1
00:00:03,433 --> 00:00:06,733
(male narrator) August 2017.

2
00:00:06,766 --> 00:00:09,433
In Valladolid, Spain.

3
00:00:09,466 --> 00:00:12,366
A mass grave is revealed.

4
00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:15,266
It is just one 
of more than 2000

5
00:00:15,300 --> 00:00:18,833
mass burial sites 
across the nation.

6
00:00:18,866 --> 00:00:20,933
(Guy Hedgecoe) 
According to Amnesty 
International,

7
00:00:20,966 --> 00:00:23,633
Spain has the highest number

8
00:00:23,666 --> 00:00:27,700
of mass graves in the world 
after Cambodia.

9
00:00:27,733 --> 00:00:32,466
(narrator) 
This is the legacy 
of General Francisco Franco,

10
00:00:32,500 --> 00:00:35,366
victor of the Spanish Civil War.

11
00:00:37,833 --> 00:00:41,566
After taking control 
of the country in 1939,

12
00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:45,033
he secures his hold 
on the nation

13
00:00:45,066 --> 00:00:49,666
by unleashing a wave of violence 
against his countrymen.

14
00:00:49,700 --> 00:00:55,000
(Paul Preston) 
There were probably 
20,000 people executed

15
00:00:55,033 --> 00:00:58,500
after the civil war, 
after the end of hostilities.

16
00:00:58,533 --> 00:01:01,433
It's a regime of terror.

17
00:01:01,466 --> 00:01:05,733
(narrator) 
Within 6 years, Adolf Hitler 
will take his own life.

18
00:01:05,766 --> 00:01:10,300
Benito Mussolini will be 
swinging from his heels.

19
00:01:10,333 --> 00:01:14,800
But Franco will rule Spain 
with ruthless efficiency

20
00:01:14,833 --> 00:01:17,966
for almost 40 years.

21
00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:21,366
(Paul Preston) 
Franco was someone who never 
lost a minute's sleep

22
00:01:21,400 --> 00:01:24,833
over the crimes that 
were committed in his name.

23
00:01:24,866 --> 00:01:28,333
(narrator) 
What drove this general 
to wage war on his people,

24
00:01:28,366 --> 00:01:31,133
destroy his country's 
new democracy,

25
00:01:31,166 --> 00:01:34,166
and establish Europe's 
longest dictatorship?

26
00:01:34,200 --> 00:01:37,900
[loud cheering]

27
00:01:37,933 --> 00:01:40,633
(woman) 
Dictatorships have had 
an incredible impact

28
00:01:40,666 --> 00:01:43,433
in the past century.

29
00:01:43,466 --> 00:01:47,266
These dictators ended up 
learning from one another.

30
00:01:47,300 --> 00:01:50,966
(man) 
They're all different, but 
many use the same tactics.

31
00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:53,400
(woman) The use of terror. 
(man) Propaganda.

32
00:01:53,433 --> 00:01:55,566
(woman) Control the elites. 
Create an enemy.

33
00:01:55,600 --> 00:01:58,000
Cult of personality. 
(man) Use violence--

34
00:01:58,033 --> 00:02:00,800
These are tools that dictators 
use to stay in power.

35
00:02:00,833 --> 00:02:02,600
[loud 
cheering]

36
00:02:09,166 --> 00:02:12,866
(narrator) 
The roots of Francisco Franco's 
dictatorship

37
00:02:12,900 --> 00:02:16,333
lie within deep divisions 
in the Spanish nation

38
00:02:16,366 --> 00:02:20,166
and within his own family.

39
00:02:20,200 --> 00:02:23,900
Born in 1892,

40
00:02:23,933 --> 00:02:28,366
Franco is the 7th generation 
of a naval dynasty.

41
00:02:28,400 --> 00:02:31,533
For almost 2 centuries,

42
00:02:31,566 --> 00:02:35,033
his family has sailed for 
the legendary Spanish fleet.

43
00:02:35,066 --> 00:02:38,266
Francisco dreams 
of joining them.

44
00:02:38,300 --> 00:02:41,000
But it's not to be.

45
00:02:45,333 --> 00:02:49,533
In 1898, when Franco is 6,

46
00:02:49,566 --> 00:02:52,500
Spain goes to war 
with the United States

47
00:02:52,533 --> 00:02:54,733
over control of Cuba.

48
00:02:54,766 --> 00:02:58,300
Spain's navy is devastated.

49
00:02:58,333 --> 00:03:02,433
When the Spanish-American war 
ends, the country has lost Cuba,

50
00:03:02,466 --> 00:03:06,133
Puerto Rico, and almost 
all of its empire.

51
00:03:09,533 --> 00:03:14,133
It is a wrenching and 
humiliating amputation.

52
00:03:14,166 --> 00:03:17,566
There was an identity crisis 
if you didn't have an empire.

53
00:03:17,600 --> 00:03:20,233
it was a cultural political 
trauma

54
00:03:20,266 --> 00:03:23,600
for families related to the 
military, for the military

55
00:03:23,633 --> 00:03:27,333
and the political elites, 
for the government.

56
00:03:27,366 --> 00:03:30,566
(narrator) 
As Spain's empire 
falls to pieces,

57
00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:33,666
so does Franco's homelife.

58
00:03:33,700 --> 00:03:37,800
His father, Nicolas Franco 
is a naval officer,

59
00:03:37,833 --> 00:03:40,266
and a notorious man about town,

60
00:03:40,300 --> 00:03:43,700
known for his womanizing 
and drinking.

61
00:03:43,733 --> 00:03:47,733
(Paul Preston) I think a lot of 
Franco's problems derived,

62
00:03:47,766 --> 00:03:50,233
of course, from the family 
dynamic.

63
00:03:50,266 --> 00:03:53,200
His father despised him,

64
00:03:53,233 --> 00:03:57,266
he had two brothers, 
and his father

65
00:03:57,300 --> 00:04:00,900
massively preferred 
the other two.

66
00:04:00,933 --> 00:04:05,566
Franco's mother was 
a very strict Catholic.

67
00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:08,533
Franco was the mommy's boy.

68
00:04:08,566 --> 00:04:12,300
These two things I think created 
a sense of vulnerability,

69
00:04:12,333 --> 00:04:15,666
but also a sense that he had 
to prove himself.

70
00:04:15,700 --> 00:04:17,966
(narrator) 
Franco will adopt his mother's

71
00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:20,566
deeply conservative vision 
of Spain

72
00:04:20,600 --> 00:04:24,100
and devote his life 
to making it a reality.

73
00:04:24,133 --> 00:04:27,266
Yet he also wants 
to please his father,

74
00:04:27,300 --> 00:04:30,666
and that means a career 
in the military.

75
00:04:30,700 --> 00:04:32,400
(Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez) 
The problem with Franco was

76
00:04:32,433 --> 00:04:35,100
that he really wanted 
to be in the navy.

77
00:04:35,133 --> 00:04:38,966
The Naval Academy was closed

78
00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:43,766
because Spain has lost 
most of its fleet in the war

79
00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:46,966
so he has to settle 
for infantry,

80
00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:49,433
which was far less prestigious.

81
00:04:49,466 --> 00:04:52,133
(narrator) 1907...

82
00:04:52,166 --> 00:04:56,233
Franco enters the Toledo 
military academy

83
00:04:56,266 --> 00:04:58,833
determined to be an officer.

84
00:04:58,866 --> 00:05:01,333
Small for his age

85
00:05:01,366 --> 00:05:03,933
and conspicuous 
for a high-pitched voice,

86
00:05:03,966 --> 00:05:07,166
he endures severe bullying.

87
00:05:07,200 --> 00:05:11,133
(Paul Preston) 
Well, Franco was 
a very small person

88
00:05:11,166 --> 00:05:15,466
and one of the ways in which he 
coped with being in the army

89
00:05:15,500 --> 00:05:17,633
was by creating 
a series of myths,

90
00:05:17,666 --> 00:05:19,766
and throughout his whole life,

91
00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,133
Franco was a bit like 
the Wizard of Oz,

92
00:05:23,166 --> 00:05:26,933
he was somebody who hid behind 
a series of masks.

93
00:05:26,966 --> 00:05:30,566
(narrator) 
When Franco graduates in 1910

94
00:05:30,600 --> 00:05:33,733
his ambitions define him 
as much as his uniform.

95
00:05:33,766 --> 00:05:36,666
Spain's military class 
is obsessed

96
00:05:36,700 --> 00:05:40,166
with restoring 
the nation's prestige.

97
00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:44,266
For a young officer, 
the best place to start is

98
00:05:44,300 --> 00:05:48,133
in one of Spain's remaining 
colonial outposts, Morocco.

99
00:05:48,166 --> 00:05:50,933
in Spain, in the peninsula,

100
00:05:50,966 --> 00:05:54,300
if you were an army officer, 
promotion was incredibly slow.

101
00:05:54,333 --> 00:05:56,600
It was dead man's shoes.

102
00:05:56,633 --> 00:05:59,700
Franco chose to go to Africa

103
00:05:59,733 --> 00:06:02,933
because it was the best place 
to get quick promotion.

104
00:06:02,966 --> 00:06:04,900
[machine-gun fire]

105
00:06:04,933 --> 00:06:07,900
(narrator) 1912...

106
00:06:07,933 --> 00:06:10,833
Moroccan rebels have launched 
a violent campaign

107
00:06:10,866 --> 00:06:14,866
to force the Spanish out.

108
00:06:14,900 --> 00:06:18,833
Lieutenant Franco is assigned 
to Spain's Army of Africa,

109
00:06:18,866 --> 00:06:23,533
a battalion of native Moroccans 
used for the fiercest fighting.

110
00:06:25,900 --> 00:06:27,833
(Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez) 
Going to Africa, he was lucky.

111
00:06:27,866 --> 00:06:29,933
If he didn't get killed,

112
00:06:29,966 --> 00:06:32,900
meant the possibility 
of rapid promotion.

113
00:06:32,933 --> 00:06:38,133
This is what Franco 
and many other officers did--

114
00:06:38,166 --> 00:06:41,833
they became high-ranking 
officers within a few years...

115
00:06:41,866 --> 00:06:45,200
if they survived.

116
00:06:45,233 --> 00:06:48,533
(narrator) 
The Army of Africa has a name

117
00:06:48,566 --> 00:06:49,933
for young officers 
like Franco...

118
00:06:52,333 --> 00:06:54,866
"the Betrothed of Death."

119
00:06:57,800 --> 00:07:02,500
Of the first 42 officers 
assigned to the unit in 1912,

120
00:07:02,533 --> 00:07:06,233
only 7 are alive in 1915.

121
00:07:06,266 --> 00:07:10,233
And one of them is Franco.

122
00:07:10,266 --> 00:07:14,966
While fighting with the Army of 
Africa, he employs a tactic

123
00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:17,466
that will come to define 
his dictatorship.

124
00:07:21,866 --> 00:07:25,900
Terror is the indiscriminate 
and arbitrary use of force

125
00:07:25,933 --> 00:07:29,500
that can incite fear 
in the hearts of people.

126
00:07:29,533 --> 00:07:32,600
These acts of terror are public.

127
00:07:32,633 --> 00:07:37,066
They're meant to be public; 
they're meant to seen.

128
00:07:37,100 --> 00:07:40,800
The experience in Morocco, 
the experience of colonial war,

129
00:07:40,833 --> 00:07:42,800
which is war without limits,

130
00:07:42,833 --> 00:07:46,733
completely wild war 
against civilians

131
00:07:46,766 --> 00:07:50,266
where torture and mass killings 
are allowed,

132
00:07:50,300 --> 00:07:54,966
these definitely shaped 
his character.

133
00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:59,200
(narrator) 
His unit becomes infamous 
for its bloodthirsty tactics.

134
00:08:01,800 --> 00:08:05,766
They cut the ears and the noses 
of the Moroccan rebels,

135
00:08:05,800 --> 00:08:09,300
and they take pictures of 
themselves with these trophies.

136
00:08:09,333 --> 00:08:12,366
This is a brutal war,

137
00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:15,166
and this is where this man is 
finding his personality,

138
00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:17,533
who he is.

139
00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:22,933
(Paul Preston) 
Obviously it would be impossible

140
00:08:22,966 --> 00:08:26,733
to know that Franco arrived 
as a young soldier in Africa

141
00:08:26,766 --> 00:08:29,366
determined that one day he would 
be the dictator of Spain.

142
00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:32,166
It wasn't like that.

143
00:08:32,200 --> 00:08:36,966
But very soon we can see lots 
and lots of pieces of evidence

144
00:08:37,000 --> 00:08:39,733
of just how calculating he was.

145
00:08:42,733 --> 00:08:46,100
(narrator) 
Franco learns that fear 
can be useful with subordinates

146
00:08:46,133 --> 00:08:49,800
as well as enemies.

147
00:08:49,833 --> 00:08:53,166
(Guy Hedgecoe) 
One of his soldiers refused 
to eat his lunch one day

148
00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:56,300
and threw it back in the face 
of one of the officers.

149
00:08:56,333 --> 00:08:58,900
Franco had that soldier shot,

150
00:08:58,933 --> 00:09:02,633
and he forced the rest 
of the battalion

151
00:09:02,666 --> 00:09:06,000
to parade past the corpse of 
this dead soldier

152
00:09:06,033 --> 00:09:09,600
to remind them of the need 
for discipline.

153
00:09:09,633 --> 00:09:14,800
(narrator) 
Terror is his tactic, and 
the Army of Africa is his tool.

154
00:09:14,833 --> 00:09:19,100
One day he will use both to 
seize ultimate power in Spain.

155
00:09:19,133 --> 00:09:23,333
But in 1916, he is a young 
officer testing his limits

156
00:09:23,366 --> 00:09:27,000
and building a reputation 
for bravery.

157
00:09:27,033 --> 00:09:29,633
To be courageous, 
you need to know fear.

158
00:09:29,666 --> 00:09:32,666
You need to have 
the imagination to know

159
00:09:32,700 --> 00:09:35,533
what you're 
letting yourself in for,

160
00:09:35,566 --> 00:09:38,733
and Franco, in my view, 
was empty inside.

161
00:09:38,766 --> 00:09:42,466
He had, seems to have had 
little or no emotion,

162
00:09:42,500 --> 00:09:45,766
so when it's said, "Franco 
is a man who knew no fear,"

163
00:09:45,800 --> 00:09:48,833
I believe that, 
I believe he knew no fear,

164
00:09:48,866 --> 00:09:52,900
and that to me, for what it's 
worth, is not courage.

165
00:09:52,933 --> 00:09:56,133
(narrator) 
In June, Franco's unit makes

166
00:09:56,166 --> 00:09:59,400
a frontal assault 
on insurgents trenches.

167
00:09:59,433 --> 00:10:02,100
(Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez) 
This is very dangerous.

168
00:10:02,133 --> 00:10:06,333
And the sharpshooters, of 
the rebels target officers.

169
00:10:06,366 --> 00:10:09,266
(narrator) 
Leading from the front, 
Franco takes a bullet.

170
00:10:12,233 --> 00:10:17,400
His unit loses 56 
of its 133 men.

171
00:10:17,433 --> 00:10:23,133
And Franco is 
very nearly one of them.

172
00:10:23,166 --> 00:10:27,866
At the time, an abdominal wound 
is often a death sentence.

173
00:10:31,666 --> 00:10:34,833
Against all odds, 
he makes a full recovery

174
00:10:34,866 --> 00:10:38,033
and is promoted to major.

175
00:10:38,066 --> 00:10:43,333
To his Moroccan troops, 
Franco's survival is a sign.

176
00:10:43,366 --> 00:10:47,066
(Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez) 
They started to say 
that he had "baraca"--

177
00:10:47,100 --> 00:10:49,566
like a sort of blessing, 
good luck.

178
00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:53,333
So they follow him blindly.

179
00:10:53,366 --> 00:10:57,733
(narrator) 
For Franco, it's confirmation 
that his life has a purpose.

180
00:10:57,766 --> 00:11:00,633
(Guy Hedgecoe) 
That adulation persuaded him

181
00:11:00,666 --> 00:11:04,733
that he was someone special, 
that he'd been chosen

182
00:11:04,766 --> 00:11:09,966
perhaps by providence, 
perhaps by God, to help Spain.

183
00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:13,433
(Paul Preston) 
In a very famous interview 
he said,

184
00:11:13,466 --> 00:11:17,600
"Without Africa, I do not know 
how to understand myself."

185
00:11:17,633 --> 00:11:20,600
(narrator) 
Franco's African experience is

186
00:11:20,633 --> 00:11:23,533
also an opportunity 
to enhance his reputation.

187
00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:31,633
In Morocco you have this group 
of embedded journalists

188
00:11:31,666 --> 00:11:35,766
who are quite pro war, 
who are there to promote,

189
00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:39,700
to make popular the cause of the 
war among the Spanish public.

190
00:11:39,733 --> 00:11:42,466
They have been sent by 
the newspapers from Madrid,

191
00:11:42,500 --> 00:11:44,366
from Barcelona, 
from the provinces,

192
00:11:44,400 --> 00:11:48,600
and they are looking for heroes.

193
00:11:48,633 --> 00:11:51,900
(Paul Preston) 
Very early on, he began 
to cultivate journalists,

194
00:11:51,933 --> 00:11:54,833
say from about 1916 onwards,

195
00:11:54,866 --> 00:11:58,466
there are more and more 
articles about him.

196
00:11:58,500 --> 00:12:01,100
(Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez) 
He became very political 
as well.

197
00:12:01,133 --> 00:12:05,100
Because there is, one thing is 
the officer in combat

198
00:12:05,133 --> 00:12:09,333
and then the officer who tells 
the story of the combat.

199
00:12:09,366 --> 00:12:13,233
And something that Franco 
learned very early is

200
00:12:13,266 --> 00:12:17,333
how to please the press 
with the right stories.

201
00:12:17,366 --> 00:12:19,600
(Paul Preston) 
The national right-wing 
newspaper

202
00:12:19,633 --> 00:12:23,333
starts to refer to him 
as "el ace de la legion,"

203
00:12:23,366 --> 00:12:25,100
the ace of the legion.

204
00:12:27,266 --> 00:12:30,766
(narrator) 
In 1926,

205
00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:34,233
Franco is promoted 
to brigadier general.

206
00:12:34,266 --> 00:12:40,366
At 33, he is the youngest 
general in all of Europe.

207
00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:45,233
The bullied little cadet is 
a certified war hero.

208
00:12:45,266 --> 00:12:49,100
Africa has given him 
the respect he craves,

209
00:12:49,133 --> 00:12:55,100
and the tactics that will mark 
his rise to power.

210
00:12:55,133 --> 00:12:58,200
But now, 
at the peak of his career,

211
00:12:58,233 --> 00:13:02,133
a tide of political change could 
destroy his dreams for Spain.

212
00:13:06,933 --> 00:13:09,600
[loud explosions]

213
00:13:14,133 --> 00:13:17,066
The convulsions 
of the First World War

214
00:13:17,100 --> 00:13:19,666
and the Russian revolution 
of 1917

215
00:13:19,700 --> 00:13:23,833
have transformed 
European society.

216
00:13:23,866 --> 00:13:27,800
By contrast with its 
enduring monarchy,

217
00:13:27,833 --> 00:13:30,800
Spain seems tradition bound.

218
00:13:30,833 --> 00:13:35,433
The population is largely rural, 
and the Catholic church

219
00:13:35,466 --> 00:13:40,333
a powerful force, but even here, 
change is brewing.

220
00:13:40,366 --> 00:13:42,800
(Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez) 
The country was industrializing.

221
00:13:42,833 --> 00:13:45,366
The country was becoming 
more urban.

222
00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:47,966
There were huge pockets 
of poverty.

223
00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:50,933
Very strong social inequalities,

224
00:13:50,966 --> 00:13:55,166
and the political system 
was problematic.

225
00:13:55,200 --> 00:13:58,133
(narrator) 
The gap between rich and poor

226
00:13:58,166 --> 00:14:00,766
is a faultline that divides 
Spanish society.

227
00:14:00,800 --> 00:14:03,600
Those who have knew what 
they had,

228
00:14:03,633 --> 00:14:06,133
and they knew how to go about 
keeping it,

229
00:14:06,166 --> 00:14:08,766
whereas all those who wanted 
to change things

230
00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:10,300
all had very different ideas.

231
00:14:13,833 --> 00:14:16,266
(narrator) 
Inspired by Russia's 
Communist Revolution,

232
00:14:16,300 --> 00:14:19,266
many turn to socialism, 
which is

233
00:14:19,300 --> 00:14:22,266
sweeping countries like France 
and Germany.

234
00:14:22,300 --> 00:14:26,633
Others look to the Fascism 
of Benito Mussolini's Italy.

235
00:14:26,666 --> 00:14:29,500
Some blame the Catholic Church

236
00:14:29,533 --> 00:14:33,200
for complicity in maintaining 
an oppressive status quo.

237
00:14:33,233 --> 00:14:36,566
(Paul Preston) 
You go into Spanish churches,

238
00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:39,166
and they have, you know, 
gold altars and so on.

239
00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:42,800
In places where the people 
were starving,

240
00:14:42,833 --> 00:14:45,666
this created huge hatred.

241
00:14:45,700 --> 00:14:49,766
(narrator) 
Anarchists want to tear down 
the existing power structure.

242
00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:54,133
So all of this is happening 
and for people like Franco

243
00:14:54,166 --> 00:14:57,400
and traditionalists, those kind 
of related to the military,

244
00:14:57,433 --> 00:15:00,233
this is really absolutely beyond 
the pale,

245
00:15:00,266 --> 00:15:04,233
this is not what they 
want, they are looking back

246
00:15:04,266 --> 00:15:07,200
to an imperial Spain of 
centuries gone

247
00:15:07,233 --> 00:15:09,933
where there was hierarchy, 
where people knew their place.

248
00:15:13,666 --> 00:15:16,666
(narrator) April 1931.

249
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:20,266
Support for the monarchy 
is plummeting.

250
00:15:20,300 --> 00:15:24,266
Facing a possible insurrection,

251
00:15:24,300 --> 00:15:27,400
the Spanish King 
agrees to step down.

252
00:15:30,066 --> 00:15:32,666
(Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez) 
King Alfonso XIII

253
00:15:32,700 --> 00:15:37,066
steps down in 1931 because 
the country rejects him.

254
00:15:37,100 --> 00:15:40,233
(Helen Graham) 
He didn't have the support

255
00:15:40,266 --> 00:15:43,366
of sufficient numbers 
of old Spain.

256
00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:47,433
There was an awful lot of 
animus against Alfonso the 13th

257
00:15:47,466 --> 00:15:51,200
not against the monarchy so much 
but against him personally.

258
00:15:51,233 --> 00:15:55,100
So there's a sense of new 
constituencies

259
00:15:55,133 --> 00:15:57,733
knocking on the door 
of an old system

260
00:15:57,766 --> 00:16:01,000
and wanting some kind of 
representation.

261
00:16:01,033 --> 00:16:03,633
(narrator) 
Within months 
a new republic is formed

262
00:16:03,666 --> 00:16:06,866
and a left-leaning government 
established.

263
00:16:12,066 --> 00:16:15,766
A new constitution guarantees

264
00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:18,366
a free press 
and regular elections.

265
00:16:22,833 --> 00:16:25,700
Every Spanish adult, 
man or woman, can vote.

266
00:16:28,133 --> 00:16:31,433
But not everyone is celebrating 
this tide of change

267
00:16:35,166 --> 00:16:39,166
(Paul Preston) 
Franco has an idea 
of the authentic Spain.

268
00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:44,300
It's Catholic, 
it protected property,

269
00:16:44,333 --> 00:16:46,833
it protected 
the sanctity of marriage,

270
00:16:46,866 --> 00:16:49,833
all of these things were 
challenged by the left.

271
00:16:52,633 --> 00:16:55,766
(narrator) 
The left threatens 
his vision of Spain.

272
00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:59,800
Soon he'll have the opportunity 
to strike back.

273
00:17:02,833 --> 00:17:06,500
November, 1933.

274
00:17:06,533 --> 00:17:10,733
Spain swings to the right

275
00:17:10,766 --> 00:17:13,866
as a coalition of conservative 
parties wins the next election.

276
00:17:18,466 --> 00:17:22,066
Franco, the hero of Africa, 
is promoted to major general.

277
00:17:24,300 --> 00:17:27,366
But almost a year later,

278
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,733
socialists and anarchists 
stage a massive strike

279
00:17:30,766 --> 00:17:34,900
in the coal-rich region 
of Asturias in the Northwest.

280
00:17:34,933 --> 00:17:38,766
The right-wing government 
turns to Franco,

281
00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:41,566
who welcomes the chance 
to restore order.

282
00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:44,300
(Guy Hedgecoe) 
Communists and socialists

283
00:17:44,333 --> 00:17:46,800
offended him in a way, 
automatically.

284
00:17:46,833 --> 00:17:49,466
He was very religious, 
very Catholic.

285
00:17:49,500 --> 00:17:52,433
He saw people on the left 
as atheists,

286
00:17:52,466 --> 00:17:54,133
who did not believe in God.

287
00:17:56,900 --> 00:18:00,700
(narrator) 
To warn the left against 
further acts of rebellion,

288
00:18:00,733 --> 00:18:03,666
he turns to a tactic used 
by other would-be strongmen.

289
00:18:15,633 --> 00:18:19,566
(Dan Slater) So for Franco, 
terror is a form of 
communication.

290
00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:22,600
You don't have to attack every 
single person

291
00:18:22,633 --> 00:18:24,633
who belongs to these 
organizations--

292
00:18:24,666 --> 00:18:27,966
if you used terror against 
some of them,

293
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:31,600
it sends the signal that anyone 
whose loyalty goes

294
00:18:31,633 --> 00:18:34,633
to these leftist movements is 
going to be in trouble.

295
00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:40,000
[loud gunshot]

296
00:18:40,033 --> 00:18:43,400
(Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez) 
He ordered troops from 
the Army of Africa

297
00:18:43,433 --> 00:18:46,166
to go to Asturias.

298
00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:49,933
By doing that, he knows that 
it's going to take there

299
00:18:49,966 --> 00:18:51,933
troops that are 
ruthless, very violent.

300
00:18:55,266 --> 00:18:58,200
(narrator) 
Franco's troops round up 
more than 3000 Spaniards

301
00:18:58,233 --> 00:19:01,433
and gun them down.

302
00:19:01,466 --> 00:19:04,600
(Paul Preston) 
That was a symbol 
of his ruthlessness.

303
00:19:04,633 --> 00:19:09,700
He had the coast bombarded 
by the Spanish Navy,

304
00:19:09,733 --> 00:19:12,466
he had the mining villages 
bombed by the Spanish Air Force.

305
00:19:15,066 --> 00:19:18,000
(narrator) 
30,000 prisoners are transported

306
00:19:18,033 --> 00:19:22,300
to colonial territories outside 
Spain to serve their sentences.

307
00:19:22,333 --> 00:19:25,200
He did what he had been doing 
in Africa.

308
00:19:25,233 --> 00:19:27,500
It was mass repression.

309
00:19:27,533 --> 00:19:31,400
It was colonial war basically.

310
00:19:31,433 --> 00:19:34,166
But for the first time 
it was colonial war

311
00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:36,300
that was applied 
in the metropolis.

312
00:19:36,333 --> 00:19:38,666
It was not longer war 
against the Moroccans,

313
00:19:38,700 --> 00:19:41,800
it was war against 
the Spaniards.

314
00:19:41,833 --> 00:19:45,700
(Guy Hedgecoe) 
It was not just an opportunity 
to prove himself militarily,

315
00:19:45,733 --> 00:19:48,466
there was also an element 
of politics in that.

316
00:19:48,500 --> 00:19:51,533
So it was kind of his first 
taste of politics--

317
00:19:51,566 --> 00:19:54,633
a chance for him 
to prove himself

318
00:19:54,666 --> 00:19:57,466
in a sphere that was beyond 
the purely military.

319
00:20:00,066 --> 00:20:02,933
(Paul Preston) 
It also gave him the conviction

320
00:20:02,966 --> 00:20:06,833
that he was the man 
that could save Spain

321
00:20:06,866 --> 00:20:09,633
from all these challenges 
from the left.

322
00:20:09,666 --> 00:20:11,966
(narrator) 
Franco suppresses the uprising.

323
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:15,266
But his tactics trigger 
a political explosion.

324
00:20:15,300 --> 00:20:18,833
Left-wing parties are appalled 
by his brutality.

325
00:20:18,866 --> 00:20:21,633
They band together 
into a coalition

326
00:20:21,666 --> 00:20:23,700
called the Popular Front.

327
00:20:26,666 --> 00:20:29,766
On February 16, 1936,

328
00:20:29,800 --> 00:20:32,533
Spaniards go to the polls 
once again.

329
00:20:32,566 --> 00:20:35,633
The pendulum swings,

330
00:20:35,666 --> 00:20:39,200
and the right-wing government 
is ejected.

331
00:20:39,233 --> 00:20:44,400
The Popular Front emerges with 
a majority in parliament.

332
00:20:44,433 --> 00:20:50,466
It's a disaster for Franco, 
but the worst is yet to come.

333
00:20:50,500 --> 00:20:54,133
Worried about a military coup,

334
00:20:54,166 --> 00:20:57,200
the Popular Front sidelines 
key right-wing generals.

335
00:20:59,966 --> 00:21:03,966
Franco himself is banished 
to one of Spain's

336
00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:06,733
last colonial possessions-- 
the Canary Islands,

337
00:21:06,766 --> 00:21:10,200
100 kilometers 
off the coast of Africa,

338
00:21:10,233 --> 00:21:14,066
and 2000 kilometers from Madrid.

339
00:21:14,100 --> 00:21:17,466
The minister of war 
decides that

340
00:21:17,500 --> 00:21:21,866
to keep these guys out of 
trouble, they will be posted

341
00:21:21,900 --> 00:21:25,300
far away where they can do 
the least damage.

342
00:21:29,333 --> 00:21:33,566
(narrator) 
In exile, the generals watch 
as Spain's new leaders

343
00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:36,733
steer the nation to the left.

344
00:21:36,766 --> 00:21:42,166
Even worse, they learn 
that left-wing extremists

345
00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:45,800
have been torching churches 
and executing priests.

346
00:21:48,333 --> 00:21:52,400
To save Spain, the exiled 
generals plot a coup

347
00:21:52,433 --> 00:21:56,300
and they ask Franco 
to take a leading role.

348
00:21:58,933 --> 00:22:01,866
But a military coup is 
the ultimate gamble.

349
00:22:05,133 --> 00:22:08,066
(Guy Hedgecoe) 
He was cautious about getting 
involved in this uprising.

350
00:22:08,100 --> 00:22:14,633
He'd seen other similar attempts 
at military rebellions fail.

351
00:22:14,666 --> 00:22:17,700
He was worried that 
that would happen again.

352
00:22:17,733 --> 00:22:22,033
(narrator) 
If the coup fails, Franco 
will be executed as a traitor.

353
00:22:22,066 --> 00:22:24,933
For days, he deliberates.

354
00:22:24,966 --> 00:22:28,533
He has a wife, 
he has a child.

355
00:22:28,566 --> 00:22:31,300
He has a career.

356
00:22:31,333 --> 00:22:35,666
But circumstances 
will force his hand.

357
00:22:35,700 --> 00:22:38,766
On July 13, 1936,

358
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:42,633
José Calvo Sotelo, a leading 
right-wing politician,

359
00:22:42,666 --> 00:22:45,533
is assassinated in Madrid.

360
00:22:45,566 --> 00:22:48,366
(Paul Preston) 
What clinched it for Franco,

361
00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:54,266
what made the difference was 
the murder of José Calvo Sotelo.

362
00:22:54,300 --> 00:22:57,200
(Helen Graham) 
He is murdered whilst

363
00:22:57,233 --> 00:23:00,300
in the custody 
of republican police.

364
00:23:00,333 --> 00:23:03,866
The funeral for Calvo Sotelo 
is turned into

365
00:23:03,900 --> 00:23:08,266
a kind of show of strength; 
in a sense, it is the trigger.

366
00:23:08,300 --> 00:23:11,900
(narrator) 
For Spaniards on the right,

367
00:23:11,933 --> 00:23:15,166
the assassination is an outrage.

368
00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:18,100
For Franco and the generals, 
it's the final straw.

369
00:23:21,533 --> 00:23:24,700
July 18, 1936.

370
00:23:24,733 --> 00:23:27,766
Wearing civilian clothes,

371
00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:30,966
Franco secretly boards a plane 
that will carry him to Africa.

372
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:33,633
The coup is on.

373
00:23:33,666 --> 00:23:36,533
Franco was given the 
responsibility for Morocco

374
00:23:36,566 --> 00:23:39,566
because of his track record as

375
00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:44,866
a major player in the colonial 
history of Spain.

376
00:23:44,900 --> 00:23:48,866
(narrator) 
His mission-- lead the Army 
of Africa into Spain.

377
00:23:48,900 --> 00:23:51,766
it's the beginning 
of a bloody struggle

378
00:23:51,800 --> 00:23:54,933
between bitter enemies-- 
the right-wing nationalists

379
00:23:54,966 --> 00:23:57,133
against the left-wing 
republicans.

380
00:24:00,366 --> 00:24:04,766
Franco gets the Army of Africa 
to support the coup.

381
00:24:04,800 --> 00:24:09,333
Now he has to get them to Spain.

382
00:24:11,833 --> 00:24:14,100
But transporting 
thousands of men

383
00:24:14,133 --> 00:24:16,466
and their equipment across 
the Strait of Gibraltar

384
00:24:16,500 --> 00:24:18,100
would be 
a massive undertaking...

385
00:24:18,133 --> 00:24:20,266
even in peacetime.

386
00:24:23,300 --> 00:24:26,600
And for Franco, there's 
an added complication.

387
00:24:26,633 --> 00:24:29,566
The Spanish Navy has refused 
to join the coup,

388
00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:33,233
and its ships are patrolling 
the strait.

389
00:24:33,266 --> 00:24:35,433
(Helen Graham) 
The army of Africa is

390
00:24:35,466 --> 00:24:37,300
basically trapped 
in North African territory.

391
00:24:37,333 --> 00:24:39,300
So the Strait's 
very effectively blocked;

392
00:24:39,333 --> 00:24:43,000
speed is of the essence.

393
00:24:43,033 --> 00:24:46,033
(narrator) 
Franco needs planes to jump 
the Strait and join the fight.

394
00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:53,900
Audaciously, he turns 
to a pair of strongmen--

395
00:24:53,933 --> 00:24:58,366
Adolf Hitler 
and Benito Mussolini.

396
00:25:01,900 --> 00:25:04,833
They leap at the chance 
to use Spain

397
00:25:04,866 --> 00:25:07,600
as a testing ground 
for new weapons and tactics.

398
00:25:14,633 --> 00:25:18,200
Making some 800 flights,

399
00:25:18,233 --> 00:25:21,800
German and Italian air force 
planes take 14,000 men

400
00:25:21,833 --> 00:25:24,366
across the Mediterranean 
into Spain.

401
00:25:29,433 --> 00:25:34,533
(Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez) 
So without the help 
of the fascist powers,

402
00:25:34,566 --> 00:25:37,600
the army of Africa would have 
had a very tough time.

403
00:25:42,766 --> 00:25:47,300
(Helen Graham) 
This is seen as the first major 
airlift in modern history,

404
00:25:47,333 --> 00:25:52,200
and absolutely crucial to 
the coup on mainland Spain.

405
00:25:52,233 --> 00:25:56,033
(narrator) 
Franco's airlift astonishes 
his Republican enemies

406
00:25:56,066 --> 00:26:00,933
and advances his status 
among his coconspirators.

407
00:26:00,966 --> 00:26:04,733
While other generals fight 
across Spain,

408
00:26:04,766 --> 00:26:09,300
he begins a merciless 
advance north towards Madrid.

409
00:26:09,333 --> 00:26:13,666
(Helen Graham) 
The Army of Africa's 
a killing machine, and it's

410
00:26:13,700 --> 00:26:17,166
up against a civilian population 
in the south of Spain.

411
00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:19,800
There is no army.

412
00:26:19,833 --> 00:26:23,233
It was basically meeting 
peasants with farm implements.

413
00:26:23,266 --> 00:26:26,800
Every time they arrive 
at a destination,

414
00:26:26,833 --> 00:26:30,333
or indeed just en route, 
they just massacre people.

415
00:26:34,833 --> 00:26:38,433
Franco's forces soon reach 
the city of Badajoz,

416
00:26:38,466 --> 00:26:40,766
near the Portuguese border.

417
00:26:43,233 --> 00:26:45,866
(Guy Hedgecoe) 
He encouraged his officers

418
00:26:45,900 --> 00:26:48,566
to be extremely brutal, 
often savage,

419
00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:50,566
when they were 
waging their campaigns.

420
00:26:50,600 --> 00:26:53,866
When they took a town 
in the Civil War,

421
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:57,100
a few hours 
after the taking of that town

422
00:26:57,133 --> 00:26:59,500
there would be 
absolute carnage.

423
00:26:59,533 --> 00:27:02,866
(Paul Preston) 
Basically the left wingers 
who were captured

424
00:27:02,900 --> 00:27:06,033
were rounded up and then 
they were machine-gunned.

425
00:27:06,066 --> 00:27:08,466
(narrator) 
In the Badajoz Massacre

426
00:27:08,500 --> 00:27:11,033
some 4000 suspected leftists 
are murdered.

427
00:27:11,066 --> 00:27:14,633
And it's not an isolated event.

428
00:27:14,666 --> 00:27:20,566
In retaliation, some republican 
extremists turn on the church.

429
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:23,166
Priests and other clergy 
are executed

430
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:25,766
for siding 
with the nationalists.

431
00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:29,166
There is this kind of 
mass attack

432
00:27:29,200 --> 00:27:32,866
on anyone who is symbolically 
representative of the church.

433
00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:36,633
Because the ecclesiastical 
hierarchy backs the coup.

434
00:27:36,666 --> 00:27:39,833
(narrator) 
Spain is split.

435
00:27:39,866 --> 00:27:44,800
The coup has ignited a battle 
for the soul of the nation.

436
00:27:44,833 --> 00:27:49,000
Franco believed that he should 
do whatever was possible,

437
00:27:49,033 --> 00:27:51,566
whatever was at his disposal,

438
00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:56,500
to eliminate the left and their 
ideology.

439
00:27:56,533 --> 00:28:00,766
(narrator) 
His ruthlessness is not limited 
to his enemies.

440
00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:06,000
Officers who failed to support 
the coup are executed,

441
00:28:06,033 --> 00:28:09,333
including his own cousin 
and childhood playmate.

442
00:28:09,366 --> 00:28:14,666
To show mercy is 
to show weakness.

443
00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:19,866
The future dictator is preparing 
his path to power.

444
00:28:19,900 --> 00:28:22,000
(Paul Preston) 
At the very beginning

445
00:28:22,033 --> 00:28:24,000
while the other generals 
were mainly concerned

446
00:28:24,033 --> 00:28:26,766
with how they went about 
winning the war,

447
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:31,066
Franco would set up a press 
office whose main purpose was

448
00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:34,466
to project Franco 
in the world's press as

449
00:28:34,500 --> 00:28:38,300
the leader of the military coup, 
which at that stage he wasn't.

450
00:28:38,333 --> 00:28:40,500
[speaking Spanish]

451
00:28:40,533 --> 00:28:42,700
(narrator) 
To claim the leadership,

452
00:28:42,733 --> 00:28:46,933
he calls for a meeting 
of the top brass.

453
00:28:46,966 --> 00:28:50,533
September 21, 1936.

454
00:28:50,566 --> 00:28:53,300
Franco's fellow generals fly in

455
00:28:53,333 --> 00:28:56,133
from every sector 
of Nationalist Spain

456
00:28:56,166 --> 00:28:59,800
to a temporary airstrip 
near Salamanca.

457
00:28:59,833 --> 00:29:02,333
(Paul Preston) 
The really big thing 
on Franco's side,

458
00:29:02,366 --> 00:29:05,200
in the quest for power, 
was the fact

459
00:29:05,233 --> 00:29:07,566
that he was the commander 
of the African Army.

460
00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:10,400
Franco had been instrumental

461
00:29:10,433 --> 00:29:15,633
in securing the help of Hitler 
and Mussolini.

462
00:29:15,666 --> 00:29:18,966
(Helen Graham) 
So they basically saw him 
as somebody

463
00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:21,366
who could unite them all

464
00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:25,133
and keep them together 
for the duration of the war.

465
00:29:25,166 --> 00:29:27,666
(narrator) 
The other generals vote 
to make Franco

466
00:29:27,700 --> 00:29:30,500
the commander in chief 
of the armed forces.

467
00:29:30,533 --> 00:29:36,166
Although he is ranked 23rd 
in seniority, no one else has

468
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:38,466
the combination 
of combat experience,

469
00:29:38,500 --> 00:29:42,233
political savvy, 
and connections.

470
00:29:42,266 --> 00:29:47,100
Franco is now the generalissimo, 
the first among generals,

471
00:29:47,133 --> 00:29:51,466
a major step on his road 
to power.

472
00:29:51,500 --> 00:29:55,900
The cunning with which 
he got to be dictator,

473
00:29:55,933 --> 00:30:00,000
the cunning with which he rose 
to the top is very evident.

474
00:30:00,033 --> 00:30:03,233
(narrator) 
But for now Franco only 
controls parts of Spain.

475
00:30:03,266 --> 00:30:06,333
To rule it all he will need 
the support

476
00:30:06,366 --> 00:30:08,533
of the pillars 
of Spanish society.

477
00:30:08,566 --> 00:30:11,366
And to earn it, he will use 
a key tactic

478
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:12,866
from the dictator's playbook.

479
00:30:16,866 --> 00:30:21,866
The Achilles heel of any 
dictatorship is the elites

480
00:30:21,900 --> 00:30:24,500
and whether or not 
they support them.

481
00:30:24,533 --> 00:30:26,766
And that's why dictators, 
so early on,

482
00:30:26,800 --> 00:30:29,066
want to get control over 
their elites.

483
00:30:29,100 --> 00:30:32,466
They want to ensure that they're 
completely loyal to them.

484
00:30:32,500 --> 00:30:35,466
(Alfredo Gonzalez-Ruibal) 
There were 2 or 3 sectors

485
00:30:35,500 --> 00:30:38,166
whose consent was 
crucial for his survival.

486
00:30:38,200 --> 00:30:42,066
This was the church, it was the 
military,

487
00:30:42,100 --> 00:30:44,333
and it was the higher classes:

488
00:30:44,366 --> 00:30:48,366
the aristocracy and the 
industrialists.

489
00:30:48,400 --> 00:30:51,366
(narrator) 
With the support 
of the military assured,

490
00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:55,266
Franco sets his sights 
on the pillar

491
00:30:55,300 --> 00:30:57,900
of traditional Spanish 
society... the Catholic Church.

492
00:30:57,933 --> 00:31:00,366
[loud explosion]

493
00:31:00,400 --> 00:31:04,366
September, 1936.

494
00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:07,966
Rather than advance on the 
republican stronghold of Madrid,

495
00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:11,100
Franco pivots to Toledo.

496
00:31:11,133 --> 00:31:13,900
[loud explosions]

497
00:31:17,700 --> 00:31:21,700
There, a small group of 
nationalist soldiers

498
00:31:21,733 --> 00:31:25,666
is besieged in the city's 
ancient fortress, the Alcázar.

499
00:31:25,700 --> 00:31:28,600
Although Toledo has 
no strategic value,

500
00:31:28,633 --> 00:31:31,400
it has something more important.

501
00:31:31,433 --> 00:31:35,200
It is the historic center 
of Spanish Catholicism.

502
00:31:39,966 --> 00:31:43,600
Franco decides to detour

503
00:31:43,633 --> 00:31:46,333
to relieve the siege 
of the military fortress.

504
00:31:46,366 --> 00:31:49,033
It is particularly seen as

505
00:31:49,066 --> 00:31:52,366
a symbol 
of imperial Christian Spain.

506
00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:55,833
(narrator) 
Franco's forces crush 
the Republican Army

507
00:31:55,866 --> 00:31:59,300
in Toledo and take the town.

508
00:31:59,333 --> 00:32:04,800
Franco personally wasn't there 
when Toledo was relieved,

509
00:32:04,833 --> 00:32:08,466
however, he was there 
the next day.

510
00:32:08,500 --> 00:32:12,966
The newsreel cameras were there 
to see Franco arrive

511
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:16,766
in order to be able to project 
to the world this view

512
00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:20,800
that Franco was the hero 
who had saved Toledo.

513
00:32:20,833 --> 00:32:23,933
[male newsreel announcer] 
Franco greeted as the savior 
of 1900 men, women, and children

514
00:32:23,966 --> 00:32:25,866
who held out 
in this shattered fortress

515
00:32:25,900 --> 00:32:27,600
and in caverns underneath.

516
00:32:30,733 --> 00:32:33,866
(Paul Preston) 
He projected himself 
as a major world figure.

517
00:32:36,366 --> 00:32:39,100
(Helen Graham) 
He has an ambition

518
00:32:39,133 --> 00:32:45,100
and is clearly looking beyond 
the war to a political phase,

519
00:32:45,133 --> 00:32:48,700
to a phase of being in control 
of Spain beyond the war.

520
00:32:51,700 --> 00:32:55,900
(narrator) 
When the coup began, Franco was 
just one of many generals.

521
00:32:55,933 --> 00:32:59,600
Now, he has established 
his reputation

522
00:32:59,633 --> 00:33:02,133
as a military mastermind

523
00:33:02,166 --> 00:33:04,866
and the savior 
of Spanish Catholicism.

524
00:33:07,366 --> 00:33:11,566
Just imagine, mid-July 1936,

525
00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:15,466
you are a general semi-isolated 
from your colleagues.

526
00:33:15,500 --> 00:33:20,133
Two months afterwards, you are 
the head of the main army

527
00:33:20,166 --> 00:33:22,700
of the rebels with no rival 
for powers

528
00:33:22,733 --> 00:33:25,400
and about to take Madrid.

529
00:33:25,433 --> 00:33:27,766
He cannot believe his luck.

530
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:30,333
Must be God!

531
00:33:30,366 --> 00:33:33,233
What other explanation?

532
00:33:33,266 --> 00:33:36,666
(narrator) 
October 1936

533
00:33:36,700 --> 00:33:40,633
Nationalist forces control 
the western half of Spain.

534
00:33:40,666 --> 00:33:44,533
But much of the nation remains 
under the control

535
00:33:44,566 --> 00:33:47,366
of the Republican Popular Front.

536
00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:51,733
To rule the country, 
Franco must take

537
00:33:51,766 --> 00:33:56,300
its political, financial, 
and administrative center.

538
00:33:56,333 --> 00:33:59,100
To convince all Spaniards,

539
00:33:59,133 --> 00:34:03,033
and to convince the rest of 
the world that he had won,

540
00:34:03,066 --> 00:34:04,500
he needed to take Madrid.

541
00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:14,066
(narrator) 
For weeks, Franco throws 
everything at the capitol--

542
00:34:14,100 --> 00:34:17,333
artillery...

543
00:34:17,366 --> 00:34:20,266
aerial bombardment...

544
00:34:22,266 --> 00:34:24,800
frontal attacks.

545
00:34:24,833 --> 00:34:26,666
[machine-gun fire]

546
00:34:26,699 --> 00:34:31,366
The city won't fall.

547
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:34,533
The republic basically 
concentrates its forces

548
00:34:34,566 --> 00:34:38,466
in Madrid, 
and as long as it can prevent

549
00:34:38,500 --> 00:34:42,400
Madrid being encircled, 
it can survive.

550
00:34:47,266 --> 00:34:52,699
(narrator) 
Soon Franco's drive to take 
Madrid gets even harder,

551
00:34:52,733 --> 00:34:57,433
as his enemies gain 
a powerful new ally.

552
00:34:57,466 --> 00:35:00,900
The Soviet dictator 
Joseph Stalin has agreed

553
00:35:00,933 --> 00:35:04,566
to arm the republic and its 
left-wing government.

554
00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:06,633
(Helen Graham) 
When it's clear that Franco

555
00:35:06,666 --> 00:35:09,733
began to be able 
to take Madrid,

556
00:35:09,766 --> 00:35:13,100
the Soviet Union offers 
to support the republic.

557
00:35:13,133 --> 00:35:16,300
(narrator) 
What was meant to be 
a quick coup d'etat

558
00:35:16,333 --> 00:35:19,566
is now a full-blown civil war.

559
00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:22,333
[speaking Spanish]

560
00:35:37,500 --> 00:35:41,300
(narrator) 
He has conquered large swaths 
of Spanish territory

561
00:35:41,333 --> 00:35:45,333
but Franco's domination is 
far from complete.

562
00:35:45,366 --> 00:35:48,233
In many of the regions 
he now controls,

563
00:35:48,266 --> 00:35:51,733
half of his fellow citizens 
are against him.

564
00:35:51,766 --> 00:35:55,633
He is determined 
to vanquish them all.

565
00:35:55,666 --> 00:35:59,800
While the Nationalist Army 
continues its battles,

566
00:35:59,833 --> 00:36:03,366
Franco sets out to eliminate 
civilian opposition

567
00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:06,433
in the land he has seized.

568
00:36:06,466 --> 00:36:10,000
To do this, he employs another 
tactic of dictatorship.

569
00:36:13,433 --> 00:36:16,166
(Guy Hedgecoe) 
Franco wanted to defeat 
the Left,

570
00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:18,500
but he also wanted 
to eliminate them.

571
00:36:18,533 --> 00:36:21,033
He wanted to make sure

572
00:36:21,066 --> 00:36:24,600
that there was no vestige left 
of that ideology.

573
00:36:29,366 --> 00:36:32,500
(narrator) 
Franco creates the Supreme Court 
of Military Justice--

574
00:36:32,533 --> 00:36:35,033
a vast bureaucracy dedicated

575
00:36:35,066 --> 00:36:39,033
to prosecuting those 
who oppose him.

576
00:36:39,066 --> 00:36:45,266
And you were open to prosecution 
if you had any connections

577
00:36:45,300 --> 00:36:48,366
with republican politics 
or sympathies.

578
00:36:48,400 --> 00:36:52,000
So people can be brought 
before military courts

579
00:36:52,033 --> 00:36:55,466
for activities 
that go back to 1934.

580
00:36:55,500 --> 00:37:00,400
They apply the military code 
to their enemies

581
00:37:00,433 --> 00:37:03,733
by accusing those who defended 
the republic

582
00:37:03,766 --> 00:37:07,100
of the crime of rebellion

583
00:37:07,133 --> 00:37:09,266
which is what the Francoists 
have committed.

584
00:37:12,733 --> 00:37:16,533
(Helen Graham) 
There must be a social 
cleansing of all the elements

585
00:37:16,566 --> 00:37:19,000
in society who have allowed 
the republic to exist

586
00:37:19,033 --> 00:37:21,833
and who are now our enemies.

587
00:37:21,866 --> 00:37:25,600
Silvia Navarro's grandfather 
was one of those enemies.

588
00:37:25,633 --> 00:37:27,666
[speaking 
Spanish]

589
00:37:44,700 --> 00:37:48,533
(narrator) 
Jose Antonio Marco Viedma

590
00:37:48,566 --> 00:37:50,333
was a prominent businessman

591
00:37:50,366 --> 00:37:52,400
in the city of Calatayud...

592
00:37:52,433 --> 00:37:54,633
and a republican.

593
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:16,733
(Alfredo Gonzalez-Ruibal) 
All dictators use violence 
against their people.

594
00:38:16,766 --> 00:38:19,766
In the case of Spain the scale

595
00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:23,133
of intersocial violence 
is unique.

596
00:38:23,166 --> 00:38:27,966
Most victims, like 99%, 
were Spaniards,

597
00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:31,633
and this is interesting because 
Franco was actually

598
00:38:31,666 --> 00:38:36,100
perceiving at least half of 
Spain as not properly Spanish.

599
00:38:36,133 --> 00:38:39,666
So you can inflict this terrible 
violence to your own people,

600
00:38:39,700 --> 00:38:42,733
if you consider they are not 
actually your own people,

601
00:38:42,766 --> 00:38:44,466
that they are, 
in a way, foreigners.

602
00:38:47,933 --> 00:38:52,166
(narrator) 
City by city, town by town,

603
00:38:52,200 --> 00:38:56,733
Franco's forces arrest not just 
Popular Front leaders

604
00:38:56,766 --> 00:39:00,800
and party faithful, but anyone 
with republican sympathies.

605
00:39:00,833 --> 00:39:03,700
(Helen Graham) 
it's not just a tactic 
for a military campaign,

606
00:39:03,733 --> 00:39:08,066
it's a form of political 
readjustment,

607
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:11,533
removing the kind of people 
that made the republic possible,

608
00:39:11,566 --> 00:39:13,833
this would be never 
possible again.

609
00:39:13,866 --> 00:39:17,200
It's a form of 
social engineering,

610
00:39:17,233 --> 00:39:19,733
(narrator) 
As the war progresses,

611
00:39:19,766 --> 00:39:23,600
Franco intensifies his attacks 
on civilians.

612
00:39:23,633 --> 00:39:27,133
His allies in the German 
and Italian air forces

613
00:39:27,166 --> 00:39:29,500
begin to obliterate towns 
and villages.

614
00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:36,400
Guernica, Durango,

615
00:39:36,433 --> 00:39:41,133
Barcelona, Madrid.

616
00:39:41,166 --> 00:39:43,600
(Helen Graham) 
The idea was that 
you would terrorize

617
00:39:43,633 --> 00:39:45,733
and demoralize 
a civilian population

618
00:39:45,766 --> 00:39:48,800
and this would be a crucial 
instrument of war.

619
00:39:48,833 --> 00:39:53,200
It's the war against civilians, 
waged with the new technology.

620
00:39:53,233 --> 00:39:56,966
(narrator) 1939.

621
00:39:57,000 --> 00:40:01,766
As Spain tears itself apart, 
Europe braces for war.

622
00:40:01,800 --> 00:40:04,533
[crowd cheering]

623
00:40:04,566 --> 00:40:07,333
Conserving its resources 
for the coming conflict,

624
00:40:07,366 --> 00:40:11,700
the Soviet Union withdraws 
its support of the Republic.

625
00:40:11,733 --> 00:40:16,400
By February, what's left of the 
Popular Front's army collapses.

626
00:40:19,900 --> 00:40:22,933
[loud cheering]

627
00:40:22,966 --> 00:40:26,300
(narrator) March 27.

628
00:40:26,333 --> 00:40:29,566
Franco's forces parade 
through Madrid.

629
00:40:36,600 --> 00:40:41,533
After the loss of half a million 
lives, the civil war is over.

630
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:47,566
Three years after crossing 
the Strait of Gibraltar,

631
00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:51,800
Francisco Franco is 
the dictator of all Spain.

632
00:40:55,033 --> 00:40:57,466
In the nationalist regions,

633
00:40:57,500 --> 00:41:00,566
victory celebrations echo 
into the dawn.

634
00:41:03,133 --> 00:41:05,533
In what were once 
republican regions,

635
00:41:05,566 --> 00:41:08,466
people are fleeing 
for their lives.

636
00:41:08,500 --> 00:41:13,000
(Paul Preston) Large numbers of 
people had fled Madrid.

637
00:41:13,033 --> 00:41:16,400
I mean, thousands upon thousands 
of people fled to the coast

638
00:41:16,433 --> 00:41:18,600
hoping to be able to get away.

639
00:41:25,566 --> 00:41:28,900
Victory gives Franco 
the opportunity

640
00:41:28,933 --> 00:41:33,566
to complete his transformation 
of Spanish society.

641
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:35,833
(Helen Graham) 
The war is not really ending

642
00:41:35,866 --> 00:41:38,366
with the end 
of the battlefield phase,

643
00:41:38,400 --> 00:41:43,666
but becoming basically a war 
against the defeated.

644
00:41:43,700 --> 00:41:47,666
(narrator) 
He launches another wave of 
targeted arrests and killings

645
00:41:47,700 --> 00:41:51,166
of anyone with connections 
to the old government.

646
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:53,466
(Dan Slater) 
It's very much to send a signal

647
00:41:53,500 --> 00:41:55,966
to anyone who opposed 
the church,

648
00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:58,933
anyone who was a socialist, 
anyone who joined

649
00:41:58,966 --> 00:42:00,933
the organizations 
of the political left.

650
00:42:04,533 --> 00:42:07,000
(narrator) 
Beyond Spain's borders,

651
00:42:07,033 --> 00:42:10,433
the Second World War 
burns across Europe.

652
00:42:13,966 --> 00:42:17,700
To the outside world, 
Spain is officially neutral.

653
00:42:17,733 --> 00:42:21,966
But within, the dictator's war 
against his people

654
00:42:22,000 --> 00:42:23,966
is just getting started.

655
00:42:27,933 --> 00:42:31,066
In the course of 3 years,

656
00:42:31,100 --> 00:42:33,600
nearly one quarter 
of a million people

657
00:42:33,633 --> 00:42:38,866
are imprisoned... 
28,000 are executed.

658
00:42:38,900 --> 00:42:42,500
(Alfredo Gonzalez-Ruibal) 
This was essential in Franco's 
strategy

659
00:42:42,533 --> 00:42:45,333
because he had to 
completely exterminate

660
00:42:45,366 --> 00:42:47,733
all opposition to his regime

661
00:42:47,766 --> 00:42:50,800
so that he could rule 
for the next 40 years.

662
00:42:53,500 --> 00:42:57,233
As he transforms 
Spanish society,

663
00:42:57,266 --> 00:43:00,200
he turns to another tactic 
of dictatorships.

664
00:43:03,900 --> 00:43:07,866
Indoctrination is largely a 
process of preventing people

665
00:43:07,900 --> 00:43:10,133
from hearing alternative 
narratives.

666
00:43:10,166 --> 00:43:13,300
It's a way of giving substance 
to fear

667
00:43:13,333 --> 00:43:16,200
and reminding people 
of the risks of life

668
00:43:16,233 --> 00:43:18,666
without the regime that is 
currently in power.

669
00:43:18,700 --> 00:43:20,800
People were obliged to think

670
00:43:20,833 --> 00:43:23,033
what the regime 
wanted them to think.

671
00:43:23,066 --> 00:43:25,900
There was total control 
of the education system,

672
00:43:25,933 --> 00:43:30,200
there was total control 
of the media.

673
00:43:30,233 --> 00:43:35,566
(Alfredo Gonzalez-Ruibal) 
Indoctrination in the Franco 
regime is quite unique

674
00:43:35,600 --> 00:43:38,600
in that it systematically used

675
00:43:38,633 --> 00:43:41,566
the procedures 
of Catholic indoctrination.

676
00:43:41,600 --> 00:43:45,000
So there was even a catechism 
that was used

677
00:43:45,033 --> 00:43:48,200
to tell very young children 
about Franco,

678
00:43:48,233 --> 00:43:50,800
about the regime, 
about how good this was.

679
00:43:54,733 --> 00:43:58,966
(narrator) 
For Franco, indoctrination 
cannot begin soon enough.

680
00:43:59,000 --> 00:44:03,233
In prison, if a republican woman 
is pregnant,

681
00:44:03,266 --> 00:44:06,033
she is allowed 
to carry her baby to term.

682
00:44:06,066 --> 00:44:08,166
Then the child is taken

683
00:44:08,200 --> 00:44:11,166
and placed in a properly 
Spanish family.

684
00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:14,000
(Emilio Silva) 
They went to the prisons

685
00:44:14,033 --> 00:44:18,233
and they kidnapped the babies 
from the republican woman,

686
00:44:18,266 --> 00:44:25,833
because they say the woman 
can provoke

687
00:44:25,866 --> 00:44:29,733
the transmission of the 
democracy for the children.

688
00:44:29,766 --> 00:44:34,800
And then take the children 
and put the children

689
00:44:34,833 --> 00:44:38,333
in Catholic institutions 
or Catholic families.

690
00:44:41,766 --> 00:44:45,600
(Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez) 
They say that Franco is 
the man chosen by God,

691
00:44:45,633 --> 00:44:49,600
and that he's there 
doing God's will.

692
00:44:49,633 --> 00:44:53,133
The children at the time in 
religious and lay schools

693
00:44:53,166 --> 00:44:55,866
are being taught 
that Franco's life

694
00:44:55,900 --> 00:44:58,600
is like the life of Christ.

695
00:45:02,833 --> 00:45:06,966
Catholicism was key to the 
entire ideology of the regime.

696
00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:10,000
The idea was, we are 
going to torture you,

697
00:45:10,033 --> 00:45:12,333
we are going to kill you,

698
00:45:12,366 --> 00:45:15,800
but we are doing that because 
you are evil,

699
00:45:15,833 --> 00:45:19,433
and we are doing this because 
we need to redeem you,

700
00:45:19,466 --> 00:45:22,433
that it is for your own good,

701
00:45:22,466 --> 00:45:26,000
because we want you to go 
to heaven, and for that

702
00:45:26,033 --> 00:45:28,833
you have to be punished, 
you have to suffer.

703
00:45:28,866 --> 00:45:31,900
So there were these ideas 
of sin and redemption

704
00:45:31,933 --> 00:45:33,866
that was so Catholic, 
and that were so Spanish.

705
00:45:38,833 --> 00:45:42,300
(narrator) 1945.

706
00:45:42,333 --> 00:45:45,833
Hitler commits suicide.

707
00:45:45,866 --> 00:45:48,966
Mussolini is executed.

708
00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:51,800
The Second World War is over.

709
00:45:51,833 --> 00:45:56,933
But Spain's dictator remains.

710
00:45:56,966 --> 00:46:02,000
Franco's fortunes are helped by 
a shift in the political winds.

711
00:46:02,033 --> 00:46:07,633
As the Cold War between the U.S. 
and the Soviet Union begins,

712
00:46:07,666 --> 00:46:13,100
Franco's extreme anti-communism 
makes him an ally of the West.

713
00:46:13,133 --> 00:46:16,666
(Helen Graham) 
By the 1950s, 
Eisenhower visits Spain,

714
00:46:16,700 --> 00:46:18,666
and Franco presents himself as

715
00:46:18,700 --> 00:46:21,466
the kind of sentinel 
of the west,

716
00:46:21,500 --> 00:46:25,100
this anti-communist warrior who 
can keep the continent safe.

717
00:46:27,866 --> 00:46:31,266
Franco has free rein to 
continue his state of terror.

718
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:38,633
There were hundreds of thousands 
of Republicans

719
00:46:38,666 --> 00:46:42,300
that were in jail.

720
00:46:42,333 --> 00:46:45,200
(narrator) 
But there are 
pockets of resistance.

721
00:46:45,233 --> 00:46:49,033
University student 
Nicolas Sanchez

722
00:46:49,066 --> 00:46:51,600
is one of the resistors.

723
00:46:51,633 --> 00:46:54,400
After taking part 
in a peaceful demonstration,

724
00:46:54,433 --> 00:46:57,933
he is arrested and sentenced 
to 6 years in prison.

725
00:47:00,400 --> 00:47:03,933
To deal with prisoners 
like Nicolas Sanchez,

726
00:47:03,966 --> 00:47:07,266
Franco uses 
a classic dictator's tool.

727
00:47:12,333 --> 00:47:15,833
(Fathali Moghaddam) Well, 
there's 2 functions of gulags.

728
00:47:15,866 --> 00:47:19,666
One is creating fear.

729
00:47:19,700 --> 00:47:24,000
A second function 
of these gulags is

730
00:47:24,033 --> 00:47:27,800
that they want certain people 
out of the way

731
00:47:27,833 --> 00:47:31,666
and they want to use them 
as examples

732
00:47:31,700 --> 00:47:37,933
of what could happen to you 
if you step out of line.

733
00:47:37,966 --> 00:47:41,533
(Nicolas Sanchez) 
There were also concentration 
camps that were used

734
00:47:41,566 --> 00:47:46,000
to build fortifications, 
railroads,

735
00:47:46,033 --> 00:47:49,233
dams-- that was heavy work.

736
00:47:49,266 --> 00:47:52,600
(narrator) 
Franco uses slave labor to build

737
00:47:52,633 --> 00:47:55,900
a massive monument to 
the victory of his regime.

738
00:47:55,933 --> 00:48:01,533
He calls it 
the Valley of the Fallen.

739
00:48:01,566 --> 00:48:04,366
(Alfredo Gonzalez-Ruibal) 
Most of the people who worked

740
00:48:04,400 --> 00:48:07,433
in the Valley of the Fallen 
were political prisoners.

741
00:48:07,466 --> 00:48:10,966
For each year they worked in 
the Valley of the Fallen,

742
00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:13,733
they did not have to spend 
5 years in prison.

743
00:48:13,766 --> 00:48:15,933
They were given the choice,

744
00:48:15,966 --> 00:48:18,733
but it is not 
that they liked to be there,

745
00:48:18,766 --> 00:48:21,833
it is that the other option 
was much worse.

746
00:48:21,866 --> 00:48:26,366
(narrator) 
In 1959, after almost 20 years 
of hard labor,

747
00:48:26,400 --> 00:48:29,533
the dictator's tribute 
to himself is finished.

748
00:48:32,033 --> 00:48:35,733
The monumental scale 
is an indication of their

749
00:48:35,766 --> 00:48:38,700
overweening desire to control 
the societies that they rule.

750
00:48:41,533 --> 00:48:46,566
But it is a reflection of an 
aspiration to some kind of

751
00:48:46,600 --> 00:48:49,833
eternal influence in the future 
of their own countries.

752
00:48:49,866 --> 00:48:52,966
(narrator) 
Not only is the monument 
complete,

753
00:48:53,000 --> 00:48:58,333
so is Franco's domination of 
Spanish politics and society.

754
00:48:58,366 --> 00:49:03,400
To hold a political opinion is 
to commit a crime.

755
00:49:03,433 --> 00:49:06,300
(Alfredo Gonzalez-Ruibal) 
That prevented people from 
entering politics,

756
00:49:06,333 --> 00:49:09,366
because politics were associated 
with conflict and with war.

757
00:49:09,400 --> 00:49:13,333
The main success 
of this strategy was

758
00:49:13,366 --> 00:49:16,233
associating politics 
with danger,

759
00:49:16,266 --> 00:49:20,200
and it was very successful 
until at least the late 1960s.

760
00:49:20,233 --> 00:49:23,666
(narrator) 
Franco has achieved 
what he set out to do.

761
00:49:23,700 --> 00:49:28,566
He has frozen Spain in time.

762
00:49:28,600 --> 00:49:34,766
His regime secure, 
he cultivates the image of

763
00:49:34,800 --> 00:49:39,833
a benign international statesman 
and paternal sovereign.

764
00:49:39,866 --> 00:49:42,133
(Paul Preston) 
In later life, this dictator,

765
00:49:42,166 --> 00:49:44,200
this mass murderer, 
was projected

766
00:49:44,233 --> 00:49:46,400
as the kind of grandfather 
of his people.

767
00:49:51,000 --> 00:49:54,066
(narrator) 
After almost 30 years in power,

768
00:49:54,100 --> 00:49:56,700
the patriarch faces 
one last challenge:

769
00:49:56,733 --> 00:50:00,700
who will rule Spain 
when he dies?

770
00:50:00,733 --> 00:50:04,866
1969.

771
00:50:04,900 --> 00:50:08,800
Franco announces that 
Juan Carlos, the grandson

772
00:50:08,833 --> 00:50:12,666
of King Alfonso XIII, 
will be his successor.

773
00:50:12,700 --> 00:50:15,933
The dying dictator hopes 
the new king

774
00:50:15,966 --> 00:50:18,966
will keep Spain 
locked in the past.

775
00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:23,366
But when Franco dies 
on November 20, 1975,

776
00:50:23,400 --> 00:50:26,666
his regime dies with him.

777
00:50:26,700 --> 00:50:31,966
Now king, Juan Carlos defies 
Franco's final wish.

778
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:35,233
He moves to dismantle 
the dictatorship

779
00:50:35,266 --> 00:50:37,866
and restore Spain to democracy.

780
00:50:41,566 --> 00:50:45,733
Less than 2 years later, 
Spaniards hold

781
00:50:45,766 --> 00:50:49,800
their first democratic election 
in more than 40 years.

782
00:50:49,833 --> 00:50:55,233
The results mirror 
the election of 1936.

783
00:50:55,266 --> 00:51:00,366
The left wing wins 
by a narrow margin.

784
00:51:00,400 --> 00:51:06,666
Franco's attempt to obliterate 
socialism has failed.

785
00:51:06,700 --> 00:51:10,233
But the consequences 
of his dictatorship

786
00:51:10,266 --> 00:51:13,566
haunt Spain to this day.

787
00:51:20,066 --> 00:51:24,100
Over the past 10 years, 
Spaniards have confronted

788
00:51:24,133 --> 00:51:27,233
Franco's crimes 
against humanity.

789
00:51:27,266 --> 00:51:30,400
(Guy Hedgecoe) 
According to Amnesty 
International,

790
00:51:30,433 --> 00:51:33,733
Spain has the highest number 
of mass graves

791
00:51:33,766 --> 00:51:36,766
in the world after Cambodia.

792
00:51:36,800 --> 00:51:39,400
So there are all these unmarked 
graves around the country,

793
00:51:39,433 --> 00:51:42,766
and this issue 
has not been resolved.

794
00:51:42,800 --> 00:51:46,500
(Emilio Silva) 
In Spain we have the names 
and the orders of names

795
00:51:46,533 --> 00:51:53,633
of 114,000 civilians 
missing in mass graves.

796
00:51:53,666 --> 00:51:57,066
For example, in Malaga,

797
00:51:57,100 --> 00:51:59,166
in the south of Spain,

798
00:51:59,200 --> 00:52:01,966
in the cemetery, there is

799
00:52:02,000 --> 00:52:06,166
a group of graves with 4,300 
people.

800
00:52:08,833 --> 00:52:12,833
(Paul Preston) 
There is considerable disquiet,

801
00:52:12,866 --> 00:52:16,000
discomfort, 
resentment about the fact

802
00:52:16,033 --> 00:52:19,366
that there's never been 
any real process

803
00:52:19,400 --> 00:52:21,466
of seeking justice for those 
who were murdered

804
00:52:21,500 --> 00:52:25,100
during the civil war.

805
00:52:25,133 --> 00:52:32,133
(Emilio Silva) 
And I think our history is part 
of the black box of Europe.

806
00:52:32,166 --> 00:52:37,233
And we have to recover 
the black box.

807
00:52:37,266 --> 00:52:44,266
And we have to show the sounds, 
sort of, in this black box.

808
00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:47,433
(Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez) 
The legacy is the emptiness

809
00:52:47,466 --> 00:52:51,033
that he caused 
in the Spanish society,

810
00:52:51,066 --> 00:52:53,466
all the wealth, 
the human wealth

811
00:52:53,500 --> 00:52:57,100
and the material wealth 
that the Spanish Civil War

812
00:52:57,133 --> 00:53:01,200
and the brutal dictatorship cost 
on the Spanish society.

813
00:53:01,233 --> 00:53:03,500
So how do you evaluate that?

814
00:53:03,533 --> 00:53:06,766
How do you fix that?

815
00:53:06,800 --> 00:53:10,733
I don't have an answer.

816
00:53:12,900 --> 00:53:15,433
(narrator) 
Next time 
on "The Dictator's Playbook."

817
00:53:15,466 --> 00:53:17,833
(Lain Grahame) 
Idi Amin made 
a mark for himself.

818
00:53:17,866 --> 00:53:19,633
(Mahmood Mamdani) 
He tapped into something big.

819
00:53:19,666 --> 00:53:21,466
(Alicia Decker) 
He represented a fresh start.

820
00:53:21,500 --> 00:53:23,500
(Mahmood Mamdani) 
A future for Uganda.

821
00:53:23,533 --> 00:53:25,566
(Alicia Decker) 
Critics have written Amin off 
as a buffoon,

822
00:53:25,600 --> 00:53:27,433
but he was far more cunning.

823
00:53:27,466 --> 00:53:29,800
A soldier, charismatic.

824
00:53:29,833 --> 00:53:32,133
Distracting people 
from their repression.

825
00:53:32,166 --> 00:53:34,033
(Mariam Mufti) 
In the 8 years he was in power,

826
00:53:34,066 --> 00:53:36,800
almost 300,000 people 
were massacred

827
00:53:36,833 --> 00:53:39,700
He was ruthless, 
which good soldiers are.

828
00:53:42,700 --> 00:53:44,133
[orchestra plays in minor tones]

829
00:53:51,833 --> 00:53:54,200
(man) To order "The Dictator's 
Playbook" on DVD,

830
00:53:54,233 --> 00:53:56,500
visit shopPBS.org

831
00:53:56,533 --> 00:53:59,500
or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS.

832
00:53:59,533 --> 00:54:01,600
This program is also available

833
00:54:01,633 --> 00:54:03,633
on Amazon Prime Video.

834
00:54:06,000 --> 00:54:08,000
[synthesizer fanfare]