1
00:00:01,100 --> 00:00:06,633
♪♪

2
00:00:06,666 --> 00:00:12,400
♪♪

3
00:00:12,433 --> 00:00:16,000
-Orcas.

4
00:00:16,033 --> 00:00:19,633
{\an1}They live together
in close-knit families.

5
00:00:21,800 --> 00:00:27,066
{\an1}Some pods stay in the same area
for generations,

6
00:00:27,100 --> 00:00:30,666
{\an1}like this one off the northwest
coast of America.

7
00:00:30,700 --> 00:00:36,666
♪♪

8
00:00:36,700 --> 00:00:41,266
In 2018, they hit the headlines.

9
00:00:41,300 --> 00:00:44,366
{\an8}-A mother orca
whose calf died after birth

10
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,733
{\an7}is still carrying her baby
17 days later.

11
00:00:48,766 --> 00:00:54,700
{\an7}Watching this mother orca
express a very human emotion,

12
00:00:54,733 --> 00:00:56,900
{\an7}this outpouring of grief...

13
00:00:56,933 --> 00:00:59,633
{\an7}some are calling it
a "tour of grief."

14
00:00:59,666 --> 00:01:02,066
{\an8}Researchers say
that they're now concerned

15
00:01:02,100 --> 00:01:03,900
{\an7}for the mother's health.

16
00:01:06,233 --> 00:01:10,366
{\an1}-She's not the only mother
in difficulty.

17
00:01:10,400 --> 00:01:15,000
70% of females
are miscarrying their babies.

18
00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:21,800
{\an1}The future of the whole
community is under threat.

19
00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:26,766
{\an1}The race is on to save them.

20
00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:29,166
-Yeah, there's...
Oh, he's right there.

21
00:01:32,833 --> 00:01:35,566
-These orcas are
the most studied population

22
00:01:35,600 --> 00:01:37,866
on the planet.

23
00:01:37,900 --> 00:01:40,800
{\an1}And researchers now realize
their future depends

24
00:01:40,833 --> 00:01:43,800
{\an1}on a completely different
environment.

25
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♪♪

26
00:01:52,433 --> 00:01:54,400
-If humans get our acts together

27
00:01:54,433 --> 00:01:58,566
{\an1}and start thinking about
the whole ecosystem,

28
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we're going to be
recovering the whales,

29
00:02:00,466 --> 00:02:03,533
{\an1}and ultimately, we're going
to be saving ourselves.

30
00:02:05,766 --> 00:02:10,233
{\an1}-Across the world,
people are studying ecosystems

31
00:02:10,266 --> 00:02:13,933
{\an1}and looking for connections,

32
00:02:13,966 --> 00:02:17,300
{\an1}giving us a deeper
understanding of nature.

33
00:02:17,333 --> 00:02:22,633
♪♪

34
00:02:22,666 --> 00:02:26,400
{\an1}We're at a turning point
in history

35
00:02:26,433 --> 00:02:29,000
{\an1}and moving in a new direction.

36
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{\an1}How we live with nature now

37
00:02:35,500 --> 00:02:38,100
{\an1}will determine our future.

38
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{\an1}A new age is upon us...

39
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{\an7}the age of nature.

40
00:02:55,600 --> 00:03:02,966
{\an8}♪♪

41
00:03:03,000 --> 00:03:05,766
{\an7}-Strait Watch, Strait Watch.

42
00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:08,100
{\an7}<i>-Strait Watch, go ahead.</i>

43
00:03:08,133 --> 00:03:09,966
{\an7}-Hi, I just wanted
to let you know

44
00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:11,566
{\an7}we're coming on scene here

45
00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:14,733
{\an7}and we're just gonna do
some distant fluke follows.

46
00:03:18,933 --> 00:03:21,033
{\an7}-For 15 years, Dr. Deborah Giles

47
00:03:21,066 --> 00:03:24,700
{\an8}has been studying
this community of orcas.

48
00:03:24,733 --> 00:03:27,233
{\an7}-Gosh, the southern resident
killer whale population

49
00:03:27,266 --> 00:03:28,900
{\an1}is critically endangered.

50
00:03:28,933 --> 00:03:34,233
{\an1}We only have 73 individuals
at this point.

51
00:03:34,266 --> 00:03:39,166
{\an1}-Records show this is the lowest
they've been for 40 years.

52
00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:41,366
-I've dedicated
my professional life

53
00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:43,833
{\an1}to trying to study them

54
00:03:43,866 --> 00:03:46,900
{\an1}to try and help answer questions

55
00:03:46,933 --> 00:03:50,766
{\an1}that will lead to, hopefully,
their recovery.

56
00:03:52,766 --> 00:03:56,333
{\an1}-Giles works with an unusual
research assistant...

57
00:03:56,366 --> 00:03:58,066
{\an1}-Let's get her out.

58
00:03:58,100 --> 00:04:00,266
Okay, baby.
[ Dog barks ]

59
00:04:00,300 --> 00:04:02,966
{\an1}-...Eba the orca dog.

60
00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:05,400
{\an1}-Good girl! Let's get it!

61
00:04:10,166 --> 00:04:11,733
{\an1}[ Dog whimpers, barks ]

62
00:04:11,766 --> 00:04:14,200
-Eba, it's okay.

63
00:04:14,233 --> 00:04:17,166
{\an1}-She plays a vital role,

64
00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:20,766
{\an1}sniffing out orca feces.

65
00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:22,566
-Oh, my goodness.
Are you gonna get a poop?

66
00:04:22,600 --> 00:04:25,266
[ Barking ]
Are you gonna do it?

67
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{\an1}Good girl! Let's get it.

68
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- This is it.
- Yeah.

69
00:04:30,033 --> 00:04:33,366
-This is it.

70
00:04:33,400 --> 00:04:35,366
{\an1}She took me to it!

71
00:04:35,400 --> 00:04:37,166
{\an1}Good job, good job.

72
00:04:37,200 --> 00:04:38,466
Good job.

73
00:04:40,500 --> 00:04:44,000
Nice!
- Did you get that one?

74
00:04:44,033 --> 00:04:47,066
{\an1}-This is like gold.
It really is like gold.

75
00:04:47,100 --> 00:04:52,800
{\an1}We can learn so much about
this population of animals.

76
00:04:52,833 --> 00:04:55,966
{\an1}-The fecal samples reveal
something surprising.

77
00:04:59,866 --> 00:05:03,133
{\an1}These orcas are feeding
almost exclusively

78
00:05:03,166 --> 00:05:06,733
{\an1}on one species of fish...

79
00:05:06,766 --> 00:05:08,766
Chinook salmon.

80
00:05:12,100 --> 00:05:14,466
{\an1}-The sad thing is that
through the millennia,

81
00:05:14,500 --> 00:05:17,466
{\an1}700,000 or more years,

82
00:05:17,500 --> 00:05:22,200
{\an1}Chinook salmon was humongous
and abundant, and it was plenty

83
00:05:22,233 --> 00:05:26,100
{\an1}to keep a large population
of killer whales thriving.

84
00:05:26,133 --> 00:05:28,400
{\an1}But within 150 years,

85
00:05:28,433 --> 00:05:32,200
{\an1}we have completely decimated

86
00:05:32,233 --> 00:05:35,100
almost all
wild Chinook salmon runs

87
00:05:35,133 --> 00:05:37,533
that these whales
would have relied on.

88
00:05:40,300 --> 00:05:43,500
-The whales are
severely malnourished.

89
00:05:46,733 --> 00:05:50,200
{\an1}The samples of their feces
can help explain why.

90
00:05:54,333 --> 00:05:56,266
{\an1}-The thing that samples
like this can tell us

91
00:05:56,300 --> 00:05:58,766
{\an1}is what actually...
What is this?

92
00:05:58,800 --> 00:06:00,633
{\an1}What was this meal?

93
00:06:00,666 --> 00:06:02,433
{\an1}So, was it salmon?

94
00:06:02,466 --> 00:06:05,433
If it was salmon,
what species of salmon?

95
00:06:05,466 --> 00:06:08,366
{\an1}And also, in some cases,

96
00:06:08,400 --> 00:06:13,066
{\an1}if it's not too degraded,
what river it came from.

97
00:06:13,100 --> 00:06:14,466
{\an1}And not only what river,

98
00:06:14,500 --> 00:06:17,033
{\an1}but even what tributary
it came from.

99
00:06:17,066 --> 00:06:18,933
{\an1}It's like a gold mine.

100
00:06:21,366 --> 00:06:25,533
{\an7}-Chinook salmon spend
most of their lives at sea,

101
00:06:25,566 --> 00:06:28,933
{\an7}but return to the rivers
of their birth to spawn.

102
00:06:31,100 --> 00:06:35,466
{\an7}Rivers like this one...
The Elwha in Washington state.

103
00:06:35,500 --> 00:06:43,500
♪♪

104
00:06:44,166 --> 00:06:49,433
{\an1}It flows through the old-growthforest
of Olympic National Park.

105
00:06:49,466 --> 00:06:55,166
{\an1}♪♪

106
00:06:55,200 --> 00:07:00,933
♪♪

107
00:07:00,966 --> 00:07:05,800
{\an1}These streams and tributariesalways
provided a safe sanctuary

108
00:07:05,833 --> 00:07:08,233
{\an1}for the Chinook salmon to breed.

109
00:07:10,933 --> 00:07:14,900
{\an1}But 100 years ago,
everything changed.

110
00:07:17,966 --> 00:07:22,266
{\an1}Two hydroelectric dams were
installed on the Elwha River

111
00:07:22,300 --> 00:07:24,700
{\an1}to power industrial growth.

112
00:07:28,433 --> 00:07:32,433
{\an1}Migrating salmon now faced
an impassable barrier.

113
00:07:34,766 --> 00:07:37,300
{\an1}Unable to get further up
the river,

114
00:07:37,333 --> 00:07:39,766
{\an1}the survival and reproduction
of the salmon

115
00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:42,000
{\an1}was severely compromised.

116
00:07:44,300 --> 00:07:48,000
{\an1}Robert Elofson is from
the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe,

117
00:07:48,033 --> 00:07:51,000
{\an1}who have lived here
for generations.

118
00:07:51,033 --> 00:07:53,833
{\an1}-I worked in the Park Service
40 years ago,

119
00:07:53,866 --> 00:07:56,633
and when you were
above the dams,

120
00:07:56,666 --> 00:07:58,333
{\an1}you never saw any salmon.

121
00:07:58,366 --> 00:08:02,233
{\an1}I would sit there and think
what a beautiful river it is,

122
00:08:02,266 --> 00:08:07,333
{\an1}and except there's
no salmon in it.

123
00:08:07,366 --> 00:08:12,266
{\an1}-It wasn't always like this.

124
00:08:12,300 --> 00:08:15,233
{\an1}-Before the dams were built,
there are stories

125
00:08:15,266 --> 00:08:18,033
{\an1}about enough... there being
enough salmon in the river

126
00:08:18,066 --> 00:08:19,866
{\an1}that you could walk
across their backs,

127
00:08:19,900 --> 00:08:22,900
{\an1}they were so thick.

128
00:08:22,933 --> 00:08:26,700
-The size of them
was also remarkable.

129
00:08:26,733 --> 00:08:31,266
{\an1}A fish could weigh
up to 100 pounds.

130
00:08:31,300 --> 00:08:36,333
♪♪

131
00:08:36,366 --> 00:08:38,300
{\an1}The Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe

132
00:08:38,333 --> 00:08:41,433
{\an1}had relied on salmon
for centuries,

133
00:08:41,466 --> 00:08:44,066
{\an1}so they campaigned
to get them back.

134
00:08:46,066 --> 00:08:49,900
{\an1}-The fight to get the dams
removed took about 35 years.

135
00:08:49,933 --> 00:08:52,300
{\an1}It began in the 1980s.

136
00:08:52,333 --> 00:08:54,700
That's when
the environmental groups

137
00:08:54,733 --> 00:08:56,300
{\an1}and the tribe started work

138
00:08:56,333 --> 00:08:59,333
{\an1}for a phase-out removal
and acquisition of the dams.

139
00:09:01,566 --> 00:09:04,366
{\an1}-It was time for the dams to go.

140
00:09:05,633 --> 00:09:09,833
[ Explosion ]

141
00:09:09,866 --> 00:09:17,533
♪♪

142
00:09:17,566 --> 00:09:22,166
{\an1}In 2014, the river
was free again.

143
00:09:26,266 --> 00:09:30,433
{\an1}But no one knew if and when
the wild fish would return.

144
00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:41,766
{\an1}-I love being out here
with these fish.

145
00:09:41,800 --> 00:09:44,266
-John McMillan
is a fish scientist

146
00:09:44,300 --> 00:09:47,066
{\an1}studying the recovery
of the river.

147
00:09:47,100 --> 00:09:49,633
{\an1}-The past 10 years
working on the Elwha,

148
00:09:49,666 --> 00:09:51,100
{\an1}I'd say, have been probably

149
00:09:51,133 --> 00:09:52,900
the most special
in my whole life.

150
00:09:52,933 --> 00:09:56,733
{\an1}I think when I add it up, I've
snorkeled about 1,800 miles,

151
00:09:56,766 --> 00:09:59,566
{\an1}so a lot of time in the water.

152
00:10:06,133 --> 00:10:09,900
{\an1}And now that we've opened up
over 70 miles of new habitat,

153
00:10:09,933 --> 00:10:13,533
{\an1}we're starting to see the
Chinook salmon really take off.

154
00:10:17,566 --> 00:10:20,566
{\an1}I believe that my counts
of juvenile Chinook salmon

155
00:10:20,600 --> 00:10:24,000
{\an1}have tripled from what
they were three years ago.

156
00:10:28,266 --> 00:10:30,833
{\an1}-John has now recorded
a spawning run

157
00:10:30,866 --> 00:10:33,166
{\an1}of nearly 8,000 fish

158
00:10:33,200 --> 00:10:37,166
{\an1}and seen them in headwaters
60 miles upstream.

159
00:10:43,600 --> 00:10:46,600
{\an1}-Wow, there are a lot of fish
in there,

160
00:10:46,633 --> 00:10:48,766
both juveniles
and adult Chinook.

161
00:10:48,800 --> 00:10:51,433
{\an1}And so far, it's looking like
it's gonna be an awesome year,

162
00:10:51,466 --> 00:10:54,166
{\an1}so I'm excited about that.

163
00:10:54,200 --> 00:10:58,900
♪♪

164
00:10:58,933 --> 00:11:02,366
{\an1}-This rise in salmon numbers
has a far-reaching impact

165
00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:06,066
{\an1}on the whole forest.

166
00:11:06,100 --> 00:11:09,433
{\an1}The salmon bring vital
marine-derived nutrients

167
00:11:09,466 --> 00:11:11,033
upriver...

168
00:11:11,066 --> 00:11:16,566
♪♪

169
00:11:16,600 --> 00:11:21,000
{\an1}...providing a wealth of food
for others living here.

170
00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:27,500
{\an1}And their decomposing bodies
put vital nitrogen

171
00:11:27,533 --> 00:11:29,833
{\an1}and phosphorus into the soil,

172
00:11:29,866 --> 00:11:35,066
{\an1}enabling the trees to grow three
times faster than without them.

173
00:11:38,566 --> 00:11:41,366
{\an1}-Large-bodied, abundant fish
provide nutrients

174
00:11:41,400 --> 00:11:44,466
{\an1}and food sources literally
for the whole ecosystem...

175
00:11:44,500 --> 00:11:47,200
{\an1}everything from animals
that are here in freshwater,

176
00:11:47,233 --> 00:11:51,700
{\an1}from the insects to the birds,

177
00:11:51,733 --> 00:11:55,333
{\an1}to the orcas and seals that live
out there in the ocean.

178
00:11:55,366 --> 00:11:58,400
{\an1}These salmon are literally
a keystone species

179
00:11:58,433 --> 00:12:02,600
{\an1}that connects the marine world
to the freshwater world.

180
00:12:02,633 --> 00:12:10,633
♪♪

181
00:12:11,766 --> 00:12:15,500
{\an1}-The governor of the state
of Washington, Jay Inslee,

182
00:12:15,533 --> 00:12:19,133
{\an1}has environmental issues
high on his agenda.

183
00:12:21,100 --> 00:12:24,666
{\an1}-Well, the Elwha Dam project,
when it first came up

184
00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:26,466
as an idea,
it's like many ideas...

185
00:12:26,500 --> 00:12:29,466
{\an1}it was revolutionary.

186
00:12:29,500 --> 00:12:33,300
{\an1}It has been such a thrill
to see Mother Nature recovering

187
00:12:33,333 --> 00:12:36,133
{\an1}now that they've been removed.

188
00:12:36,166 --> 00:12:40,400
{\an1}I can't think of a more
inspirational place or story

189
00:12:40,433 --> 00:12:44,400
{\an1}than to see Mother Nature coming
back like a freight train.

190
00:12:44,433 --> 00:12:48,733
♪♪

191
00:12:48,766 --> 00:12:52,666
{\an1}-Things are improving,
but we don't yet know

192
00:12:52,700 --> 00:12:55,300
if it's enough
to help the orcas.

193
00:12:58,700 --> 00:13:01,833
{\an1}-Orcas are in a very fragile
position right now,

194
00:13:01,866 --> 00:13:05,600
{\an1}but we're not done yet,
and it's like many things...

195
00:13:05,633 --> 00:13:07,833
{\an1}we just need to go faster.

196
00:13:09,700 --> 00:13:14,200
{\an1}-Governor Inslee has issued
an executive order

197
00:13:14,233 --> 00:13:17,733
putting together
a committee of scientists

198
00:13:17,766 --> 00:13:20,300
{\an1}and dedicating a budget
of $1 billion

199
00:13:20,333 --> 00:13:24,300
to try and save
this endangered population.

200
00:13:24,333 --> 00:13:30,800
♪♪

201
00:13:30,833 --> 00:13:37,300
♪♪

202
00:13:37,333 --> 00:13:40,000
{\an1}-You only get one shot
to prevent extinction,

203
00:13:40,033 --> 00:13:41,800
{\an1}and so we got to make sure

204
00:13:41,833 --> 00:13:44,400
we go faster
than we are even today.

205
00:13:44,433 --> 00:13:52,433
♪♪

206
00:13:53,066 --> 00:13:56,800
{\an1}-Understanding how ecosystems
are connected

207
00:13:56,833 --> 00:13:59,733
is a big part
of restoring nature.

208
00:13:59,766 --> 00:14:04,800
♪♪

209
00:14:04,833 --> 00:14:07,400
{\an1}Life is a complex web

210
00:14:07,433 --> 00:14:10,200
{\an1}where every creature
has its place.

211
00:14:10,233 --> 00:14:14,933
♪♪

212
00:14:14,966 --> 00:14:19,333
As we learn more
about what that is,

213
00:14:19,366 --> 00:14:22,333
{\an1}we're in a better position
to look after them.

214
00:14:22,366 --> 00:14:30,366
♪♪

215
00:14:30,833 --> 00:14:34,400
{\an1}Professor Fu Xinhua
has dedicated his career

216
00:14:34,433 --> 00:14:37,433
to studying
an endangered insect.

217
00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:44,600
{\an1}He's created a l in theHuazhong
Agricultural University

218
00:14:44,633 --> 00:14:47,266
{\an1}to breed them safely.

219
00:14:47,300 --> 00:14:52,100
{\an1}-We have about 0.3 million
larvae in this lab.

220
00:14:53,433 --> 00:14:55,400
{\an7}-He's the only scientist
in China

221
00:14:55,433 --> 00:14:59,033
{\an7}breeding these tiny creatures.

222
00:14:59,066 --> 00:15:03,700
{\an1}-It took us about six years
to set up this breeding lab.

223
00:15:03,733 --> 00:15:06,533
{\an1}I'm quite proud of my work.

224
00:15:09,533 --> 00:15:13,333
{\an1}-These insects were once found
all across rural China.

225
00:15:15,766 --> 00:15:19,500
{\an1}Today, they are incredibly rare.

226
00:15:19,533 --> 00:15:22,733
{\an1}But Professor Fu knows
where to find them.

227
00:15:30,666 --> 00:15:33,633
{\an1}-Now we have to wait
for the dark.

228
00:15:33,666 --> 00:15:40,233
♪♪

229
00:15:40,266 --> 00:15:46,800
♪♪

230
00:15:46,833 --> 00:15:48,800
-Fireflies.

231
00:15:48,833 --> 00:15:55,666
♪♪

232
00:15:55,700 --> 00:16:02,633
♪♪

233
00:16:02,666 --> 00:16:06,233
{\an1}When courting, they produce
a spectacle of light.

234
00:16:06,266 --> 00:16:14,266
♪♪

235
00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:20,366
{\an1}-In 2005, I went to Sichuan
to find fireflies

236
00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:24,766
{\an1}and I found a plum
with many fireflies,

237
00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:29,766
{\an1}like stars falling in the trees.

238
00:16:29,800 --> 00:16:31,766
{\an1}I felt very excited

239
00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:36,733
{\an1}because I had never seen
such beautiful things.

240
00:16:36,766 --> 00:16:44,766
♪♪

241
00:16:45,500 --> 00:16:49,733
One year later,
when I went back,

242
00:16:49,766 --> 00:16:53,200
{\an1}the tree was still there,
but the firefly were gone.

243
00:16:53,233 --> 00:16:56,800
{\an1}I felt very disappointed
and sad.

244
00:16:56,833 --> 00:16:59,000
{\an1}That moment made me realize

245
00:16:59,033 --> 00:17:03,300
{\an1}that I should do some works
to save firefly.

246
00:17:05,233 --> 00:17:08,966
{\an1}-Because of rural development
and increased pollution,

247
00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:12,566
{\an1}fireflies are in decline
all across China.

248
00:17:12,600 --> 00:17:15,600
{\an1}[ Insects buzzing,
footsteps crunching ]

249
00:17:20,600 --> 00:17:23,000
-I realized
something had to be done.

250
00:17:23,033 --> 00:17:26,400
{\an1}It was a race against time.

251
00:17:26,433 --> 00:17:28,800
I collected eight
of the fireflies

252
00:17:28,833 --> 00:17:32,133
{\an1}and took them back to my lab
to breed them.

253
00:17:32,166 --> 00:17:37,866
♪♪

254
00:17:37,900 --> 00:17:43,533
♪♪

255
00:17:43,566 --> 00:17:48,033
{\an1}-Professor Fu needed a
safeplace to release the new larvae.

256
00:17:50,666 --> 00:17:52,600
{\an1}He chose an agricultural area

257
00:17:52,633 --> 00:17:55,300
around a village
in Hubei province.

258
00:17:59,666 --> 00:18:03,700
{\an1}But first, he needed
to win over the villagers.

259
00:18:03,733 --> 00:18:07,333
♪♪

260
00:18:10,500 --> 00:18:14,066
{\an1}-When I first spoke to farmers,

261
00:18:14,100 --> 00:18:18,833
{\an1}they thought firefly were pests
and they didn't like them.

262
00:18:18,866 --> 00:18:23,133
{\an1}I needed to get the local people
on my side.

263
00:18:23,166 --> 00:18:26,400
{\an1}-Xu Tanghui is the head
of the village.

264
00:18:26,433 --> 00:18:29,400
{\an7}[ Speaking Chinese ]

265
00:18:39,100 --> 00:18:43,966
{\an1}-Professor Fu explained
that the opposite was true.

266
00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,833
{\an1}They are a natural pest control
for the farmers

267
00:18:47,866 --> 00:18:51,066
{\an1}because they eat slugs
and snails.

268
00:18:54,366 --> 00:18:58,333
{\an1}Fireflies are an important part
of the ecosystem.

269
00:19:00,233 --> 00:19:03,833
But their larvaecan only
survive in clean water.

270
00:19:05,766 --> 00:19:08,266
{\an1}For the reintroduction
to be successful,

271
00:19:08,300 --> 00:19:11,233
{\an1}the farming community
had to lend a hand.

272
00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:18,700
{\an7}[ Speaking Chinese ]

273
00:19:33,633 --> 00:19:40,400
♪♪

274
00:19:40,433 --> 00:19:44,233
{\an1}Insects are essential
for a healthy ecosystem.

275
00:19:46,100 --> 00:19:49,866
{\an1}Some are pollinators.

276
00:19:49,900 --> 00:19:51,866
{\an1}Others, predators.

277
00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:57,266
♪♪

278
00:19:57,300 --> 00:20:00,066
And they're food
for other animals.

279
00:20:00,100 --> 00:20:05,466
♪♪

280
00:20:05,500 --> 00:20:08,300
{\an1}Now nature is recovering.

281
00:20:08,333 --> 00:20:11,133
{\an1}The farmers are also doing well.

282
00:20:13,366 --> 00:20:17,500
{\an1}They're selling their rice
as organic firefly rice,

283
00:20:17,533 --> 00:20:20,533
{\an1}which fetches a higher price
at the market.

284
00:20:22,133 --> 00:20:24,600
{\an7}[ Speaking Chinese ]

285
00:20:41,833 --> 00:20:45,333
♪♪

286
00:20:45,366 --> 00:20:49,800
What Professor Fuhas
achieved here is remarkable.

287
00:20:49,833 --> 00:20:52,233
But it's only the first step.

288
00:20:54,666 --> 00:20:58,466
-So far, we have created an area

289
00:20:58,500 --> 00:21:02,200
{\an1}22 square kilometers in size.

290
00:21:05,100 --> 00:21:10,466
{\an1}It's a place where man
and nature live again in peace.

291
00:21:12,966 --> 00:21:14,766
{\an1}-He now has plans to roll out

292
00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:18,666
similar projects
across the country.

293
00:21:18,700 --> 00:21:21,466
{\an1}-Because fireflies are very
important to nature,

294
00:21:21,500 --> 00:21:26,866
{\an1}I hope many people see fireflies
sparkling all around China.

295
00:21:26,900 --> 00:21:31,866
♪♪

296
00:21:31,900 --> 00:21:33,866
{\an1}-It takes a lot of time
and effort

297
00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:37,833
{\an1}to reintroduce wildlife.

298
00:21:37,866 --> 00:21:41,033
{\an1}But it's essential
for our planet.

299
00:21:41,066 --> 00:21:43,833
{\an1}And it's happening
all over the world.

300
00:21:46,300 --> 00:21:53,866
♪♪

301
00:21:53,900 --> 00:21:56,066
{\an1}We're putting endangered
animals back

302
00:21:56,100 --> 00:21:58,866
{\an1}into their natural habitats.

303
00:21:58,900 --> 00:22:04,933
♪♪

304
00:22:04,966 --> 00:22:10,933
♪♪

305
00:22:10,966 --> 00:22:13,366
{\an1}It can be very successful...

306
00:22:15,466 --> 00:22:18,466
{\an1}...but sometimes controversial.

307
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:22,000
Wolves.

308
00:22:24,966 --> 00:22:26,633
We've had an uneasy relationship

309
00:22:26,666 --> 00:22:29,866
{\an1}with these predators
for a long time.

310
00:22:29,900 --> 00:22:32,866
[ Cattle mooing ]

311
00:22:32,900 --> 00:22:40,900
♪♪

312
00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:45,966
Dean Petersen is
a fourth-generation rancher

313
00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:47,666
in Montana.

314
00:22:49,500 --> 00:22:54,900
{\an1}-I woke up one morning
to two wolves chasing

315
00:22:54,933 --> 00:22:56,700
15 to 20 cows,

316
00:22:56,733 --> 00:22:58,933
{\an1}just out from my house.

317
00:23:01,566 --> 00:23:04,133
{\an1}So I went to the other room,
got a gun, walked out,

318
00:23:04,166 --> 00:23:06,766
{\an1}leaned over my yard fence,
and shot one.

319
00:23:11,266 --> 00:23:14,433
{\an1}-Dean and his son Malcolm
run 800 cattle

320
00:23:14,466 --> 00:23:18,300
{\an1}over 6,000 acres of pasture

321
00:23:18,333 --> 00:23:21,700
{\an1}bordering wolf territory.

322
00:23:21,733 --> 00:23:24,033
{\an1}-Last winter, on the upper end
of the valley here,

323
00:23:24,066 --> 00:23:27,933
{\an1}there was one pack
of six to eight wolves

324
00:23:27,966 --> 00:23:30,466
{\an1}and they were harassing
a rancher's cattle

325
00:23:30,500 --> 00:23:32,900
{\an1}right by his house,
that he was feeding.

326
00:23:32,933 --> 00:23:36,300
{\an1}And I don't remember how many
confirmed kills there was,

327
00:23:36,333 --> 00:23:42,500
{\an1}but the rancher claims
14 to 18 cows dead.

328
00:23:42,533 --> 00:23:45,133
{\an1}-It's always been tough.

329
00:23:45,166 --> 00:23:47,633
{\an1}At the turn of the 19th century,

330
00:23:47,666 --> 00:23:51,666
{\an1}wolves were persecuted here
to the brink of extinction.

331
00:23:54,566 --> 00:23:57,466
{\an1}-I've never hated them,
but I've always admitted

332
00:23:57,500 --> 00:24:02,366
{\an1}they're hard to ranch around
or live around

333
00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:06,300
{\an1}'cause they cost you moneyand
they cost you time and work.

334
00:24:06,333 --> 00:24:09,100
{\an1}It is a part of living
in this valley

335
00:24:09,133 --> 00:24:12,400
or living
in an unpopulated area.

336
00:24:12,433 --> 00:24:16,466
{\an1}That's where you're
gonna have wolves.

337
00:24:16,500 --> 00:24:18,866
{\an1}There is a mindset
that people hate wolves,

338
00:24:18,900 --> 00:24:21,333
and I...

339
00:24:21,366 --> 00:24:23,333
I don't know why.
They're just another one

340
00:24:23,366 --> 00:24:28,133
of the creatures
that are here on the Earth,

341
00:24:28,166 --> 00:24:29,733
and they're part
of the ecosystem,

342
00:24:29,766 --> 00:24:33,500
{\an1}just like I'm part of
theecosystem at this point in time.

343
00:24:33,533 --> 00:24:38,133
{\an1}And I can accept them.

344
00:24:38,166 --> 00:24:41,133
{\an1}But I'm gonna get...

345
00:24:41,166 --> 00:24:44,500
{\an1}I'm gonna be part of the rules
that control them, too.

346
00:24:44,533 --> 00:24:49,966
♪♪

347
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:53,066
-Dean only faces
these issues today

348
00:24:53,100 --> 00:24:55,600
{\an1}because of a pioneering
restoration project

349
00:24:55,633 --> 00:24:58,166
{\an1}which began 25 years ago

350
00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:02,166
in nearby
Yellowstone National Park.

351
00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:10,200
♪♪

352
00:25:11,266 --> 00:25:19,266
♪♪

353
00:25:20,300 --> 00:25:24,833
{\an1}Doug Smith was a key part of
the project from the beginning.

354
00:25:24,866 --> 00:25:27,833
{\an1}-Well, this is one of the most
beautiful areas in Yellowstone.

355
00:25:27,866 --> 00:25:29,233
{\an1}I've been here 25 years

356
00:25:29,266 --> 00:25:33,400
{\an1}and I've always loved
this little spot.

357
00:25:33,433 --> 00:25:38,266
{\an1}We've got bison all through
the valley, we've got elk,

358
00:25:38,300 --> 00:25:42,000
{\an1}we've got deer, we've got
grizzly bears, black bears.

359
00:25:45,166 --> 00:25:49,366
{\an1}I mean, this is as good
as it gets for America.

360
00:25:51,466 --> 00:25:54,200
{\an1}I've been interested in wolves
since I was a small boy,

361
00:25:54,233 --> 00:25:58,000
{\an1}so I started working with wolves
at 18 years of age.

362
00:25:58,033 --> 00:26:02,300
{\an1}So this is my 40th year
studying wolves.

363
00:26:02,333 --> 00:26:04,500
{\an1}-After a long campaign,

364
00:26:04,533 --> 00:26:07,033
{\an1}the reintroduction of wolves
to Yellowstone

365
00:26:07,066 --> 00:26:09,533
{\an1}was a special moment for Doug.

366
00:26:09,566 --> 00:26:11,733
-Here they come.

367
00:26:11,766 --> 00:26:13,533
{\an1}Yeah, this is history here.

368
00:26:13,566 --> 00:26:17,366
January 1995.

369
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:20,133
Big day.

370
00:26:20,166 --> 00:26:23,333
{\an1}-The park was chosen
as a suitable location

371
00:26:23,366 --> 00:26:27,933
{\an1}because of its size
and the large amount of prey.

372
00:26:27,966 --> 00:26:31,433
{\an1}-So we went to Canada,
where there were a lot of wolves

373
00:26:31,466 --> 00:26:33,300
{\an1}and we caught wolves there.

374
00:26:33,333 --> 00:26:36,266
{\an1}We brought them down here
to Yellowstone.

375
00:26:36,300 --> 00:26:41,666
♪♪

376
00:26:41,700 --> 00:26:45,766
{\an1}So, bringing in 41 wolves
like we did

377
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:47,833
{\an1}was enough to jump-start it.

378
00:26:47,866 --> 00:26:50,666
{\an1}Now we're a self-sustaining
population.

379
00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:57,566
-Today, there are
about 500 wolves

380
00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:00,666
across
the Greater Yellowstone area.

381
00:27:04,766 --> 00:27:08,833
And they're having a huge impact
on the landscape.

382
00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:15,700
{\an1}-We're pretty close.
It should be along this trail.

383
00:27:15,733 --> 00:27:18,733
{\an1}So, we're looking for any sign
of disturbance,

384
00:27:18,766 --> 00:27:22,333
{\an7}maybe some hide and different
bones that are left over

385
00:27:22,366 --> 00:27:25,900
{\an7}after wolves or bears have been
at a carcass site.

386
00:27:25,933 --> 00:27:28,000
[ Flies buzzing ]

387
00:27:28,033 --> 00:27:29,800
{\an1}-Jack Rabe is a scientist

388
00:27:29,833 --> 00:27:34,066
{\an1}studying the effect wolves have
on other animals.

389
00:27:34,100 --> 00:27:38,500
{\an1}-So, here we have the lower jaw
from a yearling bison.

390
00:27:38,533 --> 00:27:41,966
{\an1}One huge thing that comes
from wolves making kills

391
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:44,200
{\an1}is it feeds a whole ecosystem.

392
00:27:44,233 --> 00:27:47,000
{\an1}So, a lot of times
these carcasses bring in

393
00:27:47,033 --> 00:27:49,166
{\an1}different scavengers
like ravens,

394
00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:52,000
{\an1}eagles, coyotes, fox, bears.

395
00:27:53,233 --> 00:27:55,000
[ Bear growls ]

396
00:27:55,033 --> 00:27:56,633
{\an1}[ Wolf whimpering ]

397
00:27:58,033 --> 00:28:00,166
-The wolves here
are actually helping

398
00:28:00,200 --> 00:28:03,700
{\an1}other predator populations
to increase.

399
00:28:03,733 --> 00:28:06,100
{\an1}[ Pups squeaking ]

400
00:28:06,133 --> 00:28:07,900
{\an1}Because of the way they hunt,

401
00:28:07,933 --> 00:28:13,300
{\an1}wolves can even benefit
their prey, like elk and bison.

402
00:28:16,366 --> 00:28:19,266
{\an1}-Wolves, they're what we call
coursing predators.

403
00:28:19,300 --> 00:28:22,466
{\an1}Once they send the prey running,
it's gonna be much easier

404
00:28:22,500 --> 00:28:24,666
{\an1}for them to target,
you know, a weaker individual

405
00:28:24,700 --> 00:28:27,300
{\an1}that's gonna be also an easier
target for them to hunt.

406
00:28:27,333 --> 00:28:30,233
{\an1}So we've seen overall
healthier populations

407
00:28:30,266 --> 00:28:32,300
{\an1}within elk and bison.

408
00:28:34,300 --> 00:28:38,666
{\an1}-And wolves do something
even more important.

409
00:28:38,700 --> 00:28:41,133
-We call this
"landscape of fear,"

410
00:28:41,166 --> 00:28:44,600
{\an1}where it changes the behaviorof
elk or the behavior of bison.

411
00:28:44,633 --> 00:28:46,200
{\an1}They have to be more vigilant.

412
00:28:46,233 --> 00:28:48,500
{\an1}They have to be on the lookout
for different predators,

413
00:28:48,533 --> 00:28:50,109
{\an1}which means, you know,
they can't sit down

414
00:28:50,133 --> 00:28:51,833
{\an1}in the valleys and graze

415
00:28:51,866 --> 00:28:56,833
{\an1}and, you know, not have to worry
about wolves on the landscape.

416
00:28:56,866 --> 00:29:01,433
{\an1}-Elk, deer, and bison
no longer stay in the open,

417
00:29:01,466 --> 00:29:04,033
so the areas
they once overgrazed

418
00:29:04,066 --> 00:29:06,933
{\an1}are able to recover.

419
00:29:06,966 --> 00:29:10,900
{\an1}The return of the wolves
is transforming the landscape.

420
00:29:10,933 --> 00:29:18,133
♪♪

421
00:29:18,166 --> 00:29:22,133
{\an1}-And now we see a great
abundance of willow and aspen

422
00:29:22,166 --> 00:29:23,966
{\an1}in many different places.

423
00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:29,466
{\an1}And there was a signal of
songbirds coming back, as well.

424
00:29:29,500 --> 00:29:31,100
{\an1}It's filled with birds,

425
00:29:31,133 --> 00:29:34,700
{\an1}and that's not what it was like
25 years ago.

426
00:29:34,733 --> 00:29:41,566
♪♪

427
00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:48,366
♪♪

428
00:29:48,400 --> 00:29:50,166
{\an1}And so I think back
to the moment

429
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:53,566
{\an1}of letting those wolves go
a lot.

430
00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:56,800
{\an1}Here I am in younger days,
better shape.

431
00:29:56,833 --> 00:29:58,866
{\an1}Could carry a wolf.

432
00:29:58,900 --> 00:30:00,500
That was fun.

433
00:30:02,333 --> 00:30:04,966
This was one of
the most famous photos.

434
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:07,733
{\an1}It really captures
the essence of a wolf.

435
00:30:07,766 --> 00:30:11,500
{\an7}This is the beginning
of the Yellowstone story.

436
00:30:11,533 --> 00:30:14,500
{\an7}The wolf's looking out
into Yellowstone.

437
00:30:14,533 --> 00:30:16,900
We don't know
how it's gonna turn out.

438
00:30:16,933 --> 00:30:21,366
Is it gonna work?
Is it gonna be successful?

439
00:30:21,400 --> 00:30:23,366
{\an1}Certainly, Yellowstone's
a better place now

440
00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:27,633
with wolves back.
The ecosystem's more whole.

441
00:30:27,666 --> 00:30:30,466
{\an1}Helping to restore a species
that we wiped out

442
00:30:30,500 --> 00:30:32,666
feels very good.

443
00:30:32,700 --> 00:30:36,966
{\an1}But looking back on this is
a strong sense of satisfaction

444
00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:39,933
{\an1}that you've been part
of something bigger than you.

445
00:30:39,966 --> 00:30:45,866
♪♪

446
00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:49,333
{\an1}-Wolves are now spreading
across America,

447
00:30:49,366 --> 00:30:51,766
{\an1}reclaiming old territory.

448
00:30:54,633 --> 00:30:58,566
{\an1}They've got the space to do so.

449
00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:00,633
{\an8}But in Europe,

450
00:31:00,666 --> 00:31:04,033
{\an7}where wolves are returning
of their own accord,

451
00:31:04,066 --> 00:31:06,300
{\an7}the space is limited.

452
00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:12,333
{\an1}They've recently arrived
in the Netherlands,

453
00:31:12,366 --> 00:31:15,133
{\an1}home to 17 million people.

454
00:31:15,166 --> 00:31:22,000
♪♪

455
00:31:22,033 --> 00:31:23,600
{\an1}Much of the land is taken up

456
00:31:23,633 --> 00:31:26,666
{\an1}by intensive agriculture
and industry...

457
00:31:26,700 --> 00:31:32,466
♪♪

458
00:31:32,500 --> 00:31:35,066
{\an1}...leaving little room
for wildlife.

459
00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:39,966
♪♪

460
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:41,566
Despite this,

461
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:44,766
{\an1}the first few wolves
are beginning to return.

462
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:51,033
♪♪

463
00:31:51,066 --> 00:31:53,233
{\an1}[ Sheep bleating ]

464
00:31:53,266 --> 00:31:57,366
{\an1}-[ Whistles ] Come-bye!
Come-bye!

465
00:31:57,400 --> 00:31:59,633
{\an1}-Daphne van Zomeren
looks after her sheep

466
00:31:59,666 --> 00:32:01,966
{\an1}not far from Amsterdam,

467
00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:04,700
where one of them
has been sighted.

468
00:32:04,733 --> 00:32:06,700
[ Whistles ]

469
00:32:06,733 --> 00:32:08,400
{\an1}-I think it's very special

470
00:32:08,433 --> 00:32:10,600
{\an1}that the wolf is back
in the Netherlands.

471
00:32:10,633 --> 00:32:13,566
{\an1}I'm really not afraid
of the wolf.

472
00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:16,800
{\an1}I think he's more afraid of us.

473
00:32:20,733 --> 00:32:23,133
{\an1}[ Sheep bleating ]

474
00:32:24,566 --> 00:32:27,800
I can't imagine
that he would come here

475
00:32:27,833 --> 00:32:33,233
{\an1}and catch one of my sheep
when I'm with them.

476
00:32:33,266 --> 00:32:35,233
{\an1}-And when she's not with them,

477
00:32:35,266 --> 00:32:38,933
{\an1}Daphne secures the flock
behind an electric fence.

478
00:32:42,200 --> 00:32:45,300
{\an1}There's only one wolf here
at the moment,

479
00:32:45,333 --> 00:32:47,833
{\an1}but she's not taking any risks.

480
00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:53,400
{\an1}-It's very important
that all the shepherds

481
00:32:53,433 --> 00:32:54,900
{\an1}protect their sheep.

482
00:32:54,933 --> 00:32:57,766
{\an1}Then the wolf won't kill them.

483
00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:01,833
{\an1}And then there is a more
positive feeling about wolf.

484
00:33:01,866 --> 00:33:08,033
♪♪

485
00:33:08,066 --> 00:33:10,266
{\an1}-Ecologist Hugh Jansman
is out looking

486
00:33:10,300 --> 00:33:14,166
{\an1}for signs of wolf activity.

487
00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:16,100
-Since 2015,

488
00:33:16,133 --> 00:33:20,266
{\an1}we see more and more frequently
wolves settling here.

489
00:33:20,300 --> 00:33:23,100
{\an1}But the idea that this system
is now being influenced

490
00:33:23,133 --> 00:33:25,366
{\an1}by such a top predator,

491
00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:31,600
{\an1}well, it definitely adds
to the excitement, I'd say.

492
00:33:31,633 --> 00:33:34,000
{\an1}-By analyzing wolf scats,

493
00:33:34,033 --> 00:33:37,066
{\an1}Hugh can learn a lot
about their behavior.

494
00:33:37,100 --> 00:33:39,533
{\an1}-This wolf has been eating
wild boar.

495
00:33:39,566 --> 00:33:41,333
I can tell
from the hair structure.

496
00:33:41,366 --> 00:33:44,133
{\an1}And here you can see
a bone fragment.

497
00:33:44,166 --> 00:33:45,733
{\an1}We take a DNA sample.

498
00:33:45,766 --> 00:33:47,800
{\an1}and then we want to know
if it is the female,

499
00:33:47,833 --> 00:33:51,166
{\an1}and that gives us information
about our territorial status.

500
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:55,833
{\an1}She is probably settling down.
So, yeah, very important.

501
00:33:55,866 --> 00:33:59,333
{\an1}-His studies show that,
so far, this female wolf

502
00:33:59,366 --> 00:34:02,733
{\an1}is only preying on wild animals.

503
00:34:02,766 --> 00:34:04,700
{\an1}-Now we have wolves
already surviving

504
00:34:04,733 --> 00:34:07,200
{\an1}for more than half a year
in this country

505
00:34:07,233 --> 00:34:09,833
{\an1}without killing sheep
in these areas.

506
00:34:09,866 --> 00:34:13,233
Yeah, good news.
Very good for the ecosystem.

507
00:34:16,033 --> 00:34:20,166
{\an1}-Only three wolves have settled
in the Netherlands so far.

508
00:34:20,200 --> 00:34:24,233
It's early days
in the relationship.

509
00:34:24,266 --> 00:34:27,000
Time will tell
if we can coexist,

510
00:34:27,033 --> 00:34:30,500
{\an1}and whether the wolves
will benefit this landscape.

511
00:34:32,566 --> 00:34:34,933
{\an1}[ Birds chirping ]

512
00:34:34,966 --> 00:34:40,533
♪♪

513
00:34:40,566 --> 00:34:44,466
{\an1}All around the world, we're
helping nature to recover.

514
00:34:44,500 --> 00:34:50,766
{\an1}♪♪

515
00:34:50,800 --> 00:34:54,933
{\an1}And the foundations of life
are the plants and trees.

516
00:34:54,966 --> 00:35:00,466
♪♪

517
00:35:00,500 --> 00:35:04,266
{\an1}Many restoration projects
begin with planting,

518
00:35:04,300 --> 00:35:06,933
{\an1}which can kick-start
the ecosystem.

519
00:35:09,033 --> 00:35:11,966
{\an1}But it is a complex process,

520
00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:14,433
{\an1}as every place is different,

521
00:35:14,466 --> 00:35:18,700
{\an1}with unique soils and climate.

522
00:35:18,733 --> 00:35:21,300
{\an1}The hardest places to restore

523
00:35:21,333 --> 00:35:25,300
{\an1}are those that have laid bare
for hundreds of years.

524
00:35:25,333 --> 00:35:32,633
♪♪

525
00:35:32,666 --> 00:35:34,800
{\an1}-Like many people,
I grew up in Scotland

526
00:35:34,833 --> 00:35:37,566
{\an1}thinking that these
wide-open landscapes,

527
00:35:37,600 --> 00:35:41,600
{\an1}these vast expanses of grass
and heather were natural,

528
00:35:41,633 --> 00:35:44,200
that was the way
it was always supposed to be.

529
00:35:44,233 --> 00:35:46,700
{\an1}It's only since I've been
an adult that I've learned

530
00:35:46,733 --> 00:35:48,766
there's something
seriously wrong here.

531
00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:51,100
There's something
very fundamental missing

532
00:35:51,133 --> 00:35:54,133
from this view.

533
00:35:54,166 --> 00:35:57,533
{\an1}-Much of Scotland looks
like this...

534
00:35:57,566 --> 00:36:01,066
Wild and rugged.

535
00:36:01,100 --> 00:36:04,700
But it's actually
a heavily degraded landscape.

536
00:36:07,966 --> 00:36:09,900
{\an1}-This is what we call
a peat hag.

537
00:36:09,933 --> 00:36:11,900
{\an1}This is a gaping wound.

538
00:36:11,933 --> 00:36:14,100
{\an1}It's an open sore on the land.

539
00:36:14,133 --> 00:36:16,900
{\an1}And what happens is, you know,
the surface vegetation

540
00:36:16,933 --> 00:36:19,533
{\an1}gets broken up and deer trample
and so forth,

541
00:36:19,566 --> 00:36:21,533
{\an1}and then erosion takes place,

542
00:36:21,566 --> 00:36:25,633
{\an1}the vegetation gets washed away,
and the bare peat gets exposed.

543
00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:30,366
{\an1}This was much more full of life
in the past.

544
00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:32,433
{\an1}And today, nothing
can survive here.

545
00:36:32,466 --> 00:36:35,400
{\an1}And there's leaching
of carbon, as well,

546
00:36:35,433 --> 00:36:36,633
{\an1}that's stored in the peat,

547
00:36:36,666 --> 00:36:38,333
{\an1}and there's no vegetation
to store it.

548
00:36:38,366 --> 00:36:42,866
{\an1}So it's actually contributing
to climate change, as well.

549
00:36:42,900 --> 00:36:46,333
{\an1}-These tree stumps
are clues to the past.

550
00:36:48,666 --> 00:36:51,666
{\an1}This was once woodland.

551
00:36:55,800 --> 00:36:58,200
{\an1}Today, the hillsides are bare

552
00:36:58,233 --> 00:37:01,866
{\an1}and much of Scotland's native
wildlife is missing.

553
00:37:01,900 --> 00:37:07,200
♪♪

554
00:37:07,233 --> 00:37:10,233
{\an1}But one species is thriving.

555
00:37:14,166 --> 00:37:16,166
Red deer.

556
00:37:23,066 --> 00:37:24,800
{\an1}Innes MacNeill is head ranger

557
00:37:24,833 --> 00:37:27,400
at the Alladale
Wilderness Reserve.

558
00:37:36,566 --> 00:37:39,266
-Well, I guess
what people have forgotten

559
00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:42,266
{\an1}that historically red deer
were a forest animal.

560
00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:46,000
{\an1}But as you can see, the forest
is well and truly gone.

561
00:37:46,033 --> 00:37:49,266
{\an1}So to my mind, deer...

562
00:37:49,300 --> 00:37:50,933
{\an1}deer are the success story.

563
00:37:50,966 --> 00:37:54,633
They've adapted, and they
love an open range now.

564
00:37:54,666 --> 00:37:58,633
[ Deer bellowing ]

565
00:37:58,666 --> 00:38:02,300
{\an1}-Thousands of years ago,
agricultural development

566
00:38:02,333 --> 00:38:06,500
{\an1}led to the clearing
of Scotland's forests.

567
00:38:06,533 --> 00:38:10,533
{\an1}By the 18th century,
they were virtually gone.

568
00:38:13,800 --> 00:38:15,966
{\an1}-There's not a lot
of forest left.

569
00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:21,600
{\an1}They say that there's between 2%
and 6% of the original forests.

570
00:38:21,633 --> 00:38:23,600
It's not the deer
to blame for that.

571
00:38:23,633 --> 00:38:27,400
{\an1}It's man that did that damage.

572
00:38:27,433 --> 00:38:30,466
{\an1}-But today, deer prevent
the forest from regenerating

573
00:38:30,500 --> 00:38:34,266
{\an1}because they eat young saplings.

574
00:38:34,300 --> 00:38:37,466
{\an1}And numbers are so high,

575
00:38:37,500 --> 00:38:41,100
{\an1}it's Innes' role to try to keep
the population in check.

576
00:38:42,533 --> 00:38:44,773
{\an1}-[ Whispering ] Get down,
get down, get down, down, down!

577
00:38:47,566 --> 00:38:50,466
Alright, it's too good a chance.

578
00:38:50,500 --> 00:38:52,100
Can you see them?

579
00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:05,866
Just be careful,
careful, careful.

580
00:39:18,333 --> 00:39:19,500
[ Gun cocks ]

581
00:39:19,533 --> 00:39:20,933
[ Gunshot ]

582
00:39:24,666 --> 00:39:26,500
{\an1}-Each year, Innes and his team

583
00:39:26,533 --> 00:39:31,100
{\an1}kill up to 350 deer
on this estate.

584
00:39:31,133 --> 00:39:34,966
{\an1}The work is difficult,
but necessary.

585
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:38,766
{\an1}-Some people will probably
find it, you know,

586
00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:41,566
{\an1}hard to understand
that we do respect the deer

587
00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:43,166
{\an1}when we cull so many of them.

588
00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:47,833
{\an1}But you've got to switch off
to that part.

589
00:39:47,866 --> 00:39:52,033
{\an1}I guess it's worth taking on
the role of the predator.

590
00:39:52,066 --> 00:39:55,000
{\an1}We don't have any large
apex predators in Scotland,

591
00:39:55,033 --> 00:39:59,700
{\an1}so it's our role to manage
the deer population

592
00:39:59,733 --> 00:40:02,900
{\an1}and keep it, you know,
in sync with the habitat.

593
00:40:02,933 --> 00:40:10,933
♪♪

594
00:40:11,766 --> 00:40:16,033
{\an1}-This action allows forestsa
chance to recover naturally...

595
00:40:18,666 --> 00:40:22,433
{\an1}...so that more of Scotland may
one day look like this again.

596
00:40:22,466 --> 00:40:27,033
♪♪

597
00:40:27,066 --> 00:40:29,633
Glen Affric...

598
00:40:29,666 --> 00:40:32,833
A beautiful land
of ancient forest.

599
00:40:32,866 --> 00:40:37,466
♪♪

600
00:40:37,500 --> 00:40:39,666
{\an1}-This is what most of Scotland
would have looked like,

601
00:40:39,700 --> 00:40:42,633
{\an1}in the Highlands at least,
several thousand years ago,

602
00:40:42,666 --> 00:40:46,466
{\an1}and now we've got less than 1%
of this old forest left

603
00:40:46,500 --> 00:40:48,066
{\an1}in scattered fragments.

604
00:40:48,100 --> 00:40:50,400
And Glen Affric
is one of the best of those.

605
00:40:50,433 --> 00:40:54,833
It's the largest extent of least
disturbed forest in the U.K.

606
00:40:54,866 --> 00:40:56,866
{\an1}So it's a very special place.

607
00:40:56,900 --> 00:41:04,900
♪♪

608
00:41:06,966 --> 00:41:10,000
{\an1}-Alan knows how important
this ancient forest is

609
00:41:10,033 --> 00:41:12,633
{\an1}to Scotland's native wildlife.

610
00:41:15,033 --> 00:41:18,233
He also knows
how little there is left.

611
00:41:18,266 --> 00:41:22,833
♪♪

612
00:41:22,866 --> 00:41:26,233
{\an1}-And I thought somebody
should do something about this.

613
00:41:26,266 --> 00:41:28,433
{\an1}And for some time,
I kept getting this feeling,

614
00:41:28,466 --> 00:41:29,833
until eventually
it dawned on me,

615
00:41:29,866 --> 00:41:31,633
"Well, maybe the somebody is me.

616
00:41:31,666 --> 00:41:34,066
[ Chuckling ] Maybe I need to do
something about this."

617
00:41:36,366 --> 00:41:41,733
{\an1}-In the early '90s, Alan set up
a charity and began planting.

618
00:41:41,766 --> 00:41:45,333
{\an1}He installed fences
to keep out deer and sheep

619
00:41:45,366 --> 00:41:48,266
{\an1}to safeguard the young saplings.

620
00:41:57,800 --> 00:41:59,600
{\an1}-So, here inside the fence,

621
00:41:59,633 --> 00:42:03,233
{\an1}there's been no grazing
for 28 years now.

622
00:42:06,466 --> 00:42:09,633
{\an1}So, this is one of the first
Scots pines that I planted here

623
00:42:09,666 --> 00:42:11,933
{\an1}in Glen Affric 28 years ago.

624
00:42:11,966 --> 00:42:14,033
And at the time,
this area was a desolate,

625
00:42:14,066 --> 00:42:16,200
open, barren,
treeless landscape,

626
00:42:16,233 --> 00:42:19,000
{\an1}just like the peat hag
outside here.

627
00:42:19,033 --> 00:42:20,633
And this tree
has grown really well.

628
00:42:20,666 --> 00:42:23,166
{\an1}It's now putting on
over a foot of growth a year.

629
00:42:23,200 --> 00:42:25,066
{\an1}It's really flourishing.

630
00:42:27,333 --> 00:42:29,433
{\an1}-Within Alan's enclosure,

631
00:42:29,466 --> 00:42:32,666
{\an1}the whole ecosystem
is regenerating.

632
00:42:36,500 --> 00:42:40,000
{\an1}-This is bog myrtle.
It's an aromatic shrub.

633
00:42:40,033 --> 00:42:42,066
{\an1}It's also highly palatable
to deer,

634
00:42:42,100 --> 00:42:44,933
{\an1}so we don't find much of it
outside the fence.

635
00:42:44,966 --> 00:42:48,466
{\an1}It's important because
it has bacteria in its roots

636
00:42:48,500 --> 00:42:50,500
{\an1}that fix nitrogen from the air

637
00:42:50,533 --> 00:42:53,033
and it fertilizes
and improves the soil.

638
00:42:53,066 --> 00:42:56,133
{\an1}It dries out the ground
and it helps make way

639
00:42:56,166 --> 00:42:58,100
{\an1}for the pioneer trees
like the birch

640
00:42:58,133 --> 00:43:00,166
{\an1}and rowans and willows
to follow.

641
00:43:00,200 --> 00:43:03,233
{\an1}So this is the process
of ecological recovery,

642
00:43:03,266 --> 00:43:05,533
the process
of natural succession,

643
00:43:05,566 --> 00:43:07,133
{\an1}which shows that this ecosystem

644
00:43:07,166 --> 00:43:10,600
{\an1}is returning to health
and balance again.

645
00:43:10,633 --> 00:43:14,300
{\an1}-Alan himself has planted
50,000 trees.

646
00:43:14,333 --> 00:43:17,900
{\an1}The charity, nearly 2 million.

647
00:43:17,933 --> 00:43:20,866
{\an1}-So it gives me a great sense
of hope and positivity

648
00:43:20,900 --> 00:43:22,600
for the future

649
00:43:22,633 --> 00:43:25,000
{\an1}that I'm passing on
to future generations

650
00:43:25,033 --> 00:43:29,400
{\an1}a land that is going to be rich
and diverse and healthy again.

651
00:43:32,733 --> 00:43:36,400
{\an1}-And Alan's not the only one.

652
00:43:36,433 --> 00:43:38,000
Across Scotland,

653
00:43:38,033 --> 00:43:41,400
{\an1}the rewilding movement
is gathering momentum.

654
00:43:44,133 --> 00:43:46,700
{\an1}Beavers are being reintroduced.

655
00:43:50,833 --> 00:43:55,966
{\an1}Pine martens and osprey
are naturally returning.

656
00:43:56,000 --> 00:44:01,566
♪♪

657
00:44:01,600 --> 00:44:07,066
♪♪

658
00:44:07,100 --> 00:44:10,900
{\an1}The benefits of these
restored forests are clear...

659
00:44:14,233 --> 00:44:16,833
{\an1}...increasing biodiversity...

660
00:44:20,133 --> 00:44:22,600
{\an1}...reducing the impact
of floods...

661
00:44:25,300 --> 00:44:30,533
{\an1}...and absorbing carbon.

662
00:44:30,566 --> 00:44:33,233
Healthy forests,
rather than degraded land,

663
00:44:33,266 --> 00:44:36,633
cope better
with a changing climate.

664
00:44:36,666 --> 00:44:44,033
♪♪

665
00:44:44,066 --> 00:44:46,066
{\an1}[ Chainsaw starting ]

666
00:44:49,866 --> 00:44:53,600
{\an1}But the wrong trees
in the wrong place

667
00:44:53,633 --> 00:44:55,833
{\an1}can be catastrophic.

668
00:45:05,066 --> 00:45:09,466
♪♪

669
00:45:09,500 --> 00:45:12,866
The Western Cape in South Africa

670
00:45:12,900 --> 00:45:17,300
{\an1}is famous for its ancient
ecosystem called fynbos.

671
00:45:21,633 --> 00:45:26,200
{\an1}It has over 9,000 plant species,

672
00:45:26,233 --> 00:45:29,933
{\an1}many of which are found
nowhere else on Earth.

673
00:45:32,133 --> 00:45:35,933
{\an1}They support a great diversity
of wildlife,

674
00:45:35,966 --> 00:45:38,933
from insects

675
00:45:38,966 --> 00:45:42,700
to birds

676
00:45:42,733 --> 00:45:44,700
and mammals.

677
00:45:44,733 --> 00:45:52,733
♪♪

678
00:45:53,400 --> 00:46:01,400
♪♪

679
00:46:02,066 --> 00:46:06,633
{\an1}The fynbos is critical
for the city of Cape Town,

680
00:46:06,666 --> 00:46:10,966
which in 2018
was facing a disaster.

681
00:46:13,966 --> 00:46:16,733
{\an1}After three years of drought,

682
00:46:16,766 --> 00:46:20,833
it was days away
from zero water.

683
00:46:23,400 --> 00:46:26,566
-Well, 2018,
there was a very real risk

684
00:46:26,600 --> 00:46:30,433
{\an1}of the city potentially
running out of water.

685
00:46:30,466 --> 00:46:33,033
{\an1}-Councillor Limberg was
the official in charge

686
00:46:33,066 --> 00:46:36,100
{\an1}of preparing for this situation.

687
00:46:36,133 --> 00:46:39,633
{\an1}-The city did have to take
very tough decisions

688
00:46:39,666 --> 00:46:41,233
during the height
of the drought,

689
00:46:41,266 --> 00:46:45,466
{\an1}and this is why we declared
a local disaster.

690
00:46:45,500 --> 00:46:47,900
-It didn't matter
where you lived...

691
00:46:47,933 --> 00:46:50,966
{\an1}beachside suburbs or townships,

692
00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:52,966
{\an1}everyone was affected.

693
00:46:53,000 --> 00:46:57,600
{\an1}-There was risk of greaterhealth
issues around sanitation,

694
00:46:57,633 --> 00:47:00,933
particularly,
and a potential risk

695
00:47:00,966 --> 00:47:04,900
{\an1}of lawlessness and violence.

696
00:47:04,933 --> 00:47:06,700
{\an1}-To conserve water,

697
00:47:06,733 --> 00:47:10,900
{\an1}everyone was restricted
to 13 gallons per day.

698
00:47:25,266 --> 00:47:28,433
{\an1}Nontombi Lubisi runs
a car washing business

699
00:47:28,466 --> 00:47:30,733
{\an1}in the Khayelitsha Township.

700
00:47:42,533 --> 00:47:47,700
♪♪

701
00:47:47,733 --> 00:47:50,166
{\an1}Water restrictions
were threatening livelihoods

702
00:47:50,200 --> 00:47:56,366
{\an1}in a country where 50% of people
live in extreme poverty.

703
00:47:56,400 --> 00:47:59,366
{\an1}It was potentially devastating.

704
00:47:59,400 --> 00:48:07,400
♪♪

705
00:48:08,833 --> 00:48:12,433
{\an1}Cape Town gets all its water
from the fynbos ecosystem

706
00:48:12,466 --> 00:48:16,066
in the mountains
that surround the city.

707
00:48:16,100 --> 00:48:21,833
{\an1}And the fynbos itself can cope
with intermittent rainfall

708
00:48:21,866 --> 00:48:28,233
{\an1}because most of its moisture
comes from regular coastal fog

709
00:48:28,266 --> 00:48:33,000
{\an1}when cold air from the ocean
condenses over the warm land.

710
00:48:35,700 --> 00:48:38,700
{\an1}It's worked like this
for millions of years.

711
00:48:42,700 --> 00:48:46,733
{\an1}But in this finely tuned
landscape,

712
00:48:46,766 --> 00:48:50,433
{\an1}there are invasive species
upsetting the balance.

713
00:48:53,500 --> 00:48:55,666
Alien plants.

714
00:49:04,600 --> 00:49:07,566
{\an1}-Oh, yes, here's a small pine.

715
00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:11,266
{\an1}It's always good to get them
when they're still this size

716
00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:14,266
because it's easy
to hand-pull them.

717
00:49:14,300 --> 00:49:18,633
{\an1}So, slow pull, and out.
There it is.

718
00:49:18,666 --> 00:49:21,666
{\an1}It shows quite a big
root system already,

719
00:49:21,700 --> 00:49:27,233
{\an1}even though this pine
is not even yet a year old.

720
00:49:27,266 --> 00:49:31,133
{\an1}-Louise Stafford, water director
at the Nature Conservancy,

721
00:49:31,166 --> 00:49:34,500
is an expert
on the ecosystem here.

722
00:49:34,533 --> 00:49:36,933
{\an1}-Most of the invasive species
that we find

723
00:49:36,966 --> 00:49:40,233
in the watersheds
of the Cape Town region

724
00:49:40,266 --> 00:49:44,600
{\an1}come from Europe and Australia.

725
00:49:44,633 --> 00:49:50,866
{\an1}-The pine tree was introduced
200 years ago for its timber.

726
00:49:50,900 --> 00:49:55,666
{\an1}-In comparison to fynbos,
the pine trees are huge trees

727
00:49:55,700 --> 00:49:58,033
{\an1}with deep taproot systems,

728
00:49:58,066 --> 00:50:02,900
{\an1}and they actually use more water
than the native species.

729
00:50:02,933 --> 00:50:05,133
{\an1}And if you look at the system
in Cape Town,

730
00:50:05,166 --> 00:50:08,500
{\an1}about 70% of the watershed

731
00:50:08,533 --> 00:50:11,233
{\an1}upon which Cape Town
depends for its water

732
00:50:11,266 --> 00:50:13,800
{\an1}is invaded by alien plants.

733
00:50:13,833 --> 00:50:21,833
♪♪

734
00:50:22,633 --> 00:50:24,433
{\an1}The region is losing

735
00:50:24,466 --> 00:50:28,066
{\an1}55.5 billion liters of water
every year

736
00:50:28,100 --> 00:50:31,866
{\an1}as a result of alien plants
in the catchments.

737
00:50:31,900 --> 00:50:35,266
{\an1}And it equates to about
two months' water supply

738
00:50:35,300 --> 00:50:39,666
just for the city
of Cape Town itself.

739
00:50:39,700 --> 00:50:42,666
-The war against
these aliens is on.

740
00:50:42,700 --> 00:50:45,100
{\an1}[ Helicopter blades whirring ]

741
00:50:49,366 --> 00:50:50,733
{\an1}A specially trained team

742
00:50:50,766 --> 00:50:54,033
{\an1}is taken to the most
inaccessible places.

743
00:51:04,566 --> 00:51:06,133
-Come on, guys.

744
00:51:06,166 --> 00:51:10,100
We're gonna chop down some trees
at the bottom there.

745
00:51:16,466 --> 00:51:23,233
{\an1}Cedric November and Po Malawu
are part of the team.

746
00:51:23,266 --> 00:51:26,366
{\an1}I'm cutting because
this pine tree was drinking

747
00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:31,033
{\an1}200 liters in the day, water.

748
00:51:31,066 --> 00:51:34,800
{\an1}-I would say it's very important
because by cutting down this

749
00:51:34,833 --> 00:51:39,300
{\an1}that is taking such much water
from our country and our land,

750
00:51:39,333 --> 00:51:42,233
{\an1}it's actually saving lives.

751
00:51:42,266 --> 00:51:48,566
{\an1}-Each pine tree can drink up to
9 gallons of water a day...

752
00:51:48,600 --> 00:51:53,400
{\an1}almost as much as people
were allowed during the crisis.

753
00:51:53,433 --> 00:51:57,000
{\an1}[ Chainsaw whirring ]

754
00:51:57,033 --> 00:52:00,266
[ Saw rasping ]

755
00:52:00,300 --> 00:52:03,266
{\an1}It's estimated that
these clearing efforts so far

756
00:52:03,300 --> 00:52:07,433
have saved over
6.5 million gallons of water.

757
00:52:07,466 --> 00:52:15,466
♪♪

758
00:52:15,600 --> 00:52:23,600
♪♪

759
00:52:23,700 --> 00:52:26,266
{\an1}But there's no short-term fix.

760
00:52:26,300 --> 00:52:31,633
{\an1}The invasive seeds
can lie dormant for many years.

761
00:52:31,666 --> 00:52:33,433
{\an1}-So it is very labor-intensive,

762
00:52:33,466 --> 00:52:36,900
{\an1}very time-consuming,
and a very costly exercise.

763
00:52:36,933 --> 00:52:40,666
{\an1}But if we don't do that,
the losses will continue

764
00:52:40,700 --> 00:52:45,633
{\an1}and even increase... somethingthat
this region can ill afford.

765
00:52:49,466 --> 00:52:53,866
{\an1}-In 2018, the rains did
eventually come,

766
00:52:53,900 --> 00:52:56,700
{\an1}but well below expected levels.

767
00:52:58,433 --> 00:53:01,633
{\an1}It was just enough
to avert the crisis...

768
00:53:01,666 --> 00:53:03,266
This time.

769
00:53:05,766 --> 00:53:10,266
{\an7}Cape Town isn't the only city
struggling.

770
00:53:10,300 --> 00:53:15,066
{\an7}Many others around the world
are under severe water stress.

771
00:53:15,100 --> 00:53:19,833
{\an8}♪♪

772
00:53:19,866 --> 00:53:23,033
{\an1}Extreme weather like this
is becoming more frequent

773
00:53:23,066 --> 00:53:25,533
because of a huge
environmental challenge

774
00:53:25,566 --> 00:53:28,300
{\an1}that the whole world now faces.

775
00:53:28,333 --> 00:53:33,100
♪♪

776
00:53:33,133 --> 00:53:35,100
Climate change.

777
00:53:35,133 --> 00:53:43,133
♪♪

778
00:53:43,400 --> 00:53:47,233
Research shows
the healthier the ecosystem,

779
00:53:47,266 --> 00:53:49,300
{\an1}the better it can cope.

780
00:53:49,333 --> 00:53:56,133
♪♪

781
00:53:56,166 --> 00:53:59,733
In this new era
of understanding,

782
00:53:59,766 --> 00:54:03,633
{\an1}we know that the more of nature
we can restore,

783
00:54:03,666 --> 00:54:06,933
{\an1}the brighter the future
for our planet.

784
00:54:07,133 --> 00:54:08,973
{\an8}-Next time, on "The Age
of Nature: Changing"...

785
00:54:12,866 --> 00:54:17,033
{\an7}We understand our planet
better than ever before,

786
00:54:17,066 --> 00:54:19,133
{\an1}but the world is changing fast.

787
00:54:19,166 --> 00:54:20,466
♪♪

788
00:54:20,500 --> 00:54:23,933
Can biodiversity
help us fight climate change?

789
00:54:23,966 --> 00:54:25,633
{\an1}If we allow it to,

790
00:54:25,666 --> 00:54:29,333
{\an1}nature can do more
than we ever imagined.

791
00:54:29,366 --> 00:54:33,366
{\an1}It's time to turn to nature
for help.

792
00:54:33,400 --> 00:54:34,720
{\an8}It's time for
"The Age of Nature."

793
00:54:37,200 --> 00:54:38,200
{\an8}♪♪

794
00:54:40,200 --> 00:54:43,100
{\an8}-To order
"The Age of Nature" on DVD,

795
00:54:43,133 --> 00:54:47,266
{\an7}visit shopPBS or call
1-800-PLAY-PBS.

796
00:54:47,300 --> 00:54:51,033
{\an7}This program is also available
on Amazon Prime Video.

797
00:54:51,066 --> 00:54:58,966
{\an8}♪♪

798
00:54:59,000 --> 00:55:06,500
{\an8}♪♪