1 00:00:13,480 --> 00:00:16,880 Was Europe trying to kill itself during those 4 years, 2 00:00:17,720 --> 00:00:19,840 from 1914 to 1918? 3 00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:26,720 In 1914, the Germans attacked. 4 00:00:31,800 --> 00:00:32,920 War spread 5 00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:36,320 across the planet, 6 00:00:38,960 --> 00:00:40,840 like death, with its scythe. 7 00:00:42,360 --> 00:00:44,880 But especially in Russia, Belgium, 8 00:00:45,080 --> 00:00:48,440 Italy, France, the Middle East and the Balkans. 9 00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:54,280 World War I was a massacre, on a vast scale. 10 00:00:54,440 --> 00:00:55,760 It was a huge crime. 11 00:00:57,360 --> 00:00:59,280 Ten million people died. 12 00:01:00,280 --> 00:01:04,320 A quarter of French 20-year-old men were killed. 13 00:01:08,320 --> 00:01:09,680 In 1915, 14 00:01:09,920 --> 00:01:13,000 an anonymous soldier filmed a burial squad. 15 00:01:24,920 --> 00:01:28,920 In 1916, a survivor of the Battle of Verdun wrote: 16 00:01:30,680 --> 00:01:33,000 "They have also killed my emotion." 17 00:01:36,760 --> 00:01:40,360 Millions of widows, orphans and broken-hearted mothers 18 00:01:40,520 --> 00:01:42,000 were left to grieve. 19 00:01:43,720 --> 00:01:46,120 But on 11 November 1918, 20 00:01:46,320 --> 00:01:49,120 news of the ceasefire reached Mme Diaz, 21 00:01:49,960 --> 00:01:51,400 in Bourges. 22 00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:53,560 The armistice had been signed. 23 00:01:57,480 --> 00:01:58,640 A bugler 24 00:01:59,240 --> 00:02:02,120 called Pierre Sellier sounded the war's end. 25 00:02:06,600 --> 00:02:10,000 The long-awaited moment had been 1,562 days in coming. 26 00:02:15,280 --> 00:02:19,080 The war's last shell was symbolically buried. 27 00:02:19,280 --> 00:02:21,280 One billion had been fired, 28 00:02:22,840 --> 00:02:25,360 each at a cost of about 100 euros. 29 00:02:26,240 --> 00:02:28,800 World War I had cost the equivalent 30 00:02:28,960 --> 00:02:30,760 of five trillion euros. 31 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:34,760 On 11 November 1918, people were dreaming 32 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:37,240 of a different, fairer world, 33 00:02:37,440 --> 00:02:40,560 in which their children would be happy. 34 00:02:45,960 --> 00:02:48,320 One of the 20th century's great minds, 35 00:02:48,520 --> 00:02:51,920 Stefan Zweig, the Austrian author, wrote: 36 00:02:52,320 --> 00:02:55,920 "The war was over, but at the same time it was not. 37 00:02:56,080 --> 00:02:59,000 "But we did not know that." 38 00:03:01,040 --> 00:03:02,800 APOCALYPSE The Impossible Peace 39 00:03:02,920 --> 00:03:05,760 1918-1926 40 00:03:25,040 --> 00:03:27,080 The armies of the British Empire, 41 00:03:27,280 --> 00:03:30,400 of America, of France and its colonies, 42 00:03:30,560 --> 00:03:33,480 of Belgium, Italy, Portugal, 43 00:03:33,640 --> 00:03:36,000 Serbia, Romania, Russia and beyond 44 00:03:36,160 --> 00:03:38,720 had conquered the German Empire, 45 00:03:38,920 --> 00:03:41,240 the Austro-Hungarian Empire 46 00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:42,880 and the Ottoman Empire. 47 00:03:46,360 --> 00:03:47,760 The war had been won. 48 00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:52,160 Leaders told to the crowds 49 00:03:52,360 --> 00:03:54,600 that good had triumphed. 50 00:03:56,760 --> 00:04:01,480 Albert Simonin, a popular novelist, witnessed the general jubilation. 51 00:04:02,840 --> 00:04:03,640 He wrote: 52 00:04:04,400 --> 00:04:05,600 "In the crowd, 53 00:04:05,800 --> 00:04:09,960 "workers and ladies in hats were hugging. 54 00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:13,000 "Men's hands slipped down women's backs, 55 00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:16,480 "or into their blouses as their mouths met." 56 00:04:26,720 --> 00:04:29,440 Everyone thought this was the end 57 00:04:30,480 --> 00:04:32,160 of what they called 58 00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:34,200 "the war to end all wars". 59 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:36,560 Corporal Louis Barthas wrote: 60 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:40,960 "I was at last free of the claws of militarism, 61 00:04:42,160 --> 00:04:43,480 "for which I felt 62 00:04:43,680 --> 00:04:47,120 "a hatred that I wanted to pass on to those around me. 63 00:04:48,520 --> 00:04:50,720 "I'd tell everyone that patriotism, 64 00:04:50,880 --> 00:04:52,920 "glory and military honour 65 00:04:53,480 --> 00:04:56,400 "were just words that masked war's ugliness 66 00:04:56,560 --> 00:04:58,120 "and cruelty." 67 00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:09,280 LONDON 68 00:05:09,440 --> 00:05:10,680 Victors or vanquished, 69 00:05:11,120 --> 00:05:13,120 would the great empires survive? 70 00:05:15,840 --> 00:05:17,440 The war's carnage 71 00:05:18,160 --> 00:05:20,480 had stoked desires for independence. 72 00:05:20,680 --> 00:05:23,600 Attacks in the imperial territory of Ireland 73 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:26,200 shook the British Empire 74 00:05:26,400 --> 00:05:28,120 in 1916. 75 00:05:33,760 --> 00:05:37,440 The English paraded what they saw as Irish rebels 76 00:05:38,840 --> 00:05:43,080 tied to the Union Jack. But how long could that last? 77 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:49,000 Calls for independence 78 00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:53,840 swept through the Austro-Hungarian Empire 79 00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:55,480 and its defeated people. 80 00:05:58,200 --> 00:05:59,720 Czech, Slovak, 81 00:05:59,920 --> 00:06:02,040 Croat and Slovenian secessionists 82 00:06:02,920 --> 00:06:04,520 wanted support by the USA. 83 00:06:09,640 --> 00:06:12,880 President Wilson had won the war 84 00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:15,160 and now wanted to win the peace. 85 00:06:17,120 --> 00:06:20,000 His promise of a right to self-determination 86 00:06:20,200 --> 00:06:22,320 clearly implied independence. 87 00:06:23,040 --> 00:06:26,960 Wilson wanted to allow people to choose their own nation 88 00:06:27,120 --> 00:06:29,240 borders and regimes. 89 00:06:31,120 --> 00:06:32,800 Empires collapsed. 90 00:06:34,240 --> 00:06:36,040 People rebelled. 91 00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:38,480 Kings fled. 92 00:06:39,760 --> 00:06:42,520 Charles I, the last Emperor of Austria, 93 00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:43,880 and Princess Zita 94 00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:46,600 abandoned their palace 95 00:06:46,800 --> 00:06:48,800 for a less glamorous exile. 96 00:06:55,360 --> 00:06:58,600 Mehmed IV, the last Ottoman Sultan, 97 00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:00,680 saw his empire dismembered 98 00:07:01,080 --> 00:07:04,680 and replaced by the modern Arab world. 99 00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:11,840 Those that had resisted 100 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:13,680 returned as heroes. 101 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:14,680 In Belgium. 102 00:07:14,920 --> 00:07:17,280 King Albert I, and Queen Elisabeth, 103 00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:19,720 who was originally German, 104 00:07:19,920 --> 00:07:22,440 but had worked with nurses at the front, 105 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:24,520 were cheered by the people. 106 00:07:27,240 --> 00:07:30,560 Albert I granted universal male suffrage. 107 00:07:33,880 --> 00:07:36,280 After four years of occupation, 108 00:07:36,520 --> 00:07:39,160 Belgium was overjoyed on 11 November 1918. 109 00:07:42,800 --> 00:07:46,160 Belgians paid tribute to their Canadian liberators, 110 00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:48,840 victors of the Hundred Days Offensive, 111 00:07:49,000 --> 00:07:50,720 the war's last battle, 112 00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:53,920 which had caused two million casualties. 113 00:07:58,600 --> 00:08:01,440 The war seemed to have been suddenly frozen. 114 00:08:02,760 --> 00:08:05,880 In Flanders, Scottish troops found a train 115 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:08,200 loaded with German grenades. 116 00:08:12,320 --> 00:08:13,760 In northern France, 117 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:17,480 the Germans had left behind an apocalyptic sight. 118 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:21,000 They'd methodically destroyed 119 00:08:21,400 --> 00:08:23,600 factories and their machines. 120 00:08:30,760 --> 00:08:32,920 People could return to their lives. 121 00:08:38,520 --> 00:08:40,280 The armistice took effect 122 00:08:40,640 --> 00:08:44,120 on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month. 123 00:08:51,480 --> 00:08:54,560 But the armistice was not the same as peace. 124 00:08:54,760 --> 00:08:58,640 Combat was interrupted by the difficult work of drawing up 125 00:08:58,760 --> 00:09:00,440 a peace treaty. 126 00:09:06,040 --> 00:09:09,440 The novelist Henry Fauconnier wrote to his fiancée : 127 00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:12,040 "I fear we are no readier for peace 128 00:09:12,240 --> 00:09:13,920 "than we were for war. 129 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:17,320 "This is the most critical period. 130 00:09:17,520 --> 00:09:19,640 "Fortunately we are the victors." 131 00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:25,200 But did the Germans really feel defeated? 132 00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:29,600 They had occupied Belgium and north France 133 00:09:29,760 --> 00:09:31,720 since 1914. 134 00:09:31,920 --> 00:09:34,640 Their withdrawal included the cession 135 00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:36,480 of Alsace and Lorraine. 136 00:09:40,920 --> 00:09:42,200 A few days later, 137 00:09:42,360 --> 00:09:45,040 a symbolic demonstration was organized 138 00:09:45,280 --> 00:09:46,040 in Paris, 139 00:09:46,240 --> 00:09:49,440 with the far-right Action Française. 140 00:09:50,560 --> 00:09:53,120 Veterans scattered soil from Alsace 141 00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:56,760 to celebrate the territory's return to France. 142 00:09:59,040 --> 00:10:02,320 Alsace had been lost in 1870, 143 00:10:02,480 --> 00:10:04,120 with part of Lorraine, 144 00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:07,480 following the disastrous Franco-Prussian war. 145 00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:15,640 Alsace was French again 146 00:10:15,880 --> 00:10:18,760 and defeated veterans of the 1870 war 147 00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:20,920 showed their loyalty to France. 148 00:10:23,760 --> 00:10:25,720 You will not have 149 00:10:25,880 --> 00:10:28,200 Alsace and Lorraine. 150 00:10:28,400 --> 00:10:32,920 We shall remain French, in spite of you. 151 00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:37,480 You have germanised the plain. 152 00:10:37,680 --> 00:10:40,200 School children and their mothers 153 00:10:40,400 --> 00:10:42,360 kissed the French flag. 154 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:47,280 You will not have it, 155 00:10:47,440 --> 00:10:50,720 ever. 156 00:10:56,200 --> 00:10:59,640 Not everyone was happy about the return of the French. 157 00:11:02,960 --> 00:11:06,040 Catholics had fared better under the Germans 158 00:11:06,320 --> 00:11:09,000 than under France's anti-clerical Republic. 159 00:11:09,480 --> 00:11:12,520 Many Alsatians had enjoyed the Germans' order 160 00:11:12,760 --> 00:11:15,280 and efficiency for half a century. 161 00:11:16,400 --> 00:11:18,440 But no one consulted them. 162 00:11:21,480 --> 00:11:25,320 The French president, Raymond Poincaré, was from Lorraine. 163 00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:29,920 After the first heavy French losses, in 1914, 164 00:11:30,120 --> 00:11:31,760 Poincaré's attempts 165 00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:33,880 to achieve peace 166 00:11:34,040 --> 00:11:36,080 had proven impossible 167 00:11:37,920 --> 00:11:40,280 due to Germany's attachment 168 00:11:41,400 --> 00:11:43,920 to Alsace and Lorraine. 169 00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:46,080 The bloodbath continued. 170 00:11:58,520 --> 00:12:01,160 The German's retreated cheerfully 171 00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:02,760 and in good order. 172 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:06,920 But Germany had been profoundly shaken by the war. 173 00:12:08,760 --> 00:12:10,200 Kaiser Wilhelm II, 174 00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:13,240 who had declared war on France in 1914, 175 00:12:13,480 --> 00:12:17,880 had abdicated and gone into comfortable exile in the Netherlands, 176 00:12:19,520 --> 00:12:22,640 as one of the conditions of the armistice. 177 00:12:23,320 --> 00:12:25,080 Germany was humiliated, 178 00:12:26,120 --> 00:12:28,480 but Wilhelm II could not be blamed alone 179 00:12:28,640 --> 00:12:30,200 for the war. 180 00:12:31,560 --> 00:12:32,920 GERMANY 181 00:12:33,080 --> 00:12:34,880 German soldiers were cheered 182 00:12:35,040 --> 00:12:36,920 across the land. 183 00:12:37,680 --> 00:12:40,320 They did not feel they'd lost the war 184 00:12:40,520 --> 00:12:44,200 and saw the armistice as a stab in the back. 185 00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:54,440 Corporal Adolf Hitler was later able to exploit 186 00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:56,320 that bitterness. 187 00:12:57,080 --> 00:12:59,640 The troops felt they'd been betrayed 188 00:12:59,920 --> 00:13:02,800 by the politicians of the new republic, 189 00:13:02,960 --> 00:13:05,480 like the socialist Philipp Scheidemann. 190 00:13:05,680 --> 00:13:08,480 The old and the rotten have collapsed! 191 00:13:08,680 --> 00:13:11,080 The monarchy has crumbled! 192 00:13:11,200 --> 00:13:15,480 Long live change! Long live the German republic! 193 00:13:16,920 --> 00:13:17,680 Rosa Luxemburg 194 00:13:18,520 --> 00:13:20,800 indoctrinated the demobbed soldiers 195 00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:22,960 with revolutionary Marxism. 196 00:13:23,160 --> 00:13:24,320 She claimed: 197 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:27,160 "Bourgeois society 198 00:13:27,360 --> 00:13:31,160 "claims legitimacy and order while wallowing in blood. 199 00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:34,640 "It is dishonoured, while the Russian Revolution 200 00:13:34,840 --> 00:13:36,960 "honours international socialism." 201 00:13:46,240 --> 00:13:48,920 RUSSIA 202 00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:50,080 In Russia, 203 00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:52,240 Lenin's Bolsheviks 204 00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:56,360 had taken power, imposing the Red Terror 205 00:13:56,520 --> 00:14:00,240 and eliminating anti-communists in a bloody civil war. 206 00:14:01,960 --> 00:14:04,600 Bolshevik propaganda films 207 00:14:04,760 --> 00:14:06,200 showed prisoners, 208 00:14:06,400 --> 00:14:09,960 including British, French and American troops, 209 00:14:10,160 --> 00:14:12,520 who'd fought for the anti-communists. 210 00:14:14,120 --> 00:14:16,480 Lenin denounced 211 00:14:16,640 --> 00:14:19,040 the foreign intervention. 212 00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:21,760 The capitalists are fighting 213 00:14:21,880 --> 00:14:25,080 a war against the Soviets. 214 00:14:25,280 --> 00:14:27,520 They want to give power to the Tsar, 215 00:14:27,680 --> 00:14:30,080 the landowners and the capitalists. 216 00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:32,640 That will never happen! 217 00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:40,240 Lenin's words inspired young people in Russia 218 00:14:40,480 --> 00:14:41,760 and Europe. 219 00:14:43,440 --> 00:14:46,080 Revolution was brewing in Hungary. 220 00:14:47,520 --> 00:14:49,120 Violent communists, 221 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:52,200 known as the Lenin-Fiúk - the Lenin Boys - 222 00:14:52,440 --> 00:14:55,480 killed thousands in a matter of weeks. 223 00:14:56,800 --> 00:15:00,480 Financed by Russia, they were instructed 224 00:15:01,840 --> 00:15:04,360 "to butcher the counter-revolutionaries 225 00:15:04,560 --> 00:15:08,120 "and choke them in blood before they choke the revolution." 226 00:15:12,480 --> 00:15:13,840 An allied intervention 227 00:15:14,080 --> 00:15:16,960 put an end to their bloodthirsty madness. 228 00:15:20,080 --> 00:15:21,400 By late 1918, 229 00:15:21,560 --> 00:15:23,560 central Europe was in flames, 230 00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:26,480 with Germany following Russia and Hungary. 231 00:15:26,640 --> 00:15:28,800 Communists were on the offensive. 232 00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:30,520 GERMANY 233 00:15:30,640 --> 00:15:32,840 The Spartacus League was named 234 00:15:33,080 --> 00:15:35,920 after the ancient slave revolts. 235 00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:39,760 They were opposed by the Freikorps, 236 00:15:39,960 --> 00:15:42,840 paramilitaries recruited from the army, 237 00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:45,960 who executed revolutionary leaders 238 00:15:46,840 --> 00:15:48,480 including Rosa Luxemburg. 239 00:15:55,240 --> 00:15:58,680 Some German families were nostalgic for the war. 240 00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:03,360 But most wanted a return 241 00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:06,120 to peace and prosperity. 242 00:16:09,560 --> 00:16:13,000 But what fate awaited their sons, twenty years later, 243 00:16:13,240 --> 00:16:16,280 at the Battle of Stalingrad, in the Russian snow? 244 00:16:19,440 --> 00:16:22,000 What fate awaited this Jewish family? 245 00:16:34,280 --> 00:16:35,840 1 December 1918 246 00:16:36,040 --> 00:16:37,720 On 1 December 1918, 247 00:16:38,120 --> 00:16:41,280 according to the armistice, Allied troops 248 00:16:41,480 --> 00:16:42,360 entered Germany 249 00:16:43,240 --> 00:16:45,240 and occupied the Rhineland. 250 00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:56,240 The Rhine was a natural border, the valley of every invasion 251 00:16:56,400 --> 00:17:00,520 and the symbol of Franco-German conflict. 252 00:17:01,960 --> 00:17:05,080 Many Germans saw the presence of French troops 253 00:17:05,240 --> 00:17:06,800 as preferable to chaos. 254 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:11,840 But resentment and hostility 255 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:13,560 quickly resurfaced. 256 00:17:16,240 --> 00:17:19,800 The future director Max Ophuls was among those children. 257 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:23,080 His memoirs describe his distress 258 00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:26,960 at the brutality of the French troops. 259 00:17:27,120 --> 00:17:29,680 African soldiers were accused of rape. 260 00:17:30,520 --> 00:17:31,360 In 1940, 261 00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:36,120 the Germans took cruel revenge on colonial prisoners 262 00:17:36,960 --> 00:17:41,520 and Hitler sterilized the children born of mixed-race relations. 263 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:52,080 The Germans also felt little affection 264 00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:55,560 for the British army, with its Canadian troops, 265 00:17:55,760 --> 00:17:59,080 who yearned to be back in Winnipeg or Montreal. 266 00:18:03,120 --> 00:18:05,520 Canada belonged to the British Empire 267 00:18:05,680 --> 00:18:07,360 but World War I 268 00:18:07,560 --> 00:18:10,960 gave had created an increasing sense of nationalism. 269 00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:20,520 Things were different 270 00:18:20,720 --> 00:18:22,520 for the 100,000 US soldiers. 271 00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:27,240 The Doughboys, as they were known, 272 00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:29,080 were more popular. 273 00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:31,800 One of them wrote: 274 00:18:32,800 --> 00:18:34,880 "We fought the Krauts, 275 00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:37,520 "as we used to call them, 276 00:18:38,520 --> 00:18:40,240 "but the US wasn't invaded 277 00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:42,600 "and New York didn't suffer. 278 00:18:43,560 --> 00:18:47,360 "We wanted peace, not revenge 279 00:18:47,560 --> 00:18:50,720 "And a good few of us had German roots." 280 00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:55,880 CHRISTMAS 1918 281 00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:59,600 A historic visit to Europe was made by Woodrow Wilson, 282 00:19:02,440 --> 00:19:05,080 the first US president never to have left 283 00:19:05,240 --> 00:19:07,360 the American continent, 284 00:19:08,000 --> 00:19:11,400 shown here with future president Franklin Roosevelt, 285 00:19:11,600 --> 00:19:14,560 then assistant secretary of the navy. 286 00:19:15,280 --> 00:19:18,240 Wilson was to attend the peace conference. 287 00:19:19,920 --> 00:19:23,840 LONG LIVE WILSON 288 00:19:24,080 --> 00:19:25,400 PARIS, 14 DECEMBRE 1918 289 00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:28,320 He arrived in Paris on 14 December 1918, 290 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:30,800 with his wife, Edith, 291 00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:35,160 the great-great granddaughter of the Indian princess Pocahontas. 292 00:19:39,720 --> 00:19:42,120 He was given a triumphant welcome. 293 00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:44,680 Wilson promised 294 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:49,240 to create a world that was good to live in, 295 00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:53,160 in which all nations could enjoy the freedom 296 00:19:53,360 --> 00:19:55,080 that France, the USA, 297 00:19:55,440 --> 00:19:58,680 the UK and Italy had paid for so dearly. 298 00:20:02,720 --> 00:20:05,440 Marcel Cachin, the future communist leader, 299 00:20:05,640 --> 00:20:08,040 wrote in L'Humanité: 300 00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:13,000 "Wilson touched the proletariat deeply. 301 00:20:13,720 --> 00:20:16,520 "He alone spoke the language of good will 302 00:20:16,680 --> 00:20:18,080 "and justice." 303 00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:28,400 Wilson was 62. 304 00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,240 A former lawyer and president of Princeton, 305 00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:34,960 the Democratic politician was elected in 1912 306 00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:37,840 and re-elected in 1916 on the slogan: 307 00:20:38,640 --> 00:20:41,120 "He kept us out of war." 308 00:20:43,680 --> 00:20:44,960 But once in power, 309 00:20:45,160 --> 00:20:47,960 he took his country into the conflict. 310 00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:54,880 In 1918, he proposed a 14-point programme 311 00:20:55,240 --> 00:20:57,520 of economic and political liberalism 312 00:20:57,720 --> 00:20:59,760 and the maintenance of peace 313 00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:02,880 through the creation of the League of Nations. 314 00:21:09,040 --> 00:21:13,120 In Paris, he faced another political giant, 315 00:21:14,160 --> 00:21:19,960 Clemenceau, the 77-year-old head of the French government. 316 00:21:20,920 --> 00:21:23,720 Taking power at the peak of the war, 317 00:21:23,920 --> 00:21:26,960 he'd governed with an iron will, despite his age. 318 00:21:27,920 --> 00:21:30,600 Known as the Father of Victory or the Tiger, 319 00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:32,840 he wanted to extract 320 00:21:33,040 --> 00:21:36,120 humiliating reparations from Germany, 321 00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:39,120 to pay for the damage done to France. 322 00:21:46,520 --> 00:21:49,760 The USA and the UK feared that such measures 323 00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:52,040 would ruin Germany 324 00:21:52,240 --> 00:21:56,240 and bring about Bolshevism and civil war. 325 00:22:01,240 --> 00:22:05,040 On 3 January 1919, after spending Christmas 326 00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:06,400 with George V, 327 00:22:06,640 --> 00:22:08,960 he visited King Victor-Emmanuel III, 328 00:22:09,760 --> 00:22:10,760 in Rome. 329 00:22:13,480 --> 00:22:15,000 His European tour 330 00:22:15,560 --> 00:22:19,680 was intended to win popularity and defend his doctrine 331 00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:21,760 of world peace. 332 00:22:22,960 --> 00:22:25,200 And he sought the people's right 333 00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:27,720 to self-determination. 334 00:22:33,280 --> 00:22:35,960 The Italians welcomed him enthusiastically, 335 00:22:36,200 --> 00:22:39,440 but more for his victory than for his ideas. 336 00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:45,960 Nationalist movements worried that self-determination 337 00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:48,160 would lead to territorial losses. 338 00:22:50,160 --> 00:22:52,840 Among the active nationalists 339 00:22:53,320 --> 00:22:54,840 was Benito Mussolini. 340 00:22:56,240 --> 00:22:58,480 The future dictator decried Wilson 341 00:22:58,680 --> 00:23:01,440 as a bandit of the international plutocracy. 342 00:23:05,600 --> 00:23:07,040 Paris, 18 January 1919 343 00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:10,480 On 18 January 1919, Wilson was in Paris 344 00:23:10,880 --> 00:23:13,440 for the peace conference 345 00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:16,840 that would put an end to World War I 346 00:23:18,160 --> 00:23:20,280 and create a new European order, 347 00:23:21,360 --> 00:23:23,920 under new international law. 348 00:23:30,080 --> 00:23:32,040 27 nations were represented, 349 00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:36,360 but for Wilson, the four great victorious powers 350 00:23:36,560 --> 00:23:38,320 were all that that counted. 351 00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:42,560 Clemenceau, from France, evaded the cameras. 352 00:23:43,760 --> 00:23:46,400 Lloyd George, from the UK, sought them out. 353 00:23:49,120 --> 00:23:50,960 As did the Orlando, from Italy. 354 00:23:56,240 --> 00:23:57,320 Over six months, 355 00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:01,120 they discussed the terms that they would impose 356 00:24:01,320 --> 00:24:05,360 on the German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires, 357 00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:08,840 which were not represented at the negotiating table. 358 00:24:10,280 --> 00:24:12,480 But the Germans trusted Wilson. 359 00:24:13,640 --> 00:24:15,440 His doctrine seemed moderate 360 00:24:15,640 --> 00:24:19,160 and likely to maintain their national integrity. 361 00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:24,040 The Germans feared Clemenceau, 362 00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:27,680 who was obsessed by his more populous 363 00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:30,040 and productive German neighbour. 364 00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:40,800 After six months of talks, 365 00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:43,560 representatives of the victorious powers 366 00:24:43,720 --> 00:24:45,800 convened at Versailles. 367 00:24:49,480 --> 00:24:51,320 28 June 1919. 368 00:24:51,840 --> 00:24:53,920 The date wasn't chosen at random. 369 00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:56,480 It was a terrible 370 00:24:57,280 --> 00:24:58,800 anniversary. 371 00:24:59,880 --> 00:25:02,280 Five years earlier, on 28 June 1914, 372 00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:03,840 in Sarajevo, 373 00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:05,840 the Archduke Franz Ferdinand 374 00:25:06,080 --> 00:25:07,160 had been shot. 375 00:25:10,880 --> 00:25:14,160 His assassination triggered World War I. 376 00:25:16,040 --> 00:25:19,440 And the place was symbolic, not only to the French. 377 00:25:20,120 --> 00:25:24,280 The German Empire had been declared here, in 1871, 378 00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:26,680 after the French defeat, 379 00:25:26,880 --> 00:25:30,320 heralding its presence as a global power. 380 00:25:34,280 --> 00:25:37,680 Reflecting Clemenceau's desire for revenge, 381 00:25:37,880 --> 00:25:39,960 four heavily mutilated veterans 382 00:25:40,520 --> 00:25:44,160 were present to receive the Germans. 383 00:25:50,880 --> 00:25:52,720 The Germans arrived at 3 p.m. 384 00:25:55,040 --> 00:25:57,600 They were given a few minutes to sign. 385 00:26:00,280 --> 00:26:03,640 The treaty was placed on this table, 386 00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:05,800 in the Hall of Mirrors. 387 00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:08,520 The German army was limited to 100,000, 388 00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:11,080 with no air force or heavy artillery. 389 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:13,960 Its colonies were taken and its navy reduced. 390 00:26:14,640 --> 00:26:18,360 And it had to pay enormous reparations, 391 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:21,280 the equivalent of 500 billion euros. 392 00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:26,440 Germany lost 10% of its territory. 393 00:26:27,840 --> 00:26:29,320 As an eastern buffer, 394 00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:31,640 the Allies recreated Poland, 395 00:26:31,840 --> 00:26:33,720 giving it access 396 00:26:33,880 --> 00:26:36,400 to the Baltic Sea, 397 00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:38,560 by cutting Germany in two. 398 00:26:38,760 --> 00:26:42,320 This absurd situation made peace impossible. 399 00:26:42,480 --> 00:26:44,920 GERMANY - POLAND - GERMANY 400 00:26:46,520 --> 00:26:47,960 By 3.15 p.m. 401 00:26:48,160 --> 00:26:51,120 the Treaty of Versailles had been signed. 402 00:26:57,560 --> 00:26:58,720 The four victors 403 00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:01,720 went out to greet the world's press. 404 00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:08,320 Wilson later said 405 00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:10,840 the greatest mistake 406 00:27:11,040 --> 00:27:12,840 was in giving Germany reason 407 00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:14,720 to seek revenge, 408 00:27:15,840 --> 00:27:18,440 thereby sowing the seeds of war 409 00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:21,040 and committing an injustice. 410 00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:25,520 Clemenceau disagreed, confidently saying: 411 00:27:25,680 --> 00:27:27,320 "Germany will pay." 412 00:27:27,520 --> 00:27:29,440 But he was tired and added: 413 00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:33,360 "Making peace proved harder than making war." 414 00:27:39,880 --> 00:27:41,920 The enormity of the disaster 415 00:27:42,120 --> 00:27:44,360 had left people stunned. 416 00:27:45,520 --> 00:27:47,320 Another great intellectual, 417 00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:50,360 Paul Valéry, wrote in 1919: 418 00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:55,560 "Our civilizations 419 00:27:55,760 --> 00:27:58,080 "are now aware of their mortality. 420 00:27:58,320 --> 00:28:00,680 "We had heard of the collapse 421 00:28:00,880 --> 00:28:03,600 "of empires, with their men and apparatus, 422 00:28:04,280 --> 00:28:06,480 "but we felt unconcerned. 423 00:28:06,720 --> 00:28:09,200 "We have now seen that History's abyss 424 00:28:09,360 --> 00:28:11,320 "can accommodate us all. 425 00:28:12,120 --> 00:28:16,280 "We have felt that a civilization is as fragile as a life." 426 00:28:20,640 --> 00:28:22,920 14 July 1919 427 00:28:23,080 --> 00:28:24,800 On 14 July 1919, 428 00:28:25,360 --> 00:28:27,720 France's national day was a celebration 429 00:28:27,880 --> 00:28:29,520 of victory 430 00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:31,800 and of the peace treaty 431 00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:33,720 that had crushed Germany. 432 00:28:39,320 --> 00:28:42,920 But it was also an unhappy festival of widows. 433 00:28:53,920 --> 00:28:56,800 It was hard for the survivors to move on. 434 00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:05,160 In a censored letter 435 00:29:05,360 --> 00:29:06,560 a soldier wrote: 436 00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:10,000 "You can't celebrate millions of deaths." 437 00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:16,440 VICTORY FESTIVAL 14 JULY, PARIS 438 00:29:16,640 --> 00:29:18,120 After the war's end, 439 00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:21,880 Clemenceau ordered a grandiose parade 440 00:29:22,120 --> 00:29:24,520 on the Champs-Élysées, 441 00:29:24,720 --> 00:29:27,040 for all of the victorious armies. 442 00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:32,440 The Outlook, 443 00:29:32,640 --> 00:29:35,200 a major American magazine, 444 00:29:35,400 --> 00:29:37,600 sent Elbert Baldwin to cover it. 445 00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:41,720 He wrote 446 00:29:42,720 --> 00:29:44,160 of the heaving crowd, 447 00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:48,000 with people standing on chairs, to see. 448 00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:51,720 People climbed up on ladders and rooftops. 449 00:29:51,880 --> 00:29:53,320 A canon sounded, 450 00:29:53,920 --> 00:29:56,000 giving rise to a mighty cheer. 451 00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:00,600 Joffre, victor of the Marne, was there, 452 00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:03,640 as was Foch, the Allied commander-in-chief. 453 00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:08,600 Pershing, the US commander, 454 00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:10,160 looked severe. 455 00:30:10,320 --> 00:30:13,160 Someone cried out: "Smile!" 456 00:30:13,960 --> 00:30:16,520 The relaxed Belgians smiled. 457 00:30:16,760 --> 00:30:19,920 The British and Scots received the most applause. 458 00:30:20,120 --> 00:30:22,800 People cheered when they saw the Japanese. 459 00:30:25,760 --> 00:30:28,800 There were Greeks, Poles, Serbs and Portuguese. 460 00:30:29,680 --> 00:30:31,840 But where were the Russians, 461 00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:34,200 who sacrificed 462 00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:36,880 two million man for this victory? 463 00:30:40,280 --> 00:30:43,240 Then Marshal Pétain arrived on a white horse. 464 00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:46,600 The journalist was surprised by his youth. 465 00:30:50,840 --> 00:30:54,720 The renowned Robert de Flers wrote in Le Figaro: 466 00:30:56,560 --> 00:30:59,040 "The uniforms of all countries 467 00:30:59,240 --> 00:31:02,200 "were stained the same colour of blood. 468 00:31:02,600 --> 00:31:05,400 "Those that had left limbs on the battlefield 469 00:31:06,040 --> 00:31:07,640 "hobbled in their glory." 470 00:31:13,080 --> 00:31:15,480 Beyond the parade to the victors' glory, 471 00:31:15,680 --> 00:31:18,720 what became of the eight million invalids 472 00:31:18,920 --> 00:31:20,600 who had lost limbs, 473 00:31:20,760 --> 00:31:23,320 been gassed or blinded, 474 00:31:23,520 --> 00:31:25,400 of psychologically damaged? 475 00:31:28,280 --> 00:31:31,680 BELGIUM 476 00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:36,440 GREAT BRITAIN 477 00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:46,400 UNITED STATES 478 00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:53,240 GERMANY 479 00:31:57,400 --> 00:32:00,960 AUSTRALIA 480 00:32:06,840 --> 00:32:08,000 And those 481 00:32:09,040 --> 00:32:10,680 with facial injuries, 482 00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:12,840 who had lost their teeth, 483 00:32:13,160 --> 00:32:15,480 noses or eyes? 484 00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:24,320 Henriette Rémi, who treated officers 485 00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:27,280 for the Red Cross, wrote: 486 00:32:30,320 --> 00:32:32,920 "I have never seen a more atrocious sight. 487 00:32:33,120 --> 00:32:35,000 "Amid a revolting stench, 488 00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:38,800 "I saw twenty monsters, with nothing human about them, 489 00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:41,400 "their faces in ruins." 490 00:32:45,080 --> 00:32:48,120 Henriette Rémi accompanied one of the wounded men 491 00:32:48,320 --> 00:32:51,440 to meet his son, who screamed when he saw him. 492 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:53,520 "He wept and said: 493 00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:55,960 "'Am I so horrible? 494 00:32:56,160 --> 00:32:58,840 "'To have been reduced from a man to this, 495 00:32:59,040 --> 00:33:01,960 "'a terror to my son, a burden to my wife 496 00:33:02,160 --> 00:33:05,440 "'and the shame of humanity. Let me die!' 497 00:33:06,680 --> 00:33:08,080 "He killed himself." 498 00:33:11,200 --> 00:33:12,120 A man, 499 00:33:12,320 --> 00:33:14,440 who had married in 1914, 500 00:33:14,640 --> 00:33:16,640 before leaving for the war, 501 00:33:17,720 --> 00:33:18,560 wrote: 502 00:33:20,560 --> 00:33:22,960 "My face scares people. 503 00:33:23,160 --> 00:33:24,800 "I howl in despair. 504 00:33:24,960 --> 00:33:27,200 "My face is reduced to a snout 505 00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:28,840 "and from that snout 506 00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:31,960 "comes the baying of a hunted beast." 507 00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:50,160 "The war has left cemeteries and ruins," 508 00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:51,880 wrote Marcelle Capy, 509 00:33:52,920 --> 00:33:55,280 one of the female workers 510 00:33:55,480 --> 00:33:58,200 from the munitions factories, 511 00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:06,720 Women were denied the vote 512 00:34:06,920 --> 00:34:09,160 that was given to British women. 513 00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:12,600 And they were fired from their work, 514 00:34:12,760 --> 00:34:15,640 to make way for the returning men. 515 00:34:16,120 --> 00:34:19,960 Their only hope was for a lasting peace. 516 00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:26,160 Marcelle Capy became a militant pacifist, writing: 517 00:34:27,920 --> 00:34:29,840 "The so-called peace treaties 518 00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:32,360 "are really a source of conflict. 519 00:34:32,560 --> 00:34:34,400 "Inspired by vengeance, 520 00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:38,280 "they make a dogma of injustice and a chaos of Europe. 521 00:34:38,480 --> 00:34:41,000 "The Versailles treaty is absurd." 522 00:34:44,080 --> 00:34:46,800 The treaty fed into Hitler's discourse 523 00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:47,840 of revenge. 524 00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:51,240 This is the earliest known footage of him, 525 00:34:51,440 --> 00:34:54,080 at a far-right demonstration in 1919. 526 00:34:54,280 --> 00:34:57,720 At that time he was just an anti-Bolshevik informant, 527 00:34:57,920 --> 00:35:02,000 but he saw how he could make use of the untenable treaty. 528 00:35:05,880 --> 00:35:07,160 He wrote: 529 00:35:07,840 --> 00:35:09,600 "Versailles is a disgrace 530 00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:13,200 "and represents the spoliation of our people. 531 00:35:13,920 --> 00:35:16,760 "France, our mortal enemy, 532 00:35:16,920 --> 00:35:19,480 "is strangling us, pitilessly." 533 00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:24,160 Hitler saw hardship 534 00:35:24,600 --> 00:35:26,240 everywhere around him. 535 00:35:28,160 --> 00:35:29,200 He said: 536 00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:33,160 "May the shame and hatred of 60 million Germans become 537 00:35:33,320 --> 00:35:34,960 "a torrent of flames." 538 00:35:41,920 --> 00:35:44,560 The Treaty of Versailles 539 00:35:44,760 --> 00:35:47,760 required the Germans to surrender 540 00:35:47,920 --> 00:35:50,280 any weapons that they had retained. 541 00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:01,840 Their planes and canon were destroyed, 542 00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:04,240 on Allied orders. 543 00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:11,920 Germany's leaders shared in the additional humiliation. 544 00:36:16,920 --> 00:36:18,760 Their downsized army 545 00:36:18,920 --> 00:36:20,520 became an elite instrument 546 00:36:20,760 --> 00:36:23,880 for their future revenge on France and Britain. 547 00:36:26,760 --> 00:36:29,160 Unable to take power, 548 00:36:29,360 --> 00:36:31,600 they pressured the government, 549 00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:33,640 until finding an ideal leader 550 00:36:34,480 --> 00:36:35,720 in Hitler. 551 00:36:38,360 --> 00:36:39,400 In 1919, 552 00:36:40,080 --> 00:36:42,800 swastikas were seen on helmets. 553 00:36:48,040 --> 00:36:51,280 One officer, Ernst Jünger, wrote: 554 00:36:52,280 --> 00:36:55,320 "The violence is just beginning, not ending." 555 00:36:56,880 --> 00:36:59,320 Lieutenant Friedrich Wilhelm Heinz wrote: 556 00:37:00,440 --> 00:37:03,120 "We laughed when they said the war was over, 557 00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:06,560 "because we are war. Its flame burns within us." 558 00:37:24,320 --> 00:37:27,720 German high society supported the army and Hitler. 559 00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:36,560 Those that made guns and uniforms 560 00:37:36,760 --> 00:37:39,320 formed a new, improvised elite. 561 00:37:39,520 --> 00:37:42,520 The Berliners called them Raffke - 562 00:37:43,440 --> 00:37:45,440 "money grabbers". 563 00:37:50,360 --> 00:37:52,320 Alongside the extreme poverty, 564 00:37:55,200 --> 00:37:57,600 they lived it up, cynically. 565 00:38:04,960 --> 00:38:07,200 The French trenches were empty 566 00:38:07,440 --> 00:38:09,880 and the birds had started to sing again. 567 00:38:10,720 --> 00:38:13,440 But the Allies were finding it difficult 568 00:38:13,640 --> 00:38:15,720 to demobilize nine million men. 569 00:38:19,840 --> 00:38:21,400 The military censors 570 00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:24,680 were still active and intercepted a letter 571 00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:27,280 from one of the forgotten soldiers, 572 00:38:28,360 --> 00:38:29,720 who wrote: 573 00:38:29,960 --> 00:38:34,080 "We hope they'll help us, after four years of suffering. 574 00:38:34,280 --> 00:38:37,800 "We hope for deliverance. We feel increasing disgust. 575 00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:40,920 "Now that the war is over, let those 576 00:38:41,120 --> 00:38:43,840 "that saved you return to our families." 577 00:38:45,080 --> 00:38:47,240 And to their wives, 578 00:38:47,440 --> 00:38:51,440 as Mistinguett, the biggest star singer of that time put it. 579 00:38:51,680 --> 00:38:55,160 My only joy and happiness on this Earth 580 00:38:55,320 --> 00:38:57,560 is my man. 581 00:38:59,160 --> 00:39:03,320 I've given all I have, my love and my heart, 582 00:39:03,520 --> 00:39:05,720 to my man. 583 00:39:07,120 --> 00:39:11,000 Even at night, when I dream, I dream of him, 584 00:39:11,160 --> 00:39:13,400 of my man. 585 00:39:14,920 --> 00:39:18,840 It's not that he's handsome, rich or well-built, 586 00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:22,240 but I love him, foolishly. 587 00:39:22,480 --> 00:39:25,920 Five million French soldiers couldn't even be provided 588 00:39:26,120 --> 00:39:28,120 with civilian clothing. 589 00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:33,120 Dyeing their uniforms was deemed impossible, 590 00:39:33,320 --> 00:39:36,880 so they were each payed the equivalent of 40 euros. 591 00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:43,640 Many were farmers and went back to work. 592 00:39:44,080 --> 00:39:46,000 In France and elsewhere, 593 00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:49,000 city workers had more trouble finding work. 594 00:39:53,080 --> 00:39:55,360 Women were fired from factories, 595 00:39:56,280 --> 00:39:58,960 but arms production was scaled down 596 00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:02,160 and industry couldn't adapt immediately. 597 00:40:04,360 --> 00:40:06,520 Australians and New Zealanders 598 00:40:06,680 --> 00:40:09,080 experienced the greatest problems 599 00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:11,240 after being demobilized. 600 00:40:13,080 --> 00:40:15,680 While stuck in insanitary transit camps, 601 00:40:16,840 --> 00:40:20,560 the disillusioned soldiers and officers 602 00:40:20,760 --> 00:40:22,680 tried to kill time, 603 00:40:25,640 --> 00:40:27,600 putting on strange shows 604 00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:30,120 about the death that they'd cheated, 605 00:40:30,320 --> 00:40:32,720 but had returned to threatened them 606 00:40:32,920 --> 00:40:36,040 in the form of a flu epidemic that was thought 607 00:40:36,200 --> 00:40:38,480 to have originated in Spain. 608 00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:44,120 It was a bird flu and it killed over 20 million, 609 00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:45,920 more than the war itself, 610 00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:50,160 among a population weakened by privation and poverty. 611 00:40:57,200 --> 00:40:59,720 The troops' return was complicated. 612 00:41:02,040 --> 00:41:05,440 Earl Sutherland, from Toronto, wrote to his mother: 613 00:41:07,080 --> 00:41:08,520 "I hope you'll accept 614 00:41:08,720 --> 00:41:11,960 "my marriage to a girl whose father is German. 615 00:41:12,640 --> 00:41:14,760 "Rosa is kind and serious 616 00:41:14,960 --> 00:41:16,680 "and has been good to me. 617 00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:21,920 "Please don't judge her before meeting her." 618 00:41:26,760 --> 00:41:30,560 Lieutenant Arthur Lapointe, of the 22nd French Canadian regiment, 619 00:41:31,120 --> 00:41:33,320 returned to Quebec, writing: 620 00:41:35,240 --> 00:41:36,720 "I'm overjoyed to see 621 00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:39,520 "this land that I thought was lost to me." 622 00:41:44,360 --> 00:41:46,840 Part of his family had died of flu. 623 00:41:47,720 --> 00:41:50,960 His neighbour had lost her husband in 1917 624 00:41:51,160 --> 00:41:52,760 at the Battle of Vimy. 625 00:41:54,880 --> 00:41:58,120 A special commission noted of the returning troops: 626 00:41:58,960 --> 00:42:02,680 "Most are returning in a state of mental lethargy. 627 00:42:05,200 --> 00:42:08,480 "They have become so used to military discipline, 628 00:42:08,680 --> 00:42:10,920 "and to being fed and clothed 629 00:42:11,040 --> 00:42:12,960 "they've lost their autonomy." 630 00:42:23,640 --> 00:42:27,320 Canada's military hospitals commission stated: 631 00:42:27,960 --> 00:42:30,640 "All invalided soldiers should know 632 00:42:30,800 --> 00:42:34,200 "that the word 'impossible' is not in our dictionary. 633 00:42:36,800 --> 00:42:39,280 "Their future success in work 634 00:42:39,440 --> 00:42:41,120 "will depend on their energy 635 00:42:41,360 --> 00:42:43,680 "and commitment during re-education." 636 00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:57,560 478,000 Americans also returned from France, 637 00:43:00,520 --> 00:43:02,040 after being disinfected 638 00:43:02,280 --> 00:43:05,000 and cleansed of parasites 639 00:43:05,160 --> 00:43:08,280 from the trenches or brothels. 640 00:43:08,640 --> 00:43:12,200 Doctors main concern was the Spanish flu. 641 00:43:22,680 --> 00:43:24,920 Black soldiers regretted leaving. 642 00:43:25,080 --> 00:43:27,480 After escaping racism in France, 643 00:43:27,720 --> 00:43:30,840 many were going back to the segregated south, 644 00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:35,000 where violent attacks perpetrated by the Ku Klux Klan 645 00:43:35,160 --> 00:43:37,040 were on the rise. 646 00:43:43,400 --> 00:43:46,320 Slavery was never far from the plantations, 647 00:43:46,520 --> 00:43:49,840 where the children sang a well-known spiritual, 648 00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:53,040 "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen". 649 00:44:10,120 --> 00:44:11,040 Meanwhile, 650 00:44:11,240 --> 00:44:13,400 in the north, in New York, 651 00:44:13,560 --> 00:44:15,640 the black troops were celebrating. 652 00:44:20,120 --> 00:44:23,600 The bandleader James Reese Europe wrote 653 00:44:24,080 --> 00:44:27,480 of people cheering from the windows and in the streets. 654 00:44:28,280 --> 00:44:30,000 As the regiment advanced, 655 00:44:30,200 --> 00:44:33,080 it was greeted by mothers, friends and brothers. 656 00:44:35,400 --> 00:44:38,480 They were known as the Harlem Hellfighters. 657 00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:41,640 They French had taken them out 658 00:44:41,800 --> 00:44:43,640 of the kitchens and garages 659 00:44:44,960 --> 00:44:46,760 and they'd fought heroically. 660 00:44:47,600 --> 00:44:49,840 They paraded on Fifth Avenue. 661 00:44:50,960 --> 00:44:52,640 One of their supporters, 662 00:44:53,920 --> 00:44:55,840 Marcus Garvey, 663 00:44:57,120 --> 00:44:59,360 stated his belief in equal rights 664 00:44:59,560 --> 00:45:01,080 for black people. 665 00:45:05,960 --> 00:45:08,480 President Wilson supported segregation 666 00:45:08,640 --> 00:45:10,360 between blacks and whites, 667 00:45:11,240 --> 00:45:13,360 while pursuing self-determination 668 00:45:13,520 --> 00:45:15,760 for people outside the USA. 669 00:45:17,960 --> 00:45:19,320 Back in the USA, 670 00:45:19,480 --> 00:45:22,280 he went on tour to raise support 671 00:45:22,720 --> 00:45:24,440 for the peace treaty. 672 00:45:25,600 --> 00:45:29,360 Wilson knew that the Senate was unconvinced. 673 00:45:31,240 --> 00:45:33,040 Voters of German background 674 00:45:33,240 --> 00:45:35,360 opposed a treaty that they saw 675 00:45:35,520 --> 00:45:38,040 as an insult to their former country. 676 00:45:39,560 --> 00:45:41,040 Wilson also knew 677 00:45:41,240 --> 00:45:44,360 that senators were hostile to the creation 678 00:45:44,880 --> 00:45:46,600 of the League of Nations. 679 00:45:48,640 --> 00:45:51,800 LN imposed a duty of mutual protection, 680 00:45:53,240 --> 00:45:56,720 with the potential to draw the USA 681 00:45:56,880 --> 00:45:58,360 into further conflict. 682 00:46:00,920 --> 00:46:04,520 Wilson tried to convince people, claiming that 683 00:46:04,760 --> 00:46:08,480 failure to support the League would break the world's heart. 684 00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:11,360 Wilson was exhausted 685 00:46:11,560 --> 00:46:16,000 and suffered a stroke, which left him paralysed and mute. 686 00:46:20,400 --> 00:46:22,200 What would the senate do? 687 00:46:23,000 --> 00:46:25,800 If it voted against the peace treaty, 688 00:46:26,720 --> 00:46:28,800 would peace even be possible? 689 00:46:34,720 --> 00:46:36,640 While it waited on the USA, 690 00:46:37,160 --> 00:46:40,080 Europe prioritized reconstruction. 691 00:46:40,400 --> 00:46:42,600 Belgium and Serbia were damaged, 692 00:46:42,760 --> 00:46:45,000 but France was in ruins, 693 00:46:45,200 --> 00:46:48,760 with its north and east completely devastated. 694 00:46:54,120 --> 00:46:55,880 Stefan Zweig wrote: 695 00:46:56,800 --> 00:46:59,800 "Those horsemen of the apocalypse 696 00:46:59,960 --> 00:47:03,360 "have spread revolution, famine, terror and disease 697 00:47:03,920 --> 00:47:05,360 "and, worst of all, 698 00:47:05,520 --> 00:47:07,640 "the plague of nationalism, 699 00:47:08,400 --> 00:47:10,720 "the poison of European culture." 700 00:47:15,840 --> 00:47:18,960 War had destroyed a third of France's wealth. 701 00:47:20,200 --> 00:47:22,080 The results were staggering, 702 00:47:22,240 --> 00:47:25,480 whole villages had been wiped off the map 703 00:47:26,360 --> 00:47:30,760 and the land poisoned by shells, mines, booby traps and gas. 704 00:47:34,040 --> 00:47:36,440 The poison had to be cleared away. 705 00:47:42,640 --> 00:47:43,880 In northern France, 706 00:47:44,040 --> 00:47:46,440 the long, dangerous task 707 00:47:47,120 --> 00:47:48,360 was experienced 708 00:47:48,560 --> 00:47:52,520 by these peasants that had to clear shells from their fields. 709 00:48:04,960 --> 00:48:07,800 Then they could go back to the lives 710 00:48:08,440 --> 00:48:10,360 they'd lived in past centuries. 711 00:48:19,880 --> 00:48:23,320 MINES - MORTAL DANGER DO NOT ENTER 712 00:48:24,120 --> 00:48:27,480 The French forced German prisoners 713 00:48:27,960 --> 00:48:29,760 to clear the mines, 714 00:48:30,400 --> 00:48:33,360 in violation of the Geneva Convention. 715 00:48:37,120 --> 00:48:40,080 300,000 German prisoners remained in France. 716 00:48:42,400 --> 00:48:45,360 At the awful Souilly camp, near Verdun, 717 00:48:46,080 --> 00:48:48,640 Hellmuth Korth wrote: 718 00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:53,320 "They seem to see me as a criminal. 719 00:48:53,960 --> 00:48:56,920 "Each hour reveals the cynicism of the French 720 00:48:57,440 --> 00:48:59,680 "and their hatred for us. 721 00:48:59,880 --> 00:49:01,960 "They want to make us pay." 722 00:49:12,960 --> 00:49:14,960 22,105 prisoners 723 00:49:15,400 --> 00:49:18,200 died in the ruins or simply of hunger. 724 00:49:23,640 --> 00:49:25,400 But the French suffered too. 725 00:49:26,640 --> 00:49:29,360 The price of beans and potatoes 726 00:49:29,520 --> 00:49:31,640 had quadrupled since 1914. 727 00:49:33,640 --> 00:49:36,520 Help came from rich Americans, 728 00:49:36,720 --> 00:49:39,240 like a banking heiress, 729 00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:40,600 Anne Morgan, 730 00:49:40,760 --> 00:49:42,840 and Dr Anne Murray Dike, 731 00:49:43,080 --> 00:49:45,960 who set up the Comité Américain 732 00:49:46,160 --> 00:49:48,760 pour les Régions Dévastées de France. 733 00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:55,120 They reforested shell-ravaged regions 734 00:49:57,280 --> 00:49:59,400 and used a chateau as a dispensary. 735 00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:01,480 Anne Morgan told her mother 736 00:50:02,600 --> 00:50:04,560 of her joy in her work 737 00:50:04,760 --> 00:50:06,560 and at being useful 738 00:50:06,800 --> 00:50:09,040 to a people that had been occupied 739 00:50:09,440 --> 00:50:11,800 and reduced to eating roots 740 00:50:11,960 --> 00:50:15,240 and sleeping on the cold ground. 741 00:50:25,800 --> 00:50:28,960 Six million European orphans needed homes. 742 00:50:37,960 --> 00:50:38,960 Young Poles 743 00:50:39,160 --> 00:50:41,680 that had escaped the fighting 744 00:50:41,880 --> 00:50:43,080 went to the USA. 745 00:50:52,160 --> 00:50:55,480 Orphans from Montmartre, in Paris, 746 00:50:55,640 --> 00:50:58,200 were given a special status 747 00:50:58,400 --> 00:51:00,840 as children of the nation 748 00:51:01,560 --> 00:51:03,120 until they were adults. 749 00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:10,560 RUSSIA 750 00:51:10,800 --> 00:51:13,400 Vast numbers of Russian orphans 751 00:51:13,600 --> 00:51:16,120 lost their parents in the civil war. 752 00:51:16,720 --> 00:51:19,680 The communist victory, in 1922, 753 00:51:19,840 --> 00:51:21,520 brought with it the gulag, 754 00:51:22,120 --> 00:51:24,800 Lenin's and Stalin's concentration camps. 755 00:51:25,400 --> 00:51:27,240 Other orphans 756 00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:30,280 were put onto the streets 757 00:51:30,520 --> 00:51:32,280 and became criminals. 758 00:51:35,680 --> 00:51:37,360 GREAT BRITAIN 759 00:51:37,520 --> 00:51:38,400 Great Britain 760 00:51:38,680 --> 00:51:42,120 faced a similar problem with delinquency among orphans. 761 00:51:43,680 --> 00:51:45,240 The radical solution 762 00:51:45,960 --> 00:51:47,720 was to ship them out 763 00:51:47,960 --> 00:51:50,800 to the farms of west Canada. 764 00:51:52,880 --> 00:51:56,680 James Woodsworth, an Ottawan MP, pointed out 765 00:51:58,440 --> 00:52:01,240 that the children were cheap labour. 766 00:52:02,880 --> 00:52:07,240 10% of Canadians are now descended from those children. 767 00:52:11,320 --> 00:52:15,000 The UK completed the policy by deporting women 768 00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:17,800 that couldn't find husbands. 769 00:52:20,720 --> 00:52:22,120 These surplus women, 770 00:52:22,400 --> 00:52:26,240 former military auxiliaries, were sent to Australia. 771 00:52:31,160 --> 00:52:34,280 How would the survivors grieve? 772 00:52:36,440 --> 00:52:38,680 Milosz, the great Baltic poet, 773 00:52:38,840 --> 00:52:40,680 described what felt the parents, 774 00:52:40,840 --> 00:52:42,960 widows and children 775 00:52:43,160 --> 00:52:45,640 as they walked by the unending crosses, 776 00:52:45,800 --> 00:52:47,680 stars and crescents. 777 00:52:47,800 --> 00:52:48,960 He wrote: 778 00:52:50,400 --> 00:52:52,840 "Ah, the dead, the dead, the dead 779 00:52:53,040 --> 00:52:56,000 "Are ultimately less dead than I am." 780 00:52:59,880 --> 00:53:02,960 Many families repatriated their dead, 781 00:53:03,120 --> 00:53:05,640 so they could be buried at home. 782 00:53:09,200 --> 00:53:11,400 Their remains had to be disinterred. 783 00:53:12,960 --> 00:53:15,680 Special US army units were filmed 784 00:53:16,080 --> 00:53:18,280 going about their morbid task. 785 00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:24,240 230,000 bodies were sent home to their families. 786 00:53:26,040 --> 00:53:29,400 But French cemeteries still hold 787 00:53:30,080 --> 00:53:32,680 700,000 French and colonial graves, 788 00:53:33,960 --> 00:53:36,240 750,000 German graves, 789 00:53:37,280 --> 00:53:41,160 300,000 British graves, including 60,000 Canadians 790 00:53:41,400 --> 00:53:42,960 and 34,000 American graves. 791 00:53:46,280 --> 00:53:47,280 People everywhere 792 00:53:47,480 --> 00:53:50,400 tried to make contact with spirits. 793 00:53:50,560 --> 00:53:53,880 Spirit, are you there? 794 00:53:55,440 --> 00:53:59,240 Spiritism had been in vogue since the 19th century. 795 00:54:00,480 --> 00:54:03,960 Léon Denis, a notable spiritist, 796 00:54:04,720 --> 00:54:05,520 wrote: 797 00:54:07,000 --> 00:54:10,240 "Countless souls hover above us, 798 00:54:10,400 --> 00:54:11,880 "keen to communicate. 799 00:54:14,560 --> 00:54:17,400 "Those that died on the battlefields 800 00:54:17,600 --> 00:54:19,600 "want to contact their loved ones." 801 00:54:30,000 --> 00:54:33,720 But unfortunately it was never more than trickery. 802 00:54:36,920 --> 00:54:41,040 To honour the dead and unite people in their memory, 803 00:54:41,240 --> 00:54:44,120 every country, town and village 804 00:54:44,280 --> 00:54:46,120 had a monument to the dead. 805 00:54:47,440 --> 00:54:51,440 Some celebrated heroic combat while others were more pacifist, 806 00:54:51,680 --> 00:54:53,320 like this bronze moose, 807 00:54:53,520 --> 00:54:55,720 a tribute to 814 Newfoundlanders, 808 00:54:55,880 --> 00:54:57,960 who were buried 809 00:54:58,160 --> 00:55:00,800 in unmarked graves during the war. 810 00:55:10,720 --> 00:55:13,400 Sculptors across the world set to work 811 00:55:13,600 --> 00:55:16,760 to make thousands of commemorative monuments. 812 00:55:17,760 --> 00:55:19,720 It was a boon for the mediocre. 813 00:55:20,160 --> 00:55:21,760 Everyone made money. 814 00:55:24,400 --> 00:55:25,400 London, 11 November 1920 815 00:55:25,520 --> 00:55:28,560 London, 11 November 1920. 816 00:55:30,440 --> 00:55:33,880 King George V and his sons, the future monarchs, 817 00:55:34,280 --> 00:55:37,840 led the first commemoration of the unknown soldier. 818 00:55:43,720 --> 00:55:46,240 The coffin held an unidentified soldier, 819 00:55:46,400 --> 00:55:47,760 chosen at random, 820 00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:50,840 to commemorate 500,000 similar losses 821 00:55:51,480 --> 00:55:53,600 and all the dead of the Empire. 822 00:55:56,880 --> 00:55:58,840 The French heard of the ceremony 823 00:55:59,040 --> 00:56:00,960 a month earlier 824 00:56:01,440 --> 00:56:03,560 but had planned nothing similar. 825 00:56:03,760 --> 00:56:05,720 The press was indignant. 826 00:56:06,200 --> 00:56:09,720 A left-wing member of parliament recorded a speech 827 00:56:09,920 --> 00:56:12,160 to express his outrage. 828 00:56:12,440 --> 00:56:16,160 Take your rightful place, so no one may claim that the country 829 00:56:16,360 --> 00:56:17,680 you saved 830 00:56:17,880 --> 00:56:20,760 forgot its humblest sons 831 00:56:20,960 --> 00:56:23,560 and most glorious heroes, 832 00:56:23,720 --> 00:56:25,960 so that the grieving mothers, 833 00:56:26,120 --> 00:56:28,840 with no place to weep, 834 00:56:29,040 --> 00:56:32,840 may kneel before your tomb and say: 835 00:56:33,000 --> 00:56:36,320 "My child, perhaps this is you." 836 00:56:39,640 --> 00:56:41,120 France's unknown soldier 837 00:56:41,280 --> 00:56:43,280 rests at the Arc de Triomphe, 838 00:56:44,840 --> 00:56:48,760 below an eternal flame. 839 00:56:51,600 --> 00:56:54,440 Others have adopted that powerful symbol. 840 00:56:55,720 --> 00:56:56,560 In Belgium, 841 00:56:57,440 --> 00:56:59,480 King Albert I 842 00:57:00,320 --> 00:57:02,560 presided over a national ceremony. 843 00:57:10,920 --> 00:57:12,600 Washington DC, 11 November 1921 844 00:57:12,800 --> 00:57:16,120 In Washington, on 11 November 1921, 845 00:57:16,360 --> 00:57:19,280 a ceremony for the unknown soldier 846 00:57:19,480 --> 00:57:22,280 was attended by Marshal Ferdinand Foch, 847 00:57:22,440 --> 00:57:24,600 the Supreme Allied Commander. 848 00:57:26,600 --> 00:57:28,480 The Crow Nation chief, 849 00:57:28,720 --> 00:57:31,280 Plenty Coups, had allied with the Americans 850 00:57:31,480 --> 00:57:33,720 against the Sioux 851 00:57:34,080 --> 00:57:36,320 just 30 years earlier. 852 00:57:37,640 --> 00:57:40,760 At Arlington National Cemetery, near Washington, 853 00:57:41,000 --> 00:57:44,720 Plenty Coups laid his coup stick, a magical weapon, 854 00:57:44,880 --> 00:57:46,760 on the tomb. 855 00:57:51,520 --> 00:57:54,920 Foch asked General Pershing, who had commanded 856 00:57:55,120 --> 00:57:56,480 the US forces 857 00:57:57,320 --> 00:57:59,720 if he could meet the Far West tribes. 858 00:58:00,240 --> 00:58:03,600 In North Dakota, he met the enemy of the Crows, 859 00:58:04,120 --> 00:58:06,640 the Sioux chief Red Tomahawk. 860 00:58:06,840 --> 00:58:09,120 He was welcomed with a fur coat 861 00:58:09,480 --> 00:58:11,200 and a peace pipe. 862 00:58:17,040 --> 00:58:18,040 Marshal Foch 863 00:58:18,280 --> 00:58:20,680 was given the name Charging Thunder. 864 00:58:23,160 --> 00:58:25,600 In Washington, President Wilson, 865 00:58:25,800 --> 00:58:28,160 had been weakened by his stroke 866 00:58:28,360 --> 00:58:30,840 and reacted badly 867 00:58:33,240 --> 00:58:36,680 to Congress's rejection of the Treaty of Versailles, 868 00:58:38,320 --> 00:58:40,720 which reflected the American public's 869 00:58:40,920 --> 00:58:42,760 deep-seated isolationism. 870 00:58:43,640 --> 00:58:46,440 They wanted no part in international affairs 871 00:58:46,640 --> 00:58:48,200 or further wars. 872 00:59:03,080 --> 00:59:06,640 Zelda, Scott Fitzgerald's wife, 873 00:59:06,880 --> 00:59:09,120 described the typical 1920s woman 874 00:59:09,320 --> 00:59:12,200 awakening from an adolescent lethargy, 875 00:59:12,400 --> 00:59:13,400 sporting a bob, 876 00:59:14,720 --> 00:59:17,280 her finest pair of earrings, 877 00:59:17,480 --> 00:59:20,200 and a good dose of audacity and lipstick 878 00:59:20,400 --> 00:59:22,040 to go into battle, 879 00:59:23,280 --> 00:59:25,360 flirting for fun, 880 00:59:26,440 --> 00:59:29,440 flaunting her figure in a one-piece swimsuit, 881 00:59:30,200 --> 00:59:33,040 refusing to be bored and doing 882 00:59:33,280 --> 00:59:35,640 what she'd always wanted to do. 883 00:59:50,280 --> 00:59:51,800 But by refusing 884 00:59:52,000 --> 00:59:54,320 to sign the Treaty of Versailles, 885 00:59:54,520 --> 00:59:55,880 the US Senate 886 00:59:56,120 --> 00:59:58,240 had imperilled Wilson's dream 887 00:59:58,440 --> 01:00:00,000 of a League of Nations. 888 01:00:01,520 --> 01:00:05,840 The League of Nations set up by Lake Geneva, 889 01:00:06,080 --> 01:00:07,800 in neutral Switzerland. 890 01:00:08,000 --> 01:00:09,160 But without America, 891 01:00:09,400 --> 01:00:13,240 could this assembly of most of the world's nations 892 01:00:13,800 --> 01:00:15,760 actually guarantee peace? 893 01:00:25,040 --> 01:00:27,840 The treaties that followed from Versailles 894 01:00:28,040 --> 01:00:30,040 caused endless conflicts. 895 01:00:31,320 --> 01:00:34,120 The 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 896 01:00:34,520 --> 01:00:36,400 and the 1920 Treaty of Trianon 897 01:00:36,600 --> 01:00:39,200 broke up the Austro-Hungarian Empire 898 01:00:39,600 --> 01:00:42,520 giving rise to a shrunken Austria, 899 01:00:42,720 --> 01:00:45,720 Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, 900 01:00:45,920 --> 01:00:48,560 and a remodelled Hungary and Romania. 901 01:00:51,080 --> 01:00:53,360 The right to self-determination 902 01:00:53,560 --> 01:00:55,560 hadn't really been respected. 903 01:00:56,160 --> 01:00:58,800 Germans in Poland and Czechoslovakia, 904 01:00:59,200 --> 01:01:00,520 Hungarians in Romania, 905 01:01:00,720 --> 01:01:02,440 and Croats in Yugoslavia 906 01:01:02,640 --> 01:01:05,320 had formerly lived in relative peace 907 01:01:05,480 --> 01:01:07,360 in a single empire. 908 01:01:12,040 --> 01:01:13,320 Similarly, 909 01:01:13,520 --> 01:01:17,200 the Ottoman Empire had kept Arab tribes from fighting. 910 01:01:21,040 --> 01:01:24,240 But at the Treaty of Sèvres, on 10 August 1920, 911 01:01:24,960 --> 01:01:28,600 the Ottoman Empire was punished for supporting Germany 912 01:01:29,040 --> 01:01:31,520 and reduced to what we know as Turkey, 913 01:01:31,720 --> 01:01:34,080 minus the Greek enclave of Smyrna. 914 01:01:34,240 --> 01:01:36,560 TURKEY 915 01:01:36,760 --> 01:01:39,960 Britain and France redrew the Middle East. 916 01:01:41,680 --> 01:01:44,520 The French sought to expand its empire, 917 01:01:44,720 --> 01:01:47,160 by taking Syria and Lebanon. 918 01:01:47,280 --> 01:01:49,200 SYRIA - LEBANON 919 01:01:49,400 --> 01:01:51,520 The British created new countries 920 01:01:51,680 --> 01:01:53,920 in Transjordan, 921 01:01:54,080 --> 01:01:55,400 Palestine 922 01:01:55,600 --> 01:01:58,960 and Iraq, taking control of its oil. 923 01:01:59,120 --> 01:02:00,240 SYRIA - IRAQ 924 01:02:00,440 --> 01:02:03,080 Wilson had supported a Kurdish state, 925 01:02:03,280 --> 01:02:05,640 which existed for a few months, 926 01:02:05,840 --> 01:02:08,280 until the Turks dismantled it. 927 01:02:11,440 --> 01:02:14,400 The Romans had expelled the Jews from Jerusalem, 928 01:02:14,640 --> 01:02:17,400 in Palestine, 2,000 years earlier. 929 01:02:18,640 --> 01:02:20,800 The 600,000 Arabs there 930 01:02:21,040 --> 01:02:24,360 were suspicious of the rising Zionist movement 931 01:02:24,880 --> 01:02:26,560 and the arrival of Jews 932 01:02:26,760 --> 01:02:29,520 from Russia and central Europe. 933 01:02:35,800 --> 01:02:36,960 During the war, 934 01:02:37,200 --> 01:02:40,080 the British, including Colonel Lawrence, 935 01:02:40,280 --> 01:02:43,200 seen here at the Sèvres treaty talks, 936 01:02:43,360 --> 01:02:45,120 had promised the Arabs 937 01:02:45,320 --> 01:02:47,560 an end to Jewish immigration 938 01:02:47,760 --> 01:02:49,720 in exchange for their support. 939 01:02:54,480 --> 01:02:56,840 But Lawrence was manipulated 940 01:02:57,040 --> 01:02:58,960 and the promises were broken. 941 01:02:59,800 --> 01:03:03,200 The British authorized a Jewish national state, 942 01:03:03,440 --> 01:03:07,440 which was to become Israel three decades later. 943 01:03:09,480 --> 01:03:11,920 Chaim Weizmann, its first president, 944 01:03:12,120 --> 01:03:13,840 called for immigration, 945 01:03:15,240 --> 01:03:18,480 to make Palestine as Jewish as America is American 946 01:03:18,640 --> 01:03:20,280 or England is English. 947 01:03:23,720 --> 01:03:25,800 An unending war begun. 948 01:03:27,640 --> 01:03:28,920 TURKEY 1920 949 01:03:29,080 --> 01:03:30,440 In 1920, 950 01:03:30,680 --> 01:03:32,400 Turkey was defeated 951 01:03:33,160 --> 01:03:35,920 and the situation in its capital was tense. 952 01:03:37,240 --> 01:03:40,280 The Allies still occupied part of the country 953 01:03:40,440 --> 01:03:42,360 and nationalists rose up 954 01:03:42,760 --> 01:03:44,080 against them. 955 01:03:49,760 --> 01:03:52,760 They were led by Mustafa Kemal, 956 01:03:52,920 --> 01:03:54,720 who had resisted 957 01:03:54,920 --> 01:03:57,520 British and French landings in 1915. 958 01:03:58,160 --> 01:04:00,600 He rejected the Treaty of Sèvres 959 01:04:00,760 --> 01:04:02,560 and the loss of Smyrna. 960 01:04:03,480 --> 01:04:06,960 He said: "If we give in to Allied demands, 961 01:04:07,160 --> 01:04:09,280 "we will never stop them." 962 01:04:13,480 --> 01:04:14,880 Over two years 963 01:04:15,120 --> 01:04:17,720 he fought the Allies and the Greeks 964 01:04:17,920 --> 01:04:20,880 to win back the occupied territories. 965 01:04:41,480 --> 01:04:43,320 On 9 September 1922, 966 01:04:44,120 --> 01:04:47,920 his army took the last Greek bastion of Smyrna. 967 01:04:51,160 --> 01:04:53,360 Smyrna 968 01:04:53,560 --> 01:04:55,280 The city was torched. 969 01:05:07,480 --> 01:05:09,960 The Turks wanted to oust the Greeks 970 01:05:10,200 --> 01:05:12,800 and all non-Muslim minorities, 971 01:05:13,040 --> 01:05:14,600 especially the Armenians. 972 01:05:19,080 --> 01:05:20,960 Only a few escaped 973 01:05:21,160 --> 01:05:23,080 to exile in Europe. 974 01:05:29,720 --> 01:05:30,680 In Geneva 975 01:05:30,880 --> 01:05:33,080 the League of Nations 976 01:05:33,520 --> 01:05:35,880 had failed to stop wars and massacres, 977 01:05:36,400 --> 01:05:38,960 but managed to save millions 978 01:05:39,160 --> 01:05:40,880 thanks to an exceptional man, 979 01:05:41,200 --> 01:05:44,600 Fridtjof Nansen, a Norwegian polar explorer, 980 01:05:44,760 --> 01:05:49,160 the High Commissioner for Refugees, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. 981 01:05:55,760 --> 01:05:57,880 He created the Nansen passport, 982 01:05:58,640 --> 01:06:01,160 for stateless persons, 983 01:06:01,880 --> 01:06:03,320 like Chagall 984 01:06:04,040 --> 01:06:05,880 and Stravinsky, 985 01:06:06,640 --> 01:06:08,880 allowing them to cross borders. 986 01:06:10,760 --> 01:06:13,800 nine millions men, women and children 987 01:06:14,040 --> 01:06:16,360 became refugees of peace. 988 01:06:17,640 --> 01:06:20,400 Many wanted to reach the USA 989 01:06:21,640 --> 01:06:24,720 and congregated in Cherbourg, in France, 990 01:06:24,920 --> 01:06:26,240 in a bottleneck. 991 01:06:30,120 --> 01:06:33,240 The French had just built the Hôtel Atlantique, 992 01:06:33,480 --> 01:06:35,800 an emigrant transit centre, 993 01:06:36,040 --> 01:06:39,440 providing medical and administrative support. 994 01:06:47,080 --> 01:06:48,680 The journey could begin. 995 01:06:53,400 --> 01:06:56,240 The USA has always taken in those in need - 996 01:06:56,600 --> 01:06:59,680 Irish, Italians and Jews. 997 01:07:03,560 --> 01:07:05,440 The Statue of Liberty, 998 01:07:05,640 --> 01:07:08,160 sculpted by a French, Auguste Bartholdi, 999 01:07:09,040 --> 01:07:13,360 is inscribed with lines written by the Jewish poet Emma Lazarus: 1000 01:07:14,480 --> 01:07:17,760 "Give me your tired, your poor... 1001 01:07:18,000 --> 01:07:21,080 "Send these, the homeless tempest-tossed to me." 1002 01:07:23,160 --> 01:07:24,040 MONTREAL 1003 01:07:24,200 --> 01:07:26,960 30,000 Jews demonstrated in Montreal 1004 01:07:27,200 --> 01:07:30,040 to alert people to the fate of Jews in Ukraine. 1005 01:07:36,880 --> 01:07:40,440 100,000 Jews were killed during the civil war 1006 01:07:40,680 --> 01:07:44,400 between Tsarist Whites and Communist Reds. 1007 01:07:52,920 --> 01:07:54,720 After four years, 1008 01:07:54,920 --> 01:07:57,040 the Bolsheviks triumphed, 1009 01:07:57,680 --> 01:08:01,080 having proved more pitiless than their enemies. 1010 01:08:04,760 --> 01:08:07,440 On 22 December 1922, 1011 01:08:07,960 --> 01:08:11,640 Russia became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - 1012 01:08:11,800 --> 01:08:13,360 the USSR. 1013 01:08:13,560 --> 01:08:16,800 A vast part of the planet became communist. 1014 01:08:19,880 --> 01:08:21,720 The whole economy collapsed. 1015 01:08:22,120 --> 01:08:25,320 Harvests were commandeered to feed soldiers. 1016 01:08:28,120 --> 01:08:32,760 The first great famine of 1922 claimed 5 million victims. 1017 01:08:40,080 --> 01:08:42,520 The whole world sent humanitarian aid. 1018 01:08:43,720 --> 01:08:46,600 William Shafroth, a member of the US mission, 1019 01:08:46,880 --> 01:08:48,920 which saved many lives, 1020 01:08:50,360 --> 01:08:53,520 saw people eating grass mixed with bone meal 1021 01:08:54,360 --> 01:08:56,520 tree bark and mud, 1022 01:08:57,840 --> 01:09:02,000 horses, dogs, cats, rats 1023 01:09:02,200 --> 01:09:03,880 and straw from roofs. 1024 01:09:06,440 --> 01:09:09,240 He saw skeletal bodies with sunken faces 1025 01:09:11,040 --> 01:09:12,160 and spindly legs. 1026 01:09:15,040 --> 01:09:17,240 Dozens died every day 1027 01:09:18,000 --> 01:09:19,640 amid a terrible stench. 1028 01:09:30,040 --> 01:09:31,120 After the war, 1029 01:09:31,840 --> 01:09:34,960 1.5 million Russians fled the country. 1030 01:09:36,160 --> 01:09:38,640 400,000 White Russians came to Nice, 1031 01:09:38,840 --> 01:09:42,080 or to the wealthy districts of Paris. 1032 01:09:45,480 --> 01:09:48,760 Those that escaped with their money 1033 01:09:48,960 --> 01:09:50,600 could live like kings. 1034 01:09:54,680 --> 01:09:58,160 Prince Yusupov, one of Rasputin's assassins, 1035 01:09:58,400 --> 01:10:01,160 and an adviser to Tsar Nicolas II, wrote: 1036 01:10:02,600 --> 01:10:04,640 "How could we not trust in Paris, 1037 01:10:04,800 --> 01:10:07,280 "whose smile delights foreigners?" 1038 01:10:10,280 --> 01:10:13,160 The prince's lover, the Grand Duke Dmitri, 1039 01:10:13,880 --> 01:10:15,040 lived with 1040 01:10:15,280 --> 01:10:17,280 the famous fashion designer: 1041 01:10:18,040 --> 01:10:19,520 Coco Chanel. 1042 01:10:26,640 --> 01:10:29,120 To launch her fifth perfume, 1043 01:10:29,280 --> 01:10:30,960 Dimitri encouraged her 1044 01:10:31,200 --> 01:10:33,720 to use a Russian officer's vodka bottle. 1045 01:10:44,240 --> 01:10:47,240 But not all of the devotees of the last Tsar 1046 01:10:47,480 --> 01:10:49,280 were aristocrats. 1047 01:10:49,920 --> 01:10:52,640 Yusupov wrote in his memoirs: 1048 01:10:52,880 --> 01:10:55,040 "There are new Russian business, 1049 01:10:55,640 --> 01:10:57,560 "restaurants, shops, 1050 01:10:57,800 --> 01:11:01,560 "Orthodox churches, with schools and retirement homes." 1051 01:11:03,920 --> 01:11:06,400 Paris became a centre for emigration. 1052 01:11:06,560 --> 01:11:07,720 Russian Refugees 1053 01:11:08,560 --> 01:11:12,440 The Tsars generals and officers of the Imperial Guard, 1054 01:11:12,640 --> 01:11:15,360 knowing little beyond soldiering, 1055 01:11:15,520 --> 01:11:17,080 became taxi drivers 1056 01:11:20,440 --> 01:11:23,000 and were long part of Paris's folklore. 1057 01:11:23,200 --> 01:11:27,320 The last of them retired in 1970, aged 92. 1058 01:11:31,360 --> 01:11:33,920 White Russians, like this taxi driver, 1059 01:11:34,120 --> 01:11:36,760 worried about the Soviet global influence. 1060 01:11:44,160 --> 01:11:46,960 Social tensions born of the cost of war 1061 01:11:47,640 --> 01:11:50,480 pushed people towards the generous project 1062 01:11:50,800 --> 01:11:52,320 promised by communism, 1063 01:11:52,520 --> 01:11:53,840 in London, 1064 01:11:54,080 --> 01:11:57,720 Berlin, New York, Milan 1065 01:11:57,920 --> 01:11:59,040 and in Rome. 1066 01:12:03,520 --> 01:12:06,040 After staying in Moscow, 1067 01:12:06,200 --> 01:12:07,440 Antonio Gramsci 1068 01:12:07,640 --> 01:12:11,120 became one of the first Marxist theoreticians, writing: 1069 01:12:11,920 --> 01:12:13,920 "To live is to be partisan." 1070 01:12:17,800 --> 01:12:19,560 Fighting the communists, 1071 01:12:19,760 --> 01:12:21,480 ex-servicemen were led 1072 01:12:21,640 --> 01:12:23,160 by a grandiloquent poet 1073 01:12:23,360 --> 01:12:25,600 and war hero, Gabriele d'Annunzio. 1074 01:12:29,240 --> 01:12:31,040 He'd denounced 1075 01:12:31,240 --> 01:12:33,760 the Treaty of Versailles, 1076 01:12:33,960 --> 01:12:35,840 for placing Italians 1077 01:12:36,040 --> 01:12:40,360 in Dalmatia and the city of Fiume 1078 01:12:40,480 --> 01:12:42,240 within Yugoslavia's borders. 1079 01:12:42,880 --> 01:12:46,600 He saw that as a denigration of the Italian victory. 1080 01:12:52,360 --> 01:12:54,360 He started a militia saying: 1081 01:12:54,720 --> 01:12:58,200 "Italy, your hour has come. Wonderful years lie ahead! 1082 01:12:58,400 --> 01:13:01,560 "I hear the thunder of eagles, whose talons 1083 01:13:01,760 --> 01:13:03,120 "are tearing the night." 1084 01:13:06,400 --> 01:13:07,640 Gabriele d'Annunzio 1085 01:13:08,080 --> 01:13:10,480 seized the town of Fiume. 1086 01:13:11,360 --> 01:13:13,520 Who rules Fiume? 1087 01:13:13,720 --> 01:13:15,680 We do! 1088 01:13:19,200 --> 01:13:22,720 But the regular army chased his men out again. 1089 01:13:28,080 --> 01:13:30,920 Gramsci saw the tragicomedy 1090 01:13:31,320 --> 01:13:33,960 as proof of bourgeois decadence. 1091 01:13:34,120 --> 01:13:35,240 He said: 1092 01:13:35,480 --> 01:13:39,000 "The old world is dying and the new cannot be born. 1093 01:13:39,200 --> 01:13:42,440 "In this interregnum, morbid symptoms appear." 1094 01:13:43,960 --> 01:13:46,560 Those symptoms included Benito Mussolini. 1095 01:13:47,680 --> 01:13:50,440 His wife, Rachele, wrote: 1096 01:13:51,120 --> 01:13:54,320 "He had phosphorescent, piercing, bright eyes. 1097 01:13:54,520 --> 01:13:56,640 "His pupils flashed lightning 1098 01:13:56,800 --> 01:13:58,160 "and he knew it. 1099 01:13:58,360 --> 01:14:01,080 "His eyes had tremendous power over people." 1100 01:14:02,840 --> 01:14:06,040 Mussolini had started out as a socialist journalist. 1101 01:14:06,240 --> 01:14:08,400 The war made him a nationalist. 1102 01:14:12,440 --> 01:14:15,480 In 1919 he created the fascist movement, 1103 01:14:15,680 --> 01:14:17,960 named after the fighting units 1104 01:14:18,120 --> 01:14:19,560 formed by his militants. 1105 01:14:23,400 --> 01:14:26,800 Mussolini drew on Gabriele d'Annunzio's prestige, 1106 01:14:27,560 --> 01:14:28,840 copying 1107 01:14:29,840 --> 01:14:31,440 the black shirts, 1108 01:14:31,680 --> 01:14:33,840 Roman salute, brandished daggers 1109 01:14:35,040 --> 01:14:37,920 and cry of "A noi! A noi!" - "Ours! 1110 01:14:39,240 --> 01:14:40,480 "Ours!" 1111 01:14:42,400 --> 01:14:46,320 But whereas Gabriele d'Annunzio had 2,500 men in 1919, 1112 01:14:46,840 --> 01:14:50,520 Mussolini had 300,000 in 1922. 1113 01:14:51,680 --> 01:14:53,320 Mussolini's populism 1114 01:14:53,520 --> 01:14:55,800 brought together ex-soldiers, 1115 01:14:56,680 --> 01:14:58,960 invalids, the unemployed, 1116 01:14:59,200 --> 01:15:03,240 the middle classes the mentally challenged, 1117 01:15:03,480 --> 01:15:05,560 who could hardly make the salute. 1118 01:15:06,400 --> 01:15:07,680 and the downtrodden, 1119 01:15:07,920 --> 01:15:10,720 who'd write on their bandages: 1120 01:15:10,880 --> 01:15:13,360 "Me ne frego" - "I don't care." 1121 01:15:17,880 --> 01:15:20,720 Mussolini promised to reinstall order 1122 01:15:20,960 --> 01:15:23,120 and issued wooden sticks 1123 01:15:23,560 --> 01:15:26,880 encouraging people to attack communists. 1124 01:15:38,600 --> 01:15:40,120 Mussolini said: 1125 01:15:40,320 --> 01:15:42,880 "I'll reinstall discipline in factories," 1126 01:15:44,680 --> 01:15:46,960 which pleased Agnelli, 1127 01:15:47,160 --> 01:15:50,880 who founded Fiat, and Pirelli, the tyre manufacturer. 1128 01:16:10,960 --> 01:16:13,960 To bolster his legitimacy, 1129 01:16:14,120 --> 01:16:16,200 on 28 October 1922, 1130 01:16:17,040 --> 01:16:20,200 Mussolini staged what he pompously called 1131 01:16:20,400 --> 01:16:21,840 "the March on Rome". 1132 01:16:34,400 --> 01:16:38,320 He took the train from Milan. 1133 01:16:46,560 --> 01:16:49,160 Rather than a black shirt, 1134 01:16:49,360 --> 01:16:50,880 he wore a suit and tie, 1135 01:16:51,080 --> 01:16:53,200 amid his fascist henchmen. 1136 01:16:58,440 --> 01:17:01,440 King Victor-Emmanuel III gave him power, 1137 01:17:03,360 --> 01:17:05,680 to the Italian people's misfortune. 1138 01:17:09,440 --> 01:17:11,640 With the Church's blessing, 1139 01:17:11,800 --> 01:17:13,680 using masterful propaganda 1140 01:17:13,840 --> 01:17:16,240 and new concentration camps, 1141 01:17:17,000 --> 01:17:20,320 he set up an authoritarian anti-communist regime. 1142 01:17:24,240 --> 01:17:25,080 GERMANY 1143 01:17:25,240 --> 01:17:28,120 In 1923, in Germany, too, 1144 01:17:28,360 --> 01:17:31,360 veterans had rallied around their war leader, 1145 01:17:31,600 --> 01:17:35,280 General Ludendorff, an associate of the Nazi leader, 1146 01:17:36,040 --> 01:17:37,360 Adolf Hitler. 1147 01:17:41,480 --> 01:17:42,440 Hitler said: 1148 01:17:43,520 --> 01:17:45,960 "Our people are in such poverty 1149 01:17:46,160 --> 01:17:50,280 "that if we don't take action, they'll go to the communists." 1150 01:17:52,400 --> 01:17:54,360 A succession of Allied mistakes 1151 01:17:54,560 --> 01:17:56,440 largely helped Hitler. 1152 01:17:57,960 --> 01:18:01,600 Like the Belgian and French occupation of the Rhine, 1153 01:18:02,520 --> 01:18:05,440 to take coal, as reparations, 1154 01:18:08,280 --> 01:18:11,840 causing an economic crisis and spiralling inflation. 1155 01:18:12,840 --> 01:18:15,320 By printing money, 1156 01:18:15,480 --> 01:18:18,320 the value of the mark depreciated. 1157 01:18:19,080 --> 01:18:21,160 Germans were buying bread 1158 01:18:21,400 --> 01:18:23,840 for 460 billion marks. 1159 01:18:25,920 --> 01:18:29,360 The 13-year-old Irma Lang wrote: 1160 01:18:30,600 --> 01:18:33,400 "When our father brings home his wages, 1161 01:18:33,560 --> 01:18:35,640 "we spend it immediately, 1162 01:18:35,840 --> 01:18:39,360 "but its value quickly reduces to nothing." 1163 01:18:43,280 --> 01:18:46,720 Tensions rose between the Germans, French and Belgians 1164 01:18:46,880 --> 01:18:48,280 in the Ruhr. 1165 01:18:48,440 --> 01:18:50,400 OCCUPIED ZONE LIMIT 1166 01:18:51,040 --> 01:18:52,560 10 March 1923 1167 01:18:52,720 --> 01:18:54,160 On 10 March 1923, 1168 01:18:55,120 --> 01:18:58,080 a French officer struck some Germans, 1169 01:18:58,320 --> 01:19:02,080 for failing to doff their hats at a funeral procession. 1170 01:19:04,040 --> 01:19:07,320 Such events provoked Hitler to try to take power 1171 01:19:07,480 --> 01:19:09,720 on 9 November 1923. 1172 01:19:09,880 --> 01:19:10,960 9 NOVEMBER 1923 1173 01:19:11,320 --> 01:19:13,720 But the army and police remained loyal 1174 01:19:13,920 --> 01:19:17,080 to the German republic and the putsch failed. 1175 01:19:18,280 --> 01:19:21,600 Hitler was jailed, for the time being. 1176 01:19:22,440 --> 01:19:25,840 Stefan Zweig reflected the general opinion, writing: 1177 01:19:26,560 --> 01:19:29,040 "So, this year of 1923 will see an end 1178 01:19:29,240 --> 01:19:32,160 "to swastikas and assault troops 1179 01:19:32,360 --> 01:19:34,600 "and Hitler's name will be forgotten." 1180 01:19:38,880 --> 01:19:40,840 But Zweig was wrong. 1181 01:19:41,200 --> 01:19:43,720 Hitler was planning his revenge. 1182 01:19:45,080 --> 01:19:48,720 In his cell, he wrote Mein Kampf, 1183 01:19:48,920 --> 01:19:52,400 a manifesto of hatred for Versailles and for France. 1184 01:19:53,760 --> 01:19:55,520 SPAIN 1185 01:19:55,800 --> 01:19:58,320 The totalitarian threat was real. 1186 01:19:58,520 --> 01:20:01,280 In Spain, General Primo de Rivera, 1187 01:20:01,440 --> 01:20:03,240 inspired by Mussolini, 1188 01:20:03,600 --> 01:20:07,160 took power on 23 September 1923 1189 01:20:07,440 --> 01:20:09,600 and set up a dictatorship, 1190 01:20:11,920 --> 01:20:14,160 This coup d'état delighted a certain 1191 01:20:15,000 --> 01:20:16,880 Francisco Franco, 1192 01:20:17,040 --> 01:20:18,960 who celebrate with his family. 1193 01:20:21,240 --> 01:20:23,520 Known for his discipline and ferocity, 1194 01:20:23,720 --> 01:20:27,680 at 33 he became Europe's youngest general 1195 01:20:27,840 --> 01:20:30,000 and Spain's future dictator. 1196 01:20:33,840 --> 01:20:35,200 In 1921, 1197 01:20:35,360 --> 01:20:37,680 he became a leader 1198 01:20:37,840 --> 01:20:39,440 in the Spanish Legion, 1199 01:20:40,440 --> 01:20:43,000 tasked with managing the Rif, 1200 01:20:43,160 --> 01:20:46,120 a Spanish-controlled zone 1201 01:20:46,800 --> 01:20:49,160 in French-ruled Morocco. 1202 01:20:51,680 --> 01:20:53,040 During World War I, 1203 01:20:53,240 --> 01:20:55,880 overexploitation of the region's iron mines 1204 01:20:56,080 --> 01:20:58,440 to supply French armament factories 1205 01:20:58,920 --> 01:21:01,680 had led to a revolt among the Moroccans 1206 01:21:09,640 --> 01:21:12,000 Abd el-Krim, an Arab nationalist leader, 1207 01:21:12,600 --> 01:21:14,240 came to the fore. 1208 01:21:15,240 --> 01:21:17,680 The learned 50-year-old 1209 01:21:18,080 --> 01:21:20,720 united the tribes around him 1210 01:21:24,360 --> 01:21:27,200 and won a stinging defeat against the Spanish 1211 01:21:27,440 --> 01:21:30,680 at Annual on 21 July 1921. 1212 01:21:30,840 --> 01:21:33,480 21 July 1921 1213 01:21:37,840 --> 01:21:40,840 20,000 Spanish troops suffered 1214 01:21:41,000 --> 01:21:42,720 13,000 casualties. 1215 01:21:42,880 --> 01:21:45,480 The Spanish forces were routed. 1216 01:21:49,520 --> 01:21:52,680 The French intervened alongside the Spanish. 1217 01:21:56,800 --> 01:21:59,320 Was the colonial era coming to an end? 1218 01:22:04,160 --> 01:22:07,440 The Rif War was a foretaste of the horrors to come. 1219 01:22:10,320 --> 01:22:13,040 This Moroccan, fighting for the Spanish, 1220 01:22:13,240 --> 01:22:15,320 is holding an insurgent's head. 1221 01:22:17,160 --> 01:22:19,760 Atrocities were committed by both sides. 1222 01:22:23,560 --> 01:22:25,840 The French and Spanish 1223 01:22:26,200 --> 01:22:27,720 dropped bombs. 1224 01:22:31,560 --> 01:22:33,880 Some contained mustard gas, 1225 01:22:34,080 --> 01:22:36,720 which the Germans had used in 1917. 1226 01:22:41,400 --> 01:22:43,600 Attacks on the enemy's rear 1227 01:22:44,560 --> 01:22:46,480 and the use of tanks, 1228 01:22:47,000 --> 01:22:49,760 brought about Abd el-Krim's defeat. 1229 01:22:50,680 --> 01:22:53,160 He surrendered on 27 May 1926. 1230 01:22:53,320 --> 01:22:55,280 27 May 1926 1231 01:22:57,760 --> 01:23:01,000 Abd el-Krim's surrender was shown in cinemas, 1232 01:23:01,240 --> 01:23:03,320 with this reassuring text. 1233 01:23:03,480 --> 01:23:05,040 HIS FATHER AND FAMILY 1234 01:23:05,200 --> 01:23:07,640 SEEK PROTECTION FROM THE VICTORS. 1235 01:23:12,840 --> 01:23:13,920 The Rif War 1236 01:23:14,320 --> 01:23:17,360 inspired the anti-imperial wars in Africa 1237 01:23:17,560 --> 01:23:19,040 and across the world. 1238 01:23:22,240 --> 01:23:24,160 It marked a turning point. 1239 01:23:24,800 --> 01:23:26,920 The conflict lines of the future 1240 01:23:27,160 --> 01:23:28,480 would be different. 1241 01:23:30,080 --> 01:23:32,200 The loss of faith and identity 1242 01:23:32,360 --> 01:23:34,000 during the war 1243 01:23:34,960 --> 01:23:37,000 imbued politics with a sense 1244 01:23:37,760 --> 01:23:40,560 of promise and vocation. 1245 01:23:41,920 --> 01:23:43,480 Fascism was on the rise 1246 01:23:43,680 --> 01:23:45,040 in 1926, 1247 01:23:45,720 --> 01:23:47,200 including in England, 1248 01:23:47,840 --> 01:23:49,440 as was communism, 1249 01:23:49,880 --> 01:23:50,640 even in New York. 1250 01:23:55,080 --> 01:23:58,040 The USA tried to expel its communists. 1251 01:23:58,240 --> 01:24:01,480 giving them a one-way ticket to the land of socialism 1252 01:24:01,680 --> 01:24:04,480 on The Soviet Ark. 1253 01:24:14,320 --> 01:24:15,880 Beyond the red scare, 1254 01:24:16,040 --> 01:24:18,360 America was under prohibition. 1255 01:24:21,040 --> 01:24:22,800 Conservatives banned alcohol 1256 01:24:23,040 --> 01:24:26,760 to dampen people's high spirits with a sense of morality. 1257 01:24:30,800 --> 01:24:33,480 Local and Canadian alcohol traffickers 1258 01:24:34,120 --> 01:24:36,280 were hunted down. 1259 01:24:37,960 --> 01:24:41,360 The police ostentatiously destroyed alcohol seizures. 1260 01:25:09,200 --> 01:25:12,040 Prohibition helped the Italian-American mafia 1261 01:25:12,240 --> 01:25:14,480 to gain a foothold in the USA. 1262 01:25:16,080 --> 01:25:19,040 Al Capone became a legendary gangster. 1263 01:25:21,400 --> 01:25:22,520 America partied. 1264 01:25:24,800 --> 01:25:28,160 Jazz rhythms gave rise to the Charleston. 1265 01:25:30,960 --> 01:25:33,520 People just wanted to forget. 1266 01:25:34,440 --> 01:25:37,080 John Dos Passos predicted 1267 01:25:37,840 --> 01:25:40,040 an American 20th century, 1268 01:25:40,880 --> 01:25:42,720 dominated by American thought 1269 01:25:42,920 --> 01:25:46,760 and guided and coloured by American progress. 1270 01:25:47,480 --> 01:25:50,480 He saw no turning back from the world's 1271 01:25:50,680 --> 01:25:52,760 physical and moral regeneration. 1272 01:25:59,440 --> 01:26:01,520 Jazz crossed the Atlantic. 1273 01:26:02,920 --> 01:26:05,960 In Paris, Josephine Baker set the tone. 1274 01:26:06,200 --> 01:26:09,480 When Jean Cocteau first saw her, he wrote: 1275 01:26:10,160 --> 01:26:12,760 "Eroticism has found its style." 1276 01:26:16,680 --> 01:26:20,160 It was the jazz age in Montmartre and Montparnasse. 1277 01:26:22,120 --> 01:26:26,040 In Ernest Hemingway's last book, A Moveable Feast, 1278 01:26:26,200 --> 01:26:28,080 he described life in Paris 1279 01:26:28,720 --> 01:26:31,480 as a feast that stays with you. 1280 01:26:36,840 --> 01:26:38,680 The Charleston was heard 1281 01:26:38,920 --> 01:26:40,360 in Berlin, too. 1282 01:26:41,240 --> 01:26:44,360 Stefan Zweig wrote in The World of Yesterday 1283 01:26:45,360 --> 01:26:47,360 that as money lost its value, 1284 01:26:47,520 --> 01:26:49,400 other values soared. 1285 01:26:52,360 --> 01:26:55,640 It was an ecstatic time, mixing impatience 1286 01:26:55,800 --> 01:26:57,200 and fanaticism, 1287 01:26:57,360 --> 01:27:00,480 a golden age of extravagance. 1288 01:27:06,200 --> 01:27:08,680 In those wild post-war years, 1289 01:27:09,600 --> 01:27:11,520 some wanted to feel alive, 1290 01:27:11,720 --> 01:27:14,920 to escape the memories of disaster and death. 1291 01:27:15,920 --> 01:27:17,640 Others awaited Hitler 1292 01:27:17,840 --> 01:27:19,680 to overturn the peace treaty 1293 01:27:19,920 --> 01:27:21,480 and rearm Germany. 1294 01:27:23,000 --> 01:27:25,920 Financial crises weakened democracies 1295 01:27:26,120 --> 01:27:30,600 and another world war that had seemed unthinkable, 1296 01:27:31,000 --> 01:27:33,400 became threatening and then inevitable. 1297 01:27:37,920 --> 01:27:41,120 But after 11 November 1918, 1298 01:27:41,360 --> 01:27:45,120 people had shown an incredible capacity for rebirth. 1299 01:27:46,960 --> 01:27:48,640 But could they succeed 1300 01:27:48,800 --> 01:27:51,760 in preventing another war? 1301 01:27:52,600 --> 01:27:55,520 Could they keep the peace? 1302 01:28:53,920 --> 01:28:57,120 Subtitles: ECLAIR