1 00:00:07,320 --> 00:00:11,000 (FILM REEL WHIRRS, SOFT WHISPERING) 2 00:00:21,280 --> 00:00:25,680 MAN: Being German is not really something to be celebrated, 3 00:00:25,840 --> 00:00:29,320 because it always comes with the burden of the past, 4 00:00:29,480 --> 00:00:32,200 the responsibility for past crimes. 5 00:00:32,360 --> 00:00:33,520 MAN: Heil Hitler! 6 00:00:33,680 --> 00:00:34,920 Never again. 7 00:00:35,080 --> 00:00:38,040 Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil! 8 00:00:38,200 --> 00:00:41,520 WOMAN: For us Germans, Nuremberg is a special place. 9 00:00:42,560 --> 00:00:47,200 It's shadowed by our darkest days, but after the Second World War 10 00:00:47,360 --> 00:00:50,920 Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes here. 11 00:00:51,080 --> 00:00:53,840 That's when we were reborn as a nation. 12 00:00:56,360 --> 00:00:59,200 MAN: It really was the biggest murder trial in history. 13 00:00:59,360 --> 00:01:05,080 12 million men, women and children murdered in cold blood. 14 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:07,200 MAN: Hermann Wilhelm Goering. 15 00:01:07,360 --> 00:01:12,080 Are you telling the tribunal that you, the second man in the Reich, 16 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:15,040 knew nothing about the extermination of the Jews? 17 00:01:15,200 --> 00:01:18,480 MAN: None of them said "I'm guilty". None of them. Not one. 18 00:01:18,640 --> 00:01:21,600 WOMAN: There must be millions who have wondered what in God's name 19 00:01:21,760 --> 00:01:25,640 the Germans could say for themselves on reckoning day. 20 00:01:25,800 --> 00:01:28,320 Now they have started to say it. 21 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:39,760 (HEAVY DOORS CLANG SHUT) 22 00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:51,160 (FOOTSTEPS) 23 00:02:10,040 --> 00:02:12,760 There is an elevator in the defendants' box 24 00:02:12,920 --> 00:02:14,400 where they all sat. 25 00:02:14,560 --> 00:02:17,840 One by one, they'd come up in the elevator. 26 00:02:19,680 --> 00:02:21,840 As the defendant walks out, takes a seat, 27 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:23,480 it shuts again and goes down. 28 00:02:26,120 --> 00:02:29,600 A few moments later, another defendant comes up. 29 00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:34,880 Open, shut, open, shut, open, shut. 30 00:02:46,640 --> 00:02:49,240 (MAN GIVES ORDER IN GERMAN) 31 00:02:50,720 --> 00:02:53,680 (DRUM BEAT) 32 00:02:53,840 --> 00:02:55,840 (CROWD CHEERS) 33 00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:04,360 The city of Nuremberg was one of the great symbolic cities 34 00:03:04,520 --> 00:03:06,080 of National Socialism. 35 00:03:07,600 --> 00:03:12,760 Nuremberg was the place they chose for their rallies 36 00:03:12,920 --> 00:03:15,040 and Hitler's wild speeches. 37 00:03:33,600 --> 00:03:36,880 The audience were spellbound and cheered him. 38 00:03:37,040 --> 00:03:44,120 (CROWD CHEERS WILDLY) 39 00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:13,440 GRUNWALD: Nuremberg, a city of 400,000 people, 40 00:04:13,600 --> 00:04:16,320 was devastated by the war. 41 00:04:18,640 --> 00:04:21,520 90% of dwellings were rubble, 42 00:04:21,680 --> 00:04:23,240 and under that rubble 43 00:04:23,400 --> 00:04:28,480 thousands of corpses were quite literally rotting and festering. 44 00:04:39,600 --> 00:04:42,040 FERENCZ: Growing up in Hell's Kitchen in New York, 45 00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:46,120 I had decided very early in life that I didn't want to be a criminal. 46 00:04:46,280 --> 00:04:47,880 I wanted to be a lawyer. 47 00:04:48,040 --> 00:04:49,720 When we went to Nuremberg, 48 00:04:49,880 --> 00:04:53,520 the people were interested in only staying alive. 49 00:04:53,680 --> 00:04:57,960 Food was scarce. They were desperate and frightened. 50 00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:01,960 They had no idea what we were going to do to them. 51 00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:07,280 Many of them thought we were going to seek vengeance. 52 00:05:07,440 --> 00:05:09,480 British soldiers were told 53 00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:12,520 not to engage with the German civilian population 54 00:05:12,680 --> 00:05:15,960 and, quite literally, to see them as accessories 55 00:05:16,120 --> 00:05:19,200 or at least knowing stooges of crime. 56 00:05:23,240 --> 00:05:27,000 As an international lawyer, Nuremberg is an amazing place. 57 00:05:27,160 --> 00:05:32,040 You know, walking into Courtroom 600 sends shivers down my spine. 58 00:05:34,960 --> 00:05:37,440 SANDS: Nuremberg is a special place for me. 59 00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:39,360 My grandparents survived 60 00:05:39,520 --> 00:05:43,680 but they both lost many, if not all, of their family members. 61 00:05:43,840 --> 00:05:46,960 Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and France 62 00:05:47,120 --> 00:05:49,080 wanted to do justice, 63 00:05:49,240 --> 00:05:54,320 to put the most senior Nazi leaders they could get their hands on 64 00:05:54,480 --> 00:05:57,040 on trial in a rather public spectacle. 65 00:05:57,200 --> 00:06:00,520 And the hunt began to identify, track down, 66 00:06:00,680 --> 00:06:02,960 arrest thousands of individuals. 67 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:16,000 GRUNWALD: Goering is the most senior defendant, 68 00:06:16,160 --> 00:06:18,680 a key architect of the Final Solution. 69 00:06:18,840 --> 00:06:21,600 He was the most senior Nazi who was caught. 70 00:06:21,760 --> 00:06:23,440 The others had died or been killed - 71 00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:25,920 Himmler, Goebbels, Hitler, of course, 72 00:06:26,080 --> 00:06:27,680 not available to be put on trial. 73 00:06:27,840 --> 00:06:30,880 He acted very much as the defendant leader. 74 00:06:32,760 --> 00:06:34,480 Fritz Sauckel was responsible 75 00:06:34,640 --> 00:06:38,200 for amassing slave labour for the Nazi regime, 76 00:06:38,360 --> 00:06:41,320 which saw the deaths of millions of people. 77 00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:47,560 Walther Funk had been President of the Reichsbank. 78 00:06:47,720 --> 00:06:50,240 He was in charge of all the gold and other property 79 00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:53,520 that was taken away from the murdered Jews. 80 00:06:53,680 --> 00:06:57,640 GRUNWALD: Julius Streicher was a sort of propagandist for Hitler 81 00:06:57,800 --> 00:07:01,040 who ran a couple of particularly foul magazines 82 00:07:01,200 --> 00:07:03,320 that were deeply anti-Semitic. 83 00:07:10,800 --> 00:07:12,640 CLAUSSEN: Albert Speer once said 84 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:16,760 if Hitler ever had a personal friend it would have been him. 85 00:07:16,920 --> 00:07:20,520 He had been an architect by profession, 86 00:07:20,680 --> 00:07:22,160 but since 1942 87 00:07:22,320 --> 00:07:26,200 was one of the most important organisers of forced labour 88 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:28,440 and armament production. 89 00:07:30,200 --> 00:07:33,440 GRUNWALD: Hans Frank was the General Governor of occupied Poland, 90 00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:37,400 and as such responsible for the deportation and death 91 00:07:37,560 --> 00:07:40,360 of millions of Jews and Polish citizens 92 00:07:40,520 --> 00:07:44,080 as victims of the Nazi extermination camps. 93 00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:03,240 Another minute and the plane dropped to the heart of the world's enemy. 94 00:08:03,400 --> 00:08:04,680 Nuremberg. 95 00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:10,400 It took not many more minutes to get to the courtroom 96 00:08:10,560 --> 00:08:13,960 where the world's enemy was being tried for his sins. 97 00:08:14,120 --> 00:08:18,560 (OVERLAPPING VOICES SPEAKING FRENCH AND GERMAN) 98 00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:25,600 The ventilation of the court was bad, 99 00:08:25,760 --> 00:08:28,280 and the warm air rose to the gallery. 100 00:08:28,440 --> 00:08:32,640 All German towns stank on hot days in the summer. 101 00:08:32,800 --> 00:08:34,600 (MALE ANNOUNCER SPEAKS FRENCH) 102 00:08:37,560 --> 00:08:40,440 ANNOUNCER: History and law and justice is being made. 103 00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:42,280 The judges representing the major powers, 104 00:08:42,440 --> 00:08:44,400 America, Britain, Russia, France, 105 00:08:44,560 --> 00:08:47,000 with British Lord Justice Lawrence presiding. 106 00:08:47,160 --> 00:08:49,520 The defendants, leaders of Nazi Germany. 107 00:08:49,680 --> 00:08:51,960 They're charged with atrocity and war. 108 00:08:53,480 --> 00:08:55,080 ANNOUNCER: Britain's team of prosecutors 109 00:08:55,240 --> 00:08:57,880 is led by Attorney General Sir Hartley Shawcross. 110 00:08:58,040 --> 00:08:59,480 Each chief prosecutor... 111 00:08:59,640 --> 00:09:01,360 SANDS: You've essentially got four countries 112 00:09:01,520 --> 00:09:03,240 who would prosecute jointly - 113 00:09:03,400 --> 00:09:05,320 a British prosecutor and a French and a Soviet 114 00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:09,240 and an American, and each of the four powers had their own tables. 115 00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:14,400 The styles of each of the prosecutors was very different. 116 00:09:14,560 --> 00:09:17,600 I think for the Soviet leadership, for Stalin in particular, 117 00:09:17,760 --> 00:09:20,480 this was a sort of a show trial. 118 00:09:20,640 --> 00:09:22,600 You'd go through the motions of justice 119 00:09:22,760 --> 00:09:25,280 and then they would all be hanged. 120 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:31,200 FERENCZ: I was the first American soldier 121 00:09:31,360 --> 00:09:33,880 assigned to do war crimes investigations. 122 00:09:34,040 --> 00:09:36,800 It was the Americans who really carried the lead and said, "Look, 123 00:09:36,960 --> 00:09:40,160 "we have to act only on the basis of law." 124 00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:45,560 And the Russians, they said, "Well, as long as at the end we kill them." 125 00:10:23,960 --> 00:10:27,400 The defendants are to plead guilty or not guilty 126 00:10:27,560 --> 00:10:29,160 to the charges against them. 127 00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:32,840 Hermann Wilhelm Goering. 128 00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:59,640 The defendants are not entitled to make a statement. 129 00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:02,760 You must plead guilty or not guilty. 130 00:11:10,640 --> 00:11:12,120 Rudolf Hess? 131 00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:18,240 Wilhelm Keitel? 132 00:11:20,200 --> 00:11:21,680 Albert Speer? 133 00:11:24,400 --> 00:11:26,440 The defendants were not shamed. 134 00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:35,000 This was all propaganda against them as far as they were concerned. 135 00:11:40,640 --> 00:11:43,640 None of them said, "I'm guilty". None of them. Not one. 136 00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:45,480 Alfred Jodl? 137 00:11:57,080 --> 00:11:58,800 They all said 'nicht schuldig'. 138 00:11:58,960 --> 00:12:03,880 And I never met one all the time I was in Germany that came up to me 139 00:12:04,040 --> 00:12:05,520 and said, "I'm sorry." 140 00:12:06,800 --> 00:12:10,320 AKANDE: I suspect that many of those people would actually have felt 141 00:12:10,480 --> 00:12:12,240 that they were not guilty. 142 00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:15,360 Yes, millions of people are getting killed, 143 00:12:15,520 --> 00:12:18,600 but somehow they sort of distanced themselves from that. 144 00:12:18,760 --> 00:12:20,560 They're not the ones pulling the trigger. 145 00:12:20,720 --> 00:12:23,120 They're not the ones putting people in gas chambers. 146 00:12:23,280 --> 00:12:27,600 You know, they're signing pieces of paper and things are happening, 147 00:12:27,760 --> 00:12:30,080 you know, in other places. 148 00:12:38,400 --> 00:12:40,760 In a word there was high tension. 149 00:12:40,920 --> 00:12:43,640 The prosecutors needed to show the world 150 00:12:43,800 --> 00:12:47,960 what a criminal outfit the Nazis were. 151 00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:51,640 SANDS: Because it was the first ever such international trial, 152 00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:55,200 the British and the American prosecutors were deeply concerned 153 00:12:55,360 --> 00:12:59,120 about an outcome in which not everyone was convicted. 154 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:25,880 FERENCZ: The crimes were committed by thousands of people 155 00:13:26,040 --> 00:13:28,840 and they picked out people like Hermann Goering. 156 00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:32,160 He was the one who was still alive. Hitler had committed suicide. 157 00:13:32,320 --> 00:13:34,760 Killed his dog and killed his mistress too. 158 00:13:47,960 --> 00:13:50,680 I was the first American soldier 159 00:13:50,840 --> 00:13:54,080 assigned to do war crimes investigations. 160 00:14:03,040 --> 00:14:05,920 People seemed to be coming out of 161 00:14:06,080 --> 00:14:08,720 what looks like something like a camp, 162 00:14:08,880 --> 00:14:11,320 and they all look like they're starving. 163 00:14:12,440 --> 00:14:15,840 They were pleading with their eyes to help them. 164 00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:22,640 We had no idea. We didn't know the word 'concentration camp'. 165 00:14:27,720 --> 00:14:35,080 The impact of my first visit is really indescribable. 166 00:14:39,240 --> 00:14:42,320 Dead bodies covering the ground. 167 00:14:43,640 --> 00:14:48,440 Dead bodies piled up outside the crematory like scored wood. 168 00:14:51,360 --> 00:14:56,600 The stench is in the air, it's a scene of horror. 169 00:14:56,760 --> 00:15:01,760 It's indescribable and unimaginable to a rational human mind. 170 00:15:01,920 --> 00:15:03,520 I peered into hell. 171 00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:10,760 I just isolated my mind from what my eyes saw 172 00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:15,160 and moved fast to collect evidence of the crimes. 173 00:15:16,640 --> 00:15:19,760 The impact of it has remained with me to this day. 174 00:15:50,120 --> 00:15:55,240 The privilege of opening the first trial in history 175 00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:59,840 for crimes against the peace of the world 176 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:02,560 imposes a grave responsibility. 177 00:16:02,720 --> 00:16:09,080 In the prisoners' dock sit twenty-odd broken men. 178 00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:12,880 As Nazi leaders they once dominated most of the world 179 00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:15,080 and terrified most of it. 180 00:16:15,240 --> 00:16:18,680 Their personal capacity for evil is forever past. 181 00:16:18,840 --> 00:16:23,640 The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish 182 00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:28,120 have been so calculated, so malignant, and so devastating, 183 00:16:28,280 --> 00:16:32,440 that civilisation cannot tolerate their being ignored, 184 00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:37,720 because it cannot survive their being repeated. 185 00:16:37,880 --> 00:16:41,040 There was a feeling of it was victors' justice 186 00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:45,000 and the defendants themselves were aloof, I would say, 187 00:16:45,160 --> 00:16:46,920 during the trial. 188 00:16:47,080 --> 00:16:49,600 Their attitude was, you go ahead, present your case, 189 00:16:49,760 --> 00:16:52,360 you can sentence us to death or whatever you want to do, 190 00:16:52,520 --> 00:16:55,080 but we're not going to be part of that. 191 00:17:07,880 --> 00:17:10,280 GRUNWALD: The defendants are very open with Gilbert, 192 00:17:10,440 --> 00:17:14,160 and Goering feels the trial is really a political set-up. 193 00:17:14,320 --> 00:17:18,080 He's completely certain of what the overall outcome will be. 194 00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:22,800 He's actually started writing a farewell letter to his wife. 195 00:17:22,960 --> 00:17:24,520 He's certain that, in the end, 196 00:17:24,680 --> 00:17:28,560 the press will do much more to decide the trial than the judges. 197 00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:40,720 I offer, then, our document 1760PS as exhibit USA57. 198 00:17:40,880 --> 00:17:42,600 We haven't got that. 199 00:17:45,160 --> 00:17:47,160 PINE: The first week or so of the trial 200 00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:52,440 after the newspapers' interest and the furore fades away 201 00:17:52,600 --> 00:17:55,840 is quite dull and tedious. 202 00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:59,960 And so the American prosecutor decides to do something 203 00:18:00,120 --> 00:18:01,440 quite unprecedented - 204 00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:03,560 revolutionary really - in a courtroom. 205 00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:14,320 MAN: Hello, recording. 206 00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:35,080 If it please the tribunal, the prosecution for the United States 207 00:18:35,240 --> 00:18:38,240 will at this time present to the tribunal 208 00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:41,840 a documentary film on concentration camps. 209 00:18:49,840 --> 00:18:54,000 SANDS: The prosecutors set up search lights at the ceiling, 210 00:18:54,160 --> 00:18:57,840 which would be switched on only when the films were being played 211 00:18:58,000 --> 00:19:01,360 and directed towards the faces of the defendants 212 00:19:01,520 --> 00:19:03,600 so that everyone in the courtroom 213 00:19:03,760 --> 00:19:06,560 and the movie cameras that were recording the moment 214 00:19:06,720 --> 00:19:09,640 could record the faces of the defendants 215 00:19:09,800 --> 00:19:11,520 as they were watching the films. 216 00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:14,680 We shall proceed with the projection of the film. 217 00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:26,480 ANNOUNCER: These are the locations of the largest concentration 218 00:19:26,640 --> 00:19:29,280 and prison camps maintained throughout Germany 219 00:19:29,440 --> 00:19:32,480 and occupied Europe under the Nazi regime. 220 00:19:32,640 --> 00:19:36,040 The films, taken at Bergen Belsen and elsewhere, 221 00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:40,680 showing the actions taken by Germans 222 00:19:40,840 --> 00:19:42,920 had a dramatic effect in the courtroom. 223 00:19:43,080 --> 00:19:45,200 GRUNWALD: The court psychologist, Gustave Gilbert, 224 00:19:45,360 --> 00:19:47,800 watches the defendants' reactions to the film. 225 00:19:47,960 --> 00:19:50,080 Lime covered bodies are stacked in layers 226 00:19:50,240 --> 00:19:52,520 and the stench is overpowering. 227 00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:57,600 Funk covers his eyes and looks anguished. 228 00:19:57,760 --> 00:20:01,840 Frank swallows hard, tries to hold back tears. 229 00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:05,360 Goering is slumped over the railing, refusing to watch. 230 00:20:06,520 --> 00:20:10,880 Streicher watches, completely still, aside from the odd squint. 231 00:20:11,040 --> 00:20:14,520 Funk starts to cry, wipes his eyes. 232 00:20:16,280 --> 00:20:19,360 Frank groans. "Horrible." 233 00:20:19,520 --> 00:20:22,760 Speer looks sombre, swallowing hard. 234 00:20:23,880 --> 00:20:26,520 The defence attorneys mutter amongst themselves. 235 00:20:26,680 --> 00:20:28,280 "For God's sake." 236 00:20:28,440 --> 00:20:29,800 "Terrible." 237 00:20:29,960 --> 00:20:34,200 As the human skin lampshade appears, Streicher says, 238 00:20:34,360 --> 00:20:36,000 "I don't believe that." 239 00:20:37,920 --> 00:20:41,880 Frank shakes his head and utters another, "Horrible". 240 00:20:43,640 --> 00:20:46,640 It was known in advance that it would have a dramatic effect, 241 00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:52,320 and one of the things that the prosecution team did 242 00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:57,360 was to choreograph the presentation of the films in such a way 243 00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:00,720 that viewers of the Movietone images and films 244 00:21:00,880 --> 00:21:02,760 played in cinemas across the UK 245 00:21:02,920 --> 00:21:04,680 would be able to see for themselves. 246 00:21:04,840 --> 00:21:08,320 Funk, already tearful, puts his hand over his mouth 247 00:21:08,480 --> 00:21:10,560 when the woman's corpses are tossed into the pit. 248 00:21:10,720 --> 00:21:14,120 For the first time, even Streicher looks troubled. 249 00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:16,960 This was Bergen Belsen. 250 00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:27,240 The film ends. 251 00:21:32,480 --> 00:21:34,040 The court's adjourned. 252 00:21:38,120 --> 00:21:40,560 Gilbert describes a deathly silence 253 00:21:40,720 --> 00:21:42,920 as the defendants leave the courtroom. 254 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:53,120 Frank is agitated, and tells Gilbert that all the top Nazis, 255 00:21:53,280 --> 00:21:56,320 while perhaps ignorant of details, knew very well 256 00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:59,320 there was something terribly wrong with the system. 257 00:21:59,480 --> 00:22:02,560 And this is a really crucial dent in the ignorance defence 258 00:22:02,720 --> 00:22:06,200 that's employed by practically all Nazi criminals. 259 00:22:06,360 --> 00:22:09,600 Although Streicher admits the film was terrible, 260 00:22:09,760 --> 00:22:12,000 Gilbert finds him completely unfeeling. 261 00:22:12,160 --> 00:22:16,280 In the next breath, he demands that his guards be quieter at night, 262 00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:17,920 so he can sleep. 263 00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:22,360 What really annoys Goering about the film 264 00:22:22,520 --> 00:22:24,040 is how it spoiled his show. 265 00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:27,520 He tells Gilbert that it had been a wonderful afternoon. 266 00:22:27,680 --> 00:22:29,400 Everyone had been laughing with him 267 00:22:29,560 --> 00:22:33,560 until what he describes as "that awful film" ruined everything. 268 00:22:38,440 --> 00:22:40,640 ANNOUNCER: The greatest war crimes trial in modern history 269 00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:42,360 proceeds at Nuremberg. 270 00:22:42,520 --> 00:22:44,040 Horror unbelievable. 271 00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:47,760 PINE: This film really makes a big impact in the courtroom 272 00:22:47,920 --> 00:22:50,520 and indeed in the rest of the world. 273 00:22:58,160 --> 00:23:01,200 CHURCHILL: An iron curtain has descended across the continent. 274 00:23:01,360 --> 00:23:06,640 Soviet Russia constitutes a growing challenge to Christian civilisation. 275 00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:09,120 SANDS: People started saying, well, hang on a second - 276 00:23:09,280 --> 00:23:12,120 if this is our new enemy, why are we cooperating with them 277 00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:15,080 in the Nuremberg trial? 278 00:23:29,320 --> 00:23:31,800 MAN: The translation isn't coming through 279 00:23:31,960 --> 00:23:35,360 to some members of the tribunal - Russian into English. 280 00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:47,520 ANNOUNCER: It was of course a very big day 281 00:23:47,680 --> 00:23:49,080 in the history of Fulton, Missouri, 282 00:23:49,240 --> 00:23:52,360 when President Truman and Winston Churchill paid their visit. 283 00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:59,600 CHURCHILL: Ladies and gentlemen, a shadow has fallen upon the scenes 284 00:23:59,760 --> 00:24:03,240 so lately lighted by the Allied victory. 285 00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:09,440 From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, 286 00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:14,080 an iron curtain has descended across the continent. 287 00:24:14,240 --> 00:24:18,280 The Communist parties constitute a growing challenge and peril 288 00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:20,280 to Christian civilisation. 289 00:24:24,840 --> 00:24:27,800 GRUNWALD: Stalin is furious, and he accuses Churchill 290 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:30,480 of having the same imperialistic ambitions 291 00:24:30,640 --> 00:24:32,440 and race theories as Hitler. 292 00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:38,640 Whatever Churchill's anti-Russian speech sounded like 293 00:24:38,800 --> 00:24:40,280 to the outside world, 294 00:24:40,440 --> 00:24:44,640 it exploded over the Allied courthouse in wrecked Nuremberg 295 00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:47,840 like a large post-war bombshell. 296 00:24:51,240 --> 00:24:53,720 SANDS: That had very significant consequences. 297 00:24:53,880 --> 00:24:57,200 Within the trial it made it more difficult for the French, 298 00:24:57,360 --> 00:24:59,920 the British, the Americans, to be seen to be cooperating 299 00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:03,520 with the Soviets, who were emerging as the new enemy. 300 00:25:04,760 --> 00:25:07,120 People started saying, well, hang on a second - 301 00:25:07,280 --> 00:25:10,280 if this is our new enemy, why are we cooperating with them 302 00:25:10,440 --> 00:25:13,240 in the Nuremberg trial? 303 00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:18,200 FLANNER: We have only one daily newspaper to read, Stars and Stripes, 304 00:25:18,360 --> 00:25:20,400 which gave us the startling headline 305 00:25:20,560 --> 00:25:23,640 "Unite to Stop Russians, Churchill Warns". 306 00:25:26,520 --> 00:25:28,920 In court, we saw the German lawyers 307 00:25:29,080 --> 00:25:31,680 hold the Stars and Stripes high in their hands 308 00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:35,280 so that Goering and their other clients in the prisoners' box 309 00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:39,320 could burst into smiling animation at the glorious good news. 310 00:25:42,120 --> 00:25:47,200 GRUNWALD: When news comes through of Churchill's Iron Curtain speech, 311 00:25:47,360 --> 00:25:51,400 the defendants rejoice, because they see it as a vindication 312 00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:53,760 of their National Socialist worldview, 313 00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:57,880 that finally the Western allies will begin to see 314 00:25:58,040 --> 00:26:00,400 that really they should be grateful to Nazi Germany 315 00:26:00,560 --> 00:26:03,840 for mounting this onslaught on the Soviet Union. 316 00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:06,960 Even though relations between the Soviets and the Allies 317 00:26:07,120 --> 00:26:09,840 are now pretty close to breaking point, 318 00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:13,720 the Russians still don't pull out, because they value the trial. 319 00:26:28,560 --> 00:26:33,160 AKANDE: The defendant has to have an opportunity to defend themselves. 320 00:26:33,320 --> 00:26:38,160 So there's a tension between that and the defendant then using it 321 00:26:38,320 --> 00:26:41,280 as an opportunity to perpetrate hate. 322 00:26:46,280 --> 00:26:48,720 GRUNWALD: Goering is doing everything he can to give the impression 323 00:26:48,880 --> 00:26:52,320 of an affable, likeable man, a jovial gambler, 324 00:26:52,480 --> 00:26:56,240 but it's all but impossible to hide his pathological egotism. 325 00:26:59,200 --> 00:27:02,120 FLANNER: He undeniably looked the bravura personality 326 00:27:02,280 --> 00:27:06,440 with his hard, blue eyes and what is left of the familiar fleshiness 327 00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:09,760 of his mobile, theatrical face. 328 00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:29,080 When you met Hitler he was not content with the defeat of Germany 329 00:27:29,240 --> 00:27:30,720 in the previous war? 330 00:27:49,080 --> 00:27:52,040 The defence of the Nazis has begun. 331 00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:54,400 There must be millions of people, 332 00:27:54,560 --> 00:27:57,640 especially the Europeans that suffered under them for years, 333 00:27:57,800 --> 00:28:01,960 who have wondered with bitter curiosity what in God's name 334 00:28:02,120 --> 00:28:04,960 the Germans could say for themselves on reckoning day. 335 00:28:05,120 --> 00:28:07,480 Now they have started to say it. 336 00:28:07,640 --> 00:28:10,760 And would you specify which acts of which defendants 337 00:28:10,920 --> 00:28:15,040 you claim are beyond the plan of the Nazi Party? 338 00:28:23,880 --> 00:28:26,360 MAN: Mr Justice Jackson, the Tribunal thinks that the question 339 00:28:26,520 --> 00:28:28,680 is somewhat too wide. 340 00:28:28,840 --> 00:28:31,760 SANDS: Robert Jackson, the American chief prosecutor, 341 00:28:31,920 --> 00:28:35,760 spent more than one day trying to cross-examine Hermann Goering. 342 00:28:35,920 --> 00:28:40,400 You did...you did prohibit all court review 343 00:28:40,560 --> 00:28:44,760 of the causes for taking people into what you called protective custody? 344 00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:46,400 That is right, isn't it? 345 00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:58,160 Let's omit that. I haven't asked for that. 346 00:28:58,320 --> 00:29:01,120 If you'll just answer my questions, we'll save a great deal of time. 347 00:29:01,280 --> 00:29:04,240 GRUNWALD: While Goering is never short of justifications for the war, 348 00:29:04,400 --> 00:29:07,600 he claims total ignorance when it comes to the atrocities. 349 00:29:07,760 --> 00:29:10,640 He could be nimble, and funny, but it was all to suggest 350 00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:13,760 an amiable man who couldn't have meant any harm. 351 00:29:13,920 --> 00:29:15,560 You have no recollection of that? 352 00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:21,960 Am I correct so far? 353 00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:34,200 I really feel that the United States is deprived of the opportunity 354 00:29:34,360 --> 00:29:36,280 of effective cross-examination. 355 00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:41,760 I trust the court is not unaware that outside of this courtroom 356 00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:45,440 is a great social question of the revival of Nazism 357 00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:48,600 and that one of the purposes here of the defendant Goering, 358 00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:52,760 I think he'd be the first to admit, is to revive and perpetuate it. 359 00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:57,360 SANDS: The problem with Jackson was that he was a sort of appeals lawyer. 360 00:29:57,520 --> 00:30:00,040 He didn't do trials, he didn't know how to cross-examine, 361 00:30:00,200 --> 00:30:02,960 and I think there was a concern 362 00:30:03,120 --> 00:30:06,240 that the defendants were getting the better of the prosecutors 363 00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:08,160 and that opened up the possibility 364 00:30:08,320 --> 00:30:11,000 of a disastrous outcome to the trial. 365 00:30:22,880 --> 00:30:26,400 The consequence of that was that the British number two, 366 00:30:26,560 --> 00:30:29,680 David Maxwell Fyfe, was wheeled out. 367 00:30:33,560 --> 00:30:36,120 Well, now, just let me remind you, 368 00:30:36,280 --> 00:30:41,240 your service provided the equipment for Dachau. 369 00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:45,080 FLANNER: Sir David was polished, courageous and masterly. 370 00:30:45,240 --> 00:30:48,520 His strength lay in conducting the cross-examination in a manner 371 00:30:48,680 --> 00:30:53,000 that clearly kept Goering guessing about what was coming next, 372 00:30:53,160 --> 00:30:57,200 and each question made his line of thought more baffling. 373 00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:03,840 Are you telling the Tribunal that you, the second man in the Reich, 374 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:06,600 knew nothing about concentration camps? 375 00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:12,680 Hitler said that the Jews must either be exterminated 376 00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:15,000 or taken to concentration camps. 377 00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:21,160 It's a document dated 22 November, 1943. You've got it? 378 00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:22,640 Yes. 379 00:31:22,800 --> 00:31:27,200 And do you still say neither Hitler or you knew of this policy 380 00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:29,560 to exterminate the Jews? 381 00:31:34,960 --> 00:31:37,240 Will you answer my question? 382 00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:41,360 You didn't know to what degree, but you knew there was a policy 383 00:31:41,520 --> 00:31:44,320 aimed at the extermination of the Jews? 384 00:31:49,640 --> 00:31:52,760 FLANNER: With his bright mind, his vast legal knowledge, 385 00:31:52,920 --> 00:31:55,800 and the added passion of a just inquisition, 386 00:31:55,960 --> 00:31:59,640 he stood behind his lectern and prosecuted the seated Goering 387 00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:03,000 into at least a partial state of destruction. 388 00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:07,840 SANDS: He more or less nailed Goering, 389 00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:10,800 who was very deflated by the end of a couple of days. 390 00:32:10,960 --> 00:32:12,440 Thank you. 391 00:32:14,360 --> 00:32:17,400 He succeeded in doing what had not yet been done. 392 00:32:19,560 --> 00:32:24,520 He forced Goering to separate himself intellectually from the Nazi myth. 393 00:32:24,680 --> 00:32:29,800 He forced him to admit the difference between the glorified Nazi plan 394 00:32:29,960 --> 00:32:32,400 and the ghastly human results. 395 00:33:03,280 --> 00:33:07,240 GRUNWALD: Kaltenbrunner, in charge of the police, 396 00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:10,760 security police, Gestapo and SS. 397 00:33:10,920 --> 00:33:15,520 He is the henchman instituting the Final Solution. 398 00:33:15,680 --> 00:33:18,680 JACKSON: I asked you about an order to kill all inmates 399 00:33:18,840 --> 00:33:23,680 at Mauthausen concentration camp shortly before the end of the war. 400 00:33:23,840 --> 00:33:26,920 Who was responsible for that order? Were you? 401 00:33:30,280 --> 00:33:32,840 Now, this time, you're... 402 00:33:33,880 --> 00:33:36,920 This time you are acquainted with the person 403 00:33:37,080 --> 00:33:39,760 who tells the story, Ziereis - 404 00:33:39,920 --> 00:33:41,760 "The gassing of the prisoners 405 00:33:41,920 --> 00:33:45,800 "was done on the urging of Dr Kaltenbrunner." 406 00:33:45,960 --> 00:33:51,720 I think, for the court, Kaltenbrunner epitomises a very pronounced sense 407 00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:54,640 of coldness and detachment. 408 00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:58,840 So I think Kaltenbrunner knew that he was a dead man walking. 409 00:34:24,040 --> 00:34:28,320 Rudolf Hoess is, believe it or not, a witness of the defence, 410 00:34:28,480 --> 00:34:30,720 and the idea, I think, behind that 411 00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:35,560 is that he will exonerate Kaltenbrunner. 412 00:34:35,720 --> 00:34:38,480 It backfires spectacularly. 413 00:34:39,480 --> 00:34:42,680 CLAUSSEN: Rudolf Hoess was called in to testify 414 00:34:42,840 --> 00:34:46,120 that Kaltenbrunner had never been to Auschwitz. 415 00:34:54,680 --> 00:34:58,960 But then he started to speak about his brilliant work. 416 00:34:59,120 --> 00:35:04,840 So he really turns out to be a disastrous witness for the defence. 417 00:35:48,080 --> 00:35:52,360 JACKSON: You commanded Auschwitz until 1 December, '43, 418 00:35:52,520 --> 00:35:59,040 and estimate that at least 2,500,000 victims were executed 419 00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:03,560 and exterminated there by gassing and burning, 420 00:36:03,720 --> 00:36:09,960 and at least another half million succumbed to starvation and disease, 421 00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:15,080 making a total dead of about 3 million. 422 00:36:25,840 --> 00:36:28,760 At lunch that day, the defendants are silent. 423 00:36:28,920 --> 00:36:30,600 Frank tells the court psychologist 424 00:36:30,760 --> 00:36:33,400 that this has been the low point of the trial. 425 00:36:33,560 --> 00:36:37,360 A man sitting in court and admitting in so many words 426 00:36:37,520 --> 00:36:40,760 that he has exterminated 2.5 million people. 427 00:36:40,920 --> 00:36:43,640 It was something he knows people will be talking about 428 00:36:43,800 --> 00:36:46,160 for a thousand years. 429 00:37:50,280 --> 00:37:52,440 MAN: You are going too fast. Sorry. 430 00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:42,040 When Vaillant-Couturier walks out, 431 00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:45,960 she very pointedly makes eye contact with Goering, 432 00:38:46,120 --> 00:38:49,280 in the full knowledge that she was putting a dagger 433 00:38:49,440 --> 00:38:53,360 through these lies and make-believe of the defendants. 434 00:38:53,520 --> 00:38:56,200 And that she was doing this not just for herself, 435 00:38:56,360 --> 00:39:01,520 but for all those of her comrades who didn't make it. 436 00:39:24,880 --> 00:39:27,720 Poland witnessed the mass murder of millions of people 437 00:39:27,880 --> 00:39:29,360 under Frank's rule. 438 00:39:29,520 --> 00:39:31,680 In 1941, he declared, 439 00:39:31,840 --> 00:39:35,400 "I ask nothing of the Jews except that they should disappear. 440 00:39:35,560 --> 00:39:38,160 "We must destroy the Jews wherever we meet them 441 00:39:38,320 --> 00:39:40,600 "and whenever opportunity offers." 442 00:39:41,640 --> 00:39:44,440 Hans Frank really lived the life of a king. 443 00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:48,040 Driving expensive cars, living in a castle. 444 00:39:48,200 --> 00:39:51,600 It was a huge contrast between his life 445 00:39:51,760 --> 00:39:57,560 and the life of the people who had to starve or died 446 00:39:57,720 --> 00:40:02,640 because he unleashed this policy of terror in Poland. 447 00:40:11,960 --> 00:40:14,400 GRUNWALD: Frank confides to the court psychologist 448 00:40:14,560 --> 00:40:17,800 that he's listened to a Bach oratorio. 449 00:40:17,960 --> 00:40:20,440 When he heard the voice of Christ in the piece 450 00:40:20,600 --> 00:40:24,400 it dawned on him, "I cannot hide the truth from God. 451 00:40:24,560 --> 00:40:28,160 "No, the truth must come out, once and for all." 452 00:40:33,960 --> 00:40:36,520 I hold the original report 453 00:40:36,680 --> 00:40:39,280 of the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto 454 00:40:39,440 --> 00:40:43,200 and Hans Frank was Governor General of Poland. 455 00:40:43,360 --> 00:40:46,360 Showing the people driven before the flames, 456 00:40:46,520 --> 00:40:49,360 women and children and old men. 457 00:40:49,520 --> 00:40:54,800 The masses lined up against the wall for execution. 458 00:40:54,960 --> 00:40:58,680 That they jumped from the windows when the heat became unbearable. 459 00:40:59,920 --> 00:41:05,440 They then tried to crawl with broken bones across the street 460 00:41:05,600 --> 00:41:08,120 into the ruins of burned buildings. 461 00:41:18,800 --> 00:41:20,920 Hans Frank 462 00:41:21,080 --> 00:41:28,920 summarised in his diary in 1944 the Nazi policy thus, and I quote - 463 00:41:29,080 --> 00:41:34,760 "The Jews as a race are a race which has to be eliminated. 464 00:41:34,920 --> 00:41:37,720 "Whenever we catch one, it is his end." 465 00:41:42,360 --> 00:41:44,480 Word got around 466 00:41:44,640 --> 00:41:48,120 that there was a possibility that Frank would accept guilt. 467 00:41:51,440 --> 00:41:54,360 Everyone in the courtroom was enormously excited 468 00:41:54,520 --> 00:41:56,480 that Frank was going to confess. 469 00:41:56,640 --> 00:41:58,680 There was a palpable sense of excitement. 470 00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:13,400 The silence in the courtroom as Frank spoke. 471 00:42:59,360 --> 00:43:03,200 He acknowledged his responsibility as a member of the group. 472 00:43:03,360 --> 00:43:05,880 "We as Germans have done this," he said, 473 00:43:06,040 --> 00:43:09,720 "I as a German am therefore collectively responsible." 474 00:43:09,880 --> 00:43:12,680 He did not accept individual criminal guilt. 475 00:43:12,840 --> 00:43:16,400 His acceptance of collective guilt drew the wrath of Goering 476 00:43:16,560 --> 00:43:18,040 and other defendants. 477 00:43:19,520 --> 00:43:21,960 I think he knew he was going to be convicted 478 00:43:22,120 --> 00:43:24,680 but he entertained the hope 479 00:43:24,840 --> 00:43:28,720 that perhaps he might not be sentenced to death. 480 00:43:28,880 --> 00:43:31,280 He could escape the noose. 481 00:43:46,200 --> 00:43:50,280 Once the court has dealt with those who were directly involved 482 00:43:50,440 --> 00:43:53,680 in the death camps and in the war effort, 483 00:43:53,840 --> 00:43:56,760 the court moves on to examine another layer, 484 00:43:56,920 --> 00:43:59,960 those who had made Nazi policy possible - 485 00:44:00,120 --> 00:44:03,120 bankers, business leaders, economists, 486 00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:06,880 those involved in propaganda, journalists and so on. 487 00:44:07,040 --> 00:44:09,920 JACKSON: ..telling the tribunal that you, as the head of the Reichsbank, 488 00:44:10,080 --> 00:44:15,200 would not know 100,000,000 Reichsmarks were deposited in your bank? 489 00:44:20,240 --> 00:44:23,880 I'm glad you're enjoying this, but let's get on with it a little more. 490 00:44:24,040 --> 00:44:28,160 Gold dentures of dead Jews who'd been exterminated 491 00:44:28,320 --> 00:44:30,000 were in the vaults of your Reichsbank 492 00:44:30,160 --> 00:44:32,920 but you didn't know anything about that strange deposit. 493 00:44:33,080 --> 00:44:35,680 So that you didn't know... 494 00:44:35,840 --> 00:44:38,560 Are you sure you were in the Reichsbank in these days? 495 00:44:40,240 --> 00:44:41,600 I have no other questions. 496 00:44:46,040 --> 00:44:48,800 They were loyal patriarchs 497 00:44:48,960 --> 00:44:51,720 and they didn't feel themselves as being criminals. 498 00:44:51,880 --> 00:44:54,520 They felt themselves as being victims of a war, 499 00:44:54,680 --> 00:44:56,640 which, unfortunately, they lost. 500 00:44:59,720 --> 00:45:02,440 GRUNWALD: It became clearer to what extent 501 00:45:02,600 --> 00:45:05,920 the Nazi system of power had been popular 502 00:45:06,080 --> 00:45:08,760 and engrained into the very fabric, 503 00:45:08,920 --> 00:45:12,200 not just of German politics, but of societies. 504 00:45:16,160 --> 00:45:19,640 The defendants were a curious mix of characters 505 00:45:19,800 --> 00:45:22,960 from the upper echelons of intellectual prowess 506 00:45:23,120 --> 00:45:24,440 to real low-lives. 507 00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:28,320 And probably the lowest life was a man called Julius Streicher 508 00:45:28,480 --> 00:45:32,000 who was a sort of propagandist for Hitler 509 00:45:32,160 --> 00:45:35,200 who ran a couple of particularly foul magazines 510 00:45:35,360 --> 00:45:38,280 that were deeply, deeply anti-Semitic. 511 00:45:38,440 --> 00:45:40,000 MAN: Please sit down. 512 00:45:41,280 --> 00:45:43,880 MAN 2: You will see the headlines. 513 00:45:44,040 --> 00:45:47,480 "Jewish race polluters at work." 514 00:45:47,640 --> 00:45:50,520 "15 years old non-Jewish ravaged." 515 00:45:50,680 --> 00:45:53,360 "A dangerous race polluter." 516 00:45:53,520 --> 00:45:55,360 "Rape of a feeble-minded girl." 517 00:45:55,520 --> 00:46:02,400 Streicher concocts a nasty, lowbrow cocktail of hatred and defamation 518 00:46:02,560 --> 00:46:05,760 playing on sexual and economic stereotypes 519 00:46:05,920 --> 00:46:08,480 and painting Jews as less than human. 520 00:46:10,040 --> 00:46:11,520 What the Nazis did 521 00:46:11,680 --> 00:46:17,480 was to drip-feed this caricature of the Jews as the other, 522 00:46:17,640 --> 00:46:20,200 making them outsiders, brainwashing, 523 00:46:20,360 --> 00:46:25,600 to the extent that the German population would fall behind them. 524 00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:36,720 The Nazis portrayed the Jews as rats in these awful films. 525 00:46:36,880 --> 00:46:40,480 They tried to create a distance between people 526 00:46:40,640 --> 00:46:42,840 and to dehumanise other people. 527 00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:46,880 And that was really the origins of the genocide that we saw in Rwanda, 528 00:46:47,040 --> 00:46:52,160 where, again, you had the Tutsis portrayed as cockroaches, 529 00:46:52,320 --> 00:46:54,320 you know, in the media. 530 00:46:54,480 --> 00:46:56,440 And it's that kind of incitement of hatred 531 00:46:56,600 --> 00:47:00,520 which today continues to be the origin of these kinds of crimes. 532 00:47:19,760 --> 00:47:21,600 After the liberation, 533 00:47:21,760 --> 00:47:25,840 a lot of people were forced to walk into concentration camps 534 00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:29,560 and to see the corpses, the conditions, the atrocities. 535 00:47:29,720 --> 00:47:32,360 They didn't want to be confronted 536 00:47:32,520 --> 00:47:39,680 with the extremes of depravity and death that they had caused. 537 00:47:39,840 --> 00:47:45,280 Actual human artefacts, like the skin lampshades. 538 00:47:46,920 --> 00:47:48,840 I think it's when Germans realised 539 00:47:49,000 --> 00:47:51,680 that they too, in a sense, were in the dock, 540 00:47:51,840 --> 00:47:57,000 that the Allies were treating them as the enablers of Nazi crimes, 541 00:47:57,160 --> 00:48:01,920 and sometimes as collaborators and perpetrators in those crimes. 542 00:48:04,200 --> 00:48:05,760 At the beginning of the trial 543 00:48:05,920 --> 00:48:09,680 around three-quarters of Germans approved of the Nuremberg trials. 544 00:48:09,840 --> 00:48:12,720 By the end, that had flipped 545 00:48:12,880 --> 00:48:16,320 and only about a quarter were in favour of proceedings. 546 00:48:24,680 --> 00:48:26,760 MAN: Name please? Albert Speer. 547 00:48:26,920 --> 00:48:29,920 If Hitler ever had a friend, it would have been him. 548 00:48:31,720 --> 00:48:33,920 His defence strategy involves 549 00:48:34,080 --> 00:48:37,440 throwing the other defendants under the bus. 550 00:48:54,560 --> 00:48:56,960 MAN: Name, please? Albert Speer. 551 00:49:01,240 --> 00:49:03,040 You may sit down. 552 00:49:03,200 --> 00:49:04,920 There's no translation coming through. 553 00:49:12,680 --> 00:49:15,120 Speer is a charismatic figure, 554 00:49:15,280 --> 00:49:18,200 the architect of many of Hitler's fantasies 555 00:49:18,360 --> 00:49:20,080 about the rebuilding of Germany. 556 00:49:21,480 --> 00:49:23,800 But he is also Hitler's armaments minister, 557 00:49:23,960 --> 00:49:26,800 able to exploit forced labour 558 00:49:26,960 --> 00:49:29,640 to bring German armaments production to a peak 559 00:49:29,800 --> 00:49:33,680 at the cost of many hundreds of thousands of lives. 560 00:49:43,000 --> 00:49:49,760 MAN: You knew about the deportation of 100,000 Jews from Hungary 561 00:49:49,920 --> 00:49:52,120 for Subterranean airplane factories. 562 00:49:52,280 --> 00:49:53,920 That is true, is it not? 563 00:49:54,080 --> 00:49:55,640 That is true, yes. 564 00:49:55,800 --> 00:50:00,680 The total production was marshalled under me with 14 million workers. 565 00:50:03,240 --> 00:50:05,760 Work them to death - that was the policy. 566 00:50:05,920 --> 00:50:09,080 No use killing them offhand, so you'll work them to death. 567 00:50:09,240 --> 00:50:12,160 And they had to clear it with Speer. 568 00:50:13,480 --> 00:50:18,720 Speer, rather than denying the atrocities that have taken place, 569 00:50:18,880 --> 00:50:20,680 he deflects the blame. 570 00:50:20,840 --> 00:50:23,600 His defence strategy involves 571 00:50:23,760 --> 00:50:26,160 throwing the other defendants under the bus, 572 00:50:26,320 --> 00:50:29,920 in particular, his deputy, Fritz Sauckel. 573 00:50:49,360 --> 00:50:53,160 Relations between defendants fray as the trial goes on. 574 00:50:53,320 --> 00:50:56,520 The court psychologist observes how angry Sauckel is with Speer. 575 00:50:56,680 --> 00:50:59,520 He claims that it was Hitler and Speer giving the orders 576 00:50:59,680 --> 00:51:02,400 to push all the labour towards the war industries. 577 00:51:02,560 --> 00:51:05,200 And it's really unthinkable that, 578 00:51:05,360 --> 00:51:11,440 being such a closely enmeshed part of Hitler's innermost circle, 579 00:51:11,600 --> 00:51:15,200 he was unaware of the genocide 580 00:51:15,360 --> 00:51:18,320 that furnished his legions of forced labourers. 581 00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:29,360 SANDS: In a trial, there are always particular moments 582 00:51:29,520 --> 00:51:32,640 that become emblematic - they crystallise the horror, 583 00:51:32,800 --> 00:51:35,720 they crystallise the act of guilt, if you like. 584 00:51:35,880 --> 00:51:39,600 And I think that in Nuremberg, when Hartley Shawcross 585 00:51:39,760 --> 00:51:44,800 takes a witness statement written by a German 586 00:51:44,960 --> 00:51:48,080 who has witnessed an act of killing. 587 00:51:48,240 --> 00:51:53,160 "Without screaming or weeping, these people undressed, 588 00:51:53,320 --> 00:51:57,400 "stood around in family groups, 589 00:51:57,560 --> 00:52:02,800 "kissed each other, said farewells. 590 00:52:02,960 --> 00:52:05,440 "During the 15 minutes that I stood near 591 00:52:05,600 --> 00:52:08,280 "I heard no complaint or plea for mercy..." 592 00:52:08,440 --> 00:52:10,520 And the reason that it stays in one's mind 593 00:52:10,680 --> 00:52:13,960 is that he homes in on individuals. 594 00:52:14,120 --> 00:52:18,960 You know, when you're confronted with vast numbers of bodies, 595 00:52:19,120 --> 00:52:22,240 when you're told about millions who have perished, 596 00:52:22,400 --> 00:52:25,560 it becomes very difficult to grapple 597 00:52:25,720 --> 00:52:28,520 with the human reality of what has gone on. 598 00:52:28,680 --> 00:52:31,840 And what Hartley Shawcross did was he focused on a single family. 599 00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:35,160 "The father was holding the hand of a boy about 10 years old 600 00:52:35,320 --> 00:52:37,680 "and speaking to him softly. 601 00:52:37,840 --> 00:52:41,080 "The boy was fighting his tears. 602 00:52:41,240 --> 00:52:45,360 "The father pointed to the sky, stroked his head, 603 00:52:45,520 --> 00:52:48,360 "and seemed to explain something to the boy. 604 00:52:50,160 --> 00:52:54,680 "At that moment, the SS man at the pit counted off about 20 persons 605 00:52:54,840 --> 00:52:58,560 "and instructed them to go behind the earth mound. 606 00:52:58,720 --> 00:53:01,640 "Among them was the family which I have mentioned. 607 00:53:02,960 --> 00:53:07,000 "I walked around the mound and found myself confronted 608 00:53:07,160 --> 00:53:09,040 "by a tremendous grave." 609 00:53:10,600 --> 00:53:14,240 And that moment sticks with me 610 00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:17,200 and I'm sure it will have stuck with the judges. 611 00:53:17,360 --> 00:53:21,600 It's a moment that is deeply human and deeply personal. 612 00:53:21,760 --> 00:53:27,800 12 million men, women and children have died thus, 613 00:53:27,960 --> 00:53:30,720 murdered in cold blood. 614 00:53:30,880 --> 00:53:34,400 Millions upon millions more today 615 00:53:34,560 --> 00:53:37,480 mourn their fathers and their mothers, their husbands, 616 00:53:37,640 --> 00:53:39,680 their wives and their children. 617 00:53:40,840 --> 00:53:44,080 What rights has any man to mercy 618 00:53:44,240 --> 00:53:49,320 who has played a part, however indirectly, in such a crime? 619 00:53:49,480 --> 00:53:51,320 It's the kind of speech 620 00:53:51,480 --> 00:53:54,120 which would have pushed across the line of a life sentence 621 00:53:54,280 --> 00:53:56,160 into a sentence of death. 622 00:53:56,320 --> 00:53:58,040 It was enormously powerful 623 00:53:58,200 --> 00:54:02,240 and it was extraordinarily beautifully delivered. 624 00:54:02,400 --> 00:54:05,600 You will remember, when you come to give your decision, 625 00:54:05,760 --> 00:54:07,960 the story of Dubno, 626 00:54:08,120 --> 00:54:10,360 but not in vengeance - 627 00:54:10,520 --> 00:54:15,920 in a determination that these things shall not occur again. 628 00:54:16,080 --> 00:54:19,480 The father, you will remember, 629 00:54:19,640 --> 00:54:22,240 pointed to the sky 630 00:54:22,400 --> 00:54:26,200 and seemed to say something to his boy. 631 00:54:29,760 --> 00:54:31,280 The room will adjourn. 632 00:54:36,640 --> 00:54:38,120 ANNOUNCER: The case of humanity 633 00:54:38,280 --> 00:54:41,040 versus 21 leaders of German National Socialism. 634 00:54:41,200 --> 00:54:42,760 Now it has ended. 635 00:54:42,920 --> 00:54:45,200 Ended after 284 days. 636 00:54:45,360 --> 00:54:48,200 After the speaking of 5 million words. 637 00:54:48,360 --> 00:54:50,240 Ended after a chronicle of horror 638 00:54:50,400 --> 00:54:53,920 such as the world has never heard nor ever will again. 639 00:54:54,080 --> 00:54:56,080 12 years of Nazi terror. 640 00:54:56,240 --> 00:54:59,240 12 years of the madness of an entire nation. 641 00:54:59,400 --> 00:55:01,960 12 years of murder and death. 642 00:55:02,120 --> 00:55:05,840 Behind them, perished by the frenzy of Hitler's Germany, 643 00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:08,320 the silent dead wait for justice. 644 00:55:13,960 --> 00:55:16,480 The judgement that's now about to be delivered 645 00:55:16,640 --> 00:55:20,320 has to prove that the victors can so rise above human nature 646 00:55:20,480 --> 00:55:24,080 as to be able to try fairly the foes they vanquished, 647 00:55:24,240 --> 00:55:27,880 by submitting themselves to the restraints of law. 648 00:55:30,600 --> 00:55:33,560 Hence, the judgement of the Nuremberg Tribunal 649 00:55:33,720 --> 00:55:36,000 may be one of the most important events 650 00:55:36,160 --> 00:55:38,520 in the history of civilisation. 651 00:55:44,720 --> 00:55:47,960 REPORTER: Military authorities were redoubling their security precautions. 652 00:55:48,120 --> 00:55:50,280 Armed guards were greatly increased in number 653 00:55:50,440 --> 00:55:54,360 both in the courthouse itself and in the surrounding areas of the city. 654 00:56:12,280 --> 00:56:14,520 Once again comes the familiar scene - 655 00:56:14,680 --> 00:56:16,400 the crowded, floodlit courtroom 656 00:56:16,560 --> 00:56:20,160 with the 21 Nazi leaders taking their places in the dock. 657 00:56:22,040 --> 00:56:23,840 MAN: Now recording. Now recording. 658 00:56:41,680 --> 00:56:44,160 First to be dealt with was Hermann Goering. 659 00:56:46,040 --> 00:56:48,320 The tribunal finds the defendant Goering 660 00:56:48,480 --> 00:56:51,600 guilty on all four counts of the indictment. 661 00:56:51,760 --> 00:56:55,280 Hans Frank, former Governor General of Occupied Poland. 662 00:56:55,440 --> 00:56:58,600 The tribunal finds that Frank is guilty. 663 00:56:58,760 --> 00:57:02,360 Striecher's incitement to murder and extermination 664 00:57:02,520 --> 00:57:05,520 clearly constitutes a crime against humanity. 665 00:57:05,680 --> 00:57:09,040 The tribunal finds that Streicher is guilty on count 4. 666 00:57:09,200 --> 00:57:13,040 The tribunal finds that Sauckel is guilty... 667 00:57:13,200 --> 00:57:18,080 The tribunal finds that Speer is guilty under counts 3 and 4. 668 00:57:18,240 --> 00:57:20,880 SANDS: These people, the defendants at Nuremberg, 669 00:57:21,040 --> 00:57:24,200 were absolutely knowing and willing participants. 670 00:57:24,360 --> 00:57:26,920 They were true believers, true supporters 671 00:57:27,080 --> 00:57:30,800 and utterly committed to the extermination of millions of human beings. 672 00:57:43,760 --> 00:57:46,840 Hermann Wilhelm Goering, 673 00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:50,320 on the counts of the indictment on which you have been convicted, 674 00:57:50,480 --> 00:57:54,600 the tribunal sentences you to death by hanging. 675 00:57:54,760 --> 00:57:58,520 Joachim von Ribbentrop, death by hanging. 676 00:57:58,680 --> 00:58:01,840 Julius Streicher, death by hanging. 677 00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:04,880 Hans Frank, death by hanging. 678 00:58:05,040 --> 00:58:07,960 Defendant Fritz Sauckel 679 00:58:08,120 --> 00:58:11,040 the tribunal sentences you to death by hanging. 680 00:58:13,440 --> 00:58:16,280 Defendant Albert Speer, 681 00:58:16,440 --> 00:58:20,680 the tribunal sentences you to 20 years' imprisonment. 682 00:58:23,640 --> 00:58:26,080 REPORTER: Very soon after the last sentence had been read, 683 00:58:26,240 --> 00:58:29,640 the people of Nuremberg were rushing to learn their former leaders' fate. 684 00:58:29,800 --> 00:58:31,560 Perhaps as they read, 685 00:58:31,720 --> 00:58:35,320 they remembered the appalling cost of the Second World War. 686 00:58:36,480 --> 00:58:39,480 Soon the guilty men will receive their just reward 687 00:58:39,640 --> 00:58:42,640 but behind them they leave a legacy of sorrow and suffering 688 00:58:42,800 --> 00:58:45,720 that a thousand years will never wipe out. 689 00:58:48,680 --> 00:58:51,000 Gustave Gilbert, the court psychologist, 690 00:58:51,160 --> 00:58:54,000 watches as the defendants return to their cells. 691 00:58:56,200 --> 00:58:58,280 He describes Goering as looking pale. 692 00:58:58,440 --> 00:59:01,200 Despite attempts to appear nonchalant, 693 00:59:01,360 --> 00:59:04,360 his eyes are popping, his hands trembling. 694 00:59:04,520 --> 00:59:09,000 Frank, shaken, says, "Death by hanging. 695 00:59:09,160 --> 00:59:11,760 "I deserved it and I expected it." 696 00:59:13,000 --> 00:59:15,560 Kaltenbrunner's face appears unmoved 697 00:59:15,720 --> 00:59:18,880 but his tightly clasped hands reveal his fear. 698 00:59:21,760 --> 00:59:23,640 Sauckel is sweating and trembling 699 00:59:23,800 --> 00:59:26,320 when he tells the American psychologist about his sentence, 700 00:59:26,480 --> 00:59:28,920 which he regards as deeply unfair. 701 00:59:29,080 --> 00:59:30,560 He starts to cry. 702 00:59:34,240 --> 00:59:36,720 When Goering is able to talk, 703 00:59:36,880 --> 00:59:40,280 his voice is no longer filled with confident bravado. 704 00:59:40,440 --> 00:59:42,560 Gilbert thinks that, finally, 705 00:59:42,720 --> 00:59:45,800 he has realised there is nothing funny about death, 706 00:59:45,960 --> 00:59:48,040 not when it's you that's going to die. 707 01:00:07,560 --> 01:00:10,400 This is Arthur Gaeth reporting from Nuremberg. 708 01:00:10,560 --> 01:00:15,640 Wilhelm Hermann Goering, guilty on all four counts, 709 01:00:15,800 --> 01:00:17,560 the active agent of Hitler 710 01:00:17,720 --> 01:00:20,600 who combined a court of steel and cruelty 711 01:00:20,760 --> 01:00:25,160 with a lust of self-adornment and power and a certain affability, 712 01:00:25,320 --> 01:00:27,480 escaped his fate of hanging 713 01:00:27,640 --> 01:00:31,680 by committing suicide at 10:45 last night - 714 01:00:31,840 --> 01:00:35,960 less than three hours before he would have been executed. 715 01:00:36,120 --> 01:00:41,160 Goering succeeded in taking cyanide of potassium. 716 01:00:41,320 --> 01:00:44,480 How he obtained it has not yet been determined. 717 01:00:46,720 --> 01:00:48,800 Just before 1:00 in the morning, 718 01:00:48,960 --> 01:00:53,400 our correspondent group was led into the execution chamber. 719 01:00:53,560 --> 01:00:57,840 It was a harrowing, difficult assignment to watch these men die. 720 01:00:58,920 --> 01:01:04,160 It was all a precise, businesslike, impersonal operation, 721 01:01:04,320 --> 01:01:10,280 one that had needed doing so badly after such terror and aggression. 722 01:01:11,880 --> 01:01:13,560 That they died after a trial 723 01:01:13,720 --> 01:01:18,040 in which they were given every opportunity to defend themselves, 724 01:01:18,200 --> 01:01:22,000 out of their own mouths and their own records 725 01:01:22,160 --> 01:01:25,680 these men had been judged and found guilty. 726 01:01:27,480 --> 01:01:32,840 The court has said that aggressive war is an international crime 727 01:01:33,000 --> 01:01:37,040 and only by punishing individuals who commit such crimes 728 01:01:37,200 --> 01:01:40,400 can the provisions of international law be enforced. 729 01:01:42,880 --> 01:01:45,240 Justice has been done. 730 01:01:47,080 --> 01:01:49,480 This happened in Nuremberg. 731 01:02:00,440 --> 01:02:04,200 The day after the last of the top Nazi leaders are executed, 732 01:02:04,360 --> 01:02:07,600 the court psychologist asks one of the German lawyers 733 01:02:07,760 --> 01:02:10,600 what the German people are thinking. 734 01:02:10,760 --> 01:02:15,560 He replies, "They think whatever you want them to think." 735 01:02:17,560 --> 01:02:19,080 In his opinion, 736 01:02:19,240 --> 01:02:25,080 12 years under Hitler had destroyed the moral fibre of the people. 737 01:02:26,600 --> 01:02:30,880 I think a combination of this, and post-war destitution, 738 01:02:31,040 --> 01:02:32,600 had left behind a country 739 01:02:32,760 --> 01:02:37,120 desperately in need of physical, but also moral, reconstruction. 740 01:02:44,360 --> 01:02:47,360 SANDS: All roads lead to that moment in Nuremberg. 741 01:02:47,520 --> 01:02:52,840 It's where international criminal justice, in its modern sense, began. 742 01:02:53,000 --> 01:02:55,360 Looking back to the Nuremberg trials, 743 01:02:55,520 --> 01:02:58,960 it shows us we should never forget that what we have today 744 01:02:59,120 --> 01:03:01,720 isn't something we should take for granted. 745 01:03:06,360 --> 01:03:10,720 GRUNWALD: It's very hard to discern nice people under a Swastika flag. 746 01:03:12,400 --> 01:03:16,560 When Neo-Nazis demonstrate against black voter registration 747 01:03:16,720 --> 01:03:18,600 in Charlottesville 748 01:03:18,760 --> 01:03:23,240 or in favour of retaining symbols of an anti-democratic past, 749 01:03:23,400 --> 01:03:25,280 it's very important that our governments 750 01:03:25,440 --> 01:03:27,000 heed the lessons of Nuremberg 751 01:03:27,160 --> 01:03:29,400 and we that we remind them that we haven't forgotten 752 01:03:29,560 --> 01:03:32,040 that the whole idea was 'never again'. 753 01:03:32,200 --> 01:03:34,600 CROWD: (CHANTS) Black lives matter! Black lives matter! 754 01:03:34,760 --> 01:03:38,280 We definitely do have a problem with right-wing extremism 755 01:03:38,440 --> 01:03:39,960 and Neo-Nazis again. 756 01:03:40,120 --> 01:03:42,240 We can't afford to be complacent. 757 01:03:44,800 --> 01:03:48,440 As powerful as the Nuremberg moment has been 758 01:03:48,600 --> 01:03:51,520 in Germany and in international law, 759 01:03:51,680 --> 01:03:53,280 it's not a cure. 760 01:03:53,440 --> 01:03:55,400 REPORTER: Are you prepared to use the military 761 01:03:55,560 --> 01:03:57,000 against US citizens? 762 01:03:57,160 --> 01:04:02,720 We still see leaders today continue to use incitement of racial hatred 763 01:04:02,880 --> 01:04:07,720 or just hatred of the other and the dehumanising of the other 764 01:04:07,880 --> 01:04:11,720 either to get to power or to remain in power. 765 01:04:11,880 --> 01:04:13,800 SANDS: One of the great ironies, of course, 766 01:04:13,960 --> 01:04:15,880 is that two countries that did more than any other 767 01:04:16,040 --> 01:04:19,000 to create that sense of international criminal justice, 768 01:04:19,160 --> 01:04:20,960 the United States and the United Kingdom, 769 01:04:21,120 --> 01:04:23,320 have reached the edge of the abyss 770 01:04:23,480 --> 01:04:28,480 in terms of their commitment to the model which they themselves created. 771 01:04:28,640 --> 01:04:32,280 Which country is prosecuting members of ISIS 772 01:04:32,440 --> 01:04:35,720 for crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity? 773 01:04:35,880 --> 01:04:38,000 It's not Britain. It's not the United States. 774 01:04:38,160 --> 01:04:39,640 It's Germany. 775 01:04:39,800 --> 01:04:41,280 That says a lot. 776 01:04:44,160 --> 01:04:45,640 AKANDE: Nuremberg's really important 777 01:04:45,800 --> 01:04:49,520 for Germany coming to grips with its own history, 778 01:04:49,680 --> 01:04:52,720 and other countries haven't come to grips with their history 779 01:04:52,880 --> 01:04:54,240 in similar ways. 780 01:04:54,400 --> 01:04:59,320 You had slavery, you had segregation of the races. 781 01:04:59,480 --> 01:05:02,520 And at no point has the country gone through a moment 782 01:05:02,680 --> 01:05:05,560 like what Germany went through with Nuremberg, 783 01:05:05,720 --> 01:05:08,800 where they've actually had to look at themselves and say, 784 01:05:08,960 --> 01:05:11,640 "What exactly has gone on in our country?" 785 01:05:11,800 --> 01:05:13,480 They've not had to look at themselves 786 01:05:13,640 --> 01:05:17,480 to actually think about how they're going to try and make that right. 787 01:05:25,600 --> 01:05:28,600 Captions by Red Bee Media (c) SBS Australia 2021