1 00:00:02,503 --> 00:00:03,871 {\an7}Narrator: THE JET ENGINE. 2 00:00:03,904 --> 00:00:07,174 {\an7}\h\hIN JUST A FEW DECADES, IT’S CONQUERED THE SKIES. 3 00:00:07,207 --> 00:00:09,876 {\an7}\hMan: ONE OF OUR GE ENGINES TAKES OFF EVERY TWO SECONDS 4 00:00:09,910 --> 00:00:12,913 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAROUND THE WORLD EVERY MINUTE OF EVERY DAY. 5 00:00:12,946 --> 00:00:17,117 {\an7}Narrator: IT’S ONE OF THE SAFEST FORMS OF TRAVEL EVER INVENTED. 6 00:00:17,150 --> 00:00:22,956 {\an7}BUT ITS BIRTH WAS A BATTLE OF BRAVERY AND INGENUITY. 7 00:00:22,990 --> 00:00:25,893 {\an7}\h\hMan: JUST LIKE WE HAD A SPACE RACE IN THE 1960s, 8 00:00:25,926 --> 00:00:28,796 {\an7}WE REALLY HAVE A JET RACE \h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE 1940s. 9 00:00:28,829 --> 00:00:31,298 {\an7}Man: YOU CANNOT AFFORD \h\hTO MAKE MISTAKES, 10 00:00:31,331 --> 00:00:34,067 {\an7}THEY ARE VERY UNFORGIVING. 11 00:00:34,101 --> 00:00:37,605 {\an7}THEY HAD A HUGE NUMBER \h\h\h\hOF ACCIDENTS. 12 00:00:37,638 --> 00:00:40,841 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hMan: ALL OF A SUDDEN MY STARBOARD ENGINE FLAMED OUT, 13 00:00:40,874 --> 00:00:42,175 {\an7}THE ENGINE STOPPED. 14 00:00:42,209 --> 00:00:45,345 {\an7}\hTHIS WAS A REALLY SCARY, SCARY THING. 15 00:00:45,379 --> 00:00:47,381 {\an7}Narrator: THE SACRIFICE \h\h\hOF THESE PIONEERS 16 00:00:47,414 --> 00:00:50,017 {\an7}HAS TRANSFORMED SOCIETY, 17 00:00:50,050 --> 00:00:52,519 {\an7}CREATING A WHOLE NEW WAY \h\h\h\h\hOF TRAVELING. 18 00:00:52,553 --> 00:00:54,221 {\an7}Man: IT DID SHRINK THE WORLD. 19 00:00:54,254 --> 00:00:56,089 {\an7}Man: IF YOU BUY A LETTUCE \h\h\hIN THE SUPERMARKET, 20 00:00:56,123 --> 00:00:57,257 {\an7}HOW DID YOU GET IT? 21 00:00:57,291 --> 00:00:59,093 {\an7}THERE’S HALF A CHANCE \hIT WAS FLOWN TO YOU. 22 00:00:59,126 --> 00:01:00,628 {\an7}AND THE JET ENGINE DID THAT. 23 00:01:00,661 --> 00:01:01,896 {\an7}Man: IF THE JET ENGINE \h\h\h\h\hWAS REMOVED, 24 00:01:01,929 --> 00:01:04,098 {\an7}THE WORLD’S ECONOMY \h\hWOULD COLLAPSE. 25 00:01:04,131 --> 00:01:07,067 {\an7}Narrator: THIS IS THE STORY \h\h\h\h\hOF THE JET ENGINE, 26 00:01:07,100 --> 00:01:11,638 {\an7}\hTOLD BY THOSE WHO INVENTED IT, THOSE WHO PUSH IT TO NEW LIMITS, 27 00:01:11,672 --> 00:01:15,109 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND THOSE WHO DREAM OF TAKING IT TO NEW HEIGHTS. 28 00:01:26,386 --> 00:01:31,825 {\an7}LOCKHEED’S BLACKBIRD SPY PLANE, THE LEGENDARY SR-71, 29 00:01:31,858 --> 00:01:34,928 {\an7}CAPABLE OF FLYING FASTER THAN \h\h\h\hANY OTHER JET AIRCRAFT 30 00:01:34,962 --> 00:01:36,897 {\an7}IN HISTORY. 31 00:01:41,501 --> 00:01:43,136 {\an7}\hMaury Rosenberg: WE WOULD TAKE OFF, 32 00:01:43,170 --> 00:01:45,506 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hPUT THE GEAR UP, LOWER THE NOSE A LITTLE BIT, 33 00:01:45,539 --> 00:01:49,309 {\an7}AND WE’D JUST START A CLIMB TO MACH 3 AND ABOUT 78,000 FEET. 34 00:01:49,343 --> 00:01:50,477 {\an7}GOD, WE LOVE THAT ENGINE. 35 00:01:50,510 --> 00:01:52,445 {\an7}[CHUCKLES] 36 00:01:52,479 --> 00:01:55,782 {\an7}Don Bulloch: YOU’RE ABOVE 95% \h\hOF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE. 37 00:01:55,816 --> 00:01:57,184 {\an7}YOU CAN SEE THE CURVATURE \h\h\h\h\h\hOF THE EARTH, 38 00:01:57,217 --> 00:02:02,422 {\an7}THE SKY IS BLACK, IT’S NOT BLUE, YOU CAN SEE STARS. 39 00:02:02,456 --> 00:02:05,926 {\an7}Narrator: IT’S THE 24th \h\h\hOF SEPTEMBER 1974, 40 00:02:05,959 --> 00:02:07,761 {\an7}AND PILOT MAURY ROSENBERG 41 00:02:07,794 --> 00:02:10,864 {\an7}AND HIS RECONNAISSANCE SYSTEMS \h\h\h\h\hOFFICER DON BULLOCH 42 00:02:10,897 --> 00:02:15,902 {\an7}ARE ON AN ENGINE TEST FLIGHT \h\hOUT OF OKINAWA IN JAPAN. 43 00:02:15,936 --> 00:02:17,571 {\an7}\hBulloch: WE’RE DIRECTED ON THIS PARTICULAR MISSION 44 00:02:17,604 --> 00:02:23,577 {\an7}\h\hTO GO TAKE THE AIRPLANE TO TOP SPEED, WHICH WAS MACH 3.2. 45 00:02:23,610 --> 00:02:26,446 {\an7}AND AS WE’RE SLOWING DOWN, \h\h\h\h\hBACK TO MACH 3, 46 00:02:26,480 --> 00:02:30,084 {\an7}WE HAVE A BANG OR A BUMP. 47 00:02:30,117 --> 00:02:32,920 {\an7}AND THE AIRPLANE SHAKES \h\h\hPRETTY VIOLENTLY, 48 00:02:32,953 --> 00:02:35,489 {\an7}AND A LITTLE BIT OF SHUDDERING \h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE AIRPLANE. 49 00:02:35,522 --> 00:02:38,392 {\an7}Narrator: THEIR RIGHT ENGINE \h\hFAILS CATASTROPHICALLY, 50 00:02:38,425 --> 00:02:42,896 {\an7}MAKING THE BLACKBIRD UNSTABLE \hAND THREATENING THEIR LIVES. 51 00:02:42,929 --> 00:02:44,264 {\an7}Rosenberg: IT WAS REAL BUMPY, 52 00:02:44,297 --> 00:02:46,633 {\an7}\hAND WE’RE BOUNCING AROUND AND GETTING SLAMMED AROUND. 53 00:02:46,667 --> 00:02:49,937 {\an7}SO I LOOKED IN THE PERISCOPE, \h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND I SEE SMOKE. 54 00:02:49,970 --> 00:02:53,373 {\an7}\h\h\h\hI TOLD DON, YOU KNOW, I THINK WE’RE REALLY ON FIRE! 55 00:02:53,407 --> 00:02:55,042 {\an7}I HAVE A FIRE LIGHT ON THE RIGHT ENGINE. 56 00:02:55,075 --> 00:02:57,945 {\an7}Narrator: IF THE FIRE SPREADS, \hIT COULD DESTROY THE PLANE. 57 00:02:57,978 --> 00:02:59,780 {\an7}THEY MUST SHUT DOWN THE ENGINE. 58 00:02:59,813 --> 00:03:00,981 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBulloch: START THE FIRE CHECKLIST, 59 00:03:01,014 --> 00:03:02,249 {\an7}TO SHUT OFF THE FUEL 60 00:03:02,282 --> 00:03:05,185 {\an7}\h\hAND MAKE SURE WE STOP THE COMBUSTION IF WE CAN. 61 00:03:05,218 --> 00:03:07,087 {\an7}ENGINE FIRE CHECKLIST. 62 00:03:07,120 --> 00:03:09,489 {\an7}THROTTLE OFF, FUEL OFF. 63 00:03:09,523 --> 00:03:12,426 {\an7}Rosenberg: THROTTLE OFF, \h\h\h\h\h\h\hFUEL OFF. 64 00:03:12,459 --> 00:03:13,927 {\an7}FIRE LIGHT STILL ON. 65 00:03:13,960 --> 00:03:19,599 {\an7}Bulloch: REPEAT THE CHECKLIST, \h\h\h\hAND STILL HAVE A FIRE. 66 00:03:19,633 --> 00:03:24,071 {\an7}Narrator: THE LEFT ENGINE IS NOW ALL THAT’S KEEPING THEM FLYING. 67 00:03:26,039 --> 00:03:28,308 {\an7}Rosenberg: AND AS WE GOT THROUGH THAT CHECKLIST, 68 00:03:28,341 --> 00:03:30,009 {\an7}THE LEFT ENGINE FLAMES OUT. 69 00:03:30,043 --> 00:03:31,845 {\an7}Bulloch: AND AT THAT POINT, \h\h\h\h\h\hYOU SAID, OKAY, 70 00:03:31,878 --> 00:03:33,980 {\an7}SOMETHING REALLY SERIOUS \h\h\h\h\h\hIS GOING ON, 71 00:03:34,014 --> 00:03:36,450 {\an7}BECAUSE THIS HAS NEVER \h\h\hHAPPENED BEFORE. 72 00:03:36,483 --> 00:03:37,918 {\an7}Narrator: WITHOUT EITHER ENGINE, 73 00:03:37,951 --> 00:03:40,220 {\an7}THEY’RE NOW DROPPING \h\hOUT OF THE SKY. 74 00:03:40,253 --> 00:03:42,055 {\an7}Rosenberg: THIS AIRPLANE \h\h\hFALLS LIKE A ROCK, 75 00:03:42,089 --> 00:03:45,626 {\an7}AND ALL I CAN SEE BETWEEN \h\hMY KNEES IS THE OCEAN, 76 00:03:45,659 --> 00:03:48,362 {\an7}AND THE THOUGHT THAT’S GOING \h\h\h\hTHROUGH MY MIND IS, 77 00:03:48,395 --> 00:03:49,796 {\an7}WE MIGHT HAVE TO BAIL \hOUT OF THIS AIRPLANE 78 00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:52,466 {\an7}IF I DON’T GET THIS LEFT ENGINE RUNNING. 79 00:03:58,638 --> 00:03:59,939 {\an7}Narrator: POWERED FLIGHT, 80 00:03:59,973 --> 00:04:02,943 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hPIONEERED BY THE WRIGHT BROTHERS IN 1903, 81 00:04:02,976 --> 00:04:06,313 {\an7}HARNESSES PROPELLERS TO DRIVE \h\h\h\h\h\h\hA PLANE FORWARDS 82 00:04:06,346 --> 00:04:09,449 {\an7}BY PUSHING AIR BACKWARDS. 83 00:04:09,483 --> 00:04:11,852 {\an7}BUT THIS TECHNOLOGY IS GETTING \h\h\h\h\hCLOSE TO ITS LIMITS 84 00:04:11,885 --> 00:04:13,987 {\an7}BY THE LATE 1920s. 85 00:04:14,020 --> 00:04:18,057 {\an7}PROPELLERS SIMPLY CAN’T \h\h\h\hSPIN ANY FASTER. 86 00:04:18,091 --> 00:04:21,661 {\an7}Jeremy Kinney: A PROPELLER IS \h\h\h\h\hA ROTATING AIRFOIL. 87 00:04:21,695 --> 00:04:23,363 {\an7}AND AS A PROPELLER TURNS, 88 00:04:23,396 --> 00:04:24,898 {\an7}THE TIPS OF THE BLADES \h\h\h\hGO SUPERSONIC, 89 00:04:24,931 --> 00:04:26,166 {\an7}THEY HAVE SHOCK WAVES. 90 00:04:26,199 --> 00:04:28,501 {\an7}THAT LIMITS ITS EFFICIENCY, \h\hAND IT CAN’T GO FASTER. 91 00:04:28,535 --> 00:04:31,171 {\an7}SO THERE’S A PHYSICAL LIMITATION TO PROPELLERS 92 00:04:31,204 --> 00:04:34,941 {\an7}TAKING THE AIRPLANE HIGHER, \h\h\h\hFASTER AND FARTHER. 93 00:04:34,975 --> 00:04:38,145 {\an7}\hNarrator: IN THE 1920s, THIS PHYSICAL LIMIT STOPS AIRPLANES 94 00:04:38,178 --> 00:04:42,315 {\an7}\hFLYING FASTER THAN 360 MILES PER HOUR. 95 00:04:42,349 --> 00:04:44,985 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hPOWERED FLIGHT NEEDS A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT APPROACH 96 00:04:45,018 --> 00:04:47,487 {\an7}TO BREAK THIS BARRIER. 97 00:04:47,521 --> 00:04:52,226 {\an7}AND IT COMES IN 1929, NOT FROM \h\hAN AERONAUTICAL ENGINEER, 98 00:04:52,259 --> 00:04:55,829 {\an7}BUT FROM A BRILLIANT \h\h\hBRITISH PILOT. 99 00:04:55,862 --> 00:04:57,664 {\an7}HIS NAME IS FRANK WHITTLE, 100 00:04:57,697 --> 00:05:00,233 {\an7}AND HE’LL MAKE THE GREATEST \h\hCONTRIBUTION TO AVIATION 101 00:05:00,267 --> 00:05:02,803 {\an7}SINCE THE WRIGHT BROTHERS. 102 00:05:02,836 --> 00:05:06,440 {\an7}Ian Whittle: MY FIRST MEMORY \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF DAD WAS, 103 00:05:06,473 --> 00:05:09,876 {\an7}I SUPPOSE WHEN I WAS ABOUT TWO AND HALF, 104 00:05:09,910 --> 00:05:13,180 {\an7}\h\h\hSOMETHING LIKE THAT, AND HE WAS AN RAF OFFICER. 105 00:05:13,213 --> 00:05:15,615 {\an7}WE WERE CONSCIOUS OF THE FACT \h\h\h\h\hTHAT HE WAS A PILOT 106 00:05:15,649 --> 00:05:19,353 {\an7}BUT DIDN’T EVER SEEM TO BE \h\hFLYING ANY AIRPLANES. 107 00:05:19,386 --> 00:05:22,155 {\an7}Narrator: FRANK WHITTLE DOESN’T HAVE TIME TO FLY 108 00:05:22,189 --> 00:05:25,693 {\an7}BECAUSE HE’S WORKING DAY AND \h\hNIGHT ON HIS BIG IDEA-- 109 00:05:25,725 --> 00:05:30,463 {\an7}A NEW PROPULSION SYSTEM \h\h\h\h\hFOR AIRPLANES. 110 00:05:30,497 --> 00:05:32,599 {\an7}Frank Whittle: THE THOUGHT: GET RID OF THE PISTON ENGINE 111 00:05:32,632 --> 00:05:34,167 {\an7}AND SUBSTITUTE A TURBINE. 112 00:05:34,201 --> 00:05:36,403 {\an7}YOU MIGHT SAY THAT CAME \h\h\h\hOUT OF THE BLUE. 113 00:05:38,338 --> 00:05:41,875 {\an7}AFTER THE IDEA HAD COME TO ME, \h\h\hI THOUGHT "MY GOODNESS, 114 00:05:41,908 --> 00:05:44,110 {\an7}WHY DIDN’T I THINK \hOF THIS BEFORE?" 115 00:05:44,144 --> 00:05:47,514 {\an7}AND IT SEEMED SO OBVIOUS THEN. 116 00:05:47,547 --> 00:05:51,518 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: AT THE HEART OF IT IS A MACHINE CALLED THE GAS TURBINE. 117 00:05:51,551 --> 00:05:54,487 {\an7}IT FOLLOWS THE SAME PRINCIPLE \h\h\h\h\hAS A STEAM TURBINE. 118 00:05:54,521 --> 00:05:56,556 {\an7}BUT INSTEAD OF HARNESSING STEAM, 119 00:05:56,590 --> 00:05:59,693 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIT USES THE FLOW OF HOT, HIGH-PRESSURE AIR 120 00:05:59,726 --> 00:06:01,861 {\an7}TO DO MECHANICAL WORK. 121 00:06:01,895 --> 00:06:04,998 {\an7}AND SOME ENGINEERS SEE IT \h\h\h\hAS AN ALTERNATIVE 122 00:06:05,031 --> 00:06:08,268 {\an7}\hTO THE PISTON ENGINE FOR POWERING A PLANE. 123 00:06:08,301 --> 00:06:10,236 {\an7}Kinney: A GAS TURBINE ENGINE \h\h\h\h\hIS VERY ATTRACTIVE 124 00:06:10,270 --> 00:06:11,905 {\an7}FROM THE DESIGN STANDPOINT. 125 00:06:11,938 --> 00:06:14,307 {\an7}UNLIKE A PISTON ENGINE THAT \h\h\hHAS HUNDREDS OF PARTS 126 00:06:14,341 --> 00:06:15,843 {\an7}THAT ARE INTERCONNECTED \h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND MOVING 127 00:06:15,876 --> 00:06:18,412 {\an7}AND HAVE TO BE ALIGNED \h\hAND SYNCHRONIZED, 128 00:06:18,445 --> 00:06:21,448 {\an7}THERE’S LITTLE MOVING EQUIPMENT INSIDE A GAS TURBINE ENGINE. 129 00:06:21,481 --> 00:06:24,250 {\an7}SO YOU HAVE ROTATING MACHINERY \h\h\h\hTHAT MOVES VERY FAST, 130 00:06:24,284 --> 00:06:27,154 {\an7}AND THAT ENABLES THAT TO PRODUCE THAT POWER. 131 00:06:27,187 --> 00:06:30,490 {\an7}BUT THE CHALLENGE IS MAKING \hTHAT WORK FOR AN AIRPLANE. 132 00:06:30,523 --> 00:06:32,458 {\an7}[STEAM WHISTLE BLOWS] 133 00:06:32,492 --> 00:06:35,328 {\an7}\h\hNarrator: BUILDING A WORKING GAS TURBINE NEEDS NEW MATERIALS 134 00:06:35,362 --> 00:06:39,299 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHAT CAN WITHSTAND THE TEMPERATURES THAT THEY GENERATE. 135 00:06:39,332 --> 00:06:42,535 {\an7}IN ADDITION, WHITTLE WILL NEED \h\hTO FIND A WAY TO MAKE ONE 136 00:06:42,569 --> 00:06:45,305 {\an7}THAT’S POWERFUL ENOUGH TO PROPEL AN AIRPLANE, 137 00:06:45,338 --> 00:06:48,074 {\an7}YET LIGHT ENOUGH TO FLY. 138 00:06:48,108 --> 00:06:50,777 {\an7}\hHIS BREAKTHROUGH IS TO HARNESS THE EXHAUST GAS 139 00:06:50,810 --> 00:06:54,714 {\an7}\hCOMING OUT THE BACK AS A SOURCE OF PROPULSION. 140 00:06:54,748 --> 00:06:56,850 {\an7}IT’S AN ELEGANT IDEA THAT \h\h\hWILL GIVE THE ENGINE 141 00:06:56,883 --> 00:06:59,052 {\an7}THE THRUST IT NEEDS. 142 00:06:59,085 --> 00:07:02,589 {\an7}BUT OTHERS ARE HIGHLY SKEPTICAL ABOUT WHITTLE’S SOLUTION. 143 00:07:02,622 --> 00:07:03,857 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hEric Brown: THE ELDER SCIENTISTS, 144 00:07:03,890 --> 00:07:07,861 {\an7}MANY OF WHOM WERE WORKING \h\h\h\hON JET PROPULSION, 145 00:07:07,894 --> 00:07:12,265 {\an7}DIDN’T BELIEVE THAT A YOUNG MAN COULD WRITE A THESIS 146 00:07:12,299 --> 00:07:17,638 {\an7}REALLY LAYING OUT HIS IDEAS \h\h\h\h\hFOR JET AIRCRAFT. 147 00:07:17,671 --> 00:07:21,475 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hSO THERE WAS PROFESSIONAL JEALOUSY. 148 00:07:21,508 --> 00:07:24,745 {\an7}HUGELY. 149 00:07:24,778 --> 00:07:26,947 {\an7}Narrator: PROFESSIONAL JEALOUSY ROBS WHITTLE 150 00:07:26,980 --> 00:07:30,650 {\an7}OF THE FUNDING HE NEEDS \hTO BUILD A PROTOTYPE. 151 00:07:30,684 --> 00:07:32,619 {\an7}Kinney: A PISTON ENGINE \h\h\h\hGOES 2,000 RPM. 152 00:07:32,652 --> 00:07:36,089 {\an7}\hTHESE ENGINES ARE GOING TO BE GOING TO BE TURNING 16,000 RPM! 153 00:07:36,122 --> 00:07:38,992 {\an7}AND SO THIS IS A LOT OF HIGH-SPEED MOTION 154 00:07:39,025 --> 00:07:40,026 {\an7}THAT HAS TO BE QUELLED 155 00:07:40,060 --> 00:07:42,596 {\an7}\h\h\hWITH MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS. 156 00:07:42,629 --> 00:07:43,630 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hDick Hallion: WHITTLE’S BIG CHALLENGE 157 00:07:43,663 --> 00:07:45,465 {\an7}IS A MATERIALS SCIENCE \h\h\h\h\hCHALLENGE-- 158 00:07:45,498 --> 00:07:48,901 {\an7}\h\hAND THAT IS YOU HAVE TO FIND A WAY TO ENCLOSE THIS COMBUSTION 159 00:07:48,935 --> 00:07:50,603 {\an7}TO THE POINT THAT \hIT ESCAPES THEN 160 00:07:50,637 --> 00:07:52,005 {\an7}THROUGH THE NOZZLE OF THE ENGINE 161 00:07:52,038 --> 00:07:53,673 {\an7}WITHOUT DESTROYING THE ENGINE. 162 00:07:53,707 --> 00:07:55,842 {\an7}\h\hKinney: HE NEEDS HIGH-STRENGTH ALLOYS 163 00:07:55,875 --> 00:07:57,944 {\an7}THAT ACTUALLY CAN WITHSTAND \h\h\hTHE HIGH TEMPERATURE, 164 00:07:57,978 --> 00:08:00,647 {\an7}IN EXCESS OF 1,000 DEGREES, 165 00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:03,249 {\an7}WHICH CAN PUT A LOT OF STRESS AND STRAIN 166 00:08:03,283 --> 00:08:06,052 {\an7}ON THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE. 167 00:08:07,821 --> 00:08:10,924 {\an7}\hNarrator: THESE MECHANICAL CHALLENGES AND LITTLE MONEY 168 00:08:10,957 --> 00:08:13,526 {\an7}MEAN THAT WHITTLE SUFFERS \h\h\h\h\h\hMANY SETBACKS, 169 00:08:13,560 --> 00:08:18,698 {\an7}ONE OF WHICH, IN APRIL 1937, \h\h\h\hHE’LL NEVER FORGET. 170 00:08:18,732 --> 00:08:21,335 {\an7}Whittle: FATHER WAS IN CHARGE \h\h\h\h\hOF THE FUEL CONTROL, 171 00:08:21,368 --> 00:08:22,970 {\an7}AND HE WAS SIGNALING \h\h\hSOMEBODY ELSE 172 00:08:23,003 --> 00:08:27,741 {\an7}TO GET THE STARTER MOTOR \h\h\h\h\h\hUP TO SPEED. 173 00:08:27,774 --> 00:08:30,377 {\an7}THEN HE STARTS PUTTING FUEL IN. 174 00:08:30,410 --> 00:08:32,512 {\an7}THE ENGINE BEGAN TO ACCELERATE. 175 00:08:32,545 --> 00:08:33,679 {\an7}FINE. 176 00:08:33,713 --> 00:08:35,915 {\an7}THAT’S WHAT THEY WERE \hHOPING IT WOULD DO. 177 00:08:35,949 --> 00:08:39,786 {\an7}BUT THE TROUBLE WAS THAT IT JUST CARRIED ON ACCELERATING, 178 00:08:43,923 --> 00:08:44,891 {\an7}WHICH HE COULDN’T UNDERSTAND. 179 00:08:44,924 --> 00:08:46,159 {\an7}IT WAS QUITE FRIGHTENING, 180 00:08:46,192 --> 00:08:49,395 {\an7}BECAUSE IT WENT FROM A SORT \h\h\h\hOF GROWL TO A SCREAM 181 00:08:49,429 --> 00:08:52,265 {\an7}AND GOT UP TO ABOUT 8,000 RPM. 182 00:08:52,298 --> 00:08:53,699 {\an7}FUEL HAD COLLECTED 183 00:08:53,733 --> 00:08:57,737 {\an7}\hIN THE BOTTOM OF THIS RATHER RAMSHACKLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER, 184 00:08:57,771 --> 00:09:00,007 {\an7}AND THAT’S WHAT WAS KEEPING \h\h\h\h\hTHE ENGINE GOING, 185 00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:03,610 {\an7}WHAT IT WAS ACCELERATING \h\h\h\h\h\h\hITSELF ON! 186 00:09:03,643 --> 00:09:07,380 {\an7}Narrator: EXCESS FUEL IS POOLING IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS. 187 00:09:07,414 --> 00:09:10,918 {\an7}WHITTLE HAS LOST CONTROL OVER THE ENGINE’S SPEED. 188 00:09:10,950 --> 00:09:13,486 {\an7}\h\hHallion: ONE OF THE GREAT DIFFICULTIES WAS FINDING A WAY 189 00:09:13,520 --> 00:09:15,055 {\an7}TO GOVERN THE ENGINE, 190 00:09:15,088 --> 00:09:18,458 {\an7}TO FIND JUST THE RIGHT AMOUNT \h\h\hOF FUEL TO GET A STEADY, 191 00:09:18,491 --> 00:09:20,026 {\an7}PRODUCTIVE COMBUSTION, 192 00:09:20,060 --> 00:09:22,963 {\an7}BUT NOT SO MUCH FUEL THAT IT WOULD CAUSE THE ENGINE 193 00:09:22,996 --> 00:09:25,098 {\an7}TO ACCELERATE COMPLETELY \h\h\h\hOUT OF CONTROL, 194 00:09:25,131 --> 00:09:27,567 {\an7}AND COME COMPLETELY APART. 195 00:09:33,273 --> 00:09:37,110 {\an7}[EXPLOSION] 196 00:09:37,143 --> 00:09:38,411 {\an7}Whittle: AND HE STOOD THERE, 197 00:09:38,445 --> 00:09:41,615 {\an7}AND HE WONDERED WHAT ON EARTH \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHAD HAPPENED. 198 00:09:41,648 --> 00:09:44,751 {\an7}\hAND LOOKED AROUND AND THERE WAS NOBODY AROUND. 199 00:09:44,784 --> 00:09:47,620 {\an7}ALL THE MECHANICS \hHAD DONE A BUNK! 200 00:09:50,190 --> 00:09:51,892 {\an7}Narrator: THROUGH THE 1930s, 201 00:09:51,925 --> 00:09:53,660 {\an7}WHITTLE REFINES HIS INVENTION 202 00:09:53,693 --> 00:09:57,030 {\an7}INTO A MARVEL OF DESIGN \hAND MATERIALS SCIENCE 203 00:09:57,063 --> 00:10:00,066 {\an7}THAT WILL EVENTUALLY \hCHANGE THE WORLD. 204 00:10:02,902 --> 00:10:06,339 {\an7}MARK DRAKE, FROM THE GLOBAL \hTECHNOLOGY COMPANY DYSON, 205 00:10:06,372 --> 00:10:08,975 {\an7}HAS HELPED TO RESTORE ONE OF WHITTLE’S LATER ENGINES 206 00:10:09,008 --> 00:10:10,743 {\an7}TO CELEBRATE HIS INGENUITY. 207 00:10:12,011 --> 00:10:13,713 {\an7}Mark Drake: THIS ENGINE IS \h\h\hNEARLY 70 YEARS OLD, 208 00:10:13,746 --> 00:10:16,449 {\an7}SO WE’VE GOT TO TREAT HER \h\hWITH A LOT OF RESPECT. 209 00:10:16,483 --> 00:10:18,318 {\an7}OK, GOING LIVE. 210 00:10:18,351 --> 00:10:20,954 {\an7}APPLY POWER TO THE BOARD, SO THAT’S POWERED UP NOW. 211 00:10:20,987 --> 00:10:24,090 {\an7}THROTTLE IS SHUT, MAIN VALVE IS ON. 212 00:10:24,124 --> 00:10:26,159 {\an7}SO AT THIS POINT I’M GOING TO \h\h\hTURN ON THE FUEL SYSTEM, 213 00:10:26,192 --> 00:10:29,729 {\an7}AND I’LL TURN ON THE IGNITION. 214 00:10:29,762 --> 00:10:31,764 {\an7}OK, JAMES. 215 00:10:36,369 --> 00:10:38,371 {\an7}OK. THAT’LL DO. 216 00:10:38,404 --> 00:10:52,652 {\an7}[WHIRRING] 217 00:11:27,453 --> 00:11:29,522 {\an7}Narrator: WHITTLE’S \hSUCCESSFUL DESIGN 218 00:11:29,556 --> 00:11:32,125 {\an7}\h\h\hIS A SO-CALLED CENTRIFUGAL ENGINE, 219 00:11:32,158 --> 00:11:35,395 {\an7}WHICH THROWS THE AIR OUTWARDS. 220 00:11:35,428 --> 00:11:38,364 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWITHOUT INTEREST FROM A BRITISH AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURER, 221 00:11:38,398 --> 00:11:42,269 {\an7}\hIT REMAINS GROUNDED THROUGHOUT THE 1930s. 222 00:11:42,302 --> 00:11:45,605 {\an7}BUT WORD OF HIS INVENTION MAKES IT OVER TO GERMANY, 223 00:11:45,638 --> 00:11:49,041 {\an7}WHERE PHYSICIST AND DESIGNER \h\h\h\h\h\h\hHANS VON OHAIN 224 00:11:49,075 --> 00:11:53,079 {\an7}IS ALSO LOOKING TO GAS TURBINES TO POWER FLIGHT. 225 00:11:53,112 --> 00:11:55,715 {\an7}Kinney: VON OHAIN IS ABLE \h\h\hTO DEVELOP AN ENGINE 226 00:11:55,748 --> 00:11:58,184 {\an7}MUCH QUICKER THAN WHITTLE DOES. 227 00:11:58,218 --> 00:12:00,454 {\an7}HE HAS THE SUPPORT OF ERNST HEINKEL-- 228 00:12:00,486 --> 00:12:04,223 {\an7}A SELF-OBSESSED SPEED DESIGNER, INDUSTRIALIST. 229 00:12:04,257 --> 00:12:06,960 {\an7}AND THEY START DEVELOPING \hA FLIGHT-WORTHY ENGINE. 230 00:12:06,993 --> 00:12:09,229 {\an7}Hallion: HEINKEL AND SPEED \h\h\h\h\hWERE SYNONYMOUS. 231 00:12:09,262 --> 00:12:12,632 {\an7}THEY ALL RECOGNIZE THAT THEY \hREALLY HAVE THE GERM HERE 232 00:12:12,665 --> 00:12:15,101 {\an7}OF A VERY EXCITING IDEA. 233 00:12:15,134 --> 00:12:18,971 {\an7}IF IT DOES WORK OUT, IT WILL \hREVOLUTIONIZE EVERYTHING. 234 00:12:19,005 --> 00:12:22,675 {\an7}Narrator: BY THE SUMMER OF 1939, VON OHAIN AND HEINKEL ARE READY 235 00:12:22,709 --> 00:12:26,179 {\an7}TO TEST FLY THEIR VERSION \hOF A CENTRIFUGAL ENGINE. 236 00:12:26,212 --> 00:12:33,086 {\an7}IT WILL POWER AN EXPERIMENTAL \hAIRCRAFT CALLED THE HE-178. 237 00:12:33,119 --> 00:12:35,021 {\an7}ON THE 27th OF AUGUST, 238 00:12:35,054 --> 00:12:38,391 {\an7}\h\h\hTEST PILOT ERICH WARSITZ PREPARES TO TAKE THE CONTROLS 239 00:12:38,424 --> 00:12:41,360 {\an7}\h\hOF VON OHAIN’S PIONEERING ENGINE. 240 00:12:41,394 --> 00:12:46,065 {\an7}\hHE’S ABOUT TO BECOME THE FIRST HUMAN BEING TO FLY A JET PLANE. 241 00:12:49,469 --> 00:12:52,105 {\an7}THE MOMENT IS CAUGHT ON CAMERA. 242 00:12:54,641 --> 00:12:55,976 {\an7}Erich Warsitz, translated: THE AIRCRAFT BEGAN TO ROLL 243 00:12:56,009 --> 00:12:57,577 {\an7}STRAIGHT AND LEVEL, 244 00:12:57,610 --> 00:13:00,580 {\an7}AND THEN QUICKLY PICKED UP \h\h\h\hA VERY FAST SPEED. 245 00:13:00,613 --> 00:13:02,815 {\an7}THE MACHINE WAS HANGING \hA LITTLE TO THE LEFT, 246 00:13:02,849 --> 00:13:05,185 {\an7}BUT I KEPT HER TRIMMED WITH STICK AND RUDDER. 247 00:13:05,218 --> 00:13:07,654 {\an7}SHE WAS YAWING A LITTLE. 248 00:13:07,687 --> 00:13:10,089 {\an7}Narrator: AT 250 MILES PER HOUR, 249 00:13:10,123 --> 00:13:14,327 {\an7}VON OHAIN’S JET MIGHT NOT BE THE FASTEST AIRCRAFT OF ITS TIME, 250 00:13:14,360 --> 00:13:16,529 {\an7}BUT IT’S THE DAWNING \h\h\hOF A NEW AGE, 251 00:13:16,562 --> 00:13:20,699 {\an7}THAT WILL PUSH POWERED FLIGHT \h\hTO NEW HEIGHTS AND SPEEDS. 252 00:13:20,733 --> 00:13:24,503 {\an7}Kinney: THE FLIGHT OF THE HE-178 IS A MAJOR MOMENT IN AVIATION 253 00:13:24,537 --> 00:13:25,638 {\an7}BUT ALSO WORLD HISTORY. 254 00:13:25,672 --> 00:13:26,907 {\an7}AND THAT’S PRETTY MUCH \h\h\h\hOUR INDICATION 255 00:13:26,939 --> 00:13:30,409 {\an7}OF THE JET AGE HAS BEGUN. 256 00:13:30,443 --> 00:13:32,445 {\an7}Warsitz: BELOW ME I COULD SEE \h\h\h\h\h\h\hEVERYONE WAVING. 257 00:13:32,478 --> 00:13:35,047 {\an7}I TOLD MYSELF AS I COMPLETED \h\h\h\h\hA SECOND CIRCUIT, 258 00:13:35,081 --> 00:13:36,549 {\an7}"OK, FINISH OFF!" 259 00:13:36,582 --> 00:13:38,084 {\an7}AND I BROUGHT HER IN. 260 00:13:38,117 --> 00:13:40,920 {\an7}Hallion: IT HAS THE SAME \hMOMENTOUS CONSEQUENCE 261 00:13:40,953 --> 00:13:44,924 {\an7}THAT THAT SHORT, 12-SECOND FLIGHT OF THE WRIGHTS HAD, 262 00:13:44,957 --> 00:13:47,960 {\an7}ON DECEMBER 17, 1903. 263 00:13:47,994 --> 00:13:50,730 {\an7}Narrator: ERICH WARSITZ, \h\hTHE FIRST JET PILOT, 264 00:13:50,763 --> 00:13:54,367 {\an7}LANDS A FEW MINUTES LATER. 265 00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:55,768 {\an7}Warsitz: BRINGING THE MACHINE \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO A STOP 266 00:13:55,802 --> 00:13:59,539 {\an7}A METER BEFORE WHERE HEINKEL AND HIS STAFF WERE STANDING. 267 00:14:01,040 --> 00:14:04,043 {\an7}YOU CAN IMAGINE THE EUPHORIA. 268 00:14:04,077 --> 00:14:06,212 {\an7}Narrator: BUT THE CELEBRATION \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIS BRIEF. 269 00:14:06,245 --> 00:14:10,883 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hFIVE DAYS LATER, WORLD WAR II IS DECLARED, 270 00:14:10,917 --> 00:14:13,386 {\an7}AND THE DEVELOPMENT \h\hOF FASTER PLANES 271 00:14:13,419 --> 00:14:16,088 {\an7}TAKES ON A NEW SIGNIFICANCE. 272 00:14:22,061 --> 00:14:23,796 {\an7}Kinney: THERE IS A RACE TO GET \h\h\h\h\h\hTHE JET IN THE AIR 273 00:14:23,830 --> 00:14:25,065 {\an7}DURING WORLD WAR II. 274 00:14:25,098 --> 00:14:27,100 {\an7}THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT \hSEES THE JET ENGINE 275 00:14:27,133 --> 00:14:30,303 {\an7}AS A VIABLE TECHNOLOGY THAT CAN BE USED AGAINST NAZI GERMANY. 276 00:14:30,336 --> 00:14:32,605 {\an7}THE NAZIS WERE THE FIRST TO FLY, 277 00:14:32,638 --> 00:14:34,273 {\an7}AND SO THAT ACCELERATES \h\h\h\hTHE DEVELOPMENT 278 00:14:34,307 --> 00:14:36,976 {\an7}THAT FRANK WHITTLE WAS SEEING \h\h\h\h\h\hIN GREAT BRITAIN. 279 00:14:37,009 --> 00:14:38,210 {\an7}Whittle: WHEN WAR BROKE OUT, 280 00:14:38,244 --> 00:14:41,247 {\an7}\hHE CHOSE TO CONTINUE TO WORK ON HIS ENGINE. 281 00:14:41,280 --> 00:14:43,015 {\an7}HE WAS VERY TORN. 282 00:14:43,049 --> 00:14:47,787 {\an7}\hAND I THINK IT WAS ONE OF THE FACTORS THAT SORT OF UPSET HIM, 283 00:14:47,820 --> 00:14:49,555 {\an7}BECAUSE A LOT OF HIS FRIENDS \h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND COLLEAGUES 284 00:14:49,589 --> 00:14:52,525 {\an7}PAID THE ULTIMATE PRICE, 285 00:14:52,558 --> 00:14:54,393 {\an7}AND HE KNEW THIS WAS GOING ON. 286 00:14:54,427 --> 00:14:56,663 {\an7}AND THERE HE WAS SAFE AND SOUND, 287 00:14:56,696 --> 00:14:59,432 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWORKING ON HIS ENGINEERING PROJECT. 288 00:15:01,167 --> 00:15:03,503 {\an7}IF HE COULDN’T FLY AN AIRPLANE \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND FIGHT, 289 00:15:03,536 --> 00:15:07,173 {\an7}THEN HE WANTED TO SUPPLY THE RAF WITH A WARPLANE. 290 00:15:07,206 --> 00:15:10,109 {\an7}AND HE KNEW IT COULD BE DONE. 291 00:15:11,844 --> 00:15:14,513 {\an7}Narrator: THE GERMANS ALSO \h\h\hKNOW IT CAN BE DONE. 292 00:15:14,547 --> 00:15:17,016 {\an7}THEY’VE ALREADY FLOWN \h\h\hVON OHAIN’S JET 293 00:15:17,049 --> 00:15:22,021 {\an7}AND ARE NOW PIONEERING A NEW, MORE EFFICIENT ENGINE DESIGN. 294 00:15:22,054 --> 00:15:24,823 {\an7}IT FORCES THE AIR ALONG THE AXIS OF THE ENGINE, 295 00:15:24,857 --> 00:15:28,494 {\an7}TO COMPRESS AND HEAT IT, RATHER THAN THROWING IT OUTWARDS, 296 00:15:28,528 --> 00:15:31,164 {\an7}KNOWN AS AXIAL FLOW. 297 00:15:31,197 --> 00:15:33,099 {\an7}IT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BE MORE POWERFUL 298 00:15:33,132 --> 00:15:35,201 {\an7}THAN THE CENTRIFUGAL DESIGN, 299 00:15:35,234 --> 00:15:38,204 {\an7}AND COULD ULTIMATELY \hWIN THEM THE RACE. 300 00:15:38,237 --> 00:15:41,574 {\an7}Kinney: THE AXIAL FLOW ENGINE \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWAS SIMPLICITY 301 00:15:41,607 --> 00:15:43,275 {\an7}IN TERMS OF OVERALL DESIGN. 302 00:15:43,309 --> 00:15:44,544 {\an7}BUT IT WAS MUCH MORE \h\h\hOF A CHALLENGE 303 00:15:44,577 --> 00:15:46,345 {\an7}IN ACTUALLY GETTING IT TO WORK. 304 00:15:46,379 --> 00:15:49,215 {\an7}IN TERMS OF DESIGNING \h\h\hTHE COMPRESSOR, 305 00:15:49,248 --> 00:15:51,517 {\an7}THE TURBINE, AND MOVING THAT AIR THROUGH THE ENGINE 306 00:15:51,551 --> 00:15:53,686 {\an7}WAS A MUCH BROADER CHALLENGE. 307 00:15:53,719 --> 00:15:55,521 {\an7}Narrator: THE CHALLENGE \h\h\h\h\hIS EVEN HARDER 308 00:15:55,555 --> 00:15:58,892 {\an7}BECAUSE THE ALLIED BLOCKADE IS \h\h\hSTRANGLING GERMAN ACCESS 309 00:15:58,925 --> 00:16:00,760 {\an7}TO RAW MATERIALS. 310 00:16:00,793 --> 00:16:03,596 {\an7}Whittle: THE GERMANS HAD \h\h\h\hALWAYS EXPECTED 311 00:16:03,629 --> 00:16:07,166 {\an7}TO HAVE EXOTIC MATERIALS TO PRODUCE THE ALLOYS NECESSARY 312 00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:11,538 {\an7}FOR THE HIGH TEMPERATURE ENDS \hOF THEIR TURBO JET ENGINES. 313 00:16:11,571 --> 00:16:15,875 {\an7}BECAUSE THEY WERE LOSING ACCESS TO THESE EXOTIC MATERIALS, 314 00:16:15,908 --> 00:16:19,412 {\an7}IT WAS DIFFICULT FOR THEM \hTO FIND WHAT THEY NEEDED 315 00:16:19,445 --> 00:16:23,049 {\an7}FOR THE TURBINE BLADES AND \hTHE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS. 316 00:16:23,082 --> 00:16:25,651 {\an7}\h\h\hNarrator: NOW GERMAN JET ENGINEERS ARE PLAYING CATCH-UP 317 00:16:25,685 --> 00:16:26,953 {\an7}IN THE JET RACE, 318 00:16:26,986 --> 00:16:29,589 {\an7}WHILE BRITAIN’S EFFORT, \hLED BY FRANK WHITTLE, 319 00:16:29,622 --> 00:16:31,657 {\an7}IS MARCHING AHEAD. 320 00:16:31,691 --> 00:16:34,227 {\an7}BY THE 15th OF MAY 1941, 321 00:16:34,260 --> 00:16:37,230 {\an7}HIS LATEST ENGINE, THE W1, 322 00:16:37,263 --> 00:16:42,034 {\an7}IS READY FOR ITS MAIDEN FLIGHT \h\h\h\h\hUNDER TOTAL SECRECY. 323 00:16:42,068 --> 00:16:46,439 {\an7}TEST PILOT ERIC BROWN IS THERE \h\h\h\hTO WITNESS THE MOMENT. 324 00:16:46,472 --> 00:16:49,308 {\an7}Brown: WELL, I ARRIVED \h\hIN THIS AIRFIELD, 325 00:16:49,342 --> 00:16:55,114 {\an7}EVERYBODY WAS BEHAVING \hMIGHTY SUSPICIOUSLY, 326 00:16:55,147 --> 00:16:59,251 {\an7}AND I THOUGHT THERE’S SOME SORT OF CONSPIRACY GOING ON HERE. 327 00:16:59,285 --> 00:17:02,155 {\an7}OF WHAT’S INVOLVED, I KNOW NOT. 328 00:17:02,188 --> 00:17:07,560 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hI’D NEVER HEARD OF A JET AIRCRAFT, NEVER SEEN ONE. 329 00:17:07,593 --> 00:17:12,164 {\an7}TO ME THE WHOLE THING WAS \h\hTOTALLY, TOTALLY NEW. 330 00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:18,537 {\an7}AND EVENTUALLY AT 7:15 \h\h\h\hIN THE EVENING 331 00:17:18,571 --> 00:17:20,706 {\an7}IT ACTUALLY TOOK OFF. 332 00:17:26,245 --> 00:17:28,080 {\an7}Whittle: IT DISAPPEARED \h\h\h\hINTO THE CLOUDS, 333 00:17:28,114 --> 00:17:31,551 {\an7}FLEW FOR ABOUT 17 MINUTES \h\h\h\hBEFORE IT LANDED. 334 00:17:31,584 --> 00:17:33,086 {\an7}Brown: WHEN IT LANDED 335 00:17:33,119 --> 00:17:36,022 {\an7}THERE WAS SOMEBODY BEING \hMADE A GREAT FUSS OF, 336 00:17:36,055 --> 00:17:38,257 {\an7}OTHER THAN THE PILOT, 337 00:17:38,291 --> 00:17:42,896 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND OF COURSE THIS WAS FRANK WHITTLE. 338 00:17:42,929 --> 00:17:46,065 {\an7}Whittle: IN ONE STROKE \hHE OPENED UP THE WAY 339 00:17:46,098 --> 00:17:51,937 {\an7}\h\h\hTO VERY HIGH SPEED, VERY HIGH ALTITUDE FLIGHT. 340 00:17:51,971 --> 00:17:55,341 {\an7}Narrator: IT’S NOT LONG BEFORE \h\hNAVY TEST PILOT ERIC BROWN 341 00:17:55,374 --> 00:17:59,245 {\an7}IS AT THE CONTROLS OF BRITAIN’S FIRST JET PLANES HIMSELF. 342 00:17:59,278 --> 00:18:03,048 {\an7}Brown: WELL, OF COURSE, \hIT WAS HIGHLY EXCITING 343 00:18:03,082 --> 00:18:06,852 {\an7}TO BE INVOLVED IN TECHNOLOGY \h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF THIS KIND. 344 00:18:06,886 --> 00:18:08,154 {\an7}IF YOU’RE A PILOT 345 00:18:08,187 --> 00:18:12,692 {\an7}AND YOU’VE SAT IN THESE BIG, \h\h\hNOISY PISTON AIRCRAFT, 346 00:18:12,725 --> 00:18:16,495 {\an7}\h\hAND YOU SUDDENLY GET INTO THIS GLORIOUS JET, 347 00:18:16,529 --> 00:18:21,300 {\an7}YOU REALIZE THIS ISN’T \hJUST A SMALL CHANGE, 348 00:18:21,334 --> 00:18:24,671 {\an7}IT IS A MAXIMUM CHANGE. 349 00:18:27,840 --> 00:18:30,843 {\an7}Narrator: WITH BRITAIN’S FIRST \h\h\h\hJET PLANES IN THE AIR, 350 00:18:30,876 --> 00:18:35,681 {\an7}THE GERMANS ARE RACING TO FLY \h\h\h\hTHE NEW AXIAL ENGINE. 351 00:18:35,715 --> 00:18:39,986 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIT WILL POWER THE MESSERSCHMITT 262 FIGHTER PLANE. 352 00:18:42,321 --> 00:18:46,258 {\an7}\hGERMAN PILOT JORG CZYPIONKA REMEMBERS HIS FIRST ENCOUNTER 353 00:18:46,292 --> 00:18:49,962 {\an7}WITH THE NEW JET. 354 00:18:49,996 --> 00:18:51,397 {\an7}\h\h\hJorg Czypionka: I SAW THE AIRCRAFT STANDING THERE 355 00:18:51,430 --> 00:18:55,267 {\an7}\h\h\h\hON THE TARMAC, AND I WAS OVERWHELMED. 356 00:18:55,301 --> 00:18:56,502 {\an7}AND THERE SHE WAS, 357 00:18:56,535 --> 00:19:01,940 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWITH A BEAUTIFUL, TRIANGULAR-SHAPED FUSELAGE, 358 00:19:01,974 --> 00:19:03,676 {\an7}WONDERFUL LOOKING. 359 00:19:03,709 --> 00:19:06,845 {\an7}AND I REMEMBER I THOUGHT, \h\h\hTHIS IS THE FUTURE, 360 00:19:06,879 --> 00:19:08,147 {\an7}THIS IS MY NEW LOVE. 361 00:19:08,180 --> 00:19:10,449 {\an7}[LAUGHS] 362 00:19:10,483 --> 00:19:13,319 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: IT’S THE SUMMER OF 1944, 363 00:19:13,352 --> 00:19:16,055 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBEFORE THE GERMANS HAVE A FACTORY-PRODUCED MILITARY JET 364 00:19:16,088 --> 00:19:18,157 {\an7}IN THE AIR. 365 00:19:18,190 --> 00:19:20,726 {\an7}BUT THEIR ENGINES ARE \hOFTEN TEMPERAMENTAL, 366 00:19:20,760 --> 00:19:24,163 {\an7}MAKING THEM UNFORGIVING TO FLY. 367 00:19:24,196 --> 00:19:26,799 {\an7}FOR LUFTWAFFE PILOTS \h\hLIKE CZYPIONKA, 368 00:19:26,832 --> 00:19:30,703 {\an7}IT’S AN EXTRA THREAT TO THEIR \h\h\hALREADY DANGEROUS LIVES. 369 00:19:30,736 --> 00:19:34,006 {\an7}Czypionka: MY MOTHER HAD SAID, \h\h\h\h\h"DON’T KILL ANYBODY. 370 00:19:34,040 --> 00:19:36,042 {\an7}\h\hAND I SEND YOU MY GUARDIAN ANGEL. 371 00:19:36,075 --> 00:19:38,444 {\an7}HE WILL BE WITH YOU \h\h\hALL THE TIME." 372 00:19:38,477 --> 00:19:41,714 {\an7}SO I DIDN’T WANT TO KILL ANYBODY. 373 00:19:41,747 --> 00:19:45,351 {\an7}I’M ON MY WAY HOME, DARK NIGHT, 374 00:19:45,384 --> 00:19:47,386 {\an7}AND THE ENGINE WARNING LIGHT, 375 00:19:47,420 --> 00:19:53,059 {\an7}\hWHICH GIVES ME 20 MINUTES OR SOMETHING TO LAND, IS ON, 376 00:19:53,092 --> 00:19:55,861 {\an7}AND I’M QUIETLY FLYING HOME. 377 00:19:55,895 --> 00:20:00,366 {\an7}ALL OF A SUDDEN I MET A MOSQUITO WHICH CROSSED MY WAY, 378 00:20:00,399 --> 00:20:04,937 {\an7}\h\hIT WAS CLOSE TO AN ACCIDENT, VERY, VERY CLOSE TO AN ACCIDENT. 379 00:20:04,970 --> 00:20:07,139 {\an7}Narrator: CZYPIONKA \h\hFACES A DILEMMA. 380 00:20:07,173 --> 00:20:10,143 {\an7}\h\h\hIF HE CHASES THE BRITISH MOSQUITO RECONNAISSANCE PLANE, 381 00:20:10,176 --> 00:20:12,679 {\an7}HE RISKS RUNNING OUT OF FUEL. 382 00:20:12,712 --> 00:20:16,149 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hCzypionka: FIRST I WAS HESITATING, THEY HAVE FAMILIES, 383 00:20:16,182 --> 00:20:19,652 {\an7}THE WAR IS OVER ANYWAY, \h\hWHY SHOULD I SHOOT? 384 00:20:19,685 --> 00:20:22,021 {\an7}BUT EVENTUALLY, I SAID \hTHEY PROBABLY KILLED 385 00:20:22,054 --> 00:20:25,758 {\an7}ABOUT ANOTHER 10,000 OR MORE \h\h\h\h\hPEOPLE THAT NIGHT, 386 00:20:25,791 --> 00:20:30,763 {\an7}\h\hSO GIVE HIM A SHORT BURST, AND THE MOSQUITO WAS ON FIRE. 387 00:20:32,031 --> 00:20:34,767 {\an7}AND I WAS ONLY HOPING \h\h\hTHAT THE PILOTS 388 00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:36,268 {\an7}COULD GET OUT OF THIS AIRCRAFT, 389 00:20:36,302 --> 00:20:38,437 {\an7}\h\h\hAND IT LOOKED LIKE THAT WOULD BE POSSIBLE. 390 00:20:38,471 --> 00:20:40,873 {\an7}SO I CARRIED ON HOME, 391 00:20:40,906 --> 00:20:46,078 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND ALL OF A SUDDEN MY STARBOARD ENGINE FLAMED OUT, 392 00:20:46,112 --> 00:20:48,848 {\an7}\hBIG FIRE IN THE BACK, AND THE ENGINE STOPPED. 393 00:20:48,881 --> 00:20:50,950 {\an7}I WAS VERY COOL. 394 00:20:50,983 --> 00:20:55,454 {\an7}I CHANGED THE TANKS, \h\h\hINSTINCTIVELY, 395 00:20:55,488 --> 00:20:58,858 {\an7}\h\h\hAND THE ENGINE CAME TO LIFE AGAIN. 396 00:20:58,891 --> 00:21:01,327 {\an7}AND I CONTINUED AT JUST \h\h\h\hNORMAL APPROACH, 397 00:21:01,360 --> 00:21:08,067 {\an7}BUT ALWAYS THINKING, MY GOD, NOW THERE IS ALMOST NO FUEL THERE. 398 00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:09,802 {\an7}Narrator: BUT THERE’S NOWHERE \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFOR CZYPIONKA 399 00:21:09,835 --> 00:21:11,837 {\an7}TO PUT HIS JET DOWN. 400 00:21:11,871 --> 00:21:14,273 {\an7}THE PLANE IN FRONT OF HIM \h\hHAS MADE A BAD LANDING 401 00:21:14,306 --> 00:21:16,708 {\an7}AND IS NOW BLOCKING THE RUNWAY. 402 00:21:16,742 --> 00:21:19,411 {\an7}Czypionka: NOW I HAVE TO DECIDE WHAT TO DO. 403 00:21:19,445 --> 00:21:22,114 {\an7}\hIT WAS A TIME WHEN I WAS REALLY SCARY, 404 00:21:22,148 --> 00:21:25,018 {\an7}AND I TALKED TO THE AIRCRAFT \h\h\h\h\hAND TO THE ENGINE. 405 00:21:25,050 --> 00:21:27,119 {\an7}I SAID, "COME, DO IT. 406 00:21:27,153 --> 00:21:29,389 {\an7}MAKE IT, WE WILL DO IT. 407 00:21:29,421 --> 00:21:32,591 {\an7}YEAH, YEAH, COME ON." 408 00:21:32,625 --> 00:21:35,128 {\an7}NO LIGHTS, NO FUEL. 409 00:21:35,161 --> 00:21:38,698 {\an7}IT WAS A VERY BAD FEELING. 410 00:21:38,731 --> 00:21:41,300 {\an7}HAD ANY ONE OF THE ENGINES \h\h\h\h\h\hONLY HESITATED 411 00:21:41,333 --> 00:21:44,169 {\an7}\h\h\hFOR, FOR A SECOND, I WOULD HAVE BEEN DOWN. 412 00:21:44,203 --> 00:21:45,738 {\an7}\h\hBECAUSE I LOOKED AT THE SPEEDOMETER, 413 00:21:45,771 --> 00:21:48,874 {\an7}AND IT WAS ABSOLUTE STALL SPEED. 414 00:21:48,908 --> 00:21:52,278 {\an7}I HAD TO KEEP THE HEIGHT \h\h\h\h\hTO THE METER. 415 00:21:53,579 --> 00:21:58,417 {\an7}OH, IT WAS, THIS WAS A REALLY \h\h\h\h\hSCARY, SCARY THING. 416 00:22:00,886 --> 00:22:03,555 {\an7}Narrator: WITH THE BLOCKED RUNWAY HURRIEDLY CLEARED, 417 00:22:03,589 --> 00:22:07,793 {\an7}HE BRINGS HIS MESSERSCHMITT 262 AROUND ONE LAST TIME 418 00:22:07,827 --> 00:22:10,563 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTO LINE IT UP WITH THE LANDING STRIP. 419 00:22:10,596 --> 00:22:14,366 {\an7}\h\h\hHIS LIFE HANGS ON HIS JET ENGINES. 420 00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:18,671 {\an7}Czypionka: I MADE IT AROUND, AND THE ENGINE DID NOT HESITATE. 421 00:22:18,704 --> 00:22:20,940 {\an7}WHEN I STRAIGHTENED IT OUT \h\h\h\h\hINTO THE RUNWAY, 422 00:22:20,973 --> 00:22:23,375 {\an7}BOTH ENGINES STOPPED. 423 00:22:23,409 --> 00:22:28,014 {\an7}THE AIRCRAFT AND THE ENGINES \h\h\h\hDIDN’T LET ME DOWN. 424 00:22:28,047 --> 00:22:31,951 {\an7}\h\h\h\hYEAH, I WAS LUCKY. I WAS UNBELIEVABLY LUCKY. 425 00:22:37,690 --> 00:22:42,295 {\an7}Narrator: BY THE END OF 1945, \h\h\h\hWORLD WAR II IS OVER. 426 00:22:42,328 --> 00:22:44,797 {\an7}\h\h\hTHE JET HASN’T CHANGED THE OUTCOME. 427 00:22:44,830 --> 00:22:48,067 {\an7}BUT THE WAR HAS CHANGED THE JET. 428 00:22:48,100 --> 00:22:50,703 {\an7}AND SOCIETY WILL NEVER \h\hBE THE SAME AGAIN, 429 00:22:50,736 --> 00:22:54,373 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hPARTICULARLY FOR PASSENGER AVIATION. 430 00:22:54,406 --> 00:22:56,575 {\an7}♪ 431 00:22:56,609 --> 00:22:57,877 {\an7}Newsreader: BRITAIN’S \h\hAIRCRAFT INDUSTRY 432 00:22:57,910 --> 00:22:59,779 {\an7}MAY HAVE A WINNER IN THE COMET. 433 00:22:59,812 --> 00:23:01,414 {\an7}THE DE HAVILLAND COMPANY \h\h\h\h\hHAVE PRODUCED 434 00:23:01,447 --> 00:23:04,684 {\an7}THIS FOUR-ENGINED JET AIRLINER, THE FIRST IN THE WORLD, 435 00:23:04,717 --> 00:23:07,887 {\an7}\h\h\hLARGELY FROM EXPERIMENTS CARRIED OUT ON THE LITTLE 108. 436 00:23:07,920 --> 00:23:10,022 {\an7}THEIR PILOTS ARE THE FAMOUS \h\h\h\h\hWAR ACE CUNNINGHAM 437 00:23:10,055 --> 00:23:11,323 {\an7}AND JOHNNY WILSON. 438 00:23:11,357 --> 00:23:13,559 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hCUNNINGHAM TALKS TO SIR FRANK WHITTLE ON THE LEFT, 439 00:23:13,592 --> 00:23:16,061 {\an7}THE INVENTOR OF THE JET. 440 00:23:16,095 --> 00:23:18,097 {\an7}Narrator: DESPERATE TO REPAY \h\h\hTHE DEBTS IT’S RUN UP 441 00:23:18,130 --> 00:23:20,099 {\an7}FIGHTING WORLD WAR II, 442 00:23:20,132 --> 00:23:23,035 {\an7}BRITAIN TURNS TO THE JET ENGINE TO BAIL IT OUT, 443 00:23:23,068 --> 00:23:24,436 {\an7}AND IS QUICK TO DEVELOP 444 00:23:24,470 --> 00:23:29,041 {\an7}AN IMPRESSIVE, NEW JET-POWERED \h\hAIRLINER CALLED THE COMET. 445 00:23:29,074 --> 00:23:32,044 {\an7}\h\h\hWITH A TOP SPEED OF 490 MILES PER HOUR, 446 00:23:32,077 --> 00:23:35,647 {\an7}\hIT’S EXPECTED TO CUT TRAVEL TIMES IN HALF. 447 00:23:35,681 --> 00:23:37,216 {\an7}Newsreader: THE COMET SHOULD DO THE TRIP TO NEW YORK 448 00:23:37,249 --> 00:23:40,352 {\an7}\h\h\hIN SIX HOURS, AND AUSTRALIA IN 36. 449 00:23:40,386 --> 00:23:41,888 {\an7}IF HOPES ARE NOT DISAPPOINTED, 450 00:23:41,921 --> 00:23:47,160 {\an7}\h\hBRITAIN MAY PRESENTLY LEAD THE WORLD IN FAST AIR TRAVEL. 451 00:23:47,192 --> 00:23:48,694 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hBob van der Linden: WHEN THE COMET FIRST APPEARED, 452 00:23:48,727 --> 00:23:50,295 {\an7}IT WAS QUITE A REVELATION, 453 00:23:50,329 --> 00:23:53,766 {\an7}\hTO SEE A CIVIL AIRLINER AS SLEEK AS THIS, AS BEAUTIFUL, 454 00:23:53,799 --> 00:23:55,067 {\an7}ALL-METAL, AND IT’S SHINING, 455 00:23:55,100 --> 00:23:57,069 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hYOU KNOW, POLISHED WITHIN AN INCH OF ITS LIFE, 456 00:23:57,102 --> 00:24:00,939 {\an7}FLYING SO EFFORTLESSLY, \h\hWITH NO PROPELLERS. 457 00:24:00,973 --> 00:24:04,443 {\an7}\h\hIT’S JUST A VERY ATTRACTIVE AIRPLANE. 458 00:24:04,476 --> 00:24:08,013 {\an7}Narrator: THE COMET TRANSFORMS \h\hTHE EXPERIENCE OF FLYING, 459 00:24:08,047 --> 00:24:11,317 {\an7}CARRYING 28,000 PASSENGERS \hSAFELY AROUND THE WORLD 460 00:24:11,350 --> 00:24:14,019 {\an7}DURING ITS FIRST YEAR \h\h\h\h\hIN SERVICE. 461 00:24:14,053 --> 00:24:17,423 {\an7}BUT THERE’S A PRICE TO PAY FOR PIONEERING SUCH A REVOLUTION. 462 00:24:17,456 --> 00:24:19,291 {\an7}Newsreader: THIS IS THE TRAGIC \hSCENE OF THE COMET DISASTER 463 00:24:19,325 --> 00:24:20,860 {\an7}NEAR CALCUTTA. 464 00:24:20,893 --> 00:24:23,996 {\an7}WRECKAGE OF THE AIRCRAFT SMASHED ALMOST BEYOND RECOGNITION. 465 00:24:24,029 --> 00:24:25,364 {\an7}AT THE TIME OF THIS \hTERRIBLE ACCIDENT, 466 00:24:25,397 --> 00:24:28,600 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE AIRCRAFT CARRIED 37 PASSENGERS AND A CREW OF SIX. 467 00:24:28,634 --> 00:24:30,903 {\an7}ALL LOST THEIR LIVES. 468 00:24:30,936 --> 00:24:32,438 {\an7}Hallion: VERY RAPIDLY WE HAD 469 00:24:32,471 --> 00:24:34,707 {\an7}THREE TRAGIC LOSSES \h\h\hOF THE COMET. 470 00:24:34,740 --> 00:24:36,208 {\an7}WHAT PEOPLE HAD NOT THOUGHT OF 471 00:24:36,241 --> 00:24:39,211 {\an7}\h\h\hIS THE CHALLENGE OF TAKING AN AIRCRAFT 472 00:24:39,244 --> 00:24:42,781 {\an7}\h\hAND CYCLING IT VERY RAPIDLY TO HIGH ALTITUDE, LOW ALTITUDE, 473 00:24:42,815 --> 00:24:44,750 {\an7}HIGH ALTITUDE, LOW ALTITUDE, 474 00:24:44,783 --> 00:24:47,052 {\an7}\h\h\hAND THEN DOING THIS IN A PRESSURIZED AIRCRAFT, 475 00:24:47,086 --> 00:24:49,755 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWHERE YOU’RE HAVING A DEFORMATION OF THE STRUCTURE, 476 00:24:49,788 --> 00:24:52,491 {\an7}AND THEN DOING SO IN AN AIRCRAFT THAT HAS SQUARE WINDOWS 477 00:24:52,524 --> 00:24:54,359 {\an7}WHERE YOU’RE GOING TO DEVELOP STRESS CRACKS 478 00:24:54,393 --> 00:24:56,862 {\an7}AT THE CORNER OF THOSE WINDOWS. 479 00:24:56,895 --> 00:25:01,500 {\an7}AND THE COMET HAD LOST \hITS MOMENT IN TIME. 480 00:25:01,533 --> 00:25:02,701 {\an7}Narrator: THE COMET’S ACCIDENTS 481 00:25:02,735 --> 00:25:05,271 {\an7}HALT BRITAIN’S COMMERCIAL \h\h\h\hAIRLINER AMBITIONS 482 00:25:05,304 --> 00:25:08,007 {\an7}IN THEIR TRACKS. 483 00:25:08,040 --> 00:25:10,843 {\an7}BUT THEIR JET ENGINES \hARE STILL IN DEMAND. 484 00:25:10,876 --> 00:25:12,644 {\an7}SINCE THE LATE 1940s 485 00:25:12,678 --> 00:25:16,382 {\an7}ROLLS-ROYCE’S NENE ENGINE HAS \hBEEN THE ENVY OF THE WORLD. 486 00:25:16,415 --> 00:25:17,616 {\an7}Hallion: THE NENE WAS \h\hSUCH A GOOD ENGINE 487 00:25:17,649 --> 00:25:19,284 {\an7}THAT BRITAIN SOLD IT TO THE SOVIET UNION, 488 00:25:19,318 --> 00:25:21,153 {\an7}AND THEY ALSO SOLD IT TO THE UNITED STATES, 489 00:25:21,186 --> 00:25:26,658 {\an7}AND SO WHEN THE MIG-15 MET THE \hAMERICAN GRUMMAN F9F PANTHER 490 00:25:26,692 --> 00:25:30,129 {\an7}OVER KOREA, BOTH ARE BASICALLY \hPOWERED BY THE SAME ENGINE. 491 00:25:30,162 --> 00:25:32,398 {\an7}Whittle: HERE WE WERE \h\h\hIN THIS COUNTRY, 492 00:25:32,431 --> 00:25:35,267 {\an7}SELLING THE TECHNOLOGY \h\h\h\h\hTO THE USSR, 493 00:25:35,300 --> 00:25:38,103 {\an7}WHO WERE QUITE OBVIOUSLY GOING TO BE OUR ENEMIES, 494 00:25:38,137 --> 00:25:40,406 {\an7}AND THEY WERE. 495 00:25:40,439 --> 00:25:43,976 {\an7}SO WE WEREN’T VERY POPULAR \h\h\hWITH THE AMERICANS, 496 00:25:44,009 --> 00:25:46,245 {\an7}AND IT GAVE US A BIG HEADACHE. 497 00:25:46,278 --> 00:25:49,281 {\an7}\hNarrator: WITH THE AIR FORCES OF BOTH SIDES IN THE KOREAN WAR 498 00:25:49,314 --> 00:25:53,151 {\an7}\h\h\hPOWERED BY JETS BASED ON THE SAME BRITISH DESIGN, 499 00:25:53,185 --> 00:25:56,588 {\an7}A NEW RACE IS ON TO BUILD \h\hAN EVEN BETTER ENGINE. 500 00:25:56,622 --> 00:25:59,458 {\an7}Hallion: JUST LIKE WE HAD A SPACE RACE IN THE 1960s, 501 00:25:59,491 --> 00:26:02,027 {\an7}WE REALLY HAVE A JET RACE \h\h\h\hIN THE LATE 1940s, 502 00:26:02,061 --> 00:26:03,663 {\an7}AND WHAT IS THAT RACE ABOUT? 503 00:26:03,695 --> 00:26:07,065 {\an7}IT’S ABOUT DEVELOPING AIRPLANES THAT ARE POWERFUL ENOUGH TO FLY 504 00:26:07,099 --> 00:26:09,001 {\an7}ABOVE 500 MILES AN HOUR. 505 00:26:09,034 --> 00:26:11,870 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND THAT’S LARGELY THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE JET ENGINE. 506 00:26:11,904 --> 00:26:13,472 {\an7}Narrator: IN THE UNITED STATES, 507 00:26:13,505 --> 00:26:16,174 {\an7}\h\hTHIS TASK FALLS TO GENERAL ELECTRIC, 508 00:26:16,208 --> 00:26:17,476 {\an7}BUILDERS OF THE ENGINES 509 00:26:17,509 --> 00:26:22,481 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hFOR AMERICA’S FIRST JET-POWERED PLANE, THE XP-59. 510 00:26:22,514 --> 00:26:23,815 {\an7}THEIR LATEST ENGINE, 511 00:26:23,849 --> 00:26:26,385 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hINCORPORATING AN AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR, 512 00:26:26,418 --> 00:26:30,589 {\an7}\h\hWILL LAY THE FOUNDATIONS OF TODAY’S COMMERCIAL JETS. 513 00:26:30,622 --> 00:26:33,859 {\an7}IT’S CALLED THE J47. 514 00:26:33,892 --> 00:26:36,128 {\an7}Rick Kennedy: WE’RE STANDING \h\h\hNEXT TO A J47 ENGINE, 515 00:26:36,161 --> 00:26:38,764 {\an7}AND THIS IS THE MOST PRODUCED \h\h\h\h\hENGINE IN THE WORLD. 516 00:26:38,797 --> 00:26:41,767 {\an7}EVEN THOUGH JET ENGINES ARE VERY SOPHISTICATED, 517 00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:43,568 {\an7}THINK OF FOUR WORDS-- 518 00:26:43,602 --> 00:26:46,205 {\an7}SUCK, SQUEEZE, BANG AND BLOW. 519 00:26:46,238 --> 00:26:48,640 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE SUCK SECTION IS THE VERY FRONT OF THE ENGINE, 520 00:26:48,674 --> 00:26:50,342 {\an7}WHERE A FAN WILL PULL AIR 521 00:26:50,375 --> 00:26:52,244 {\an7}INTO THE FRONT OF THE INLET \h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF THE ENGINE. 522 00:26:52,277 --> 00:26:54,679 {\an7}THE SQUEEZE SECTION IS RIGHT \hIN HERE IN THE COMPRESSOR, 523 00:26:54,713 --> 00:26:56,582 {\an7}\hLOOK AT THE STAGE OF COMPRESSOR BLADES 524 00:26:56,615 --> 00:26:58,717 {\an7}THAT GET SMALLER WITH EACH STAGE. 525 00:26:58,750 --> 00:27:01,052 {\an7}AND AS THE AIR GOES THROUGH THE ENGINE, 526 00:27:01,086 --> 00:27:03,655 {\an7}\h\h\hIT’S BEING COMPRESSED, THE MOLECULES ARE BEING COMPRESSED, 527 00:27:03,689 --> 00:27:06,792 {\an7}AND THE AIR IS BEING HEATED \h\hIN THIS SQUEEZED STAGE. 528 00:27:06,825 --> 00:27:09,428 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE NEXT STAGE IS WE CALL THE BANG STAGE, 529 00:27:09,461 --> 00:27:11,229 {\an7}AND THAT’S LOOSELY USING \h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE WORDS, 530 00:27:11,263 --> 00:27:13,932 {\an7}BUT THIS IS WHERE YOU HAVE \hYOUR COMBUSTOR SECTION, 531 00:27:13,966 --> 00:27:16,602 {\an7}WHERE THE FUEL IS MIXED \h\h\h\h\hWITH A FLAME. 532 00:27:16,635 --> 00:27:18,704 {\an7}AND THEN THE LAST SECTION, \h\h\h\hTHE BLOW SECTION, 533 00:27:18,737 --> 00:27:22,274 {\an7}\h\hWAS WHEN THE AIR BLOWS OUT THE BACK AND TURNS A TURBINE. 534 00:27:22,307 --> 00:27:24,776 {\an7}Hallion: THE J47 ENGINE WAS A MILESTONE ENGINE, 535 00:27:24,810 --> 00:27:28,647 {\an7}\hBECAUSE IT WAS THE ENGINE THAT POWERED THE AMERICAN F-86 SABRE. 536 00:27:28,680 --> 00:27:30,515 {\an7}THAT BECAME CRITICALLY IMPORTANT 537 00:27:30,549 --> 00:27:34,319 {\an7}FOR THE BATTLE OF AIR SUPREMACY OVER KOREA. 538 00:27:36,155 --> 00:27:39,258 {\an7}Narrator: ONE OF THE KEY \hINNOVATIONS OF THE J47 539 00:27:39,291 --> 00:27:42,461 {\an7}IS AN ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED AFTERBURNER, 540 00:27:42,494 --> 00:27:45,530 {\an7}WHICH RAMPS UP THE PROPULSION \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hON DEMAND. 541 00:27:45,564 --> 00:27:46,732 {\an7}Kennedy: IN SIMPLE TERMS, 542 00:27:46,765 --> 00:27:49,201 {\an7}YOU’RE JUST THROWING FUEL \h\h\h\hRIGHT AT A FLAME. 543 00:27:49,234 --> 00:27:50,469 {\an7}THAT’S WHAT YOU’RE DOING, 544 00:27:50,502 --> 00:27:52,337 {\an7}\h\h\hTHAT’S WHAT GETS YOU THE BIG FLAME OUT THE BACK 545 00:27:52,371 --> 00:27:54,206 {\an7}THAT OF COURSE ALLOWS \hTHAT BURST OF THRUST 546 00:27:54,239 --> 00:27:57,375 {\an7}THAT MADE THE F-86 SUCH \h\h\hA POTENT FIGHTER. 547 00:27:57,409 --> 00:28:01,613 {\an7}DURING THE KOREAN WAR THE F-86 \h\hHAD A TEN-TO-ONE KILL RATE 548 00:28:01,647 --> 00:28:03,115 {\an7}AGAINST THE MIGs. 549 00:28:03,148 --> 00:28:04,383 {\an7}IF YOU’RE FIGHTING A WAR 550 00:28:04,416 --> 00:28:06,018 {\an7}AND YOU’RE KILLING TEN TIMES \h\hAS MANY OF THEIR PLANES 551 00:28:06,051 --> 00:28:08,620 {\an7}\h\hAS THEY’RE KILLING YOURS, THAT’S EXACTLY WHAT YOU WANT. 552 00:28:08,654 --> 00:28:11,724 {\an7}\hAND THAT BURST OF POWER THAT CAME OUT OF THAT F-86 AIRCRAFT 553 00:28:11,757 --> 00:28:14,693 {\an7}WITH THE J47 ENGINE \hWAS A KEY REASON. 554 00:28:23,368 --> 00:28:25,203 {\an7}Narrator: AS THE COLD WAR \h\h\h\h\h\h\hINTENSIFIES 555 00:28:25,237 --> 00:28:27,973 {\an7}THROUGH THE 1950s AND ’60s, 556 00:28:28,006 --> 00:28:30,809 {\an7}\h\hA NEW THREAT TO MILITARY JETS DAWNS. 557 00:28:30,842 --> 00:28:35,146 {\an7}\h\h\h\hIT WILL DEMAND AN EVEN FASTER ENGINE. 558 00:28:35,180 --> 00:28:37,549 {\an7}Hallion: IN 1960, OF COURSE, \h\hALL OF A SUDDEN WE FIND 559 00:28:37,583 --> 00:28:41,153 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHAT IT’S ENDANGERED BY THE SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILE, 560 00:28:41,186 --> 00:28:43,355 {\an7}AS WAS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE SHOOT-DOWN, 561 00:28:43,388 --> 00:28:44,789 {\an7}IN MAY OF THAT YEAR, 562 00:28:44,823 --> 00:28:47,526 {\an7}OF FRANCIS GARY POWERS \h\h\hOVER SVERDLOVSK, 563 00:28:47,559 --> 00:28:50,495 {\an7}IN, IN A U-2 ON A LONG-DISTANCE RECONNAISSANCE FLIGHT 564 00:28:50,529 --> 00:28:52,664 {\an7}OUT OF PAKISTAN. 565 00:28:52,698 --> 00:28:54,967 {\an7}Narrator: WITH THIS NEW THREAT \h\h\h\h\h\h\hFROM THE GROUND, 566 00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:58,036 {\an7}AMERICAN ENGINEERS NEED \hTO INNOVATE ONCE MORE 567 00:28:58,070 --> 00:29:01,740 {\an7}IN THIS NEW JET RACE... 568 00:29:01,773 --> 00:29:04,042 {\an7}BUILDING A NEW KIND OF AIRCRAFT 569 00:29:04,076 --> 00:29:07,413 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHAT CAN OUTRUN A ROCKET-POWERED MISSILE. 570 00:29:13,552 --> 00:29:16,989 {\an7}\h\h\h\hKinney: THAT LEADS TO THE LOCKHEED BLACKBIRD SR-71, 571 00:29:17,022 --> 00:29:18,757 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSTRATEGIC RECONNAISSANCE AIRPLANE. 572 00:29:18,790 --> 00:29:20,225 {\an7}AND THE CORE OF THAT SYSTEM 573 00:29:20,259 --> 00:29:25,131 {\an7}ARE THE TWO J58, 30,000-POUND \h\hTHRUST TURBO JET ENGINES. 574 00:29:34,840 --> 00:29:36,775 {\an7}Narrator: ONE OF THESE \hREMARKABLE ENGINES, 575 00:29:36,808 --> 00:29:39,811 {\an7}CAPABLE OF OUTRUNNING A MISSILE, IS PRESERVED TODAY 576 00:29:39,845 --> 00:29:42,748 {\an7}\h\hAT THE SMITHSONIAN’S GARBER STORAGE FACILITY 577 00:29:42,781 --> 00:29:45,951 {\an7}\hON THE OUTSKIRTS OF WASHINGTON, DC. 578 00:29:50,389 --> 00:29:52,491 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hKinney: THIS IS THE PRATT AND WHITNEY J58, 579 00:29:52,524 --> 00:29:54,960 {\an7}THE ENGINE THAT PROPELLED \hTHE BLACKBIRD TO MACH 3, 580 00:29:54,993 --> 00:29:56,528 {\an7}THREE TIMES THE SPEED OF SOUND. 581 00:29:56,561 --> 00:29:59,097 {\an7}\hIT SET THE STANDARD FOR HIGH-SPEED FLIGHT. 582 00:29:59,131 --> 00:30:01,634 {\an7}THE HIGHEST-FLYING, FASTEST 583 00:30:01,667 --> 00:30:04,336 {\an7}AIR-BREATHING JET ENGINE \h\h\h\h\h\hIN HISTORY. 584 00:30:04,369 --> 00:30:07,005 {\an7}Narrator: TRAVELING THIS FAST \h\h\h\h\h\hIS A NEW CHALLENGE 585 00:30:07,039 --> 00:30:09,842 {\an7}FOR JET ENGINEERS. 586 00:30:09,875 --> 00:30:12,511 {\an7}JET ENGINES CAN’T COPE WITH AIR THAT’S MOVING FASTER 587 00:30:12,544 --> 00:30:14,813 {\an7}THAN THE SPEED OF SOUND. 588 00:30:14,846 --> 00:30:19,050 {\an7}\h\hSO FOR THE J58 TO OPERATE AT THREE TIMES THE SPEED OF SOUND, 589 00:30:19,084 --> 00:30:21,019 {\an7}THE DISTINCTIVE BLACK HOUSING \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAROUND THEM 590 00:30:21,053 --> 00:30:23,322 {\an7}IS DESIGNED TO SLOW DOWN THE AIR 591 00:30:23,355 --> 00:30:26,458 {\an7}BEFORE IT HITS THE FRONT \h\h\h\h\hOF THE ENGINE. 592 00:30:26,491 --> 00:30:27,926 {\an7}Kinney: THE VERY DISTINCTIVE \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hINLET CONES 593 00:30:27,959 --> 00:30:30,862 {\an7}AT THE FRONT OF THE J58 ENGINES ON THE BLACKBIRD 594 00:30:30,896 --> 00:30:34,066 {\an7}ARE THERE TO CONTROL THE FLOW OF AIR GOING INTO THE ENGINE. 595 00:30:34,099 --> 00:30:36,001 {\an7}AS THEY MOVE BACK, THERE’S LESS AIR, 596 00:30:36,034 --> 00:30:37,269 {\an7}AND YOU CAN FORCE THE AIR 597 00:30:37,302 --> 00:30:41,006 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND CONTROL IT TO SLOW THAT AIR DOWN. 598 00:30:41,039 --> 00:30:43,542 {\an7}Narrator: SLOWING AIR DOWN \h\h\h\hABRUPTLY LIKE THIS 599 00:30:43,575 --> 00:30:46,144 {\an7}COMPRESSES AND HEATS IT \h\h\h\h\hDRAMATICALLY, 600 00:30:46,178 --> 00:30:49,181 {\an7}WHICH COULD CAUSE THE ENGINES \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO OVERHEAT-- 601 00:30:49,214 --> 00:30:51,917 {\an7}YET ONE MORE PROBLEM TO SOLVE. 602 00:30:51,950 --> 00:30:53,051 {\an7}Kinney: INSTEAD OF HAVING \h\h\h\h\h\h\hALL THE AIR 603 00:30:53,085 --> 00:30:54,987 {\an7}TRAVEL THROUGH THE ENGINE, 604 00:30:55,020 --> 00:30:56,889 {\an7}THERE’S SOME AIR THAT TRAVELS \h\h\h\hON THE OUTSIDE OF IT, 605 00:30:56,922 --> 00:30:59,591 {\an7}THAT COOLS THE ENGINE \h\h\h\h\hAS IT RUNS. 606 00:30:59,624 --> 00:31:03,728 {\an7}\h\h\hIT’S THESE INNOVATIVE WAYS OF MEETING THAT DESIGN CHALLENGE 607 00:31:03,762 --> 00:31:06,031 {\an7}THAT PRATT AND WHITNEY \hWORKS WITH LOCKHEED 608 00:31:06,064 --> 00:31:10,235 {\an7}TO CREATE THE SYSTEM \hFOR THE BLACKBIRD. 609 00:31:10,268 --> 00:31:12,270 {\an7}Narrator: ONLY ELITE PILOTS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hGET TO FLY 610 00:31:12,304 --> 00:31:16,241 {\an7}THE FASTEST JET AIRCRAFT \h\h\h\h\hIN THE WORLD. 611 00:31:16,274 --> 00:31:19,644 {\an7}\h\h\h\hMAURY ROSENBERG FLEW THE BLACKBIRD FOR TEN YEARS 612 00:31:19,678 --> 00:31:23,815 {\an7}AND HAS MORE OPERATIONAL HOURS IN IT THAN ANYONE IN HISTORY. 613 00:31:25,484 --> 00:31:29,021 {\an7}ON THE 24th OF SEPTEMBER 1974, 614 00:31:29,054 --> 00:31:32,324 {\an7}\hHE AND HIS RECONNAISSANCE SYSTEMS OFFICER DON BULLOCH 615 00:31:32,357 --> 00:31:35,727 {\an7}ARE FLYING THE BLACKBIRD \hOUT OF OKINAWA, JAPAN, 616 00:31:35,761 --> 00:31:39,732 {\an7}ON A ROUTINE ENGINE TEST FLIGHT. 617 00:31:39,765 --> 00:31:41,900 {\an7}Bulloch: WE WERE DIRECTED ON THIS PARTICULAR MISSION 618 00:31:41,933 --> 00:31:47,639 {\an7}TO TAKE THE AIRPLANE TO TOP \hSPEED, WHICH WAS MACH 3.2. 619 00:31:47,672 --> 00:31:49,207 {\an7}Rosenberg: YOU GET IT UP \hTO SPEED AND ALTITUDE 620 00:31:49,241 --> 00:31:53,479 {\an7}\h\hAND TAKE IT ABOUT AS FAST AS IT’LL GO WITHIN THE LIMITATIONS. 621 00:31:53,512 --> 00:31:56,582 {\an7}AND THEN ONCE YOU DO THAT, \h\hYOU START TO BACK OFF. 622 00:31:56,615 --> 00:31:59,485 {\an7}Bulloch: AND AS WE’RE SLOWING \h\h\h\hDOWN, BACK TO MACH 3, 623 00:31:59,518 --> 00:32:03,789 {\an7}WE HAVE A BANG OR A BUMP \h\h\h\hIN THE AIRPLANE. 624 00:32:03,822 --> 00:32:06,525 {\an7}THE AIRPLANE SHAKES \hPRETTY VIOLENTLY, 625 00:32:06,558 --> 00:32:10,028 {\an7}AND A LITTLE BIT OF SHUDDERING \h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE AIRPLANE. 626 00:32:10,061 --> 00:32:11,729 {\an7}\hNarrator: A COMPONENT IN THE RIGHT-HAND ENGINE 627 00:32:11,763 --> 00:32:14,633 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hHAS COME LOOSE AS THEY’VE DECELERATED, 628 00:32:14,666 --> 00:32:17,435 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTEARING THROUGH THE STARBOARD J58 ENGINE 629 00:32:17,469 --> 00:32:19,771 {\an7}AND SETTING IT ON FIRE. 630 00:32:19,805 --> 00:32:24,009 {\an7}THEY MUST DESCEND RAPIDLY. 631 00:32:24,042 --> 00:32:25,844 {\an7}Rosenberg: A SINGLE-ENGINE \h\h\h\hSUPERSONIC DESCENT 632 00:32:25,877 --> 00:32:28,546 {\an7}CAUSES A LOT OF PITCH, \h\h\h\hYAW AND ROLL, 633 00:32:28,580 --> 00:32:31,083 {\an7}AND THAT THE AIRPLANE WILL \hBOUNCE AROUND VIOLENTLY 634 00:32:31,116 --> 00:32:33,852 {\an7}ALMOST TO THE EXTREMES \h\h\hOF THE ENVELOPE. 635 00:32:33,885 --> 00:32:36,688 {\an7}Bulloch: IT’S PRETTY ROUGH, \hIT’S A PRETTY BUMPY RIDE. 636 00:32:36,721 --> 00:32:38,189 {\an7}Narrator: AS THEY DESCEND, 637 00:32:38,223 --> 00:32:42,094 {\an7}THEIR REMAINING ENGINE BECOMES STARVED OF AIR AND DIES, TOO, 638 00:32:42,127 --> 00:32:44,963 {\an7}ROBBING THEM OF ALL POWER. 639 00:32:44,996 --> 00:32:47,398 {\an7}\hRosenberg: LEFT ENGINE HAS FAILED, FLAMED OUT. 640 00:32:47,432 --> 00:32:49,534 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBulloch: ROGER, I’LL GET THE CHECKLIST. 641 00:32:49,568 --> 00:32:53,072 {\an7}WHEN WE LOST THE LEFT ENGINE, \hWE LOST ALSO THE GENERATOR. 642 00:32:53,104 --> 00:32:56,374 {\an7}AND WHEN WE LOSE THE GENERATOR, THEN YOU LOSE THE RADIOS, 643 00:32:56,408 --> 00:32:58,810 {\an7}YOU LOSE THE ELECTRONIC \h\h\h\h\h\hNAVIGATION. 644 00:32:58,844 --> 00:33:01,213 {\an7}Narrator: IN A TURBULENT \h\h\h\hSUPERSONIC DIVE, 645 00:33:01,246 --> 00:33:04,149 {\an7}\h\hAND WITHOUT POWER TO CALL BACK TO BASE, 646 00:33:04,182 --> 00:33:07,018 {\an7}THE CHANCES OF SAVING THEIR \hMISSION ARE SLIPPING AWAY 647 00:33:07,052 --> 00:33:10,589 {\an7}AS THEY STRUGGLE TO RESTART \h\h\h\h\hTHEIR LEFT ENGINE. 648 00:33:10,622 --> 00:33:12,190 {\an7}Rosenberg: YOU PHYSICALLY HAVE \h\h\h\h\hTO LIFT THE THROTTLE 649 00:33:12,224 --> 00:33:14,827 {\an7}\hAND PUSH IT FORWARD TO IGNITE THE ENGINE. 650 00:33:14,860 --> 00:33:15,961 {\an7}Bulloch: WE’VE GOT TO GET \h\h\hTHAT ENGINE STARTED 651 00:33:15,994 --> 00:33:18,597 {\an7}OR WE’RE GONNA BE IN THE WATER. 652 00:33:18,630 --> 00:33:21,867 {\an7}AND MY REAL CONCERN WAS, \h\h\h\hIF WE JUMP OUT, 653 00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:24,636 {\an7}I’LL NEVER GET TO FLY \h\h\h\hTHE SR AGAIN. 654 00:33:24,669 --> 00:33:27,539 {\an7}\h\h\hNarrator: EACH TIME MAURY ATTEMPTS TO RESTART THE ENGINE, 655 00:33:27,572 --> 00:33:30,642 {\an7}\h\h\hIT USES UP A SHOT OF AN EXPLOSIVE CHEMICAL 656 00:33:30,675 --> 00:33:32,544 {\an7}KNOWN AS "TEB." 657 00:33:32,577 --> 00:33:36,081 {\an7}THERE’S ONLY 16 CHARGES OF IT \h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN EACH ENGINE, 658 00:33:36,114 --> 00:33:40,218 {\an7}GIVING THEM JUST 16 CHANCES \h\h\h\hTO REIGNITE THE JET. 659 00:33:40,252 --> 00:33:41,987 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hRosenberg: HOW MANY TEBs REMAINING? 660 00:33:42,020 --> 00:33:45,123 {\an7}Bulloch: TWO TEBs, MAYBE THREE. 661 00:33:45,156 --> 00:33:47,058 {\an7}WE GO THROUGH THE CHECKLIST, \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNO START. 662 00:33:47,092 --> 00:33:50,295 {\an7}WE GO THROUGH THE CHECKLIST, \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNO START. 663 00:33:50,328 --> 00:33:53,965 {\an7}\hRosenberg: I HAD PUSHED THE THROTTLE UP, IT DIDN’T REACT. 664 00:33:53,999 --> 00:33:57,035 {\an7}\h\hI KNEW THE ENGINE WAS JUST WINDMILLING. 665 00:33:57,068 --> 00:33:58,169 {\an7}Bulloch: EVERY TIME \h\h\hHE DOES THAT, 666 00:33:58,203 --> 00:34:01,106 {\an7}HE’S PUSHING OUT A SHOT OF TEB. 667 00:34:01,139 --> 00:34:02,507 {\an7}Rosenberg: SELECTING \hCROSSFEED TO OPEN. 668 00:34:02,541 --> 00:34:04,710 {\an7}Narrator: THEY’RE DOWN TO \hTHEIR LAST FEW ATTEMPTS. 669 00:34:04,743 --> 00:34:06,545 {\an7}Bulloch: THROTTLE TO ONE THIRD. 670 00:34:06,578 --> 00:34:08,980 {\an7}Rosenberg: AND I PUSHED \h\h\h\hTHE THROTTLE UP, 671 00:34:09,014 --> 00:34:11,383 {\an7}\hAND I JAMMED IT INTO AFTERBURNER, 672 00:34:11,416 --> 00:34:12,517 {\an7}AND THE ENGINE LIT RIGHT OFF. 673 00:34:12,551 --> 00:34:14,920 {\an7}I MEAN, I SAW THE RPM COME UP. 674 00:34:14,953 --> 00:34:18,290 {\an7}THE CABIN PRESSURIZATION \h\h\h\hKICKED BACK IN. 675 00:34:18,323 --> 00:34:19,891 {\an7}Bulloch: AND I THOUGHT, \h\h\hWELL, THAT’S GOOD, 676 00:34:19,925 --> 00:34:21,894 {\an7}NOW WE JUST HAVE TO FIGURE OUT \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWHERE WE ARE. 677 00:34:21,927 --> 00:34:24,797 {\an7}HOW ARE WE GONNA GET HOME? 678 00:34:24,829 --> 00:34:28,566 {\an7}Narrator: MAKING A SINGLE-ENGINE LANDING BACK AT KADENA AIR BASE, 679 00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:31,736 {\an7}MAURY AND DON HAVE SAVED \hTHEIR ELITE AIRCRAFT, 680 00:34:31,770 --> 00:34:35,073 {\an7}AND HAVE LIVED TO FLY \h\h\h\h\hANOTHER DAY. 681 00:34:35,106 --> 00:34:37,642 {\an7}Bulloch: MAURY’S A GREAT PILOT, A GREAT FRIEND, 682 00:34:37,676 --> 00:34:39,378 {\an7}AND I LOVE HIM LIKE A BROTHER. 683 00:34:39,411 --> 00:34:41,013 {\an7}HE’S REALLY GOOD. 684 00:34:41,046 --> 00:34:43,215 {\an7}HE SAVED MY BUTT THAT DAY. 685 00:34:46,351 --> 00:34:47,953 {\an7}Narrator: BACK IN THE SUBSONIC WORLD 686 00:34:47,986 --> 00:34:50,355 {\an7}OF THE COMMERCIAL JET AIRLINERS, 687 00:34:50,388 --> 00:34:55,326 {\an7}THE FOCUS IS ON IMPROVING ENGINE POWER AND FUEL EFFICIENCY. 688 00:34:55,360 --> 00:34:58,663 {\an7}AND AS THE JET AGE BOOMS \h\h\h\h\hIN THE 1970s, 689 00:34:58,697 --> 00:35:00,465 {\an7}AND AIRLINER MANUFACTURERS RACE 690 00:35:00,498 --> 00:35:03,601 {\an7}TO BRING PASSENGER \hMILE COSTS DOWN, 691 00:35:03,635 --> 00:35:07,339 {\an7}THEY HARNESS ANOTHER IDEA \h\h\hOF FRANK WHITTLE’S-- 692 00:35:07,372 --> 00:35:10,408 {\an7}THE BYPASS ENGINE. 693 00:35:10,442 --> 00:35:13,779 {\an7}Kinney: SO THIS IS THE ACTUAL \h\hFAN SECTION OF THE ENGINE. 694 00:35:13,812 --> 00:35:17,182 {\an7}\h\h\hAND YOU CAN SEE HERE THAT THERE’S AN OPENING AT THE REAR, 695 00:35:17,215 --> 00:35:21,119 {\an7}AND THAT IS WHERE THE BYPASS AIR IS TRAVELING ON THE OUTSIDE. 696 00:35:21,152 --> 00:35:22,487 {\an7}AND WHAT THAT FAN DOES 697 00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:25,790 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hIS IT MOVES AIR ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE ENGINE 698 00:35:25,824 --> 00:35:27,659 {\an7}THAT’S COMBINED WITH THE THRUST FROM THE ENGINE, 699 00:35:27,692 --> 00:35:30,328 {\an7}INCREASES EFFICIENCY OVERALL. 700 00:35:30,362 --> 00:35:33,065 {\an7}THE ADDITION OF THE BYPASS FLOW OVER THE ENGINE 701 00:35:33,098 --> 00:35:38,203 {\an7}INCREASES 10,000 POUNDS THRUST \hTO 17,000 POUNDS OF THRUST. 702 00:35:38,236 --> 00:35:41,439 {\an7}Narrator: THE LARGER THE MASS OF BYPASS AIR YOU CAN ACCELERATE, 703 00:35:41,473 --> 00:35:43,008 {\an7}THE GREATER THE THRUST, 704 00:35:43,041 --> 00:35:45,677 {\an7}AND THE MORE EFFICIENT \hTHE ENGINE BECOMES. 705 00:35:45,710 --> 00:35:47,312 {\an7}AND IN THE YEARS THAT FOLLOW, 706 00:35:47,345 --> 00:35:50,648 {\an7}THE SIZE OF THE FAN AT THE FRONT OF THE ENGINE GROWS. 707 00:35:50,682 --> 00:35:53,818 {\an7}Kennedy: AND NOW THE AIR FLOW IS MASSIVE THROUGH AN ENGINE. 708 00:35:53,852 --> 00:35:56,788 {\an7}THE BIG FAN GENERATED \h\hTREMENDOUS THRUST, 709 00:35:56,821 --> 00:36:00,291 {\an7}SO NOW YOU CAN PULL A LARGER \h\h\hOBJECT OFF THE GROUND 710 00:36:00,325 --> 00:36:04,162 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND BE MORE EFFICIENT, SO YOU CAN FLY WAY MORE HOURS. 711 00:36:04,195 --> 00:36:05,930 {\an7}\h\h\hVan der Linden: THESE VERY LARGE, POWERFUL ENGINES 712 00:36:05,964 --> 00:36:08,767 {\an7}\h\h\hAND THE CAPABILITY OF CARRYING 400 PEOPLE, 713 00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:13,505 {\an7}PROMISED DRAMATIC REDUCTIONS \h\h\h\hIN SEAT-MILE COSTS. 714 00:36:13,538 --> 00:36:16,007 {\an7}Kinney: AND THAT REALLY \hBRINGS ON THE JET AGE 715 00:36:16,041 --> 00:36:18,677 {\an7}IN TERMS OF PEOPLE TRAVELING, \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE JET SET. 716 00:36:18,710 --> 00:36:21,613 {\an7}\h\hPEOPLE CAN TRAVEL ANYWHERE THEY WANT TO 717 00:36:21,646 --> 00:36:25,316 {\an7}BY GETTING ON THIS JET AIRPLANE AND GOING THERE. 718 00:36:25,350 --> 00:36:29,688 {\an7}Narrator: THIS REVOLUTION OPENS UP THE WORLD IN DRAMATIC WAYS, 719 00:36:29,721 --> 00:36:33,825 {\an7}\h\h\hAND TRANSFORMS THE LIVES OF BUSINESSMEN LIKE FRED FINN, 720 00:36:33,858 --> 00:36:37,161 {\an7}THE MOST TRAVELED MAN \h\hIN HUMAN HISTORY. 721 00:36:37,195 --> 00:36:38,963 {\an7}Fred Finn: WHEN I FIRST \h\h\hWALKED ON A 747... 722 00:36:38,997 --> 00:36:40,699 {\an7}THERE’S A ROW OF SEATS THERE, \h\h\h\h\h\hROW OF SEATS HERE, 723 00:36:40,732 --> 00:36:44,869 {\an7}\h\h\hTHREE ROWS ACROSS, AND IT WENT ON FOREVER. 724 00:36:44,903 --> 00:36:46,838 {\an7}IT WAS MIND-BLOWING, REALLY, 725 00:36:46,871 --> 00:36:49,907 {\an7}TO THINK THAT THIS WHOLE LOT \h\h\hWAS GOING TO TAKE OFF. 726 00:36:49,941 --> 00:36:52,477 {\an7}FOR 11 MONTHS A YEAR \h\h\hI WAS FLYING. 727 00:36:52,510 --> 00:36:57,048 {\an7}I MIGHT GO NEW YORK, \h\hRIO, ARGENTINA, 728 00:36:57,082 --> 00:36:58,850 {\an7}COME BACK UP TO PARIS. 729 00:36:58,883 --> 00:37:02,253 {\an7}GO TO TEHRAN, GO TO SINGAPORE, \h\h\h\h\h\h\hGO TO HONG KONG, 730 00:37:02,287 --> 00:37:03,722 {\an7}COME BACK TO LONDON, GO BACK TO NEW YORK, 731 00:37:03,755 --> 00:37:05,490 {\an7}AND START AGAIN NEXT WEEK. 732 00:37:05,523 --> 00:37:07,458 {\an7}YOU COULDN’T DO IT \hWITHOUT THE JET, 733 00:37:07,492 --> 00:37:11,229 {\an7}\h\hIT JUST WOULDN’T HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE. 734 00:37:11,262 --> 00:37:13,231 {\an7}Narrator: SUCH REGULAR, \h\h\h\h\h\hSAFE FLYING 735 00:37:13,264 --> 00:37:16,667 {\an7}FOR SO MANY MILLIONS OF PASSENGERS TODAY 736 00:37:16,701 --> 00:37:18,803 {\an7}IS DUE TO THE INCREDIBLE \h\h\h\h\h\hRELIABILITY 737 00:37:18,837 --> 00:37:21,340 {\an7}OF MODERN JET ENGINES. 738 00:37:21,372 --> 00:37:24,008 {\an7}Van der Linden: JETS, BY NATURE, ALL THEY DO IS SPIN, 739 00:37:24,042 --> 00:37:27,412 {\an7}SO THEY’RE NOT MECHANICALLY \h\h\h\h\h\hTOO COMPLICATED. 740 00:37:27,445 --> 00:37:28,646 {\an7}THEY’RE NOT TRYING TO \hDESTROY THEMSELVES, 741 00:37:28,680 --> 00:37:30,115 {\an7}LIKE A PISTON ENGINE IS. 742 00:37:30,148 --> 00:37:31,182 {\an7}SO THEY JUST RUN AND RUN, 743 00:37:31,216 --> 00:37:32,851 {\an7}\h\h\h\hAND NOWADAYS THERE’S SOME ENGINES 744 00:37:32,884 --> 00:37:36,421 {\an7}\hTHAT HAVE BEEN ON THE WINGS OF THE AIRLINERS FOR 30,000 HOURS, 745 00:37:36,454 --> 00:37:38,823 {\an7}WITHOUT BEING TAKEN OFF. 746 00:37:38,857 --> 00:37:42,294 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: 30,000 HOURS REPRESENTS RUNNING CONTINUOUSLY 747 00:37:42,327 --> 00:37:45,430 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFOR ALMOST THREE AND A HALF YEARS-- 748 00:37:45,463 --> 00:37:47,899 {\an7}A TRIBUTE TO THE EXHAUSTIVE \h\h\h\h\h\h\hENGINE TESTING 749 00:37:47,932 --> 00:37:52,270 {\an7}THAT THE MANUFACTURES UNDERTAKE DURING DEVELOPMENT. 750 00:37:52,303 --> 00:37:53,938 {\an7}Kennedy: WE CAN REPLICATE \h\h\h\h\h\h\hICE STORMS, 751 00:37:53,972 --> 00:37:56,241 {\an7}WE CAN REPLICATE WATER, 752 00:37:56,274 --> 00:37:59,944 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hBIRD INGESTION, LOSING A BLADE IN FLIGHT. 753 00:37:59,978 --> 00:38:02,013 {\an7}SO WE DO ALL THESE SCENARIOS \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF TESTING 754 00:38:02,046 --> 00:38:04,815 {\an7}THAT’S GETTING BETTER AND BETTER AND BETTER EVERY YEAR. 755 00:38:04,849 --> 00:38:08,553 {\an7}AND IT JUST MAKES THE INDUSTRY \h\h\h\h\hTHAT MUCH MORE SAFE. 756 00:38:08,586 --> 00:38:10,521 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: DESPITE ALL THIS TESTING 757 00:38:10,555 --> 00:38:13,324 {\an7}AND THEIR EXTRAORDINARY \h\h\h\h\h\hRELIABILITY, 758 00:38:13,358 --> 00:38:15,827 {\an7}JET ENGINES STILL HAVE THEIR LIMITS, 759 00:38:15,860 --> 00:38:17,895 {\an7}AND WHEN THOSE ARE CROSSED, 760 00:38:17,929 --> 00:38:20,932 {\an7}A PILOT’S SKILLS ARE STILL VITAL. 761 00:38:22,901 --> 00:38:24,703 {\an7}MANCHESTER AIRPORT. 762 00:38:24,736 --> 00:38:28,073 {\an7}THE 29th OF APRIL 2007. 763 00:38:28,106 --> 00:38:32,777 {\an7}THOMSON AIRLINES FLIGHT 253 TO LANZAROTE IS ABOUT TO TAKE OFF 764 00:38:32,811 --> 00:38:35,580 {\an7}WITH 221 PASSENGERS ON BOARD. 765 00:38:35,613 --> 00:38:38,382 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCo-pilot: BATT MASTER SWITCH, ON. 766 00:38:41,186 --> 00:38:43,922 {\an7}\hNarrator: AS THE AIRLINER ACCELERATES DOWN THE RUNWAY 767 00:38:43,955 --> 00:38:46,691 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND REACHES THE POINT OF NO RETURN, 768 00:38:46,724 --> 00:38:50,995 {\an7}TWO HERONS FLY INTO ITS RIGHT ENGINE, UPSETTING THE AIRFLOW. 769 00:38:51,029 --> 00:38:52,030 {\an7}Co-pilot: ROTATE. 770 00:38:52,063 --> 00:38:54,699 {\an7}BIRDS! 771 00:38:54,732 --> 00:38:56,934 {\an7}LOOKS LIKE A BIRD STRIKE. 772 00:38:56,968 --> 00:38:58,837 {\an7}\hSteve Landells: A JET ENGINE NEEDS A CONTINUOUS FLOW OF AIR 773 00:38:58,870 --> 00:39:00,372 {\an7}TO KEEP GOING. 774 00:39:00,405 --> 00:39:03,608 {\an7}WHEN YOU DISRUPT THAT AIRFLOW \h\h\h\h\hTHROUGH THE ENGINE, 775 00:39:03,641 --> 00:39:04,876 {\an7}IT STARTS TO STRUGGLE. 776 00:39:04,909 --> 00:39:06,144 {\an7}BUT IF THAT PROGRESSES \h\h\h\h\h\hTO A POINT 777 00:39:06,177 --> 00:39:08,312 {\an7}\h\hWHERE ALL THE AIRFLOW BREAKS DOWN IN THE ENGINE, 778 00:39:08,346 --> 00:39:10,782 {\an7}THAT’S CALLED AN ENGINE SURGE. 779 00:39:10,815 --> 00:39:12,216 {\an7}THE ENGINE’S TRYING TO WORK, 780 00:39:12,250 --> 00:39:16,254 {\an7}BUT THEN CONSTANTLY FAILING \h\h\h\h\h\hAND RESTARTING. 781 00:39:16,287 --> 00:39:18,089 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCo-pilot: MAYDAY! MAYDAY! MAYDAY! 782 00:39:18,122 --> 00:39:20,791 {\an7}THOMSON 253 HOTEL, \hENGINE FAILURE. 783 00:39:20,825 --> 00:39:22,126 {\an7}\hWE ARE CONTINUING WITH NORTHWESTERLY, 784 00:39:22,160 --> 00:39:25,330 {\an7}\hAND THEN INBOUND TOWARDS WALLASEY. 785 00:39:25,363 --> 00:39:28,600 {\an7}Narrator: IN AN ATTEMPT TO CLEAR THE BLOCKAGE AND RESTART IT, 786 00:39:28,633 --> 00:39:32,003 {\an7}\hTHE PILOT THROTTLES BACK THE SURGING RIGHT ENGINE. 787 00:39:32,036 --> 00:39:33,437 {\an7}Landells: AND WHEN THEY \h\h\hTHROTTLED IT BACK, 788 00:39:33,471 --> 00:39:37,508 {\an7}IT DIDN’T CLEAR THE ENGINE, IT CONTINUED TO MALFUNCTION. 789 00:39:37,542 --> 00:39:39,944 {\an7}Narrator: WITH THEIR STARBOARD \h\h\h\h\h\hENGINE SHUT DOWN, 790 00:39:39,978 --> 00:39:42,447 {\an7}THEIR FULLY LOADED AIRLINER \h\h\h\h\h\h\hNEEDS TO LAND 791 00:39:42,480 --> 00:39:45,049 {\an7}AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. 792 00:39:45,083 --> 00:39:49,087 {\an7}\hIT’S SOMETHING THE PILOTS PLAN FOR REGULARLY IN THE SIMULATOR, 793 00:39:49,120 --> 00:39:51,990 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT THEY RARELY HAVE TO DO IT FOR REAL. 794 00:39:52,023 --> 00:39:53,224 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCo-pilot: WE WOULD LIKE TO RETURN 795 00:39:53,258 --> 00:39:55,694 {\an7}TO ZERO SIX RIGHT AT MANCHESTER. 796 00:39:55,727 --> 00:39:57,896 {\an7}\hNarrator: RETURNING TO MANCHESTER AIRPORT, 797 00:39:57,929 --> 00:39:59,998 {\an7}THE PILOTS NOW HAVE THE EXTRA CHALLENGE 798 00:40:00,031 --> 00:40:03,434 {\an7}OF LANDING ON JUST ONE ENGINE. 799 00:40:03,468 --> 00:40:04,703 {\an7}Landells: BECAUSE THE ENGINES \h\h\h\h\hARE QUITE A LONG WAY 800 00:40:04,736 --> 00:40:07,272 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hOUT ON THE WINGS, WHEN YOU’VE LOST ONE OF THEM, 801 00:40:07,305 --> 00:40:10,441 {\an7}THERE’S QUITE A LARGE YAWING \h\hMOMENT ON THE AIRCRAFT. 802 00:40:10,475 --> 00:40:12,410 {\an7}SO YOU’VE GOT THE RUDDER THAT’S EFFECTIVELY COUNTERACTING 803 00:40:12,443 --> 00:40:15,012 {\an7}THE SINGLE SIDE THRUST. 804 00:40:15,046 --> 00:40:20,084 {\an7}Pilot: 180, 170... 805 00:40:20,118 --> 00:40:22,921 {\an7}THRESHOLD SPEED, 160. 806 00:40:26,591 --> 00:40:28,560 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: LANDING ON A SINGLE ENGINE 807 00:40:28,593 --> 00:40:31,596 {\an7}SHOWS JUST HOW POWERFUL \h\h\h\h\h\hAND RELIABLE 808 00:40:31,629 --> 00:40:35,533 {\an7}THE JET ENGINES ON TODAY’S \h\hAIRPLANES HAVE BECOME. 809 00:40:35,566 --> 00:40:37,234 {\an7}OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES, 810 00:40:37,268 --> 00:40:40,171 {\an7}FOUR ENGINES HAVE BECOME \h\h\h\h\hTHREE ENGINES, 811 00:40:40,204 --> 00:40:43,174 {\an7}AND NOW, ALMOST ALWAYS, \h\h\h\h\h\hTWO ENGINES, 812 00:40:43,207 --> 00:40:46,510 {\an7}AS MANUFACTURERS RACE TO \hOUTPERFORM EACH OTHER. 813 00:40:46,544 --> 00:40:47,912 {\an7}Van der Linden: ALL OF THESE \h\h\hAIRCRAFT WERE DESIGNED 814 00:40:47,946 --> 00:40:49,714 {\an7}\h\hTO BE ABLE TO FLY ON ONE ENGINE ANYWAY, 815 00:40:49,747 --> 00:40:51,782 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND TAKE OFF AND CRUISE ON ONE ENGINE. 816 00:40:51,816 --> 00:40:54,319 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hSO, LITERALLY, THERE’S NO PLACE ON EARTH 817 00:40:54,352 --> 00:40:57,789 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hYOU CANNOT FLY IN A TWIN-ENGINE AIRCRAFT. 818 00:40:57,822 --> 00:40:59,390 {\an7}Kennedy: AN AIRLINE TODAY, 819 00:40:59,424 --> 00:41:01,993 {\an7}\hTHEY WILL FLY A TWO-ENGINE AIRPLANE OVER THE NORTH POLE 820 00:41:02,026 --> 00:41:05,429 {\an7}EVERY DAY, AND WE DON’T THINK \h\h\h\h\h\h\hONE THING OF IT. 821 00:41:05,463 --> 00:41:07,632 {\an7}Narrator: LARGER AND LARGER \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAIRCRAFT 822 00:41:07,665 --> 00:41:11,135 {\an7}\hARE NOW BEING POWERED BY JUST TWO JET ENGINES, 823 00:41:11,169 --> 00:41:15,407 {\an7}\hTHANKS TO A STEADY INCREASE IN THE SIZE OF THE FRONT FANS, 824 00:41:15,440 --> 00:41:18,910 {\an7}PRODUCING EXTRAORDINARY \h\h\hLEVELS OF THRUST. 825 00:41:23,014 --> 00:41:24,249 {\an7}Christopher Lorence: \hTHIS IS THE GE90, 826 00:41:24,282 --> 00:41:27,018 {\an7}THE MOST POWERFUL COMMERCIAL \h\hENGINE IN SERVICE TODAY. 827 00:41:27,051 --> 00:41:30,221 {\an7}IT PRODUCES 115,000 \hPOUNDS OF THRUST. 828 00:41:30,254 --> 00:41:32,656 {\an7}THE POWER IS REALLY \h\hJUST INCREDIBLE. 829 00:41:32,690 --> 00:41:34,959 {\an7}WHEN WE WERE FIRST CERTIFYING \h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHIS ENGINE 830 00:41:34,993 --> 00:41:37,329 {\an7}\h\hWE CAN ACTUALLY SEE ROCKS IN THE BACKGROUND 831 00:41:37,362 --> 00:41:39,431 {\an7}\h\h\h\hBEING BLOWN AWAY BY THE INCREDIBLE THRUST 832 00:41:39,464 --> 00:41:41,399 {\an7}PRODUCED BY THIS ENGINE. 833 00:41:41,432 --> 00:41:44,268 {\an7}\h\h\hTHE BULK OF THE THRUST IS GENERATED COMING OUT OF THE FAN, 834 00:41:44,302 --> 00:41:46,304 {\an7}AND A RELATIVELY SMALL PERCENTAGE OF THE AIR 835 00:41:46,337 --> 00:41:50,041 {\an7}\hIS ACTUALLY GOING THROUGH WHAT WE CALL THE CORE OF THE ENGINE. 836 00:41:50,074 --> 00:41:53,544 {\an7}IT HAS THE INCREDIBLE CAPABILITY OF, WITH JUST TWO ENGINES, 837 00:41:53,578 --> 00:41:56,181 {\an7}POWERING THE 777 BOEING AIRPLANE, 838 00:41:56,214 --> 00:41:59,284 {\an7}WHICH IS NOT THAT MUCH \hSMALLER THAN A 747. 839 00:41:59,317 --> 00:42:01,920 {\an7}AND ACTUALLY WE HAVE TO BE ABLE TO CERTIFY SO IT CAN TAKE OFF 840 00:42:01,953 --> 00:42:04,756 {\an7}ON ONLY ONE ENGINE IF NECESSARY. 841 00:42:04,789 --> 00:42:09,794 {\an7}Narrator: CAPABLE OF GENERATING 127,000 POUNDS OF THRUST, 842 00:42:09,827 --> 00:42:14,899 {\an7}THE GE90 IS THE MOST POWERFUL \hJET ENGINE IN SERVICE TODAY, 843 00:42:14,932 --> 00:42:18,669 {\an7}\hPACKING A PUNCH THAT’S GREATER THAN NASA’S FIRST MANNED ROCKET, 844 00:42:18,703 --> 00:42:22,240 {\an7}CARRYING ASTRONAUT ALAN SHEPARD INTO SPACE. 845 00:42:22,273 --> 00:42:25,243 {\an7}AND ENGINEERS ARE NOW LOOKING \h\h\h\h\h\hTO THE JET ENGINE 846 00:42:25,276 --> 00:42:27,612 {\an7}TO REACH INTO SPACE ITSELF, 847 00:42:27,645 --> 00:42:30,948 {\an7}\hIN A NEW RACE AGAINST ROCKET-POWERED VEHICLES. 848 00:42:30,982 --> 00:42:33,318 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAlan Bond: THE IDEA OF AN INCREDIBLY POWERFUL AIRPLANE 849 00:42:33,351 --> 00:42:35,086 {\an7}THAT CAN TAKE OFF FROM A... 850 00:42:35,119 --> 00:42:37,054 {\an7}SOMETHING THAT LOOKS \h\hLIKE AN AIRPORT, 851 00:42:37,088 --> 00:42:39,357 {\an7}FLY INTO ORBIT, DO A JOB, \h\h\hAND COME BACK AGAIN. 852 00:42:39,390 --> 00:42:40,691 {\an7}THAT’S THE REAL CHALLENGE. 853 00:42:40,725 --> 00:42:41,993 {\an7}BUT THE REAL QUESTION IS, 854 00:42:42,026 --> 00:42:43,728 {\an7}WHAT SORT OF ENGINES ARE WE GOING TO FIND 855 00:42:43,761 --> 00:42:46,130 {\an7}THAT CAN ACHIEVE THIS? 856 00:42:53,704 --> 00:42:55,706 {\an7}Narrator: ALAN BOND \hAND HIS COLLEAGUES 857 00:42:55,740 --> 00:42:58,443 {\an7}AT REACTION ENGINES IN THE UK 858 00:42:58,476 --> 00:43:01,112 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWANT TO BUILD THE ULTIMATE JET ENGINE-- 859 00:43:01,145 --> 00:43:02,480 {\an7}TO REACH EARTH ORBIT 860 00:43:02,513 --> 00:43:05,449 {\an7}WITH GREATER FUEL EFFICIENCY \h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAN A ROCKET. 861 00:43:05,483 --> 00:43:07,518 {\an7}Richard Varvill: A JET ENGINE \hHAS A LOW FUEL CONSUMPTION, 862 00:43:07,552 --> 00:43:10,488 {\an7}BUT CAN ONLY OPERATE UP TO ABOUT MACH 3. 863 00:43:10,521 --> 00:43:11,856 {\an7}THE ROCKET, ON THE OTHER HAND, 864 00:43:11,889 --> 00:43:13,357 {\an7}HAS THE VIRTUE THAT \h\h\hIT CAN OPERATE 865 00:43:13,391 --> 00:43:15,093 {\an7}AT ANY SPEED PRETTY WELL. 866 00:43:15,126 --> 00:43:16,327 {\an7}HOWEVER, THE PROBLEM WITH IT 867 00:43:16,360 --> 00:43:18,762 {\an7}IS THAT ITS FUEL CONSUMPTION \h\h\h\h\h\h\hIS VERY HIGH. 868 00:43:18,796 --> 00:43:20,398 {\an7}SO WE’RE TRYING TO COME UP \h\h\hWITH A SINGLE ENGINE 869 00:43:20,431 --> 00:43:24,302 {\an7}\h\hTHAT SORT OF COMBINES THE BEST ELEMENTS OF BOTH. 870 00:43:24,335 --> 00:43:28,005 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: JUST LIKE THE BLACKBIRD SR-71 ENGINEERS, 871 00:43:28,039 --> 00:43:30,208 {\an7}THE TEAM AT REACTION ENGINES 872 00:43:30,241 --> 00:43:33,945 {\an7}NEED TO SLOW THE AIR ENTERING \h\h\hTHE ENGINE DRAMATICALLY, 873 00:43:33,978 --> 00:43:37,014 {\an7}WHICH CAUSES IT TO HEAT UP \h\h\h\h\h\hSIGNIFICANTLY. 874 00:43:37,048 --> 00:43:40,785 {\an7}\h\hIT REQUIRES SOME EXTREME ENGINEERING TO COOL IT DOWN. 875 00:43:40,818 --> 00:43:43,454 {\an7}Bond: YOU’RE GOING FROM, MAYBE A THOUSAND DEGREES CENTIGRADE 876 00:43:43,488 --> 00:43:46,391 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTO MINUS A HUNDRED IN A HUNDREDTH OF A SECOND, 877 00:43:46,424 --> 00:43:47,992 {\an7}WHICH IS PRETTY IMPRESSIVE. 878 00:43:48,025 --> 00:43:51,128 {\an7}THE ANSWER TO BEING ABLE TO COOL AT THOSE SORT OF RATES 879 00:43:51,162 --> 00:43:53,131 {\an7}IS TO HAVE A HEAT EXCHANGER, 880 00:43:53,164 --> 00:43:55,533 {\an7}SOMETHING LIKE A CAR RADIATOR, 881 00:43:55,566 --> 00:43:57,068 {\an7}BUT A HUGE ONE WHICH HAS GOT 882 00:43:57,101 --> 00:43:59,470 {\an7}A MASSIVE AMOUNT OF SURFACE AREA. 883 00:43:59,504 --> 00:44:01,539 {\an7}I’VE GOT A SMALL SAMPLE HERE. 884 00:44:01,572 --> 00:44:04,542 {\an7}\h\hTHESE TUBES ARE ABOUT A MILLIMETER IN DIAMETER, 885 00:44:04,575 --> 00:44:06,577 {\an7}THE WALL THICKNESS OF THESE \h\h\hTUBES IS MUCH THINNER 886 00:44:06,611 --> 00:44:07,979 {\an7}THAN A HUMAN HAIR. 887 00:44:08,012 --> 00:44:10,748 {\an7}AND THEN IN A HEAT EXCHANGER, \h\hBECAUSE THEY’RE SO SMALL, 888 00:44:10,781 --> 00:44:13,183 {\an7}\h\h\h\hTHERE’S ABOUT HALF A MILLION TUBES, 889 00:44:13,217 --> 00:44:14,385 {\an7}SOMETHING LIKE THAT, 890 00:44:14,418 --> 00:44:19,089 {\an7}\hSO THAT’S BEEN A MAJOR TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE. 891 00:44:19,123 --> 00:44:20,925 {\an7}BY DOING THAT, IT LOOKS AS THOUGH WE REALLY CAN HAVE 892 00:44:20,958 --> 00:44:24,061 {\an7}AN AIRPLANE WHICH CAN TAKE OFF, FLY INTO ORBIT, 893 00:44:24,095 --> 00:44:26,965 {\an7}DO A JOB, AND COME BACK AGAIN. 894 00:44:26,998 --> 00:44:29,634 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: THANKS TO FRANK WHITTLE’S \h\h\h\h\h\hORIGINAL IDEA 895 00:44:29,667 --> 00:44:31,702 {\an7}AND ALAN BOND’S VISION, 896 00:44:31,736 --> 00:44:35,106 {\an7}\h\hWE ARE NOW ON THE BRINK OF A NEW ERA OF SPACEFLIGHT, 897 00:44:35,139 --> 00:44:38,909 {\an7}WHERE THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE \h\hAND THE VACUUM OF SPACE 898 00:44:38,943 --> 00:44:43,781 {\an7}HAVE BECOME A SEAMLESS CONTINUUM IN TERMS OF HUMAN ENDEAVOR. 899 00:44:43,814 --> 00:44:47,651 {\an7}Bond: ONCE WE ARE ABLE TO EASILY GET IN AND OUT OF SPACE, 900 00:44:47,685 --> 00:44:50,621 {\an7}ANYWHERE ON THE WORLD WILL BE \hNO MORE THAN FOUR HOURS AWAY 901 00:44:50,655 --> 00:44:52,757 {\an7}FROM ANYWHERE ELSE. 902 00:44:52,790 --> 00:44:54,125 {\an7}Narrator: LESS THAN 100 YEARS 903 00:44:54,158 --> 00:44:58,629 {\an7}\h\h\hAFTER FRANK WHITTLE FIRST DESCRIBED HIS REVOLUTIONARY IDEA 904 00:44:58,663 --> 00:45:02,033 {\an7}AND VON OHAIN PIONEERED \h\h\hITS USE IN FLIGHT, 905 00:45:02,066 --> 00:45:04,936 {\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE JET ENGINE, ACCELERATED THROUGH WARFARE 906 00:45:04,969 --> 00:45:07,472 {\an7}AND THE THINGS WHICH DIVIDED US, 907 00:45:07,505 --> 00:45:09,874 {\an7}IS NOW HARNESSED TO UNITE US, 908 00:45:09,907 --> 00:45:15,045 {\an7}\h\hSHRINKING THE GLOBE AND BRINGING US CLOSER TOGETHER. 909 00:45:15,079 --> 00:45:16,847 {\an7}Whittle: IT MADE A HUGE DIFFERENCE TO EVERYBODY, 910 00:45:16,881 --> 00:45:18,716 {\an7}AND IT DID SHRINK THE WORLD. 911 00:45:18,749 --> 00:45:20,351 {\an7}THAT’S WHY I FIND IT \h\h\hSO INTERESTING 912 00:45:20,384 --> 00:45:22,753 {\an7}\h\hTO UNDERSTAND IT AS A BIT OF HISTORY. 913 00:45:22,787 --> 00:45:26,057 {\an7}I’M VERY PROUD OF WHAT HE DID. 914 00:45:26,090 --> 00:45:27,825 {\an7}Brown: FRANK WHITTLE. 915 00:45:27,858 --> 00:45:32,296 {\an7}\h\h\h\hONE COULD SAY ONE OF THE GREATEST LEGACIES IN THE WORLD-- 916 00:45:32,330 --> 00:45:38,203 {\an7}OPENED THE WORLD TO EVERY \h\hMAN, WOMAN AND CHILD. 917 00:45:38,236 --> 00:45:41,506 {\an7}THERE’S NOT MUCH MORE THAN THAT YOU CAN DO. 918 00:45:41,539 --> 00:45:49,981 {\an7}♪ 919 00:45:50,014 --> 00:45:58,589 {\an7}♪