 00:06:48,808 --> 00:06:50,376 {\an7}[SEWING MACHINE RUNNING] 142 00:06:52,545 --> 00:06:56,449 {\an7}DRESSED INSIDE IT, POST BOARDS HIS LOCKHEED VEGA AIRCRAFT 143 00:06:56,483 --> 00:07:00,921 {\an7}\h\hIN LOS ANGELES ON MARCH 15, 1935. 144 00:07:04,024 --> 00:07:09,062 {\an7}\hAS HE APPROACHES 50,000 FEET, HE’S WELL INTO THE DEATH ZONE, 145 00:07:09,095 --> 00:07:12,098 {\an7}BUT COLLEY’S STITCHING \h\h\h\h\h\hIS HOLDING. 146 00:07:12,132 --> 00:07:13,800 {\an7}Van der Linden: WHEN HE GOT THE AIRPLANE UP TO ALTITUDE 147 00:07:13,833 --> 00:07:15,635 {\an7}AND FOUND THE JET STREAM, 148 00:07:15,669 --> 00:07:18,906 {\an7}\h\h\hHIS AVERAGE SPEED WAS 289 MILES AN HOUR, 149 00:07:18,939 --> 00:07:21,442 {\an7}\hQUITE REMARKABLE BECAUSE IT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY FASTER 150 00:07:21,474 --> 00:07:26,012 {\an7}\hTHAN THE AIRPLANE WAS DESIGNED TO GO. 151 00:07:26,046 --> 00:07:28,849 {\an7}Narrator: POST COVERS THE FIRST 2,000 MILES 152 00:07:28,882 --> 00:07:31,084 {\an7}IN JUST OVER SEVEN HOURS 153 00:07:31,117 --> 00:07:34,287 {\an7}\h\h\hAND IS ON TRACK TO BEAT THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RECORD. 154 00:07:38,224 --> 00:07:41,494 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hBUT 400 MILES SHORT OF THE NEW YORK FINISH LINE, 155 00:07:41,528 --> 00:07:43,864 {\an7}HE STARTS TO RUN LOW ON OXYGEN 156 00:07:43,897 --> 00:07:47,300 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND IS FORCED TO LAND IN CLEVELAND. 157 00:07:47,334 --> 00:07:49,703 {\an7}POST MIGHT NOT HAVE CLINCHED \h\h\h\h\h\hHIS SPEED RECORD, 158 00:07:49,736 --> 00:07:53,340 {\an7}\hBUT HE’S PROVED THAT MAN CAN SURVIVE AT 50,000 FEET, 159 00:07:53,373 --> 00:07:56,276 {\an7}THANKS TO COLLEY’S \h\hPRESSURE SUIT. 160 00:07:56,309 --> 00:07:58,511 {\an7}Van der Linden: HIS FLIGHT WAS INDEED A VERY BIG DEAL 161 00:07:58,545 --> 00:08:02,015 {\an7}BECAUSE HE SHOWED THE IMPORTANCE OF PRESSURIZATION, 162 00:08:02,048 --> 00:08:05,218 {\an7}\hDEVELOPING THE WORLD’S FIRST PRACTICAL WORKING PRESSURE SUIT 163 00:08:05,251 --> 00:08:06,953 {\an7}WAS ENORMOUSLY IMPORTANT. 164 00:08:06,987 --> 00:08:12,693 {\an7}♪ 165 00:08:12,726 --> 00:08:14,928 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: TODAY, POST’S SUIT IS KEPT 166 00:08:14,961 --> 00:08:17,464 {\an7}\hAT THE SMITHSONIAN’S CONSERVATION INSTITUTE 167 00:08:17,497 --> 00:08:20,967 {\an7}IN WASHINGTON, D.C. 168 00:08:21,001 --> 00:08:24,371 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hVan der Linden: \h\hPOST’S PRESSURE SUIT IS MADE OF THREE LAYERS. 169 00:08:24,404 --> 00:08:27,374 {\an7}YOU CAN SEE THE FIRST ONE HERE WAS THE INNER LAYER. 170 00:08:27,407 --> 00:08:29,576 {\an7}THIS IS A UNION SUIT, \h\h\hOR LONG JOHNS. 171 00:08:29,609 --> 00:08:30,877 {\an7}IT WAS FOR WARMTH, 172 00:08:30,910 --> 00:08:33,179 {\an7}\h\h\hSO IT WOULD HAVE BEEN VERY NICE AND COMFORTABLE. 173 00:08:33,213 --> 00:08:35,515 {\an7}\h\h\hTHE SECOND LAYER, AND THIS IS, YOU KNOW, 174 00:08:35,548 --> 00:08:36,616 {\an7}THE CRUX OF THE OUTFIT 175 00:08:36,649 --> 00:08:40,253 {\an7}\h\hIS THIS RUBBER INFLATABLE BLADDER 176 00:08:40,286 --> 00:08:43,322 {\an7}THAT WENT OVER HIS ENTIRE BODY, UP TO HIS HEAD, 177 00:08:43,356 --> 00:08:46,726 {\an7}BUT IT WOULDN’T WORK UNLESS YOU HAD THIS HEAVY-DUTY OUTER LAYER, 178 00:08:46,760 --> 00:08:49,997 {\an7}\h\h\h\hWHICH IS MADE OUT OF VERY HEAVY-DUTY COTTON 179 00:08:50,030 --> 00:08:51,932 {\an7}THAT’S STITCHED AND RE-STITCHED 180 00:08:51,965 --> 00:08:55,035 {\an7}TO CONTAIN THE RUBBER BLADDER \h\h\h\h\h\h\hAS IT EXPANDS. 181 00:08:55,068 --> 00:08:58,238 {\an7}KEY TO THE SUCCESS OF THE SUIT WAS THE HELMET. 182 00:08:58,271 --> 00:09:00,440 {\an7}\h\h\hIT LOOKS A BIT LIKE A DIVING HELMET. 183 00:09:00,473 --> 00:09:02,375 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hGOOD FIT, RUBBER SEAL AROUND THE EDGE. 184 00:09:02,409 --> 00:09:04,311 {\an7}GIVEN THAT HE ONLY HAD ONE EYE, 185 00:09:04,344 --> 00:09:07,948 {\an7}\hTHEY ACTUALLY POSITIONED THE WINDOW A LITTLE BIT OFF CENTER 186 00:09:07,981 --> 00:09:11,384 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hSO IT WOULD MAXIMIZE THE VISIBILITY FOR HIS GOOD EYE. 187 00:09:11,418 --> 00:09:15,589 {\an7}\hIT IS THE GRANDFATHER OF ALL PRESSURE SUITS. 188 00:09:15,622 --> 00:09:17,591 {\an7}Narrator: TODAY’S SPACE SUITS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSTILL BALANCE 189 00:09:17,624 --> 00:09:19,826 {\an7}THE SAME CONTRADICTORY \h\h\h\h\hREQUIREMENTS 190 00:09:19,859 --> 00:09:21,828 {\an7}OF FLEXIBILITY AND PRESSURE 191 00:09:21,861 --> 00:09:25,732 {\an7}IN THE EVEN MORE CHALLENGING \h\h\h\h\h\hVACUUM OF SPACE. 192 00:09:25,765 --> 00:09:28,101 {\an7}DURING THE 1940s AND ’50s, 193 00:09:28,134 --> 00:09:30,203 {\an7}\h\hRUSSELL COLLEY LAYS THE GROUNDWORK 194 00:09:30,236 --> 00:09:32,438 {\an7}FOR MANY OF TODAY’S SPACE SUITS 195 00:09:32,472 --> 00:09:35,608 {\an7}AS HE WORKS ON A NEW GENERATION OF PRESSURE SUITS 196 00:09:35,642 --> 00:09:40,013 {\an7}TO FLY EVEN HIGHER THAN POST. 197 00:09:40,046 --> 00:09:43,216 {\an7}SURPRISINGLY, HIS BREAKTHROUGH SOLUTION COMES TO HIM 198 00:09:43,249 --> 00:09:45,685 {\an7}WHILE TENDING HIS GARDEN. 199 00:09:49,255 --> 00:09:50,957 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLewis: HE WAS WATCHING A TOMATO WORM 200 00:09:50,990 --> 00:09:54,560 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWALKING IN SEGMENTS AND EXPANDING AND CONTRACTING, 201 00:09:54,594 --> 00:09:58,098 {\an7}\hAND HE SAW HOW THE WORM WOULD EXPAND ON ONE SIDE 202 00:09:58,131 --> 00:10:02,202 {\an7}WHILE CONTRACTING ON THE OTHER AND USING THAT AS LOCOMOTION. 203 00:10:02,235 --> 00:10:04,003 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: COPYING THE TOMATO WORM, 204 00:10:04,037 --> 00:10:07,974 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCOLLEY DESIGNS SOMETHING CALLED A CONVOLUTE. 205 00:10:08,007 --> 00:10:11,010 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIT’S A JOINT THAT BEHAVES LIKE AN ACCORDION, 206 00:10:11,044 --> 00:10:16,216 {\an7}AND IT TRANSFORMS PRESSURE SUITS LIKE THIS ARROWHEAD MARK IV. 207 00:10:16,249 --> 00:10:19,552 {\an7}Lewis: THE CONVOLUTES ARE SPACED AT THE KNEES, 208 00:10:19,586 --> 00:10:22,189 {\an7}THE TOPS OF THE THIGH, \h\h\h\h\h\hTHE WAIST, 209 00:10:22,222 --> 00:10:24,458 {\an7}THE ELBOWS, AND FOREARMS. 210 00:10:24,491 --> 00:10:26,326 {\an7}HERE YOU HAVE A PRESSURE SUIT 211 00:10:26,359 --> 00:10:29,429 {\an7}THAT WOULD ALLOW A PILOT \h\h\h\hTO MOVE HIS LEGS, 212 00:10:29,462 --> 00:10:33,666 {\an7}BEND HIS KNEES, BEND OVER, \hREACH FROM SIDE TO SIDE. 213 00:10:33,700 --> 00:10:35,535 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: IT’S ANOTHER ADVANCE, 214 00:10:35,568 --> 00:10:37,170 {\an7}AND BY THE LATE 1950s, 215 00:10:37,203 --> 00:10:38,905 {\an7}\hSEGMENTED SUITS HAVE BEEN ADOPTED 216 00:10:38,938 --> 00:10:41,841 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBY U.S. NAVY AND AIR FORCE PILOTS, 217 00:10:41,875 --> 00:10:45,345 {\an7}WHO ARE FLYING REGULARLY \h\h\hUP TO 100,000 FEET, 218 00:10:45,378 --> 00:10:49,115 {\an7}TWICE AS HIGH AS WILEY POST. 219 00:10:49,149 --> 00:10:53,320 {\an7}\h\hBUT THIS TYPE OF SUIT ISN’T A MATCH FOR THE NEXT CHALLENGE. 220 00:10:56,122 --> 00:11:02,395 {\an7}Man: T-MINUS 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 221 00:11:02,428 --> 00:11:04,297 {\an7}LIFTOFF. 222 00:11:04,330 --> 00:11:07,033 {\an7}LIFTOFF AT 30 MINUTES \h\h\hPAST THE HOUR. 223 00:11:07,066 --> 00:11:08,467 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: AMERICA IS ABOUT TO ENTER 224 00:11:08,501 --> 00:11:11,938 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE SPACE RACE AGAINST THE SOVIET UNION, 225 00:11:11,971 --> 00:11:15,208 {\an7}AND THAT BRINGS A WHOLE NEW SET \h\h\h\hOF PROBLEMS TO SOLVE-- 226 00:11:15,241 --> 00:11:20,179 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTO KEEP A MAN ALIVE WHERE NO PILOT HAS GONE BEFORE. 227 00:11:20,213 --> 00:11:23,583 {\an7}NASA’s FIRST ASTRONAUTS, \h\h\hTHE MERCURY SEVEN, 228 00:11:23,616 --> 00:11:26,953 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWILL SOAR TO ALMOST A MILLION FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL, 229 00:11:26,986 --> 00:11:32,091 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hOVER TEN TIMES HIGHER THAN ANY PLANE HAS BEEN FLOWN. 230 00:11:32,125 --> 00:11:35,462 {\an7}\h\hTO KEEP THEM ALIVE, THEIR CAPSULES WILL BE PRESSURIZED, 231 00:11:35,495 --> 00:11:40,600 {\an7}BUT THEY’LL NEED A BACKUP \h\h\hIN CASE THAT FAILS. 232 00:11:40,633 --> 00:11:42,268 {\an7}Lewis: THIS IS A MERCURY SUIT. 233 00:11:42,302 --> 00:11:45,372 {\an7}\h\hIT’S VERY SIMILAR TO THE MARK IV SUIT. 234 00:11:45,405 --> 00:11:48,241 {\an7}THE SHOULDERS ARE FLEXIBLE, \hTHE ELBOWS ARE FLEXIBLE, 235 00:11:48,274 --> 00:11:51,244 {\an7}BUT IT’S NOT SO MUCH NECESSARY \h\hTO HAVE THE KNEES FLEXIBLE 236 00:11:51,277 --> 00:11:53,713 {\an7}BECAUSE THE ASTRONAUTS ARE JUST \h\h\h\h\h\hGOING TO BE SITTING 237 00:11:53,746 --> 00:11:56,048 {\an7}FOR THE ENTIRE DURATION. 238 00:11:56,082 --> 00:11:57,483 {\an7}THESE SUITS WERE NOT MADE 239 00:11:57,517 --> 00:11:59,085 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFOR WORK OUTSIDE OF THE SPACECRAFT, 240 00:11:59,118 --> 00:12:02,288 {\an7}BUT THEY WANTED THE SAFETY \h\hOF HAVING A SPACE SUIT 241 00:12:02,322 --> 00:12:05,792 {\an7}SO IF ANYTHING HAPPENED \h\hTO THE SPACECRAFT, 242 00:12:05,825 --> 00:12:07,060 {\an7}THE ASTRONAUT COULD SURVIVE 243 00:12:07,093 --> 00:12:10,063 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLONG ENOUGH TO GET BACK DOWN TO EARTH. 244 00:12:10,096 --> 00:12:13,600 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: ONCE AGAIN, ALL EYES TURN TO RUSSELL COLLEY 245 00:12:13,633 --> 00:12:18,204 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAS THE MAN MOST TRUSTED TO BUILD NASA A SUIT FOR SPACE. 246 00:12:18,238 --> 00:12:20,707 {\an7}BUT THIS IS UNCHARTED TERRITORY, 247 00:12:20,740 --> 00:12:24,277 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND IT WILL BE COLLEY’S BIGGEST CHALLENGE. 248 00:12:24,310 --> 00:12:26,245 {\an7}IN THE VACUUM OF SPACE, 249 00:12:26,279 --> 00:12:28,815 {\an7}\h\h\h\hA PRESSURIZED SUIT IS GOING TO WANT TO EXPAND 250 00:12:28,848 --> 00:12:30,717 {\an7}INTO THE AIRLESS VOID, 251 00:12:30,750 --> 00:12:32,552 {\an7}AND IT COULD BURST. 252 00:12:32,585 --> 00:12:36,923 {\an7}\hCOLLEY’S CONVOLUTED JOINTS ARE GOING TO NEED A RETHINK. 253 00:12:36,956 --> 00:12:38,791 {\an7}Lewis: COLLEY THOUGHT \h\h\h\hTHAT BY USING 254 00:12:38,825 --> 00:12:43,029 {\an7}JUST A SIMPLE RESTRAINT SYSTEM \h\h\hON EITHER SIDE OF A JOINT 255 00:12:43,062 --> 00:12:44,797 {\an7}THAT WOULD HOLD IT IN, 256 00:12:44,831 --> 00:12:49,102 {\an7}AND HE EXPERIMENTED IN INSERTING FABRIC INSIDE THE RUBBER JOINTS 257 00:12:49,135 --> 00:12:53,172 {\an7}TO MAKE SURE IT HELD ITS SHAPE. 258 00:12:53,206 --> 00:12:54,974 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: BUT BEFORE A MERCURY ASTRONAUT 259 00:12:55,008 --> 00:12:57,711 {\an7}CAN TEST COLLEY’S SUIT \h\h\hON A SPACEFLIGHT, 260 00:12:57,744 --> 00:13:01,581 {\an7}\h\h\h\hCOSMONAUT YURI GAGARIN, WEARING A SOVIET PRESSURE SUIT, 261 00:13:01,614 --> 00:13:03,616 {\an7}CAPTURES THE WORLD’S ATTENTION, 262 00:13:03,650 --> 00:13:06,753 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAS HE BECOMES THE FIRST SPACEMAN IN HISTORY. 263 00:13:11,724 --> 00:13:15,528 {\an7}[SPEAKING RUSSIAN] 264 00:13:15,561 --> 00:13:17,329 {\an7}JUST THREE WEEKS LATER, 265 00:13:17,363 --> 00:13:20,066 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hALAN SHEPARD STEPS OUT OF HIS SUITING ROOM 266 00:13:20,099 --> 00:13:23,436 {\an7}TO BOARD HIS OWN ROCKET SHIP \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO SPACE. 267 00:13:23,469 --> 00:13:27,473 {\an7}HE’S DRESSED IN COLLEY’S ICONIC SILVER MERCURY SPACE SUIT. 268 00:13:27,507 --> 00:13:29,409 {\an7}Man: 24 VOLTS. 269 00:13:29,442 --> 00:13:32,545 {\an7}26 AMPS. 270 00:13:32,578 --> 00:13:36,549 {\an7}10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 271 00:13:36,582 --> 00:13:42,922 {\an7}5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0. 272 00:13:46,492 --> 00:13:48,060 {\an7}LIFTOFF. 273 00:13:48,094 --> 00:13:49,162 {\an7}Alan Shepard: ROGER. 274 00:13:49,195 --> 00:13:53,466 {\an7}LIFTOFF, AND THE CLOCK \h\h\h\h\h\hIS STARTED. 275 00:13:53,499 --> 00:13:55,034 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: LOOKING ON IS TEST PILOT 276 00:13:55,068 --> 00:13:58,772 {\an7}AND FUTURE APOLLO ASTRONAUT \h\h\h\h\h\h\hCHARLIE DUKE. 277 00:13:58,805 --> 00:13:59,939 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hCharlie Duke: I LOOKED AT ALAN SHEPARD 278 00:13:59,972 --> 00:14:02,107 {\an7}IN THAT LITTLE MERCURY SUIT, 279 00:14:02,141 --> 00:14:04,176 {\an7}AND MY INITIAL IMPRESSION WAS, 280 00:14:04,210 --> 00:14:08,014 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHESE GUYS LOOK LIKE THEY’RE IN A BUCK ROGERS SUIT, 281 00:14:08,047 --> 00:14:11,150 {\an7}\h\h\hYOU KNOW, AND I HOPE THIS THING HOLDS TOGETHER. 282 00:14:11,184 --> 00:14:12,952 {\an7}Shepard: WHAT A BEAUTIFUL VIEW. 283 00:14:17,256 --> 00:14:20,826 {\an7}\h\hNarrator: ALAN SHEPARD’S MERCURY FLIGHT IS A TRIUMPH. 284 00:14:20,860 --> 00:14:24,030 {\an7}AS THE FIRST AMERICAN ASTRONAUT RETURNS TO EARTH, 285 00:14:24,063 --> 00:14:28,134 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE PRESS DUB COLLEY "FIRST TAILOR OF THE SPACE AGE." 286 00:14:31,337 --> 00:14:33,706 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCOLLEY’S FUTURISTIC-LOOKING OUTFITS 287 00:14:33,740 --> 00:14:36,843 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWILL PAVE THE WAY FOR A FULLY FLEXIBLE SPACE SUIT 288 00:14:36,876 --> 00:14:39,312 {\an7}THAT WILL ACHIEVE THE UNTHINKABLE-- 289 00:14:39,345 --> 00:14:42,782 {\an7}ALLOWING MEN TO WALK \h\hON ANOTHER WORLD. 290 00:14:50,056 --> 00:14:53,192 {\an7}\h\hSUCH A MISSION WILL CALL FOR ASTRONAUTS AND COSMONAUTS 291 00:14:53,226 --> 00:14:57,497 {\an7}TO VENTURE OUTSIDE THE SAFETY \h\h\h\hOF THEIR SPACECRAFT. 292 00:14:57,530 --> 00:15:02,468 {\an7}IN MARCH 1965, IT’S THE SOVIETS WHO ARE FIRST YET AGAIN, 293 00:15:02,502 --> 00:15:04,237 {\an7}BEATING THE AMERICANS TO A SUIT 294 00:15:04,270 --> 00:15:08,908 {\an7}THAT’LL KEEP A MAN ALIVE \hIN THE VACUUM OF SPACE. 295 00:15:08,941 --> 00:15:14,280 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hIT’S KNOWN AS THE BERKUT GOLDEN EAGLE. 296 00:15:14,313 --> 00:15:16,282 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLewis: IT’S A SUIT THAT THE RUSSIANS 297 00:15:16,315 --> 00:15:18,284 {\an7}REALLY COBBLED TOGETHER \h\h\h\h\hVERY QUICKLY, 298 00:15:18,317 --> 00:15:20,386 {\an7}BASED ON YURI GAGARIN’S SUIT. 299 00:15:20,420 --> 00:15:23,790 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHEY ADDED A COUPLE OF EXTRA LAYERS OF INSULATION 300 00:15:23,823 --> 00:15:27,327 {\an7}SO HE WOULDN’T BE SUBJECTED \h\hTO THE SOLAR RADIATION 301 00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:30,530 {\an7}\h\h\hCOMING UNFILTERED DIRECTLY FROM THE SUN. 302 00:15:30,563 --> 00:15:35,101 {\an7}AND THEY REALLY DIDN’T KNOW \hWHAT WAS GOING TO HAPPEN. 303 00:15:36,936 --> 00:15:39,071 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: COSMONAUT ALEXEI LEONOV 304 00:15:39,105 --> 00:15:42,475 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIS HAND-PICKED TO PUT HIS LIFE ON THE LINE. 305 00:15:42,508 --> 00:15:47,613 {\an7}♪ 306 00:16:03,329 --> 00:16:04,697 {\an7}[SPEAKING RUSSIAN] 307 00:16:04,730 --> 00:16:06,098 {\an7}Alexei Leonov, translated: \h\h\h\h\h\hWHEN I GOT OUT, 308 00:16:06,132 --> 00:16:09,435 {\an7}I STOOD ON THE EDGE \h\hOF THE AIRLOCK. 309 00:16:09,469 --> 00:16:13,006 {\an7}MY FIRST IMPRESSION WAS-- \h\h\h\hI EVEN SAID SO-- 310 00:16:13,039 --> 00:16:16,442 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hIT TURNS OUT THAT THE EARTH IS ROUND. 311 00:16:16,476 --> 00:16:19,412 {\an7}I COULD SEE THE ROUND EARTH, 312 00:16:19,445 --> 00:16:22,281 {\an7}AND THEN I LOOK DOWN, \h\h\hAND I COULD SEE 313 00:16:22,315 --> 00:16:26,519 {\an7}THE WHOLE BLACK SEA, \hBULGARIA, ROMANIA, 314 00:16:26,552 --> 00:16:30,890 {\an7}\h\hON THE HORIZON, THE BOOT OF ITALY. 315 00:16:30,923 --> 00:16:34,894 {\an7}I COULD SEE ALL THE ROADS, \h\h\h\h\h\hALL THE CANALS. 316 00:16:38,464 --> 00:16:43,536 {\an7}\h\hAND AT THE SAME TIME, IT WAS INCREDIBLY QUIET. 317 00:16:43,569 --> 00:16:47,840 {\an7}THIS IS WHAT I REMEMBER MOST. \hI COULD HEAR MY HEART BEAT. 318 00:16:47,874 --> 00:16:50,844 {\an7}NORMALLY YOU DON’T HEAR \h\hYOUR OWN HEARTBEAT, 319 00:16:50,877 --> 00:16:55,482 {\an7}AND NOW I COULD HEAR TUC-TUC, \h\h\h\h\h\hTUC-TUC, TUC-TUC. 320 00:16:59,452 --> 00:17:01,621 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: BUT AFTER JUST TEN MINUTES, 321 00:17:01,654 --> 00:17:06,993 {\an7}LEONOV’S WORST FEARS \h\h\h\hARE REALIZED. 322 00:17:07,026 --> 00:17:11,230 {\an7}\h\hLeonov: I SUDDENLY FELT MY FINGERS COME OUT OF THE GLOVES. 323 00:17:12,865 --> 00:17:16,268 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND MY FEET BECAME LOOSE IN THE BOOTS. 324 00:17:18,938 --> 00:17:20,106 {\an7}[SPEAKING RUSSIAN] 325 00:17:20,139 --> 00:17:25,011 {\an7}THE SOFT SPACE SUIT TURNED RIGID UNDER PRESSURE, 326 00:17:25,044 --> 00:17:27,613 {\an7}LIKE AN INFLATED TIRE. 327 00:17:27,647 --> 00:17:33,186 {\an7}♪ 328 00:17:33,219 --> 00:17:36,856 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: EXPANDING UNCONTROLLABLY INTO THE VOID, 329 00:17:36,889 --> 00:17:40,993 {\an7}LEONOV’S SUIT HAS BECOME RIGID, TRAPPING HIM INSIDE, 330 00:17:41,027 --> 00:17:44,364 {\an7}AND PREVENTING HIM FROM MOVING FREELY. 331 00:17:44,397 --> 00:17:47,133 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLeonov: IT WAS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT, 332 00:17:47,166 --> 00:17:51,937 {\an7}\hREQUIRED A LOT OF ENERGY, AND PRODUCED A LARGE AMOUNT OF HEAT, 333 00:17:51,971 --> 00:17:57,510 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND THE SWEAT WAS STINGING MY EYES. 334 00:17:57,543 --> 00:18:00,679 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: PARALYZED INSIDE HIS BLOATED SPACE SUIT 335 00:18:00,713 --> 00:18:03,449 {\an7}AND NOW OVERHEATING AS WELL, 336 00:18:03,482 --> 00:18:07,019 {\an7}LEONOV FEARS HE CAN’T GET BACK INSIDE THE CAPSULE. 337 00:18:07,053 --> 00:18:10,490 {\an7}Leonov: I WOULDN’T BE ABLE TO ENTER BACK IN THE CRAFT, 338 00:18:10,523 --> 00:18:13,626 {\an7}\h\hI WOULDN’T BE ABLE TO CLOSE UP THE HATCH, 339 00:18:13,659 --> 00:18:18,631 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND I KNEW THAT I HAD ONLY 30 MINUTES OF LIFE LEFT. 340 00:18:18,664 --> 00:18:22,468 {\an7}\hNarrator: TRAPPED OUTSIDE HIS SPACESHIP, TIME IS RUNNING OUT, 341 00:18:22,501 --> 00:18:26,739 {\an7}\h\hAND LEONOV NEEDS TO DO SOMETHING FAST. 342 00:18:26,772 --> 00:18:32,444 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLeonov: THERE WAS A SPECIAL VALVE, A HAND VALVE, 343 00:18:32,478 --> 00:18:33,879 {\an7}AND USING THIS VALVE, 344 00:18:33,913 --> 00:18:39,419 {\an7}I COULD LOWER THE PRESSURE \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBY HALF. 345 00:18:39,452 --> 00:18:42,789 {\an7}I DIDN’T REPORT ANYTHING \h\h\h\h\h\hTO THE EARTH. 346 00:18:42,822 --> 00:18:46,526 {\an7}I JUST PUT THE PRESSURE DOWN. 347 00:18:46,559 --> 00:18:48,327 {\an7}Narrator: THE SUIT DEFLATES, 348 00:18:48,361 --> 00:18:53,032 {\an7}BUT NOW THERE’S A NEW DANGER-- THE BENDS. 349 00:18:53,065 --> 00:18:57,236 {\an7}Leonov: I WAS IN A STATE WHERE NITROGEN BOILS IN THE BLOOD, 350 00:18:57,269 --> 00:18:59,304 {\an7}AND I COULD FEEL THE DECOMPRESSION 351 00:18:59,338 --> 00:19:03,342 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hPRICKLING THE TIPS OF MY FINGERS. 352 00:19:03,376 --> 00:19:06,713 {\an7}I WAS ANXIOUSLY WAITING FOR MY FACE TO SWELL UP 353 00:19:06,746 --> 00:19:09,749 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND MY HANDS TO BECOME LIKE RUBBER. 354 00:19:15,521 --> 00:19:21,093 {\an7}\h\h\hI GOT SLIGHT PRICKLING, BUT EVERYTHING BECAME EASIER, 355 00:19:21,127 --> 00:19:25,164 {\an7}SO I STARTED GOING \hINTO THE AIRLOCK. 356 00:19:25,197 --> 00:19:28,734 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hEVEN NOW, I CANNOT REALLY IMAGINE 357 00:19:28,768 --> 00:19:32,705 {\an7}HOW I WAS DOING ALL THAT. 358 00:19:32,738 --> 00:19:36,575 {\an7}Narrator: LEONOV’S SPACE WALK \h\hALMOST ENDS IN DISASTER. 359 00:19:36,609 --> 00:19:39,512 {\an7}HE ONLY JUST MAKES IT \h\h\h\hBACK INSIDE, 360 00:19:39,545 --> 00:19:42,681 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT HE PROVES THAT MAN CAN SURVIVE 361 00:19:42,715 --> 00:19:46,919 {\an7}BEYOND THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE. 362 00:19:46,952 --> 00:19:50,923 {\an7}Leonov: MY REPORT TO THE STATE COMMISSION WAS VERY SHORT-- 363 00:19:50,956 --> 00:19:55,327 {\an7}A MAN EQUIPPED WITH THE SPECIAL CLOTHING OF A SPACE SUIT 364 00:19:55,361 --> 00:19:59,432 {\an7}CAN LIVE AND WORK \hIN OUTER SPACE. 365 00:19:59,465 --> 00:20:02,001 {\an7}THAT WAS MY REPORT. 366 00:20:02,034 --> 00:20:05,437 {\an7}IT WAS A VERY IMPORTANT STEP. 367 00:20:07,840 --> 00:20:09,775 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: THE AMERICANS HAVE NO IDEA 368 00:20:09,809 --> 00:20:13,079 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hABOUT THE PROBLEMS WITH LEONOV’S GOLDEN EAGLE SUIT, 369 00:20:13,112 --> 00:20:16,782 {\an7}\h\hBUT THEY’VE CREATED THEIR OWN SUIT FOR A WALK IN SPACE. 370 00:20:16,816 --> 00:20:18,351 {\an7}IT’S CALLED THE GEMINI, 371 00:20:18,384 --> 00:20:21,921 {\an7}AND IT USES A TYPE OF CHAIN MAIL CALLED LINK-NET 372 00:20:21,954 --> 00:20:24,290 {\an7}TO PREVENT THE RUBBER GARMENT \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFROM BLOATING 373 00:20:24,323 --> 00:20:28,427 {\an7}AND TO MAINTAIN THE SUIT’S FLEXIBILITY UNDER PRESSURE. 374 00:20:28,461 --> 00:20:32,932 {\an7}Lewis: THE GEMINI SUIT WAS MORE ADVANCED, WITH THE CHAIN LINK, 375 00:20:32,965 --> 00:20:35,734 {\an7}\h\h\h\hSO THE RESTRAINTS WERE BUILT INTO THE SUIT. 376 00:20:35,768 --> 00:20:39,772 {\an7}\h\h\hIT HAD BETTER INSULATION, BETTER REFLECTION OF RADIATION, 377 00:20:39,805 --> 00:20:42,141 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSOLAR RADIATION THAT WASN’T BEING FILTERED OUT 378 00:20:42,174 --> 00:20:44,343 {\an7}BY THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE. 379 00:20:44,376 --> 00:20:46,511 {\an7}Narrator: ASTRONAUT GENE CERNAN IS CHOSEN 380 00:20:46,545 --> 00:20:51,316 {\an7}\h\h\hFOR AN AMBITIOUS MISSION TO TEST THE SUIT’S PERFORMANCE. 381 00:20:51,350 --> 00:20:52,885 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hGene Cernan: THE HOPE WAS TO BE ABLE 382 00:20:52,918 --> 00:20:55,854 {\an7}TO GIVE YOU SOME MOVEMENT, \h\h\h\h\h\hSOME DEXTERITY, 383 00:20:55,888 --> 00:20:58,991 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTO BE ABLE TO DO THINGS IN SPACE, 384 00:20:59,024 --> 00:21:01,226 {\an7}BECAUSE WE WERE STILL \h\hIN ZERO GRAVITY. 385 00:21:01,260 --> 00:21:02,728 {\an7}WE WEREN’T GOING TO BE WALKING, 386 00:21:02,762 --> 00:21:05,431 {\an7}BUT WE NEEDED IT UP HERE \h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE ARMS. 387 00:21:05,464 --> 00:21:08,000 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: CERNAN’S MISSION IS BOLD. 388 00:21:08,033 --> 00:21:10,769 {\an7}HE MUST CLIMB TO THE REAR \h\h\hOF HIS SPACECRAFT, 389 00:21:10,803 --> 00:21:13,205 {\an7}\h\h\h\hWHERE HE’LL TEST A ROCKET-POWERED BACKPACK 390 00:21:13,239 --> 00:21:17,376 {\an7}\h\h\hCALLED AN ASTRONAUT MANEUVERING UNIT, OR AMU. 391 00:21:17,409 --> 00:21:21,246 {\an7}\hIT’LL BE THE FIRST TIME IT’S BEEN USED IN SPACE. 392 00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:22,381 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCernan: THESE WERE REAL ROCKET ENGINES 393 00:21:22,414 --> 00:21:25,484 {\an7}THAT WERE SPITTING OUT FIRE, 394 00:21:25,518 --> 00:21:30,023 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hSO MY PANTS WERE MADE OUT OF THIS WOVEN STEEL THREAD, 395 00:21:30,055 --> 00:21:32,457 {\an7}WHICH PUT ANOTHER LAYER \h\h\h\h\hON TOP OF IT, 396 00:21:32,491 --> 00:21:35,127 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO PROTECT ME FROM BURNING A HOLE IN MY SUIT, 397 00:21:35,161 --> 00:21:38,264 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWHICH MADE IT EVEN MORE DIFFICULT TO MANEUVER IN. 398 00:21:38,297 --> 00:21:43,903 {\an7}\h\hEVERYTHING YOU DID WITHIN THAT SUIT WAS A MAJOR EFFORT. 399 00:21:45,538 --> 00:21:48,341 {\an7}Narrator: ON JUNE 5, 1966, 400 00:21:48,374 --> 00:21:52,912 {\an7}CERNAN FLOATS OUT OF HIS CAPSULE WEARING THE NEW SUIT, 401 00:21:52,945 --> 00:21:56,248 {\an7}BUT HIS FIRST SPACE WALK \h\h\hDOESN’T START WELL. 402 00:21:56,282 --> 00:21:59,652 {\an7}THE STIFFNESS OF THE SUIT ISN’T GIVING HIM THE CONTROL HE NEEDS 403 00:21:59,685 --> 00:22:02,221 {\an7}TO CLIMB TO THE BACK \h\h\hOF THE CAPSULE, 404 00:22:02,254 --> 00:22:03,989 {\an7}AND HE’S BEGINNING TO OVERHEAT. 405 00:22:04,023 --> 00:22:06,993 {\an7}\hCernan: I WAS WORKING PRETTY HARD OUT THERE. 406 00:22:07,026 --> 00:22:12,765 {\an7}\h\h\h\hMY HEART RATE WAS RUNNING 170, 180. 407 00:22:12,798 --> 00:22:14,466 {\an7}I KNEW I WAS GETTING IN TROUBLE. 408 00:22:14,500 --> 00:22:16,369 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hI KNEW PEOPLE DOWN AT MISSION CONTROL 409 00:22:16,402 --> 00:22:19,872 {\an7}WERE GETTING A LITTLE CONCERNED, AND AS A RESULT, 410 00:22:19,905 --> 00:22:23,075 {\an7}I OVERPOWERED MY ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM IN THE SUIT. 411 00:22:43,062 --> 00:22:46,899 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hCernan: I CREATED SO MUCH HUMIDITY IN THE SUIT 412 00:22:46,932 --> 00:22:48,667 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHAT AS SOON AS THE SUN WENT DOWN, 413 00:22:48,701 --> 00:22:50,903 {\an7}IT COOLED IMMEDIATELY. 414 00:22:50,936 --> 00:22:54,106 {\an7}VOOM! MY VISOR FOGGED UP. 415 00:23:05,784 --> 00:23:07,819 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCernan: THE ONLY WAY I COULD SEE 416 00:23:07,853 --> 00:23:10,489 {\an7}WAS I COULD PUSH MY NOSE \h\h\hAGAINST THE HELMET 417 00:23:10,522 --> 00:23:13,859 {\an7}AND RUB A LITTLE HOLE IN IT \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE FOG 418 00:23:13,893 --> 00:23:15,628 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTO BE ABLE TO LOOK DOWN AND SEE. 419 00:23:15,661 --> 00:23:17,930 {\an7}\h\h\hI COULD SEE THE LIGHTS OF AUSTRALIA AS I WENT OVER, 420 00:23:17,963 --> 00:23:19,565 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND THAT’S ABOUT ALL I COULD SEE. 421 00:23:31,243 --> 00:23:33,278 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: CERNAN’S SPACE WALK IS ABORTED 422 00:23:33,312 --> 00:23:36,081 {\an7}\h\h\hBEFORE HE’S EVEN TESTED THE ROCKET PACK. 423 00:23:36,115 --> 00:23:38,084 {\an7}HE’S ORDERED BACK INSIDE, 424 00:23:38,117 --> 00:23:40,152 {\an7}BUT THE LACK OF MOBILITY \h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN HIS LEGS 425 00:23:40,185 --> 00:23:42,788 {\an7}STILL POSES A THREAT. 426 00:23:42,821 --> 00:23:45,190 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hCernan: IN GEMINI, WE DIDN’T NEED THE DEXTERITY 427 00:23:45,224 --> 00:23:47,893 {\an7}FROM THE WAIST DOWN, WITH ONE EXCEPTION-- 428 00:23:47,927 --> 00:23:50,463 {\an7}GETTING BACK IN THE SPACECRAFT. 429 00:23:50,496 --> 00:23:51,797 {\an7}BENDING YOUR LEGS 430 00:23:51,830 --> 00:23:54,299 {\an7}\h\hAND TRYING GETTING THEM UNDER THE INSTRUMENT PANEL, 431 00:23:54,333 --> 00:23:57,236 {\an7}AND YOU JUST COULDN’T. 432 00:23:57,269 --> 00:23:58,937 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: BACK INSIDE THE CAPSULE, 433 00:23:58,971 --> 00:24:03,209 {\an7}BUT UNABLE TO CLOSE THE DOOR, \hCERNAN’S STILL STRUGGLING. 434 00:24:03,242 --> 00:24:05,845 {\an7}Cernan: YOU HAD TO GET IN AND JUST EXTEND YOUR BODY 435 00:24:05,878 --> 00:24:09,782 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND GET IT AS LOW INTO THE SEAT AS POSSIBLE 436 00:24:09,815 --> 00:24:12,885 {\an7}\h\hAND THEN REACH UP WITHOUT A LOT OF ROOM 437 00:24:12,918 --> 00:24:16,221 {\an7}\h\hAND GRAB THAT HATCH AND GET IT TO THE POINT 438 00:24:16,255 --> 00:24:20,092 {\an7}WHERE YOU COULD CLOSE IT AND THEN CRANK IT CLOSED. 439 00:24:26,398 --> 00:24:28,333 {\an7}Narrator: CERNAN’S SAFE. 440 00:24:28,367 --> 00:24:31,003 {\an7}HE’S PUSHED HIS SUIT \h\hBEYOND ITS LIMITS 441 00:24:31,036 --> 00:24:33,572 {\an7}AND SURVIVED TO TELL THE TALE. 442 00:24:38,010 --> 00:24:40,212 {\an7}Cernan: I GUESS I WAS GIVING \hTHAT SUIT THE MAXIMUM TEST, 443 00:24:40,245 --> 00:24:41,747 {\an7}IN TERMS OF MOVING AROUND 444 00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:45,350 {\an7}AND LOOKING FOR THE KIND \h\hOF MOBILITY I NEEDED. 445 00:24:45,384 --> 00:24:46,785 {\an7}IT WAS THAT BRIDGE. 446 00:24:46,819 --> 00:24:49,021 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWE NEEDED TO LEARN HOW TO DO SO MANY NEW THINGS, 447 00:24:49,054 --> 00:24:51,323 {\an7}INCLUDING HOW TO BUILD A SUIT 448 00:24:51,357 --> 00:24:55,094 {\an7}THAT WE COULD LITERALLY UTILIZE ON THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 449 00:24:57,262 --> 00:24:58,697 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: WINNING THE RACE TO THE MOON 450 00:24:58,731 --> 00:25:01,033 {\an7}WILL REQUIRE A BRAND-NEW SUIT 451 00:25:01,066 --> 00:25:04,670 {\an7}THAT REMAINS FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO WALK IN WHEN PRESSURIZED. 452 00:25:04,703 --> 00:25:10,475 {\an7}♪ 453 00:25:10,509 --> 00:25:13,779 {\an7}\h\h\h\hSOLVING THIS PARADOX FALLS TO A TEAM OF ENGINEERS 454 00:25:13,812 --> 00:25:18,784 {\an7}\h\h\hAT THE INTERNATIONAL LATEX CORPORATION, OR ILC. 455 00:25:18,817 --> 00:25:20,686 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hBill Ayrey: IT’S A TOUGH TRADE-OFF. 456 00:25:20,719 --> 00:25:23,422 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hYOU WANT TO BE ABLE TO HAVE ALL THAT FLEXIBILITY 457 00:25:23,455 --> 00:25:26,425 {\an7}BUT YET NOT BE ENCUMBERED \h\h\hBY A PRESSURE SUIT. 458 00:25:26,458 --> 00:25:30,562 {\an7}YOU HAVE TO THINK IN TERMS \hOF WHAT THE BODY CAN DO. 459 00:25:30,596 --> 00:25:33,365 {\an7}\h\hTHERE IS FLEX-EXTENSION. THERE’S ADDUCTION, ABDUCTION. 460 00:25:33,399 --> 00:25:38,271 {\an7}\h\h\hTHERE’S ALL THE DIFFERENT MOTIONS THAT A BODY WANTS TO DO. 461 00:25:38,303 --> 00:25:41,439 {\an7}Narrator: WHILE ILC’s ENGINEERS STRUGGLE WITH THE SUIT, 462 00:25:41,473 --> 00:25:45,010 {\an7}THERE’S A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT PROBLEM TO SOLVE. 463 00:25:45,044 --> 00:25:47,647 {\an7}\h\h\hTO WALK ON THE MOON, ASTRONAUTS WILL NEED TO BE 464 00:25:47,679 --> 00:25:50,382 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hDISCONNECTED FROM THEIR SPACECRAFT. 465 00:25:50,416 --> 00:25:55,655 {\an7}THE ANSWER IS A SELF-CONTAINED LIFE SUPPORT BACKPACK. 466 00:25:55,687 --> 00:26:00,892 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTOM SANZONE TRAINED THE LUNAR ASTRONAUTS TO USE IT. 467 00:26:00,926 --> 00:26:02,428 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTom Sanzone: SO, WHEN THE ASTRONAUT 468 00:26:02,461 --> 00:26:04,830 {\an7}WORE THIS LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM, 469 00:26:04,863 --> 00:26:07,065 {\an7}HIS BACK WAS UP AGAINST IT. 470 00:26:07,099 --> 00:26:09,301 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWE HAD HARNESSES THAT WOULD GO OVER HIS SHOULDERS 471 00:26:09,334 --> 00:26:10,669 {\an7}AND AROUND HIS WAIST, 472 00:26:10,702 --> 00:26:13,405 {\an7}SO IT WAS LITERALLY A BACKPACK. 473 00:26:13,439 --> 00:26:15,775 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF COURSE, WE HAVE THE UMBILICALS HERE. 474 00:26:15,808 --> 00:26:17,410 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE BLUE ONE CARRIED THE OXYGEN IN, 475 00:26:17,443 --> 00:26:19,312 {\an7}AND THE RED CARRIED IT OUT. 476 00:26:19,344 --> 00:26:22,781 {\an7}THEY WOULD COME AROUND THE FRONT AND PLUG IN. 477 00:26:22,815 --> 00:26:25,384 {\an7}Narrator: AS THE FIRST SPACE WALKS HAVE SHOWN, 478 00:26:25,417 --> 00:26:27,552 {\an7}REMOVING BODY HEAT \hFROM SPACE SUITS 479 00:26:27,586 --> 00:26:31,290 {\an7}IS ALSO ESSENTIAL FOR SURVIVAL. 480 00:26:31,323 --> 00:26:35,194 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE SOLUTION COMES FROM A BRITISH 1950s INVENTION, 481 00:26:35,227 --> 00:26:38,163 {\an7}WHICH KEPT PILOTS COOL \hBY PIPING COLD WATER 482 00:26:38,197 --> 00:26:40,299 {\an7}THROUGH A NETWORK \h\hOF FINE TUBES 483 00:26:40,332 --> 00:26:43,101 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHREADED THROUGH THEIR UNDERWEAR. 484 00:26:43,135 --> 00:26:44,703 {\an7}Sanzone: THE ASTRONAUT WORE 485 00:26:44,736 --> 00:26:46,571 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWHAT WE CALL THE LIQUID COOLING GARMENT, 486 00:26:46,605 --> 00:26:49,608 {\an7}\h\h\hWHICH WAS LIKE A PAIR OF LONG JOHNS WITH PLASTIC TUBING, 487 00:26:49,641 --> 00:26:51,543 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND WATER WOULD CIRCULATE THROUGH THAT. 488 00:26:51,577 --> 00:26:53,679 {\an7}IT WOULD PICK UP THE HEAT \h\h\h\h\hFROM HIS BODY, 489 00:26:53,712 --> 00:26:57,716 {\an7}AND THEN THAT WATER WOULD GO UP TO OUR HEAT EXCHANGER 490 00:26:57,749 --> 00:27:01,720 {\an7}AND PASS ACROSS PLATES. 491 00:27:01,753 --> 00:27:04,556 {\an7}\h\h\hNarrator: BY EXPOSING THESE PLATES TO THE VACUUM, 492 00:27:04,590 --> 00:27:07,059 {\an7}THE WATER VENTS OFF \h\h\h\hINTO SPACE, 493 00:27:07,092 --> 00:27:09,528 {\an7}CARRYING THE ASTRONAUT’S HEAT \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH IT. 494 00:27:09,561 --> 00:27:12,664 {\an7}IT’S CALLED A SUBLIMATOR. 495 00:27:12,698 --> 00:27:14,433 {\an7}Sanzone: I’VE ALWAYS LOVED \h\h\h\h\h\hTHE SUBLIMATOR 496 00:27:14,466 --> 00:27:16,068 {\an7}BECAUSE OF ITS SIMPLICITY. 497 00:27:16,101 --> 00:27:20,505 {\an7}IT IS TOTALLY SELF-REGULATING. IT HAS NO MOVING PARTS. 498 00:27:20,539 --> 00:27:24,143 {\an7}\hIT WAS A TECHNOLOGY THAT WAS INVENTED MORE THAN 50 YEARS AGO, 499 00:27:24,176 --> 00:27:27,846 {\an7}\h\hAND IT’S A TECHNOLOGY THAT WE STILL USE TODAY. 500 00:27:27,880 --> 00:27:33,386 {\an7}♪ 501 00:27:33,418 --> 00:27:36,288 {\an7}\h\h\hNarrator: WITH THE APOLLO LIFE SUPPORT BACKPACK IN HAND, 502 00:27:36,321 --> 00:27:37,689 {\an7}THE ORIGINAL PROBLEM OF BUILDING 503 00:27:37,723 --> 00:27:40,659 {\an7}A FLEXIBLE PRESSURE SUIT \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hREMAINS. 504 00:27:40,692 --> 00:27:46,431 {\an7}IT TAKES THEM FOUR YEARS \h\h\hTO FIND A SOLUTION. 505 00:27:46,465 --> 00:27:48,367 {\an7}\h\h\hAyrey: WE CAME UP WITH THIS CABLE SYSTEM 506 00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:51,303 {\an7}SO THAT YOU COULD HAVE THE FLEXIBILITY IN IT, 507 00:27:51,336 --> 00:27:54,439 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWHICH MEANT THAT IF YOU DO A FLEX EXTENSION, 508 00:27:54,473 --> 00:27:57,209 {\an7}YOU CAN SEE HOW THIS PULLEY’S \h\h\h\h\h\hACTUALLY ROTATING 509 00:27:57,242 --> 00:28:00,479 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWHEN I GO LIKE THIS BECAUSE IT ALLOWS THE PULLEY 510 00:28:00,512 --> 00:28:02,781 {\an7}\h\h\hTO SLIDE THROUGH THIS TUNNEL RIGHT HERE 511 00:28:02,814 --> 00:28:05,984 {\an7}AND YET KEEP ITS SHAPE AGAIN \h\h\hWHEN IT’S PRESSURIZED. 512 00:28:06,018 --> 00:28:07,853 {\an7}THIS IS THE KNEE CONVOLUTE. 513 00:28:07,886 --> 00:28:10,589 {\an7}\h\h\hIT LOOKS FAIRLY SIMPLE, BUT THERE WAS A LOT INVOLVED 514 00:28:10,622 --> 00:28:12,524 {\an7}\h\hIN DIPPING THIS AND MAKING IT WORK. 515 00:28:12,558 --> 00:28:14,794 {\an7}THERE WAS A RESTRAINT LINE, \h\h\h\h\hCABLE ON THE SIDE 516 00:28:14,826 --> 00:28:15,860 {\an7}THAT CAME DOWN. 517 00:28:15,894 --> 00:28:17,529 {\an7}THIS WAS REVOLUTIONARY \h\h\h\h\hAT THE TIME, 518 00:28:17,563 --> 00:28:19,565 {\an7}AND WE PUT THESE CONVOLUTES \h\h\hTHROUGHOUT THE SUIT. 519 00:28:19,598 --> 00:28:21,433 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: THE ASTRONAUTS’ LIVES DEPENDED 520 00:28:21,466 --> 00:28:25,236 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hON THE CRAFTSMANSHIP OF THOSE WHO BUILT THEIR SUITS. 521 00:28:25,270 --> 00:28:31,610 {\an7}AT ILC, THIS TASK FELL TO A TEAM OF DEDICATED SEAMSTRESSES. 522 00:28:31,643 --> 00:28:34,946 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hCernan: THEY KNEW THAT YOUR LIFE DEPENDED UPON 523 00:28:34,980 --> 00:28:38,484 {\an7}\hWHAT THEY WERE DOING AT THAT MOMENT IN TIME, 524 00:28:38,517 --> 00:28:40,686 {\an7}SO THEY TOOK OWNERSHIP. 525 00:28:40,719 --> 00:28:43,789 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAyrey: IF THEY STRAYED OFF COURSE BY 1/32 OF AN INCH, 526 00:28:43,822 --> 00:28:45,090 {\an7}THEY TOTALLY DAMAGED IT, 527 00:28:45,123 --> 00:28:46,658 {\an7}AND THEY’D HAVE TO \h\hTEAR IT APART, 528 00:28:46,692 --> 00:28:48,494 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND IT WOULD COST THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS TO FIX IT, 529 00:28:48,527 --> 00:28:51,563 {\an7}SO THERE WAS NO ROOM FOR ERROR. 530 00:28:51,597 --> 00:28:56,102 {\an7}Duke: WE WENT UP THERE A LOT TO HAVE SUIT CHECKS AND SUIT FITS. 531 00:28:56,134 --> 00:28:59,904 {\an7}THE SEAMSTRESSES THAT HAD TO \h\h\h\hSEW THE SUIT TOGETHER 532 00:28:59,938 --> 00:29:01,139 {\an7}WERE VERY IMPORTANT, 533 00:29:01,173 --> 00:29:02,975 {\an7}AND WE GOT TO KNOW THEM, 534 00:29:03,008 --> 00:29:07,112 {\an7}AND THIS NICE LADY THAT SEWED \h\h\hTHE ZIPPERS IN MY SUIT, 535 00:29:07,145 --> 00:29:11,182 {\an7}\h\h\hI WANTED HER TO REALIZE THAT MY LIFE DEPENDED ON IT. 536 00:29:11,216 --> 00:29:13,085 {\an7}Narrator: WITH ITS CONVOLUTES \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND BEARINGS 537 00:29:13,118 --> 00:29:17,055 {\an7}\h\hAND PULLEYS AND CABLES, AND LIFE SUPPORT BACKPACK, 538 00:29:17,089 --> 00:29:20,893 {\an7}THIS LEGENDARY MOON SUIT, \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE A7L, 539 00:29:20,926 --> 00:29:24,563 {\an7}IS THE MOST SOPHISTICATED \hSPACE SUIT IN HISTORY. 540 00:29:24,596 --> 00:29:26,431 {\an7}EVEN PUMPED FULL OF AIR, 541 00:29:26,465 --> 00:29:30,569 {\an7}IT REMAINS FLEXIBLE ENOUGH \h\hFOR A GAME OF FOOTBALL. 542 00:29:33,905 --> 00:29:36,441 {\an7}IT PERFORMS BRILLIANTLY \h\h\h\h\h\h\hON EARTH, 543 00:29:36,475 --> 00:29:40,546 {\an7}\h\hBUT NO ONE CAN BE CERTAIN THAT IT’LL WORK ON THE MOON, 544 00:29:40,579 --> 00:29:42,848 {\an7}UNTIL THE ASTRONAUTS GET THERE. 545 00:29:44,149 --> 00:29:47,185 {\an7}[CHEERING AND APPLAUSE] 546 00:29:51,156 --> 00:29:53,825 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNeil Armstrong: I’M AT THE FOOT OF THE LADDER. 547 00:29:53,859 --> 00:29:57,396 {\an7}Narrator: IT’S JULY 20, 1969, 548 00:29:57,429 --> 00:30:01,400 {\an7}AND AMERICA HAS WON THE RACE \h\h\h\hTO LAND ON THE MOON. 549 00:30:01,433 --> 00:30:03,268 {\an7}NOW EVERYONE’S ATTENTION \h\h\h\h\h\h\hIS FOCUSED 550 00:30:03,302 --> 00:30:05,871 {\an7}ON THE NEW A7L SPACE SUIT 551 00:30:05,904 --> 00:30:09,007 {\an7}PROTECTING APOLLO 11 COMMANDER NEIL ARMSTRONG, 552 00:30:09,041 --> 00:30:13,512 {\an7}AS HE TAKES HIS FIRST TENTATIVE STEP ONTO ANOTHER WORLD. 553 00:30:13,545 --> 00:30:15,914 {\an7}Armstrong: VERY FINE-GRAINED, \h\h\hAS YOU GET CLOSE TO IT. 554 00:30:15,947 --> 00:30:17,582 {\an7}IT’S ALMOST LIKE A POWDER. 555 00:30:17,616 --> 00:30:20,185 {\an7}Narrator: BACK ON EARTH, TOM SANZONE IS MONITORING 556 00:30:20,218 --> 00:30:23,321 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hARMSTRONG’S SUIT AND LIFE SUPPORT BACKPACK. 557 00:30:23,355 --> 00:30:25,424 {\an7}Sanzone: WE WERE VERY FOCUSED \h\h\hON WHAT WE WERE DOING. 558 00:30:25,457 --> 00:30:26,959 {\an7}EVERYBODY WAS. 559 00:30:26,992 --> 00:30:28,560 {\an7}I REMEMBER BEING QUITE CONFIDENT 560 00:30:28,593 --> 00:30:29,794 {\an7}THAT THE HARDWARE WOULD WORK WELL. 561 00:30:29,828 --> 00:30:31,697 {\an7}IT HAD WORKED WELL \h\hON THE GROUND. 562 00:30:31,730 --> 00:30:33,365 {\an7}SOME OF OUR MORE SENIOR MANAGERS 563 00:30:33,398 --> 00:30:36,434 {\an7}WERE A LITTLE BIT MORE NERVOUS THAN THE YOUNG GUYS. 564 00:30:36,468 --> 00:30:39,271 {\an7}Armstrong: OK, I’M GOING TO \h\h\hSTEP OFF THE LM NOW. 565 00:30:39,304 --> 00:30:43,108 {\an7}THAT’S ONE SMALL STEP FOR MAN, 566 00:30:43,141 --> 00:30:46,311 {\an7}ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND. 567 00:30:48,013 --> 00:30:51,116 {\an7}\h\h\hNarrator: AS THE WORLD SAVORS THIS HISTORIC MOMENT, 568 00:30:51,149 --> 00:30:53,752 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTOM REMAINS FOCUSED ON PLOTTING THE TEMPERATURE 569 00:30:53,785 --> 00:30:55,086 {\an7}OF THE COOLING SYSTEM 570 00:30:55,120 --> 00:30:58,924 {\an7}\h\h\h\hIN ARMSTRONG’S LIFE SUPPORT BACKPACK. 571 00:30:58,957 --> 00:31:02,527 {\an7}\h\h\h\hSanzone: THIS IS ONE OF THE SHEETS OF GRAPH PAPER 572 00:31:02,561 --> 00:31:04,096 {\an7}THAT I WAS PLOTTING. 573 00:31:04,129 --> 00:31:07,899 {\an7}THE YELLOW BAND’S WHERE WE EXPECTED THE DATA TO FALL. 574 00:31:07,933 --> 00:31:09,201 {\an7}YOU CAN SEE THE DOTS 575 00:31:09,234 --> 00:31:12,003 {\an7}ARE A LITTLE BIT LOWER \hTHAN THE YELLOW BAND, 576 00:31:12,037 --> 00:31:13,238 {\an7}AND THAT’S BECAUSE \h\hTHE PERFORMANCE 577 00:31:13,271 --> 00:31:16,174 {\an7}\hWAS ACTUALLY BETTER THAN WE HAD EXPECTED. 578 00:31:16,208 --> 00:31:18,444 {\an7}OUR HEAT EXCHANGER \hPERFORMED BETTER 579 00:31:18,477 --> 00:31:21,013 {\an7}THAN IT HAD ON THE GROUND. 580 00:31:21,046 --> 00:31:23,482 {\an7}\h\hNarrator: NEIL ARMSTRONG IS SOON JOINED ON THE SURFACE 581 00:31:23,515 --> 00:31:25,450 {\an7}BY BUZZ ALDRIN. 582 00:31:25,484 --> 00:31:27,086 {\an7}THE CAMERA CAPTURES THEIR WALK 583 00:31:27,119 --> 00:31:31,890 {\an7}\h\hIN THE MOST EXTREME PLACE HUMAN BEINGS HAVE EVER STOOD. 584 00:31:31,923 --> 00:31:35,960 {\an7}[CHEERING] 585 00:31:35,994 --> 00:31:38,964 {\an7}Narrator: AFTER THE SUCCESS \h\hOF THIS FIRST MOONWALK, 586 00:31:38,997 --> 00:31:40,432 {\an7}MISSIONS ON THE LUNAR SURFACE 587 00:31:40,465 --> 00:31:43,501 {\an7}\h\h\hBECOME LONGER AND MORE AMBITIOUS. 588 00:31:43,535 --> 00:31:45,971 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSanzone: WE WENT FROM A FOUR-HOUR SYSTEM 589 00:31:46,004 --> 00:31:48,106 {\an7}THAT EXISTED ON APOLLO 11 590 00:31:48,140 --> 00:31:52,745 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTO A SEVEN-HOUR SYSTEM FOR THOSE LAST THREE MISSIONS. 591 00:31:52,778 --> 00:31:55,681 {\an7}Narrator: FREE TO ROAM MILES \h\h\hFROM THEIR SPACECRAFT, 592 00:31:55,714 --> 00:31:58,083 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE ASTRONAUTS WEARING THE NEW MOON SUITS, 593 00:31:58,116 --> 00:32:02,854 {\an7}LIKE APOLLO 16’s CHARLIE DUKE, CAN’T WAIT TO TRY THEM OUT. 594 00:32:11,563 --> 00:32:13,532 {\an7}Duke: OK. 595 00:32:13,565 --> 00:32:16,601 {\an7}\hI STEPPED ON THE MOON, SAW THAT FIRST FOOTPRINT, 596 00:32:16,635 --> 00:32:18,670 {\an7}\hAND THE THOUGHT KEPT GOING TO ME, 597 00:32:18,703 --> 00:32:21,539 {\an7}"I’M ON THE MOON, I’M ON THE MOON." 598 00:32:21,573 --> 00:32:23,375 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hIT WAS JUST AN OVERWHELMING FEELING 599 00:32:23,408 --> 00:32:25,477 {\an7}OF JUST, "I’M ON THE MOON," 600 00:32:25,510 --> 00:32:27,812 {\an7}AND IT WAS AWESOME. 601 00:32:36,555 --> 00:32:37,856 {\an7}Narrator: GENE CERNAN, 602 00:32:37,889 --> 00:32:41,626 {\an7}\h\h\hTHE LAST MAN TO WALK ON THE MOON, ON APOLLO 17, 603 00:32:41,660 --> 00:32:44,463 {\an7}\hWILL SPEND THE LONGEST OUT ON THE LUNAR SURFACE, 604 00:32:44,496 --> 00:32:48,233 {\an7}MORE THAN 22 HOURS \h\h\hOVER 3 DAYS. 605 00:32:48,266 --> 00:32:51,369 {\an7}\hCernan: THE A7L, THE SUIT I WALKED ON THE MOON WITH, 606 00:32:51,403 --> 00:32:53,372 {\an7}WAS AS GOOD AS IT GETS. 607 00:32:53,405 --> 00:32:56,241 {\an7}\hI MEAN, THAT WAS MY OWN PRIVATE LITTLE SPACECRAFT 608 00:32:56,274 --> 00:32:59,978 {\an7}\hI HAD SURROUNDING ME TO ROAM ABOUT THE MOON. 609 00:33:05,383 --> 00:33:07,252 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCernan: I WAS TOTALLY INDEPENDENT. 610 00:33:07,285 --> 00:33:09,487 {\an7}I HAD MY COMMUNICATIONS. \h\h\h\hI HAD MY OXYGEN. 611 00:33:09,521 --> 00:33:12,491 {\an7}I HAD MY COOLING. \h\hI HAD IT ALL. 612 00:33:12,524 --> 00:33:13,792 {\an7}THINK ABOUT THAT. 613 00:33:13,825 --> 00:33:18,396 {\an7}THAT’S NO WIRES, NO CABLES, \hNO NOTHING ATTACHING ME. 614 00:33:18,430 --> 00:33:24,970 {\an7}♪ 615 00:33:25,003 --> 00:33:28,073 {\an7}\h\hNarrator: INSIDE THESE EXTRAORDINARY SPACE SUITS, 616 00:33:28,106 --> 00:33:30,241 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIT’S EASY FOR THE ASTRONAUTS TO FORGET 617 00:33:30,275 --> 00:33:33,011 {\an7}THAT THEY’RE STANDING \hIN A DEADLY VACUUM. 618 00:33:33,044 --> 00:33:34,746 {\an7}\h\h\hDuke: HERE I AM WORKING ON THE MOON, 619 00:33:34,779 --> 00:33:38,283 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND I DON’T THINK I EVER ONCE STOPPED TO THINK, 620 00:33:38,316 --> 00:33:41,286 {\an7}\h"MY GOSH, I’M ON THE MOON, AND THIS SUIT’S GOT TO WORK." 621 00:33:41,319 --> 00:33:44,155 {\an7}\h\h\hYOU JUST DON’T THINK ABOUT THOSE KIND OF THINGS. 622 00:33:44,189 --> 00:33:45,891 {\an7}Cernan: I HAD ALL THE CONFIDENCE IN THE WORLD 623 00:33:45,924 --> 00:33:49,027 {\an7}EXCEPT FOR ONE TIME \h\h\hAT ONE POINT. 624 00:33:49,060 --> 00:33:53,898 {\an7}IF YOU FALL AND YOU PUT A HOLE \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THAT SUIT. 625 00:33:55,066 --> 00:33:58,636 {\an7}Duke: IF YOU PUNCTURE IT, \h\h\h\hUH, YOU’RE DEAD. 626 00:33:58,670 --> 00:34:01,573 {\an7}THE BACKPACK HAD THE OXYGEN, \h\h\h\h\hTHE COOLING WATER, 627 00:34:01,606 --> 00:34:04,042 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hALL THE PUMPS, ALL THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS. 628 00:34:04,075 --> 00:34:07,078 {\an7}EVERYTHING TO KEEP YOU ALIVE \h\h\h\hWAS IN THAT BACKPACK, 629 00:34:07,112 --> 00:34:10,449 {\an7}AND IF IT BROKE, UH, YOU’RE DEAD. 630 00:34:10,482 --> 00:34:12,584 {\an7}Narrator: THE APOLLO SUITS \h\hPROVE THEY CAN SURVIVE 631 00:34:12,617 --> 00:34:15,720 {\an7}THE ROUGH AND TUMBLE OF LUNAR EXPLORATION, 632 00:34:15,754 --> 00:34:19,124 {\an7}BUT THERE’S A BIGGER DANGER \h\h\hTO THEM ON THE MOON-- 633 00:34:19,157 --> 00:34:22,293 {\an7}\h\hDUST, OFTEN MADE OF JAGGED PARTICLES, 634 00:34:22,327 --> 00:34:26,832 {\an7}FORMED BY CONTINUOUS METEORITE IMPACTS OVER BILLIONS OF YEARS. 635 00:34:26,865 --> 00:34:29,735 {\an7}Duke: MOON DUST IS VERY, \hVERY FINE, LIKE POWDER, 636 00:34:29,768 --> 00:34:31,737 {\an7}\h\h\hAND YOU’D BRUSH AND BRUSH AND BRUSH, 637 00:34:31,770 --> 00:34:36,308 {\an7}AND SOME OF IT WOULD COME OFF, \h\h\h\hBUT NOT NEARLY ENOUGH, 638 00:34:36,341 --> 00:34:39,311 {\an7}SO THE SUITS ENDED UP GRAY. 639 00:34:39,344 --> 00:34:40,412 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: ALTHOUGH THE ASTRONAUTS 640 00:34:40,445 --> 00:34:42,781 {\an7}WERE UNAWARE OF IT AT THE TIME, 641 00:34:42,814 --> 00:34:44,849 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHE DAMAGE THAT THE ABRASIVE LUNAR DUST 642 00:34:44,883 --> 00:34:49,121 {\an7}WAS CAUSING TO THEIR SUITS \hIS CLEARLY VISIBLE TODAY. 643 00:34:49,154 --> 00:34:52,658 {\an7}\h\h\h\hCONSERVATOR LISA YOUNG, AT THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 644 00:34:52,691 --> 00:34:55,894 {\an7}LOOKS AFTER THEM. 645 00:34:55,927 --> 00:34:57,495 {\an7}\h\h\h\hLisa Young: THIS IS CHARLIE DUKE’S SPACE SUIT, 646 00:34:57,529 --> 00:34:59,131 {\an7}FROM THE APOLLO 16 MISSION. 647 00:34:59,164 --> 00:35:00,732 {\an7}THIS IS A MICROSCOPIC VIEW 648 00:35:00,765 --> 00:35:04,602 {\an7}\h\h\h\hOF LUNAR DUST EMBEDDED IN THE OUTER LAYER OF THE SUIT. 649 00:35:04,636 --> 00:35:08,206 {\an7}\hBECAUSE IT IS SO ABRASIVE AND IT CLINGS TO THE SUIT MATERIALS 650 00:35:08,239 --> 00:35:10,274 {\an7}\hAND IT EMBEDS ITSELF IN THOSE LITTLE FIBERS, 651 00:35:10,308 --> 00:35:12,410 {\an7}IT CREATES PROBLEMS. 652 00:35:12,444 --> 00:35:15,914 {\an7}OVER HERE, YOU CAN SEE A LITTLE \hBIT OF FUZZINESS IN THE IMAGE 653 00:35:15,947 --> 00:35:17,315 {\an7}IS ACTUALLY ABRASIONS 654 00:35:17,349 --> 00:35:20,485 {\an7}WHERE THE FIBERS HAVE SEPARATED \h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND BROKEN APART. 655 00:35:20,518 --> 00:35:23,688 {\an7}\h\h\hTIME HAS TAKEN A TOLL ON THE SPACE SUITS UNFORTUNATELY. 656 00:35:23,722 --> 00:35:25,557 {\an7}\hA LOT OF THE MATERIALS USED IN THE SPACE PROGRAM 657 00:35:25,590 --> 00:35:27,559 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hARE REACHING THEIR 50-YEAR LIFE SPAN, 658 00:35:27,592 --> 00:35:29,060 {\an7}SO WE’RE NOT SURE SCIENTIFICALLY 659 00:35:29,094 --> 00:35:30,896 {\an7}WHAT’S GOING TO HAPPEN \h\h\h\h\h\hAFTER THAT. 660 00:35:30,929 --> 00:35:34,332 {\an7}WE JUST TRY TO KEEP IT FROM DEGRADING FURTHER. 661 00:35:34,366 --> 00:35:36,268 {\an7}\h\h\h\hWHEN PEOPLE COME TO THE NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM, 662 00:35:36,301 --> 00:35:37,569 {\an7}THEY NEED TO BE SEEING 663 00:35:37,602 --> 00:35:39,571 {\an7}THE SPACE SUIT THAT SOMEBODY \h\h\hUSED TO GO TO THE MOON. 664 00:35:39,604 --> 00:35:43,608 {\an7}\h\h\h\hMan on radio: 5, 4, WE’VE GONE FOR MAIN ENGINE. 665 00:35:43,642 --> 00:35:45,611 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: WITH THE RACE TO THE MOON WON, 666 00:35:45,644 --> 00:35:50,015 {\an7}\h\hA NEW CHALLENGE BECKONS ON OUR ROAD TO THE STARS-- 667 00:35:50,048 --> 00:35:53,218 {\an7}SETTLEMENT OF SPACE. 668 00:35:53,251 --> 00:35:54,819 {\an7}MORE PEOPLE THAN EVER BEFORE 669 00:35:54,853 --> 00:35:57,356 {\an7}WILL NOW MAKE THE ASCENT \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO ORBIT, 670 00:35:57,389 --> 00:36:01,894 {\an7}\hLEARNING TO LIVE BEYOND THEIR HOME PLANET FOR MONTHS ON END. 671 00:36:03,762 --> 00:36:07,532 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND THIS DEMANDS A NEW KIND OF SPACE SUIT. 672 00:36:07,565 --> 00:36:10,768 {\an7}Steve Dionne: THE APOLLO-ERA SUITS HAD A VERY SHORT LIFE. 673 00:36:10,802 --> 00:36:12,837 {\an7}\h\hTHEY JUST SERVED FOR THAT ONE MISSION. 674 00:36:12,871 --> 00:36:16,508 {\an7}\hWITH SHUTTLE, THE SUITS ARE REUSABLE OVER AND OVER AGAIN. 675 00:36:16,541 --> 00:36:18,510 {\an7}SPACE SUITS ARE PUT TOGETHER \h\h\h\hFOR INDIVIDUAL PEOPLE 676 00:36:18,543 --> 00:36:20,779 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hBY ASSEMBLING DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS 677 00:36:20,812 --> 00:36:23,782 {\an7}OF STANDARD-SIZE COMPONENTS. 678 00:36:23,815 --> 00:36:26,017 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: SUCH REUSABLE SPACE SUITS 679 00:36:26,051 --> 00:36:29,454 {\an7}HAVE NOW BEEN WORN BY DOZENS \h\hOF DIFFERENT ASTRONAUTS, 680 00:36:29,487 --> 00:36:33,691 {\an7}\h\h\h\hDURING MORE THAN 150 SPACE WALKS, OR EVAs, 681 00:36:33,725 --> 00:36:36,328 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO BUILD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, 682 00:36:36,361 --> 00:36:39,764 {\an7}AND TODAY, ANY VISITORS \h\hCAN USE THE SUITS, 683 00:36:39,798 --> 00:36:41,933 {\an7}STORED PERMANENTLY ON BOARD. 684 00:36:41,966 --> 00:36:43,701 {\an7}\h\h\h\hDionne: THE SPACE SUITS ARE LAUNCHED TO SPACE STATION, 685 00:36:43,735 --> 00:36:45,470 {\an7}AND THEY STAY UP THERE \h\hFOR SEVERAL YEARS, 686 00:36:45,503 --> 00:36:47,138 {\an7}SO WE’VE CHANGED FROM A SCENARIO 687 00:36:47,172 --> 00:36:49,107 {\an7}WHERE THE MAINTENANCE IS ALL GROUND-BASED, 688 00:36:49,140 --> 00:36:50,575 {\an7}DONE BY EXPERIENCED TECHNICIANS, 689 00:36:50,608 --> 00:36:54,112 {\an7}TO IT’S DONE ON ORBIT \hBY THE ASTRONAUTS. 690 00:36:54,145 --> 00:36:55,647 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: SPACE WALKS ARE A REGULAR 691 00:36:55,680 --> 00:36:58,116 {\an7}AND VITAL PART OF LIFE IN ORBIT, 692 00:36:58,149 --> 00:37:03,354 {\an7}BUT THEY’RE NEVER ROUTINE, \h\h\h\h\hAND ALWAYS RISKY. 693 00:37:03,388 --> 00:37:05,523 {\an7}IT’S JULY 2013, 694 00:37:05,557 --> 00:37:09,027 {\an7}AND EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY ASTRONAUT LUCA PARMITANO 695 00:37:09,060 --> 00:37:11,262 {\an7}AND NASA’S CHRIS CASSIDY 696 00:37:11,296 --> 00:37:15,233 {\an7}ARE MAKING THE LATEST SPACE WALK FROM THE STATION. 697 00:37:15,266 --> 00:37:18,102 {\an7}\h\h\h\hParmitano: CHRIS AND I WERE GOING TO INSTALL EQUIPMENT 698 00:37:18,136 --> 00:37:22,807 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hON THE OUTSIDE TO ALLOW DATA TO BE TRANSMITTED. 699 00:37:22,841 --> 00:37:24,576 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: VICKY MARGIOTT IS MONITORING 700 00:37:24,609 --> 00:37:28,880 {\an7}THE SPACE WALK, OR EVA, \h\h\hFROM THE GROUND. 701 00:37:28,913 --> 00:37:30,314 {\an7}\h\h\hVicky Margiott: IT WAS A NORMAL EVA. 702 00:37:30,348 --> 00:37:32,150 {\an7}THE CREW GETS INTO THEIR SUIT. 703 00:37:32,183 --> 00:37:36,888 {\an7}THEY’VE GONE OUTSIDE THE HATCH, \h\h\h\h\hSO WE WERE WATCHING. 704 00:37:36,921 --> 00:37:38,489 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hParmitano: AND I’D JUST FINISHED A TASK 705 00:37:38,523 --> 00:37:40,892 {\an7}WHEN I FELT WATER \h\hIN MY HELMET. 706 00:37:40,925 --> 00:37:43,528 {\an7}IT COULD HAVE BEEN SWEAT, \hBUT IT FELT LIKE A LOT. 707 00:37:43,561 --> 00:37:45,930 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND IT JUST, IT DIDN’T MAKE ANY SENSE, 708 00:37:45,964 --> 00:37:47,532 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND THAT’S WHEN I CALLED THE GROUND. 709 00:37:52,203 --> 00:37:54,138 {\an7}Narrator: IT’S NEWS THAT TAKES \h\h\h\hEVERYONE ON THE GROUND 710 00:37:54,172 --> 00:37:55,840 {\an7}BY SURPRISE. 711 00:37:55,874 --> 00:37:57,576 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hDave Graziosi: NOBODY REALLY EVER ANTICIPATED 712 00:37:57,609 --> 00:38:01,480 {\an7}\hTHAT YOU COULD HAVE WATER BACKING UP INTO THE HELMET. 713 00:38:02,647 --> 00:38:04,215 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMargiott: SO, WE REALLY WEREN’T SURE 714 00:38:04,249 --> 00:38:07,319 {\an7}WHAT THE SOURCE OF THE WATER WAS AT THAT POINT IN TIME. 715 00:38:13,992 --> 00:38:16,962 {\an7}\h\h\hNarrator: IN ZERO GRAVITY, THE SURFACE TENSION OF THE WATER 716 00:38:16,995 --> 00:38:21,399 {\an7}\hBINDS IT TOGETHER INTO A STICKY MASS. 717 00:38:21,432 --> 00:38:22,967 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hParmitano: EVEN IF I TRIED TO SHAKE IT OFF, 718 00:38:23,001 --> 00:38:24,769 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hIT FELT LIKE I WAS JUST MOVING MY HEAD 719 00:38:24,803 --> 00:38:27,105 {\an7}INSIDE THIS BUBBLE OF WATER. 720 00:38:27,138 --> 00:38:28,706 {\an7}Narrator: NO ONE KNOWS IT YET, 721 00:38:28,740 --> 00:38:32,911 {\an7}\hBUT OVER 2 1/2 PINTS OF WATER IS FLOODING INTO LUCA’S HELMET. 722 00:38:43,888 --> 00:38:45,423 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hParmitano: I COULD FEEL IT TRAVELING 723 00:38:45,456 --> 00:38:48,426 {\an7}\h\hFROM THE BACK OF MY HEAD TOWARDS THE FRONT OF MY HEAD. 724 00:38:48,459 --> 00:38:49,794 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMargiott: BASED ON THAT INFORMATION, 725 00:38:49,828 --> 00:38:53,065 {\an7}\hTHE FLIGHT DIRECTOR CALLED TO TERMINATE THE SPACE WALK. 726 00:38:53,097 --> 00:38:54,398 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMan: ALL RIGHT, CHRIS AND LUCA, 727 00:38:54,432 --> 00:38:57,669 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWE THINK WE’RE GOING TO TERMINATE EVA CASE FOR EV-2, 728 00:38:57,702 --> 00:39:01,539 {\an7}SO, LUCA, WE’LL HAVE YOU HEAD BACK TO THE AIRLOCK. 729 00:39:01,573 --> 00:39:05,243 {\an7}Narrator: LUCA SHOULD REACH THE AIRLOCK IN UNDER FIVE MINUTES, 730 00:39:05,276 --> 00:39:07,311 {\an7}BUT HE’S STRUGGLING. 731 00:39:07,345 --> 00:39:09,480 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hParmitano: MOVING AROUND IN A SPACE SUIT 732 00:39:09,514 --> 00:39:12,717 {\an7}AROUND THE SPACE STATION \h\hIS NOT AN EASY TASK. 733 00:39:12,750 --> 00:39:15,953 {\an7}YOU HAVE TO MANEUVER YOUR BODY \h\h\h\h\h\hAND YOUR SPACE SUIT 734 00:39:15,987 --> 00:39:19,691 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND REORIENT IT ACCORDING TO WHERE YOU ARE. 735 00:39:19,724 --> 00:39:22,227 {\an7}\hSO, WHILE I WAS DOING ONE OF THESE MANEUVERS, 736 00:39:22,260 --> 00:39:23,628 {\an7}THE SUN WENT DOWN. 737 00:39:26,731 --> 00:39:29,067 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hIT HAPPENS ALMOST INSTANTANEOUSLY. 738 00:39:29,100 --> 00:39:32,537 {\an7}ONE MOMENT YOU HAVE LIGHT, YOU HAVE HEAT, YOU CAN SEE, 739 00:39:32,570 --> 00:39:35,840 {\an7}AND THE NEXT, ALL THAT IS GONE. 740 00:39:35,874 --> 00:39:39,077 {\an7}\h\h\h\hYOU ARE LEFT IN COMPLETE DARKNESS. 741 00:39:39,110 --> 00:39:41,446 {\an7}THAT’S WHEN THE WATER \h\hCOVERED MY EYES. 742 00:39:41,479 --> 00:39:43,581 {\an7}\h\hIT COVERED MY EYES, AND IT COVERED MY NOSE, 743 00:39:43,615 --> 00:39:46,118 {\an7}AND IT ALSO WENT INSIDE MY EARS. 744 00:39:48,686 --> 00:39:51,122 {\an7}Parmitano: NOW I COULDN’T SEE. \h\h\h\h\h\h\hI COULDN’T HEAR. 745 00:39:51,155 --> 00:39:53,124 {\an7}\h\h\hI HAD TO BREATHE ONLY THROUGH MY MOUTH, 746 00:39:53,157 --> 00:39:55,292 {\an7}AND I COULDN’T TALK. 747 00:39:55,326 --> 00:39:59,764 {\an7}\hTHEN I REALIZED THAT TIME WAS REALLY NOT ON MY SIDE. 748 00:39:59,797 --> 00:40:01,098 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hMan on radio: HEY, LUCA, FROM HOUSTON. 749 00:40:01,132 --> 00:40:05,436 {\an7}\hHOW YOU DOING? GIVE US A STATUS. 750 00:40:05,470 --> 00:40:08,406 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCassidy: LUCA, DID YOU HEAR THAT? 751 00:40:08,439 --> 00:40:09,407 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMargiott: WHEN LUCA DID NOT RESPOND 752 00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:10,775 {\an7}IS THE FIRST TIME 753 00:40:10,808 --> 00:40:14,078 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT WE UNDERSTOOD THE MAGNITUDE OF, OF THE EVENT. 754 00:40:14,112 --> 00:40:16,381 {\an7}WE’RE ALL LISTENING TO THE COMM. 755 00:40:16,414 --> 00:40:19,050 {\an7}MY KNEES WERE SHAKING. 756 00:40:19,083 --> 00:40:21,152 {\an7}WE WERE CONCERNED. 757 00:40:21,185 --> 00:40:22,620 {\an7}Graziosi: AND THEN THE CLOCK’S 758 00:40:22,654 --> 00:40:24,356 {\an7}REALLY TICKING FAST \h\hAT THAT POINT. 759 00:40:24,389 --> 00:40:25,790 {\an7}IT WAS SCARY. 760 00:40:25,823 --> 00:40:28,192 {\an7}\hParmitano: I DIDN’T KNOW IF THE WATER KEPT FLOWING, 761 00:40:28,226 --> 00:40:30,095 {\an7}IF IT WOULD COVER MY MOUTH, 762 00:40:30,128 --> 00:40:31,529 {\an7}I WAS THINKING, 763 00:40:31,562 --> 00:40:34,865 {\an7}\h\h\h\h"WHAT IF MY NEXT BREATH I’M GOING TO BE DRINKING WATER? 764 00:40:34,899 --> 00:40:36,734 {\an7}WHAT AM I GOING TO DO?" 765 00:40:40,872 --> 00:40:43,575 {\an7}\h\hI KNEW THAT THERE WAS A PATH THAT I COULD TAKE 766 00:40:43,608 --> 00:40:44,909 {\an7}\hUSING THE HANDLES THAT ARE INSTALLED 767 00:40:44,943 --> 00:40:47,679 {\an7}OUTSIDE THE SPACE STATION. 768 00:40:47,712 --> 00:40:49,113 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hEVEN THOUGH I COULDN’T REALLY SEE 769 00:40:49,147 --> 00:40:51,850 {\an7}BECAUSE MY EYES WERE COVERED \hWITH WATER AND IT WAS DARK, 770 00:40:51,883 --> 00:40:54,853 {\an7}I KNEW THE GENERAL DIRECTION \h\h\h\h\h\h\hI HAD TO TAKE. 771 00:40:54,886 --> 00:40:56,187 {\an7}Narrator: REACHING THE HATCH, 772 00:40:56,220 --> 00:40:59,156 {\an7}LUCA FINALLY MAKES IT TO THE AIRLOCK INSIDE 773 00:40:59,190 --> 00:41:00,558 {\an7}AND WAITS FOR CHRIS. 774 00:41:06,431 --> 00:41:09,501 {\an7}\h\hNarrator: BUT MISSION CONTROL NO LONGER HAVE CONTACT WITH HIM, 775 00:41:09,534 --> 00:41:11,569 {\an7}\hAND NO ONE KNOWS IF HE’S ALL RIGHT. 776 00:41:24,315 --> 00:41:27,151 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMargiott: PROBABLY ABOUT A MINUTE OF CHRIS 777 00:41:27,185 --> 00:41:28,787 {\an7}TRYING TO COMMUNICATE \h\h\h\h\h\hWITH LUCA 778 00:41:28,820 --> 00:41:32,023 {\an7}AND NO RESPONSE BACK \h\h\h\hON THE COMM. 779 00:41:32,056 --> 00:41:34,458 {\an7}Woman: HATCH COMING OPEN. 780 00:41:34,492 --> 00:41:36,461 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: INSIDE THE SPACE STATION, 781 00:41:36,494 --> 00:41:37,795 {\an7}THE CREW ARE STANDING BY 782 00:41:37,829 --> 00:41:41,433 {\an7}TO GET LUCA OUT OF HIS SUIT \h\h\hAS FAST AS POSSIBLE. 783 00:41:55,013 --> 00:41:56,381 {\an7}Parmitano: IT WAS VERY MOVING, 784 00:41:56,414 --> 00:41:59,417 {\an7}\h\hTHEIR CONCERN AND HOW FAST THEY MOVED TRYING TO, TO HELP ME 785 00:41:59,450 --> 00:42:04,555 {\an7}AND TO DRY MY FACE AND TO GET, TO GET ME OUT OF THE SUIT. 786 00:42:04,589 --> 00:42:06,858 {\an7}Margiott: WE WERE VERY HAPPY \h\h\hTO HEAR, AND RELIEVED, 787 00:42:06,891 --> 00:42:11,062 {\an7}THAT, YOU KNOW, HE WAS FINE. 788 00:42:11,095 --> 00:42:13,831 {\an7}Narrator: NASA CANCELS ALL FUTURE SPACE WALKS 789 00:42:13,865 --> 00:42:18,870 {\an7}UNTIL THEY CAN FIGURE OUT \h\h\h\hWHAT WENT WRONG. 790 00:42:18,903 --> 00:42:20,538 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hGraziosi: YOU START GOING BACK THROUGH 791 00:42:20,571 --> 00:42:23,140 {\an7}THESE VERY COMPLEX SCHEMATICS \hOF THE LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM, 792 00:42:23,174 --> 00:42:25,376 {\an7}\h\hTRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHAT COULD HAVE HAPPENED. 793 00:42:25,410 --> 00:42:27,045 {\an7}\h\h\hPaul Spampinato: ONCE IT WAS DETERMINED 794 00:42:27,078 --> 00:42:28,980 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT COMPONENTS IN THE LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM 795 00:42:29,013 --> 00:42:32,450 {\an7}WERE THE SOURCE OF THIS PROBLEM, 796 00:42:32,483 --> 00:42:35,186 {\an7}\hTHEN THE HISTORY OF THOSE COMPONENTS WERE LOOKED AT. 797 00:42:35,219 --> 00:42:37,922 {\an7}WHAT WERE THE SERIAL NUMBERS? WHAT WAS THE COOLING GARMENT? 798 00:42:37,955 --> 00:42:40,391 {\an7}WHEN WAS IT LAST TESTED? \h\h\h\hWHAT WAS ITS AGE? 799 00:42:40,425 --> 00:42:42,961 {\an7}WAS IT NEAR ITS LIFE EXPECTANCY? 800 00:42:42,994 --> 00:42:45,029 {\an7}Narrator: THE INVESTIGATION \h\hREVEALS A BLOCKED LINE 801 00:42:45,063 --> 00:42:46,865 {\an7}IN THE SUIT’S COOLING SYSTEM 802 00:42:46,898 --> 00:42:51,302 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHAT DIVERTED WATER INTO THE HELMET’S AIR SUPPLY. 803 00:42:51,335 --> 00:42:53,470 {\an7}A REPAIR IS CARRIED OUT \h\h\h\h\h\h\hON BOARD, 804 00:42:53,504 --> 00:42:56,240 {\an7}AND THE SUIT’S MAINTENANCE \h\hPROCEDURES ARE CHANGED. 805 00:42:56,274 --> 00:42:57,542 {\an7}Parmitano: I CAN GUARANTEE YOU 806 00:42:57,575 --> 00:42:59,977 {\an7}\hTHAT THAT FAILURE IS NOT GOING TO HAPPEN EVER AGAIN, 807 00:43:00,011 --> 00:43:03,781 {\an7}\h\hSO, IN A WAY, WE HAVE A LOT OF LESSONS LEARNED FROM MY EVA 808 00:43:03,815 --> 00:43:07,686 {\an7}AND FROM WHAT HAPPENED THAT DAY. 809 00:43:07,718 --> 00:43:10,287 {\an7}Narrator: THE LESSONS LEARNED \h\h\hFROM LUCA’S EXPERIENCE 810 00:43:10,321 --> 00:43:12,523 {\an7}\h\hARE INVALUABLE FOR FUTURE MISSIONS 811 00:43:12,557 --> 00:43:16,428 {\an7}EVEN FURTHER AWAY FROM EARTH. 812 00:43:16,461 --> 00:43:19,664 {\an7}De León: WHEN WE START THINKING ABOUT TAKING PEOPLE TO MARS, 813 00:43:19,697 --> 00:43:22,867 {\an7}\hONE OF THE MAIN CHALLENGES IS THE DISTANCE WE ARE FROM EARTH, 814 00:43:22,900 --> 00:43:26,170 {\an7}AND WE HAVE TO DEVELOP \h\h\h\h\hA SUIT SYSTEM 815 00:43:26,204 --> 00:43:29,908 {\an7}THAT WILL BE ABLE TO BE REPAIRED AND MAINTAINED 816 00:43:29,941 --> 00:43:34,679 {\an7}VERY, VERY FAR FROM HOME. 817 00:43:34,712 --> 00:43:37,448 {\an7}\h\h\hGreg Quinn: THE SUIT WILL HAVE TO BE MUCH MORE RELIABLE. 818 00:43:37,482 --> 00:43:39,951 {\an7}IT WILL HAVE TO BE MAINTAINED \h\h\h\h\hBY THE ASTRONAUTS, 819 00:43:39,984 --> 00:43:42,687 {\an7}TO A GREATER EXTENT, \h\hEVEN THAN TODAY. 820 00:43:42,720 --> 00:43:47,291 {\an7}THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION PROVIDES AN IDEAL PLATFORM 821 00:43:47,325 --> 00:43:50,595 {\an7}FOR TESTING THE NEXT GENERATION OF SPACE SUITS 822 00:43:50,628 --> 00:43:54,532 {\an7}\h\hPRIOR TO GOING DEEPER INTO SPACE. 823 00:43:54,565 --> 00:43:56,000 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: BUT TOMORROW’S SPACE SUITS 824 00:43:56,033 --> 00:43:59,937 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hDON’T JUST NEED TO BE ROBUST ENOUGH FOR EXPLORATION. 825 00:43:59,971 --> 00:44:03,174 {\an7}THIS TIME THEY MUST BE BUILT \h\h\h\h\h\hFOR COLONIZATION. 826 00:44:03,207 --> 00:44:05,543 {\an7}De León: WE NEED TO PROVIDE THE ASTRONAUTS A SPACE SUIT 827 00:44:05,576 --> 00:44:08,179 {\an7}\h\hTHAT WILL ALLOW THEM TO DO CONSTRUCTION WORK, 828 00:44:08,212 --> 00:44:13,084 {\an7}\h\h\hSET UP FACILITIES AS WE DO HERE ON EARTH. 829 00:44:13,117 --> 00:44:16,487 {\an7}\h\hTO REACH A MOBILITY CLOSE TO WHAT WE HAVE HERE ON EARTH 830 00:44:16,521 --> 00:44:19,591 {\an7}IS ONE OF THE MAIN CHALLENGES \h\h\h\hOF SPACE SUIT DESIGN, 831 00:44:19,624 --> 00:44:23,995 {\an7}AND WE ARE STILL WORKING WITH THE IDEAS OF RUSSELL COLLEY. 832 00:44:26,097 --> 00:44:28,733 {\an7}\h\hNarrator: 80 YEARS AFTER COLLEY’S FIRST PRESSURE SUIT 833 00:44:28,766 --> 00:44:32,203 {\an7}CARRIED WILEY POST \h\hTO NEW HEIGHTS, 834 00:44:32,236 --> 00:44:36,140 {\an7}HIS DESIGNS ARE NOW BRINGING \hTHE DREAM OF LIVING ON MARS 835 00:44:36,174 --> 00:44:38,109 {\an7}A STEP CLOSER. 836 00:44:38,142 --> 00:44:40,277 {\an7}De León: I REALLY BELIEVE \h\h\hTHAT THE NEXT, UH, 837 00:44:40,311 --> 00:44:42,914 {\an7}PLACE WHERE WE’LL EXPLORE \h\h\h\h\h\hWILL BE MARS. 838 00:44:42,947 --> 00:44:48,753 {\an7}♪ 839 00:44:48,786 --> 00:44:51,756 {\an7}Parmitano: ONE DAY IT’S GOING TO LET US CONTINUE OUR EXPLORATION 840 00:44:51,789 --> 00:44:53,357 {\an7}BEYOND LOW-EARTH ORBIT 841 00:44:53,391 --> 00:44:56,261 {\an7}\h\h\hAND WILL ALLOW SOMEBODY LIKE ME TO, 842 00:44:56,294 --> 00:44:59,564 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTO PUT HIS FOOT ON THE RED SOIL OF MARS. 843 00:44:59,597 --> 00:45:08,773 {\an7}♪ 844 00:45:08,806 --> 00:45:13,210 {\an7}De León: NOW WE ARE REACHING THE POINT OF TECHNOLOGICAL MATURITY 845 00:45:13,244 --> 00:45:16,981 {\an7}WHERE WE WILL BE ABLE TO SET UP 846 00:45:17,014 --> 00:45:20,918 {\an7}A MORE OR LESS PERMANENT PLACE FOR HUMANKIND ON MARS. 847 00:45:20,952 --> 00:45:25,223 {\an7}THAT IS COMPARABLE \hTO 500 YEARS AGO 848 00:45:25,256 --> 00:45:28,960 {\an7}\h\hWHEN PEOPLE STARTED GOING AWAY FROM EUROPE 849 00:45:28,993 --> 00:45:32,063 {\an7}\h\h\hAND GOING TO PLACES WHERE, MANY YEARS LATER, 850 00:45:32,096 --> 00:45:34,465 {\an7}WE CONSIDER IT HOME. 851 00:45:34,498 --> 00:45:37,101 {\an7}WE ARE REACHING THAT POINT \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN HISTORY 852 00:45:37,134 --> 00:45:39,737 {\an7}\h\hWHERE WE ARE BECOMING A MULTIPLANETARY SPECIES, 853 00:45:39,770 --> 00:45:43,140 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND I THINK THAT IS JUST AMAZING. 854 00:45:43,174 --> 00:45:53,217 {\an7}♪ 855 00:45:53,217 --> 00:45:58,823 {\an7}♪